Centennial Resource Development
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

2018 ANNUAL REPORT 2018 ANNUAL REPORT LETTER TO SHAREHOLDERS Centennial Resource Development, Inc. During 2018, Centennial performed in an exemplary manner. The Company was one of the few Permian peers that operated within its original capital budget while hitting its production targets and substantially beating all unit cost targets. Additionally, Centennial considerably increased its location inventory without expanding its share count or exceeding its original capital expenditure budget – something no one else in the Permian peer group accomplished. However, the sharp fall in crude oil prices at year-end 2018 has caused us to re-evaluate both our view of the global oil market and company game plan. We believe that recent OPEC curtailments will allow oil markets to rebalance by year-end 2019 and that oil prices should slowly strengthen throughout the year. Accordingly, Centennial has adjusted its game plan and significantly reduced 2019 capital expenditures to preserve balance sheet flexibility. We have reduced first half 2019 activity to six drilling rigs, compared to nine under our previous high growth estimates and plan to remain flexible in terms of drilling activity this year, while continuing to monitor global oil supply and demand. In summary, Centennial has an excellent acreage position in arguably the best U.S. shale oil basin, and we have an organization with a proven ability to execute, as evidenced by our 2018 performance. We do not intend to chase volume growth in a low oil price environment and will preserve capital in order to maintain a low debt balance until oil prices and financial returns become more attractive. Sincerely, Mark G. Papa Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 or Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Commission file number 001-37697 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State of Incorporation) 47-5381253 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 1001 Seventeenth Street, Suite 1800, Denver, Colorado 80202 (Address of principal executive offices including zip code) (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code): (720) 499-1400 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share Name of each exchange on which registered The NASDAQ Capital Market LLC Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to the filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10- K. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. (See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 29, 2018, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $3,524,582,755 based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on that date. As of February 20, 2019, there were 264,394,082 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and 12,003,183 shares of Class C Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding. TABLE OF CONTENTS Glossary of Oil and Natural Gas Terms Glossary of Certain Other Terms Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements Items 1 and 2. Business and Properties Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosure Part I Part II Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Part III Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary Part IV Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Item 15. Item 16. Signatures Page 3 5 6 8 25 45 45 45 46 47 48 64 66 108 108 108 109 109 109 110 110 111 113 114 GLOSSARY OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS TERMS The following are abbreviations and definitions of certain terms used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which are commonly used in the oil and natural gas industry: Bbl. One stock tank barrel of 42 U.S. gallons liquid volume used herein in reference to crude oil, condensate or NGLs. Bbl/d. One Bbl per day. Boe. One barrel of oil equivalent, calculated by converting natural gas to oil equivalent barrels at a ratio of six Mcf of natural gas to one Bbl of oil. This is an energy content correlation and does not reflect a value or price relationship between the commodities. Boe/d. One Boe per day. Btu. One British thermal unit, which is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a one-pound mass of water by one- degree Fahrenheit. Completion. The process of preparing an oil and gas wellbore for production through the installation of permanent production equipment, as well as perforation and fracture stimulation to optimize production. Development project. The means by which petroleum resources are brought to the status of economically producible. As examples, the development of a single reservoir or field, an incremental development in a producing field or the integrated development of a group of several fields and associated facilities with a common ownership may constitute a development project. Development well. A well drilled within the proved area of an oil or natural gas reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive. Differential. An adjustment to the price of oil or natural gas from an established spot market price to reflect differences in the quality and location of oil or natural gas. Exploratory well. A well drilled to find a new field or to find a new reservoir in a field previously found to be productive of oil or natural gas in another reservoir. Extension well. A well drilled to extend the limits of a known reservoir. Field. An area consisting of a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs all grouped on, or related to, the same individual geological structural feature or stratigraphic condition. The field name refers to the surface area, although it may refer to both the surface and the underground productive formations. Flush production. First yield from a flowing well during its most productive period after it is first completed and put on-line. Formation. A layer of rock which has distinct characteristics that differs from nearby rock. Horizontal drilling. A drilling technique used in certain formations where a well is drilled vertically to a certain depth and then drilled at a right angle within a specified interval. LIBOR. London Interbank Offered Rate. MBbl. One thousand barrels of crude oil, condensate or NGLs. MBoe. One thousand Boe. Mcf. One thousand cubic feet of natural gas. Mcf/d. One Mcf per day. MMBtu. One million British thermal units. MMcf. One million cubic feet of natural gas. NGL. Natural gas liquids. These are naturally occurring substances found in natural gas, including ethane, butane, isobutane, propane and natural gasoline, that can be collectively removed from produced natural gas, separated in these substances and sold. NYMEX. The New York Mercantile Exchange. Operator. The individual or company responsible for the development and/or production of an oil or natural gas well or lease. Proved developed reserves. Reserves that can be expected to be recovered through existing wells with existing equipment and operating methods or in which the cost of the required equipment is relatively minor compared with the cost of a new well. 3 Proved reserves. The estimated quantities of oil, NGLs and natural gas that geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be commercially recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. Proved undeveloped reserves or PUD. Proved reserves that are expected to be recovered from new wells on undrilled acreage, or from existing wells where a relatively major expenditure is required for completion or recompletion. Realized price. The cash market price less differentials. Recompletion. The completion for production of an existing wellbore in another formation from that which the well has been previously completed Reserves. Estimated remaining quantities of oil and natural gas and related substances anticipated to be economically producible, as of a given date, by application of development projects to known accumulations. In addition, there must exist, or there must be a reasonable expectation that there will exist, the legal right to produce or a revenue interest in the production, installed means of delivering oil and natural gas or related substances to market and all permits and financing required to implement the project. Reservoir. A porous and permeable underground formation containing a natural accumulation of producible oil and/or natural gas that is confined by impermeable rock or water barriers and is individual and separate from other reservoirs. Royalty interest. An interest in an oil or gas property entitling the owner to shares of the production free of costs of exploration, development and production operations. Spot market price. The cash market price without reduction for expected quality, location, transportation and demand adjustments. Wellbore. The hole drilled by a drill bit that is equipped for oil and natural gas production once the well has been completed. Also called well or borehole. Working interest. The interest in an oil and gas property (typically a leasehold interest) that gives the owner the right to drill, produce and conduct operations on the property and to a share of production, subject to all royalties and other burdens and to all costs of exploration, development and operations and all risks in connection therewith. Workover. Operations on a producing well to restore or increase production. WTI. West Texas Intermediate. 4 GLOSSARY OF CERTAIN OTHER TERMS The following are definitions of certain other terms that are used in this Annual Report: Business Combination. The acquisition of approximately 89% of the outstanding membership interests in CRP from the Centennial Contributors, which closed on October 11, 2016, and the other transactions contemplated by the Contribution Agreement. Celero. Celero Energy Company, LP, a Delaware limited partnership. Centennial Contributors. CRD, NGP Follow-On and Celero, collectively. The Company, We, Our or Us. (i) Centennial Resource Development, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries including CRP, following the closing of the Business Combination and (ii) Silver Run Acquisition Corporation prior to the closing of the Business Combination. Class A Common Stock. Our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share. Class B Common Stock. Our Class B Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share. Class C Common Stock. Our Class C Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, which was issued to the Centennial Contributors in connection with the Business Combination. Contribution Agreement. The Contribution Agreement, dated as of July 6, 2016, among the Centennial Contributors, CRP and NewCo, as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto, dated as of July 29, 2016, and the Joinder Agreement, dated as of October 7, 2016, by the Company. CRD. Centennial Resource Development, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, which was dissolved on June 15, 2018. CRP. Centennial Resource Production, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. CRP Common Units. The units representing common membership interests in CRP. Founder Shares. Shares of our Class B Common Stock purchased by Riverstone in a private placement prior to our IPO, which were converted into shares of Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis in connection with the closing of the Business Combination. GMT Acquisition. The acquisition of certain undeveloped acreage and producing oil and natural gas properties of GMT Exploration Company LLC, which closed on June 8, 2017. Initial Stockholders. Holders of our founder shares prior to our IPO, including Riverstone and our independent directors prior to the Business Combination. IPO. Our initial public offering of units, which closed on February 29, 2016. NewCo. New Centennial, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company controlled by affiliates of Riverstone. NGP Follow-On. NGP Centennial Follow-On LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. Private Placement Warrants. Our 8,000,000 outstanding warrants for the purchase of shares of Class A Common Stock, which were purchased by our Sponsor in a private placement simultaneously with the closing of our IPO. Public Warrants. Warrants for the purchase of shares of Class A Common Stock sold as part of the Units in our IPO, all of which have been exercised or redeemed and are no longer outstanding. Riverstone. Riverstone Investment Group LLC and its affiliates, including Silver Run Sponsor, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, collectively. Riverstone Purchasers. Riverstone VI Centennial QB Holdings, L.P., Riverstone Non-ECI USRPI AIV, L.P. and REL US Centennial Holdings, LLC, which are affiliates of Riverstone. Series B Preferred Stock. Our Series B Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, all outstanding shares of which were converted into 26,100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock on May 25, 2017. Silverback. Silverback Exploration, LLC and Silverback Operating, LLC, collectively. Silverback Acquisition. The acquisition of leasehold interests and related upstream assets in Reeves County, Texas from Silverback, which closed on December 28, 2016. Voting common stock. Our Class A Common Stock and Class C Common Stock. 5 CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”), includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements, other than statements of historical fact included in this Annual Report, regarding our strategy, future operations, financial position, estimated revenues and losses, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. When used in this Annual Report, the words “could,” “may,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “goal,” “plan,” “target” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such identifying words. These forward- looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions about future events and are based on currently available information as to the outcome and timing of future events. When considering forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements described under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in this Annual Report. Forward-looking statements may include statements about: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • our business strategy and future drilling plans; our reserves and our ability to replace the reserves we produce through drilling and property acquisitions; our drilling prospects, inventories, projects and programs; our financial strategy, liquidity and capital required for our development program; our realized oil, natural gas and NGL prices; the timing and amount of our future production of oil, natural gas and NGLs; our hedging strategy and results; our competition and government regulations; our ability to obtain permits and governmental approvals; our pending legal or environmental matters; the marketing and transportation of our oil, natural gas and NGLs; our leasehold or business acquisitions; cost of developing our properties; our anticipated rate of return; general economic conditions; credit markets; uncertainty regarding our future operating results; and our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions contained in this Annual Report that are not historical. We caution you that these forward-looking statements are subject to all of the risks and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control, incident to the development, production, gathering and sale of oil and natural gas. These risks include, but are not limited to, commodity price volatility, inflation, lack of availability of drilling and production equipment and services, environmental risks, drilling and other operating risks, regulatory changes, the uncertainty inherent in estimating reserves and in projecting future rates of production, cash flow and access to capital, the timing of development expenditures and the other risks described under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. Reserve engineering is a process of estimating underground accumulations of oil and natural gas that cannot be measured in an exact way. The accuracy of any reserve estimate depends on the quality of available data, the interpretation of such data and price and cost assumptions made by reserve engineers. In addition, the results of drilling, testing and production activities may justify revisions of estimates that were made previously. If significant, such revisions would change the schedule of any further production and development drilling. Accordingly, reserve estimates may differ significantly from the quantities of oil and natural gas that are ultimately recovered. Should one or more of the risks or uncertainties described in this Annual Report occur, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results and plans could differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. 6 All forward-looking statements, expressed or implied, included in this Annual Report are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. This cautionary statement should also be considered in connection with any subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements that we or persons acting on our behalf may issue. Except as otherwise required by applicable law, we disclaim any duty to update any forward-looking statements, all of which are expressly qualified by the statements in this section, to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report. 7 ITEMS 1 AND 2. BUSINESS AND PROPERTIES Overview PART I Centennial Resource Development, Inc. (the “Company,” “Centennial,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is an independent oil and natural gas company focused on the development of unconventional oil and associated liquids-rich natural gas reserves in the Permian Basin. Our principal business objective is to increase shareholder value by building a premier development company focused on horizontal drilling in the Delaware Basin. We intend to grow our production and oil and natural gas reserves by developing our acreage with an increased focus on optimizing completions, improving drilling results, drilling extended laterals and managing costs. We also intend to grow production and reserves through selective acquisitions that meet our strategic and financial objectives. Presentation of Financial and Operating Data On October 11, 2016, the Company consummated the acquisition of approximately 89% of the outstanding membership interests in Centennial Resource Production, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“CRP” and such acquisition, the “Business Combination”). The Company currently owns an approximate 96% membership interest in CRP due to various equity transactions. The financial statement presentation distinguishes CRP as an accounting “Predecessor” for periods prior to the Business Combination. Centennial is the “Successor” for periods after the Business Combination, which includes consolidation of CRP subsequent to the Business Combination. Except as the context otherwise requires, references in the following discussion to the “Company,” “Centennial,” “we,” “us,” or “our” with respect to periods prior to the closing of the Business Combination are to CRP and its operations before the Business Combination. Organizational Structure The following diagram illustrates the current ownership structure of the company as of December 31, 2018, including the voting interests of our equity holders: (1) Includes NGP X US Holdings, L.P. (“NGP”), a former indirect equity owner of CRP, which also owns one share of our Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”). The Series A Preferred Stock provides NGP with the right to nominate and elect one director to the Company’s board of directors, but the Series A Preferred Stock does not have any other voting rights or rights with respect to dividends except distributions in liquidation in the amount of $0.0001 per share. 8 Description of Our Properties All of our assets are concentrated exclusively in the Delaware Basin, a sub-basin of the Permian Basin, and our properties consist primarily of large, contiguous acreage blocks primarily in Reeves County in West Texas and Lea County in New Mexico. We have established commercial production on our acreage from nine distinct zones: the Avalon Shale, 1st Bone Spring Sand, 2nd Bone Spring Sand, 3rd Bone Spring Sand, 3rd Bone Spring Shale, Upper Wolfcamp A, Lower Wolfcamp A, Wolfcamp B and Wolfcamp C. As a result, we are able to efficiently develop our drilling inventory and focus on maximizing returns to our stakeholders. As of December 31, 2018, we operated 263 gross producing horizontal wells and had seven operated rigs running on our acreage, six in Reeves County and one in Lea County. As of December 31, 2018, we have leased or acquired approximately 80,223 net acres, 89% of which we operate. In addition, we own 1,597 net mineral acres in the Delaware Basin. Approximately 79% of our total acreage is located in Texas, primarily Reeves County, in the southern portion of the Delaware Basin and the remaining 21% is located in New Mexico, in Lea County, in the northern portion of the Delaware Basin. Over 76% of our net acreage is held by production as of December 31, 2018. The relatively high proportion of our operated acreage that is held by production gives us significant operational control and capital spending flexibility. This allows us to execute our development program with significant control over the timing and allocation of capital expenditures and application of the optimal drilling and completion techniques to efficiently develop our resource base. Our development drilling plan is comprised exclusively of horizontal drilling with an ongoing focus on optimizing completions, improving drilling results and managing costs. 9 Proved Oil and Gas Reserves Reserve estimates are inherently imprecise, and estimates for new discoveries and undeveloped locations are more imprecise than reserve estimates for producing oil and gas properties. Accordingly, these estimates are expected to change as new information becomes available. The pre-tax PV 10% amounts shown in the following table are not intended to represent the current market value of our estimated proved reserves. The actual quantities and present value of our estimated proved reserves may be more or less than we have estimated. The following table should be read along with Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in this Annual Report. The following table summarizes estimated proved reserves, pre-tax 10%, and standardized measure of discounted future cash flows as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016 Proved developed reserves: Oil (MBbls) Natural gas (MMcf) NGL (MBbls) Total proved developed reserves (MBoe)(1) Proved undeveloped reserves: Oil (MBbls) Natural gas (MMcf) NGL (MBbls) Total proved undeveloped reserves (MBoe)(1) Total proved reserves: Oil (MBbls) Natural gas (MMcf) NGL (MBbls) Total proved reserves (MBoe)(1) Proved developed reserves % Proved undeveloped reserves % 63,317 180,542 23,093 116,500 79,449 222,310 28,825 145,326 142,766 402,852 51,918 261,826 41,786 126,065 12,133 74,929 59,147 201,147 18,853 111,525 100,933 327,212 30,986 186,454 14,551 42,190 3,618 25,200 31,914 106,154 8,152 57,759 46,466 148,344 11,770 82,959 44% 56% 40% 60% 30% 70% Reserve values (in millions): Standard measure of discounted future net cash flows Discounted future income tax expense Total proved pre-tax PV 10% (2) $ $ 2,479.9 499.6 2,979.5 $ $ 1,503.3 244.8 1,748.1 $ $ 375.1 52.4 427.5 (1) Calculated by converting natural gas to oil equivalent barrels at a ratio of six Mcf of natural gas to one Bbl of oil. (2) Pre-tax PV 10% may be considered a non-GAAP financial measure as defined by the SEC and is derived from the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows (the ‘‘Standardized Measure’’), which is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Pre-tax PV 10% is computed on the same basis as the Standardized Measure but without deducting future income taxes. We believe pre-tax PV 10% is a useful measure for investors when evaluating the relative monetary significance of our oil and natural gas properties. We further believe investors may utilize our pre-tax PV 10% as a basis for comparison of the relative size and value of our proved reserves to other companies because many factors that are unique to each individual company impact the amount of future income taxes to be paid. Our management uses this measure when assessing the potential return on investment related to our oil and gas properties and acquisitions. However, pre-tax PV 10% is not a substitute for the Standardized Measure. Our pre-tax PV 10% and Standardized Measure do not purport to present the fair value of our proved oil, NGL and natural gas reserves. 10 Proved Undeveloped Reserves. Significant changes to our proved undeveloped (“PUD”) reserves that occurred during 2018 are summarized in the table below: Proved undeveloped reserves at January 1, Transferred to proved developed reserves Revisions to previous estimates Extensions and discoveries Purchase of reserves in place Divestitures of reserves in place Proved undeveloped reserves at December 31, 2018 (MBoe) 111,525 (40,294) (20,296) 89,996 5,586 (1,191) 145,326 During 2018, we spent $344.8 million in capital expenditures to convert 40.3 MMBoe of PUD reserves to proved developed reserves. Revisions to previous estimates were 20.3 MMBoe and mainly consist of negative revisions for PUD locations that were reclassified to unproven reserves due to: (i) such locations no longer being a part of our active development program, and (ii) 1.4 MMBoe removed for locations no longer expected to be developed within five years of their initial recording in accordance with SEC rules. In addition, we added 90.0 MMBoe of PUD reserves from extensions and discoveries during the year primarily due to new PUD drilling locations that resulted from our 2018 seven-rig development drilling program, the majority of which were in the Upper Wolfcamp A. All of our PUD locations are scheduled to be drilled within five years of their initial booking. The Company’s PUD to proved developed reserves conversion rate was 33% in 2018. Preparation of Reserve Estimates Estimation of Proved Reserves. Under SEC rules, proved reserves are those quantities of oil, natural gas and NGLs, which, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible—from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under existing economic conditions, operating methods and government regulations—prior to the time at which contracts providing the right to operate expire, unless evidence indicates that renewal is reasonably certain, regardless of whether deterministic or probabilistic methods are used for the estimation. If deterministic methods are used, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) has defined reasonable certainty for proved reserves as a “high degree of confidence that the quantities will be recovered.” All of our proved reserves as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were estimated using a deterministic method. The estimation of reserves involves two distinct determinations. The first determination results in the estimation of the quantities of recoverable oil, natural gas and NGLs and the second determination results in the estimation of the uncertainty associated with those estimated quantities in accordance with the definitions established under SEC rules. The process of estimating the quantities of recoverable reserves relies on the use of certain generally accepted analytical procedures. These analytical procedures fall into four broad categories or methods: (1) production performance-based methods; (2) material balance-based methods; (3) volumetric-based methods; and (4) analogy. These methods may be used singularly or in combination by the reserve evaluator in the process of estimating the quantities of reserves. Reserves for proved developed producing wells were estimated using production performance methods for the vast majority of properties. Certain new producing properties with very little production history were forecast using a combination of production performance and analogy to similar production, both of which are considered to provide a relatively high degree of accuracy. Non-producing reserve estimates, for developed and undeveloped properties, were forecast using either volumetric or analogy methods, or a combination of both. These methods provide a relatively high degree of confidence for predicting proved developed non- producing and proved undeveloped reserves for our properties, due to the mature nature of the properties targeted for development and an abundance of subsurface control data. Evaluation and Review of Proved Reserves. Our historical proved reserve estimates as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were prepared based on reports by Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc. (“NSAI”). NSAI is a worldwide leader of petroleum property analysis for industry and financial organizations and government agencies. NSAI was founded in 1961 and performs consulting petroleum engineering services under Texas Board of Professional Engineers Registration No. F-2699. NSAI does not own an interest in any of our properties, nor is it employed by us on a contingent basis. Within NSAI, the technical persons primarily responsible for preparing the estimates set forth in the NSAI reserves report incorporated herein are Mr. Neil H. Little and Mr. Mike K. Norton. Mr. Little, a Licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Texas (No. 117966), has been practicing consulting petroleum engineering at NSAI since 2011 and has over 9 years of prior industry experience. He graduated from Rice University in 2002 with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemical Engineering and from University of Houston in 2007 with a Master of Business Administration Degree. Mr. Norton, a Licensed Professional Geoscientist in the State of Texas, Geology (No. 441), has been practicing consulting petroleum geoscience at NSAI since 1989 and has over 10 years of prior industry experience. He graduated from Texas A&M University in 1978 with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Geology. Both technical principals meet 11 or exceed the education, training, and experience requirements set forth in the Standards Pertaining to the Estimating and Auditing of Oil and Gas Reserves Information promulgated by the Society of Petroleum Engineers; both are proficient in judiciously applying industry standard practices to engineering and geoscience evaluations as well as applying SEC and other industry reserves definitions and guidelines. We maintain an internal staff of petroleum engineers and geoscience professionals who worked closely with our independent reserve engineers to ensure the integrity, accuracy and timeliness of the data used to calculate our proved reserves relating to our assets. Our internal technical team meets with our independent reserve engineers periodically during the period covered by the proved reserve report to discuss the assumptions and methods used in the proved reserve estimation process. We provide historical information to the independent reserve engineers for our properties, such as ownership interest, oil and natural gas production, well test data, commodity prices and operating and development costs. Jeff Thompson has served as our Vice President of Reservoir Engineering since July 2017. Prior to that, Mr. Thompson served as General Manager at QEP Resources leading the reservoir engineering, geoscience and regulatory teams focused on the Williston Basin from 2016 to 2017. Mr. Thompson also served as the General Manager of the Greater Green River Basin Team from 2015 to 2016 and worked as the Reservoir Engineering Manager of QEP’s Williston Basin assets from 2012 to 2015. Mr. Thompson originally joined QEP Resources (formerly Questar E&P) in 2005 as a member of the Mid-Continent asset team functioning in various engineering roles before managing the Mid-Continent Reservoir Engineering Team in 2012. Mr. Thompson earned his B.S. in Petroleum Engineering from the University of Oklahoma. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in Oklahoma and member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Production The following table sets forth information regarding net production of oil, natural gas and NGLs, and certain price and cost information for each of the periods indicated: Net Production: Oil (MBbls) Natural gas (MMcf) NGLs (MBbls) Total (MBoe) (1) Average realized prices (excluding effect of hedges): Oil (per Bbl) Natural gas (per Mcf) NGL (per Bbl) Total per BOE (1) Operating costs per Boe: Lease operating expenses Severance and ad valorem taxes Gathering, processing and transportation expenses Successor Predecessor For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 12,679 31,707 4,332 22,295 6,994 17,754 1,678 11,630 $ $ $ 55.98 $ 48.17 $ 1.97 27.45 39.97 3.74 2.54 2.58 $ $ 2.75 26.28 36.96 3.55 1.99 2.95 $ $ 523 1,113 96 805 46.49 3.10 20.36 36.92 4.40 2.03 2.72 $ $ $ 1,584 2,660 253 2,280 37.74 2.27 12.98 30.31 4.84 1.62 2.01 (1) Calculated by converting natural gas to oil equivalent barrels at a ratio of six Mcf of natural gas to one Bbl of oil. Productive Wells As of December 31, 2018, we owned an approximate 72% average working interest in 393 gross (281 net) productive wells. Our wells are primarily oil wells (377 gross/267 net productive oil wells) that produce associated liquids-rich natural gas. Productive wells consist of producing wells, wells capable of production and wells awaiting connection to production facilities. Gross wells are the total number of producing wells in which we have an interest, operated and non-operated, and net wells are the sum of our fractional working interests owned in gross wells. 12 Acreage The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2018 relating to our gross and net developed and undeveloped leasehold acreage. Developed acreage consists of acres spaced or assigned to productive wells and does not include undrilled acreage held by production under the terms of the lease. Undeveloped acreage is defined as acres on which wells have not been drilled or completed to a point that would permit the production of commercial quantities of oil or natural gas, regardless of whether such acreage contains proved reserves. Developed Acreage(3) Undeveloped Acreage(3) Total Acreage(3) Gross(1) Net(2) Gross(1) Net(2) Gross(1) Net(2) 44,213 31,979 86,931 48,244 131,144 80,223 (1) A gross acre is an acre in which a working interest is owned. The number of gross acres is the total number of acres in which a working interest is owned. (2) A net acre is deemed to exist when the sum of the fractional ownership working interests in gross acres equals one. The number of net acres is the sum of the fractional working interests owned in gross acres expressed as whole numbers and fractions thereof. (3) Does not include our 1,597 net mineral acres. The following table sets forth the gross and net undeveloped acreage, as of December 31, 2018, that will expire over the next five years unless production is established within the spacing units covering the acreage, the lease is renewed or extended under continuous drilling provisions prior to the primary term expiration dates, or pursuant to other terms of the lease agreements. 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net 16,294 9,884 14,519 4,207 17,504 2,522 1,787 1,308 160 160 Drilling Results The following table sets forth the results of our drilling activity, as defined by wells placed on production, for the periods indicated. Productive wells are exploratory, development or extension wells that produce, or are capable of producing, commercial quantities of hydrocarbons, regardless of whether they produce a reasonable rate of return. Dry wells are exploratory, development or extension wells that prove to be incapable of producing hydrocarbons in sufficient quantities to justify completion. Development Wells: Productive(1) Dry Exploratory Wells: Productive(1) Dry Total Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net 80 — 80 — — — 80 72.4 — 72.4 — — — 69 1 70 1 1 2 65.2 1.0 66.2 1.0 1.0 2.0 72.4 72 68.2 5 — 5 — — — 5 2.5 — 2.5 — — — 2.5 10 — 10 — — — 10 7 — 7 — — — 7 (1) Although a well may be classified as productive upon completion, future changes in oil and natural gas prices, operating costs and production may result in the well becoming uneconomical, particularly exploratory wells where there is no production history. 13 Delivery Commitments In 2018, the Company entered into firm sales agreements for both crude oil and natural gas, both of which provide for gross firm sales over the contractual terms as shown below: Period 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total Oil Volume Commitments (1) (2) Gas Volume Commitments (1) (3) Total (Bbl) Daily (Bbls/d) Total (MMBtu) Daily (MMBtu/d) 18,427,000 27,460,000 32,247,000 36,500,000 38,325,000 10,950,000 163,909,000 50,500 75,200 88,300 100,000 105,000 30,000 24,750,000 29,890,000 14,600,000 12,160,000 — — 81,400,000 67,800 81,900 40,000 40,000 — — (1) Above volumes represent the total gross volumes the Company is required to deliver per the agreements, which are not comparable to the Company’s net production presented in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation as amounts therein are reflected net of all royalties, overriding royalties and production to others. (2) The Company is only required to physically deliver 30,000 Bbls/d of the total committed volumes of crude oil during the contractual years 2020 through 2024, and if these physical delivery commitments are not met, a financial obligation would arise. Failure to deliver the remainder of the committed volumes of crude oil under these agreements could result in a reduction of contractual volumes at the purchasers discretion in accordance with the terms of the agreements. (3) The Company is not required to physically deliver these volumes of natural gas over the contractual terms of the agreements. However, if the committed firm sales are not met and the purchaser incurs financial damages, the Company may be required to pay for differences between the contracted prices and current market prices for replacement volumes bought by the purchaser and the purchaser may also require the Company to provide additional financial guaranty in accordance with the terms of the agreements. The Company believes its current production and reserves are sufficient to fulfill the physical delivery commitments; however, the Company is not required to deliver oil or gas specifically produced from any of the Company’s properties under these agreements. Further, if the Company’s production is not sufficient to satisfy the firm delivery commitments, the Company believes it can purchase sufficient volumes in the market at index-related prices to satisfy its commitments. See also Part II, Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Contractual Obligations, in this Annual Report for discussion of firm transportation commitments related to natural gas deliveries. Title to Properties We believe that we have satisfactory title to substantially all of our producing properties in accordance with generally accepted industry standards. Individual properties may be subject to burdens such as royalty, overriding royalty, working and other outstanding interests customary in the industry. In most cases, we investigate title and obtain title opinions from counsel only when we acquire producing properties or before commencement of drilling operations. Marketing and Customers We market the majority of our production from properties we operate for both our account and the account of the other working interest owners in these properties. We generally sell our oil, natural gas and NGL production to purchasers at prevailing market prices. We sell all of our NGLs under contracts with terms of greater than twelve months and the majority of our natural gas and all of our oil under contracts with terms of less than twelve months. 14 We normally sell production to a relatively small number of customers, as is customary in our business. The tables below present percentages by purchaser that accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016. Shell Trading (US) Company BP America Eagleclaw Midstream Ventures, LLC Plains Marketing, LP Permian Transport and Trading For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 19% 18% 12% —% —% 33% 16% 14% 2% 7% 22% —% —% 48% 11% During these periods, no other purchaser accounted for 10% or more of our net revenue. The loss of any of our major purchasers could materially and adversely affect our revenues in the near-term. However, since crude oil and natural gas are fungible products with well-established markets and numerous purchasers and based on current demand for oil and natural gas and the availability of other purchasers, we believe that the loss of any major purchaser would not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Competition The oil and natural gas industry is a highly competitive environment. We compete with both major integrated and other independent oil and natural gas companies in all aspects of our business including exploring, developing and operating our properties as well as transporting and marketing our production. Competitive conditions may be affected by future legislation and regulations as the United States develops new energy and climate-related policies. In addition, some of our competitors may have a competitive advantage when responding to factors that affect the supply and demand for oil and natural gas production, such as price fluctuations, domestic and foreign political conditions, weather conditions, the proximity and capacity of natural gas pipelines and other transportation facilities. basis differentials and overall economic conditions. We also face indirect competition from alternative energy sources, including wind, solar and electric power. Our ability to acquire additional prospects and to find and develop reserves in the future will depend on our ability to evaluate and select suitable properties and to consummate transactions in a highly competitive environment. Transportation During the initial development of our fields, we consider all gathering and delivery infrastructure options in the areas of our production. The majority of our oil production is sold at the lease as it enters third-party gathering pipelines. The purchaser then transports the oil by pipeline or truck to a tank farm, another pipeline or a refinery. Our natural gas is generally transported by gathering lines from the wellhead to a central delivery point and is then gathered by third-party lines to a gas processing facility. Regulation of the Oil and Natural Gas Industry Our operations are subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations. All of the jurisdictions in which we own or operate producing properties have statutory provisions regulating the development and production of oil and natural gas, including, but not limited to, provisions related to permits for the drilling of wells, bonding requirements to drill or operate wells, the location of wells, the method of drilling and casing wells, the surface use and restoration of properties upon which wells are drilled, sourcing and disposal of water used in the drilling and completion process, and the abandonment of wells. Our operations are also subject to various conservation laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the regulation of the size of drilling and spacing units or proration units, the number of wells which may be drilled in an area, and the unitization or pooling of crude oil or natural gas wells, as well as regulations that generally prohibit the venting or flaring of natural gas and impose certain requirements regarding the ratability or fair apportionment of production from fields and individual wells. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations can result in substantial penalties. The regulatory burden on the industry increases the cost of doing business and affects profitability. Although we believe we are in substantial compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, such laws and regulations are frequently amended or reinterpreted. Therefore, we are unable to predict the future costs or impact of compliance. Additional proposals and proceedings affecting the oil and natural gas industry are regularly considered by Congress, the states, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) and the courts. We cannot predict when or whether any such proposals may become effective. We believe we are in substantial compliance with currently applicable laws and regulations and that continued substantial compliance with existing requirements will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations. However, current regulatory requirements may change, currently unforeseen environmental incidents may occur or past non-compliance with environmental laws or regulations may be discovered. 15 Regulation of Production of Oil and Natural Gas The production of oil, natural gas and NGLs is subject to regulation under a wide range of local, state and federal statutes, rules, orders and regulations. Federal, state and local statutes and regulations require permits for drilling operations, drilling bonds and reports concerning operations. We own interests in properties located in New Mexico and Texas, which regulate drilling and operating activities by, among other things, requiring permits for the drilling of wells, maintaining bonding requirements in order to drill or operate wells, and regulating the location of wells, the method of drilling and casing wells, the surface use and restoration of properties upon which wells are drilled and the plugging and abandonment of wells. The laws of New Mexico and Texas also govern a number of conservation matters, including provisions for the unitization or pooling of oil and natural gas properties, the establishment of maximum allowable rates of production from oil and natural gas wells, the regulation of well spacing or density, and plugging and abandonment of wells. The effect of these regulations is to limit the amount of oil, natural gas and NGLs that we can produce from our wells and to limit the number of wells or the locations at which we can drill, although we can apply for exceptions to such regulations or to have reductions in well spacing or density. Moreover, New Mexico and Texas impose a production or severance tax with respect to the production and sale of oil, natural gas and NGLs within their jurisdiction. The failure to comply with these rules and regulations can result in substantial penalties. Our competitors in the oil and natural gas industry are subject to the same regulatory requirements and restrictions that affect our operations. Regulation of Sales and Transportation of Oil Sales of oil, condensate and NGLs from our producing wells are not currently regulated and are made at negotiated prices. Nevertheless, Congress could enact price controls in the future. Sales of oil are affected by the availability, terms and conditions and cost of transportation services. The transportation of oil in common carrier pipelines is also subject to rate and access regulation. FERC regulates the transportation in interstate commerce of crude oil, petroleum products, NGLs and other forms of liquid fuel under the Interstate Commerce Act. Intrastate oil pipeline transportation rates are subject to regulation by state regulatory commissions. The basis for intrastate oil pipeline regulation, and the degree of regulatory oversight and scrutiny given to intrastate oil pipeline rates, varies from state to state. We rely on third-party pipelines systems to transport the majority of crude oil produced by ours wells. Insofar as effective interstate and intrastate rates and regulations regarding access are equally applicable to all comparable shippers, we believe that the regulation of oil transportation will not affect our operations in any way that is of material difference from those of our competitors who are similarly situated. Changes in FERC or state policies and regulations or laws may adversely affect the availability and reliability of firm and/or interruptible transportation service on interstate and intrastate pipelines, and we cannot predict what future action that FERC or state regulatory bodies will take. We do not believe, however, that any regulatory changes will affect us in a way that materially differs from the way they will affect other oil producers and marketers with which we compete. Regulation of Transportation and Sales of Natural Gas Historically, the transportation and sale of natural gas in interstate commerce have been regulated by agencies of the U.S. federal government, primarily FERC. In the past, the federal government regulated the prices at which natural gas could be sold. While sales by producers of natural gas can currently be made at uncontrolled market prices, Congress could reenact price controls in the future. Deregulation of wellhead natural gas sales began with the enactment of the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 (the “NGPA”) and culminated in adoption of the Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act which removed controls affecting wellhead sales of natural gas effective January 1, 1993. The transportation and sale for resale of natural gas in interstate commerce is regulated primarily under the Natural Gas Act of 1938 (the “NGA”), and by regulations and orders promulgated under the NGA by FERC. In certain limited circumstances, intrastate transportation and wholesale sales of natural gas may also be affected directly or indirectly by laws enacted by Congress and by FERC regulations. The federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 (the “EP Act of 2005”) is a comprehensive compilation of tax incentives, authorized appropriations for grants and guaranteed loans, and significant changes to the statutory policy that affects all segments of the energy industry. Among other matters, the EP Act of 2005 amends the NGA to add an anti-market manipulation provision which makes it unlawful for any entity to engage in prohibited behavior to be prescribed by FERC, and furthermore provides FERC with additional civil penalty authority. The EP Act of 2005 provided FERC with the power to assess civil penalties of up to $1,000,000 per day for violations of the NGA and increased FERC’s civil penalty authority under the NGPA from $5,000 per violation per day to $1,000,000 per violation per day. In January 2018, FERC increased the maximum civil penalty amounts under the NGA and NGPA to adjust for inflation. FERC may now assess civil penalties under the NGA and NGPA of $1,238,271 per violation per day. The civil penalty provisions are applicable to entities that engage in the sale of natural gas for resale in interstate commerce. On January 19, 2006, FERC issued Order No. 670, a rule implementing the anti-market manipulation provision of the EP Act of 2005, and subsequently denied rehearing. The rules make it unlawful, in connection with the purchase or sale of natural gas or the 16 purchase or sale of transportation services subject to the jurisdiction of FERC, for any entity, directly or indirectly, to: (i) use or employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud; (ii) make any untrue statement of material fact or omit to make any such statement necessary to make the statements made not misleading; or (iii) engage in any act or practice that operates as a fraud or deceit upon any person. The new anti-market manipulation rule does not apply to activities that relate only to intrastate or other non-jurisdictional sales or gathering, but does apply to activities of gas pipelines and storage companies that provide interstate services, as well as otherwise non-jurisdictional entities to the extent the activities are conducted “in connection with” gas sales, purchases or transportation subject to FERC jurisdiction, which now includes the annual reporting requirements under Order 704, described below. The anti-market manipulation rule and enhanced civil penalty authority reflect an expansion of FERC’s NGA enforcement authority. We are required to observe such anti-market manipulation laws and related regulations enforced by FERC under the EP Act of 2005 enforced by the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) under the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended (the “CEA”) and CFTC regulations promulgated thereunder. The CEA prohibits any person from manipulating or attempting to manipulate the price of any commodity in interstate commerce, as well as the market for financial instruments on such commodity, such as futures, options and swaps. The CEA also prohibits knowingly delivering or causing to be delivered false or misleading or knowingly inaccurate reports concerning market information or conditions that affect or tend to affect the price of a commodity. Should we violate the anti-market manipulation laws and regulations, we could also be subject to related third-party damage claims by, among others, sellers, royalty owners and taxing authorities. Natural gas gathering service, which occurs upstream of jurisdictional transmission services, is regulated by the states. Section 1(b) of the NGA exempts companies that provide natural gas gathering services from regulation by FERC as a “natural gas company” under the NGA. Although FERC has set forth a general test for determining whether facilities perform a non- jurisdictional gathering function or a jurisdictional transmission function, FERC’s determinations as to the classification of facilities are done on a case-by-case basis. To the extent that FERC issues an order that reclassifies certain jurisdictional transmission facilities as non-jurisdictional gathering facilities, or vice versa, and depending on the scope of that decision, our costs of delivering gas to point-of-sale locations may increase. We believe that the natural gas pipelines in our gathering systems meet the traditional tests FERC has used to establish a pipeline’s status as a gatherer not subject to regulation as a natural gas company. However, the distinction between FERC-regulated transmission services and federally unregulated gathering services is the subject of ongoing litigation, so the classification and regulation of our gathering facilities are subject to change based on future determinations by FERC, the courts or Congress. State regulation of natural gas gathering facilities generally includes various occupational safety, environmental and, in some circumstances, nondiscriminatory-take requirements. Although such regulation has not generally been affirmatively applied by state agencies, natural gas gathering may receive greater regulatory scrutiny in the future. Intrastate natural gas transportation is also subject to regulation by state regulatory agencies. The basis for intrastate regulation of natural gas transportation and the degree of regulatory oversight and scrutiny given to intrastate natural gas pipeline rates and services varies from state to state. Insofar as such regulation within a particular state will generally affect all intrastate natural gas shippers within the state on a comparable basis, we believe that the regulation of similarly situated intrastate natural gas transportation in any states in which we operate and ship natural gas on an intrastate basis will not affect our operations in any way that is of material difference from those of our competitors. Like the regulation of interstate transportation rates, the regulation of intrastate transportation rates affects the marketing of natural gas that we produce, as well as the revenues we receive for sales of our natural gas. Changes in FERC or state policies and regulations or laws may adversely affect the availability and reliability of firm and/or interruptible transportation service on interstate and intrastate pipelines, and we cannot predict what future action that FERC or state regulatory bodies will take. We do not believe, however, that any regulatory changes will affect us in a way that materially differs from the way they will affect other natural gas producers and marketers with which we compete. Regulation of Environmental and Occupational Safety and Health Matters Our operations are subject to stringent federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the occupational safety and health aspects of our operations, the discharge of materials into the environment, and protection of the environment and natural resources (including threatened and endangered species and their habitats). Numerous governmental entities, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and analogous state agencies, have the power to enforce compliance with these laws and regulations and the permits issued under them, often requiring difficult and costly actions. These laws and regulations may, among other things, (i) require the acquisition of permits to conduct drilling and other regulated activities; (ii) restrict the types, quantities and concentrations of various substances that can be released into the environment or injected into formations in connection with drilling and production activities; (iii) limit or prohibit drilling activities on certain lands lying within wilderness, wetlands, and other protected areas; (iv) require remedial measures to prevent or mitigate pollution from former and ongoing operations, such as requirements to close pits and plug abandoned wells; (v) apply specific health and safety criteria addressing worker protection; and (vi) impose substantial liabilities for pollution resulting from drilling and production operations. Any 17 failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in the assessment of administrative, civil and criminal penalties, the imposition of corrective or remedial obligations, the occurrence of delays or restrictions in permitting or performance of projects, and the issuance of orders enjoining performance of some or all of our operations. The following is a summary of the more significant existing and proposed environmental and occupational safety and health laws, as amended from time to time, to which our business operations are or may be subject, and for which compliance may have a material adverse impact on our capital expenditures, results of operations or financial position. Hazardous Substances and Handling Wastes The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”) and comparable state laws regulate the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, disposal and cleanup of hazardous and nonhazardous solid wastes. Pursuant to rules issued by the EPA, the individual states administer some or all of the provisions of RCRA, sometimes in conjunction with their own, more stringent requirements. Drilling fluids, produced waters and other wastes associated with the exploration, development and production of oil, natural gas and NGLs, if properly handled, are currently exempt from regulation as hazardous waste under RCRA and, instead, are regulated under RCRA’s less stringent nonhazardous solid waste provisions, state laws or other federal laws. However, it is possible that certain oil and natural gas drilling and production wastes now classified as nonhazardous solid wastes could be classified as hazardous wastes in the future. For example, in December 2016, the EPA and environmental groups entered into a consent decree to address the EPA’s alleged failure to timely assess its RCRA Subtitle D criteria regulations exempting certain exploration and production related oil and natural gas wastes from regulation as hazardous wastes under RCRA. The consent decree requires the EPA to propose a rulemaking no later than March 15, 2019 for revision of certain Subtitle D criteria regulations pertaining to oil and natural gas wastes, or to sign a determination that revision of the regulations is not necessary. Were the EPA to propose a rulemaking, the consent decree requires that the EPA take final action by no later than July 15, 2021. Any such change could result in an increase in our, as well as the oil, natural gas and NGL exploration and production industry’s, costs to manage and dispose of wastes, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position. In addition, in the course of our operations, we may generate some amounts of ordinary industrial wastes, such as paint wastes, waste solvents, laboratory wastes and waste compressor oils that may be regulated as hazardous wastes if such wastes have hazardous characteristics. Although the costs of managing hazardous waste may be significant, we do not believe that our costs in this regard are materially more burdensome than those for similarly situated companies. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), also known as the Superfund law, and comparable state laws impose joint and several liability, without regard to fault or the legality of conduct, on classes of persons who are considered to be responsible for the release of a hazardous substance into the environment. These persons include the current and former owners or operators of the site where the release occurred and anyone who disposed or arranged for the disposal of a hazardous substance released at the site. Under CERCLA, such persons may be subject to joint and several liability for the costs of cleaning up the hazardous substances that have been released into the environment, for damages to natural resources, and for the costs of certain health studies. CERCLA also authorizes the EPA and, in some instances, third parties to act in response to threats to the public health or the environment, and to seek to recover from the responsible classes of persons the costs they incur. In addition, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the hazardous substances released into the environment. We may generate materials in the course of our operations that may be regulated as hazardous substances. We currently own, lease or operate numerous properties that have been used for oil, natural gas and NGL exploration, production and processing for many years. Although we believe that we have utilized operating and waste disposal practices that were standard in the industry at the time, hazardous substances, wastes, or petroleum hydrocarbons may have been released on, under or from the properties owned or leased by us, or on, under or from other locations, including off-site locations, where such substances have been taken for treatment or disposal. In addition, some of our properties have been operated by third parties or by previous owners or operators whose treatment and disposal of hazardous substances, wastes or petroleum hydrocarbons was not under our control. These properties and the substances disposed or released on, under or from them may be subject to CERCLA, RCRA and analogous state laws. Under such laws, we could be required to undertake response or corrective measures, which could include removal of previously disposed substances and wastes, cleanup of contaminated property or performance of remedial plugging or pit closure operations to prevent future contamination, the costs of which could be substantial. Water Discharges The Clean Water Act (the “CWA”) and comparable state laws impose restrictions and strict controls with respect to the discharge of pollutants, including spills and leaks of hazardous substances, into state waters and waters of the United States. The discharge of pollutants into regulated waters is prohibited, except in accordance with the terms of a permit issued by the EPA or an analogous state agency. Spill prevention, control and countermeasure plan requirements imposed under the CWA require appropriate containment berms and similar structures to help prevent the contamination of navigable waters in the event of a petroleum hydrocarbon tank spill, rupture or leak. In addition, the CWA and analogous state laws require individual permits or coverage under general permits for discharges of storm water runoff from certain types of facilities. Federal and state regulatory 18 agencies can impose administrative, civil and criminal penalties for noncompliance with discharge permits or other CWA requirements and analogous state laws and regulations. The CWA also prohibits the discharge of dredge and fill material into regulated waters, including wetlands, unless authorized by permit. The EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers issued final rules attempting to clarify the federal jurisdictional reach over Waters of the United States (the “WOTUS rule”), but this rule has been stayed nationwide by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit while the appellate court and numerous federal district courts ponder lawsuits opposing implementation of the rule. The U.S. Supreme Court considered the issue of which court has jurisdiction to hear challenges to the WOTUS rule, and in January 2018 concluded that jurisdiction rests with the federal district courts. In addition, in 2017, President Trump issued an executive order directing the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to review the WOTUS rule and, if the agencies’ reviews find that the rule does not meet the executive order’s goal of promoting economic growth while reducing regulatory uncertainty, to initiate a new rulemaking to repeal or revise the rule. Pursuant to the executive order, in June 2017, the EPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers formally proposed to rescind the WOTUS rule. In January 2018, the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers finalized a rule that would delay applicability of the WOTUS rule for two years, but a federal judge barred the agencies’ suspension of the rule in August 2018. Separately, a federal court in Georgia enjoined implementation of the rule in 11 states. However, in December 2018, the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps released a proposed rule that would replace the WOTUS rule and significantly reduce the waters subject to federal regulation under the CWA. Such proposal is currently subject to public review and comment, after which additional legal challenges are anticipated. Substantial uncertainty exists with respect to future implementation of the WOTUS rule. The primary federal law related specifically to oil spill liability is the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (the “OPA”), which amends and augments the oil spill provisions of the CWA and imposes certain duties and liabilities on certain “responsible parties” related to the prevention of oil spills and damages resulting from such spills in or threatening waters of the United States or adjoining shorelines. For example, operators of certain oil and natural gas facilities must develop, implement and maintain facility response plans, conduct annual spill training for certain employees and provide varying degrees of financial assurance. Owners or operators of a facility, vessel or pipeline that is a source of an oil discharge or that poses the substantial threat of discharge is one type of “responsible party” who is liable. The OPA applies joint and several liability, without regard to fault, to each liable party for oil removal costs and a variety of public and private damages. Although defenses exist, they are limited. As such, a violation of the OPA has the potential to adversely affect our operations. Subsurface Injections In the course of our operations, we produce water in addition to natural gas, crude oil and NGLs. Water that is not recycled may be disposed of in disposal wells, which inject the produced water into non-producing subsurface formations. Underground injection operations are regulated pursuant to the Underground Injection Control (the “UIC”) program established under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act (the “SDWA”) and analogous state laws. The UIC program requires permits from the EPA or an analogous state agency for the construction and operation of disposal wells, establishes minimum standards for disposal well operations, and restricts the types and quantities of fluids that may be disposed. A change in UIC disposal well regulations or the inability to obtain permits for new disposal wells in the future may affect our ability to dispose of produced water and ultimately increase the cost of our operations. For example, in response to recent seismic events near below-ground disposal wells used for the injection of natural gas- and oil-related wastewaters, federal and some state agencies have begun investigating whether such wells have caused increased seismic activity, and some states have shut down or imposed moratoria on the use of such disposal wells. In response to these concerns, regulators in some states have adopted, and other states are considering adopting, additional requirements related to seismic safety. These seismic events have also led to an increase in tort lawsuits filed against exploration and production companies, as well as the owners of underground injection wells. Increased costs associated with the transportation and disposal of produced water, including the cost of complying with regulations concerning produced water disposal, may reduce our profitability; however, these costs are commonly incurred by all oil, natural gas and NGL producers, and we do not believe that the costs associated with the disposal of produced water will affect our operations in any way that is of material difference from those of our competitors who are similarly situated. Air Emissions The federal Clean Air Act (the “CAA”) and comparable state laws restrict the emission of air pollutants from many sources, such as tank batteries, through air emissions standards, construction and operating permitting programs and the imposition of other compliance standards. These laws and regulations may require us to obtain pre-approval for the construction or modification of certain projects or facilities expected to produce or significantly increase air emissions, obtain and strictly comply with stringent air permit requirements or utilize specific equipment or technologies to control emissions of certain pollutants. The need to obtain permits has the potential to delay the development of our projects. Recently, there has been increased regulation with respect to air emissions from the oil and natural gas sector. For example, the EPA promulgated rules in 2012 under the CAA that subject oil and natural gas production, processing, transmission and storage operations to regulation under the New Source Performance Standards (“NSPS”), and a separate set of requirements to address certain hazardous air pollutants frequently 19 associated with oil and natural gas production and processing activities pursuant to the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants program. In June 2016, the EPA published final rules establishing new air emission controls for methane emissions from certain new, modified or reconstructed equipment and processes in the oil and natural gas source category, including production, processing, transmission and storage activities. The EPA’s final rules include NSPS to limit methane emissions from equipment and processes across the oil and natural gas source category. The rules also extend limitations on volatile organic compound (“VOC”) emissions to sources that were unregulated under the previous NSPS at Subpart OOOO. Affected methane and VOC sources include hydraulically fractured (or re-fractured) oil and natural gas well completions, fugitive emissions from well sites and compressors, and pneumatic pumps. Several states and industry groups have filed suit before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (the “D.C. Circuit”) challenging the EPA’s implementation of the methane rule and the EPA’s legal authority to issue the methane rules. However, in April 2017, the EPA announced that it will review its methane rule for new, modified and reconstructed sources and to initiate reconsideration proceedings to potentially revise or rescind portions of the rule. In addition, the EPA issued a stay of the June 3, 2017 compliance date applicable to fugitive emissions monitoring requirements for 90 days. In July 2017, the D.C. Circuit found that the EPA’s decision to issue the stay was not permissible under the CAA and vacated the stay, but subsequently issued a revised opinion allowing the agency to stay implementation of the rule for two weeks. However, in June 2017, the EPA issued a proposed rulemaking to stay the requirements of Subpart OOOOa for a period of two years and to revisit implementation of Subpart OOOOa in its entirety. In September 2018, the EPA proposed amendments to the 2016 rules that would reduce the 2016 rules’ fugitive emissions monitoring requirements and expand exceptions to controlling methane emissions from pneumatic pumps, among other changes. Various industry and environmental groups have separately challenged both the original 2016 methane requirements and EPA’s attempt to delay the implementation of the rule. As a result of these developments, future implementation of the standards is uncertain at this time. The Bureau of Land Management (the “BLM”) also finalized rules (the “BLM methane rule”) in November 2016 that seek to limit methane emissions from exploration and production activities on federal lands by imposing limitations on venting and flaring of natural gas, as well as requirements for the implementation of leak detection and repair programs for certain processes and equipment. However, President Trump issued an executive order directing the BLM to review and potentially repeal or revise the BLM methane rule. In June 2017 and October 2017, the BLM announced its intention to delay compliance with the requirements of the BLM methane rule until the agency can issue a revised rule. Also in October 2017, a federal magistrate judge found that the BLM did not have the authority to cease enforcing the rule. In December 2017, the BLM petitioned the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit to review and overturn the magistrate judge’s decision. Also in December 2017, the BLM issued a final rule postponing compliance dates for portions of the BLM methane rule until January 17, 2019. In September 2018, the BLM issued a final rule rescinding the agency’s November 2016 methane rule in its entirety. The EPA also finalized separate rules under the CAA in June 2016 regarding criteria for aggregating multiple sites into a single source for air-quality permitting purposes applicable to the oil and natural gas industry. This rule could cause small facilities (such as tank batteries), on an aggregate basis, to be deemed a major source, thereby triggering more stringent air permitting requirements, which in turn could result in operational delays or require us to install costly pollution control equipment. In addition, in October 2015, the EPA issued a final rule under the CAA lowering the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ground-level ozone from the current standard of 75 parts per billion (“ppb”) for the current 8-hour primary and secondary ozone standards to 70 ppb for both standards. The final rule became effective on December 28, 2015. The EPA issued its anticipated area designations in November and December 2017. States are expected to implement more stringent permitting and pollution control requirements as a result of this new final rule, which could apply to our operations. Compliance with one or more of these and other air pollution control and permitting requirements and rules has the potential to delay the development of natural gas, oil and NGL projects and increase our costs of development and production, which costs could be significant. Regulation of GHG Emissions In response to findings that emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases (“GHGs”) endanger public health and the environment, the EPA has adopted regulations under existing provisions of the CAA that, among other things, establish Prevention of Significant Deterioration (“PSD”) preconstruction and Title V operating permit reviews for certain large stationary sources that are already potential major sources of certain principal, or criteria, pollutant emissions. Facilities required to obtain PSD permits for their GHG emissions will also be required to meet “best available control technology” standards that will typically be established by state agencies. In addition, the EPA has adopted rules requiring the monitoring and annual reporting of GHG emissions from large GHG emission sources in the United States, including certain onshore and offshore natural gas, oil and NGL production sources, which include certain of our operations. As discussed above, federal regulatory action regarding GHG emissions from the oil and gas sector has focused on methane emissions; however, federal implementation of the finalized 2016 methane rule is uncertain at this time (as also discussed above). 20 While Congress has, from time to time, considered legislation to reduce emissions of GHGs, no significant legislation has been adopted at the federal level. In the absence of such federal climate legislation, a number of state and regional cap-and-trade programs have emerged that typically require major sources of GHG emissions to acquire and surrender emission allowances in return for emitting those GHGs. In addition, the United States is one of almost 200 nations that, in December 2015, agreed to the Paris Agreement, an international climate change agreement in Paris, France that calls for countries to set their own GHG emissions targets and be transparent about the measures each country will take to achieve its GHG emissions targets. The Paris Agreement entered into force on November 4, 2016 upon achieving its threshold for ratification by signatory countries. A long- term goal of the Paris Agreement is to limit global warming to below two degrees Celsius by 2100 from temperatures in the pre- industrial era. However, the Paris Agreement does not impose any binding obligations on its participants. In June 2017, President Trump stated that the United States intends to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, but may enter into a future international agreement related to GHGs. In August 2017, the U.S. State Department officially informed the United Nations of its intent to withdraw from the Paris Agreement unless it is renegotiated. The Paris Agreement provides for a four-year exit process beginning when it took effect in November 2016, which would result in an effective exit date of November 2020. The United States adherence to the exit process is uncertain and the terms on which the United States may reenter the Paris Agreement or a separately negotiated agreement are unclear at this time. Although it is not possible at this time to predict how new laws or regulations that may be adopted or issued to address GHG emissions would impact our business, any such future laws, regulations or legal requirements imposing reporting or permitting obligations on, or limiting emissions of GHGs from, our equipment and operations could require us to incur costs to reduce emissions of GHGs associated with our operations, as well as delay or restrict our ability to permit GHG emissions from new or modified sources. In addition, substantial limitations on GHG emissions could adversely affect demand for the natural gas, oil and NGLs we produce and lower the value of our reserves. Finally, it should be noted that increasing concentrations of GHGs in the Earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, floods, droughts and other extreme climatic events; if any such effects were to occur, they could have an adverse effect on our exploration and production operations. Hydraulic Fracturing Activities Hydraulic fracturing is an important and common practice that is used to stimulate production of oil, natural gas and NGLs from dense subsurface rock formations. We regularly use hydraulic fracturing as part of our operations. Hydraulic fracturing is typically regulated by state oil and natural gas commissions. However, several federal agencies have asserted regulatory authority over certain aspects of the process. For example, the EPA published final CAA regulations in 2012 and, more recently, in June 2016, establishing performance standards, including standards for the capture of air emissions released during oil and natural gas hydraulic fracturing, leak detection, and permitting; published in June 2016 an effluent limitation guideline final rule prohibiting the discharge of wastewater from onshore unconventional oil and natural gas extraction facilities to publicly owned wastewater treatment plants; and issued in 2014 a prepublication version of its Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking regarding Toxic Substances Control Act (“TSCA”) reporting of the chemical substances and mixtures used in hydraulic fracturing. Also, in March 2015, the BLM adopted rules establishing stringent standards relating to hydraulic fracturing on federal and American Indian lands. In June 2016, a federal district court judge in Wyoming struck down this final rule, finding that the BLM lacked authority to promulgate the rule. That ruling was appealed, but in September 2017 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit dismissed the appeal and remanded with directions to vacate the lower court’s opinion, leaving the final rule in place. However, following the issuance of an executive order by President Trump to review rules related to the energy industry, the BLM initiated a rulemaking to rescind the final rule in December 2017. Shortly after the final rulemaking was issued, the state of California and several environmental groups filed lawsuits against the BLM, the Secretary of the Interior, and the Assistant Secretary for Land and Minerals Management, seeking an injunction and a declaration that the repeal violated numerous federal statutes. After the suits were filed, multiple industry groups and the state of Wyoming sought to intervene and transfer the case to federal court in Wyoming, which decided the initial legal challenge to the Obama administration’s fracking regulations. Those legal challenges are still pending. Also, in December 2016, the EPA released its final report on the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources. The final report concluded that “water cycle” activities associated with hydraulic fracturing may impact drinking water resources “under certain limited circumstances.” From time to time, legislation has been introduced, but not enacted, in Congress to provide for federal regulation of hydraulic fracturing and to require disclosure of the chemicals used in the fracturing process. Meanwhile, the regulation of hydraulic fracturing has continued at the state level. For example, Wyoming has promulgated rules related to the public disclosure of substances used in hydraulic fluid, testing requirements for water wells near drilling sites and leak detection and repair requirements for fugitive emissions from oil and gas production facilities. In the event that a new, federal level of legal restrictions relating to the hydraulic fracturing process is adopted in areas where we operate, we may incur additional costs to comply with such federal requirements that may be significant in nature, and also could become subject to additional permitting requirements and experience added delays or curtailment in the pursuit of exploration, development, or production activities. 21 Activities on Federal Lands and State Lands Oil and natural gas exploration, development and production activities on federal lands, including American Indian lands and lands administered by the BLM, are frequently subject to permitting delays. Operations on these lands are also subject to the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”). NEPA requires federal agencies, including the BLM, to evaluate major actions having the potential to significantly impact the environment. In the course of such evaluations, an agency will prepare an Environmental Assessment that assesses the potential direct, indirect and cumulative impacts of a proposed project and, if necessary, will prepare a more detailed Environmental Impact Statement that may be made available for public review and comment. We currently have exploration, development and production activities on federal lands. Our proposed exploration, development and production activities are expected to include leasing of federal mineral interests, which will require the acquisition of governmental permits or authorizations that are subject to the requirements of NEPA. This process has the potential to delay or limit, or increase the cost of, the development of natural gas, oil and NGL projects. Authorizations under NEPA are also subject to protest, appeal or litigation, any or all of which may delay or halt projects. Moreover, depending on the mitigation strategies recommended in the Environmental Assessments or Environmental Impact Statements, we could incur added costs, which may be substantial. In addition, the New Mexico state legislature recently proposed House Bill 206, which, if passed, would enact an Environmental Review Act comparable to NEPA. Specifically, the Environmental Review Act would require state governmental agencies at all levels to consider the qualitative, technical and economic factors relating to a project that may impact public health, ecosystems and the environment, the long-term as well as short-term benefits and costs of the proposed project, the cumulative impacts of the proposed project, and reasonable alternatives to proposed actions affecting the environment, communities or public health. If enacted, the process contemplated by the Environmental Review Act has the potential, like NEPA, to delay or limit, or increase the cost of, the development of natural gas, oil and NGL projects in New Mexico, which costs could be substantial. ESA and Migratory Birds The federal Endangered Species Act (“ESA”) and comparable state laws were established to protect endangered and threatened species. Pursuant to the ESA, if a species is listed as threatened or endangered, restrictions may be imposed on activities adversely affecting that species’ habitat. Similar protections are offered to migratory birds under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. We may conduct operations on oil and natural gas leases in areas where certain species that are listed as threatened or endangered are known to exist and where other species that potentially could be listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA may exist. Moreover, as a result of a 2011 settlement agreement, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (the “FWS”) was required to make a determination on listing of numerous species as endangered or threatened under the ESA by no later than completion of the agency’s 2017 fiscal year. The FWS did not meet that deadline. If we were to have a portion of our leases designated as critical or suitable habitat, it could adversely impact the value of our leases. In addition, the federal government recently has issued indictments under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act to several oil and natural gas companies after migratory birds were found dead near reserve pits associated with drilling activities. The identification or designation of previously unprotected species as threatened or endangered in areas where underlying property operations are conducted could cause us to incur increased costs arising from species protection measures, time delays or limitations on our exploration and production activities, which could have an adverse impact on our ability to develop and produce reserves. If we were to have a portion of our leases designated as critical or suitable habitat, it could adversely impact the value of our leases. OSHA We are subject to the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSHA”) and comparable state statutes whose purpose is to protect the health and safety of workers. In addition, OSHA’s hazard communication standard, the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, comparable state statutes and any implementing regulations require that we organize and/or disclose information about hazardous materials used or produced in our operations and that this information be provided to employees, state and local governmental authorities and citizens. Related Permits and Authorizations Many environmental laws require us to obtain permits or other authorizations from state and/or federal agencies before initiating certain drilling, construction, production, operation or other activities and to maintain these permits and compliance with their requirements for ongoing operations. These permits are generally subject to protest, appeal or litigation, which can in certain cases delay or halt projects and cease production or operation of wells, pipelines and other operations. Related Insurance We maintain insurance against some risks associated with above or underground contamination that may occur as a result of our development activities. However, this insurance is limited to activities at the well site and there can be no assurance that this insurance will continue to be commercially available or that this insurance will be available at premium levels that justify its 22 purchase by us. The occurrence of a significant event that is not fully insured or indemnified against could have a materially adverse effect on our financial condition and operations. Further, we have no coverage for gradual, long-term pollution events. Employees As of December 31, 2018, we had 178 full-time employees. We hire independent contractors on an as needed basis and have no collective bargaining agreements with our employees. Offices Our principal executive offices are located at 1001 Seventeenth Street, Suite 1800, Denver, Colorado 80202, and our telephone number is (720) 499-1400. We also have office space in Jal, New Mexico; Midland, Texas; Sugar Land, Texas; and Pecos, Texas. 23 Available Information Our internet website address is www.cdevinc.com. We routinely post important information for investors on our website. Within our website’s investor relations section, we make available free of charge our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed with or furnished to the SEC under applicable securities laws. These materials are made available as soon as reasonably practical after we electronically file such materials with or furnish such materials to the SEC. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report and should not be considered part of this document. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. 24 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS The nature of our business activities subjects us to certain hazards and risks. The following risks and uncertainties, together with other information set forth in this Annual Report, should be carefully considered by current and future investors in our securities. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties presently unknown to us or currently deemed immaterial also may impair our business operations. The occurrence of one or more of these risks or uncertainties could materially and adversely affect our business, our financial condition, and the results of our operations, which in turn could negatively impact the value of our securities. Risks Related to the Oil and Natural Gas Industry and Our Business Oil, natural gas and NGL prices are volatile. A sustained decline in oil, natural gas and NGL prices could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to meet our capital expenditure obligations and financial commitments. The prices we receive for our oil, natural gas and NGLs production heavily influence our revenue, profitability, access to capital, future rate of growth and carrying value of our properties. Oil, natural gas and NGLs are commodities, and their prices may fluctuate widely in response to relatively minor changes in the supply of and demand for oil, natural gas and NGLs and market uncertainty. Historically, oil, natural gas and NGL prices have been volatile and are subject to fluctuations in response to changes in supply and demand, market uncertainty and a variety of additional factors that are beyond our control, including: • worldwide and regional economic conditions impacting the global supply and demand for oil, natural gas and NGLs; • • • • • • • • • • the price and quantity of foreign imports of oil, natural gas and NGLs; political and economic conditions in or affecting other producing regions or countries, including the Middle East, Africa, South America and Russia; actions of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (“OPEC”), its members and other state-controlled oil companies relating to oil price and production controls; the level of global exploration, development and production; the level of global inventories; prevailing prices on local price indexes in the area in which we operate; the proximity, capacity, cost and availability of gathering and transportation facilities; localized and global supply and demand fundamentals and transportation availability; the availability of refining and storage capacity; the cost of exploring for, developing, producing and transporting reserves; • weather conditions and other natural disasters; • • • technological advances affecting energy consumption; the price and availability of alternative fuels; expectations about future commodity prices; and • U.S. federal, state and local and non-U.S. governmental regulation and taxes. These factors and the volatility of the energy markets make it extremely difficult to predict future oil and natural gas price movements with any certainty. During the past five years, the WTI spot price for oil has declined from a high of $107.95 per Bbl in June 2014 to $26.19 per Bbl in February 2016, and the Henry Hub spot price for natural gas has declined from a high of $8.15 per MMBtu in February 2014 to a low of $1.49 per MMBtu in March 2016. Likewise, NGLs, which are made up of ethane, propane, isobutene, normal butane and natural gasoline, all of which have different uses and different pricing characteristics, have suffered significant recent price declines. In 2018, the WTI spot price reached $77.41 in June 2018, representing the highest spot price for the commodity since 2014, but the WTI spot prices sharply declined in the following months to a low of $44.48 in December 2018. In addition, lower commodity prices may reduce our cash flows and borrowing ability. If we are unable to obtain needed capital or financing on satisfactory terms, our ability to develop future reserves could be adversely affected. Also, using lower prices in estimating proved reserves may result in a reduction in proved reserve volumes due to economic limits. In addition, sustained periods with oil and natural gas prices at levels lower than current WTI or Henry Hub strip prices and the resultant effect such prices may have on our drilling economics and our ability to raise capital may require us to re-evaluate and postpone 25 or eliminate our development drilling, which could result in the reduction of some of our proved undeveloped reserves and related standardized measure. If we are required to curtail our drilling program, we may be unable to continue to hold leases that are scheduled to expire, which may further reduce our reserves. As a result, a substantial or extended decline in commodity prices may materially and adversely affect our future business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and ability to finance planned capital expenditures. Our development and acquisition projects require substantial capital expenditures. We may be unable to obtain required capital or financing on satisfactory terms, which could lead to a decline in our ability to access or grow production and reserves. The oil and natural gas industry is capital-intensive. We make and expect to continue to make substantial capital expenditures related to development and acquisition projects. We have funded our capital expenditures with cash generated by operations, borrowings under CRP’s revolving credit facility and the net proceeds from CRP’s issuance of senior notes. We intend to finance our capital expenditures with cash flow from operations, borrowings under CRP’s revolving credit facility and proceeds from offerings of debt and equity securities. The issuance of additional indebtedness would require that a portion of our cash flow from operations be used for the payment of interest and principal on our indebtedness, thereby reducing our ability to use cash flow from operations to fund working capital, capital expenditures and acquisitions. The actual amount and timing of our future capital expenditures may differ materially from our estimates as a result of, among other things, oil, natural gas and NGL prices; actual drilling results; the availability of drilling rigs and other services and equipment; and regulatory, technological and competitive developments. A reduction in commodity prices from current levels may result in a decrease in our actual capital expenditures, which would negatively impact our ability to grow production. Our cash flow from operations and access to capital are subject to a number of variables, including: • • • • • the prices at which our production is sold; our proved reserves; the level of hydrocarbons we are able to produce from existing wells; our ability to acquire, locate and produce new reserves; the levels of our operating expenses; and • CRP’s ability to borrow under its revolving credit facility and the ability to access the capital markets. If our revenues or the borrowing base under CRP’s revolving credit facility decrease as a result of lower oil, natural gas and NGL prices, operating difficulties, declines in reserves or for any other reason, we may have limited ability to obtain the capital necessary to sustain our operations at current levels. If additional capital is needed, we may not be able to obtain debt or equity financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If cash flow generated by our operations or available borrowings under CRP’s revolving credit facility are not sufficient to meet our capital requirements, the failure to obtain additional financing could result in a curtailment of our operations relating to development of our properties. This, in turn, could lead to a decline in our reserves and production, and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Part of our strategy involves using some of the latest available horizontal drilling and completion techniques, which involve risks and uncertainties in their application. Our operations involve utilizing some of the latest drilling and completion techniques as developed by us and our service providers. Risks that we face while drilling horizontal wells include the following: • • • • • landing a wellbore in the desired drilling zone; staying in the desired drilling zone while drilling horizontally through the formation; spacing the wells appropriately to maximize production rates and recoverable reserves; running our casing the entire length of the wellbore; and being able to run tools and other equipment consistently through the horizontal wellbore. Risks that we face while completing wells include the following: • • • • the ability to fracture stimulate the planned number of stages; the ability to run tools the entire length of the wellbore during completion operations; the ability to successfully clean out the wellbore after completion of the final fracture stimulation stage; and the ability to prevent unintentional communication with other wells. 26 In addition, certain of the new techniques we are adopting, such as infilling drilling and multi-well pad drilling, may cause irregularities or interruptions in production due, in the case of infill drilling, to offset wells being shut-in and, in the case of multi- well pad drilling, the time required to drill and complete multiple wells before any such wells begin producing. Furthermore, the results of our drilling in new or emerging formations are more uncertain initially than drilling results in areas that are more developed and have a longer history of established production. Newer or emerging formations and areas have limited or no production history and, consequently, we are more limited in assessing future drilling results in these areas. If our drilling results are less than anticipated, the return on our investment for a particular project may not be as attractive as anticipated, and we could incur material write-downs of unevaluated properties and the value of our undeveloped acreage could decline in the future. Drilling for and producing oil and natural gas are high risk activities with many uncertainties that could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our future financial condition and results of operations will depend on the success of our development, acquisition and production activities, which are subject to numerous risks beyond our control, including the risk that drilling will not result in commercially viable oil and natural gas production. Our decisions to develop or purchase prospects or properties will depend in part on the evaluation of data obtained through geophysical and geological analyses, production data and engineering studies, the results of which are often inconclusive or subject to varying interpretations. For a discussion of the uncertainty involved in these processes, see “—Reserve estimates depend on many assumptions that may turn out to be inaccurate. Any material inaccuracies in reserve estimates or underlying assumptions will materially affect the quantities and present value of our reserves.” In addition, our cost of drilling, completing and operating wells is often uncertain. Further, many factors may curtail, delay, cancel or otherwise negatively impact our scheduled drilling projects, including the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • delays imposed by or resulting from compliance with regulatory requirements, including limitations resulting from wastewater disposal, emission of GHGs and limitations on hydraulic fracturing; pressure or irregularities in geological formations; shortages of or delays in obtaining equipment, qualified personnel, water or sand for hydraulic fracturing activities; equipment failures, accidents or other unexpected operational events; lack of available gathering facilities or delays in construction of gathering facilities; lack of available capacity on interconnecting transmission pipelines; adverse weather conditions; issues related to compliance with environmental regulations; environmental hazards, such as oil and natural gas leaks, oil spills, pipeline and tank ruptures and unauthorized discharges of brine, well stimulation and completion fluids, toxic gases or other pollutants into the surface and subsurface environment; declines in oil and natural gas prices; limited availability of financing at acceptable terms; title problems; and limitations in the market for oil and natural gas. Our derivative activities could result in financial losses or could reduce our earnings. We enter into derivative instrument contracts for a portion of our oil and natural gas production from time to time. As of December 31, 2018, we had entered into basis swaps through 2019 covering a total of 2,931 MBbls of our projected oil production and 12.8 million MMBtu of our projected natural gas production at a weighted average differential of $6.88 per Bbl and $1.31 per MMBtu, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2018, we had entered into natural gas swaps covering a total of 16.4 million MMBtu of our projected natural gas production through December 2019 at a weighted average differential of $2.39 per MMBtu. Accordingly, our earnings may fluctuate significantly as a result of changes in fair value of our derivative instruments. 27 Derivative instruments also expose us to the risk of financial loss in some circumstances, including when: • • • production is less than the volume covered by the derivative instruments; the counterparty to the derivative instrument defaults on its contractual obligations; there is an increase in the differential between the underlying price in the derivative instrument and actual prices received; or • there are issues with regard to legal enforceability of such instruments. The use of derivatives may, in some cases, require the posting of cash collateral with counterparties. If we enter into derivative instruments that require cash collateral and commodity prices or interest rates change in a manner adverse to us, our cash otherwise available for use in our operations would be reduced, which could limit our ability to make future capital expenditures and make payments on our indebtedness, and which could also limit the size of CRP’s borrowing base. Future collateral requirements will depend on arrangements with our counterparties, highly volatile oil and natural gas prices and interest rates. In addition, derivative arrangements could limit the benefit we would receive from increases in the prices for oil and natural gas, which could also have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. Our commodity derivative contracts expose us to risk of financial loss if a counterparty fails to perform under a contract. Disruptions in the financial markets could lead to sudden decreases in a counterparty’s liquidity, which could make the counterparty unable to perform under the terms of the contract, and we may not be able to realize the benefit of the contract. We are unable to predict sudden changes in a counterparty’s creditworthiness or ability to perform. Even if we accurately predict sudden changes, our ability to negate the risk may be limited depending upon market conditions. During periods of declining commodity prices, our derivative contract receivable positions generally increase, which increases our counterparty credit exposure. If the creditworthiness of our counterparties deteriorates and results in their nonperformance, we could incur a significant loss with respect to our commodity derivative contracts. Reserve estimates depend on many assumptions that may turn out to be inaccurate. Any material inaccuracies in reserve estimates or underlying assumptions will materially affect the quantities and present value of our reserves. The process of estimating oil and natural gas reserves is complex. It requires interpretations of available technical data and many assumptions, including assumptions relating to current and future economic conditions and commodity prices. Any significant inaccuracies in these interpretations or assumptions could materially affect the estimated quantities and present value of our reserves. In order to prepare reserve estimates, we must project production rates and timing of development expenditures. We must also analyze available geological, geophysical, production and engineering data. The extent, quality and reliability of this data can vary. The process also requires economic assumptions about matters such as oil and natural gas prices, drilling and operating expenses, capital expenditures, taxes and availability of funds. Actual future production, oil and natural gas prices, revenues, taxes, development expenditures, operating expenses and quantities of recoverable oil and natural gas reserves may vary from our estimates. For instance, initial production rates reported by us or other operators may not be indicative of future or long-term production rates, our recovery efficiencies may be worse than expected, and production declines may be greater than our estimates and may be more rapid and irregular when compared to initial production rates. In addition, we may adjust reserve estimates to reflect additional production history, results of development activities, current commodity prices and other existing factors. Any significant variance could materially affect the estimated quantities and present value of our reserves. You should not assume that the present value of future net revenues from our reserves is the current market value of our estimated reserves. We generally base the estimated discounted future net cash flows from reserves on prices and costs on the date of the estimate. Actual future prices and costs may differ materially from those used in the present value estimate. For example, our estimated proved reserves as of December 31, 2018, and related standardized measure were calculated under rules of the SEC using twelve-month trailing average benchmark prices of $62.04 per barrel of oil (WTI Posted) and $3.10 per MMBtu (Henry Hub spot), which may be substantially higher or lower than the available spot prices in 2019. If spot prices are below such calculated amounts, using more recent prices in estimating proved reserves may result in a reduction in proved reserve volumes due to economic limits. We will not be the operator on all of our acreage or drilling locations, and, therefore, we will not be able to control the timing of exploration or development efforts, associated costs, or the rate of production of any non-operated assets. As of December 31, 2018, we have leased or acquired approximately 80,223 net acres, approximately 89% of which we operate. As of December 31, 2018, we operated 263 gross producing horizontal wells. We will have limited ability to exercise influence over the operations of the drilling locations operated by our partners, and there is the risk that our partners may at any time have economic, business or legal interests or goals that are inconsistent with ours. Furthermore, the success and timing of 28 development activities operated by our partners will depend on a number of factors that will be largely outside of our control, including: • • • • • the timing and amount of capital expenditures; the operator’s expertise and financial resources; the approval of other participants in drilling wells; the selection of technology; and the rate of production of reserves, if any. This limited ability to exercise control over the operations and associated costs of some of our drilling locations could prevent the realization of targeted returns on capital in drilling or acquisition activities. Many of our properties are in areas that may have been partially depleted or drained by offset wells and certain of our wells may be adversely affected by actions other operators may take when drilling, completing, or operating wells that they own. Many of our properties are in areas that may have already been partially depleted or drained by earlier offset drilling. The owners of leasehold interests adjoining any of our properties could take actions, such as drilling and completing additional wells, which could adversely affect our operations. When a new well is completed and produced, the pressure differential in the vicinity of the well causes the migration of reservoir fluids toward the new wellbore (and potentially away from existing wellbores). As a result, the drilling and production of these potential locations could cause a depletion of our proved reserves and may inhibit our ability to further develop our proved reserves. In addition, completion operations and other activities conducted on adjacent or nearby wells could cause production from our wells to be shut in for indefinite periods of time, could result in increased lease operating expenses and could adversely affect the production and reserves from our wells after they re-commence production. We have no control over the operations or activities of offsetting operators. Our identified drilling locations are scheduled out over many years, making them susceptible to uncertainties that could materially alter the occurrence or timing of their drilling. In addition, we may not be able to raise the amount of capital that would be necessary to drill such locations. We have specifically identified and scheduled certain drilling locations as an estimation of our future multi-year drilling activities on our existing acreage. These drilling locations represent a significant part of our growth strategy. Our ability to drill and develop these locations depends on a number of uncertainties, including oil and natural gas prices, the availability and cost of capital, drilling and production costs, availability of drilling services and equipment, drilling results, lease expirations, gathering system and pipeline transportation constraints, access to and availability of water sourcing and distribution systems, regulatory approvals, including permitting, and other factors. Because of these uncertain factors, we do not know if the numerous identified drilling locations will ever be drilled or if we will be able to produce natural gas or oil from these or any other drilling locations. In addition, unless production is established within the spacing units covering the undeveloped acres on which some of the drilling locations are obtained, the leases for such acreage will expire. As such, our actual drilling activities may materially differ from those presently identified. Certain of our undeveloped leasehold acreage is subject to leases that will expire over the next several years unless production is established on units containing the acreage, the primary term is extended through continuous drilling provisions or the leases are renewed. As of December 31, 2018, over 76% of our total net acreage was held by production. The leases for our net acreage not held by production will expire at the end of their primary term unless production is established in paying quantities under the units containing these leases, the leases are held beyond their primary terms under continuous drilling provisions or the leases are renewed. If our leases expire and we are unable to renew the leases, we will lose the right to develop the related properties. Our ability to drill and develop these locations depends on a number of uncertainties, including oil and natural gas prices, the availability and cost of capital, drilling and production costs, availability of drilling services and equipment, drilling results, lease expirations, gathering system and pipeline transportation constraints, access to and availability of water sourcing and distribution systems, regulatory approvals and other factors. Our operations are substantially dependent on the availability of water. Restrictions on our ability to obtain water may have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Water is an essential component of deep shale oil and natural gas production during both the drilling and hydraulic fracturing processes. Drought conditions have persisted in Texas in past years. These drought conditions have led some local water districts to restrict the use of water subject to their jurisdiction for hydraulic fracturing to protect local water supplies. If we are unable to obtain water to use in our operations, we may be unable to economically produce oil and natural gas, which could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. 29 Our producing properties are located in the Delaware Basin, a sub-basin of the Permian Basin, making us vulnerable to risks associated with operating in a single geographic area. All of our producing properties are geographically concentrated in the Delaware Basin, a sub-basin of the Permian Basin, primarily in West Texas. At December 31, 2018, all of our total estimated proved reserves were attributable to properties located in this area. As a result of this concentration, we may be disproportionately exposed to the impact of regional supply and demand factors, delays or interruptions of production from wells in this area caused by governmental regulation, processing or transportation capacity constraints, market limitations, availability of equipment and personnel, water shortages or other drought or extreme weather related conditions or interruption of the processing or transportation of oil, natural gas or NGLs. In addition, the effect of fluctuations on supply and demand may become more pronounced within specific geographic oil and natural gas producing areas such as the Permian Basin, which may cause these conditions to occur with greater frequency or magnify the effects of these conditions. Due to the concentrated nature of our portfolio of properties, a number of our properties could experience any of the same conditions at the same time, resulting in a relatively greater impact on our results of operations than they might have on other companies that have a more diversified portfolio of properties. Such delays or interruptions could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. For example, production of oil and natural gas in the Permian Basin has increased significantly over the last few years and the resulting volumes have begun to exceed the pipeline takeaway capacity from the Permian Basin. This constraint in pipeline takeaway capacity led to lower prevailing market prices for oil and natural gas in the Permian Basin in 2018, with the differential between Permian pricing and the broader WTI benchmark price exceeding $16.00 per Bbl in September and the differential between Permian pricing and the broader Henry Hub spot price of natural gas exceeded $2.35 per MMBtu in November. Because of our concentration in the Permian Basin, the realized prices we received for all of our unhedged volumes of oil and natural gas were negatively affected by these regional price differentials. Pipeline capacity for oil and natural gas from the Permian Basin is expected to increase in 2019 and 2020, but until those projects are completed, prevailing prices in the Permian Basin may remain suppressed or decline further, which could negatively affect the realized price we receive for the sale of our oil and natural gas volumes, increase counterparty risk associated with the firm transportation agreements we have put in place relating to our oil and natural gas volume sales and overall increase the risk of us being able to transport all of our oil and natural gas volumes to market. The marketability of our production is dependent upon transportation and other facilities, certain of which we do not control. If these facilities are unavailable, or if we are unable to access these facilities on commercially reasonable terms, our operations could be interrupted and our revenues reduced. The marketability of our oil and natural gas production depends in part upon the availability, proximity and capacity of transportation facilities owned by third parties. Our oil production is generally transported from the wellhead by gathering systems that are either owned by us or third-party midstream companies, although some of our oil is initially transported by truck to a transportation facility. Our natural gas production is generally transported by gathering lines that are owned either by us or third-party midstream companies from the wellhead to a gas processing facility. In general, we do not control these trucks and other third-party transportation facilities and our access to them may be limited or denied. In some instances, we have contractual guarantees relating to the transportation of our production through firm transportation arrangements, but third-party systems may be temporarily unavailable due to market conditions, mechanical failures, accidents or other reasons. Insufficient production from our wells to support the construction of pipeline facilities by our purchasers or third-party midstream companies or a significant disruption in the availability of our or third-party transportation facilities or other production facilities could adversely impact our ability to deliver to market or produce our oil and natural gas and thereby cause a significant interruption in our operations. If, in the future, we are unable, for any sustained period, to implement acceptable delivery or transportation arrangements or encounter production related difficulties, we may be required to shut in or curtail production or flare our natural gas. If we were required to shut-in wells, we might also be obligated to pay certain demand charges for gathering and processing services and firm transportation charges for pipeline capacity we have reserved. Any such shut-in or curtailment, or an inability to obtain favorable terms for delivery of the oil and natural gas produced from our fields, would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. 30 We have entered into multi-year agreements with some of our suppliers, service providers and the purchasers of our oil and natural gas, which contain minimum volume commitments. Any failure by us to satisfy the minimum volume commitments could lead to contractual penalties that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial position. We have entered into certain multi-year supply and service agreements, including contracts for drilling rigs, water disposal agreements and purchase agreements relating to frac and sand products. We also have various multi-year agreements that relate to the sale, transportation or gathering of our oil and natural gas. Some of these agreements contain minimum volume commitments that we must satisfy or contractual penalties in form of volume deficiencies or other remedies may apply. As of December 31, 2018, our aggregate long-term contractual obligation under these agreements was $140.1 million. Further information about these agreements can be found at Note 14—Commitments and Contingencies, in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in this Annual. Any failure by us to satisfy the minimum volume commitments in these agreements could adversely affect our results of operations and financial position. We may incur losses as a result of title defects in the properties in which we invest. The existence of a material title deficiency can render a lease worthless and can adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. While we typically obtain title opinions prior to commencing drilling operations on a lease or in a unit, the failure of title may not be discovered until after a well is drilled, in which case we may lose the lease and the right to produce all or a portion of the minerals under the property. The development of our estimated PUDs may take longer and may require higher levels of capital expenditures than we currently anticipate. Therefore, our estimated PUDs may not be ultimately developed or produced. As of December 31, 2018, 56% of our total estimated proved reserves were classified as proved undeveloped. Development of these proved undeveloped reserves may take longer and require higher levels of capital expenditures than we currently anticipate. Delays in the development of our reserves, increases in costs to drill and develop such reserves or decreases in commodity prices will reduce the value of our estimated PUDs and future net revenues estimated for such reserves and may result in some projects becoming uneconomic. In addition, delays in the development of reserves could cause us to have to reclassify our PUDs as unproved reserves. Further, we may be required to write-down our PUDs if we do not drill those wells within five years after their respective dates of booking. If commodity prices decrease to a level such that our future undiscounted cash flows from our properties are less than their carrying value, we may be required to take write-downs of the carrying values of our properties. Accounting guidance requires that we periodically review the carrying value of our properties for possible impairment. Based on prevailing commodity prices and specific market factors and circumstances at the time of prospective impairment reviews, and the continuing evaluation of development plans, production data, economics and other factors, we may be required to write-down the carrying value of our properties. A write-down constitutes a non-cash charge to earnings. Recently, commodity prices have declined significantly. Lower commodity prices in the future could result in impairments of our properties, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations for the periods in which such charges are taken. Unless we replace our reserves with new reserves and develop those reserves, our reserves and production will decline, which would adversely affect our future cash flows and results of operations. Producing oil and natural gas reservoirs generally are characterized by declining production rates that vary depending upon reservoir characteristics and other factors. Unless we conduct successful ongoing exploration and development activities or continually acquire properties containing proved reserves, our proved reserves will decline as those reserves are produced. Our future reserves and production, and therefore our future cash flows and results of operations, are highly dependent on our success in efficiently developing our current reserves and economically finding or acquiring additional recoverable reserves. We may not be able to develop, find or acquire sufficient additional reserves to replace our current and future production. If we are unable to replace our current and future production, the value of our reserves will decrease, and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected. Conservation measures and technological advances could reduce demand for oil and natural gas. Fuel conservation measures, alternative fuel requirements, increasing consumer demand for alternatives to oil and natural gas, technological advances in fuel economy and energy generation devices could reduce demand for oil and natural gas. The impact of the changing demand for oil and natural gas may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We depend upon a small number of significant purchasers for the sale of most of our oil, natural gas and NGL production. We normally sell production to a relatively small number of customers, as is customary in our business. For the year ended December 31, 2018, sales to Shell Trading (US) Company (“Shell”), BP America and Eagleclaw Midstream Ventures, LLC (“Eagleclaw”) accounted for 19%, 18% and 12%, respectively, of our net revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2017, sales 31 to Shell, BP America and Eagleclaw accounted for 33%, 16% and 14%, respectively, of our net revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2016, sales to Plains Marketing, LP , Shell and Permian Transport and Trading accounted for 48%, 22%, and 11%, respectively, of our net revenue. No other customer accounted for more than 10% of our revenue during these periods. The loss of any of our major purchasers could materially and adversely affect our revenues in the near-term. Our operations may be exposed to significant delays, costs and liabilities as a result of environmental and occupational health and safety requirements applicable to our business activities. Our operations are subject to stringent and complex federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the discharge of materials into the environment, health and safety aspects of our operations or otherwise relating to environmental protection. These laws and regulations may impose numerous obligations applicable to our operations, including the acquisition of a permit or other approval before conducting regulated activities; the restriction of types, quantities and concentration of materials that can be released into the environment; the limitation or prohibition of drilling activities on certain lands lying within wilderness, wetlands and other protected areas; the application of specific health and safety criteria addressing worker protection; and the imposition of substantial liabilities for pollution resulting from our operations. Numerous governmental authorities, such as the EPA and analogous state agencies, have the power to enforce compliance with these laws and regulations and the permits issued under them. Such enforcement actions often involve taking difficult and costly compliance measures or corrective actions. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in the assessment of sanctions, including administrative, civil or criminal penalties, natural resource damages, the imposition of investigatory or remedial obligations, and the issuance of orders limiting or prohibiting some or all of our operations. In addition, we may experience delays in obtaining, or be unable to obtain, required permits, which may delay or interrupt our operations and limit our growth and revenue. Certain environmental laws impose strict joint and several liability for costs required to remediate and restore sites where hazardous substances, hydrocarbons or solid wastes have been stored or released. We may be required to remediate contaminated properties currently or formerly operated by us or facilities of third parties that received waste generated by our operations regardless of whether such contamination resulted from the conduct of others or from consequences of our own actions that were in compliance with all applicable laws at the time those actions were taken. In connection with certain acquisitions, we could acquire, or be required to provide indemnification against, environmental liabilities that could expose us to material losses. In addition, claims for damages to persons or property, including natural resources, may result from the environmental, health and safety impacts of our operations. Our insurance may not cover all environmental risks and costs or may not provide sufficient coverage if an environmental claim is made against us. Moreover, public interest in the protection of the environment has increased dramatically in recent years. The trend of more expansive and stringent environmental legislation and regulations applied to the crude oil and natural gas industry could continue, resulting in increased costs of doing business and consequently affecting profitability. To the extent laws are enacted or other governmental action is taken that restricts drilling or imposes more stringent and costly operating, waste handling, disposal and cleanup requirements, our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected. We may incur substantial losses and be subject to substantial liability claims as a result of our operations. Additionally, we may not be insured for, or our insurance may be inadequate to protect us against, these risks. We are not insured against all risks. Losses and liabilities arising from uninsured and underinsured events could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our development activities are subject to all of the operating risks associated with drilling for and producing oil and natural gas, including the possibility of: • environmental hazards, such as uncontrollable releases of oil, natural gas, brine, well fluids, toxic gas or other pollution into the environment, including groundwater, air and shoreline contamination; • abnormally pressured formations; • mechanical difficulties, such as stuck oilfield drilling and service tools and casing collapse; • • • • fire, explosions and ruptures of pipelines; personal injuries and death; natural disasters; and terrorist attacks targeting oil and natural gas related facilities and infrastructure. Any of these risks could adversely affect our ability to conduct operations or result in substantial loss to us as a result of claims for: • injury or loss of life; 32 • • • • damage to and destruction of property, natural resources and equipment; pollution and other environmental damage; regulatory investigations and penalties; and repair and remediation costs. We may elect not to obtain insurance for any or all of these risks if we believe that the cost of available insurance is excessive relative to the risks presented. In addition, pollution and environmental risks generally are not fully insurable. The occurrence of an event that is not fully covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Properties that we decide to drill may not yield oil or natural gas in commercially viable quantities. Properties that we decide to drill that do not yield oil or natural gas in commercially viable quantities will adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. There is no way to predict in advance of drilling and testing whether any particular prospect will yield oil or natural gas in sufficient quantities to recover drilling or completion costs or be economically viable. The use of micro-seismic data and other technologies and the study of producing fields in the same area will not enable us to know conclusively prior to drilling whether oil or natural gas will be present or, if present, whether oil or natural gas will be present in commercial quantities. We cannot assure you that the analogies we draw from available data from other wells, more fully explored prospects or producing fields will be applicable to our drilling prospects. Multi-well pad drilling may result in volatility in our operating results. We utilize multi-well pad drilling where practical. Because wells drilled on a pad are not brought into production until all wells on the pad are drilled and completed and the drilling rig is moved from the location, multi-well pad drilling delays the commencement of production from a given pad, which may cause volatility in our quarterly operating results. We may be unable to make attractive acquisitions or successfully integrate acquired businesses, and any inability to do so may disrupt our business and hinder our ability to grow. In the future we may make acquisitions of assets or businesses that complement or expand our current business. The successful acquisition of producing properties requires an assessment of several factors, including: • • • • recoverable reserves; future oil and natural gas prices and their applicable differentials; operating costs; and potential environmental and other liabilities. The accuracy of these assessments is inherently uncertain. In connection with these assessments, we perform a review of the subject properties that we believe to be generally consistent with industry practices. Our review will not reveal all existing or potential problems, nor will it permit us to become sufficiently familiar with the properties to fully assess their deficiencies and capabilities. Inspections may not always be performed on every well, and environmental problems, such as groundwater contamination, are not necessarily observable even when an inspection is undertaken. Even when problems are identified, the seller may be unwilling or unable to provide effective contractual protection against all or part of the problems. We often are not entitled to contractual indemnification for environmental liabilities and acquire properties on an “as is” basis. The success of any completed acquisition will depend on our ability to integrate effectively the acquired business into our existing operations. The process of integrating acquired businesses may involve unforeseen difficulties and may require a disproportionate amount of our managerial and financial resources. In addition, possible future acquisitions may be larger and purchase prices higher than those paid for earlier acquisitions. No assurance can be given that we will be able to identify additional suitable acquisition opportunities, negotiate acceptable terms, obtain financing for acquisitions on acceptable terms or successfully acquire identified targets. Our failure to achieve consolidation savings, to integrate the acquired businesses and assets into our existing operations successfully or to minimize any unforeseen operational difficulties could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, debt agreements impose certain limitations on our ability to enter into mergers or combination transactions and our ability to incur certain indebtedness, which could indirectly limit our ability to engage in acquisitions of businesses. Some of our reserves are located near urban areas, which could increase our costs of development and delay production. Some of our reserves are located near urban areas, including the city of Pecos, Texas. If these urban areas expand and develop the area around our operations or the surface above our wells, or if we expand our operations closer to the urban areas, we may be exposed to additional operational and regulatory risk in that area. In such event, we may incur additional expenses, including 33 expenses relating to mitigation of noise, odor and light that may be emitted in our operations, expenses related to the appearance of our facilities and limitations regarding when and how we can operate. The process of obtaining permits for drilling or for gathering lines to move our production to market in such areas may also be more time consuming and costly than in more rural areas. The costs we incur to comply with such restrictions may be significant in nature, and we may experience delays or curtailment in the pursuit of development activities and perhaps even be precluded from the drilling of wells. The unavailability or high cost of additional drilling rigs, equipment, supplies, personnel and oilfield services could adversely affect our ability to execute our development plans within our budget and on a timely basis. The demand for drilling rigs, pipe and other equipment and supplies, as well as for qualified and experienced field personnel to drill wells and conduct field operations, geologists, geophysicists, engineers and other professionals in the oil and natural gas industry, can fluctuate significantly, often in correlation with oil and natural gas prices, causing periodic shortages. Our operations are concentrated in areas in which activity has increased rapidly, and as a result, demand for such drilling rigs, equipment and personnel, as well as access to transportation, processing and refining facilities in these areas, has increased, as have the costs for those items. In addition, to the extent our suppliers source their products or raw materials from foreign markets, the cost of such equipment could be impacted if the United States imposes tariffs on imported goods from countries where these goods are produced. For example, the steel we use for pipes, valve fittings and other equipment is generally imported from other countries, and the price for steel has risen significantly in 2018 due at least in part to the 25% tariff imposed by United States on imported steel. We cannot predict whether these conditions will exist in the future and, if so, what their timing and duration will be. Such shortages or cost increases could delay or cause us to incur significant expenditures that are not provided for in our capital budget, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We could experience periods of higher costs if commodity prices rise. These increases could reduce our profitability, cash flow and ability to complete development activities as planned. Historically, our capital and operating costs have risen during periods of increasing oil, natural gas and NGL prices. These cost increases result from a variety of factors beyond our control, such as increases in the cost of electricity, steel and other raw materials that we and our vendors rely upon; increased demand for labor, services and materials as drilling activity increases; and increased taxes. Such costs may rise faster than increases in our revenue as commodity prices rise, thereby negatively impacting our profitability, cash flows and ability to complete development activities as scheduled and on budget. This impact may be magnified to the extent that our ability to participate in the commodity price increases is limited by our derivative activities. Should we fail to comply with all applicable FERC administered statutes, rules, regulations and orders, we could be subject to substantial penalties and fines. Under the EP Act of 2005, FERC has civil penalty authority under the NGA and the NGPA to impose penalties for current violations of up to approximately $1.3 million per day for each violation and disgorgement of profits associated with any violation. While our operations have not been regulated by FERC as a natural gas company under the NGA, FERC has adopted regulations that may subject certain of our otherwise non-FERC jurisdictional operations to FERC annual reporting and posting requirements. We also must comply with the anti-market manipulation rules enforced by FERC. Additional rules and legislation pertaining to those and other matters may be considered or adopted by FERC from time to time. Failure to comply with those regulations in the future could subject us to civil penalty liability. Climate change laws and regulations restricting emissions of GHGs could result in increased operating costs and reduced demand for the oil and natural gas that we produce, while potential physical effects of climate change could disrupt our production and cause us to incur significant costs in preparing for or responding to those effects. In response to findings that emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other GHGs present an endangerment to public health and the environment, the EPA has adopted regulations pursuant to the CAA that, among other things, require PSD preconstruction and Title V operating permits for certain large stationary sources. Facilities required to obtain PSD permits for their GHG emissions are also required to meet “best available control technology” standards that are being established by the states or, in some cases, by the EPA on a case-by-case basis. These regulatory requirements could adversely affect our operations and restrict or delay our ability to obtain air permits for new or modified sources. In addition, the EPA has adopted rules requiring the monitoring and reporting of GHG emissions from specified onshore and offshore oil and natural gas production sources in the United States, which include certain of our operations. Furthermore, in June 2016, the EPA finalized rules that establish new controls for emissions of methane from new, modified or reconstructed sources in the oil and natural gas source category, including production, processing, transmission and storage activities. The rule includes first-time standards to address emissions of methane from equipment and processes across the source category, including hydraulically fractured oil and natural gas well completions. However, the EPA recently indicated that it intends to reconsider certain aspects of this rule, and in June 2017 issued a proposed rulemaking that would stay the requirements of the methane rule for a period of two years. In September 2018, the EPA proposed amendments to the 2016 standards that would reduce the rule’s fugitive emissions monitoring requirements and expand exceptions to controlling methane emissions from pneumatic pumps, among other charges. The EPA has also announced 34 that it intends to impose methane emission standards for existing sources as well but, to date, has not yet issued a proposal. Compliance with these rules will require enhanced record-keeping practices, the purchase of new equipment, such as optical gas imaging instruments to detect leaks, and increased frequency of maintenance and repair activities to address emissions leakage. The rules will also likely require additional personnel time to support these activities or the engagement of third party contractors to assist with and verify compliance. These new and proposed rules could result in increased compliance costs on our operations. While Congress has from time to time considered legislation to reduce emissions of GHGs, there has not been significant activity in the form of adopted legislation to reduce GHG emissions at the federal level in recent years. In the absence of such federal climate legislation, a number of state and regional efforts have emerged that are aimed at tracking and/or reducing GHG emissions by means of cap-and-trade programs. These programs typically require major sources of GHG emissions to acquire and surrender emission allowances in return for emitting those GHGs. In addition, efforts have been made and continue to be made in the international community toward the adoption of international treaties or protocols that would address global climate change issues. The United States became one of almost 200 nations that, in December 2015, agreed to the Paris Agreement, which requires member countries to review and “represent a progression” in their intended nationally determined contributions, which set GHG emission reduction goals, every five years beginning in 2020. The Paris Agreement entered into force in November 2016. In June 2017, President Trump announced that the United States plans to withdraw from the Paris Agreement and to seek negotiations either to reenter the Paris Agreement on different terms or establish a new framework. In August 2017, the U.S. Department of State officially informed the United Nations of the United States’ intent to withdraw from the Paris Agreement unless it is renegotiated. Although it is not possible at this time to predict how legislation or new regulations that may be adopted to address GHG emissions would impact our business, any such future laws and regulations imposing reporting obligations on, or limiting emissions of GHGs from, our equipment and operations could require us to incur costs to reduce emissions of GHGs associated with our operations. Substantial limitations on GHG emissions could adversely affect demand for the oil and natural gas we produce. Finally, some scientists have concluded that increasing concentrations of GHGs in the Earth’s atmosphere may produce climate changes that have significant physical effects, such as increased frequency and severity of storms, floods and other climatic events; if any such effects were to occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Federal, state and local legislative and regulatory initiatives relating to hydraulic fracturing as well as governmental reviews of such activities could result in increased costs and additional operating restrictions or delays in the completion of oil and natural gas wells and adversely affect our production. Hydraulic fracturing is an important and common practice that is used to stimulate production of oil and/or natural gas from dense subsurface rock formations. The hydraulic fracturing process involves the injection of water, proppants and chemicals under pressure into targeted subsurface formations to fracture the surrounding rock and stimulate production. We regularly use hydraulic fracturing as part of our operations. Hydraulic fracturing is typically regulated by state oil and natural gas commissions, but the EPA has asserted federal regulatory authority pursuant to the SDWA over certain hydraulic fracturing activities involving the use of diesel fuels and published permitting guidance in February 2014 addressing the performance of such activities using diesel fuels. The EPA has also issued final regulations under the CAA establishing performance standards, including standards for the capture of air emissions released during hydraulic fracturing (although the Trump Administration has indicated an intent to review this rule), and advanced notice of proposed rulemaking under the Toxic Substances Control Act to require companies to disclose information regarding the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing, and also finalized rules in 2016 that prohibit the discharge of wastewater from hydraulic fracturing operations to publicly owned wastewater treatment plants. In addition, the BLM finalized rules in March 2015 that impose new or more stringent standards for performing hydraulic fracturing on federal and American Indian lands (which was challenged in a U.S. federal trial court, resulting in a decision in June 2016 against the rule, an appeal of that decision, and a U.S. federal appeals court ruling in September 2017 dismissing the appeals and vacating the trial court decision); the rule is currently the subject of a December 2017 final rulemaking by the BLM to rescind it. Shortly after the final rulemaking was issued, the state of California and several environmental groups filed lawsuits against the BLM, the Secretary of the Interior, and the Assistant Secretary for Land and Minerals Management, seeking an injunction and a declaration that the repeal violated numerous federal statutes. After the suits were filed, multiple industry groups and the state of Wyoming sought to intervene and transfer the case to federal court in Wyoming, which decided the initial legal challenge to the Obama administration’s fracking regulations. Those legal challenges are still pending. In addition, Congress has from time to time considered legislation to provide for federal regulation of hydraulic fracturing under the SDWA and to require disclosure of the chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process. It is unclear how any additional federal regulation of hydraulic fracturing activities may affect our operations. Certain governmental reviews are either underway or being proposed that focus on environmental aspects of hydraulic fracturing practices. The White House Council on Environmental Quality is coordinating an administration-wide review of hydraulic fracturing practices. Additionally, in December 2016, the EPA released its final report on the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources. The EPA report concluded that hydraulic fracturing activities have not led to widespread, systemic impacts on drinking water resources in the United States, although there are above-and-below ground mechanisms by which hydraulic fracturing activities have the potential to impact drinking water resources. Other governmental 35 agencies, including the United States Department of Energy and the United States Department of the Interior, are evaluating various other aspects of hydraulic fracturing. These ongoing or proposed studies could spur initiatives to further regulate hydraulic fracturing under the federal SDWA or other regulatory mechanisms. At the state level, several states have adopted or are considering legal requirements that could impose more stringent permitting, disclosure and well construction requirements on hydraulic fracturing activities. For example, in May 2013, the Railroad Commission of Texas issued a “well integrity rule,” which updates the requirements for drilling, putting pipe down and cementing wells. The rule also includes new testing and reporting requirements, such as (i) the requirement to submit cementing reports after well completion or after cessation of drilling, whichever is later, and (ii) the imposition of additional testing on wells less than 1,000 feet below usable groundwater. The well integrity rule took effect in January 2014. Local governments also may seek to adopt ordinances within their jurisdictions regulating the time, place and manner of drilling activities in general or hydraulic fracturing activities in particular. We believe that we follow applicable standard industry practices and legal requirements for groundwater protection in our hydraulic fracturing activities. Nonetheless, if new or more stringent federal, state or local legal restrictions relating to the hydraulic fracturing process are adopted in areas where we operate, we could incur potentially significant added costs to comply with such requirements, experience delays or curtailment in the pursuit of development activities, and perhaps even be precluded from drilling wells. Legislation or regulatory initiatives intended to address seismic activity could restrict our drilling and production activities, as well as our ability to dispose of saltwater gathered from such activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. State and federal regulatory agencies recently have focused on a possible connection between the hydraulic fracturing related activities, particularly the underground injection of wastewater into disposal wells, and the increased occurrence of seismic activity, and regulatory agencies at all levels are continuing to study the possible linkage between oil and gas activity and induced seismicity. For example, in 2015, the United States Geological Study identified eight states, including Texas, with areas of increased rates of induced seismicity that could be attributed to fluid injection or oil and gas extraction. In addition, a number of lawsuits have been filed in other states, most recently in Oklahoma, alleging that disposal well operations have caused damage to neighboring properties or otherwise violated state and federal rules regulating waste disposal. In response to these concerns, regulators in some states are seeking to impose additional requirements, including requirements in the permitting of saltwater disposal wells or otherwise to assess any relationship between seismicity and the use of such wells. For example, in October 2014, the Railroad Commission of Texas published a new rule governing permitting or re-permitting of disposal wells that would require, among other things, the submission of information on seismic events occurring within a specified radius of the disposal well location, as well as logs, geologic cross sections and structure maps relating to the disposal area in question. If the permittee or an applicant of a disposal well permit fails to demonstrate that the saltwater or other fluids are confined to the disposal zone or if scientific data indicates such a disposal well is likely to be or determined to be contributing to seismic activity, then the agency may deny, modify, suspend or terminate the permit application or existing operating permit for that well. We dispose of large volumes of saltwater gathered from our drilling and production operations pursuant to permits issued to us by governmental authorities overseeing such disposal activities. While these permits are issued pursuant to existing laws and regulations, these legal requirements are subject to change, which could result in the imposition of more stringent operating constraints or new monitoring and reporting requirements, owing to, among other things, concerns of the public or governmental authorities regarding such gathering or disposal activities. Furthermore, regulatory authorities exercise considerable discretion in the timing and scope of permit issuance. It may be costly and time consuming to comply with requirements imposed by these authorities, and compliance may result in delays in the commencement or continuation of our exploration and production. The adoption and implementation of any new laws or regulations that restrict our ability to use hydraulic fracturing or dispose of saltwater gathered from our drilling and production activities by limiting volumes, disposal rates, disposal well locations or otherwise, or requiring us to shut down disposal wells, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Competition in the oil and natural gas industry is intense, making it more difficult for us to acquire properties, market oil or natural gas and secure trained personnel. Our ability to acquire additional prospects and to find and develop reserves in the future will depend on our ability to evaluate and select suitable properties and to consummate transactions in a highly competitive environment for acquiring properties, marketing oil and natural gas and securing trained personnel. Also, there is substantial competition for capital available for investment in the oil and natural gas industry. Many of our competitors possess and employ financial, technical and personnel resources substantially greater than ours. Those companies may be able to pay more for productive properties and exploratory prospects and to evaluate, bid for and purchase a greater number of properties and prospects than our financial or personnel resources permit. In addition, other companies may be able to offer better compensation packages to attract and retain qualified personnel than we are able to offer. The cost to attract and retain qualified personnel has increased over the past three years due to competition and may increase substantially in the future. We may not be able to compete successfully in the future in acquiring 36 prospective reserves, developing reserves, marketing hydrocarbons, attracting and retaining quality personnel and raising additional capital, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. The loss of senior management or technical personnel could adversely affect operations. We depend on the services of our senior management and technical personnel. We do not maintain, nor do we plan to obtain, any insurance against the loss of any of these individuals. The loss of the services of our senior management or technical personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Increases in interest rates could adversely affect our business. Our business and operating results can be harmed by factors such as the availability, terms of and cost of capital, increases in interest rates or a reduction in credit rating. These changes could cause our cost of doing business to increase, limit our ability to pursue acquisition opportunities, reduce cash flow used for drilling and place us at a competitive disadvantage. At December 31, 2018, we had $300.0 million in borrowings outstanding under our credit facility. Interest is calculated under the terms of CRP’s credit agreement based on a LIBOR spread. Recent and continuing disruptions and volatility in the global financial markets may lead to a contraction in credit availability impacting our ability to finance operations. We require continued access to capital. A significant reduction in cash flows from operations or the availability of credit could materially and adversely affect our ability to achieve our planned growth and operating results. Our use of seismic data is subject to interpretation and may not accurately identify the presence of oil and natural gas, which could adversely affect the results of our drilling operations. Even when properly used and interpreted, seismic data and visualization techniques are only tools used to assist geoscientists in identifying subsurface structures and hydrocarbon indicators and do not enable the interpreter to know whether hydrocarbons are, in fact, present in those structures. As a result, our drilling activities may not be successful or economical. In addition, the use of advanced technologies, such as 3-D seismic data, requires greater pre-drilling expenditures than traditional drilling strategies, and we could incur losses as a result of such expenditures. Restrictions on drilling activities intended to protect certain species of wildlife may adversely affect our ability to conduct drilling activities in areas where we operate. Oil and natural gas operations in our operating areas may be adversely affected by seasonal or permanent restrictions on drilling activities designed to protect various wildlife. Seasonal restrictions may limit our ability to operate in protected areas and can intensify competition for drilling rigs, oilfield equipment, services, supplies and qualified personnel, which may lead to periodic shortages when drilling is allowed. These constraints and the resulting shortages or high costs could delay our operations or materially increase our operating and capital costs. Permanent restrictions imposed to protect endangered species could prohibit drilling in certain areas or require the implementation of expensive mitigation measures. The designation of previously unprotected species in areas where we operate as threatened or endangered could cause us to incur increased costs arising from species protection measures or could result in limitations on our activities that could have a material and adverse impact on our ability to develop and produce our reserves. The enactment of derivatives legislation could have an adverse effect on our ability to use derivative instruments to reduce the effect of commodity price, interest rate and other risks associated with our business. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), enacted on July 21, 2010, established federal oversight and regulation of the over-the-counter derivatives market and entities, such as us, that participate in that market. Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act requires the CFTC, the SEC and the prudential regulators to promulgate rules and regulations implementing the derivatives-related provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. While most of these regulations are already in effect, the implementation process is still ongoing and the CFTC continues to review and refine its initial rulemakings through additional interpretations and supplemental rulemakings. As a result, we cannot yet predict the ultimate effect of the regulations on our business and, while most of the regulations have been adopted, any new regulations or modifications to existing regulations could significantly increase the cost of derivative contracts, materially alter the terms of derivative contracts, reduce the availability of derivatives to protect against risks we encounter, and reduce our ability to monetize or restructure our existing derivative contracts, and increase our exposure to less creditworthy counterparties. If we reduce our use of derivatives as a result of the Dodd-Frank Act and regulations, our results of operations may become more volatile and our cash flows may be less predictable, which could adversely affect our ability to plan for and fund capital expenditures. Finally, the Dodd-Frank Act was intended, in part, to reduce the volatility of oil and natural gas prices, which some legislators attributed to speculative trading in derivatives and commodity instruments related to oil and natural gas. Our revenues could therefore be adversely affected if a consequence of the Dodd-Frank Act and implementing regulations is to lower commodity prices. Any of these consequences could have a material and adverse effect on us and our financial condition. The CFTC has re-proposed position limits for certain futures and option contracts in the major energy markets and for swaps that are their economic equivalents, although certain bona fide hedging transactions would be exempt from these position limits 37 provided that various conditions are satisfied. The CFTC has also finalized a related aggregation rule that requires market participants to aggregate their positions with certain other persons under common ownership and control, unless an exemption applies, for purposes of determining whether the position limits have been exceeded. If adopted, the revised position limits rule and its finalized companion rule on aggregation may have an impact on our ability to hedge exposure to price fluctuation of certain commodities. In addition to the CFTC federal position limit regime, designated contract markets (“DCMs”) also have established position limit and accountability regimes. We may have to modify trading decisions or liquidate positions to avoid exceeding such limits or at the direction of the exchange to comply with accountability levels. Further, any such position limit regime, whether imposed at the federal or at the DCM level may impose added operating costs to monitor compliance with such position limit levels, addressing accountability level concerns and maintaining appropriate exemptions, if applicable. The Dodd-Frank Act requires that certain classes of swaps be cleared on a derivatives clearing organization (“DCO”) and traded on a regulated exchange, unless exempt from such clearing and trading requirements, which could result in the application of certain margin requirements imposed by DCOs and their members. The CFTC has designated certain interest rate swaps and credit default swaps for mandatory clearing. The CFTC has not yet proposed rules designating any other classes of swaps, including physical commodity swaps, for mandatory clearing. In addition, certain banking regulators and the CFTC have adopted final rules establishing minimum margin requirements for uncleared swaps entered into between swap dealers and certain other counterparties. We expect to qualify for and rely upon an end-user exception from the mandatory clearing and trade execution requirements for swaps entered into to hedge our commercial risks. While we also expect to qualify for and rely upon an exception from the uncleared swap margin requirements for swaps entered into to hedge our commercial risks, the application of such requirements to other market participants, such as swap dealers, may change the cost and availability of the swaps that we use for hedging. If any of our swaps do not qualify for the commercial end-user exception, posting of collateral could impact liquidity and reduce cash available to us for capital expenditures, therefore reducing our ability to execute hedges to reduce risk and protect cash flow. In addition, the European Union and other non-U.S. jurisdictions have adopted and are implementing local regulations with respect to the derivatives market which are generally comparable to the reforms under the Dodd-Frank Act. Implementation and enforcement of these regulatory provisions may reduce our ability to hedge our market risks with counterparties in foreign jurisdictions, and may make transactions involving cross-border swaps more expensive and burdensome. Additionally, the lack of regulatory equivalence across jurisdictions may increase compliance costs and make it more difficult to satisfy our regulatory obligations. The standardized measure of our estimated reserves is not an accurate estimate of the current fair value of our estimated oil and natural gas reserves. Standardized measure is a reporting convention that provides a common basis for comparing oil and natural gas companies subject to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Standardized measure requires the use of specific pricing as required by the SEC as well as operating and development costs prevailing as of the date of computation. Consequently, it may not reflect the prices ordinarily received or that will be received for oil and natural gas production because of varying market conditions, nor may it reflect the actual costs that will be required to produce or develop the oil and natural gas properties. As a result, estimates included herein of future net cash flow may be materially different from the future net cash flows that are ultimately received, and the standardized measure of our estimated reserves included in this Annual Report should not be construed as accurate estimates of the current fair value of our proved reserves. We may not be able to keep pace with technological developments in our industry. The oil and natural gas industry is characterized by rapid and significant technological advancements and introductions of new products and services using new technologies. As others use or develop new technologies, we may be placed at a competitive disadvantage or may be forced by competitive pressures to implement those new technologies at substantial costs. In addition, other oil and natural gas companies may have greater financial, technical and personnel resources that allow them to enjoy technological advantages and that may in the future allow them to implement new technologies before we can. We may not be able to respond to these competitive pressures or implement new technologies on a timely basis or at an acceptable cost. If one or more of the technologies we use now or in the future were to become obsolete, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. A security interruption or failure with respect to our information technology systems could harm our ability to effectively operate our business. Our ability to effectively manage and operate our business depends significantly on information technology systems. The failure of these systems to operate effectively and support our operations, challenges in transitioning to upgraded or replacement systems, difficulty in integrating new or updated systems, or a breach in security of these systems could adversely impact the operations of our business. 38 Any breach of our network may result in the loss of valuable business data, misappropriation of our customers’ or employees’ personal information, or a disruption of our business, which could harm our customer relationships and reputation, and result in lost revenues, fines or lawsuits. Moreover, we must comply with increasingly complex and rigorous regulatory standards enacted to protect business and personal data. Any failure to comply with these regulatory standards could subject us to legal and reputational risks. Misuse of or failure to secure personal information could also result in violation of data privacy laws and regulations, proceedings against us by governmental entities or others, damage to our reputation and credibility, and could have a negative impact on revenues and profits. Changes in laws or regulations, or a failure to comply with any laws and regulations, may adversely affect our business, investments and results of operations. We are subject to laws, regulations and rules enacted by national, regional and local governments and NASDAQ. In particular, we are required to comply with certain SEC, NASDAQ and other legal or regulatory requirements. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws, regulations and rules may be difficult, time consuming and costly. Those laws, regulations and rules and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, investments and results of operations. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and rules, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We are subject to income taxes in the United States, and our domestic tax liabilities are subject to the allocation of expenses in differing jurisdictions. Our future effective tax rates could be subject to volatility or adversely affected by a number of factors, including: • • • • • • changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; expected timing and amount of the release of any tax valuation allowances; tax effects of stock-based compensation; costs related to intercompany restructurings; changes in tax laws, regulations or interpretations thereof; or lower than anticipated future earnings in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated future earnings in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory tax rates. In addition, we may be subject to audits of our income, sales and other transaction taxes by U.S. federal and state authorities. Outcomes from these audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Future regulations relating to and interpretations of the recently enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act may have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Jobs Act”) was signed into law on December 22, 2017. Among other things, the Jobs Act reduces the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, imposes significant additional limitations on the deductibility of interest, and allows the expensing of capital expenditures. The Jobs Act is highly complex and subject to interpretation. The presentation of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our current interpretation of the provisions contained in the Jobs Act. The Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service continue to release regulations relating to and interpretive guidance of the legislation contained in the Jobs Act. Any significant variance of our current interpretation of such legislation from any future regulations or interpretive guidance could result in a change to the presentation of our financial condition and results of operations and could negatively affect our business. Risks Related to Our Indebtedness Our leverage and debt service obligations may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, business prospects and our ability to make payments on our outstanding debt. As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately $691.6 million of total long-term debt and additional borrowing capacity of $499.2 million under CRP’s revolving credit facility (after giving effect to $0.8 million of outstanding letters of credit). Our level of indebtedness could affect our operations in several ways, including the following: • require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our existing debt, thereby reducing the cash available to finance our operations and other business activities; 39 • • • • limit management’s discretion in operating our business and our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; increase our vulnerability to downturns and adverse developments in our business and the economy generally; limit our ability to access the capital markets to raise capital on favorable terms or to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, general corporate or other expenses or to refinance existing indebtedness; place restrictions on our ability to obtain additional financing, make investments, lease equipment, sell assets and engage in business combinations; • make it more likely that a reduction in CRP’s borrowing base following a periodic redetermination could require CRP to repay a portion of its then-outstanding bank borrowings; • make us vulnerable to increases in interest rates as the indebtedness under CRP’s revolving credit facility may vary with prevailing interest rates; • place us at a competitive disadvantage relative to our competitors with lower levels of indebtedness in relation to their overall size or less restrictive terms governing their indebtedness; and • make it more difficult for CRP to satisfy its obligations under its debt and increase the risk that we may default on its debt obligations. CRP may incur substantial additional indebtedness, which could further exacerbate the risks that we may face. Subject to the restrictions in the instruments governing CRP’s outstanding indebtedness (including CRP’s revolving credit facility and senior notes), CRP and its subsidiaries may incur substantial additional indebtedness (including secured indebtedness) in the future. Although the instruments governing CRP’s outstanding indebtedness do contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions will be subject to waiver and a number of significant qualifications and exceptions, and indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. As of December 31, 2018, CRP had additional borrowing capacity of $499.2 million under its revolving credit facility (after giving effect to $0.8 million of outstanding letters of credit), all of which would be secured if borrowed. Any increase in CRP’s level of indebtedness and leverage will have several important effects on our future operations, including, without limitation: • • • result in additional cash requirements to support the payment of interest on CRP’s outstanding indebtedness; increase our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic and industry conditions, as well as to competitive pressure; and depending on the levels of CRP’s outstanding indebtedness, may limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, general corporate and other purposes. We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of CRP’s indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy CRP’s obligations under applicable debt instruments, which may not be successful. CRP’s ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance its indebtedness depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. We may not be able to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit CRP to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on CRP’s indebtedness. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance indebtedness. Our ability to restructure or refinance CRP’s indebtedness will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of indebtedness could be at higher interest rates and may require CRP to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict business operations. The terms of existing or future debt instruments may restrict us from adopting some of these alternatives. In addition, any failure to make payments of interest and principal on outstanding indebtedness on a timely basis would likely result in a reduction of our credit rating, which could harm CRP’s ability to incur additional indebtedness. In the absence of sufficient cash flows and capital resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet debt service and other obligations. The agreements governing CRP’s indebtedness restrict CRP’s ability to dispose of assets and CRP’s use of the proceeds from such disposition. CRP may not be able to consummate those dispositions, and the proceeds of any such disposition may not be adequate to meet 40 any debt service obligations then due. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit CRP to meet scheduled debt service obligations. Restrictions in CRP’s existing and future debt agreements could limit our growth and ability to engage in certain activities. CRP’s credit agreement and the indenture governing its senior notes contain a number of significant covenants, including restrictive covenants that may limit CRP’s ability to, among other things: • incur additional indebtedness; • make loans to others; • make investments; • merge or consolidate with another entity; • make certain payments; • • • • hedge future production or interest rates; incur liens; sell assets; and engage in certain other transactions without the prior consent of the lenders. In addition, CRP’s credit agreement requires us to maintain certain financial ratios or to reduce our indebtedness if we are unable to comply with such ratios. As of December 31, 2018, we were in full compliance with such financial ratios and covenants. The restrictions in CRP’s debt agreements may also limit our ability to obtain future financings to withstand a future downturn in our business or the economy in general, or to otherwise conduct necessary corporate activities. We may also be prevented from taking advantage of business opportunities that arise because of the limitations that the restrictive imposed on CRP. A breach of any covenant in CRP’s debt agreements would result in a default under the applicable agreement after any applicable grace periods. A default, if not waived, could result in acceleration of the indebtedness outstanding under CRP’s credit agreement and in a default with respect to, and an acceleration of, the indebtedness outstanding under other debt agreements. The accelerated indebtedness would become immediately due and payable. If that occurs, we may not be able to make all of the required payments or borrow sufficient funds to refinance such indebtedness. Even if new financing were available at that time, it may not be on terms that are acceptable to us. If CRP is unable to comply with the restrictions and covenants in the agreements governing its indebtedness, there could be a default under the terms of these agreements, which could result in an acceleration of payment of funds that CRP has borrowed. Any default under the agreements governing CRP’s indebtedness that is not cured or waived by the required lenders, and the remedies sought by the holders of any such indebtedness, could make CRP unable to pay principal, premium, if any, and interest on such indebtedness. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow and are otherwise unable to obtain funds necessary to meet required payments of principal, premium, if any, and interest on CRP’s indebtedness, or if CRP otherwise fails to comply with the various covenants, including financial and operating covenants, in the agreements governing CRP’s indebtedness, CRP could be in default under the terms of the agreements governing such indebtedness. In the event of such default: • • the holders of such indebtedness could elect to declare all the funds borrowed thereunder to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest; the lenders under CRP’s revolving credit facility could elect to terminate their commitments thereunder, cease making further loans and institute foreclosure proceedings against our assets; and • we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. If our operating performance declines, we may in the future need to obtain waivers under CRP’s revolving credit facility to avoid CRP being in default. If CRP breaches the covenants under its revolving credit facility and seeks a waiver, CRP may not be able to obtain a waiver from the required lenders. If this occurs, CRP would be in default under the revolving credit facility, the lenders could exercise their rights, as described above, and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. 41 Any significant reduction in the borrowing base under CRP’s revolving credit facility as a result of the periodic borrowing base redeterminations or otherwise may negatively impact our ability to fund our operations. CRP’s revolving credit facility limits the amounts CRP can borrow up to a borrowing base amount, which the lenders, in their sole discretion, determine semiannually in the spring and fall. The borrowing base depends on, among other things, projected revenues from, and asset values of, the oil and natural gas properties securing the loan. The borrowing base will automatically be decreased by an amount equal to 25% of the aggregate notional amount of issued permitted senior unsecured notes. The lenders can unilaterally adjust the borrowing base and the borrowings permitted to be outstanding under CRP’s revolving credit facility. Any increase in the borrowing base requires the consent of the lenders holding 100% of the commitments. On November 2, 2018, the borrowing base under the revolving credit facility was increased from $800.0 million to $1.0 billion, and the lenders increased their aggregate elected commitments from $600.0 million to $800.0 million. In the future, we may not be able to access adequate funding under CRP’s revolving credit facility (or a replacement facility) as a result of a decrease in the borrowing base due to the issuance of new indebtedness, the outcome of a subsequent borrowing base redetermination or an unwillingness or inability on the part of lending counterparties to meet their funding obligations and the inability of other lenders to provide additional funding to cover the defaulting lender’s portion. Declines in commodity prices could result in a determination to lower the borrowing base in the future and, in such case, CRP could be required to repay any indebtedness in excess of the redetermined borrowing base. As a result, we may be unable to implement our respective drilling and development plan, make acquisitions or otherwise carry out business plans, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations and impair our ability to service CRP’s indebtedness. If we experience liquidity concerns, we could face a downgrade in our debt ratings which could restrict our access to, and negatively impact the terms of, current or future financings or trade credit. Our ability to obtain financings and trade credit and the terms of any financings or trade credit is, in part, dependent on the credit ratings assigned to our debt by independent credit rating agencies. We cannot provide assurance that any of our current ratings will remain in effect for any given period of time or that a rating will not be lowered or withdrawn entirely by a rating agency if, in its judgment, circumstances so warrant. Factors that may impact our credit ratings include debt levels, planned asset purchases or sales and near-term and long-term production growth opportunities, liquidity, asset quality, cost structure, product mix and commodity pricing levels. A ratings downgrade could adversely impact our ability to access financings or trade credit and increase our borrowing costs. Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock and Capital Structure Our only significant asset is our current ownership of an approximate 96% membership interest in CRP. Distributions from CRP may not be sufficient to allow us to pay any dividends on our Class A Common Stock or satisfy our other financial obligations. We have no direct operations and no significant assets other than our current ownership of an approximate 96% membership interest in CRP. We will depend on CRP for distributions, loans and other payments to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations or to pay any dividends with respect to our Class A Common Stock. Subject to certain restrictions, CRP generally will be required to (i) make pro rata distributions to its members, including us, in an amount at least sufficient to allow us to pay our taxes and (ii) reimburse us for certain corporate and other overhead expenses. However, legal and contractual restrictions in agreements governing future indebtedness of CRP, as well as the financial condition and operating requirements of CRP may limit our ability to obtain cash from CRP. The earnings from, or other available assets of, CRP may not be sufficient to pay dividends or make distributions or loans to enable us to pay any dividends on our Class A Common Stock or satisfy our other financial obligations. We are subject to certain requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. If we fail to comply with the requirements of Section 404 or if we or our auditors identify and report material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting, our investors may lose confidence in our reported information and our stock price may be negatively affected. We are required to comply with certain provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”). Section 404 requires that we document and test our internal control over financial reporting and issue management’s assessment of our internal control over financial reporting. This section also requires that our independent registered public accounting firm opine on those internal controls. If we fail to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or if we or our auditors identify and report material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting, the accuracy and timeliness of the filing of our annual and quarterly reports may be materially adversely affected and could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our Class A Common Stock. In addition, a material weakness in the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting could result in an increased chance of fraud and the loss of customers, reduce our ability to obtain financing and require additional expenditures to comply with these requirements, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. 42 We incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, which may significantly affect our financial condition. We completed our initial public offering in February 2016. As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we would not incur as a private company. We also incur costs associated with our public company reporting requirements and with corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules implemented by the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. These rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. These rules and regulations make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. If the price of our Class A Common Stock fluctuates significantly, your investment could lose value. Although our Class A Common Stock is listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market, we cannot assure you that an active public market will continue for our Class A Common Stock. If an active public market for our Class A Common Stock does not continue, the trading price and liquidity of our Class A Common Stock will be materially and adversely affected. If there is a thin trading market or “float” for our Class A Common Stock, the market price for our Class A Common Stock may fluctuate significantly more than the stock market as a whole. Without a large float, our Class A Common Stock would be less liquid than the stock of companies with broader public ownership and, as a result, the trading prices of our Class A Common Stock may be more volatile. In addition, in the absence of an active public trading market, investors may be unable to liquidate their investment in us. Furthermore, the stock market is subject to significant price and volume fluctuations, and the price of our Class A Common Stock could fluctuate widely in response to several factors, including: Factors affecting the trading price of our Class A Common Stock may include: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financial results or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us; changes in the market’s expectations about our operating results; actual or anticipated impacts of oil, natural gas and NGL takeaway capacity out of the Permian Basin; success of competitors; our operating results failing to meet the expectation of securities analysts or investors in a particular period; changes in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts concerning us or its markets in general; operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us; our ability to market new and enhanced products on a timely basis; changes in laws and regulations affecting our business; commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving us; changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of additional debt; the volume of securities available for public sale; additions or departures of key personnel; sales of substantial amounts of our Class A Common Stock by our directors, executive officers or significant stockholders or the perception that such sales could occur; and general economic and political conditions such as recession; interest rate, fuel price, and international currency fluctuations; and acts of war or terrorism. The stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations in recent years that have significantly affected the quoted prices of the securities of many companies, including companies in our industry. For example, in the last quarter of 2018, the closing price per share of our common stock as reported by The NASDAQ Capital Market ranged from a high of $22.75 per share in October to a low of $10.04 per share in December. The changes often appear to occur without regard to specific operating performance. The price of our Class A Common Stock could fluctuate based upon factors that have little or nothing to do with our company and these fluctuations could materially reduce our stock price. 43 If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business, or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our securities adversely, the price and trading volume of our securities could decline. The trading market for our securities will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market, or our competitors. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on us. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, our stock price and trading volume would likely be negatively impacted. If any of the analysts who may cover us change their recommendation regarding our securities adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our securities would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on it, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. Riverstone and its affiliates own a significant percentage of our outstanding voting common stock. Riverstone and its affiliates beneficially own approximately 28% of our voting common stock as of December 31, 2018. As long as Riverstone and its affiliates own or control a significant percentage of outstanding voting power, they will have the ability to strongly influence all corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors and the size of our board of directors, any amendment of our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation (the “Charter”) or amended and restated bylaws (the “Bylaws”), or the approval of any merger or other significant corporate transaction, including a sale of substantially all of our assets. The interests of Riverstone and its affiliates may not align with the interests of our other stockholders. Riverstone is in the business of making investments in companies and may acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us. Riverstone and its affiliates may also pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business, and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us. In addition, our Charter provides that we renounce any interest or expectancy in the business opportunities of our officers and directors and their respective affiliates and each such party shall not have any obligation to offer us those opportunities unless presented to one of our directors or officers in his or her capacity as a director or officer. Anti-takeover provisions contained in our Charter and Bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt. Our Charter and Bylaws contain provisions that could have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control or changes in our management without the consent of our board of directors. These provisions include: • • • • • • • • • no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates; the exclusive right of our board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death, or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors; the ability of our board of directors to determine whether to issue shares of our preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer; a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders; the requirement that an annual meeting of stockholders may be called only by the chairman of the board of directors, the chief executive officer, or the board of directors, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors; limiting the liability of, and providing indemnification to, our directors and officers; controlling the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of stockholder meetings; providing that directors may be removed prior to the expiration of their terms by stockholders only for cause; and advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of the Company. These provisions, alone or together, could delay hostile takeovers and changes in control of the Company or changes in our board of directors and management. 44 As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prevents some stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding voting common stock from engaging in certain business combinations without approval of the holders of substantially all of our outstanding voting common stock. Any provision of our Charter or Bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their securities and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our securities. Non-U.S. holders may be subject to U.S. income tax with respect to gain on disposition of their Class A Common Stock. We believe that we are a United States real property holding corporation. As a result, Non-U.S. holders (defined below in the section entitled “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) that own (or are treated as owning under constructive ownership rules) more than a specified amount of our Class A Common Stock during a specified time period may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a sale, exchange, or other disposition of such Class A Common Stock and may be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return. If you are a Non-U.S. holder, we urge you to consult your tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of such treatment. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS From time to time, we are a party to ongoing legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including workers’ compensation claims and employment-related disputes. While the outcome of these proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe the results of these proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE Not applicable. 45 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Class A Common Stock Our Class A Common Stock is currently quoted on NASDAQ under the symbol “CDEV.” As of February 20, 2019, there were 13 holders of record of our Class A Common Stock. Dividend Policy We have not paid any cash dividends on our Class A Common Stock or Class C Common Stock to date. Our board of directors may from time to time consider whether or not to institute a dividend policy. It is our present intention to retain any earnings for use in our business operations and, accordingly, we do not anticipate the board of directors declaring any dividends in the near future. 46 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following data should be read in conjunction with Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, which includes a discussion of factors materially affecting the comparability of the information presented, and in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. The Company’s historical results are not necessarily indicative of future operating results. The following table shows selected historical financial information of the Company for the periods and as of the dates indicated. The term “Successor” refers to Centennial after its acquisition of the outstanding membership interests in CRP on October 11, 2016 (the “Business Combination”) and the consolidation of CRP subsequent to the Business Combination. The term “Predecessor” refers to CRP for periods prior to the Business Combination. The selected historical financial information for the periods presented may not be comparable either from the period to period or going forward as a result of the following transactions: • • • In June 2017, the Company completed the GMT Acquisition; In December 2016, the Company completed the Silverback Acquisition; and In October 2016, the Company consummated the Business Combination. Successor Predecessor Year Ended December 31, (in thousands, except per share data) 2018 2017 Statements of Operations Data: October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 Year Ended December 31, 2015(1) 2014(1)(2) Total revenues $ 891,045 $ 429,902 $ 29,717 $ 69,116 $ 90,460 $ 131,825 Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders Income (loss) per share:(3) Basic Diluted Cash Flows Data: Net cash provided by operating activities $ $ $ 199,899 75,568 (8,081) (218,724) (38,325) 17,790 0.76 0.75 $ $ 0.32 0.32 $ $ (0.05) (0.05) 670,011 $ 259,918 $ 9,410 $ 51,740 $ 68,882 $ 97,248 Net cash used in investing activities (1,068,664) (992,306) Net cash provided by financing activities 294,160 724,220 (1,749,733) 1,874,268 (101,434) (198,635) (163,380) 47,926 118,504 36,966 (in thousands) Balance Sheet Data: Total assets Long-term debt, net Total equity Successor December 31, Predecessor December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2015(1) 2014(1)(2) $ 4,260,021 691,630 3,243,869 $ 3,616,569 390,764 3,003,972 $ 2,651,642 — 2,552,935 $ $ 616,295 138,649 450,864 615,769 129,568 377,932 (1) The selected historical consolidated and combined financial information of CRP as of and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was derived from the audited historical consolidated and combined financial statements of CRP. (2) For all periods prior to October 15, 2014, the date on which Celero conveyed all of its oil and natural gas properties to CRP, reflects the combined results of CRP and Celero. (3) No cash or stock dividends were declared or paid on our Class A Common Stock during the periods presented. 47 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes in “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs and expected performance. The forward-looking statements are dependent upon events, risks and uncertainties that may be outside our control. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, market prices for oil, natural gas and NGLs, production volumes, estimates of proved reserves, capital expenditures, economic and competitive conditions, regulatory changes and other uncertainties, as well as those factors discussed in “Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward- Looking Statements” and “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Annual Report, all of which are difficult to predict. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed may not occur. We do not undertake any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements except as otherwise required by applicable law. Overview We are an independent oil and natural gas company focused on the development of unconventional oil and associated liquids- rich natural gas reserves in the Permian Basin. All of our assets are concentrated exclusively in the Delaware Basin, a sub-basin of the Permian Basin. Our capital programs are specifically focused on projects that we believe provide the greatest potential for repeatable success and return on capital. Market Conditions The oil and natural gas industry is cyclical and commodity prices can be volatile. During 2016, global and domestic oil supply continued to outpace demand resulting in ongoing low realized oil and gas prices. In 2017 and 2018, commodity prices have improved yet remain volatile, and it is likely that commodity prices will continue to fluctuate due to global supply and demand, inventory supply levels, weather conditions, geopolitical and other factors. The following table highlights the quarterly average NYMEX price trends for crude oil and natural gas since the first quarter of 2016: 2016 2017 2018 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Crude Oil (per Bbl) $33.49 $45.70 $ 45.00 $ 49.27 $ 51.82 $ 48.32 $ 48.17 $ 55.31 $62.91 $ 68.07 $ 69.50 $ 58.81 Natural Gas (per MMBtu) $ 1.98 $ 2.25 $ 2.80 $ 3.17 $ 3.06 $ 3.14 $ 2.95 $ 2.91 $ 3.08 $ 2.85 $ 2.93 $ 3.77 Although oil and natural gas prices have begun to recover from the lows experienced during the first quarter of 2016, forecast prices for both oil and natural gas have not rebounded to pre-2015 levels. A sustained drop in oil, natural gas and NGL prices may not only decrease our revenues on a per unit basis but may also reduce the amount of oil, natural gas and NGLs that we can produce economically and therefore potentially lower our oil, natural gas and NGL reserve quantities. Lower commodity prices (including wider realized differentials) in the future could result in impairments of our proved oil and natural gas properties or undeveloped acreage and may materially and adversely affect our future business, financial condition, results of operations, operating cash flows, liquidity or ability to finance planned capital expenditures. Lower realized prices may also reduce the borrowing base under CRP’s credit agreement, which is determined at the discretion of the lenders and is based on the collateral value of our proved reserves that have been mortgaged to the lenders. Upon a redetermination, if any borrowings in excess of the revised borrowing capacity were outstanding, we could be forced to immediately repay a portion of the debt outstanding under the credit agreement. 2018 Highlights and Future Considerations Operational Highlights We operated, on average, a seven-rig drilling program in 2018 which enabled us to complete and bring online 80 gross operated wells during the year. The total number of completed wells during the year had an average effective lateral length of approximately 7,400 feet. Acquisition and Divestiture Highlights On February 8, 2018, we completed the acquisition of approximately 4,000 undeveloped net acres, as well as certain producing properties, in the core of the Northern Delaware Basin in Lea County, New Mexico for an unadjusted purchase price of 48 $94.7 million. The operated acreage position contains an average 92% working interest and is largely contiguous to Centennial’s existing position. During the fourth quarter of 2018, we completed several acquisitions totaling approximately 2,900 net acres, which are located adjacent to our existing acreage in Lea County, New Mexico and Reeves County, Texas for an aggregate unadjusted purchase price of $87.9 million. This value encompasses certain producing properties included in the acquisitions. On March 2, 2018, we completed the sale of approximately 8,600 undeveloped net acres and 12 gross producing wells located in Reeves County, Texas for a total sale price of $140.7 million. The divested acreage represents a largely non-operated position (32% average working interest) on the western portion of Centennial’s position in Reeves County. The properties divested consisted of 1,987 MBoe of proved reserves as of December 31, 2017, representing approximately 1% of our proved reserves as of that date, and generated 769 Boe/d (608 Bbls/d) in the first quarter of 2018. Financing Highlights On May 4, 2018, the Company entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “Amended Agreement”) with a syndicate of banks, the majority of which were lenders to the Company’s existing credit agreement. Under the Amended Agreement, the borrowing base increased from $575.0 million to $800.0 million and aggregate elected commitments increased from $475.0 million to $600.0 million. The Amended Agreement also provided for lower rates and fees compared to the existing credit agreement, with varying rates depending on the percentage of the borrowing base utilized, as follows: the LIBOR margin decreased from the range of 225 to 325 basis points to 150 to 250 basis points; the alternate base rate margin decreased from the range of 125 to 225 basis points to 50 to 150 basis points; and the commitment fees, which are paid on unused amounts of the revolving credit facility, were reduced from 50 basis points to a range of 37.5 to 50 basis points. The credit facility under the Amended Agreement has a term of five years. In connection with the fall 2018 credit facility semi-annual redetermination, the borrowing base under the revolving credit facility was increased from $800.0 million to $1.0 billion and the lenders increased their aggregate elected commitments from $600.0 million to $800.0 million. 49 Results of Operations On October 11, 2016, the Company consummated the acquisition of approximately 89% of the outstanding membership interests in CRP (the “Business Combination”). The Company currently owns an approximate 96% membership interest in CRP due to various equity transactions. The financial statement presentation distinguishes CRP as an accounting “Predecessor” for periods prior to the Business Combination. Centennial is the “Successor” for periods after the Business Combination, which includes consolidation of CRP subsequent to the Business Combination. Except as the context otherwise requires, references in the following discussion to the “Company” or “Centennial” with respect to periods prior to the closing of the Business Combination are to CRP and its operations before the Business Combination. For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017 The following table provides the components of our net revenues and net production (net of all royalties, overriding royalties and production due to others) for the periods indicated, as well as each period’s respective average prices and production volumes: For the Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) 2018 2017 $ % Net operating revenues (in thousands): Oil sales Natural gas sales NGL sales Oil and gas sales Average sales price: Oil (per Bbl) Effect of derivative settlements on average price (per Bbl) Oil net of hedging (per Bbl) Average NYMEX price for oil (per Bbl) Oil differential from NYMEX Natural gas (per Mcf) Effect of derivative settlements on average price (per Mcf) Natural gas net of hedging (per Mcf) Average NYMEX price for natural gas (per Mcf) Natural gas differential from NYMEX NGL (per Bbl) Net production: Oil (MBbls) Natural gas (MMcf) NGL (MBbls) Total (MBoe)(1) Average daily net production volume: Oil (Bbls/d) Natural gas (Mcf/d) NGL (Bbls/d) Total (Boe/d)(1) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 709,813 $ 336,931 $ 62,325 118,907 48,868 44,103 891,045 $ 429,902 $ 372,882 13,457 74,804 461,143 $ $ $ $ $ $ 55.98 1.48 57.46 64.76 (8.78) 1.97 0.06 2.03 3.15 (1.18) $ $ $ $ $ $ 48.17 (0.06) 48.11 50.88 (2.71) 2.75 — 2.75 3.02 (0.27) 7.81 1.54 9.35 13.88 (6.07) (0.78) 0.06 (0.72) 0.13 (0.91) 111 % 28 % 170 % 107 % 16 % 2,567 % 19 % 27 % (224)% (28)% 100 % (26)% 4 % (337)% 27.45 $ 26.28 $ 1.17 4 % 12,679 31,707 4,332 22,295 34,737 86,868 11,868 61,082 6,994 17,754 1,678 11,630 19,161 48,640 4,596 31,864 5,685 13,953 2,654 10,665 15,576 38,228 7,272 29,218 81 % 79 % 158 % 92 % 81 % 79 % 158 % 92 % (1) Calculated by converting natural gas to oil equivalent barrels at a ratio of six Mcf of natural gas to one Bbl of oil. Oil, Natural Gas and NGL Sales Revenues. Total net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 were $461.1 million (or 107%) higher than total net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017. Revenues are a function of oil, natural gas and NGL volumes sold and average commodity sales prices realized. 50 Net production volumes for oil, natural gas, and NGLs increased 81%, 79% and 158%, respectively, between periods. The oil volume increase between periods resulted primarily from drilling success in the Delaware Basin, as well as producing properties acquired in the GMT Acquisition, which added 301 MBbls of incremental oil production in 2018. During the year ended December 31, 2018, 80 gross operated wells were placed on production, which added 5,650 MBbls of net oil production during the year. The increase in the Company’s operated well count is attributable to our seven-rig drilling program during 2018. These oil volume increases were partially offset by normal production declines across our existing wells. Natural gas and NGLs are produced concurrently with crude oil volumes, resulting in a high correlation between fluctuations in oil quantities sold and natural gas and NGL quantities sold. During the year ended December 31, 2018, our production was made up of 43% natural gas and NGL volumes as compared to 40% in 2017. This change in our commodity mix was due to the significant increase in NGL volumes (up 158%) between periods, which was primarily a result of the main processor of our wet gas switching from ethane- reject to ethane-recovery. This switch enabled us to recover a higher quantity of ethane volumes from our wet gas. The change to recover a higher portion of ethane started in the second quarter of 2018 and was initiated due to lower natural gas prices in the Permian basin and higher ethane prices, which in turn led to stronger ethane processing economics. In addition to production-related increases in net revenue between periods, there were also increases in average realized sales prices for oil and NGLs when comparing the year ended December 31, 2018 to 2017. The average realized price for oil before the effects of hedging increased 16%, and the average realized price for NGLs increased 4% between periods. The 16% increase in average realized oil price was a result of higher NYMEX crude prices between periods (average NYMEX prices increased 27%), which were partially offset by wider oil differentials (an increase of $6.07 per Bbl) during 2018. The overall 4% increase in average realized NGL prices between periods was primarily attributable to higher Mont Belvieu spot prices for plant products in 2018 as compared to 2017. Conversely, the average realized sales price of natural gas decreased by 28% from 2017 to 2018. This decrease was due to significantly wider gas differentials (an increase of $0.91 per Mcf) partially offset by average NYMEX prices that were 4% higher between periods. Both our oil and gas differentials widened during 2018 due to anticipated pipeline takeaway capacity constraints impacting the Permian Basin. Operating Expenses. The following table summarizes selected operating expenses for the periods indicated: Operating costs (in thousands): Lease operating expenses Severance and ad valorem taxes Gathering, processing, and transportation expense Operating costs per Boe: Lease operating expenses Severance and ad valorem taxes Gathering, processing, and transportation expense For the Year Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) 2018 2017 $ % $ $ 83,313 $ 41,336 $ 56,523 57,624 23,173 34,259 $ 3.74 2.54 2.58 $ 3.55 1.99 2.95 41,977 33,350 23,365 0.19 0.55 (0.37) 102 % 144 % 68 % 5 % 28 % (13)% Lease Operating Expenses. Lease operating expenses (“LOE”) for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $42.0 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Higher LOE for 2018 was primarily related to a $38.3 million increase in expense associated with higher well count. We had 263 gross operated horizontal wells as of December 31, 2018 compared to 181 gross operated horizontal wells as of December 31, 2017. The increase in well count was mainly the result of our successful drilling activity adding 80 gross operated wells in 2018 and was also impacted by our acquisition and divestiture activity during the year. In addition, workover activity increased $3.7 million between periods as result of our higher well count. LOE on a per Boe basis increased when comparing the year ended December 31, 2018 to the year ended December 31, 2017. LOE per Boe was $3.74 for the year ended December 31, 2018, which represents an increase of $0.19 per Boe from year ended December 31, 2017. This increase in rate was mainly due to higher costs associated with equipment rentals for both our existing and newly completed wells. Severance and Ad Valorem Taxes. Severance taxes are primarily based on the market value of production at the wellhead and ad valorem taxes are generally based on the valuation of oil and natural gas properties and vary across the different counties in which we operate. Severance taxes for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $23.9 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to higher oil, natural gas and NGL revenues between years. Severance and ad valorem taxes as a percentage of total net revenues increased to 6.3% for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to 5.4% for the year ended December 31, 2017 due to increased ad valorem taxes of $9.5 million between periods, associated with our higher well count and higher oil and gas property values. 51 Gathering, Processing and Transportation Expenses. Gathering, processing and transportation costs (“GP&T”) for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased $23.4 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 due to higher natural gas and NGL volumes sold between periods, which in turn resulted in a higher amount of plant processing fees and gathering costs being incurred. On a per Boe basis, GP&T decreased 13% from $2.95 for the year ended December 31, 2017 to $2.58 per Boe for the year ended December 31, 2018. On a natural gas and NGL volume basis (i.e. excluding crude oil barrels) the Boe rate likewise decreased between periods to $5.99 from $7.39 for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. This decrease was attributable to the following factors: (i) lower natural gas prices between periods, due to residue gas being a primary component of our plant processing fees; and (ii) $6.9 million in reimbursements received from third parties for their usage of our firm transportation capacity in 2018. The agreement that enables us to receive these third party reimbursements extends through March of 2020; such reimbursements, however, may not necessarily be recurring in these similar amounts. Depreciation, Depletion, and Amortization. The following table summarizes our depreciation, depletion and amortization (“DD&A”) for the periods indicated: (in thousands, except per Boe data) Depreciation, depletion and amortization Depreciation, depletion and amortization per Boe For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ 326,462 14.64 $ $ 161,628 13.90 DD&A rate can fluctuate as a result of development costs, acquisitions, impairments, as well as changes in proved reserves or proved developed reserves. For the year ended December 31, 2018, DD&A expense amounted to $326.5 million, an increase of $164.8 million over 2017. The primary factor contributing to higher DD&A in 2018 was the increase in our overall production volumes between periods, which added $147.8 million of incremental DD&A expense for the year ended December 31, 2018, while higher DD&A rates between periods contributed an additional $17.0 million of DD&A expense in 2018. DD&A per Boe was $14.64 for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $13.90 in 2017. The primary factors contributing to this higher DD&A rate were (i) 24.1 MMBoe in downward revisions to proved reserves in 2018; (ii) increased drilling and completion costs incurred for new wells completed and placed on production over the past 12 months; and (iii) a higher level of facilities and infrastructure costs (having no associated proved reserves adds) in 2018. Impairment and Abandonment Expense. For the year ended December 31, 2018, $11.1 million of abandonment expense was incurred related to undeveloped leasehold acreage that expired during the period. Exploration Expense. The following table summarizes exploration expenses for the periods indicated: (in thousands) Stock-based compensation expense Exploratory dry hole costs Geological and geophysical costs Exploration expense For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ 1,816 $ 528 7,624 9,968 $ 1,609 5,658 7,106 14,373 Exploration expense was $10.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $14.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Exploration expense mainly consists of topographical studies, seismic projects, and salaries and expenses of G&G personnel. The period over period decrease was primarily due to $5.1 million in lower exploratory dry hole costs incurred in 2018, which was partially offset by an increase in seismic study costs of $0.5 million. General and Administrative Expenses. The following table summarizes our general and administrative (“G&A”) expenses for the periods indicated: (in thousands) Stock-based compensation expense Cash general and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ 18,854 44,450 63,304 $ $ 12,150 37,732 49,882 G&A expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018 were $63.3 million compared to $49.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The higher G&A expenses incurred in 2018 were primarily due to $9.3 million in increased employee 52 salaries and payroll burdens and $6.7 million in higher stock-based compensation compared to the prior year period. G&A personnel costs were substantially higher during 2018 due to the number of administrative employees increasing from 87 as of December 31, 2017 to 139 as of December 31, 2018. These increases were partially offset by lower professional fees and transaction costs incurred for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the prior year period. Other Income and Expenses. Interest Expense. The following table summarizes interest expense for the periods indicated: (in thousands) Credit facility Senior Notes Amortization of debt issuance costs Interest capitalized Total For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ 5,975 $ 21,500 1,749 (2,866) 26,358 $ 4,091 1,911 887 (1,160) 5,729 Interest expense was $20.6 million higher for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to interest we incurred in 2018 on our Senior Notes that were issued in November 2017 and an increase in the interest we incurred on our credit facility in 2018. The Company’s weighted average borrowings outstanding under our credit facility were $98.2 million during 2018 compared to $69.9 million in 2017. Our credit facility’s weighted average effective interest rate was 3.79% for 2018 as compared to 3.67% during 2017. Net Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments. Net gains and losses are a function of i) fluctuations in mark-to-market derivative fair values associated with corresponding changes in underlying commodity prices and ii) monthly cash settlements of hedged derivative positions. The following table presents our derivative instrument gains and losses for the periods indicated: (in thousands) Cash settlement gain (losses) Non-cash mark-to-market derivative gain (loss) Total For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ $ 20,610 (5,274) 15,336 $ $ (667) 5,805 5,138 Income Tax Expense. During the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recognized income tax expense amounting to $59.4 million and $29.9 million, respectively. The increase in income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to 2017 was primarily due to an increase in income before taxes of $158.7 million between periods and the release of the Company’s $5.1 million deferred tax asset valuation in 2017. These factors were partially offset by a lower U.S. federal statutory rate that was enacted in December 2017. The enactment of the Jobs Act in December 2017 reduced the corporate tax rate to 21%, which had the effect of lowering our overall effective income tax rate to 21.8% for the year ended December 31, 2018 (versus 26.4% in 2017). The Company’s provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2018 differed from the amount that would be provided by applying the statutory U.S. federal tax rate of 21% to pre-tax income because of state income taxes and permanent differences. 53 For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 (Successor) Compared to the Periods From October 11, 2016 Through December 31, 2016 (Successor) and January 1, 2016 Through October 10, 2016 (Predecessor) Combined The following table provides the components of our net revenues and net production (net of all royalties, overriding royalties and production due to others) for the periods indicated, as well as each period’s respective average prices and production volumes: Successor Predecessor Combined Year Ended December 31, 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 Successor vs 2016 Combined $ % Natural gas net of hedging (per Mcf) $ 2.75 $ Net operating revenues (in thousands): Oil sales Natural gas sales NGL sales Oil and gas sales Average sales price: Oil (per Bbl) Effect of derivative settlements on average price (per Bbl) Oil net of hedging (per Bbl) Average NYMEX price for oil (per Bbl) Oil differential from NYMEX Natural gas (per Mcf) Effect of derivative settlements on average price (per Mcf) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Average NYMEX price for natural gas (per Mcf) Natural gas differential from NYMEX NGL (per Bbl) Net production: Oil (MBbls) Natural gas (MMcf) NGL (MBbls) Total (MBoe)(1) Average daily net production volume: Oil (Bbls/d) Natural gas (Mcf/d) NGL (Bbls/d) Total (Boe/d)(1) 336,931 $ 48,868 44,103 429,902 $ 24,313 3,449 1,955 29,717 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 59,787 $ 84,100 $ 252,831 6,045 3,284 9,494 5,239 39,374 38,864 69,116 $ 98,833 $ 331,069 301 % 415 % 742 % 335 % 37.74 $ 39.91 $ 8.26 21 % 10.49 48.23 8.39 $ 48.30 $ (8.45) (0.19) (101)% — % 41.75 $ 43.43 $ (4.01) (3.52) 2.27 $ 2.52 $ — — 2.27 $ 2.52 $ 7.45 0.81 0.23 — 0.23 17 % 23 % 9 % 9 % 2.37 $ 2.55 $ 0.47 18 % (0.10) (0.03) (0.24) (800)% 46.49 2.02 48.51 49.21 (2.72) 3.10 — 3.10 3.18 (0.08) 48.17 $ (0.06) 48.11 $ 50.88 $ (2.71) 2.75 $ — 3.02 $ (0.27) 26.28 $ 20.36 $ 12.98 $ 15.01 $ 11.27 75 % 6,994 17,754 1,678 11,630 19,161 48,640 4,596 31,864 523 1,113 96 805 6,378 13,573 1,171 9,811 1,584 2,660 253 2,280 5,577 9,366 891 8,029 2,107 3,773 349 3,085 5,757 10,309 954 8,429 4,887 13,981 1,329 8,545 13,404 38,331 3,642 23,435 232 % 371 % 381 % 277 % 233 % 372 % 382 % 278 % (1) Calculated by converting natural gas to oil equivalent barrels at a ratio of six Mcf of natural gas to one Bbl of oil. 54 Oil, Natural Gas and NGL Sales Revenues. Total net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 (Successor) were $331.1 million higher than total net revenues for the combined year ended December 31, 2016. Revenues are a function of oil, natural gas and NGL volumes sold and average commodity sales prices realized. Net production volumes for oil, natural gas, and NGLs increased 232%, 371% and 381%, respectively, between periods. The oil volume increase between periods resulted primarily from drilling success in the Delaware Basin, as well as producing properties acquired in the Silverback and GMT Acquisitions, which collectively added 801 MBbls of net oil production in 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2017, 70 gross operated wells were placed on production in the Delaware Basin, which added 4,346 MBbls of net oil production. The increase in the Company’s operated well count is attributable to the ramp up of its drilling program starting in the fourth quarter of 2016. These oil volume increases were partially offset by normal production declines across existing wells. Natural gas and NGLs are produced concurrently with crude oil volumes, resulting in a high correlation between fluctuations in oil quantities sold and natural gas and NGL quantities sold. Natural gas and NGL volumes were additionally impacted by the acreage acquired from Silverback, which has a higher gas/oil ratio. During the year ended December 31, 2017, production mix consisted of 40% natural gas and NGL volumes as compared to 32% in 2016. In addition to production-related increases in net revenue between periods, there were also significant increases in average realized sales prices for oil, natural gas and NGLs when comparing the year ended December 31, 2017 to 2016. The average realized price for oil before the effects of hedging increased 21%, the average realized price for natural gas before the effects of hedging increased 9%, and the average realized price for NGLs increased 75% between periods. Of the 21% increase in the average realized oil price, 17% of such increase was related to higher average NYMEX crude prices between periods, and the remaining 4% was attributable to narrower oil differentials in 2017. The 9% increase in the average realized natural gas price was similarly related to higher NYMEX prices between periods (NYMEX natural gas prices being up 18% between periods) which was partially offset by wider gas differentials experienced during the year ended December 31, 2017. Of the overall 75% increase in average realized NGL prices between periods, the majority of such increase was related to higher average Mont Belvieu spot prices for plant products during the year ended December 31, 2017. Additionally, NGL prices increased beginning in August 2016 as a result of lower transportation costs incurred by the Company’s gas processor due to the use of pipeline versus prior trucking alternatives. Operating Expenses. The following table sets forth selected operating data for the periods indicated: Successor Predecessor Combined Year Ended December 31, 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 Year Ended December 31, 2016 2017 Successor vs 2016 Combined $ % Operating costs (in thousands): Lease operating expenses Severance and ad valorem taxes Gathering, processing, and transportation expense Operating costs per Boe: Lease operating expenses Severance and ad valorem taxes Gathering, processing, and transportation expense $ $ 41,336 $ 23,173 34,259 $ 3.55 1.99 2.95 $ $ 3,541 1,636 2,187 4.40 2.03 2.72 3,696 4,583 4.84 1.62 2.01 $ 11,036 $ 14,577 $ 26,759 5,332 17,841 184 % 335 % 6,770 27,489 406 % 4.73 1.73 2.19 $ (1.18) (25)% 0.26 15 % 0.76 35 % Lease Operating Expenses. LOE for the year ended December 31, 2017 (Successor) increased $26.8 million compared to the combined 2016 comparable period. Higher LOE for 2017 was primarily related to a $21.3 million increase associated with higher well count. The Company added 70 gross operated wells through successful drilling and 57 gross operated wells from the Silverback and GMT Acquisitions. In addition, workover activity increased $5.5 million between periods also as a result of higher well count. The Company had 106 gross operated horizontal wells, which includes those added from the Silverback Acquisition, as of December 31, 2016 as compared to 181 gross operated horizontal wells as of December 31, 2017. LOE on a per Boe basis, on the other hand, decreased when comparing the year ended December 31, 2017 to the combined 2016 period. LOE per Boe was $3.55 for the year ended December 31, 2017, which represents a decrease of 1.18 per Boe (or 25%) from the combined year ended December 31, 2016. This decrease in rate was mainly due to flush production from new wells drilled and completed over the past 12 months, which has the effect of reducing fixed and semi-variable costs on a per Boe basis. Severance and Ad Valorem Taxes. Severance taxes are primarily based on the market value of production at the wellhead, and ad valorem taxes are generally based on the valuation of oil and natural gas properties and vary across the different counties in which the Company operates. Severance and ad valorem taxes for the year ended December 31, 2017 (Successor) increased $17.8 55 million compared to the 2016 combined period due to higher oil, natural gas and NGL revenues between years. Severance and ad valorem taxes as a percentage of total net revenues remained consistent for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 at 5.4%. Gathering, Processing and Transportation Expenses. GP&T for the year ended December 31, 2017 (Successor) increased $27.5 million compared to the combined 2016 period due to higher natural gas and NGL volumes sold between periods, which in turn resulted in a higher amount of plant processing fees and per unit transportation and gathering costs being incurred between 2017 and 2016. On a per Boe basis, GP&T increased 35% from $2.19 for the combined year ended December 31, 2016 to $2.95 per Boe for the comparable 2017 period. This increase in rate was mainly attributable to the change in gas/oil ratio whereby a higher percentage of total production was made up of natural gas and NGL volumes during the year ended December 31, 2017, and thus a higher proportion of production during 2017 was subject to gas gathering and transportation charges as well as gas processing fees. On a natural gas and NGL volumes basis (i.e. excluding crude oil barrels) the Boe rate increased only 7% between periods from $6.92 to $7.39 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, respectively. This increase was primarily the result of a new firm transportation agreement entered into in June 2017, which provides guaranteed pipeline capacity for the Company’s natural gas production. Depreciation, Depletion, and Amortization. The following table summarizes DD&A for the periods indicated: (in thousands), except for Boe data Depreciation, depletion and amortization Depreciation, depletion and amortization per Boe Successor Year Ended December 31, 2017 161,628 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 14,877 $ 13.90 $ 18.48 $ $ Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 $ $ 62,964 27.62 DD&A rate can fluctuate as a result of development costs, acquisitions, impairments, as well as changes in proved reserves or proved developed reserves. For the year ended December 31, 2017 (Successor), DD&A expense amounted to $161.6 million, compared to $14.9 million for the period from October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 (Successor) and $63.0 million for the period from January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 (Predecessor). The main factor contributing to higher DD&A expense in 2017 was the increase in overall production volumes from 2016 to 2017, which was partially offset by the significantly lower DD&A rate between periods. DD&A per Boe was $13.90 for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $18.48 for the period from October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016. The primary factor contributing to this lower DD&A rate was substantial additions to proved reserves and proved developed reserves over the past 12 months, relative to reduced drilling and completion costs over that time period. The higher rate of $27.62 for the Predecessor period from January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 was due to the Company’s assets and liabilities being recorded at their respective fair values as a result as the Business Combination on October 2016. Exploration Expense. The following table summarizes exploration expenses for the periods indicated: (in thousands) Stock-based compensation expense Exploratory dry hole costs Geological and geophysical costs Exploration expense Year Ended December 31, 2017 Successor October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 — $ $ $ 1,609 5,658 7,106 14,373 $ — 1,468 1,468 Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 $ $ — — 920 920 Exploration expense was $14.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 (Successor) compared to $1.5 million for the period from October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 (Successor) and $0.9 million for the period from January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 (Predecessor). Exploration expense mainly consists of costs of topographical studies, seismic projects, and salaries and expenses of G&G personnel. The increase in exploration expense in 2017 is due to (i) an increase in expenditures on seismic studies (ii) $5.7 million in exploratory dry hole costs in 2017 with no dry hole costs in 2016, (iii) seven geologist positions added since 2016, and (iv) equity-based compensation awards that were granted to G&G personnel in 2017. 56 General and Administrative Expenses. The following table summarizes G&A expenses for the periods indicated: (in thousands) Stock-based compensation expense Cash general and administrative expenses General and administrative expenses Successor Year Ended December 31, 2017 12,150 $ 37,732 49,882 $ October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 1,333 $ 11,758 13,091 $ $ $ Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 — 24,661 24,661 G&A expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 (Successor) were $49.9 million compared to $13.1 million for the period from October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 (Successor) and $24.7 million for the period from January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 (Predecessor). The higher G&A expenses incurred in 2017 were primarily due to $15.1 million in increased employee salaries and related payroll burdens, $10.8 million in higher stock-based compensation, and $3.5 million in increased professional fees. Employee-related costs were substantially higher in 2017 due to the number of administrative employees (i.e. non-billable to joint interest partners) increasing from 57 at December 31, 2016 to 87 as of December 31, 2017, and professional fees were also higher due to costs associated with being a public company that were incurred during the 2017 period. These increases were partially offset by $4.1 million and $15.8 million of transactional expenses incurred during the Successor and Predecessor 2016 periods, respectively, primarily attributable to the consummation of the Business Combination. Other Income and Expenses. Gain on Sale of Oil and Natural Gas Properties. During the year ended December 31, 2017 (Successor), a gain of $7.2 million was recorded on the sale of oil and gas properties in Pecos County, Texas as well as an additional gain of $1.6 million on other sales of non-core properties in 2017. Interest Expense. The following table summarizes interest expenses for the periods indicated: (in thousands) Credit Facility Senior Notes Term Loan Financing obligation Interest capitalized Total Successor Year Ended December 31, 2017 4,882 $ 2,007 — — (1,160) 5,729 $ October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 263 $ — 115 — — 378 $ $ $ Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 2,541 — 3,024 61 — 5,626 For the year ended December 31, 2017 (Successor), interest expense incurred was $5.7 million, which consisted of $4.9 million related to CRP’s credit facility and $2.0 million related to the Senior Notes partially offset by $1.2 million in capitalized interest. For the period from October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 (Successor) interest expense incurred was $0.4 million, which mainly consisted of the commitment fee paid for unused amounts on CRP’s credit facility. For the period from January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 (Predecessor), interest expense incurred was $2.5 million on borrowings under the revolving credit facility and interest of $3.0 million on the term loan, which was extinguished upon closing of the Business Combination. Net Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments. Net gains and losses are a function of i) fluctuations in mark-to-market derivative fair values associated with corresponding changes in underlying commodity prices and ii) monthly cash settlements of hedged derivative positions. For the year ended December 31, 2017 (Successor), non-cash mark-to-market derivative gains of $5.8 million and cash settlement losses of $0.7 million were recognized. For the periods from October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 (Successor) and January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 (Predecessor), non-cash mark-to-market derivatives losses of $2.6 million and $23.5 million, respectively, and $1.1 million and $16.6 million, respectively, of cash settlement gains were recognized. Income Tax Expense. During the year ended December 31, 2017 (Successor) the Company recognized $29.9 million in income tax expense. The Company's provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2017 differed from the amount that would be provided by applying the statutory U.S. federal tax rate of 35% to pre-tax income primarily because of (i) the $5.1 million benefit associated with the release of the valuation allowance that was previously recorded against our NOL carryforwards, (ii) the $4.4 million benefit upon the enactment of the Jobs Act in December of 2017 which reduced the future corporate tax rate to 21%, and (iii) permanent items of $3.0 million. These benefits were partially offset by higher effective state income tax rates. 57 Liquidity and Capital Resources Overview Our drilling and completion and land acquisition activities require us to make significant operating and capital expenditures. Subsequent to the Business Combination, our primary sources of liquidity have been borrowings under CRP’s revolving credit facility, cash flows from operations and proceeds from offerings of debt and equity securities. To date, our primary use of capital has been for drilling and development capital expenditures and the acquisition of oil and natural gas properties. The following table summarizes our capital expenditures incurred during the year: (in millions) Drilling and completion capital expenditures Facilities, infrastructure and other (1) Land Total capital expenditures Year Ended December 31, 2018 $ $ 766.1 201.1 30.0 997.2 (1) Facilities, infrastructure and other includes $149.6 million of well-level facility costs. In previous years, these costs were presented within drilling and completion capital expenditures. This presentation change was made to conform our drilling and completion capital expenditures to that of our peer group and to also present our costs incurred consistently with our 2018 capital expenditure guidance. We continually evaluate our capital needs and compare them to our capital resources. Our estimated capital expenditure budget for 2019 is $765 million to $925 million, of which $625 million to $725 million is allocated to drilling and completion (“D&C”) activity. We expect to fund the capital expenditure budget with cash flows from operations and borrowings. The D&C portion of our 2019 capital budget represents a decrease relative to $766.1 million of D&C expenditures incurred during 2018. This decreased 2019 capital budget is driven by a decrease in rig activity from seven to six rigs and the associated decrease in wells to be drilled and completed in 2018 versus 2019. Because we are the operator of a high percentage of our acreage, we can control the amount and timing of these capital expenditures. We could choose to defer a portion of these planned capital expenditures depending on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the success of our drilling activities; prevailing and anticipated prices for oil and natural gas; the availability of necessary equipment, infrastructure and capital; the receipt and timing of required regulatory permits and approvals; seasonal conditions; drilling and acquisition costs; and the level of participation by other working interest owners. Based upon current oil and natural gas price expectations for 2019, we believe that our cash flows from operations and borrowings under our credit facility or otherwise will provide us with sufficient liquidity to execute our current capital program. However, our future cash flows are subject to a number of variables, including the future level of oil and natural gas production and prices, and significant additional capital expenditures will be required to more fully develop our properties. We cannot ensure that operations and other needed capital will be available on acceptable terms or at all. In the event we make additional acquisitions and the amount of capital required is greater than the amount we have available for acquisitions at that time, we could be required to reduce the expected level of capital expenditures and/or seek additional sources for funding capital investments. As we pursue our future development program, we are actively assessing the correct mix of reserve-based borrowings and debt offerings. If we require additional capital to fund acquisitions, we may also seek such capital through traditional reserve-based borrowings, offerings of debt and equity securities, asset sales or other means. If we are unable to obtain funds when needed or on acceptable terms, we may be required to curtail our current drilling program, which could result in a loss of acreage through lease expirations. In addition, we may not be able to complete acquisitions that may be favorable to us or finance the capital expenditures necessary to maintain our production or replace our reserves. Analysis of Cash Flow Changes The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated: (in thousands) Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash used in investing activities Net cash provided by financing activities Successor Year Ended December 31, 2018 670,011 $ (1,068,664) 294,160 Year Ended December 31, 2017 259,918 $ (992,306) 724,220 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 9,410 $ (1,749,733) 1,874,268 $ Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 51,740 (101,434) 47,926 58 Cash Flows from 2018 Compared to 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we generated $670.0 million of cash from operating activities, an increase of $410.1 million from 2017. Cash provided by operating activities increased primarily due to higher crude oil, natural gas and NGL production volumes, higher realized sales prices for crude oil and NGLs, higher cash derivative settlement gains, lower exploration expense and the timing of our receivable collections and supplier payments during 2018. These positive factors were partially offset by lower realized prices for natural gas, higher lease operating expenses, severance and ad valorem taxes, GP&T costs, general and administrative expenses and interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to 2017. Refer to “Results of Operations” for more information on the impact of volumes and prices on revenues and for more information on fluctuations in our operating expenses between periods. For the year ended December 31, 2018, cash flows from operating activities, cash on hand, proceeds from sales of oil and natural gas properties, and $300.0 million in net borrowings under our credit facility were used to finance $998.2 million of drilling and development expenditures and $212.5 million in oil and gas property acquisitions. Cash Flows from 2017 Compared to 2016. Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash were $125.9 million as of December 31, 2017, which includes $8.6 million of restricted cash. We generated $259.9 million of cash from operating activities, which was the results of higher crude oil, natural gas and NGL production volumes and higher realized sales prices for all commodities in 2017. These positive factors were partially offset by higher lease operating expenses, severance and ad valorem taxes, GP&T costs, exploration expense, general and administrative costs, losses on derivative cash settlements, and the timing of our receivable collections and supplier payments in 2017 compared to 2016. In 2017, cash from operating activities was used with cash on hand and $390.8 million net proceeds from the Senior Notes offering to finance $574.3 million for drilling and development capital expenditures and repay borrowings under our credit facility. Net proceeds of $333.5 million from the issuance of Class A Common Stock together with cash on hand, $35.0 million in net borrowings under the credit facility and proceeds from the sale of oil and gas properties were used to finance $435.5 million in oil and gas property acquisitions including the GMT Acquisition and the remainder of the Silverback Acquisition. Total cash and cash equivalents were $134.1 million as of December 31, 2016. Cash flows from October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 were significantly impacted by the acquisition of CRP for $1,375.7 million, $822.7 million for the Silverback Acquisition, $26.9 million in acquisitions of oil and natural gas properties and $24.1 million for drilling and development capital expenditures which were financed by cash on hand, cash flows from operating activities, $1,540.6 million net proceeds from the issuance of Class A Common Shares and $379.5 million net proceeds from the issuance of Preferred Series B Shares. Cash flows from January 1, 2016 through October 11, 2016 primarily relate to $55.6 million in acquisitions of oil and natural gas properties and $45.6 million for drilling and development capital expenditures, which were financed by cash on hand, $51.7 million cash flows generated from operating activities and $50.0 million in net borrowings under our credit facility. Credit Agreement On May 4, 2018, CRP, the Company’s consolidated subsidiary, entered into an amended and restated credit agreement with a syndicate of banks that as of December 31, 2018, had a borrowing base of $1.0 billion and elected commitments of $800.0 million. The credit agreement provides for a five-year secured revolving credit facility, maturing on May 4, 2023. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $300.0 million in borrowings outstanding and $499.2 million in available borrowing capacity, which was net of $0.8 million in letters of credit outstanding. The amount available to be borrowed under the Company’s credit agreement is equal to the lesser of (i) the borrowing base, (ii) aggregate elected commitments, or (iii) $1.5 billion. The borrowing base is redetermined semi-annually each spring and fall by the lenders in their sole discretion. It also allows for two optional borrowing base redeterminations on January 1 and July 1. The borrowing base depends on, among other things, the quantities of CRP’s proved oil and natural gas reserves, estimated cash flows from these reserves, and the Company’s commodity hedge positions. Upon a redetermination of the borrowing base, if actual borrowings exceed the revised borrowing capacity, CRP could be required to immediately repay a portion of its debt outstanding under the credit agreement. Borrowings under CRP’s revolving credit facility are guaranteed by certain of its subsidiaries. Borrowings under CRP’s revolving credit facility may be base rate loans or LIBOR loans. Interest is payable quarterly for base rate loans and at the end of the applicable interest period for LIBOR loans. LIBOR loans bear interest at LIBOR (adjusted for statutory reserve requirements) plus an applicable margin ranging from 150 to 250 basis points, depending on the percentage of the borrowing base utilized. Base rate loans bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the greatest of: (i) the agent bank’s prime rate; (ii) the federal funds effective rate plus 50 basis points; and (iii) the adjusted LIBOR rate for a one-month interest period plus 100 basis points, plus an applicable margin ranging from 50 to 150 basis points, depending on the percentage of the borrowing base utilized. CRP also pays a commitment fee on unused amounts under its facility of a range of 37.5 to 50 basis points. CRP may repay any amounts borrowed prior to the maturity date without any premium or penalty other than customary LIBOR breakage costs. 59 CRP’s credit agreement contains restrictive covenants that limit its ability to, among other things: (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) make investments and loans; (iii) enter into mergers; (iv) make or declare dividends; (v) enter into commodity hedges exceeding a specified percentage of the Company’s expected production; (vi) enter into interest rate hedges exceeding a specified percentage of its outstanding indebtedness; (vii) incur liens; (viii) sell assets; and (ix) engage in transactions with affiliates. CRP’s credit agreement also requires it to maintain compliance with the following financial ratios: (i) a current ratio, which is the ratio of CRP’s consolidated current assets (including unused commitments under its revolving credit facility and excluding non-cash derivative assets and certain restricted cash) to its consolidated current liabilities (excluding the current portion of long- term debt under the credit agreement and non-cash derivative liabilities), of not less than 1.0 to 1.0; and (ii) a leverage ratio, which is the ratio of Total Funded Debt (as defined in CRP’s credit agreement) to consolidated EBITDAX (as defined in CRP’s credit agreement) for the rolling four fiscal quarter period ending on such day, of not greater than 4.0 to 1.0. CRP was in compliance with these covenants and the financial ratios described above as of December 31, 2018 and through the filing of this Annual Report. 5.375% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2026 On November 30, 2017, CRP issued at par $400.0 million of 5.375% senior notes due 2026 (the “Senior Notes”) in an 144A private placement that resulted in net proceeds to CRP of $391.0 million, after deducting $9.0 million in debt issuance costs. Interest is payable on the Senior Notes semi-annually in arrears on each January 15 and July 15, commencing July 15, 2018. The Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by each of CRP’s current subsidiaries that guarantee CRP’s revolving credit facility. The Senior Notes are not guaranteed by the Company nor is the Company subject to the terms of the indenture governing the Senior Notes. At any time prior to January 15, 2021, CRP may, on any one or more occasions, redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes with an amount of cash not greater than the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 105.375% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption; provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount issued under the indenture governing the Senior Notes remains outstanding immediately after such redemption and the redemption occurs within 180 days of the closing date of such equity offering. At any time prior to January 15, 2021, CRP may, on any one or more occasions, redeem all or a part of the Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes redeemed, plus a “make-whole” premium and any accrued and unpaid interest as of the date of redemption. On and after January 15, 2021, CRP may redeem the Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) equal to 102.688% for the 12-month period beginning on January 15, 2021, 101.344% for the 12-month period beginning on January 15, 2022 and 100% beginning on January 15, 2023, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. If CRP experiences certain defined changes of control (and in certain cases followed by a ratings decline), each holder of the Senior Notes may require CRP to repurchase all or a portion of its Senior Notes for cash at a price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of such Senior Notes, plus any accrued but unpaid interest to the date of repurchase. The indenture governing the Senior Notes contains covenants that, among other things and subject to certain exceptions and qualifications, limit CRP’s ability and the ability of CRP’s restricted subsidiaries to: (i) incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue certain types of preferred stock; (ii) pay dividends on capital stock or redeem, repurchase or retire capital stock or subordinated indebtedness; (iii) transfer or sell assets; (iv) make investments; (v) create certain liens; (vi) enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from their subsidiaries to them; (vii) consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of their assets; (viii) engage in transactions with affiliates; and (ix) create unrestricted subsidiaries. CRP was in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2018 and through the filing of this Annual Report. Upon an Event of Default (as defined in the indenture governing the Senior Notes), the trustee or the holders of at least 25% of the aggregate principal amount of then outstanding Senior Notes may declare the Senior Notes immediately due and payable. In addition, a default resulting from certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency with respect to CRP, any restricted subsidiary of CRP that is a significant subsidiary, or any group of restricted subsidiaries that, taken together, would constitute a significant subsidiary, will automatically cause all outstanding Senior Notes to become due and payable. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We may enter into off-balance sheet arrangements and transactions that can give rise to material off-balance sheet obligations. As of December 31, 2018, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements. 60 Contractual Obligations The Company routinely enters or extends operating agreements, office and equipment leases, drilling and completion rig contracts, among others, in the ordinary course of business. The following table summarizes our obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2018 to make future payments under certain contracts for the time periods specified below. (in thousands) Drilling rig commitments (1) Office leases (2) Water disposal agreements (3) Purchase obligations (4) Asset retirement obligations (5) Long term debt obligations (6) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total $ 43,036 $ 4,124 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 47,160 3,057 2,509 2,830 2,516 21,600 17,200 — — — — 2,761 2,509 4,900 — — 404 784 — — — — 685 — — — 2,946 — 13,895 9,052 11,949 43,700 13,895 300,000 400,000 700,000 Cash interest expense on long-term debt obligations (7) Transportation agreements (8) 35,907 13,020 35,907 13,393 35,907 9,061 35,907 1,773 26,394 44,792 — — 214,814 37,247 Total $ 119,129 $ 75,970 $ 55,138 $ 38,868 $ 327,079 $ 461,633 $ 1,077,817 (1) As of December 31, 2018, the Company had seven drilling rigs under contract and its obligations under these agreements are included in the above schedule. Early termination of these contracts would require termination penalties of $25.8 million to be paid as of December 31, 2018, which would be in lieu of paying the remaining drilling commitments shown above. (2) The Company leases office space in Colorado, Texas and New Mexico. A portion of the Company’s leased office space is subleased to a third party; however, the offsetting rental income from the sublease is not reflected in the above table. (3) The Company has water disposal agreements in which we have contracted for transportation and disposal of produced water from our operated wells. Under the terms of these agreements, we are obligated to provide a minimum volume of produced water or else pay for any deficiencies at the prices stipulated in the contracts. The obligations reported above represent our minimum financial commitments pursuant to the terms of these contracts as of December 31, 2018. Actual expenditures under these contracts may exceed the minimum commitments presented above. (4) The Company has entered into purchase agreements to buy frac sand, which is used in its well fracture completion process. Under the terms of these agreements, Centennial is obligated to purchase a minimum volume of frac sand at a fixed sales price. The obligations reported above represent our minimum financial commitments pursuant to the terms of the contracts as of December 31, 2018. Actual expenditures under these contracts may exceed the minimum commitments presented above. (5) Asset retirement obligations reflect the present value of the estimated future costs associated with the plugging and abandonment of oil and gas wells and related land restoration in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. (6) Long-term debt consists of the principal amounts of the Senior Notes due 2026 and borrowings outstanding under our credit agreement maturing on May 4, 2023. (7) Cash interest expense on the Senior Notes is estimated assuming no principal repayment until the maturity of the instrument. Cash interest expense on the credit agreement includes the unused commitment fees and assumes no additional principal borrowings, repayments or changes to commitments under the agreement through the instrument due date. (8) The Company has various firm natural gas transportation agreements whereby the Company is required to deliver a minimum volume of natural gas or else pay for any deficiencies at prices stipulated in the contracts. The obligations reported above represent minimum financial commitments pursuant to the terms of these contracts. However, our expenditures under these contracts may exceed the minimum commitments presented above. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Please refer to Note 1—Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in this Annual Report for a discussion of recently issued accounting standards and their anticipated effect on our business. 61 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these statements requires us to make certain assumptions and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements. We base our assumptions and estimates on historical experience and other sources that we believe to be reasonable at the time. Actual results may vary from our estimates due to changes in circumstances, weather, politics, global economics, commodity prices, production performance, drilling results, mechanical problems, general business conditions, our assumptions and other factors. A summary of our significant accounting policies is detailed in Note 1—Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in this Annual Report. We have outlined below certain of these policies as being of particular importance to the portrayal of our financial position and results of operations and which require the application of significant judgment by our management. Oil and Natural Gas Reserve Quantities We use the successful efforts method of accounting for our oil and gas producing activities. The successful efforts method inherently relies on estimation of proved crude oil, natural gas and NGL reserves. The amount of estimated proved and proved developed reserves affects whether certain costs are capitalized or expensed, the amount and timing of costs depreciated, depleted or amortized into net income and the presentation of supplemental information on oil and gas producing activities. In addition, the expected future cash flows to be generated by our reserves are used for evaluating proved properties for impairment, and the expected future taxable income available to realize deferred income tax assets also, in part, relies on estimated quantities of net reserves. Proved oil and gas reserves are those quantities of oil and gas which, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under existing economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulations prior to the time at which contracts providing the right to operate expire, unless evidence indicates that renewal is reasonably certain, regardless of whether deterministic or probabilistic methods are used for the estimation. Key features of the Company’s reserve estimation process are covered in Preparation of Reserve Estimates in Item 2. We engage Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc., our independent petroleum engineer, to prepare our total calculated proved reserves. Estimates prepared by petroleum engineers may be higher or lower than our estimates. Because these estimates depend on many assumptions, all of which may differ substantially from actual results, reserve estimates may be different from the quantities of oil and gas that are ultimately recovered. For example, if the crude oil and natural gas prices used in our year-end reserve estimates were to increase or decrease by 10%, our proved reserve quantities at December 31, 2018 would increase by 1.4 MMBoe (1%) or decrease by 2.1 MMBoe (1%), respectively, and the pre-tax PV10% of our proved reserves would increase by $544.8 million (18%) or decrease by $556.3 million (19%), respectively. We continually make revisions to reserve estimates throughout the year as additional information becomes available. We make changes to depletion rates in the same period that changes to reserve estimates are made. Impairment of Oil and Natural Gas Properties We assess our proved properties for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of assets may not be recoverable. For purposes of an impairment evaluation, our proved oil and natural gas properties must be grouped at the lowest level for which independent cash flows can be identified. If the sum of the undiscounted estimated cash flows from the use of the asset group and its eventual disposition is less than the carrying value of an asset group, the carrying value is written down to the estimated fair value. Fair value calculated for the purpose of testing impairment is estimated using the present value of expected future cash flows method. Fair value estimates are based on projected financial information which we believe to be reasonably likely to occur. However, such future cash flow estimates are based on numerous assumptions that can materially affect our estimates, and such assumptions are subject to change with variations in commodity prices, production performance, drilling results, underlying oil and gas reserves, and other external factors. Unproved properties consist of costs to acquire undeveloped leases as well as costs to acquire unproved reserves. We evaluate significant unproved properties for impairment based on remaining lease term, drilling results, reservoir performance, seismic interpretation or changes in future plans to develop acreage. 62 Business Combinations For business combinations, we recognize the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree at their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. Determining fair value requires management’s judgment and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions with respect to projections of future production volumes, pricing and cash flows, benchmark analysis of comparable public companies, discount rates, expectations regarding customer contracts and relationships, and other management estimates. The judgments made in the determination of the estimated fair value assigned to the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the investee, as well as the estimated useful life of each asset and the duration of each liability, can materially impact the financial statements in periods after acquisition. 63 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK We are exposed to market risk in the form of adverse changes in commodity prices and interest rates as described below. The primary objective of the following information is to provide quantitative and qualitative information about our potential exposure to market risks. The term “market risk” as it applies to our business refers to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in oil and natural gas prices and interest rates. The disclosures are not meant to be precise indicators of expected future losses, but rather indicators of reasonably possible losses. All of our market risk sensitive instruments were entered into for purposes other than speculative trading. Commodity Price Risk Our major market risk exposure is in the pricing that we receive for our oil, natural gas and NGL production. Pricing for oil, natural gas and NGLs has been volatile and unpredictable for several years, and we expect this volatility to continue in the future. Based on our production for the year ended December 31, 2018, our income before income taxes would have moved up or down $70.9 million for each 10% change in oil prices per Bbl, $11.9 million for each 10% change in NGL prices per Bbl, and $6.4 million for each 10% change in natural gas prices per Mcf. Due to this volatility, we have historically used, and we may elect to continue to selectively use, commodity derivative instruments, such as collars, swaps and basis swaps, to mitigate price risk associated with a portion of our anticipated production. Our derivative instruments allow us to reduce, but not eliminate, the potential effects of the variability in cash flow from operations due to fluctuations in oil and natural gas prices and provide increased certainty of cash flows for our drilling program and debt service requirements. These instruments provide only partial price protection against declines in oil and natural gas prices, but alternatively they may partially limit our potential gains from future increases in prices. Our credit agreement limits our ability to enter into commodity hedges covering greater than 85% of our reasonably anticipated projected production from proved properties. The following table summarizes the terms of the swap contracts the Company had in place as of December 31, 2018: Crude Oil Basis Swaps Period January 2019 - March 2019 April 2019 - June 2019 July 2019 - September 2019 October 2019 - December 2019 Volume (Bbls) 540,000 91,000 1,380,000 920,000 Volume (Bbls/d) Weighted Average Differential ($/Bbl) (1) $ 6,000 1,000 15,000 10,000 (5.34) (10.00) (9.03) (4.24) (1) The oil basis swap transactions are settled based on the difference between the arithmetic average of the ARGUS MIDLAND WTI and ARGUS WTI CUSHING indices, during the relevant calculation period. Natural Gas Swaps - Henry Hub January 2019 - December 2019 Natural Gas Swaps - West Texas WAHA January 2019 - December 2019 Period Volume (MMBtu) 10,950,000 5,475,000 Volume (MMBtu/d) Weighted Average Fixed Price ($/ MMBtu) (1) 30,000 $ 15,000 2.78 1.61 Natural Gas Basis Swaps January 2019 - December 2019 12,775,000 35,000 $ (1.31) Period Volume (MMBtu) Volume (MMBtu/d) Weighted Average Differential ($/ MMBtu) (2) (1) The natural gas swap contracts are settled based on either i) the NYMEX Henry Hub price or ii) the Inside FERC West Texas WAHA price of natural gas as of the specified settlement date, as applicable. (2) The natural gas basis swap contracts are settled based on the difference between Inside FERC’s West Texas WAHA price and the NYMEX price of natural gas during the relevant calculation period. 64 Changes in the fair value of derivative contracts from December 31, 2017 to December 31, 2018, are presented below: (in thousands) Net fair value of oil and gas derivative contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2017 Contracts settled Change in the futures curve of forecasted commodity prices(1) Net fair value of oil and gas derivative contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2018 Commodity derivative contracts $ $ 855 (20,610) 15,336 (4,419) (1) At inception, new derivative contracts entered into by us have no intrinsic value. A hypothetical upward or downward shift of 10% per Bbl in the NYMEX forward curve for crude oil as of December 31, 2018 would cause a $0.9 million increase or decrease, respectively, in this fair value liability as of December 31, 2018, and a hypothetical upward or downward shift of 10% per Mcf in the NYMEX forward curve for natural gas as of December 31, 2018 would cause a $1.8 million increase or decrease, respectively, in this same fair value liability. Interest Rate Risk The Company’s ability to borrow and the rates offered by lenders can be adversely affected by deteriorations in the credit markets and/or downgrades in the Company’s credit rating. CRP’s credit facility interest rate is based on a LIBOR spread, which exposes the Company to interest rate risk if we have borrowings outstanding. At December 31, 2018, the Company had $300.0 million of debt outstanding under its credit agreement, with a weighted average interest rate of 3.79%. Assuming no change in the amount outstanding, the impact on interest expense of a 1.0% increase or decrease in the assumed weighted average interest rate would be approximately $3.0 million per year. We do not currently have or intend to enter into any derivative arrangements to protect against fluctuations in interest rates applicable to our outstanding indebtedness. The Company’s remaining long-term debt balance of $391.6 million consists of our Senior Note, which has a fixed interest rate; therefore, this balance is not affected by interest rate movements. For additional information regarding the Company’s debt instruments, see Note 5—Long-Term Debt, in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report. 65 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Consolidated Statements of Owners’ Equity and Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1—Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Note 2—Business Combination Note 3—Property Acquisitions and Divestitures Note 4—Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses Note 5—Long-Term Debt Note 6—Asset Retirement Obligations Note 7—Stock-Based Compensation Note 8—Derivative Instruments Note 9—Fair Value Measurements Note 10—Shareholders’ Equity and Noncontrolling Interest Note 11—Earnings Per Share Note 12—Income Taxes Note 13—Transactions with Related Parties Note 14—Commitments and Contingencies Note 15—Revenues Supplemental Information to Consolidated Financial Statements Supplemental Information About Oil & Natural Gas Producing Activities (Unaudited) Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) Page 67 69 70 71 73 76 76 81 82 84 85 86 87 89 91 92 95 96 97 99 101 103 107 66 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors Centennial Resource Development, Inc. Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Centennial Resource Development, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ (owners’) equity and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the period October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 (Successor Company operations), and the period from January 1, 2016 to October 10, 2016 (Predecessor Company operations), and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the period October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 (Successor Company operations), and the period from January 1, 2016 to October 10, 2016 (Predecessor Company operations) in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 25, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014. Denver, Colorado February 25, 2019 /s/ KPMG LLP 67 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors Centennial Resource Development, Inc. Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited Centennial Resource Development, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ (owners’) equity and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the period October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 (Successor Company operations), and the period from January 1, 2016 to October 10, 2016 (Predecessor Company operations), and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 25, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Denver, Colorado February 25, 2019 /s/ KPMG LLP 68 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except share and per share amounts) December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 ASSETS Current assets Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Derivative instruments Prepaid and other current assets Total current assets Property and Equipment Oil and natural gas properties, successful efforts method Unproved properties Proved properties Accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization Total oil and natural gas properties, net Other property and equipment, net Total property and equipment, net Noncurrent assets Derivative instruments Other noncurrent assets TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Current liabilities Accounts payable and accrued expenses Derivative instruments Other current liabilities Total current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Long-term debt, net Asset retirement obligations Deferred income taxes Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) Shareholders’ Equity Preferred stock, $.0001 par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized: Series A: 1 share issued and outstanding Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 620,000,000 shares authorized: Class A: 265,859,273 shares issued and 264,323,328 shares outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 261,337,636 shares issued and 260,327,920 shares outstanding at December 31, 2017 Class C (Convertible): 12,003,183 and 15,661,338 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Total shareholders’ equity Noncontrolling interest Total equity TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY $ $ $ $ 18,157 100,623 1,632 9,777 130,189 1,680,065 2,895,280 (496,900) 4,078,445 8,837 4,087,282 — 42,550 4,260,021 240,575 6,051 1,090 247,716 691,630 13,895 62,167 744 1,016,152 — 27 1 2,833,611 266,538 3,100,177 143,692 3,243,869 4,260,021 $ $ $ $ 117,315 78,786 433 6,051 202,585 1,952,680 1,602,002 (173,906) 3,380,776 5,465 3,386,241 662 27,081 3,616,569 199,533 240 — 199,773 390,764 12,161 9,899 — 612,597 — 26 2 2,767,558 66,639 2,834,225 169,747 3,003,972 3,616,569 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 69 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (in thousands, except per share data) Operating revenues Oil and gas sales Operating expenses Lease operating expenses Severance and ad valorem taxes Gathering, processing and transportation expenses Depreciation, depletion and amortization Impairment and abandonment expense Exploration expense General and administrative expenses Incentive unit compensation Total operating expenses Successor Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 $ 891,045 $ 429,902 $ 29,717 $ 69,116 83,313 56,523 57,624 41,336 23,173 34,259 326,462 161,628 11,136 9,968 63,304 — (29) 14,373 49,882 — 608,330 324,622 3,541 1,636 2,187 14,877 — 1,468 13,091 — 36,800 11,036 3,696 4,583 62,964 2,545 920 24,661 165,394 275,799 Income (loss) from operations 282,715 105,280 (7,083) (206,683) Other income (expense) Gain (loss) on sale of oil and natural gas properties Interest expense Net gain (loss) on derivative instruments Other income Other income (expense) Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax (expense) benefit Net income (loss) Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest 475 (26,358) 15,336 8 (10,539) 8,796 (5,729) 5,138 — 8,205 272,176 113,485 (59,440) (29,930) 212,736 12,837 83,555 7,987 24 (378) (1,548) — (1,902) (8,985) — (8,985) (904) 11 (5,626) (6,838) 6 (12,447) (219,130) 406 (218,724) — Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders $ 199,899 $ 75,568 $ (8,081) $ (218,724) Income (loss) per share of Class A Common Stock: Basic Diluted $ $ 0.76 0.75 $ $ 0.32 0.32 $ $ (0.05) (0.05) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 70 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) Successor Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 $ 212,736 $ 83,555 $ (8,985) $ (218,724) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation, depletion and amortization Incentive unit compensation Stock-based compensation expense Non-cash transaction cost Impairment and abandonment expense Exploratory dry hole costs Deferred tax expense (benefit) (Gain) loss on sale of oil and natural gas properties Non-cash portion of derivative (gain) loss Amortization of debt issuance costs Changes in operating assets and liabilities: (Increase) decrease in accounts receivable Increase in prepaid and other assets Increase in accounts payable and other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Acquisition of oil and natural gas properties Drilling and development capital expenditures Purchases of other property and equipment Proceeds withdrawn from trust account Acquisition of Centennial Resource Production, LLC Proceeds from sales of oil and natural gas properties 326,462 — 20,670 — 11,136 528 59,440 (475) 5,274 1,749 (33,001) (1,168) 66,660 670,011 (212,513) (998,242) (6,058) — — 148,149 161,628 — 13,759 — (29) 5,658 29,930 (8,796) (5,805) 887 (43,553) (4,088) 26,772 259,918 (435,547) (574,334) (4,921) — — 22,496 Net cash used in investing activities (1,068,664) (992,306) Cash flows from financing activities: Issuance of Class A common shares Issuance of Preferred Series B Shares Underwriting discount and offering costs Payment of deferred underwriting compensation Proceeds from revolving credit facility Repayment of revolving credit facility Proceeds from senior notes Proceeds from stock options exercised Restricted stock used for tax withholdings Debt issuance costs Financing obligation Net cash provided by financing activities Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period — — — — 475,000 (175,000) — 982 (1,665) (5,157) — 294,160 (104,493) 125,915 340,750 — (7,291) — 275,000 (275,000) 400,000 877 (644) (9,472) — 724,220 (8,168) 134,083 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period $ 21,422 $ 125,915 $ 134,083 $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 71 14,877 — 1,333 — — — — (24) 2,602 70 (983) (1,092) 1,612 9,410 (849,642) (24,107) (801) 500,561 (1,375,744) — (1,749,733) 1,540,556 379,494 (27,104) (17,500) — — — — — (1,115) (63) 1,874,268 133,945 138 62,964 165,394 — 14,049 2,545 — (406) (11) 23,461 376 969 (170) 1,293 51,740 (55,564) (45,605) (265) — — — (101,434) — — — — 55,000 (5,000) — — — — (2,074) 47,926 (1,768) 1,768 — CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued) (in thousands) Supplemental cash flow information and non-cash activity: Supplemental cash flow information Cash paid for interest Supplemental non-cash activity Accrued capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued expenses Asset retirement obligations incurred, including changes in estimate Successor Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 $ $ 18,284 119,492 $ $ 4,280 126,480 $ $ 1,451 4,044 $ $ 234 65,217 186 5,092 21,025 206 Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash presented on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash (1) Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 2018 $ $ 18,157 3,265 21,422 $ $ 2017 117,315 8,600 Successor Year Ended December 31, October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 134,083 $ — Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 — $ — — 125,915 $ 134,083 $ (1) Included in Prepaid and other current assets and Other noncurrent assets line items on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 72 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Successor) (in thousands) Common Stock Preferred Stock Class A Class B Class C Series A Series B Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) Total Shareholder's Equity Non- controlling Interest Total Equity Balance at October 10, 2016 2,175 $ — 12,500 $ Conversion of common shares from Class B to Class A at transaction Class A common shares released from possible redemption Class C common shares issued Conversion of common shares from Class C to Class A Sale of unregistered Class A common shares Underwriters’ discount and offering expense Net loss Noncontrolling interest in Centennial Resource Production, LLC Balance at October 11, 2016 Restricted stock issued Sale of unregistered Class A common shares Sale of unregistered Class B preferred shares Underwriters’ discount and offering expense Change in equity due to issuance of shares by Centennial Resource Production, LLC Stock-based compensation Net loss 12,500 47,825 — 844 101,005 — — — 164,349 $ 257 36,486 — — — — — Balance at December 31, 2016 201,092 $ Warrants exercised Restricted stock issued Restricted stock forfeited Restricted stock used for tax withholding Option Exercises Conversion of Series B preferred shares to Class A common shares Sale of unregistered Class A common shares Underwriters' discount and offering expense Stock-based compensation Change in equity due to issuance of shares by Centennial Resource Production, LLC Conversion of common shares from Class C to Class A, net of tax Net income 6,236 902 (12) (33) 58 26,100 23,500 — — — 3,495 — Balance at December 31, 2017 261,338 $ 1 5 — — 10 — — — 16 — 4 — — — — — 20 1 — — — — 3 2 — — — — — 26 (12,500) — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ 1 (1) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ — — 20,000 (844) — — — — 19,156 $ — — — — — — — 19,156 $ — — — — — — — — — — (3,495) — 15,661 $ — — — 2 — — — — — 2 — — — — — — — 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 — $ — — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ — $ 5,460 $ (461) $ 5,000 $ — $ 5,000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 478,243 (2) 7,798 1,010,040 (6,713) — — — — — — — — (387) — — 478,248 — — — — 7,798 (7,798) — 478,248 — — 1,010,050 (6,713) (387) — — — 1,010,050 (6,713) (387) — 184,779 184,779 — $ — $ 1,494,826 $ (848) $ 1,493,996 $ 176,981 $ 1,670,977 — — 104 — — — — — — — — — — — — 530,503 379,494 (20,391) (21,716) 1,333 — — — — — — — (8,081) — 530,507 379,494 (20,391) — — — — (21,716) 21,716 1,333 (8,081) — (904) — 530,507 379,494 (20,391) — 1,333 (8,985) 104 $ — $ 2,364,049 $ (8,929) $ 2,355,142 $ 197,793 $ 2,552,935 — — — — — (104) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (1) — — (644) 877 (3) 340,748 (7,291) 13,759 (2,682) 58,746 — — — — — — — — — — 75,568 — — — (644) 877 — 340,750 (7,291) 13,759 — — — — — — — — — — — (644) 877 — 340,750 (7,291) 13,759 (2,682) 2,682 — 58,746 75,568 (38,715) 7,987 20,031 83,555 — $ — $ 2,767,558 $ 66,639 $ 2,834,225 $ 169,747 $ 3,003,972 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 73 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Successor), Continued (in thousands) Common Stock Preferred Stock Class A Class B Class C Series A Series B Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) Total Shareholder's Equity Non- controlling Interest Total Equity Balance at December 31, 2017 261,338 $ Restricted stock issued Restricted stock forfeited Restricted stock used for tax withholding Option Exercises Stock-based compensation Conversion of common shares from Class C to Class A, net of tax Net income 1,030 (136) (91) 60 — 3,658 — Balance at December 31, 2018 265,859 $ 26 — — — — — 1 — 27 — $ — 15,661 $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (3,658) — — $ — 12,003 $ 2 — — — — — (1) — 1 — $ — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — $ — $ 2,767,558 $ 66,639 $ 2,834,225 $ 169,747 $ 3,003,972 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (1,665) 982 20,670 46,066 — — — — — — — — — (1,665) 982 20,670 — — — — — — — (1,665) 982 20,670 46,066 (38,892) 7,174 199,899 199,899 12,837 212,736 — $ — $ 2,833,611 $ 266,538 $ 3,100,177 $ 143,692 $ 3,243,869 74 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OWNERS’ EQUITY (Predecessor) (in thousands) Balance at December 31, 2015 Contributions Net loss Balance at October 10, 2016 Total equity 450,864 179,442 (218,724) 411,582 $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 75 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1—Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business Centennial Resource Development, Inc. is an independent oil and natural gas company focused on the development of unconventional oil and associated liquids-rich natural gas reserves in the Permian Basin. All of the Company’s assets are concentrated exclusively in the Delaware Basin, a sub-basin of the Permian Basin, and its properties consist of large, contiguous acreage blocks primarily in Reeves County in West Texas and Lea County in New Mexico. Unless otherwise specified or the context otherwise requires, all references in these notes to “Centennial” or the “Company” are to Centennial Resource Development, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary, Centennial Resource Production, LLC (“CRP”). Centennial was originally incorporated in Delaware on November 4, 2015 as a special purpose acquisition company under the name Silver Run Acquisition Corporation (“Silver Run”) for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination involving the Company and one or more businesses. On February 29, 2016, the Company consummated its initial public offering of Units each consisting of one share of Class A Common Stock and one-third of one Public Warrant. On October 11, 2016, the Company consummated the acquisition of approximately 89% of the outstanding membership interests in CRP (such acquisition, the “Business Combination”). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, the Company changed its name from “Silver Run Acquisition Corporation” to “Centennial Resource Development, Inc.” Refer to Note 2—Business Combination for further information related to the Business Combination. CRP was formed in August 2012 by an affiliate of NGP Energy Capital Management, a family of energy-focused private equity investment funds, in connection with the acquisition of all of the oil and natural gas properties and certain other assets of Celero, which was formed in 2006 to focus on the development and acquisition of oil and natural gas properties located primarily in the Permian Basin of West Texas. Until the closing of the Business Combination, CRP operated as a privately-held independent oil and natural gas company. Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority owned subsidiary CRP, and CRP’s wholly-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. Noncontrolling interests represent third-party ownership in the Company’s consolidated subsidiary, and it is presented as a component of equity. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Such reclassifications had no impact on net income, cash flows or shareholders’ equity previously reported. As a result of the Business Combination, the Company is the acquirer for accounting purposes, and CRP is the acquiree and accounting Predecessor. The Company’s financial statement presentation distinguishes CRP as an accounting “Predecessor” for periods prior to the Business Combination. The Company is the “Successor” for periods after the Business Combination, which includes consolidation of CRP subsequent to the Business Combination on October 11, 2016. The Business Combination was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting, and the Successor financial statements reflect a new basis of accounting that is based on the fair value of CRP’s net assets acquired. As a result of the application of the acquisition method of accounting to the Business Combination, the financial statements for the Predecessor periods and for the Successor periods are presented on a different basis of accounting. Use of Estimates The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements requires the Company’s management to make various assumptions, judgments and estimates to determine the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosures of commitments and contingencies. Changes in these assumptions, judgments, and estimates will occur as a result of the passage of time and the occurrence of future events, and accordingly, actual results could differ from amounts previously established. The more significant areas requiring the use of assumptions, judgments and estimates include: (i) oil and natural gas reserves; (ii) cash flow estimates used in impairment tests of long-lived assets; (iii) depreciation, depletion and amortization; (iv) asset retirement obligations; (v) determining fair value and allocating purchase price in connection with business combinations and 76 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) asset acquisitions; (vi) accrued revenue and related receivables; (vii) accrued liabilities; (viii) valuation of derivatives; and (ix) deferred income taxes. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash The Company considers all highly liquid instruments with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of issuance to be cash equivalents. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of these investments. From time to time, the Company is required to maintain cash in separate accounts, the use of which, is restricted by the terms of contracted arrangements. Such amounts are included in Prepaid and other current assets as of December 31, 2018 and Other noncurrent assets as of December 31, 2017 in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable consists mainly of receivables from oil and natural gas purchasers and from joint interest owners on properties the Company operates. For receivables from joint interest owners, the Company typically has the ability to withhold future revenue disbursements to recover non-payment of joint interest billings. Accordingly, the Company’s oil and natural gas receivables are generally collected, and the Company has minimal bad debts. Although diversified among many companies, collectability is dependent upon the financial wherewithal of each individual company and is influenced by the general economic conditions of the industry. Receivables are not collateralized, and the Company therefore establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts equal to the portions of its accounts receivable for which collectibility is not reasonably assured. The Company had no allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Credit Risk and Other Concentrations Centennial is exposed to credit risk in the event of nonpayment by counterparties. The Company normally sells production to a relatively small number of customers, as is customary in its business. The table below presents percentages by purchaser that accounted for 10% or more of our total net revenues for each year as presented: Shell Trading (US) Company BP America Eagleclaw Midstream Ventures, LLC Plains Marketing, LP Permian Transport and Trading For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 19% 18% 12% —% —% 33% 16% 14% 2% 7% 22% —% —% 48% 11% During these periods, no other purchaser accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues. The loss of any of the Company’s major purchasers could materially and adversely affect its revenues in the short-term. However, based on the current demand for oil and natural gas and the availability of other purchasers, the Company believes that the loss of any major purchaser would not have a material adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operations because crude oil and natural gas are fungible products with well-established markets and numerous purchasers. By using derivative instruments to economically hedge exposures to changes in commodity prices, the Company also exposes itself to credit risk. When the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes the Company, which creates credit risk. The Company minimizes the credit risk in derivative instruments by: (i) limiting its exposure to any single counterparty; and (ii) only entering into hedging arrangements with counterparties that are also participants in Centennial’s credit agreement, all of which have investment-grade credit ratings. Oil and Natural Gas Properties The Company’s oil and natural gas producing activities are accounted for using the successful efforts method of accounting. Under the successful efforts method, the costs incurred to acquire, drill, and complete development wells are capitalized to proved properties. Exploration costs, including personnel and other internal costs, geological and geophysical expenses and, delay rentals for oil and gas leases are charged to expense as incurred. Costs of drilling exploratory wells, on the other hand, are initially capitalized but are charged to expense if the well is determined to be unsuccessful. Costs to operate and maintain wells and field equipment are expensed as incurred. The Company capitalizes interest on expenditures made in connection with exploration and development projects that are not subject to current amortization. Interest is capitalized only for the period that activities are in process to bring the projects to their 77 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) intended use. Capitalized interest cannot exceed interest expense for the period capitalized. The Company capitalized interest of $2.9 million and $1.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company did not have any capitalized interest for the periods October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 (Successor) and January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 (Predecessor). Proved Properties. Costs incurred to obtain access to proved reserves and to provide facilities for extracting, treating, gathering and storing oil, natural gas and NGLs are capitalized. All costs incurred to drill and equip successful exploratory wells, development wells, development-type stratigraphic test wells, extension wells and service wells, are capitalized. Capitalized proved property acquisition and development costs are depleted on a units-of production method based on the remaining life of proved and proved developed reserves, respectively. Net carrying values of retired, sold or abandoned properties that constitute less than a complete unit of depreciable property are charged or credited, net of proceeds, to accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization unless doing so significantly affects the unit-of-production amortization rate, in which case a gain or loss is recognized. Gains or losses from the disposal of complete units of depreciable property are recognized to income. The Company reviews it proved oil and natural gas properties for impairment when events and circumstances indicate a possible decline in the recoverability of the carrying amount of such property. The Company estimates the expected future cash flows of its oil and natural gas properties and compares these undiscounted cash flows to the carrying amount of the oil and natural gas properties to determine if the carrying amount is recoverable. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, the Company will write down the carrying amount of the oil and natural gas properties to fair value. The factors used to determine fair value include, but are not limited to, estimates of reserves, future commodity prices, future production estimates, estimated future capital expenditures and discount rates, which are based on a weighted average cost of capital. There were no impairments of proved oil and natural gas properties for the years ended December 31, 2018 (Successor) and December 31, 2017 (Successor) or for the periods October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 (Successor) and January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 (Predecessor). Unproved Properties. Unproved properties consist of costs to acquire undeveloped leases as well as costs to acquire unproved reserves, and they are both capitalized as incurred. These consist of costs incurred in obtaining a mineral interest or right in a property, such as a lease in addition to options to lease, broker fees, recording fees and other similar costs related to acquiring properties. Leasehold costs are classified as unproved until proved reserves are discovered on or otherwise attributed to the property, at which time the related unproved property costs are transferred to proved oil and natural gas properties. The Company evaluates significant unproved properties for impairment based on remaining lease term, drilling results, reservoir performance, seismic interpretation or changes in future plans to develop acreage. The Company recorded abandonment expense of $11.1 million and $2.5 million related to undeveloped leasehold acreage that expired for the year ended December 31, 2018 (Successor) and for the period from January 1, 2016, through October 10, 2016 (Predecessor), respectively. There was no unproved property impairment expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 (Successor) or for the period from October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 (Successor). Other Property and Equipment Other property and equipment such as office furniture and equipment, buildings, vehicles, and computer hardware and software are recorded at cost. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets ranging from three to twenty years. Major renewals and improvements are capitalized while expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. When other property and equipment is sold or retired, the capitalized costs and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts. Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs related to the Company’s revolving credit facility are included in the line item Other Noncurrent Assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, these costs are amortized to interest expense on a straight-line basis over the borrowing term. Issuance costs incurred in connection with the 5.375% Senior Notes Offering are also deferred and charged to interest expense over the term of the agreement; however, these amounts are reflected as a reduction of the related obligation in the line item Long- term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Derivative Financial Instruments In order to mitigate its exposure to oil and natural gas price volatility, the Company opportunistically utilizes derivative contracts from time to time, including commodity swaps, basis swaps, collars, and other similar agreements. To the extent legal right of offset exists with a counterparty, the Company reports derivative assets and liabilities on a net basis. 78 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The Company records derivative instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as either an asset or liability measured at fair value and records changes in the fair value of derivatives in current earnings as they occur. The Company’s derivatives have not been designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Asset Retirement Obligations The Company recognizes a liability for the estimated future costs associated with abandonment of its oil and natural gas properties. A liability for the fair value of an asset retirement obligation and corresponding increase to the carrying value of the related long-lived asset are recorded at the time a well is drilled or acquired. The fair value of the liability recognized is based on the present value of the estimated future cash outflows associated with its plug and abandonment obligations. The Company depletes the amount added to proved oil and natural gas property costs and recognizes expense in connection with the accretion of the discounted liability over the remaining estimated economic lives of the respective oil and natural gas properties. Revisions typically occur due to changes in estimated abandonment costs or well economic lives, or if federal or state regulators enact new requirements regarding the abandonment of wells. Revenue Recognition The Company derives revenue primarily from the sale of produced oil, natural gas, and NGLs. Revenue is recognized when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control of the produced oil, natural gas or NGLs to the customer. For all commodity products, the Company records revenue in the month production is delivered to the purchaser based on estimates of the amount of production delivered to the purchaser and the price the Company will receive. Payments are generally received between 30 and 90 days after the date of production. Variances between estimated sales and actual amounts received are recorded in the month payment is received. Refer to Note 15—Revenues for additional information. Income Taxes Income taxes are recognized based on earnings reported for tax return purposes and provisions recorded for deferred income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on temporary differences resulting from: (i) net operating loss carryforwards for income tax purposes, and (ii) the differences between the amounts recorded to the consolidated financial statements and the tax basis of assets and liabilities, as measured using enacted statutory tax rates in effect at the end of a period. The effect of a change in tax rates or tax laws is recognized in income during the period such changes are enacted. A valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is established when it is more likely than not that some portion of the benefit from deferred tax assets will not be realized. Stock-Based Compensation (Successor) The Company grants various types of stock-based awards including stock options, restricted stock awards and performance stock units. The Company determines compensation expense related to all stock-based awards based on their estimated grant-date fair value, and such expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the applicable service period of the award. See Note 7— Stock-Based Compensation for additional information regarding the Company’s stock-based compensation. Incentive Unit Compensation (Predecessor) Pursuant to the LLC Agreement of CRP (prior to the Business Combination), certain incentive units were available to be issued to the Company’s management and employees, consisting of Tier I, Tier I A, Tier II, Tier III and Tier IV units. The incentive units were intended to be compensation for services rendered to CRP. Tier incentive units are accounted for as a liability award, with compensation expense based on period-end fair value. Earnings (Loss) Per Share Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing net income available to Class A Common Stock by the weighted average shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding during each period. Dilutive EPS is calculated by dividing adjusted net income available to Class A Common Stock by the weighted average number of diluted Class A Common Stock outstanding, which includes the effect of potentially dilutive securities. See Note 11—Earnings Per Share for additional information regarding the Company’s computation of EPS. Segment Reporting The Company operates in only one industry segment which is the exploration and production of oil and natural gas. All of its operations are conducted in one geographic area of the United States. All revenues are derived from customers located in the United States. 79 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Recently Issued Accounting Standards In August 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-13, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which updates the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements in ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement (“ASC Topic 820”). Certain disclosure requirements under ASC Topic 820 were removed, modified or added in order to improve the effectiveness of the fair value disclosures in the financial statements. This update will be effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until the effective date. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this update on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. This update applies to all entities that are required to present a statement of cash flows. This update provides guidance on eight specific cash flow issues: debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies, distributions received from equity method investees, beneficial interests in securitization transactions and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. This update is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years with early adoption permitted, and this update is to be applied using the retrospective transition method. The Company adopted ASU 2016-15 in the first quarter of 2018. As a result of adoption, there were no changes to the presentation of cash flow activities in the statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, which created ASC Topic 842, Leases (“ASC Topic 842”), superseding current lease requirements under ASC Topic 840, Leases. Subsequently in 2018, the FASB issued various ASUs which provide a practical expedient for the evaluation of existing land easement agreements, optionality in the adoption transition method, and additional implementation guidance. ASC Topic 842 and its related amendments apply to any entity that enters into a lease, with some specified scope exemptions. Under ASC Topic 842, a lessee should recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. While there were no major changes to the lessor accounting, changes were made to align key aspects with the revenue recognition guidance. ASC Topic 842 will be effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The standard permits retrospective application using either of the following methodologies: (i) application of the new standard at the earliest presented period or (ii) application of the new standard at the adoption date with a cumulative-effect adjustment recognized to retained earnings. The Company will adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2019, the effective date, and plans to recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment at the time of adoption. The Company has elected the package of practical expedients that allows an entity to carry forward historical accounting treatment relating to lease identification and classification for existing leases upon adoption and the practical expedient related to land easements that allows an entity to carry forward historical accounting treatment for land easements on existing agreements upon adoption. Additionally, the Company has made an accounting policy election to keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off of the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The Company has substantially completed its review of the impact of the new standard, and adoption of the standard is expected to result in the recognition of assets and liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets for existing operating leases such as drilling rig contracts, office rental agreements, and potential other wellhead equipment still being evaluated. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, which created ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC Topic 606”), superseding revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and most industry-specific guidance. The FASB subsequently issued various ASUs which provided additional implementation guidance. ASC Topic 606 provides companies with a single model for use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. The core principle of the model is to recognize revenue when control of the goods or services transfers to the customer, as opposed to recognizing revenue when the risks and rewards transfer to the customer under the existing revenue guidance. In addition, new qualitative and quantitative disclosure requirements aim to enable financial statement users to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. ASC Topic 606 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The standard permits retrospective application using either of the following methodologies: (i) restatement of each prior reporting period presented or (ii) recognition of a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the date of initial application. The Company has selected the modified retrospective method and has adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2018, the effective date. The new standard did not have a material impact on the 80 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) presentation of revenues or expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to Note 15—Revenues for additional disclosures required by the new standard. Note 2—Business Combination On October 11, 2016 (the “Closing Date”), the Company consummated the acquisition of approximately 89% of the outstanding membership interests in CRP, pursuant to (i) that certain Contribution Agreement, dated as of July 6, 2016 (as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto, dated as of July 29, 2016, the “Contribution Agreement”), among Centennial Resource Development, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“CRD”), NGP Centennial Follow-On LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“NGP Follow-On”), Celero Energy Company, LP, a Delaware limited partnership (together with CRD and NGP Follow-On, the “Centennial Contributors”), CRP and New Centennial, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“NewCo”), (ii) that certain Assignment Agreement, dated as of October 7, 2016, between NewCo and the Company and (iii) that certain Joinder Agreement, dated as of October 7, 2016, by the Company (such acquisition, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Contribution Agreement, the “Business Combination”). At the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”), Silver Run contributed approximately $1.49 billion in cash to CRP of which approximately $1.19 billion was then distributed to the Centennial Contributors for partial redemption of their membership interests in CRP. At the Closing, Silver Run and the Centennial Contributors effected a recapitalization of CRP pursuant to which (i) all of the remaining outstanding membership interests in CRP of the Centennial Contributors were converted into 20,000,000 units representing common membership interests in CRP (the “CRP Common Units”) and (ii) the Company was admitted as a member of CRP and issued 163,505,000 CRP Common Units, representing an approximate 89% interest in CRP. The Business Combination was recorded using the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. The allocation of the purchase price has been finalized and was based upon management’s estimates and assumptions related to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the Closing Date using currently available information. The purchase price consideration for the Business Combination was as follows: (in thousands) Purchase price consideration: Cash Repayment of CRP long-term debt(1) Total purchase price consideration Fair value of non-controlling interest(2) Total purchase price consideration and fair value of non-controlling interest October 11, 2016 $ $ 1,186,744 189,000 1,375,744 184,779 1,560,523 (1) Represents the additional contribution made by Silver Run to CRP in exchange for CRP Common Units to repay CRP’s outstanding indebtedness at the Closing Date. (2) Represents the fair value of the non-controlling interest (“NCI”) attributable to the Centennial Contributors. NCI is the portion of equity (net assets) in a subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to Silver Run. In a business combination the NCI is recognized at its acquisition date fair value. The fair value of the NCI at the Closing represented an 11% membership interest in CRP. 81 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed: (in thousands) Fair value of assets acquired: Unproved properties Proved properties Other current assets Other property and equipment Derivative instruments Goodwill Total amount attributable to assets acquired Fair value of liabilities assumed: Accounts payable and accrued expenses Other current liabilities Derivative instruments Asset retirement obligation Total fair value of net assets acquired Unaudited Pro Forma Operating Results $ October 11, 2016 1,138,423 444,551 13,341 1,764 1,052 — 1,599,131 (30,156) (63) (3,400) (4,989) $ 1,560,523 The following unaudited pro forma combined financial information has been prepared as if the Business Combination and other related transactions had taken place on January 1, 2016. The unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information has been prepared using the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. The information reflects pro forma adjustments based on available information and certain assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable, including depletion of CRP’s fair-valued proved oil and gas properties, and the estimated tax impacts of the pro forma adjustments. Additionally, pro forma earnings for the year ended December 31, 2016, were adjusted to exclude $18.7 million of transaction-related costs and $165.4 million of incentive unit compensation incurred by CRP. The pro forma condensed combined financial information has been included for comparative purposes and is not necessarily indicative of the results that might have actually occurred had the Business Combination taken place on January 1, 2016; furthermore, the financial information is not intended to be a projection of future results. (in thousands) Oil and gas sales Total operating expenses Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share Note 3—Property Acquisitions and Divestitures 2018 Acquisitions (Unaudited Pro Forma) Year Ended December 31, 2016 $ 98,833 86,490 1,666 0.01 On February 8, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of approximately 4,000 undeveloped net acres, as well as certain producing properties, in Lea County, New Mexico for an unadjusted purchase price of $94.7 million. The operated acreage position contains an approximate 92% average working interest and is largely contiguous to Centennial’s existing positions in the northern Delaware Basin. Upon signing the purchase and sale agreement, the Company placed $8.6 million of cash in escrow accounts on December 21, 2017, and such deposits were applied as a payment against the purchase price upon closing of the transactions. The Company presented the cash in escrow as restricted cash within the line item Other noncurrent assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2017. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company completed several acquisitions totaling approximately 2,900 net acres, which are located adjacent to our existing acreage in Lea County, New Mexico and Reeves County, Texas for an aggregate unadjusted purchase price of $87.9 million. This value encompasses certain producing properties included in the acquisitions. 82 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) All acquisitions during 2018 were recorded as asset acquisitions under ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business (“ASC 2017-11”). Accordingly, the purchase consideration for these assets has been allocated to the oil and natural gas properties based on their relative fair values measured as of the acquisition dates. After aggregate settlement statement adjustments of $0.3 million, the Company paid an aggregate purchase price of $182.3 million. On a relative fair value basis, $142.5 million was allocated to unproved properties and $39.8 million to proved properties. Transaction costs incurred and capitalized as of December 31, 2018 amounted to $0.2 million and mainly consisted of advisory and legal fees. 2018 Disposition On March 2, 2018, the Company completed the sale of approximately 8,600 undeveloped net acres and 12 gross producing wells located in Reeves County, Texas for a total unadjusted sales price of $140.7 million. The divested acreage represents a largely non-operated position (32% average working interest) on the western portion of Centennial’s position in Reeves County. There was no gain or loss recognized as a result of this divestiture, which constituted a partial sale of oil and gas properties in accordance with ASC 932, Extractive Activities - Oil and Gas. The Company used the net proceeds from the sale to fund the 2018 acquisitions discussed above. 2017 Acquisition On June 8, 2017, the Company completed the GMT Acquisition and acquired interests in 36 gross producing horizontal wells plus undeveloped acreage on approximately 11,850 net acres (14,770 gross acres) in Lea County, New Mexico for an unadjusted purchase price of $350.0 million. The Company operates approximately 79% of, and has an approximate 85% average working interest in, this acreage. The acquired acres are located in the Northern Delaware Basin with drilling locations in the Avalon Shale, 2nd Bone Spring Sand, 3rd Bone Spring Sand and Wolfcamp A formations. The GMT Acquisition was recorded as an asset acquisition under ASU 2017-01. Accordingly, the GMT purchase consideration has been allocated to the GMT oil and natural gas properties based on their relative fair values measured as of the acquisition date. After settlement statement adjustments of $0.1 million, the Company paid a net purchase price of $350.1 million. On a relative fair value basis, $296.9 million was allocated to unproved properties and $53.2 million to proved properties with the remaining purchase price allocated amongst other assets and liabilities. Transaction costs as they relate to the GMT Acquisition mainly consist of advisory, legal and accounting fees and are capitalized as incurred, and the Company has incurred $0.5 million in transaction costs related to this acquisition as of December 31, 2018. 2016 Acquisitions On December 28, 2016, the Company acquired interests in 31 producing horizontal wells plus undeveloped acreage on approximately 35,500 net acres (43,500 gross acres) located in Reeves County, Texas from Silverback Exploration, LLC, for an unadjusted purchase price of $855.0 million, which consisted of cash consideration paid by the Company and a $32.3 million payable at December 31, 2016 that was settled in 2017 when title issues relating to the purchased acreage were satisfied. The Company operates approximately 90% of, and has an approximate 90% working interest in, this acreage. The Wolfcamp A and Wolfcamp B are producing horizons on this acreage, and the Company believes that this acreage may be prospective for the Wolfcamp C, Avalon and Bone Spring shale formations. The Silverback Acquisition was recorded using the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. The allocation of the purchase price has been finalized and is based upon management’s estimates and assumptions related to the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the acquisition date using currently available information. Transaction costs relating to this purchase were expensed as incurred. Since the acquisition date, the Company has recorded adjustments to provisional amounts totaling $0.3 million. These adjustments did not have a material impact on the Company’s previously reported consolidated financial statements, and therefore the Company has not retrospectively adjusted those financial statements. 83 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The table below summarizes the allocation of the $867.8 million adjusted purchase price, based on the acquisition date fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as of December 31, 2018: (in thousands) Total purchase price consideration Fair value of assets acquired: Unproved properties Proved properties Other property and equipment Total amount attributable to assets acquired Fair value of liabilities assumed: Liabilities Total fair value of net assets acquired Silverback Acquisition $ 867,772 753,763 116,700 56 870,519 (2,747) 867,772 $ In June 2016, the Company acquired undeveloped acreage and oil and gas producing properties located in Reeves County, Texas. Total cash consideration paid by the Company was $33.0 million, including usual and customary post-closing adjustments. Approximately $15.4 million was recorded as proved oil and natural gas properties. The assets include four operated producing horizontal wells and approximately 1,580 net acres that directly offset the Company’s existing acreage in Reeves County, Texas. (in thousands) Total purchase price consideration Fair value of assets acquired: Proved properties Unproved properties Total amount attributable to assets acquired Fair value of liabilities assumed: Revenue Suspense Asset retirement obligation Total fair value of net assets acquired Note 4—Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses Accounts receivable are comprised of the following: (in thousands) Accrued oil and gas sales receivable, net Joint interest billings, net Other Accounts receivable, net Accounts payable and accrued expenses are comprised of the following: (in thousands) Accounts payable Accrued capital expenditures Revenues payable Accrued employee compensation and benefits Accrued interest Accrued expenses and other Accounts payable and accrued expenses 84 Predecessor June 3, 2016 $ 32,979 15,374 18,071 33,445 (400) (66) 32,979 $ $ December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 52,891 $ 25,256 639 78,786 66,997 31,658 1,968 100,623 $ $ $ December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 64,004 $ 90,511 23,390 8,350 1,936 11,342 199,533 55,984 75,791 63,399 9,757 11,129 24,515 240,575 $ $ CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Note 5—Long-Term Debt Credit Agreement On May 4, 2018, CRP, the Company’s consolidated subsidiary, entered into an amended and restated credit agreement with a syndicate of banks that as of December 31, 2018, had a borrowing base of $1.0 billion and elected commitments of $800.0 million. The credit agreement provides for a five-year secured revolving credit facility, maturing on May 4, 2023. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $300.0 million in borrowings outstanding and $499.2 million in available borrowing capacity, which was net of $0.8 million in letters of credit outstanding. There were no borrowings outstanding under the credit agreement as of December 31, 2017. The amount available to be borrowed under the Company’s credit agreement is equal to the lesser of (i) the borrowing base, (ii) aggregate elected commitments, or (iii) $1.5 billion. The borrowing base is redetermined semi-annually each spring and fall by the lenders in their sole discretion. It also allows for two optional borrowing base redeterminations on January 1 and July 1. The borrowing base depends on, among other things, the quantities of CRP’s proved oil and natural gas reserves, estimated cash flows from these reserves, and the Company’s commodity hedge positions. Upon a redetermination of the borrowing base, if actual borrowings exceed the revised borrowing capacity, CRP could be required to immediately repay a portion of its debt outstanding under the credit agreement. Borrowings under CRP’s revolving credit facility are guaranteed by certain of its subsidiaries. In connection with the fall 2018 credit facility semi-annual redetermination, the borrowing base under the revolving credit facility was increased from $800.0 million to $1.0 billion and the lenders increased their aggregate elected commitments from $600.0 million to $800.0 million. Borrowings under CRP’s revolving credit facility may be base rate loans or LIBOR loans. Interest is payable quarterly for base rate loans and at the end of the applicable interest period for LIBOR loans. LIBOR loans bear interest at LIBOR (adjusted for statutory reserve requirements) plus an applicable margin ranging from 150 to 250 basis points, depending on the percentage of the borrowing base utilized. Base rate loans bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the greatest of: (i) the agent bank’s prime rate; (ii) the federal funds effective rate plus 50 basis points; and (iii) the adjusted LIBOR rate for a one-month interest period plus 100 basis points, plus an applicable margin ranging from 50 to 150 basis points, depending on the percentage of the borrowing base utilized. CRP also pays a commitment fee on unused amounts under its facility of a range of 37.5 to 50 basis points. CRP may repay any amounts borrowed prior to the maturity date without any premium or penalty other than customary LIBOR breakage costs. The weighted-average borrowing rate on our credit agreement, exclusive of fees on the unused commitment and the letter of credit noted above, was 3.8% per annum for the year ended December 31, 2018. CRP’s credit agreement contains restrictive covenants that limit its ability to, among other things: (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) make investments and loans; (iii) enter into mergers; (iv) make or declare dividends; (v) enter into commodity hedges exceeding a specified percentage of the Company’s expected production; (vi) enter into interest rate hedges exceeding a specified percentage of its outstanding indebtedness; (vii) incur liens; (viii) sell assets; and (ix) engage in transactions with affiliates. CRP’s credit agreement also requires it to maintain compliance with the following financial ratios: (i) a current ratio, which is the ratio of CRP’s consolidated current assets (including unused commitments under its revolving credit facility and excluding non-cash derivative assets and certain restricted cash) to its consolidated current liabilities (excluding the current portion of long- term debt under the credit agreement and non-cash derivative liabilities), of not less than 1.0 to 1.0; and (ii) a leverage ratio, which is the ratio of Total Funded Debt (as defined in CRP’s credit agreement) to consolidated EBITDAX (as defined in CRP’s credit agreement) for the rolling four fiscal quarter period ending on such day, of not greater than 4.0 to 1.0. CRP was in compliance with these covenants and the financial ratios described above as of December 31, 2018 and through the filing of this Annual Report. 5.375% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2026 On November 30, 2017, CRP issued at par $400.0 million of 5.375% senior notes due 2026 (the “Senior Notes”) in an 144A private placement that resulted in net proceeds to CRP of $391.0 million, after deducting $9.0 million in debt issuance costs. Interest is payable on the Senior Notes semi-annually in arrears on each January 15 and July 15, commencing July 15, 2018. The Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by each of CRP’s current subsidiaries that guarantee CRP’s revolving credit facility. The Senior Notes are not guaranteed by the Company nor is the Company subject to the terms of the indenture governing the Senior Notes. At any time prior to January 15, 2021, CRP may, on any one or more occasions, redeem up to 35% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes with an amount of cash not greater than the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 105.375% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption; provided that at least 65% of the aggregate principal amount issued under the indenture governing the Senior Notes 85 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) remains outstanding immediately after such redemption, and the redemption occurs within 180 days of the closing date of such equity offering. At any time prior to January 15, 2021, CRP may, on any one or more occasions, redeem all or a part of the Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes redeemed, plus a “make-whole” premium, and any accrued and unpaid interest as of the date of redemption. On and after January 15, 2021, CRP may redeem the Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) equal to 102.688% for the 12-month period beginning on January 15, 2021, 101.344% for the 12-month period beginning January 15, 2022, and 100% beginning on January 15, 2023, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. If CRP experiences certain defined changes of control (and in certain cases followed by a ratings decline), each holder of the Senior Notes may require CRP to repurchase all or a portion of its Senior Notes for cash at a price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of such Senior Notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to the date of repurchase. The indenture governing the Senior Notes contains covenants that, among other things and subject to certain exceptions and qualifications, limit CRP’s ability and the ability of CRP’s restricted subsidiaries to: (i) incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue certain types of preferred stock; (ii) pay dividends on capital stock or redeem, repurchase or retire capital stock or subordinated indebtedness; (iii) transfer or sell assets; (iv) make investments; (v) create certain liens; (vi) enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from their subsidiaries to them; (vii) consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of their assets; (viii) engage in transactions with affiliates; and (ix) create unrestricted subsidiaries. CRP was in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2018 and through the filing of this Annual Report. Upon an Event of Default (as defined in the indenture governing the Senior Notes), the trustee or the holders of at least 25% of the aggregate principal amount of then outstanding Senior Notes may declare the Senior Notes immediately due and payable. In addition, a default resulting from certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency with respect to CRP, any restricted subsidiary of CRP that is a significant subsidiary, or any group of restricted subsidiaries that, taken together, would constitute a significant subsidiary, will automatically cause all outstanding Senior Notes to become due and payable. Debt issuance costs netted against the principal balance of the Senior Notes amounted to $8.4 million as of December 31, 2018 and $9.2 million as of December 31, 2017. Note 6—Asset Retirement Obligations The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s asset retirement obligations (“ARO”) for the periods presented: (in thousands) Asset retirement obligations, beginning of period Additional liabilities incurred Liabilities acquired Obligations on divested properties Liabilities settled Accretion expense Revisions to estimated cash flows Asset retirement obligations, end of period December 31, 2018 12,161 $ 1,535 165 (615) (58) 791 (84) 13,895 $ December 31, 2017 7,226 $ 2,219 — (336) (65) 516 2,601 12,161 $ ARO reflect the present value of the estimated future costs associated with the plugging and abandonment of oil and natural gas wells, removal of equipment and facilities from leased acreage and land restoration in accordance with applicable local, state and federal laws. Inherent in the fair value calculation of ARO are numerous assumptions and judgments including the ultimate plug and abandonment settlement amounts, inflation factors, credit adjusted discount rates and timing of settlement. To the extent future revisions to these assumptions impact the value of the existing ARO liability, a corresponding offsetting adjustment is made to the oil and natural gas property balance. 86 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Note 7—Stock-Based Compensation Long Term Incentive Plan On October 7, 2016, the stockholders of the Company approved the Centennial Resource Development, Inc. 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP”). An aggregate of 16,500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock were authorized for issuance under the LTIP, and as of December 31, 2018, the Company had 9,513,593 shares of Class A Common Stock available for future grants. The LTIP provides for the granting of stock options (including incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options), stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, dividend equivalents, restricted stock units and other stock or cash-based awards. Stock-based compensation expense is recognized within both General and administrative expenses and Exploration expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The expense amounts in the table below may not be representative of future expense amounts to be recognized as the value of future awards may vary from historical amounts. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-09 in October 2016, the Company elected to account for forfeitures of awards granted under the LTIP as they occur in determining compensation expense. The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense recognized for the periods presented: (in thousands) Restricted stock awards Stock option awards Performance stock units Total stock-based compensation expense Restricted Stock Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 $ $ 9,185 $ 5,008 $ 9,433 2,052 8,160 591 20,670 $ 13,759 $ 405 928 — 1,333 The following table provides a summary of the restricted stock activity during the year ended December 31, 2018: Unvested balance as of December 31, 2017 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested balance as of December 31, 2018 Awards Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value 1,009,716 $ 1,029,721 (367,441) (136,051) 1,535,945 17.64 18.11 17.93 17.70 17.88 The Company grants service-based restricted stock awards to executive officers and employees, which generally vest ratably over a three-year service period, and to directors, which generally vest over a one-year service period. Compensation cost for the service-based restricted stock awards is based on the market price of the Company’s Class A common stock on the grant date, and such costs are recognized ratably over the applicable vesting period. The weighted average grant-date fair value for restricted stock awards granted was $18.11, $17.33 and $20.03 per share for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the period from October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016, respectively. The total fair value of restricted stock awards that vested for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $6.6 million and $2.7 million, respectively. There were no restricted stock vested for the period from October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016. Unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted shares that were unvested as of December 31, 2018 was $22.2 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average period of 2.1 years. Stock Options Stock options that have been granted under the LTIP expire ten years from the grant date and vest ratably over a three-year service period. The exercise price for an option granted under the LTIP is the closing price of the Company’s Class A Common Stock as reported by NASDAQ on the date of grant. Compensation cost for stock options is based on the grant-date fair value of the award, which is then recognized ratably over the vesting period of three years. The Company estimates the fair value on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Expected volatilities are based on the weighted average asset volatility of the Company and an identified set of comparable companies. Expected term is based on the simplified method and is estimated as the mid-point between the weighted average vesting term and the time to expiration as of the grant date. The Company uses U.S. Treasury bond rates in effect at the grant date for its risk-free interest rates. 87 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The following table summarizes the assumptions and related information used to determine the grant-date fair value of stock options awarded for the periods presented: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 Weighted average grant-date fair value per share $ 8.58 $ 7.15 $ Expected term (in years) Expected stock volatility Dividend yield Risk-free interest rate 6 42% — 2.7% 6 38% — 2.0% 5.93 6 40% — 1.5% The following table provides information about stock option awards outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2018: Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) Outstanding as of December 31, 2017 4,290,001 $ Granted Exercised Forfeited Expired Outstanding as of December 31, 2018 Exercisable as of December 31, 2018 567,500 (59,831) (233,504) (4,832) 4,559,334 2,058,970 16.15 19.29 16.43 15.85 16.79 16.55 15.63 8.2 8.0 $ $ — — The total fair value of stock options that vested for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $8.8 million and $4.9 million, respectively. There were no stock options vested for the period from October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016. The intrinsic value of stock options exercised was approximately $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. As of December 31, 2018, there was $13.0 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options, which the Company expects to recognize on a pro-rata basis over a weighted average period of 1.5 years. Performance Stock Units The Company grants performance stock units to certain executive officers that are subject to market-based vesting criteria as well as a three-year service period. Vesting at the end of the three-year service period is subject to the condition that the Company’s stock price increases by a greater percentage, or decreases by a lesser percentage, than the average percentage increase or decrease, respectively, of the stock prices of a peer group of companies. The market-based conditions must be met in order for the stock awards to vest, and it is, therefore, possible that no shares could vest. However, the Company recognizes compensation expense for the performance stock units subject to market conditions regardless of whether it becomes probable that these conditions will be achieved or not and compensation expense is not reversed if vesting does not actually occur. The grant-date fair value was estimated using a Monte Carlo valuation model. The Monte Carlo valuation model is based on random projections of stock price paths and must be repeated numerous times to achieve a probabilistic assessment. Expected volatility was calculated based on the historical volatility of the common stock, and the risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury yield curve rates with maturities consistent with the three-year vesting period. The following table summarizes the key assumptions and related information used to determine the grant-date fair value of performance stock units awarded during the periods presented: Number of simulations Expected stock volatility Dividend yield Risk-free interest rate Weighted average grant-date fair value per unit 88 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 1,000,000 1,000,000 40.2% —% 2.8% 41.6% —% 1.5% $ 22.35 $ 21.53 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The following table provides information about performance stock units outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2018: Unvested balance as of December 31, 2017 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested balance as of December 31, 2018 Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value 21.53 22.35 — — 21.94 Awards 193,391 $ 193,068 — — 386,459 As of December 31, 2018, there was $5.8 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested performance stock units, which the Company expects to recognize on a pro rata basis over a weighted average period of 2.1 years Incentive Unit Compensation (Predecessor) Certain employees of Centennial Resource Management, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of CRD at the time of grant, received awards of CRD and NGP Follow-On incentive units, or profits interests. The incentive units were issued to employees in return for services provided and cash payout was based, in part, on the value of Centennial’s equity. The incentive units were accounted for as liability awards under ASC 718, with compensation expense based on period-end fair value and recognized at such time that the payout terms were probable of being met. The consummation of the Business Combination resulted in the achievement of the payout conditions with respect to the incentive units and CRP recorded $165.4 million of compensation expense for the period from January 1, 2016, through October 10, 2016. Note 8—Derivative Instruments The Company is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business operations and may use derivative instruments to manage its exposure to commodity price risk from time to time. Commodity Derivative Contracts Historically, prices received for crude oil and natural gas production have been volatile because of supply and demand factors, worldwide political factors, general economic conditions and seasonal weather patterns. The Company may periodically use derivative instruments, such as swaps, costless collars and basis swaps, to mitigate its exposure to declines in commodity prices and to the corresponding negative impacts such declines can have on its cash flow from operations, returns on capital and other financial results. While the use of these instruments limits the downside risk of adverse price changes, their use may also limit future revenues from favorable price changes. The Company does not enter into derivative contracts for speculative or trading purposes. Commodity Swap Contracts. The Company may opportunistically use commodity derivative instruments known as fixed price swaps to realize a known price for a specific volume of production as well as basis swaps to hedge the difference between the index price and a local index price. All transactions are settled in cash with one party paying the other for the resulting difference in price multiplied by the contract volume. The following table summarizes the approximate volumes and average contract prices of swap contracts the Company had in place as of December 31, 2018: Crude oil basis swaps Period Volume (Bbl) Volume (Bbls/d) Weighted Average Differential ($/ Bbl) (1) January 2019 - March 2019 April 2019 - June 2019 July 2019 - September 2019 October 2019 - December 2019 540,000 91,000 1,380,000 920,000 $ 6,000 1,000 15,000 10,000 (5.34) (10.00) (9.03) (4.24) (1) The oil basis swap transactions are settled based on the difference between the arithmetic average of the ARGUS MIDLAND WTI and ARGUS WTI CUSHING indices, during the relevant calculation period. 89 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Natural Gas Swaps - Henry Hub January 2019 - December 2019 Natural Gas Swaps - West Texas WAHA January 2019 - December 2019 Period Volume (MMBtu) Volume (MMBtu/d) Weighted Average Fixed Price ($/ MMBtu) (1) 10,950,000 5,475,000 30,000 $ 15,000 2.78 1.61 Natural gas basis swaps January 2019 - December 2019 12,775,000 35,000 $ (1.31) Period Volume (MMBtu) Volume (MMBtu/d) Weighted Average Differential ($/ MMBtu) (2) (1) The natural gas swap contracts are settled based on either i) the NYMEX Henry Hub price or ii) the Inside FERC West Texas WAHA price of natural gas as of the specified settlement date, as applicable. (2) The natural gas basis swap contracts are settled based on the difference between the Inside FERC’s West Texas WAHA price and the NYMEX price of natural gas during the relevant calculation period. Derivative Instrument Reporting. The Company’s oil and natural gas derivative instruments have not been designated as hedges for accounting purposes; therefore, all gains and losses are recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. All derivative instruments are recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, other than derivative instruments that meet the “normal purchase normal sale” exclusion, and any fair value gains and losses are recognized in current period earnings. The following table presents the impact of our derivative instruments on our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the periods presented: (in thousands) Successor Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Net gain (loss) on derivative instruments $ 15,336 $ 5,138 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 $ (1,548) Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 $ (6,838) Offsetting of Derivative Assets and Liabilities. The Company’s commodity derivatives are included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as derivative assets and liabilities. The Company nets its financial derivative instrument fair value amounts executed with the same counterparty pursuant to ISDA master netting agreements, which provide for net settlement over the term of the contract and in the event of default or termination of the contract. The tables below summarize the fair value amounts and classification in the Consolidated Balance Sheets of the Company’s derivative contracts outstanding at the respective balance dates, as well as the gross recognized derivative assets, liabilities and offset amounts: Derivative Assets Balance Sheet Classification December 31, 2018 Gross Fair Value Asset/ Liability Amounts Gross Amounts Offset (1) Net Recognized Fair Value Assets/ Liabilities Commodity contracts Current assets - Derivative instruments Derivative Liabilities Commodity contracts Current liabilities - Derivative instruments $ $ 7,708 12,127 $ $ (6,076) (6,076) $ $ 1,632 6,051 (1) The Company has agreements in place with all of its counterparties that allow for the financial right of offset for derivative assets and derivative liabilities at settlement or in the event of a default under the agreements or contract termination. 90 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Derivative Assets Commodity contracts Commodity contracts Derivative Liabilities Balance Sheet Classification Current assets - Derivative instruments Noncurrent assets - Derivative instruments Commodity contracts Current liabilities - Derivative instruments December 31, 2017 Gross Fair Value Asset/ Liability Amounts Gross Amounts Offset (1) Net Recognized Fair Value Assets/ Liabilities $ $ $ 720 662 1,382 527 $ $ $ (287) $ — (287) $ 433 662 1,095 (287) $ 240 (1) The Company has agreements in place with all of its counterparties that allow for the financial right of offset for derivative assets and derivative liabilities at settlement or in the event of a default under the agreements or contract termination. Contingent Features in Financial Derivative Instruments. None of the Company’s derivative instruments contain credit-risk- related contingent features. Counterparties to the Company’s financial derivative contracts are high credit-quality financial institutions that are lenders under CRP’s credit agreement. The Company uses only credit agreement participants to hedge with, since these institutions are secured equally with the holders of any CRP bank debt, which eliminates the potential need to post collateral when Centennial is in a derivative liability position. As a result, the Company is not required to post letters of credit or corporate guarantees for its derivative counterparties in order to secure contract performance obligations. In addition, the Company is exposed to credit risk associated with its derivative contracts from non-performance by its counterparties. The Company mitigates its exposure to any single counterparty by contracting with a number of financial institutions, each of which has a high credit rating and is a member of CRP’s credit facility as referenced above. Note 9—Fair Value Measurements Recurring Fair Value Measurements The Company follows FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure, which establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy categorizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value into one of three different levels depending on the observability of the inputs employed in the measurement. The three levels are defined as follows: • Level 1: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets – inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. • Level 2: Significant Other Observable Inputs – inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. • Level 3: Significant Unobservable Inputs – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. The following table presents, for each applicable level within the fair value hierarchy, our net derivative assets and liabilities, including both current and noncurrent portions, measured at fair value on a recurring basis: (in thousands) December 31, 2018 Total assets Total liabilities December 31, 2017 Total assets Total liabilities Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ $ — $ — — $ — 1,632 $ 6,051 1,095 $ 240 — — — — Both financial and non-financial assets and liabilities are categorized within the above fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgement and considers factors specific to the asset or 91 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) liability. The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used by the Company as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the above fair value hierarchy. There were no transfers between any of the fair value levels during any period presented. Derivatives The Company uses Level 2 inputs to measure the fair value of oil and natural gas commodity derivatives. The Company uses industry-standard models that consider various assumptions including current market and contractual prices for the underlying instruments, implied market volatility, time value, nonperformance risk, as well as other relevant economic measures. Substantially all of these inputs are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the instrument and can be supported by observable data. The Company utilizes its counterparties’ valuations to assess the reasonableness of its own valuations. Refer to Note 8—Derivative Instruments for details of the gross and net derivative assets, liabilities and offset amounts as presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements The fair value measurements of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured on a nonrecurring basis on the acquisition date using an income valuation technique based on inputs that are not observable in the market and therefore represent Level 3 inputs. Significant inputs to the valuation of acquired oil and gas properties include estimates of: (i) reserves; (ii) production rates; (iii) future operating and development costs; (iv) future commodity prices, including price differentials; (v) future cash flows; and (vi) a market participant-based weighted average cost of capital rate. These inputs require significant judgments and estimates by the Company’s management at the time of the valuation. Refer to Note 2—Business Combination and Note 3—Property Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information on the fair value of assets acquired during 2018, 2017 and 2016. The initial measurement of ARO at fair value is calculated using discounted cash flow techniques and is based on internal estimates of future retirement costs associated with property, plant and equipment. Significant Level 3 inputs used in the calculation of ARO include plugging costs and reserve lives. Refer to Note 6—Asset Retirement Obligations for additional information on the Company’s ARO. Other Financial Instruments The carrying amounts of the Company’s cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of the short-term maturities and/or liquid nature of these assets and liabilities. The carrying values of the amounts outstanding under CRP’s credit agreement, if any, approximate fair value because its variable interest rates are tied to current market rates and the applicable credit spreads represent current market rates for the credit risk profile of the Company. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the fair value of the Senior Notes were $372.0 million and $407.5 million, respectively, which was determined using the quoted market price, a Level 1 classification in the fair value hierarchy. Note 10—Shareholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interest On March 7, 2018, Silver Run Sponsor, LLC (“Silver Run Sponsor”), the Riverstone Purchasers and the Centennial Contributors completed an underwritten public offering of 25,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock. No cash proceeds were received by the Company in connection with this offering and 3,347,647 shares of CRP Common Units (and corresponding shares of Class C Common Units) were converted to shares of Class A Common Stock on a one-to-one basis. A tax benefit of $7.2 million was recorded in equity as a result of the conversion of shares from the noncontrolling interest owner. On November 9, 2017, Silver Run Sponsor, the Riverstone Purchasers and Centennial Contributors completed an underwritten public offering of 25,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock. No cash proceeds were received by the Company in connection with this offering and 3,494,583 shares of Class C Common Units were converted to shares of Class A Common Stock on a one-to-one basis. In addition, a tax benefit of $20.0 million was recorded in equity as a result of the conversion of shares from the noncontrolling interest owner. On May 25, 2017, the Company’s stockholders approved at a special meeting the issuance of 26,100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock upon the conversion of 104,400 shares of Series B Preferred Stock that were held by affiliates of Riverstone Investment Group LLC in a private placement. There were no cash proceeds received by the Company in connection with this issuance. On May 4, 2017, the Company entered into subscription agreements with certain investors pursuant to which such investors agreed to purchase, in the aggregate, 23,500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock at a purchase price of $14.50 per share, for gross proceeds of approximately $340.8 million. The closing under the subscription agreements occurred concurrently with the 92 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) closing of the GMT Acquisition on June 8, 2017, and the proceeds were used to fund a majority of the purchase price of that acquisition. On December 28, 2016, in connection with the Silverback Acquisition, the Company issued and sold in private placements (i) 3,473,590 shares of Class A Common Stock and 104,400 shares of Series B Preferred Stock to affiliates of Riverstone Investment Group LLC and (ii) 33,012,380 shares of Class A Common Stock to certain other investors, resulting in net cash proceeds of approximately $889.6 million. The Company used the proceeds from the private placements to fund the cash consideration for the Silverback Acquisition and the remaining proceeds for general corporate purposes. The shares of Series B Preferred Stock were subsequently converted into shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock on a 250-to-one basis in 2017 as discussed above. On October 11, 2016, in connection with Business combination, the Company issued and sold in private placements (i) 81,005,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to Riverstone Centennial Holdings, L.P. and (ii) 20,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock to certain other accredited investors, resulting in net cash proceeds of approximately $1.0 billion. The outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock converted into shares of Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis in connection with the Business Combination. Additionally, the Company issued 20,000,000 shares of Class C Common Stock to the Centennial Contributors and one share of Series A Preferred Stock to CRD in connection with the Business Combination. Class A Common Stock Holders of the Company's Class A Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each share held on all matters to be voted on by the Company's stockholders. Holders of the Class A Common Stock and holders of the Class C Common Stock vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company's stockholders, except as required by law. Unless specified in the Charter (including any certificate of designation of preferred stock) or Bylaws, or as required by applicable provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law or applicable stock exchange rules, the affirmative vote of a majority of the Company’s shares of common stock that are voted is required to approve any such matter voted on by the Company’s stockholders. There is no cumulative voting with respect to the election of directors, with the result that the holders of more than 50% of the shares voted for the election of directors can elect all of the directors (subject to the right of the holder of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock to nominate and elect one director). Subject to the rights of the holders of any outstanding series of preferred stock, the Company’s stockholders are entitled to receive ratable dividends when, as and if declared by the board of directors out of funds legally available therefor. In the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the holders of the Class A Common Stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining available for distribution to them after payment of liabilities and after provision is made for each class of stock, if any, having preference over the Class A Common Stock. The Company’s stockholders have no preemptive or other subscription rights. There are no sinking fund provisions applicable to the Class A Common Stock. Class C Common Stock The Company had 12,003,183 shares of Class C Common Stock outstanding as of December 31, 2018, which represent the remaining portion of the 20,000,000 shares of Class C Common Stock issued to the Centennial Contributors in connection with the Business Combination that had not been redeemed or exchanged as of such date. Holders of Class C Common Stock have the right to vote on all matters properly submitted to a vote of the stockholders and vote together as a single class with the holders of Class A Common Stock. In addition, the holders of Class C Common Stock, voting as a separate class, are entitled to approve any amendment, alteration or repeal of any provision of the Company’s Charter that would alter or change the powers, preferences or relative, participating, optional, other or special rights of the Class C Common Stock. Holders of Class C Common Stock are not entitled to any dividends from the Company and are not entitled to receive any of its assets in the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of its affairs. Shares of Class C Common Stock may be issued only to the Centennial Contributors, their respective successors and assigns, as well as any permitted transferees of the Centennial Contributors. A holder of Class C Common Stock may transfer shares of Class C Common Stock to any transferee (other than the Company) only if such holder also simultaneously transfers an equal number of such holder’s CRP Common Units to such transferee in compliance with the A&R LLC Agreement (as defined below). Holders of Class C Common Stock generally have the right to cause CRP to redeem all or a portion of their CRP Common Units in exchange for shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock or, at CRP’s option, an equivalent amount of cash. The Company may, however, at its option, effect a direct exchange of cash or Class A Common Stock for such CRP Common Units in lieu of such a redemption by CRP. Upon the future redemption or exchange of CRP Common Units held by a Centennial Contributor, a corresponding number of shares of Class C Common Stock will be canceled. 93 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Preferred Stock As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had one share of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding which was issued to CRD in connection with the Business Combination. NGP, as the current holder of the Series A Preferred Stock, is not entitled to any dividends from the Company, but is entitled to preferred distributions in liquidation in the amount of $0.0001 per share of Series A Preferred Stock and has a limited voting right as described below. The Series A Preferred Stock is redeemable by the Company (i) at such time as NGP and its affiliates cease to own, in the aggregate, at least 5,000,000 CRP Common Units and/or shares of Class A Common Stock (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and other similar transactions), (ii) at any time at NGP’s option or (iii) upon a breach by NGP of the transfer restrictions relating to the Series A Preferred Stock. In addition, for so long as the Series A Preferred Stock remains outstanding, NGP will be entitled to nominate one director for election to the Company’s board of directors in connection with any vote of the Company’s stockholders for the election of directors, and the vote of NGP will be the only vote required to elect such nominee to the Company’s board of directors. Warrants The Company’s Public Warrants were originally issued in connection with the IPO of Silver Run Acquisition Corporation. On March 1, 2017, the Company delivered a notice of redemption to all holders of its Public Warrants announcing its intention to redeem any Public Warrants that remained unexercised and outstanding after March 31, 2017 for $0.01 per Public Warrant. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, all of the Company’s Public Warrants have been either exercised for shares of Class A Common Stock or redeemed for $0.01 per Public Warrant. As a result of all such Warrants exercised in 2017, the Company issued in aggregate 6,235,790 shares of Class A common stock to holders of Public Warrants. As of December 31, 2018, 8,000,000 Private Placement Warrants remained outstanding. Private Placement Warrants are non- redeemable so long as they are held by Riverstone or its permitted transferees. Each whole Private Placement Warrant is exercisable for one whole share of Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share. The warrants became exercisable on March 1, 2017 and will expire five years after the completion of the Business Combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. Noncontrolling Interest The noncontrolling interest relates to CRP Common Units that were originally issued to the Centennial Contributors in connection with the Business Combination and continue to be held by holders other than the Company. At the date of the Business Combination, the noncontrolling interest held 10.9% of the ownership in CRP. The noncontrolling interest percentage is affected by various equity transactions such as CRP Common Unit and Class C Common Stock exchanges and Class A Common Stock activities. As a result of the exchange of the CRP Common Units (and corresponding shares of Class C Common Stock) for Class A Common Stock on October 11, 2016 and the issuance of shares of Class A Common Stock and Series B Preferred stock on December 28, 2016 (as discussed in the preceding section above), the noncontrolling interest ownership of CRP decreased to 7.8% as of December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2017, the noncontrolling interest ownership of CRP decreased to 5.7%. The decrease was the result of Class A Common Stock issuance in May and the exchange of CRP Common Units (and corresponding shares of Class C Common Stock) for Class A Common Stock in November as discussed in preceding sections above. As of December 31, 2018, the noncontrolling interest ownership of CRP decreased to 4.3%. The decrease was mainly the result of the exchange of CRP Common Units (and corresponding shares of Class C Common Stock) for Class A Common Stock. The Company has consolidated the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of CRP and reflected that portion retained by other holders of CRP Common Units as a noncontrolling interest. Refer to the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for a summary of the activity attributable to the noncontrolling interest during the period. Owners’ Equity (Predecessor) At October 10, 2016 (prior to the Business Combination), members included Centennial HoldCo, Celero and Follow-On, owning an approximate 61.2%, 21.2% and 17.6% membership interest in Centennial OpCo, respectively. CRP had two classes of membership interests outstanding: Class A, which consisted of membership interests held by CRD and Follow-On; and Class B, which consisted of membership interests held by Celero. On October 10, 2016 CRP recorded a deemed contribution attributable to the consummation of the Business Combination, which resulted in the achievement of the payout conditions with respect to the incentive units and CRP recorded $165.4 million of compensation expense. Additionally, CRP recorded a deemed contribution of $14.0 million attributable to certain transaction costs related to the Business Combination paid by the Centennial Contributors. 94 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) As of December 31, 2015, CRD had contributed $289.4 million and had a remaining capital commitment of $32.5 million, Follow-On had contributed $84.2 million and had a remaining capital commitment of $100.3 million, and Celero had contributed $125.4 million and has no remaining capital commitment. In 2015 Follow-On contributed $84.2 million to Centennial OpCo in exchange for membership interests in Centennial CRP. In addition, CRD contributed approximately $27.2 million to CRP in exchange for additional membership interests in CRP. Note 11—Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing net income available to Class A Common Stock by the weighted average shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding during each period. Dilutive EPS is calculated by dividing adjusted net income available to Class A Common Stock by the weighted average number of diluted Class A Common Stock outstanding, which includes the effect of potentially dilutive securities. Potentially dilutive securities for the diluted EPS calculation consists of (i) unvested restricted stock and performance stock units, outstanding stock options and warrants using the treasury stock method, and (ii) the Company’s Class C common stock using the “if-converted” method, which is net of tax. When a loss from continuing operations exists, all dilutive securities and potentially dilutive securities are anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share. The two-class method of computing earnings per share is required for entities that have participating securities. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for participating securities according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Shares of the Company’s unvested restricted stock and performance stock units are eligible to receive dividends; however, dividend rights will be forfeited if the award does not vest. Accordingly, these shares are not considered participating securities. Shares of the Company’s Class C Common Stock and warrants do not share in earnings or losses and are therefore not participating securities. In addition, the diluted earnings per share from October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 consider the effect of Series B Preferred Stock if converted to Class A Common Stock. All of the Company’s shares of Series B Preferred Stock were converted into shares of Class A Common Stock on May 25, 2017 in accordance with their terms. As such, the Company no longer has any participating securities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The following table reflects the allocation of net income to common stockholders and EPS computations for the periods indicated based on a weighted average number of common stock outstanding for the period: (in thousands, except per share data) Net income (loss) attributable to Class A Common Stock Less: Loss allocable to participating securities Adjusted net income (loss) attributable to Class A Common Stock Basic net earnings (loss) per share of Class A Common Stock Diluted net earnings (loss) per share of Class A Common Stock Basic weighted average shares outstanding of Class A Common Stock Add: Dilutive effect of potential common shares Diluted weighted average shares of outstanding Class A Common Stock Successor Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 199,899 — 199,899 0.76 0.75 263,341 3,514 266,855 $ $ $ $ 75,568 — 75,568 0.32 0.32 235,447 4,307 239,754 (8,081) 46 (8,035) (0.05) (0.05) 165,684 — 165,684 The following shares were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation as their impacts were anti-dilutive for the periods presented: (in thousands) Out-of-the-money stock options Weighted average shares of Class C Common Stock Performance stock units For the Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 818 12,791 39 819 18,629 — October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 2,645 19,156 — 95 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Note 12—Income Taxes In 2016, the Company became the sole managing member of CRP, and as a result, began consolidating the financial results of CRP. CRP is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal and most applicable state and local income tax purposes. As a partnership, CRP is not subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by CRP is passed through to and included in the taxable income or loss of its members, including the Company, on a pro rata basis. The Company is subject to U.S. federal income taxes, in addition to state and local income taxes with respect to its allocable share of any taxable income or loss of CRP, as well as any stand-alone income or loss generated by the Company. Income tax expenses and benefits included in the consolidated statements of operations are detailed below: (in thousands) Current taxes Federal State Deferred taxes Federal State Successor Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 $ — $ — $ — — — — (56,365) (3,075) (59,440) (26,713) (3,217) (29,930) — — — — — — — $ $ — — — — 406 406 406 Income tax benefit (expense) $ (59,440) $ (29,930) $ A reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax expense, which is calculated at the federal statutory rate of 21% in 2018 and 35% in 2017 and 2016, to the income tax expense from continuing operations provided for the periods presented, is as follows: (in thousands) Income tax benefit (expense) at the federal statutory rate State income tax benefit (expense) - net of federal income tax benefits Change in Federal tax rate (net of state benefit) Noncontrolling interest in partnership Equity based compensation Nondeductible expenses Change in valuation allowance Income tax benefit (expense) Successor Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 $ (57,157) $ (39,720) $ 3,145 $ (3,075) (2,788) — 2,696 (1,825) (79) 4,425 2,795 241 (31) 5,148 — — (273) — (4) (2,868) $ (59,440) $ (29,930) $ — $ — 406 — — — — — 406 The change in the Federal tax rate was due to the passage of Public Law No. 115-97, commonly referred to as the Jobs Act, which was enacted on December 22, 2017. The passage of this legislation resulted in the Company generating a deferred tax benefit primarily due to the reduction in the U.S. statutory rate from 35% to 21%. 96 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant positions of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities are presented below: (in thousands) Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards Capitalized intangible drilling cost Interest expense Equity-based compensation Other assets Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ 87,196 $ 29,159 6,023 3,366 282 126,026 88,968 5,137 — 2,631 288 97,024 Investment in Centennial Resource Production, LLC (188,193) (106,923) Net deferred tax asset (liability) $ (62,167) $ (9,899) During 2018 and 2017, in connection with the conversion of shares from a noncontrolling interest owner, a tax benefit was recorded in equity of $7.2 million and $20.0 million, respectively. For the period from October 11, 2016, through December 31, 2016 (Successor), equity was charged $5.6 million in connection with the issuance of shares to a non-controlling interest owner. No tax benefit was recorded in equity as a $2.0 million valuation allowance fully offset the tax benefit. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had approximately $417.4 million and $61.7 million of U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryovers, respectively, which expire variously from 2035 to 2037. The Company periodically assesses whether it is more-likely-than-not that it will generate sufficient taxable income to realize its deferred income tax assets, including interest limitations and net operating loss carry forwards. In making this determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence and makes certain assumptions. The Company considers, among other things, its deferred tax liabilities, the overall business environment, its historical earnings and losses, current industry trends, and its outlook for future years. Based on when the Company expects existing taxable differences to be realized, management determined that sufficient positive evidence exists as of December 31, 2018 to conclude that it is more-likely-than- not that our remaining deferred tax assets will be realized prior to their expiration. The calculation of the Company’s tax liabilities involves uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations. The Company gives financial statement recognition to those tax positions that it believes are more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon the examination by the Internal Revenue Service or other governmental agency. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not have any accrued liability for uncertain tax positions and does not anticipate recognition of any significant liabilities for uncertain tax positions during the next 12 months. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are reported in income tax expense. The Company is subject to the following material taxing jurisdictions: U.S., Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has no current tax years under audit. The Company remains subject to examination for federal income taxes and state income taxes for tax years 2015 through 2018. Note 13—Transactions with Related Parties Founder Shares On November 6, 2015, Riverstone purchased 11,500,000 shares of Class B Common Stock (the “founder shares”) from the Company, for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000, or approximately $0.002 per share. In February 2016, Riverstone transferred 40,000 founder shares to each of the Company’s then independent directors (together with Riverstone, the “initial stockholders”) at their original purchase price. On February 24, 2016, the Company effected a stock dividend of approximately 0.125 shares for each outstanding share of Class B Common Stock, resulting in the initial stockholders holding an aggregate of 12,937,000 founder shares. On April 8, 2016, following the expiration of the underwriters’ remaining over-allotment option in connection with the Company’s IPO, Riverstone forfeited 437,500 founder shares, so that the remaining 12,500,000 founder shares held by the initial stockholders would represent 20% of the Company’s then issued and outstanding shares of common stock. On October 11, 2016, all of the outstanding founder shares were automatically converted into shares of Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis in connection with the closing of the Business Combination. 97 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Private Placement Warrants On February 29, 2016, Riverstone purchased 8,000,000 Private Placement Warrants from the Company at a price of $1.50 per whole warrant ($12.0 million in the aggregate) in a private placement that occurred simultaneously with the closing of the Company’s IPO. Each whole Private Placement Warrant is exercisable for one whole share of Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share. A portion of the purchase price of the Private Placement Warrants was placed in the Company’s trust account along with the proceeds from its IPO. The Private Placement Warrants will expire at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on October 11, 2021, or earlier upon redemption or our liquidation. Additionally, the Private Placement Warrants are non-redeemable and exercisable on a cashless basis so long as they are held by Riverstone or its permitted transferees. If such Private Placement Warrants are not held by Riverstone or its permitted transferees, we may call the Private Placement Warrants for redemption, in whole and not in part, at a price of $0.01 per Private Placement Warrant, upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of such redemption to each holder if the reported last sale price of our Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30-day trading period ending three business days before we send the notice of redemption. Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of CRP In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, on October 11, 2016, the Company and the Centennial Contributors entered into CRP’s fifth amended and restated limited liability company agreement (as amended to date, the “A&R LLC Agreement”) to, among other things, set forth our rights and obligations as holders of common membership interests in CRP (the “CRP Common Units”). Under the A&R LLC Agreement, the Centennial Contributors generally have the right to cause CRP to redeem all or a portion of their CRP Common Units in exchange for shares of our Class A Common Stock or, at CRP’s option, an equivalent amount of cash; provided that we may, at our option, effect a direct exchange of cash or Class A Common Stock for such CRP Common Units in lieu of such a redemption by CRP. Upon the future redemption or exchange of CRP Common Units held by a Centennial Contributor, a corresponding number of shares of Class C Common Stock held by such Centennial Contribution will be canceled. The A&R LLC Agreement also includes provisions intended to ensure that we at all times maintain a one-to-one ratio between (a) the number of outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock and the number of CRP Common Units owned by us (subject to certain exceptions) and (b) the number of outstanding shares of our Class C Common Stock and the number of CRP Common Units owned by the Centennial Contributors. This construct is intended to result in the Centennial Contributors having a voting interest in the Company that is identical to the Centennial Contributors’ economic interest in CRP. Exchange Right On October 11, 2016, following the closing of the Business Combination, the Company issued 844,079 shares of its Class A Common Stock to an accredited investor at the direction of certain Centennial Contributors affiliated with such investor, in exchange for 844,079 CRP Common Units held by such Centennial Contributors. The exchange was affected in accordance with the A&R LLC Agreement. Upon the exchange of the CRP Common Units, the Company canceled 844,079 shares of its Class C Common Stock held by the Centennial Contributors. Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, on October 11, 2016, the Company entered into an amended and restated registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) with certain Riverstone entities, certain of its former and current directors and the Centennial Contributors, pursuant to which such parties are entitled to certain registration rights relating to the resale of certain securities held by them. In connection with the Registration Rights Agreement, the Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 that was declared effective on April 17, 2017. Subscription Agreements In connection with the Business Combination, on July 21, 2016, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with Riverstone, pursuant to which Riverstone purchased 81,005,000 shares of Class A Common Stock at the closing of the Business Combination for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $810.0 million. In connection with the Silverback Acquisition, on November 27, 2016, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with Riverstone, pursuant to which Riverstone agreed to purchase an aggregate of 3,473,590 shares of Class A Common Stock and 104,400 shares of Series B Preferred Stock at the closing for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $430.0 million. Pursuant to the terms thereof, the Series B Preferred Stock converted into 26,100,000 shares of Class A Common Stock on May 25, 2017. 98 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Customer and Supplier Relationships The Company obtains services related to its drilling and completion activities as well as gas processing from related parties from time to time. The Company believes that the terms of the arrangements with these related parties are no less favorable to either party than those held with unaffiliated parties. The costs incurred for such services are either included as part of oil and natural gas properties in the Consolidated Balance Sheet or as lease operating expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and the revenues received are included as oil and gas sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. There were no receivables or payables to related parties above as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The following table summarizes the costs incurred and revenues received for such services: (in thousands) Costs of goods/services provided Rockpile Energy Services, LLC (1) Permian Tank and Manufacturing, Inc. (2) Liberty Oilfield Services, LLC (2) Revenues from oil and gas sales Lucid Energy Delaware, LLC (2) For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ $ — $ — — — $ — 72,551 3,320 791 8,190 3,946 $ — $ — (1) This entity is an NGP affiliate. Beginning December 28, 2016, NGP and entities affiliated with NGP were no longer considered related parties of the Company, and any expenses incurred on or after December 28, 2016 with NGP or its affiliates are no longer classified as related party expenses. However, expenses incurred before December 28, 2016 with NGP or its affiliates were classified as related party expenses as NGP beneficially owned more than 10% of equity interest in the Company. (2) These entities are Riverstone affiliates. Riverstone and its affiliates, beneficially own more than 10% equity interest in the Company and are therefore considered related parties. Beginning November 1, 2016, Permian Tank Manufacturing, Inc. (“Permian”) was no longer considered a related party of the Company. Any goods/services acquired on or after November 1, 2016 from Permian are no longer classified as related party transactions. Note 14—Commitments and Contingencies Operating Leases and Other Contractual Commitments The following is a schedule of the Company’s future minimum payments with commitments that have initial or remaining non-cancelable contractual terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2018: (in thousands) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total Drilling rig commitments $ 43,036 $ 4,124 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 47,160 Office leases Water disposal agreements Purchase obligations Transportation agreements Total Drilling Rig Contracts 3,057 2,509 21,600 13,020 2,830 2,516 17,200 13,393 2,761 2,509 4,900 9,061 404 784 — 1,773 — 685 — — — 2,946 — — 9,052 11,949 43,700 37,247 $ 83,222 $ 40,063 $ 19,231 $ 2,961 $ 685 $ 2,946 $ 149,108 As of December 31, 2018, the Company had seven drilling rigs under contract and its obligations under these agreements are included in the above schedule. Early termination of these contracts would result in termination penalties of $25.8 million as of December 31, 2018, which would be paid in lieu of paying the remaining drilling commitments shown above. The Company recognized $61.6 million, $38.0 million, $1.0 million and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and the periods from October 11, 2016, through December 31, 2016, and January 1, 2016, through October 10, 2016, respectively, under these long-term contracts. These costs are initially capitalized as a component of oil and gas properties and either depleted in future periods or written off as exploration expense. 99 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Office Leases The Company leases office space in Colorado, Texas, and New Mexico. A portion of the Company’s leased office space is subleased to a third party; however, the offsetting rental income from the sublease is not reflected in the above table. The Company recognized rent expense of $1.9 million, $1.1 million, $0.1 million, and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and the periods from October 11, 2016, through December 31, 2016, and January 1, 2016, through October 10, 2016, respectively. Water Disposal Agreement The Company has water disposal agreements for contracted transportation and disposal of produced water from its operated wells. Under the terms of these agreements, Centennial is obligated to provide a minimum volume of produced water or else pay for any deficiencies at the prices stipulated in the contracts. The obligations reported above represent the minimum financial commitments pursuant to the terms of the contracts as of December 31, 2018. Actual expenditures under these contracts may exceed the minimum commitments presented above. The Company recognized water disposal costs of $14.9 million and $2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to its water disposal agreements. Purchase Obligations The Company has purchase agreements to buy frac sand, which is used in its well fracture completion process, for a term of three years. Under the terms of these agreements, Centennial is obligated to purchase a minimum volume of frac sand at a fixed sales price. The obligations included in the table above represent our minimum financial commitments pursuant to the terms of the contracts as of December 31, 2018. Actual expenditures under these contracts may exceed the minimum commitments presented above. Pursuant to the terms of one of the frac sand purchase agreements, the Company paid $13.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as a pre-payment for advanced purchases of frac sand of which $1.6 million and $4.6 million were capitalized as incurred in 2017 and 2018, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2018 the Company paid $9.7 million under these contracts which was capitalized as incurred during the year. Transportation and Gathering Agreements The Company has various natural gas transportation and gathering agreements whereby it is required to deliver approximately 489 million MMBtu, in aggregate, over a term ranging from one to four years or else pay any volume deficiencies. These delivery commitments are tied to the Company’s natural gas production; however, the Company is not required to deliver oil or gas specifically produced from any of the Company’s properties under these agreements. The obligations reported above represent the gross minimum financial commitments pursuant to the terms of these agreements as of December 31, 2018. Actual expenditures under these contracts may exceed the minimum commitment amounts presented above. The Company paid transportation and gathering costs of $3.7 million and $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to these agreements. The following table summarizes the natural gas volumes the Company is required to deliver by period under these agreements: Period January 2019 - December 2019 January 2020 - December 2020 January 2021 - December 2021 January 2022 - October 2022 Total Total Volume Commitments (MMBtu) (1) Daily Volume Commitments (MMBtu/d) (1) 116,800,000 194,800,000 158,100,000 19,700,000 489,400,000 320,000 533,600 433,200 64,800 (1) The amounts reflected within this table are the total gross volumes the Company is required to deliver per the agreements. These volumetric quantities are therefore not comparable to the Company’s net production presented in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation as the amounts therein are reflected net of all royalties, overriding royalties and production due to others. 100 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Delivery Commitments In August 2018, the Company entered into two firm crude oil sales agreements with large integrated oil companies. Utilizing these companies’ existing transport capacity out of the Permian Basin, the agreements provide for firm gross sales ranging from approximately 30,000 to 105,000 Bbls/d in aggregate over the next six years. These sales agreements only require the Company to physically deliver 30,000 Bbls/d of the aforementioned volumes of crude oil during the contractual years 2020 through 2024, which if not met, would result in a financial obligation. Failure to deliver the remainder of the committed volumes of crude oil under these agreements could result in a reduction of contractual volumes at the purchasers discretion in accordance with the terms of the agreements. In 2018, the Company entered into firm gas sales agreements, which provide for firm gross sales ranging from approximately 40,000 to 90,000 MMBtu/d in aggregate over the next four years. These sales agreements do not require the Company to physically deliver the aforementioned volumes of natural gas over the contractual terms of the agreements. However, if the firm commitments are not met and the purchaser incurs financial damages, the Company may be required to pay for differences between the contracted prices and current market prices for replacement volumes bought by the purchaser and the purchaser may also require the Company to provide additional financial guaranty in accordance with the terms of the agreements. The amounts discussed above represent the total gross volumes the Company is required to deliver per the agreements, which are not comparable to the Company’s net production presented in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation as amounts therein are reflected net of all royalties, overriding royalties and production due to others. The Company believes its current production and reserves are sufficient to fulfill the physical delivery commitments; however, the Company is not required to deliver oil or gas specifically produced from any of the Company’s properties under these agreements. Further, if the Company’s production is not sufficient to satisfy the firm delivery commitments, the Company believes it can purchase sufficient volumes in the market at index-related prices to satisfy its commitments. The aggregate amount of any such potential financial obligation under these contracts is not determinable since the amount and timing of any volumetric shortfalls, as well as the difference between the prevailing market price and contract price at such time, cannot be predicted with accuracy. Contingencies The Company may at times be subject to various commercial or regulatory claims, litigation or other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. While the outcome of these lawsuits and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes it is remote that the impact of such matters that are reasonably possible to occur will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Management is unaware of any pending litigation brought against the Company requiring the reserve of a contingent liability as of the date of these consolidated financial statements. Note 15—Revenues Revenue from Contracts with Customers Sales of crude oil and natural gas are recognized at the point control of the product is transferred to the customer and collectability is reasonably assured. Virtually all of the Company’s contract pricing provisions are tied to a market index, with certain adjustments based on, among other factors, transportation costs to an active spot market and quality differentials. As a result, the price of oil, natural gas, and NGLs fluctuates to remain competitive with other available oil, natural gas, and NGLs supplies both globally (in the case of crude oil) and locally. 101 CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Oil and gas revenues presented within the Consolidated Statements of Operations relate to the sale of oil, natural gas and NGLs as shown below: Operating revenues (in thousands): Oil sales Natural gas sales NGL sales Oil and gas sales Oil sales Successor Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 $ 709,813 $ 336,931 62,325 118,907 48,868 44,103 891,045 $ 429,902 24,313 3,449 1,955 29,717 59,787 6,045 3,284 69,116 The Company’s crude oil sales contracts are generally structured whereby oil is delivered to the purchaser at a contractually agreed-upon delivery point at which the purchaser takes title of the product. This delivery point is usually at the wellhead or at the inlet of a transportation pipeline. Revenue is recognized when control transfers to the purchaser at the delivery point based on the net price received from the purchaser. Any downstream transportation costs incurred by crude purchasers are reflected as a net reduction to oil sales revenues. Natural gas and NGL sales Under certain natural gas processing contracts, liquids rich natural gas is delivered to a midstream processing entity at the inlet of the gas plant processing system. The midstream processing entity gathers and processes the natural gas and remits proceeds to Centennial for the resulting sales of NGLs and residue gas. For these contracts, the Company evaluates when control is transferred and revenue should be recognized. Where the Company has concluded that control transfers at the tailgate of the processing facility, fees incurred prior to transfer of control are presented as gathering, processing and transportation expenses (“GP&T”) within the Consolidated Statements of Operations, rather than as a net reduction to natural gas and NGL sales. In the Company’s other natural gas processing agreements, it has the election to take its residue gas ‘in-kind’ at the tailgate of the midstream processing plant and then subsequently market the product. For these contracts, the Company recognizes revenue when control transfers to purchasers at delivery points downstream of the processing plant. The gathering, processing and compression fees are presented as GP&T, and any transportation and fractionation costs incurred subsequent to the point of transfer of control are reflected as a net reduction to natural gas and NGL sales revenues presented in the table above. Performance obligations For all commodity products, the Company records revenue in the month production is delivered to the purchaser. Settlement statements for certain natural gas and NGL sales may not be received for 30 to 90 days after the date production volumes are delivered and for crude oil, generally within 30 days after delivery has occurred. However, payment is unconditional once the performance obligations have been satisfied. At this time, the volume and price can be reasonably estimated and amounts due from customers are accrued in Accounts receivable, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, such receivable balances were $67.0 million and $52.9 million, respectively. The Company records any differences between its estimates and the actual amounts received for product sales in the month that payment is received from the purchaser. Historically, any identified differences between revenue estimates and actual revenue received have not been significant. For the year ended December 31, 2018, revenue recognized in the reporting period related to performance obligations satisfied in prior reporting periods was not material. Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations For the Company’s product sales that have a contract term greater than one year, the Company has utilized the practical expedient in ASC Topic 606 which states the Company is not required to disclose the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations if the variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation. Under these sales contracts, monthly sales of a product generally represent a separate performance obligation; therefore, future commodity volumes to be delivered and sold are wholly unsatisfied and disclosure of the transaction price allocated to such unsatisfied performance obligations is not required. 102 Supplemental Information About Oil & Natural Gas Producing Activities (Unaudited) Capitalized Costs The aggregate amounts of costs capitalized for oil and gas exploration and development activities and the related amounts of accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization are shown below: (in thousands) Proved properties Unproved properties Total proved and unproved properties Accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization Net capitalized costs Costs Incurred For Oil and Natural Gas Producing Activities December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ $ 2,895,280 $ 1,680,065 4,575,345 (496,900) 4,078,445 $ 1,602,002 1,952,680 3,554,682 (173,906) 3,380,776 The costs incurred in the Company’s oil and gas production, exploration, and development activities are displayed in the table below and include costs whether capitalized or expensed as well as revisions and additions to the estimated future asset retirement obligations. (in thousands) Acquisition costs: Proved properties Unproved properties Development costs Exploration costs Total Successor Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 $ 39,731 $ 54,550 $ 561,251 $ 173,519 933,639 9,968 350,567 585,866 21,542 1,905,660 44,602 1,468 16,386 39,399 53,512 920 $ 1,156,857 $ 1,012,525 $ 2,512,981 $ 110,217 Estimated Quantities of Proved Oil and Gas Reserves The reserve estimates presented below were made in accordance with GAAP requirements for disclosures about oil and natural gas producing activities and SEC Regulation S-X for oil and natural gas reporting reserves estimation and disclosure. The Company retained Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc., an independent petroleum engineering firm, to prepare the estimates of all of its proved reserves as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. The individuals performing reserves estimates possess professional qualifications and demonstrate competency in reserves estimation and evaluation. The estimates of proved reserves are inherently imprecise and are continually subject to revision based on production history, results of additional exploration and development, price changes and other factors. Reserve estimates are based on an unweighted arithmetic average of commodity prices during the 12-month period, using the closing prices on the first day of each month, as defined by the SEC. The following prices, as adjusted for transportation, quality, and basis differentials, were used in the calculation of the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows (“standardized measure”): Oil (per Bbl) Gas (per Mcf) NGLs (per Bbl) Successor Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 $ 58.71 $ 48.43 $ 2.45 31.20 2.74 25.92 $ 38.49 0.98 14.59 36.98 1.24 13.28 103 As of December 31, 2018, all of the Company’s oil and gas reserves are attributable to properties within the United States. The table below presents a summary of changes in quantities of proved oil and gas reserves in the Company’s estimated proved reserves: Crude Oil (MBbls) Natural Gas (MMcf) Natural Gas Liquids (MBbls) Total (MBoe)(1) Total proved reserves: Balance - January 1, 2016 (Predecessor) Extensions and discoveries Revisions to previous estimates Purchases of reserves in place Production Balance - October 11, 2016 (Predecessor) Extensions and discoveries Revisions to previous estimates Purchases of reserves in place Production Balance - December 31, 2016 (Successor) Extensions and discoveries Revisions to previous estimates Purchases of reserves in place Divestitures of reserves in place Production Balance - December 31, 2017 (Successor) Extensions and discoveries Revisions to previous estimates Purchases of reserves in place Divestitures of reserves in place Production Balance - December 31, 2018 (Successor) Proved developed reserves: December 31, 2015 October 11, 2016 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2018 Proved undeveloped reserves: December 31, 2015 October 11, 2016 December 31, 2016 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2018 23,199 5,851 1,025 1,600 (1,584) 30,091 7,063 184 9,651 (523) 46,466 47,870 10,751 3,211 (371) (6,994) 100,933 64,159 (12,429) 3,573 (791) (12,679) 142,766 9,347 11,346 14,551 41,786 63,317 13,852 18,745 31,914 59,147 79,449 32,442 6,410 (1,521) 2,130 (2,660) 36,801 12,219 16,445 83,992 (1,113) 148,344 174,458 16,154 6,822 (812) (17,754) 327,212 179,052 (74,781) 7,455 (4,379) (31,707) 402,852 12,711 14,973 42,190 126,065 180,542 19,731 21,828 106,154 201,147 222,310 3,851 773 (110) 245 (253) 4,506 1,225 983 5,152 (96) 11,770 17,465 3,114 435 (120) (1,678) 30,986 23,937 770 1,012 (455) (4,332) 51,918 1,603 1,927 3,618 12,133 23,093 2,248 2,579 8,152 18,853 28,825 32,457 7,692 662 2,200 (2,280) 40,731 10,325 3,906 28,802 (805) 82,959 94,411 16,556 4,784 (626) (11,630) 186,454 117,938 (24,123) 5,827 (1,975) (22,295) 261,826 13,068 15,769 25,200 74,929 116,500 19,389 24,962 57,759 111,525 145,326 (1) Calculated by converting natural gas to oil equivalent barrels at a ratio of six Mcf of natural gas to one Bbl of oil. 104 Notable changes in proved reserves for the year ended December 31, 2018 included the following: • Extensions and discoveries. In 2018, total extensions and discoveries of 117.9 MMBoe were primarily attributable to increased drilling activity as a result of the Company’s seven-rig drilling program effective throughout the year. These additions include 90.0 MMBoe in new PUD locations, primarily in the Upper Wolfcamp A, and 27.9 MMBoe in the conversion of unproved locations to PDP wells. • Revisions to previous estimates. In 2018, revisions to previous estimates were 24.1 MMBoe and mainly consist of negative revisions to PUD locations of 20.3 MMBoe. Of these PUD revisions, the majority related to locations that were reclassified to unproven reserves due to them no longer being a part of our active development program. In addition, 1.4 MMBoe of reserves were removed for locations no longer expected to be developed within five years of their initial recording in accordance with SEC rules. • Purchases of reserves in place. In 2018, purchases of reserves of 5.8 MMBoe was primarily attributable to asset acquisitions discussed in Note 3—Property Acquisitions and Divestitures. Notable changes in proved reserves for the year ended December 31, 2017 included the following: • Extensions and discoveries. In 2017, total extensions and discoveries of 94.4 MMBoe were primarily attributable to increased drilling activity as a result of the Company’s six-rig drilling program effective throughout the year. These additions include 66.6 MMBoe in new PUD locations and 27.8 MMBoe in the conversion of unproved locations to PDP wells primarily in the Upper Wolfcamp A zone. • Revisions to previous estimates. In 2017, revisions to previous estimates of 16.6 MMBoe are composed of positive revisions of 26.4 MMBoe primarily relating to adjustments to PUD well locations scheduled to be drilled at longer lateral lengths as well as additional positive performance revisions attributable to more wells drilled with longer lateral lengths in 2017. These positive revisions were partially offset by 9.8 MMBoe of negative revisions associated with PUD reclassification to unproven reserves as they are no longer expected to be developed within the five years of their initial recording in accordance with SEC rules. • Purchases of reserves in place. In 2017, purchases of reserves of 4.8 MMBoe was primarily attributable to the GMT Acquisition in June. Refer to Note 3—Property Acquisitions and Divestitures for further details. Notable changes in proved reserves for the period from October 11, 2016 to December 31, 2016 included the following: • Extensions and discoveries. During the period, total extensions and discoveries were primarily attributable to 10.3 MMBoe proved reserves added as a result of drilling activity. • Revisions to previous estimates. During the period, revisions to previous estimates were primarily attributable to 3.9 MMBoe due to improved results in completion techniques and adjustments of natural gas and NGL treatment through the gas plants. • Purchases of reserves in place. During the period, purchases of proved reserves primarily attributable to the acquisition of 28.8 MMBoe as a result of Silverback Acquisition in December 2016. Refer to Note 3—Property Acquisitions and Divestitures for further details. Notable changes in proved reserves for the period from January 1, 2016 to October 10, 2016 included the following: • Extensions and discoveries. During the period, total extensions and discoveries were primarily attributable to 7.7 MMBoe proved reserves added as a result of drilling activity. • Revisions to previous estimates. During the period, revisions to previous estimates were primarily attributable to 0.7 MMBoe due to positive performance revisions. • Purchases of reserves in place. During the period, purchases of reserves primarily attributable 2.2 MMBoe of proved reserves in the Reeves County, Texas. Refer to Note 3—Property Acquisitions and Divestitures for further details. 105 Standardized Measure of Discounted Future Net Cash Flows As required by FASB ASC Topic 932, Extractive Activities - Oil and Gas, the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows is computed by applying first-day-of-the-month average prices, year-end costs and legislated tax rates and a discount factor of 10 percent to net proved reserves. The standardized measure includes costs for future dismantlement, abandonment and rehabilitation obligations. Future income tax expenses are calculated by applying appropriate year-end tax rates to future pretax net cash flows relating to proved oil and natural gas reserves, less the tax basis of properties involved. Future income tax expenses give effect to permanent differences, tax credits and loss carryforwards relating to the proved oil and natural gas reserves. This calculation does not necessarily result in an estimate of the fair value of the Company’s oil and gas properties. The following table presents the Company’s standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows: (in thousands) Future cash inflows Future development costs Future production costs Future income tax expenses Future net cash flows Successor Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 $ 10,989,064 $ 6,586,516 $ 2,105,585 $ 1,217,641 (1,548,551) (880,767) (3,313,981) (2,233,266) (1,027,976) 5,098,556 (542,587) 2,929,896 (482,162) (640,306) (136,587) 846,530 (471,438) (297,559) (413,410) (5,614) 501,058 (291,345) 209,713 10% discount to reflect timing of cash flows (2,618,705) (1,426,570) Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows $ 2,479,851 $ 1,503,326 $ 375,092 $ The following summarizes the principal sources of change in the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows: (in thousands) Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows, beginning of period Sales of oil, natural gas and NGLs, net of production costs Purchase of minerals in place Divestiture of minerals in place Extensions and discoveries, net of future development costs Previously estimated development costs incurred during the period Net change in prices and production costs Change in estimated future development costs Revisions of previous quantity estimates Accretion of discount Net change in income taxes Net change in timing of production and other Standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows, end of period Successor Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 Predecessor January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 $ 1,503,326 $ 375,092 $ 209,713 $ 135,069 (693,585) (331,134) 61,137 (17,516) 56,658 (4,607) 1,213,206 842,756 380,452 532,702 (145,048) (155,943) 174,806 (254,873) (118,813) 139,246 281,026 (60,301) 253,399 42,753 (156,574) 65,012 (22,354) 127,842 — 55,825 10,891 (978) 571 20,190 4,753 (47,990) 16,629 (49,801) 10,145 — 46,438 11,743 6,661 28,998 3,673 11,319 (1,568) 7,036 $ 2,479,851 $ 1,503,326 $ 375,092 $ 209,713 106 Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) (in thousands) 2018 Operating revenues Operating expenses Income (loss) from operations Other income (expense) Income tax (expense) benefit Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders Income (loss) per share of Class A Common Stock: Basic Diluted (in thousands) 2017 Operating revenues Operating expenses Income (loss) from operations Other income (expense) Income tax (expense) benefit Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders Income (loss) per share of Class A Common Stock: Basic Diluted Quarters Ended March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 $ 215,898 $ 217,763 $ 234,880 $ 128,031 87,867 2,042 (19,137) 66,090 141,092 76,671 10,751 (19,940) 63,541 165,514 69,366 (16,040) (11,652) 39,288 222,504 173,693 48,811 (7,292) (8,711) 30,980 $ $ 0.25 0.25 $ 0.24 0.24 $ 0.15 0.15 0.12 0.12 March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 Quarters Ended $ 61,097 $ 91,064 $ 111,611 $ 53,905 7,192 3,515 — 9,823 67,810 23,254 9,013 (9,069) 20,762 85,066 26,545 (2,052) (8,233) 14,447 166,130 117,841 48,289 (2,271) (12,628) 30,536 $ $ 0.04 0.04 $ 0.09 0.09 $ 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.12 107 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Control and Procedures In accordance with Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15, the Company has evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2018. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed in reports that the Company files under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Based upon that evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2018 at the reasonable assurance level. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, using the criteria in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, management believes that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. This Annual Report includes an attestation report of KPMG LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, which is included in this Annual Report. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in the system of internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and Rule 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 108 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information required in response to this item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement for the 2019 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required in response to this item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement for the 2019 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required in response to this item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement for the 2019 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. 109 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required in response to this item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement for the 2019 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The information required in response to this item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement for the 2019 annual meeting of stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference. 110 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SCHEDULES PART IV (a)(1) The following financial statements are included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report: Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the periods October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the periods October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016, and January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and the period October 10, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and the Consolidated Statements of Owners’ Equity for the period January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the periods from October 11, 2016 through December 31, 2016 and January 1, 2016 through October 10, 2016 (2) Financial statement schedules—None (3) Exhibits: Exhibit Number Description of Exhibits Page 69 70 71 73 76 2.1 Contribution Agreement, dated as of July 6, 2016, as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto, dated as of July 29, 2016, among Centennial Resource Development, LLC, NGP Centennial Follow-On LLC, Celero Energy Company, LP, Centennial Resource Production, LLC and New Centennial, LLC (incorporated by reference to Annex A of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement filed with the SEC on September 23, 2016). 2.2 Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of November 21, 2016, by and among SB RS Holdings, LLC, Silverback Exploration, LLC and Silverback Operating, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-215621) filed with the SEC on January 19, 2017). 2.3 Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of April 28, 2017, by and between GMT Exploration Company LLC and Centennial Resource Production, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 1, 2017). 3.1 Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 11, 2016). 3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 7, 2016). 3.3 Fifth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Centennial Resource Production, LLC dated as of October 11, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 11, 2016). 3.4 Amendment No. 1 to Fifth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Centennial Resource Production, LLC dated as of December 28, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 29, 2016). 3.5 Amendment No. 2 to Fifth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Centennial Resource Production, LLC dated as of March 20, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 23, 2017). 3.6 Amendment No. 3 to Fifth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Centennial Resource Production, LLC dated as of June 15, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.6 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 6, 2018). 4.1 Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-209140) filed with the SEC on January 27, 2016). 4.2 Specimen Warrant Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-209140) filed with the SEC on January 27, 2016). 4.3 Warrant Agreement between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company and the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 29, 2016). 4.4 Certificate of Designation of Series A Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 11, 2016). 4.5 Indenture, dated as of November 30, 2017, by and among Centennial Resource Production, LLC, the subsidiary guarantors named therein and UMB Bank, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on December 5, 2017). 111 10.1 Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement among the Registrant and certain stockholders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 11, 2016). 10.2 Sponsor Warrants Purchase Agreement, dated February 23, 2016, between the Registrant and Silver Run Sponsor, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 29, 2016). 10.3 Form of Indemnity Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-209140) filed with the SEC on January 27, 2016). 10.4 Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of May 4, 2018, among Centennial Resource Production, LLC, as borrower, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 8, 2018). 10.5 Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of August 2, 2018, by and between Centennial Resource Production, LLC and BP Products North America Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 6, 2018). 10.6 Crude Oil Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of August 31, 2018, by and between Centennial Resource Production, LLC and ExxonMobil Oil Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 4, 2018). 10.7# Centennial Resource Development, Inc. 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 11, 2016). 10.8# Form of Stock Option Agreement under the Centennial Resource Development, Inc. 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 11, 2016). 10.9# Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Centennial Resource Development, Inc. 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 11, 2016). 10.10# Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the Centennial Resource Development, Inc. 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 11, 2016). 10.11# Form of Performance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Centennial Resource Development, Inc. 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 26, 2018). 10.12# Form of Performance Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the Centennial Resource Development, Inc. 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 6, 2018). 10.13# Centennial Resource Development, Inc. Severance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 2, 2018). 10.14# Centennial Resource Development, Inc. Non-Employee Director Compensation Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 8, 2018). 10.15# Amended and Restated Centennial Resource Development, Inc. Non-Employee Director Compensation Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 6, 2018). 21.1 Subsidiaries of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 of Centennial Resource Development, Inc. (Registration No. 333-214355) filed with the SEC on October 31, 2016). 23.1* Consent of KPMG LLP. 23.2* Consent of Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc. 31.1* Certification of the Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a). 31.2* Certification of the Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a). 32.1* Certification of the Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. 1350. 32.2* Certification of the Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and 18 U.S.C. 1350. 99.1 Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc., Summary of Reserves at December 31, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 23, 2017). 99.2 Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc., Summary of Reserves at December 31, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.3 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 26, 2018). 99.3* Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc., Summary of Reserves at December 31, 2018. 101.INS* XBRL Instance Document. 101.SCH* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. 101.CAL* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. 101.DEF* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. 101.LAB* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. 112 101.PRE* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. * Filed herewith. # Management contract or compensatory plan or agreement. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 113 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereto duly authorized. SIGNATURES CENTENNIAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT, INC. By: /s/ GEORGE S. GLYPHIS George S. Glyphis Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Assistant Secretary Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1934, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature /s/ MARK G. PAPA Mark G. Papa /s/ GEORGE S. GLYPHIS George S. Glyphis /s/ BRENT P. JENSEN Brent P. Jensen /s/ MAIRE A. BALDWIN Maire A. Baldwin /s/ KARL E. BANDTEL Karl E. Bandtel /s/ MATTHEW G. HYDE Matthew G. Hyde /s/ PIERRE F. LAPEYRE, JR. Pierre F. Lapeyre, Jr. /s/ DAVID M. LEUSCHEN David M. Leuschen /s/ JEFFREY H. TEPPER Jeffrey H. Tepper /s/ ROBERT M. TICHIO Robert M. Tichio /s/ TONY R. WEBER Tony R. Weber Title Date Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) February 25, 2019 Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Assistant Secretary (Principal Financial Officer) February 25, 2019 Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) February 25, 2019 Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 114 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS Directors Mark G. Papa Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board Executive Officers Mark G. Papa Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board Maire A. Baldwin#+ Lead Independent Director Compensation Committee Chairperson Sean R. Smith Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Karl E. Bandtel#! Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Chairperson George S. Glyphis Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Matthew G. Hyde! Pierre F. Lapeyre, Jr. David M. Leuschen Jeffrey H. Tepper#+ Audit Committee Chairperson Robert M. Tichio Tony R. Weber+! # Audit Committee Member + Compensation Committee Member ! Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Member Brent P. Jensen Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer Davis O. O’Connor Vice President and General Counsel Other Officers Matt R. Garrison Vice President of Geosciences Sean W. Marshall Vice President of Land Kathleen M. Phillips Vice President of Human Resources Clayton T. Smith Vice President of Operations Jeff B. Thompson Vice President of Reservoir Engineering William A. Weidig Vice President of Finance and Treasurer Company Information Annual Meeting The Annual Meeting will be held at 10:00 am Central Time on May 1, 2019, at the Sugar Land Marriott Town Square located at: 16090 City Walk Sugar Land, Texas 77479 Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm KPMG LLP Registrar and Stock Transfer Agent Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company Investor Relations Hays Mabry (832) 240-3265 ir@cdevinc.com Company Headquarters Centennial Resource Development, Inc. 1001 17th Street, Suite 1800 Denver, CO 80202 (720) 499-1400 info@cdevinc.com www.cdevinc.com Ticker CDEV Stock Exchange Listing NASDAQ Capital Market AREAS OF OPERATION New Mexico Lea County DELAWARE BASIN BASIN OPERATING AREA Reeves County Texas Centennial Resource Development, Inc. 1001 17th Street Suite 1800 Denver, CO 80202 (720) 499-1400 info@cdevinc.com www.cdevinc.com 

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