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Charter Communications® 2 0 1 5 A N N U A L R E P O R T ® A Fortune 500 company and one of the nation’s largest cable operators, Charter Communications, Inc. provides advanced TV, Internet and Voice services to more than 6 million homes and businesses across 28 states. We connect our customers to the world through a superior high-capacity network, advanced technologies and the unwavering commitment of our approximately 24,000 employees to deliver outstanding service. Charter currently offers advanced cloud-based cable television, Video On Demand titles, fully-featured telephone service and Internet speeds that are among the nation’s fastest. Our commercial services unit, Spectrum Business™, provides scalable, tailored and cost-effective communica- tions solutions to businesses of all sizes, including Internet access, data networking, business telephone, video/music entertainment services and wireless backhaul. Spectrum Reach™ provides a full range of innovative advertising sales and production services. Charter is headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut and trades on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol CHTR. For more information, please visit Charter.com. TV INTERNET VOICE (cid:2) Over 200 HD channels available, more than satellite (cid:2)(cid:3)Enjoy TV on your schedule with instant access to thousands of On Demand movies and shows (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:3)The fastest Internet speeds starting at 60Mbps, 20x faster than DSL (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:3)Connect to multiple devices at the same time without annoying slowdowns (cid:2)(cid:3)Watch over 170 live (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:3)No data caps or TV channels anywhere in your home on your portable devices with the Spectrum TV App extra fees (cid:2)(cid:3)Reliable Voice service with no added fees like the phone company charges (cid:2)(cid:3)No counting minutes with unlimited calling in the U.S., Canada, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Virgin Islands (cid:2)(cid:3)Includes voicemail and many popular calling features 1 MAKI N G O U R S PEC TRU M PRO DU C TS E VEN B E T TER New Spectrum Guide™ We introduced our cloud-based Spectrum Guide which allows TV customers to browse, search and watch their favorite movies, shows and On Demand content easily, quickly and intuitively. Spectrum TV App Enhancements With the Spectrum TV App, customers can watch over 170 live channels anywhere in their homes on their mobile devices. Now, with Download To Go through the Spectrum TV App, customers can download their favorite movies and shows to watch wherever they are, even without an Internet connection. Spectrum TV App on Roku® Spectrum TV App made its debut on Roku®, giving customers another way to enjoy Spectrum TV. Spectrum WiFi We began the roll out of Spectrum WiFi which provides unlimited Internet access for customers when they are outside of the home. Now, customers can stay connected wherever they are and without incurring expensive data charges. New Spectrum.net The launch of Spectrum.net provides a superior online experience for our customers. With an improved layout, customers can easily access their email, Voice Online Manager and electronic billing. Plus, with enhanced self-help capabilities, customers can find the support they need. D e a r S h a re h o ld e r s , “ Charter Spectrum, our advanced and high-value product suite, has made Charter the fastest growing cable company in the United States today. THOMAS M. RUTLEDGE President and Chief Executive Officer ” Our core strategy, to deliver superior products at highly compet- itive prices, combined with outstanding service, continues to drive Charter’s strong operating and financial momentum. And that momen- tum continues to improve, as Charter Spectrum®, our advanced and high-value product suite, has made Charter the fastest grow- ing cable company in the United States today. Looking forward, we intend to apply the same customer-focused strategy that has worked so well at Charter, to drive growth across the broader foot- print we will manage, following the close of our transactions with Time Warner Cable Inc. and Bright House Networks, LLC. The success of our consumer-focused strategy and the increasing value we provide to our customers is reflected in our 2015 per- formance metrics. We finished 2015 with 6.7 million residential and SMB (small and medium-sized business) customers, increasing our customer base by 6%. We grew revenue by 7.1% and our Adjusted EBITDA, excluding transactions transition costs, grew by 8.5%. Our Adjusted EBITDA growth continues to exceed our revenue performance, highlighting the cost benefits of providing high-quality service. That EBITDA growth, combined with declining capital intensity, is driving greater free cash flow. Charter gener- ated approximately $550 million of free cash flow in 2015, more than double the amount of free cash flow we generated in 2014. 3 In video, our total customer base grew by 11,000 relationships in 2015, compared to a loss of 78,000 last year. This is the first time in more than a decade that Charter has added video customers during any 12-month period. Driving that growth is an improved video offering, with more HD than satellite, VOD and interactive guide functionality on every device, backed by high-quality US-based customer service. We also continued to grow our Internet business in 2015, growing our residential Internet customer base by nearly 450,000 or 9%. Our low-cost, high-speed Internet offering provides great value to consumers, whether purchased inside one of our bundles or on a standalone basis. At year end, nearly 90% of our residential Internet customers subscribed to Internet service that provided speeds of 60 Mbps or more. We continue to be an industry leader in Internet customer growth by offering high speeds at low price points, with no data caps, no usage-based billing, and no modem rental fees. And in commercial, we also continued to drive accelerating cus- tomer growth. We separated our SMB and enterprise segments early last year, and launched new pricing and packaging to both marketplaces. We are seeing the results we expected with SMB pri- mary service unit growth accelerating by 30% in 2015. We enter 2016 with three key priorities: executing on our core cus- tomer growth strategy, making the Spectrum product set even better, and closing and integrating the pending Time Warner Cable and Bright House transactions. We remain focused on growing our business by increasing long- lasting customer relationships. We grow loyal customer relation- ships by going to market with a simple, high-quality product set— Charter Spectrum—which we offer at very affordable prices. We hire, train and manage our employees, creating a skilled labor force that provides a better service experience to our customers. Today, nearly 90% of our customer calls are handled onshore and in-house, and 95% of our service truck rolls are in-house. We are taking steps to make our Spectrum products even better, and will be rolling out our new cloud-based Spectrum Guide in 2016. The Guide’s more intuitive and feature-rich user interface improves both video search and discovery, fully enables our On Demand offering, and allows us to include Internet video in the guide which enhances the value of our service. It turns every TV into a connected Smart TV, and it allows us to integrate third-party video services, including over-the-top providers, such as YouTube®, Netflix®, and Hulu®—giving consumers the ability 4 REVENUE IN MILLIONS 7% INCREASE 4 5 7 9 $ , 8 0 1 , 9 $ 9 1 4 8 $ , 2013 2014 2015 Pro forma for certain acquisitions as if they occurred on January 1, 2013. ADJUSTED EBITDA IN MILLIONS 7% INCREASE 6 0 4 3 $ , 0 9 1 , 3 $ 8 4 9 2 $ , 2013 2014 2015 See Use of Non GAAP Financial Measures on page F-50 of this Annual Report. Pro forma for certain acquisitions as if they occurred on January 1, 2013. RESIDENTIAL & SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESS CUSTOMERS(1) IN THOUSANDS 6% INCREASE 2 2 3 6 , 6 3 9 5 , 4 7 6 6 , 2013 2014 2015 (1) 2013 customer data represents prior reporting methodology. to search and view all the content they are interested in, without changing consumer-owned hardware or devices. Our initial Spectrum Guide launches are working and scaling well, and customers are responding positively. Over the course of 2016, we will also expand our On Demand library with thousands of additional titles, and we will continue to improve our capabilities on additional devices with more live, On Demand and download to go content. And, in Internet, we are beginning rollouts of Spectrum WiFi, which provides unlimited Internet access to our residential customers when they are outside the home through hotspots. Finally, we have made good progress on our transactions with Time Warner Cable and Bright House, which will bring significant benefits to all of our stakeholders. For consumers, these transactions will mean better products at better prices, with high-quality service. For our employees and vendors, our new company will offer greater opportunities, as we grow our business, develop new products and compete in new lines of business. And for shareholders, our trans- actions will create a new entity with greater scale, an enhanced footprint, new revenue and product innovation opportunities, and significant cost savings and tax benefits—all of which will lead to faster customer growth, greater financial growth, and significant long-term value. Our transactions financing and integration plans are in place and we are prepared to bring Charter’s value-rich product offering and customer-focused approach to the new footprint. We look forward to closing shortly, so that we can provide these benefits to the communities we will serve. I would like to thank all of our employees for their dedication and hard work in bringing our highly-competitive consumer-friendly products to market, and in preparing Charter for the integration of our expanded footprint. To our investors—we appreciate your continued support. We are well-positioned to drive greater growth for our company and create additional value for our shareholders. Best Regards, Thomas M. Rutledge President and Chief Executive Officer Charter Communications 5 B EN EFITS O F TR AN SAC TIO N S WITH TI M E WAR N ER C AB LE A N D B R I G HT H O U S E N E T WO R KS (cid:2) Accelerate growth by building on Time Warner Cable’s momentum and Charter’s operating strategy (cid:2) Greater scale and an enhanced footprint increase competitiveness and innovation (cid:2) Cost synergies along with levered and tax efficient equity returns (cid:2) A win for consumers and commercial customers (cid:2) Significant benefits for employees and vendors C U R R ENT C HARTER FOOTPR I NT N E W C H A RTER FOOTP R I NT Charter Today Charter Today Time Warner Cable Bright House Networks O p e ratin g S u m m a r y Financial Information For the year ended December 31, (in millions, except ARPU data) Revenue Adjusted EBITDA* Income from operations Actual free cash flow* Capital expenditures Revenue per customer relationship Operating Statistics Approximate as of December 31, (in thousands, except penetration data) Customers: Residential customer relationships Small and Medium Business customer relationships (cid:16)(cid:16)Total customer relationships % Residential non-video customer relationships Single Play Penetration Double Play Penetration Triple Play Penetration Primary Service Units: Residential (cid:16)Video (cid:16)Internet (cid:16)Phone (cid:16)Residential primary service units Small and Medium Business (cid:16)Video (cid:16)Internet (cid:16)Phone (cid:16)Small and Medium Business primary service units Video: (cid:16)Estimated video passings (cid:16)Video penetration of estimated video passings Internet: (cid:16)Estimated Internet passings (cid:16)Internet penetration of estimated Internet passings Voice: (cid:16)Estimated voice passings (cid:16)Voice penetration of estimated voice passings *See use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on page F- 50 of this Annual Report. 8 2015 2014 $ 9,754 $ 3,406 $ 1,114 $ 547 $ 1,840 $ 110.58 $ 9,108 $ 3,190 971 $ $ 171 $ 2,221 $ 107.60 2015 2014 6,284 390 6,674 31.2% 39.1% 28.5% 32.4% 5,990 332 6,322 27.8% 39.2% 28.8% 32.0% 4,322 5,227 2,598 4,324 4,785 2,439 12,147 11,548 108 345 218 671 95 290 177 562 12,783 34.7% 12,740 34.7% 12,515 44.5% 12,465 40.7% 12,062 23.3% 12,005 21.8% UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 ______________ FORM 10-K ______________ (Mark One) ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 or TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Transition Period From to Commission File Number: 001-33664 Charter Communications, Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware 43-1857213 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 400 Atlantic Street Stamford, Connecticut 06901 (203) 905-7801 (Address of principal executive offices including zip code) (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Name of Exchange which registered Class A Common Stock, $.001 Par Value NASDAQ Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrants have submitted electronically and posted on their corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrants were required to submit and post such files). Yes No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.: Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No The aggregate market value of the registrant of outstanding Class A common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant at June 30, 2015 was approximately $13.9 billion, computed based on the closing sale price as quoted on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on that date. For purposes of this calculation only, directors, executive officers and the principal controlling shareholders or entities controlled by such controlling shareholders of the registrant are deemed to be affiliates of the registrant. There were 112,438,828 shares of Class A common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2015. There were no shares of Class B common stock outstanding as of the same date. Documents Incorporated By Reference Information required by Part III is incorporated by reference from Registrant’s proxy statement or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be filed by April 30, 2016. CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. FORM 10-K — FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1 Item 1A Item 1B Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 PART II Item 5 Item 6 Item 7 Item 7A Item 8 Item 9 Item 9A Item 9B PART III Item 10 Item 11 Item 12 Item 13 Item 14 PART IV Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services Item 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Signatures Exhibit Index Page No. 1 20 40 40 40 41 42 45 46 70 71 71 71 72 73 73 73 73 73 74 S- 1 E- 1 This annual report on Form 10-K is for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) allows us to “incorporate by reference” information that we file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you directly to those documents. Information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this annual report. In addition, information that we file with the SEC in the future will automatically update and supersede information contained in this annual report. In this annual report, “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Charter Communications, Inc. and its subsidiaries. i CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS: This annual report includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), regarding, among other things, our plans, strategies and prospects, both business and financial including, without limitation, the forward-looking statements set forth in Part I. Item 1. under the heading "Business" and in Part II. Item 7. under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this annual report. Although we believe that our plans, intentions and expectations reflected in or suggested by these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure you that we will achieve or realize these plans, intentions or expectations. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including, without limitation, the factors described in Part I. Item 1A. under “Risk Factors” and in Part II. Item 7. under the heading, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this annual report. Many of the forward-looking statements contained in this annual report may be words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “should,” “planned,” “will,” “may,” identified by the use of “intend,” “estimated,” “aim,” “on track,” “target,” “opportunity,” “tentative,” “positioning,” “designed,” “create,” “predict,” “project,” “seek,” “would,” “could,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “upside,” “increases” and “potential,” among others. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements we make in this annual report are set forth in this annual report and in other reports or documents that we file from time to time with the SEC, and include, but are not limited to: Risks Related to the Time Warner Cable Inc. ("TWC") Transaction and Bright House Networks, LLC ("Bright House") Transaction (collectively, the "Transactions") • • • delays in the completion of the Transactions; the risk that a condition to completion of the Transactions may not be satisfied; the risk that regulatory or other approvals that may be required for the Transactions is delayed, is not obtained or is obtained subject to material conditions that are not anticipated; • New Charter’s ability to achieve the synergies and value creation contemplated by the Transactions; • New Charter’s ability to promptly, efficiently and effectively integrate acquired operations into its own operations; • managing a significantly larger company than before the completion of the Transactions; • • • • • • • diversion of management time on issues related to the Transactions; changes in Charter’s, TWC’s or Bright House’s businesses, future cash requirements, capital requirements, results of operations, revenues, financial condition and/or cash flows; disruption in the existing business relationships of Charter, TWC and Bright House as a result of the Transactions; the increase in indebtedness as a result of the Transactions, which will increase interest expense and may decrease Charter’s operating flexibility; changes in transaction costs, the amount of fees paid to financial advisors, potential termination fees and the potential payments to TWC’s and Bright House's executive officers in connection with the Transactions; operating costs and business disruption that may be greater than expected; and the ability to retain and hire key personnel and maintain relationships with providers or other business partners pending completion of the Transactions. ii Risks Related to Our Business • • • • • • • • • our ability to sustain and grow revenues and cash flow from operations by offering video, Internet, voice, advertising and other services to residential and commercial customers, to adequately meet the customer experience demands in our markets and to maintain and grow our customer base, particularly in the face of increasingly aggressive competition, the need for innovation and the related capital expenditures; the impact of competition from other market participants, including but not limited to incumbent telephone companies, direct broadcast satellite operators, wireless broadband and telephone providers, digital subscriber line (“DSL”) providers, video provided over the Internet and providers of advertising over the Internet; general business conditions, economic uncertainty or downturn, unemployment levels and the level of activity in the housing sector; our ability to obtain programming at reasonable prices or to raise prices to offset, in whole or in part, the effects of higher programming costs (including retransmission consents); the development and deployment of new products and technologies including our cloud-based user interface, Spectrum Guide®, and downloadable security for set-top boxes; the effects of governmental regulation on our business or potential business combination transactions; any events that disrupt our networks, information systems or properties and impair our operating activities and negatively impact our reputation; the availability and access, in general, of funds to meet our debt obligations prior to or when they become due and to fund our operations and necessary capital expenditures, either through (i) cash on hand, (ii) free cash flow, or (iii) access to the capital or credit markets; and our ability to comply with all covenants in our indentures and credit facilities, any violation of which, if not cured in a timely manner, could trigger a default of our other obligations under cross-default provisions. All forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. We are under no duty or obligation to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this annual report. iii Item 1. Business. Introduction PART I We are among the largest providers of cable services in the United States, offering a variety of entertainment, information and communications solutions to residential and commercial customers. Our infrastructure consists of a hybrid of fiber and coaxial cable plant with approximately 12.8 million estimated passings, with 98% at 550 megahertz (“MHz”) or greater, 99% of plant miles two-way active and 99% of plant all-digital. A national Internet Protocol (“IP”) infrastructure interconnects Charter Communications, Inc. (“Charter”) markets. See “Item 1. Business — Products and Services” for further description of these terms and services, including "customers." As of December 31, 2015, we served approximately 6.7 million residential and small and medium business customers. We sell our video, Internet and voice services primarily on a subscription basis, often in a bundle of two or more services, providing savings and convenience to our customers. Bundled services are available to approximately 98% of our passings, and approximately 61% of our customers subscribe to a bundle of services. We served approximately 4.3 million residential video customers as of December 31, 2015. We completed our all-digital rollout in 2014 and substantially all of our markets now offer over 200 HD channels and faster Internet speeds. We have launched the Charter Spectrum® brand in our all-digital markets. Digital video enables our customers to access advanced video services such as high definition ("HD") television, video on demand programming, an interactive program guide and digital video recorder (“DVR”) service. We also served approximately 5.2 million residential Internet customers as of December 31, 2015. Our Internet service is available in a variety of download speeds of up to 100 megabits per second (“Mbps”), and up to 120 Mbps in certain markets, and upload speeds of up to 5 Mbps. Approximately 88% of our Internet customers have at least 60 Mbps download speed. We provided voice service to approximately 2.6 million residential customers as of December 31, 2015. Our voice services typically include unlimited local and long distance calling to the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico, plus other features, including voicemail, call waiting and caller ID. Through Spectrum Business®, we provide scalable, tailored broadband communications solutions to business and carrier organizations, such as video entertainment services, Internet access, business telephone services, data networking and fiber connectivity to cellular towers and office buildings. As of December 31, 2015, we served approximately 671,000 small and medium business primary service units ("PSUs") and 30,000 enterprise PSUs. Our advertising sales division, Spectrum Reach®, provides local, regional and national businesses with the opportunity to advertise in individual markets on cable television networks. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we generated approximately $9.8 billion in revenue, of which approximately 83% was generated from our residential video, Internet and voice services. We also generated revenue from providing video, Internet, voice and fiber connectivity services to commercial businesses and from the sale of advertising. Sales from residential Internet and triple play customers (customers receiving all three service offerings, video, Internet and voice) and from commercial services have contributed to the majority of our recent revenue growth. We have a history of net losses. Our net losses are principally attributable to insufficient revenue to cover the combination of operating expenses, interest expenses that we incur on our debt, depreciation expenses resulting from the capital investments we have made, and continue to make, in our cable properties, amortization expenses related to our customer relationship intangibles and non-cash taxes resulting from increases in our deferred tax liabilities. Our principal executive offices are located at 400 Atlantic Street, Stamford, Connecticut 06901. Our telephone number is (203) 905-7801, and we have a website accessible at www.charter.com. Our annual reports, quarterly reports and current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments thereto, are available on our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been filed. The information posted on our website is not incorporated into this annual report. TWC Transaction On May 23, 2015, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Mergers (the “Merger Agreement”) with Time Warner Cable Inc. ("TWC"), CCH I, LLC (“New Charter”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Charter; Nina Corporation I, Inc., Nina Company II, LLC, 1 a wholly owned subsidiary of New Charter; and Nina Company III, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of New Charter, pursuant to which the parties will engage in a series of transactions that will result in Charter and TWC becoming wholly owned subsidiaries of New Charter (the “TWC Transaction”), on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement. After giving effect to the TWC Transaction, New Charter will be the new public company parent that will hold the operations of the combined companies. Upon consummation of the TWC Transaction, each outstanding share of TWC common stock (other than TWC stock held by Liberty Broadband Corporation ("Liberty Broadband") and Liberty Interactive Corporation (collectively, the "Liberty Parties")), will be converted into the right to receive $100 in cash and shares of New Charter Class A common stock ("New Charter common stock") equivalent to 0.5409 shares of Charter Class A common stock. Each stockholder of TWC will also have the option to elect to receive for each outstanding share of TWC common stock (other than TWC stock held by the Liberty Parties) $115 in cash and shares of New Charter common stock equivalent to 0.4562 shares of Charter common stock. Upon consummation of the TWC Transaction, each share of TWC common stock held by the Liberty Parties will be converted into New Charter common stock. The total enterprise value of TWC based on the estimated value of purchase price consideration is approximately $79 billion, including cash, equity and TWC debt to be assumed. The value of the consideration will fluctuate based on the number of shares outstanding and the market value of Charter's Class A common stock on the acquisition date, among other factors. In certain circumstances a termination fee may be payable by either Charter or TWC upon termination of the TWC Transaction as more fully described in the Merger Agreement. Bright House Transaction On March 31, 2015, we entered into a definitive Contribution Agreement (the “Contribution Agreement”), which was amended on May 23, 2015 in connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, with Advance/Newhouse Partnership (“A/N”), A/ NPC Holdings LLC, New Charter and Charter Communications Holdings, LLC (“Charter Holdings”), our wholly owned subsidiary, pursuant to which Charter would become the owner of the membership interests in Bright House Networks, LLC (“Bright House”) and any other assets (other than certain excluded assets and liabilities and non-operating cash) primarily related to Bright House (the “Bright House Transaction”). At closing, Charter Holdings will pay to A/N approximately $2 billion in cash and issue to A/ N convertible preferred units of Charter Holdings with a face amount of $2.5 billion which will pay a 6% coupon, and approximately 34.3 million common units of Charter Holdings that are exchangeable into New Charter common stock on a one-for-one basis with a value of approximately $6 billion. Liberty Transaction and Debt Financing for the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction Assuming that all TWC stockholders (excluding the Liberty Parties) elect the $100 per share cash option, the cash portion of the consideration for the TWC Transaction is expected to be approximately $28 billion and the cash portion of the Bright House Transaction is approximately $2 billion. In connection with the TWC Transaction, Charter and Liberty Broadband entered into an investment agreement, pursuant to which Liberty Broadband agreed to invest $4.3 billion in New Charter at the closing of the TWC Transaction to partially finance the cash portion of the TWC Transaction consideration. In connection with the Bright House Transaction, Liberty Broadband agreed to purchase at the closing of the Bright House Transaction $700 million of New Charter Class A common stock (or, if the TWC Transaction is not consummated prior to the completion of the Bright House Transaction, Charter Class A common stock). Charter expects to finance the remaining cash portion of the purchase price of the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction with additional indebtedness and cash on the companies’ balance sheets. In 2015, we issued $15.5 billion CCO Safari II, LLC ("CCO Safari II") senior secured notes, $3.8 billion CCO Safari III, LLC ("CCO Safari III") senior secured bank loans and $2.5 billion CCOH Safari, LLC ("CCOH Safari") senior unsecured notes. Charter has remaining commitments of approximately $2.7 billion from banks to provide incremental senior secured term loan facilities and senior unsecured notes, as well as an incremental $1.7 billion revolving facility. In addition, the bank commitments provide for a $4.3 billion bridge facility if all TWC stockholders (other than the Liberty Parties) elect the $115 per share cash option, in the event Charter is unable to issue senior unsecured notes in advance of the closing of the TWC Transaction. Regulatory Approval Process We have made all of the necessary filings of applications for the TWC Transaction and the Bright House Transaction. The Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) comment cycle closed mid-November, and we are working closely with the FCC and the Department of Justice to make sure they have all the information they need to evaluate the merits of the transactions. The FCC’s informal 180-day clock for approval will run to March 25, 2016 although the FCC could stop and restart the clock later if they determined to do so. We have received approval or authorization from all necessary state authorities except California, Hawaii and New Jersey, with California currently having a schedule indicating an order being issued in June 2016. We have filed a motion in California seeking to expedite the timing of the California proceeding although we cannot predict the outcome of our efforts to seek an earlier decision. We have obtained approvals exceeding the threshold closing condition for franchise authorities approving 2 the transactions. We have raised or received commitments for all of the acquisition financing, and we will be operationally ready to close upon obtaining regulatory approvals. We expect the closing to occur in the second quarter of 2016 subject to regulatory approval and other closing conditions. Transaction-Related Commitments In connection with the regulatory approval process before the FCC, Charter has made commitments regarding the following items: • Investments within four years of closing the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction Invest at least $2.5 billion in the build-out of networks into commercial areas Build one million line extensions to homes in the franchise areas of New Charter Deploy over 300,000 out-of-home WiFi access points • Internet and interconnection Comply with the open Internet rules that prohibit blocking, throttling, and paid prioritization for three years from the closing of the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction without regard to the outcome of ongoing litigation regarding FCC’s open Internet rules Maintain a settlement-free interconnection policy until December 31, 2018 Refrain from instituting usage-based pricing for Internet service for three years from the closing of the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction Offer 30 Mbps high-speed Internet service to households with children in notional free and reduced school lunch programs and to seniors 65 years of age and older who are on social security supplemental income • Product and operations Transition TWC’s and Bright House’s networks to all-digital within 30 months of closing and enable at least 60 Mbps download speeds for New Charter’s Internet service and improve the video product by adding HD and on-demand options Consistent packaging and pricing strategy to be transitioned to Charter’s current model within 12 months of closing for TWC and Bright House markets that are already all-digital at closing; same offering for all other areas once those systems have been converted to all-digital Continue to insource call center and field technician jobs, including returning TWC call center jobs to the U.S. With respect to the settlement-free interconnection policy (the “Policy”), Charter committed to the FCC to enter into an agreement to exchange Internet traffic with any entity providing content to Charter customers. The material terms of Charter’s obligations are: (1) to enter into an interconnection contract with an applicant meeting the technical criteria specified in Charter’s peering policy; (2) not to charge the interconnecting party money for exchanging Internet traffic pursuant to that contract; (3) to upgrade interconnection capacity with the interconnecting party within 90 days after a certain traffic threshold is met; and (4) to maintain interconnection contracts entered into pursuant to the Policy until at least December 31, 2018. If a party enters into an interconnection contract with Charter pursuant to the Policy, that party’s obligations include several items that assist Charter and the interconnecting party in transmitting traffic on a settlement-free basis efficiently across the interconnected networks including: (1) not to charge Charter money for exchanging Internet traffic; (2) to interconnect at each of the Charter points of presence listed in the Policy and at any additional Charter point of presence within 90 days of its establishment; (3) to maintain a minimum traffic exchange of 3 Gbps (95th percentile) at each Charter point of presence in the dominant direction as measured on a monthly basis; (4) to deliver traffic to the Charter point of presence closest to the location at which the corresponding Internet customer traffic terminates; (5) to label the data traffic in ways that assist Charter in efficiently managing its network; and (6) to upgrade interconnection capacity with Charter within 90 days after a certain traffic threshold is met. Charter may also suspend an interconnection arrangement in certain circumstances including security reasons or if the interconnecting party sends traffic in excess of certain maximums based on the growth in the traffic of the interconnecting party. Charter may choose to extend the Policy and the interconnection agreements under the Policy but does not have any current plans whether to extend the Policy or the underlying agreements. Under the open Internet rules adopted by the FCC, the FCC has determined that interconnection arrangements are subject to oversight under a “just and reasonable” standard and that the FCC will consider the reasonableness of Internet traffic exchange arrangements on a case by case basis. Charter believes its interconnection policy is fully consistent with the FCC open Internet rules although the FCC may choose to assess Charter’s interconnection policy or interconnection agreements pursuant to the open Internet rules. In connection with New York’s approval of the TWC Transaction, Charter has also agreed to certain commitments to New York including commitments regarding low-income broadband offerings as referenced above, maintaining existing TWC low price service offerings for new customers for a period of two years after closing and for existing customers for a period of three years, building our networks to serve 145,000 currently unserved or underserved households or businesses in New Charter’s New York footprint, enhancing broadband speeds, maintaining certain New York customer facing jobs and investing in and enhancing 3 customer service. As certain of our applications for approval remain pending, Charter may enter into additional commitments in connection with the TWC Transaction and the Bright House Transaction. Comcast Transactions On April 25, 2014, we entered into a binding definitive agreement (the “Comcast Transactions Agreement”) with Comcast Corporation (“Comcast”), which contemplated the following transactions: (1) an asset purchase, (2) an asset exchange and (3) a contribution and spin-off transaction (collectively, the “Comcast Transactions”). Pursuant to the terms of the Comcast Transactions Agreement, Comcast had the right to terminate the Comcast Transactions Agreement upon termination of the merger agreement among Comcast, TWC and Tango Acquisition Sub, Inc. (the “Comcast Merger Agreement”). On April 24, 2015, Comcast and TWC terminated the Comcast Merger Agreement, and Comcast delivered a notice of termination of the Comcast Transactions Agreement to Charter (the “Termination Notice”). As a result of the termination, proceeds from the issuance of $3.5 billion aggregate principal amount of CCOH Safari notes and $3.5 billion aggregate principal amount of CCO Safari, LLC ("CCO Safari") Term G Loans ("Term G Loans"), which were held in escrow and intended to fund the closing of the Comcast Transactions, were utilized to settle the related debt obligation in April 2015. 4 Corporate Entity Structure The chart below sets forth our entity structure and that of our direct and indirect subsidiaries. This chart does not include all of our affiliates and subsidiaries and, in some cases, we have combined separate entities for presentation purposes. The equity ownership percentages shown below are approximations. Indebtedness amounts shown below are principal amounts as of December 31, 2015. See Note 8 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," which also includes the accreted values of the indebtedness described below. Charter Communications, Inc. Charter owns 100% of Charter Holdco. Charter Holdco, through its subsidiaries, owns cable systems. As sole manager under applicable operating agreements, Charter controls the affairs of Charter Holdco and its limited liability company subsidiaries. In addition, Charter provides management services to Charter Holdco and its subsidiaries under a management services agreement. Intermediate Holding Companies. As indicated in the organizational chart above, our intermediate holding companies indirectly own the subsidiaries that own or operate all of our cable systems. Five of these subsidiaries including, CCOH Safari, CCO Safari II, CCO Safari III, CCO Holdings, LLC (“CCO Holdings”) and Charter Communications Operating, LLC (“Charter Operating”) had debt obligations as of December 31, 2015. For a description of the debt issued by these issuers please see “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Description of Our Outstanding Debt.” 5 Products and Services Through our hybrid fiber and coaxial cable network, we offer our customers traditional cable video services, as well as advanced video services (such as video on demand, HD television, and DVR service), Internet services and voice services. Our voice services are primarily provided using voice over Internet protocol (“VoIP”) technology, to transmit digital voice signals over our systems. Our video, Internet, and voice services are offered to residential and commercial customers on a subscription basis, with prices and related charges based on the types of service selected, whether the services are sold as a “bundle” or on an individual basis, and the equipment necessary to receive the services. The following table summarizes our customer statistics for video, Internet and voice as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands, except per customer data and footnotes). Customer Relationships (b) Residential (c) Small and Medium Business (e) Total Customer Relationships Residential PSUs (c) Video Internet Voice Approximate as of December 31, 2015 (a) 2014 (a) 6,284 390 6,674 4,322 5,227 2,598 12,147 5,990 332 6,322 4,324 4,785 2,439 11,548 Monthly Residential Revenue per Residential Customer (d) $ 111.19 $ 108.67 Small and Medium Business PSUs Video (e) Internet Voice 108 345 218 671 95 290 177 562 Monthly Small and Medium Business Revenue per Customer (f) $ 173.12 $ 181.83 Enterprise PSUs (g) 30 25 (a) We calculate the aging of customer accounts based on the monthly billing cycle for each account. On that basis, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, customers include approximately 38,100 and 35,100 customers, respectively, whose accounts were over 60 days, approximately 1,700 and 1,500 customers, respectively, whose accounts were over 90 days, and approximately 900 and 900 customers, respectively, whose accounts were over 120 days. (b) Customer relationships include the number of customers that receive one or more levels of service, encompassing video, Internet and voice services, without regard to which service(s) such customers receive. Total customer relationships excludes enterprise customer relationships. (c) Charter revised its methodology for counting customers who reside in residential multiple dwelling units (“MDUs”) that are billed under bulk contracts. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2015, we count and report customers based on the number of billed units within each bulk MDU, similar to recent reporting changes at our peers and reflecting the completion of all-digital which requires a direct billing relationship for all units which receive a set-top box. Previously, our methodology for reporting residential customers generally excluded units under bulk arrangements, unless those units had a direct billing relationship. Prior year information has been revised to reflect our revised methodology. 6 (d) Monthly residential revenue per residential customer is calculated as total residential video, Internet and voice quarterly revenue divided by three divided by average residential customer relationships during the respective quarter. (e) Charter revised its methodology for counting small and medium business video customers. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2015, small and medium business customers are counted based on the number of customer locations. Previously, we had counted and reported video customers on an equivalent bulk unit (“EBU”) basis. EBUs were calculated by dividing the bulk price charged to accounts in an area by the published rate charged to non-bulk residential customers in that market for the comparable tier of service. Prior year information has been revised to reflect our revised methodology. (f) Monthly small and medium business revenue per customer is calculated as total small and medium business quarterly revenue divided by three divided by average small and medium business customer relationships during the respective quarter. (g) Enterprise PSUs represents the aggregate number of Charter's fiber service offerings counting each separate service offering at each customer location as an individual PSU. Video Services In 2015, residential video services represented approximately 47% of our total revenues. Our video service offerings include the following: • Video. Substantially all of our video customers receive a package of basic programming which generally consists of local broadcast television, local community programming, including governmental and public access, and limited satellite- delivered or non-broadcast channels, such as weather, shopping and religious programming along with a digital set-top box that provides an interactive electronic programming guide with parental controls, access to pay-per-view channels, including video on demand (available nearly everywhere), digital quality music channels and the option to also receive a cable card. Customers have the option to purchase additional tiers of services including premium channels which provide original programming, commercial-free movies, sports, and other special event entertainment programming. • Video On Demand, Subscription On Demand and Pay-Per-View. In most areas, we offer video on demand service which allows customers to select from 10,000 or more titles at any time. Video on demand includes standard definition, HD and three dimensional (“3D”) content. Video on demand programming options may be accessed for free if the content is associated with the customer’s linear subscription, or for a fee on a transactional basis. Video on demand services may also be offered on a subscription basis included in a digital tier premium channel subscription or for a monthly fee. Pay- per-view channels allow customers to pay on a per-event basis to view a single showing of a recently released movie, a one-time special sporting event, music concert, or similar event on a commercial-free basis. • High Definition Television. HD television offers our digital customers nearly all video programming at a higher resolution to improve picture and audio quality versus standard basic or digital video images. Our all-digital transmission of channels allows us to offer more than 200 HD channels in substantially all of our markets. We are also rolling out HD auto-tune in our markets which is a feature that ensures HD set-tops tune to the HD version of a channel even when the standard definition version is selected. • Digital Video Recorder. DVR service enables customers to digitally record programming and to pause and rewind live programming. Charter customers may lease multiple DVR set-top boxes to maximize recording capacity on multiple televisions in the home. Most of our customers also have the ability to program their DVR's remotely via the Spectrum TV App or on our website. • Spectrum TV App on Mobile Devices. The Spectrum TV App enables Charter video customers to search and discover content on a variety of customer owned devices, including the iPhone®, iPad®, and iPod Touch®, as well as the most popular Android™ based tablets. The Spectrum TV App allows customers to watch over 150 channels of cable TV and use the device as a remote to control their digital set-top box while in their home. It also allows customers the ability to browse Charter's program guide, search for programming, and schedule DVR recordings from inside and outside the home. Charter's online offerings include many of our largest and most popular networks. Customer's now have the ability to view OnDemand programming within the Spectrum TV App and can download programming directly to their device to view anytime, anywhere, even without an Internet connection. We also currently offer content already available online through Charter.net, and via programmer authenticated applications and websites such as HBO Go® and WatchESPN®. 7 • • Spectrum TV App on Immobile Devices. Charter launched the Spectrum TV App on Roku devices in 2015. This application enables all Charter video customers with a Roku device to watch live linear programming via the Spectrum TV App. Spectrum Guide®. In certain markets, we have launched Spectrum Guide®, a network or “cloud” based user interface with a similar look and feel of the Spectrum TV App. Spectrum Guide® is designed to enable our customers to enjoy a common user interface with a state-of-the-art video experience on all of our existing and future set-top boxes. Spectrum Guide® was initially introduced in 2014 and we plan to continue to deploy and enhance this technology in 2016. Internet Services In 2015, residential Internet services represented approximately 31% of our total revenues. Approximately 96% of our estimated passings have available DOCSIS 3.0 wideband technology, allowing us to offer our residential customers multiple tiers of Internet services with download speeds of up to 100 Mbps, and up to 120 Mbps in certain markets. Since going all-digital, our base Internet download speed offering is 60 Mbps, and 100 Mbps in certain markets. Our Internet portal, Charter.net, provides multiple e-mail addresses. Finally, Charter Security Suite is included with our Internet services and, upon installation by customers, provides protection from computer viruses and spyware and parental control features. Accelerated growth in the number of IP devices and bandwidth used in homes has created a need for faster speeds and greater reliability. Charter is focused on providing services to fill those needs. Charter offers an in-home WiFi product permitting customers to lease a high performing wireless router to maximize their wireless Internet experience. In 2015, in anticipation of new geographies and offered commitments in the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction, Charter launched an out-of-home WiFi service (“Spectrum WiFi”) in four market areas permitting Internet customers to access the Internet at designated "hot spots" within a particular market. This service is available at no charge to our Internet customers. Voice Services In 2015, residential voice services represented approximately 6% of our total revenues. We provide voice communications services using VoIP technology to transmit digital voice signals over our network. Our voice services include unlimited local and long distance calling to the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico, voicemail, call waiting, caller ID, call forwarding and other features and offers international calling either by the minute or through packages of minutes per month. For Charter voice and video customers, caller ID on TV is also available in most areas. Commercial Services In 2015, commercial services represented approximately 12% of our total revenues. Commercial services offered through Spectrum Business, include scalable broadband communications solutions for businesses and carrier organizations of all sizes such as Internet access, data networking, fiber connectivity to cellular towers and office buildings, video entertainment services and business telephone services. • Small and Medium Business. Charter offers basic coax service primarily to small (1 - 19 employees) and medium (20 - 199 employees) businesses similar to our residential offerings. Spectrum Business includes a full range of video programming tiers and music services and coax Internet speeds of up to 100 Mbps downstream, 200 Mbps in certain markets, and up to 7 Mbps upstream in its DOCSIS 3.0 markets. Spectrum Business also includes a set of business cloud services including web hosting, e-mail and security, and multi-line telephone services with more than 30 business features including web-based service management. • Enterprise Solutions. Charter offers fiber or complex services to medium and large (200+ employees) businesses including fiber Internet with symmetrical speeds of up to 10 Gbps and voice trunking services such as Primary Rate Interface (“PRI”) and Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”) Trunks which provide higher-capacity voice services. Charter also offers Metro Ethernet service that connects two or more locations for commercial customers with geographically dispersed locations with services up to 10 Gbps. Metro Ethernet service can also extend the reach of the customer's local area network (“LAN”) within and between metropolitan areas. In addition to the above, Charter offers large businesses with multiple sites more specialized solutions such as custom fiber networks and Metro and long haul Ethernet. Charter also offers high-capacity last-mile data connectivity services to wireless and wireline carriers, Internet Service Providers (“ISPs”) and other competitive carriers on a wholesale basis. 8 Advertising Services In 2015, sales of advertising represented approximately 3% of our total revenues. Our advertising sales division, Spectrum Reach®, provides local, regional and national business with the opportunity to advertise in individual markets on cable television networks. We receive revenues from the sale of local advertising on digital advertising networks and satellite-delivered networks such as MTV®, CNN® and ESPN®. In any particular market, we generally insert local advertising on over 50 channels. In most cases, the available advertising time is sold by our sales force, however in some markets, we enter into representation agreements with contiguous cable system operators under which another operator in the area will sell advertising on our behalf for a percentage of the revenue. In some markets, we sell advertising on behalf of other operators. Charter has deployed Enhanced TV Binary Interchange Format (“EBIF”) technology to set-top boxes in most service areas within the Charter footprint. EBIF is a technology foundation that will allow Charter to deliver enhanced and interactive television applications for advertising. From time to time, certain of our vendors, including programmers and equipment vendors, have purchased advertising from us. Pricing of Our Products and Services Our revenues are derived principally from the monthly fees customers pay for the services we provide. We typically charge a one-time installation fee which is sometimes waived or discounted during certain promotional periods. The prices we charge for our products and services vary based on the level of service the customer chooses and in some cases the geographic market. In accordance with FCC rules, the prices we charge for video cable-related equipment, such as set-top boxes and remote control devices, and for installation services, are based on actual costs plus a permitted rate of return in regulated markets. Charter's pricing and packaging approach emphasizes the triple play products of video, Internet and voice services and combines our most popular and competitive services in core packages at what we believe is a fair price. We believe our approach offers: • • • • • simplicity for both our customers in understanding our offers, and our employees in service delivery; the ability to package more services at the time of sale and include more product in each service, thus increasing revenue per customer; a higher quality product offering through more HD channels, improved pricing for HD and HD/DVR equipment and faster Internet speeds; lower expected churn as a result of higher customer satisfaction; and gradual price increases at the end of promotional periods. Our Network Technology and Customer Premise Equipment Our network includes three components: the national backbone, regional/metro networks and the “last-mile” network. Both our national backbone and regional/metro network components utilize or plan to utilize a redundant Internet Protocol (“IP”) ring/mesh architecture. The national backbone provides connectivity from the regional demarcation points to nationally centralized content, connectivity and services. The regional/metro network components provide connectivity between the regional demarcation points and headends within a specific geographic area and enable the delivery of content and services between these network components. Our last-mile network utilizes a hybrid fiber coaxial cable (“HFC”) architecture, which combines the use of fiber optic cable with coaxial cable. In most systems, we deliver our signals via fiber optic cable from the headend to a group of nodes, and use coaxial cable to deliver the signal from individual nodes to the homes served by that node. For our fiber Internet, Ethernet, carrier wholesale, SIP and PRI commercial customers, fiber optic cable is extended from the individual nodes all the way to the customer's site. Our design standard is six strands of fiber to each node, with two strands activated and four strands reserved for spares and future services. This design standard allows these strands to be utilized for additional residential traffic capacity, and enterprise customer needs as they arise. We believe that this hybrid network design provides high capacity and signal quality. The design also provides two-way signal capabilities for the support of interactive services. HFC architecture benefits include: • • • bandwidth capacity to enable traditional and two-way video and broadband services; dedicated bandwidth for two-way services; and signal quality and high service reliability. 9 Approximately 98% of our estimated passings are served by systems that have bandwidth of 550 megahertz or greater and 99% are two-way activated as of December 31, 2015. This bandwidth capacity enables us to offer digital television, Internet services, voice services and other advanced video services. In 2014, we completed our transition from analog to digital transmission of the channels we distribute which allows us to recapture bandwidth. The all-digital platform enables us to offer a larger selection of HD channels, faster Internet speeds and better picture quality while providing greater plant security and lower transaction costs. For set-top boxes, we are implementing a video conditional access strategy utilizing our downloadable security on a set-top box specified by us which can be manufactured by many different manufacturers. As we roll out downloadable security, we will utilize the Worldbox, and are introducing Spectrum Guide® in parallel to virtually all box types. Worldbox, by utilizing downloadable security along with the introduction of Spectrum Guide®, has reduced our incremental set-top box costs and allows for a consistent service for all of our customers and on all of their televisions with a service that is rich in HD, has modern search and discovery features and is capable of improved implementation of future enhancements. Management, Customer Care and Marketing Our operations are centralized with our corporate office responsible for coordinating and overseeing operations including establishing company-wide strategies, policies and procedures. Sales and marketing, network operations, field operations, customer care, engineering, advertising sales, human resources, legal, government relations, information technology and finance are all directed at the corporate level. Regional and local field operations are responsible for servicing customers and maintenance and construction of outside plant. Charter continues to focus on improving the customer experience through enhanced product offerings, reliability of services, and quality of customer care. We have in-house domestic call centers that handle over 85% of our calls. The centers are managed centrally to ensure a consistent and satisfying customer experience. We also provide customers with the opportunity to interact with us through a variety of forums in addition to traditional telephonic communications, including on-line and chat. We utilize our web portals to enable customers to order and upgrade services, manage their accounts, and leverage tools for self-care. Our services include a new and improved Internet portal, Charter.net, making it easier for customers to manage their account, seek self-help and watch TV online. Our marketing strategy emphasizes our bundled services through targeted direct response marketing programs to existing and potential customers and increases awareness and value of the Charter brand. In 2014, Charter rolled out Charter Spectrum®, our new, national brand platform. Charter Spectrum® represents our combined video, Internet and voice offering for residential customers. This new brand reflects our comprehensive approach to industry-leading products, driven by speed, performance and innovation. Our marketing organization creates and executes marketing programs intended to increase customers, retain existing customers and cross-sell additional products to current customers. We monitor the effectiveness of our marketing efforts, customer perception, competition, pricing, and service preferences, among other factors, to increase our responsiveness to our customers. Our marketing organization also manages and directs several sales channels including direct sales, on-line, outbound telemarketing and Charter stores. Programming General We believe that offering a wide variety of programming influences a customer’s decision to subscribe to and retain our cable video services. We rely on our experience in programming cable systems, which includes market research, customer demographics and local programming preferences to determine channel offerings in each of our markets. We obtain basic and premium programming from a number of suppliers, usually pursuant to written contracts. Our programming contracts generally continue for a fixed period of time, usually from three to eight years, and are subject to negotiated renewal. Some programming suppliers offer financial incentives to support the launch of a channel and/or ongoing marketing support. We also negotiate volume discount pricing structures. We have more recently negotiated for additional content rights allowing us to provide programming on-line to our authenticated customers. Costs Programming is usually made available to us for a license fee, which is generally paid based on the number of customers to whom we make such programming available. Programming costs are usually payable each month based on calculations performed by us and are generally subject to annual cost escalations and may be subject to audits by the programmers. Programming license 10 fees may include “volume” discounts available for higher numbers of customers, as well as discounts for channel placement or service penetration. Some channels are available without cost to us for a limited period of time, after which we pay for the programming. For home shopping channels, we receive a percentage of the revenue attributable to our customers’ purchases, as well as, in some instances, incentives for channel placement. We also offer pay per view channels of movies and events that are subject to revenue split with the content provider. Our programming costs have increased in every year we have operated in excess of customary inflationary and cost-of-living type increases. We expect them to continue to increase due to a variety of factors including amounts paid for retransmission consent, annual increases imposed by programmers with additional selling power as a result of media consolidation, and carriage of incremental programming, including new sports services and on-line linear services and video on demand programming. In particular, programming costs are increasing as a result of significant sports programming cost increases over the past several years and the demands of large media companies who link carriage of their most popular networks to carriage and cost increases for all of their networks. In addition, contracts to purchase sports programming sometimes provide for optional additional games to be added to the service and made available on a surcharge basis during the term of the contract. Programmers continue to create new networks and migrate popular programming, such as sporting events, to those networks. Spreading popular programming across more networks often results in us having to pay more for a suite of networks offered by any one programmer. Finally, programmers have experienced declines in demand for advertising as advertisers shift more of their marketing spend online. We believe this results in programmers demanding higher programming fees from us as programmers seek to recover revenue they are losing to online advertising. Federal law allows commercial television broadcast stations to make an election between “must-carry” rights and an alternative “retransmission-consent” regime. When a station opts for the retransmission-consent regime, we are not allowed to carry the station’s signal without the station’s permission. Continuing demands by owners of broadcast stations for cash payments at substantial increases over amounts paid in prior years in exchange for retransmission consent will increase our programming costs or require us to cease carriage of popular programming, potentially leading to a loss of customers in affected markets. Over the past several years, increases in our video service rates have not fully offset increasing programming costs, and with the impact of increasing competition and other marketplace factors, we do not expect them to do so in the foreseeable future. Although we pass along a portion of amounts paid for retransmission consent to the majority of our customers, our inability to fully pass programming cost increases on to our video customers has had, and is expected in the future to have, an adverse impact on our cash flow and operating margins associated with the video product. In order to mitigate reductions of our operating margins due to rapidly increasing programming costs, we continue to review our pricing and programming packaging strategies, and we plan to continue to migrate certain program services from our more highly penetrated levels of service to our less highly penetrated tiers as contracts permit, remove underperforming services and limit the launch of non-essential, new networks. We have programming contracts that have expired and others that will expire at or before the end of 2016. We will seek to renegotiate the terms of these agreements. There can be no assurance that these agreements will be renewed on favorable or comparable terms. To the extent that we are unable to reach agreement with certain programmers on terms that we believe are reasonable, we have been, and may in the future be, forced to remove such programming channels from our line-up, which may result in a loss of customers. Franchises As of December 31, 2015, our systems operated pursuant to a total of approximately 3,300 franchises, permits, and similar authorizations issued by local and state governmental authorities. Such governmental authorities often must approve a transfer to another party. Most franchises are subject to termination proceedings in the event of a material breach. In addition, most franchises require us to pay the granting authority up to 5.0% of revenues as defined in the various agreements, which is the maximum amount that may be charged under the applicable federal law. We are entitled to and generally do pass this fee through to the customer. Prior to the scheduled expiration of most franchises, we generally initiate renewal proceedings with the granting authorities. This process usually takes three years but can take a longer period of time. The Communications Act of 1934, as amended (the “Communications Act”), which is the primary federal statute regulating interstate communications, provides for an orderly franchise renewal process in which granting authorities may not unreasonably withhold renewals. In connection with the franchise renewal process, many governmental authorities require the cable operator to make certain commitments, such as building out certain of the franchise areas, customer service requirements, and supporting and carrying public access channels. Historically, we have been able to renew our franchises without incurring significant costs, although any particular franchise may not be renewed on commercially favorable terms or otherwise. If we fail to obtain renewals of franchises representing a significant number of our customers, it could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or our liquidity, 11 including our ability to comply with our debt covenants. See “— Regulation and Legislation — Video Services — Franchise Matters.” Markets We operate in geographically diverse areas which are organized in regional clusters. These markets are managed centrally on a consolidated level. Our eleven markets and the customer relationships within each market as of December 31, 2015 are as follows (in thousands): Markets Total Customer Relationships California Carolinas/Virginia Central States Michigan Minnesota/Nebraska Mountain States New England Northwest Tennessee/Louisiana Texas Wisconsin Competition 705 1,010 696 696 375 409 384 583 956 228 632 We face competition for both residential and commercial customers in the areas of price, service offerings, and service reliability. In our residential business, we compete with other providers of video, high-speed Internet access, voice services, and other sources of home entertainment. In our commercial business, we compete with other providers of video, high-speed Internet access and related value-added services, fiber solutions, business telephony, and Ethernet services. We operate in a competitive business environment, which can adversely affect the results of our business and operations. We cannot predict the impact on us of broadband services offered by our competitors. In terms of competition for customers, we view ourselves as a member of the broadband communications industry, which encompasses multi-channel video for television and related broadband services, such as high-speed Internet, voice, and other interactive video services. In the broadband communications industry, our principal competitors for video services are direct broadcast satellite (“DBS”) and telephone companies that offer video services. Our principal competitors for high-speed Internet services are the broadband services provided by telephone companies, including both traditional DSL, fiber-to-the-node, and fiber- to-the-home offerings, as well as wireless data providers. Our principal competitors for voice services are established telephone companies, other telephone service providers, and other carriers, including VoIP providers. At this time, we do not consider other traditional cable operators to be significant competitors in our overall market, as overbuilds are infrequent and geographically spotty (although in any particular market, a cable operator overbuilder would likely be a significant competitor at the local level). We could, however, face additional competition from other cable operators if they began distributing video over the Internet to customers residing outside their current territories. Our key competitors include: DBS Direct broadcast satellite is a significant competitor to cable systems. The two largest DBS providers now serve more than 33 million subscribers nationwide. DBS service allows the subscriber to receive video services directly via satellite using a dish antenna. Video compression technology and high powered satellites allow DBS providers to offer more than 315 digital channels. In 2015, major DBS competitors were especially competitive with promotional pricing for more basic services. While we continue to believe that the initial investment by a DBS customer exceeds that of a cable customer, the initial equipment cost for DBS has 12 decreased substantially, as the DBS providers have aggressively marketed offers to new customers of incentives for discounted or free equipment, installation, and multiple units. DBS providers are able to offer service nationwide and are able to establish a national image and branding with standardized offerings, which together with their ability to avoid franchise fees of up to 5% of revenues and property tax, leads to greater efficiencies and lower costs in the lower tiers of service. We believe that cable-delivered video on demand and subscription video on demand services, which include HD programming, are superior to DBS service, because cable headends can provide communication to deliver many titles which customers can access and control independently, whereas DBS technology can only make available a much smaller number of titles with DVR-like customer control. DBS providers have also made attempts at deployment of Internet access services via satellite, but those services have been technically constrained and of limited appeal. Telephone Companies and Utilities Incumbent telephone companies, including AT&T Inc. (“AT&T”) and Verizon Communications, Inc. (“Verizon”), offer video and other services in competition with us, and we expect they will increasingly do so in the future. These companies are able to offer and provide two-way video, data and digital voice services that are similar to ours in various portions of their networks. In the case of Verizon, its high-speed data services (fiber optic service (“FiOS”)) offer speeds as high as or higher than ours. In addition, these companies continue to offer their traditional telephone services, as well as service bundles that include wireless voice services provided by affiliated companies. Based on internal estimates, we believe that AT&T (excluding DirecTV) and Verizon are offering video services in areas serving approximately 35% and 4%, respectively, of our estimated residential passings and we have experienced customer losses in these areas. AT&T and Verizon have also launched campaigns to capture more of the MDU market. When AT&T or Verizon have introduced or expanded their offering of video products in our market areas, we have seen a decrease in our video revenue as AT&T and Verizon typically roll out aggressive marketing and discounting campaigns to launch their products. Moreover, in July 2015, AT&T completed its acquisition of DirecTV, the nation’s largest DBS provider. This transaction created an even larger competitor for Charter’s video services that has the ability to expand its video service offerings to include bundled wireless offerings. In addition to incumbent telephone companies obtaining video franchises or alternative video authorizations, they have been successful through various means in reducing or streamlining the video franchising requirements applicable to them. They have had success at the federal and state level in securing FCC rulings and statewide video franchise laws that facilitate telephone company entry into the video marketplace. Because telephone companies have been successful in avoiding or reducing franchise and other regulatory requirements that remain applicable to cable operators like us, their competitive posture has been enhanced in some areas. The large scale entry of incumbent telephone companies as direct competitors in the video marketplace has adversely affected the profitability and valuation of our cable systems. Most telephone companies, including AT&T and Verizon, which already have plant, an existing customer base, and other operational functions in place (such as billing and service personnel), offer Internet access via traditional DSL service. DSL service allows Internet access to subscribers at data transmission speeds greater than those formerly available over conventional telephone lines. We believe DSL service is an alternative to our high-speed Internet service and is often offered at prices lower than our Internet services, although typically at speeds lower than the speeds we offer. DSL providers may currently be in a better position to offer voice and data services to businesses since their networks tend to be more extensive in commercial areas. We expect DSL to remain a significant competitor to our high-speed Internet services. Many large incumbent telephone companies also provide fiber-to-the-node or fiber-to-the-home services in select areas of their footprints. Fiber-to-the-node networks can provide faster Internet speeds than conventional DSL, but still cannot typically match our Internet speeds. Our primary fiber-to-the-node competitor is AT&T's U-verse. The competition from AT&T U-verse is expected to intensify over time as AT&T completed an expansion in 2014 based on plans announced in late 2012 and entered into additional expansion commitments in connection with its acquisition of DirecTV. Fiber-to-the-home networks, however, can provide Internet speeds equal to or greater than Charter's current Internet speeds. Verizon's FiOS is the primary fiber-to-the-home competitor, although AT&T has also begun fiber-to-the home builds as well. Our voice service competes directly with the voice services of incumbent telephone companies and other carriers, including Internet-based VoIP providers, for both residential and commercial voice service customers. Because we offer voice services, we are subject to considerable competition from such companies and other telecommunications providers, including wireless providers, with an increasing number of consumers choosing wireless over wired telephone services. The telecommunications and voice services industry is highly competitive and includes competitors with greater financial and personnel resources, strong brand name recognition, and long-standing relationships with regulatory authorities and customers. Moreover, mergers, joint ventures and alliances among our competitors have resulted in providers capable of offering video, Internet, and voice services in direct competition with us. 13 Additionally, we are subject to limited competition from utilities and/or municipal utilities that possess fiber optic transmission lines capable of transmitting signals with minimal signal distortion. Traditional Overbuilds Cable systems are operated under non-exclusive franchises historically granted by state and local authorities. More than one cable system may legally be built in the same area. Franchising authorities may grant a second franchise to another cable operator that may contain terms and conditions more favorable than those afforded us. Well-financed businesses from outside the cable industry, such as public utilities that already possess fiber optic and other transmission lines in the areas they serve, have in some cases become competitors. There are a number of cities that have constructed their own cable systems, in a manner similar to city- provided utility services. There also has been interest in traditional cable overbuilds by private companies not affiliated with established local exchange carriers, including Google Fiber. Constructing a competing cable system is a capital intensive process which involves a high degree of risk. We believe that in order to be successful, a competitor’s overbuild would need to be able to serve the homes and businesses in the overbuilt area with equal or better service quality, on a more cost-effective basis than we can. Any such overbuild operation would require access to capital or access to facilities already in place that are capable of delivering cable television programming. We cannot predict the extent to which additional overbuild situations may occur. Broadcast Television Cable television has long competed with broadcast television, which consists of television signals that the viewer is able to receive without charge using an “off-air” antenna. The extent of such competition is dependent upon the quality and quantity of broadcast signals available through “off-air” reception, compared to the services provided by the local cable system. Traditionally, cable television has provided higher picture quality and more channel offerings than broadcast television. However, the recent licensing of digital spectrum by the FCC now provides traditional broadcasters with the ability to deliver HD television pictures and multiple digital-quality program streams, as well as advanced digital services such as subscription video and data transmission. Internet Delivered Video Internet access facilitates the streaming of video, including movies and television shows, into homes and businesses. Online video services include those offered by Hulu, Netflix, Amazon and Apple. Increasingly, content owners are using Internet-based delivery of content directly to consumers, some without charging a fee to access the content. Further, due to consumer electronic innovations, consumers are able to watch such Internet-delivered content on televisions, personal computers, tablets, gaming boxes connected to televisions and mobile devices. In 2015, HBO, Showtime and CBS began selling their programming direct to consumers over the Internet. DISH Network launched Sling TV which includes ESPN among other programming, and Sony launched Playstation Vue which includes 85+ TV channels. Charter views online video distributors as complementary and has developed a cloud-based guide that can incorporate video from on-line video services. We believe some customers have chosen or will choose to receive video over the Internet rather than through our video on demand and subscription video services, thereby reducing our video revenues which may be offset by increases in our Internet revenues. We cannot predict the impact that Internet delivered video will have on our revenues and adjusted EBITDA as technologies continue to evolve. Private Cable Additional competition is posed by satellite master antenna television systems, or SMATV systems, serving MDUs, such as condominiums, apartment complexes, and private residential communities. Private cable systems can offer improved reception of local television stations, and many of the same satellite-delivered program services that are offered by cable systems. Although disadvantaged from a programming cost perspective, SMATV systems currently benefit from operating advantages not available to franchised cable systems, including fewer regulatory burdens and no requirement to service low density or economically depressed communities. The FCC previously adopted regulations that favor SMATV and private cable operators serving MDU complexes, allowing them to continue to secure exclusive contracts with MDU owners. This regulatory disparity provides a competitive advantage to certain of our current and potential competitors. Other Competitors Local wireless Internet services operate in some markets using available unlicensed radio spectrum. Various wireless phone companies are now offering third and fourth generation (3G and 4G) wireless high-speed Internet services with fifth generation (5G) and faster services on the horizon. In addition, a growing number of commercial areas, such as retail malls, restaurants and airports, offer Wi-Fi Internet service. Numerous local governments are also considering or actively pursuing publicly subsidized Wi-Fi Internet access networks. Operators are also marketing PC cards and “personal hotspots” offering wireless broadband access to their cellular networks. These service options offer another alternative to cable-based Internet access. In addition, certain 14 wireless carriers, including T-Mobile and Verizon, are exempting certain video traffic from data charges thus encouraging video over the Internet. Seasonality and Cyclicality Our business is subject to seasonal and cyclical variations. Our results are impacted by the seasonal nature of customers receiving our cable services in college and vacation markets. Our revenue is subject to cyclical advertising patterns and changes in viewership levels. Our U.S. advertising revenue is generally higher in the second and fourth calendar quarters of each year, due in part to increases in consumer advertising in the spring and in the period leading up to and including the holiday season. U.S. advertising revenue is also cyclical, benefiting in even-numbered years from advertising related to candidates running for political office and issue-oriented advertising. Regulation and Legislation The following summary addresses the key regulatory and legislative developments affecting the cable industry and our three primary services for both residential and commercial customers: video service, Internet service, and voice service. Cable system operations are extensively regulated by the federal government (primarily the FCC), certain state governments, and many local governments. A failure to comply with these regulations could subject us to substantial penalties. Our business can be dramatically impacted by changes to the existing regulatory framework, whether triggered by legislative, administrative, or judicial rulings. Congress and the FCC have frequently revisited the subject of communications regulation and they are likely to do so again in the future. We could be materially disadvantaged in the future if we are subject to new regulations or regulatory actions that do not equally impact our key competitors. We cannot provide assurance that the already extensive regulation of our business will not be expanded in the future. Video Service Must Carry/Retransmission Consent. There are two alternative legal methods for carriage of local broadcast television stations on cable systems. Federal “must carry” regulations require cable systems to carry local broadcast television stations upon the request of the local broadcaster. Alternatively, federal law includes “retransmission consent” regulations, by which popular commercial television stations can prohibit cable carriage unless the cable operator first negotiates for “retransmission consent,” which may be conditioned on significant payments or other concessions. Congress passed legislation in 2014 imposing certain restrictions on broadcasters’ exercise of retransmission consent authority and directing the FCC to review aspects of its existing retransmission consent rules. That FCC review is on-going. Popular stations invoking “retransmission consent” have been demanding substantial compensation increases in their recent negotiations with cable operators, thereby significantly increasing our operating costs. Additional government-mandated broadcast carriage obligations could disrupt existing programming commitments, interfere with our preferred use of limited channel capacity, and limit our ability to offer services that appeal to our customers and generate revenues. Cable Equipment. In 1996, Congress enacted a statute requiring the FCC to adopt regulations designed to assure the development of an independent retail market for “navigation devices,” such as cable set-top boxes. As a result, the FCC required cable operators to make a separate offering of security modules (i.e., a “CableCARD”) that can be used with retail navigation devices. Some of the FCC’s rules requiring support for CableCARDs were vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in 2013. The FCC had also adopted an “integration ban,” which had required cable operators to use CableCARDs in all of their new set-top boxes. In 2013, Charter received a two-year waiver from the FCC’s “integration ban,” on the condition that Charter meet certain milestones regarding downloadable security by the end of the waiver period. In December 2014, as part of the Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act Reauthorization Act of 2014 (“STELAR”), Congress repealed the integration ban, effective December 4, 2015. STELAR also directed the FCC to establish a “working group of technical experts” to identify and report on downloadable security design options that are not unduly burdensome and that promote competition with respect to the availability of navigation devices. That group issued its report in August 2015, and comments on the report were subsequently filed at the FCC. The expert report identified alternative proposals, but no consensus recommendation, for FCC action. On January 27, 2016, the FCC Chairman announced that he had circulated a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to the other FCC commissioners for vote on February 18, 2016 and outlined his proposal regarding navigation devices. If adopted, the Chairman’s proposal would require us to allow navigation devices on our network if the navigation devices meet standards to be developed by a third party standard setting body envisioned by the proposed rules regardless of the manufacturer of the device. It remains uncertain what rules, if any, will ultimately be adopted and what operating or financial impact any such rules might have on us including on the security of the content we obtain from programmers that is delivered over any third party navigation device, customer privacy and the user experience. 15 Privacy and Information Security Regulation. The Communications Act limits our ability to collect and disclose subscribers’ personally identifiable information for our video, voice, and Internet services, as well as provides requirements to safeguard such information. We are subject to additional federal, state, and local laws and regulations that impose additional restrictions on the collection, use and disclosure of consumer, subscriber and employee information. Further, the FCC, FTC, and many states regulate and restrict the marketing practices of cable operators, including telemarketing and online marketing efforts. Various federal agencies, including the FTC, are now considering new restrictions affecting the use of personal and profiling data for online advertising. Our operations are also subject to federal and state laws governing information security. In the event of an information security breach, such rules may require consumer and government agency notification and may result in regulatory enforcement actions with the potential of monetary forfeitures. The FCC has recently used the existing authority under its privacy and security requirements for telecommunications services to bring enforcement actions against several companies companies (including one cable operator) for failing to protect customer data from unauthorized access by and disclosure to third parties, with resulting settlements ranging from $595,000 to $25 million. Similarly, the FTC and state attorneys general regularly bring enforcement actions against companies related to information security breaches and privacy violations. Congress and several state legislatures are considering the adoption of new data security and cybersecurity legislation that could result in additional network and information security requirements for our business. On February 12, 2014, the National Institute for Standards and Technologies (“NIST”), in cooperation with other federal agencies and owners and operators of U.S. critical infrastructure, released a voluntary framework that provides a prioritized and flexible model for organizations to identify and manage cyber risks inherent to their business. The NIST cybersecurity framework was directed by an Executive Order and a Presidential Policy Directive issued in 2013, and it is designed to supplement, not supersede, existing cybersecurity regulations and requirements. Several government agencies have encouraged compliance with the NIST cybersecurity framework, including the FCC, which is also considering expansion of its cybersecurity guidelines or the adoption of cybersecurity requirements. We cannot predict what proposals may be adopted or how new legislation and regulations, if any, would affect our business. MDUs / Inside Wiring. The FCC has adopted a series of regulations designed to spur competition to established cable operators in MDU complexes. These regulations allow our competitors to access certain existing cable wiring inside MDUs. The FCC also adopted regulations limiting the ability of established cable operators, like us, to enter into exclusive service contracts for MDU complexes. In their current form, the FCC’s regulations in this area favor our competitors. Pole Attachments. The Communications Act requires most utilities owning utility poles to provide cable systems with access to poles and conduits and simultaneously subjects the rates charged for this access to either federal or state regulation. In 2011 and again in 2015, the FCC amended its existing pole attachment rules to promote broadband deployment. The 2011 order allows for new penalties in certain cases involving unauthorized attachments, but generally strengthens the cable industry's ability to access investor-owned utility poles on reasonable rates, terms, and conditions. Additionally, the 2011 order reduces the federal rate formula previously applicable to “telecommunications” attachments to closely approximate the rate formula applicable to “cable” attachments. The 2015 order (which may still be appealed by utility pole owners) continues the reconciliation of rates, effectively closing the remaining “loophole” that potentially allowed for significantly higher rates for telecommunications than for "cable" attachments in certain scenarios. Neither the 2011 order nor the 2015 order directly affect the rate in states that self-regulate (rather than allow the FCC to regulate pole rates), but many of those states have substantially the same rate for cable and telecommunications attachments. Although the 2011 and 2015 orders do not impact the status quo treatment of cable-provided VoIP service as an unclassified service eligible for the favorable cable rate, the issue has not been fully resolved by the FCC, and a potential change in classification in a pending proceeding could adversely impact our pole attachment rates in states or for periods of time in which the cable rate is or was lower than the telecommunications rate. Additionally, although the FCC’s 2015 reclassification of broadband Internet access as a telecommunications service also set forth the FCC’s intention that pole rates not increase as result, that reclassification ruling could adversely impact our pole attachment rates in states or for periods of time in which the cable rate is or was lower than the telecommunications rate. Cable Rate Regulation. Federal law strictly limits the potential scope of cable rate regulation. Pursuant to federal law, all video offerings are universally exempt from rate regulation, except for a cable system’s minimum level of video programming service, referred to as “basic service,” and associated equipment. Rate regulation of basic service and associated equipment operates pursuant to a federal formula, with local governments, commonly referred to as local franchising authorities, primarily responsible for administering this regulation. The majority of our local franchising authorities have never certified to regulate basic service cable rates. In 2015, the FCC adopted an order (which is now under appeal) reversing its historic approach to rate regulation 16 certifications and requiring a local franchise authority interested in regulating cable rates to first make an affirmative showing that there is no “effective competition” (as defined under federal law) in the community. Very few local franchise authorities have filed the necessary rate regulation certification, and the FCC’s 2015 order should make it more difficult for such entities to assert rate regulation in the future. There have been calls to impose expanded rate regulation on the cable industry. Confronted with rapidly increasing cable programming costs, it is possible that Congress may adopt new constraints on the retail pricing or packaging of cable programming. Any such constraints could adversely affect our operations. Ownership Restrictions. Federal regulation of the communications field traditionally included a host of ownership restrictions, which limited the size of certain media entities and restricted their ability to enter into competing enterprises. Through a series of legislative, regulatory, and judicial actions, most of these restrictions have been either eliminated or substantially relaxed. Changes in this regulatory area could alter the business environment in which we operate. Access Channels. Local franchise agreements often require cable operators to set aside certain channels for public, educational, and governmental access programming. Federal law also requires cable systems to designate up to 15% of their channel capacity for commercial leased access by unaffiliated third parties, who may offer programming that our customers do not particularly desire. The FCC adopted revised rules in 2007 mandating a significant reduction in the rates that operators can charge commercial leased access users and imposing additional administrative requirements that would be burdensome on the cable industry. The effect of the FCC's revised rules was stayed by a federal court, pending a cable industry appeal and an adverse finding by the Office of Management and Budget. Although commercial leased access activity historically has been relatively limited, increased activity in this area could further burden the channel capacity of our cable systems. Other FCC Regulatory Matters. FCC regulations cover a variety of additional areas, including, among other things: (1) equal employment opportunity obligations; (2) customer service standards; (3) technical service standards; (4) mandatory blackouts of certain network and syndicated programming; (5) restrictions on political advertising; (6) restrictions on advertising in children's programming; (7) licensing of systems and facilities; (8) maintenance of public files; (9) emergency alert systems; and (10) disability access, including new requirements governing video-description and closed-captioning. Each of these regulations restricts our business practices to varying degrees and may impose additional costs on our operations. It is possible that Congress or the FCC will expand or modify its regulation of cable systems in the future, and we cannot predict at this time how that might impact our business. Copyright. Cable systems are subject to a federal copyright compulsory license covering carriage of television and radio broadcast signals. The possible modification or elimination of this compulsory copyright license is the subject of continuing legislative proposals and administrative review and could adversely affect our ability to obtain desired broadcast programming. Copyright clearances for non-broadcast programming services are arranged through private negotiations. Cable operators also must obtain music rights for locally originated programming and advertising from the major music performing rights organizations. These licensing fees have been the source of litigation in the past, and we cannot predict with certainty whether license fee disputes may arise in the future. Franchise Matters. Cable systems generally are operated pursuant to nonexclusive franchises granted by a municipality or other state or local government entity in order to utilize and cross public rights-of-way. Cable franchises generally are granted for fixed terms and in many cases include monetary penalties for noncompliance and may be terminable if the franchisee fails to comply with material provisions. The specific terms and conditions of cable franchises vary significantly between jurisdictions. Cable franchises generally contain provisions governing cable operations, franchise fees, system construction, maintenance, technical performance, customer service standards, and changes in the ownership of the franchisee. A number of states subject cable systems to the jurisdiction of centralized state government agencies, such as public utility commissions. Although local franchising authorities have considerable discretion in establishing franchise terms, certain federal protections benefit cable operators. For example, federal law caps local franchise fees and includes renewal procedures designed to protect incumbent franchisees from arbitrary denials of renewal. Even if a franchise is renewed, however, the local franchising authority may seek to impose new and more onerous requirements as a condition of renewal. Similarly, if a local franchising authority's consent is required for the purchase or sale of a cable system, the local franchising authority may attempt to impose more burdensome requirements as a condition for providing its consent. The traditional cable franchising regime has undergone significant change as a result of various federal and state actions. The FCC has adopted rules that streamline entry for new competitors (particularly those affiliated with telephone companies) and reduce certain franchising burdens for these new entrants. The FCC adopted more modest relief for existing cable operators. 17 At the same time, a substantial number of states have adopted new franchising laws. Again, these laws were principally designed to streamline entry for new competitors, and they often provide advantages for these new entrants that are not immediately available to existing cable operators. In many instances, these franchising regimes do not apply to established cable operators until the existing franchise expires or a competitor directly enters the franchise territory. The exact nature of these state franchising laws, and their varying application to new and existing video providers, will impact our franchising obligations and our competitive position. Internet Service On February 26, 2015, the FCC adopted an order that: (1) reclassified broadband Internet service as a Title II service, (2) applied certain existing Title II provisions and associated regulations (including requiring that rates and practices be just, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory, allowing complaints in court and before the FCC, imposing privacy and disability obligations, and providing broadband providers with access to poles and conduits), (3) forbore from applying a range of other existing Title II provisions and associated regulations, but to varying degrees indicated that this forbearance may be only temporary, and (4) issued new rules expanding disclosure requirements and prohibiting blocking, throttling, paid prioritization, and unreasonable interference with the ability of end users and edge providers to reach each other. The order also subjected broadband providers’ Internet traffic exchange rates and practices to potential FCC oversight and created a mechanism for third parties to file complaints regarding these matters. The order has been appealed by multiple parties, but the rules are currently in effect (except for the expanded disclosure requirements, which will not become effective until they receive approval from the Office of Management and Budget). The order could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. The FCC is also considering the appropriate regulatory framework for VoIP service, including whether that service should be regulated under Title II. While we cannot predict what rules the FCC will adopt as part of these rulemakings, any changes to the regulatory framework for our Internet or VoIP services could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations. Charter has, however, made certain commitments to comply with the FCC’s order in connection with the FCC’s review of Charter’s pending TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction. As the Internet has matured, it has become the subject of increasing regulatory interest. Congress and federal regulators have adopted a wide range of measures directly or potentially affecting Internet use, including, for example, consumer privacy, copyright protections, defamation liability, taxation, obscenity, and unsolicited commercial e-mail. Our Internet services are subject to the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (“CALEA”) requirements regarding law enforcement surveillance. Pending and future legislation in this area could adversely affect our operations as an Internet service provider and our relationship with our Internet customers. Additionally, the FCC and Congress are considering subjecting Internet access services to the Universal Service funding requirements. These funding requirements could impose significant new costs on our high-speed Internet service. Also, the FCC and some state regulatory commissions direct certain subsidies to telephone companies deploying broadband to areas deemed to be “unserved” or “underserved.” Charter has opposed such subsidies when directed to areas that Charter serves. Despite Charter’s efforts, future subsidies may be directed to areas served by Charter, which could result in subsidized competitors operating in our service territories. State and local governmental organizations have also adopted Internet-related regulations. These various governmental jurisdictions are also considering additional regulations in these and other areas, such as privacy, pricing, service and product quality, and taxation. The adoption of new Internet regulations or the adaptation of existing laws to the Internet could adversely affect our business. The FCC is considering whether online video distributors (“OVDs”) that offer programming to customers with a broadband Internet connection should be classified as multichannel video programming distributors (“MVPDs”), and thereby subject to the program access protections available to MVPDs, as well as some of the regulatory requirements applicable to MVPDs. The outcome of this proceeding, which could impact how OVDs compete in the future with traditional cable service, cannot be determined at the current time. On January 29, 2015, the FCC, in a nation-wide proceeding evaluating whether “advanced broadband” is being deployed in a reasonable and timely fashion, increased the minimum connection speeds required to qualify as advanced broadband service to 25 Mbps for downloads and 3 Mbps for uploads. As a result, the FCC concluded that advanced broadband was not being sufficiently deployed and initiated a new inquiry into what steps it might take to encourage broadband deployment. This action may lead the FCC to adopt additional measures affecting our broadband business. At the same time, the FCC has ongoing proceedings to allocate additional spectrum for advanced wireless service, which could provide additional wireless competition to our broadband business. The FCC recently granted petitions from municipalities in North Carolina and Tennessee seeking the preemption of state laws that restrict the ability of municipalities to construct and deploy broadband systems in competition with private offerings. Municipalities in other states may seek similar relief as there are approximately 20 such state laws now in effect. FCC preemption 18 is predicated on the belief that such state laws are impeding the nation-wide deployment of broadband service. The FCC rulings have been appealed and are pending in the 6th Circuit. If the FCC orders are upheld, it could lead to increased competition from municipal-provided broadband. Voice Service The Telecommunications Act of 1996 created a more favorable regulatory environment for us to provide telecommunications and/ or competitive voice services than had previously existed. In particular, it established requirements ensuring that competitive telephone companies could interconnect their networks with those providers of traditional telecommunications services to open the market to competition. The FCC has subsequently ruled that competitive telephone companies that support VoIP services, such as those we offer our customers, are entitled to interconnection with incumbent providers of traditional telecommunications services, which ensures that our VoIP services can compete in the market. Since that time, the FCC has initiated a proceeding to determine whether such interconnection rights should extend to traditional and competitive networks utilizing IP technology, and how to encourage the transition to IP networks throughout the industry. New rules or obligations arising from these proceedings may affect our ability to compete in the provision of voice services. In November 2011, the FCC released an order (subsequently upheld on appeal) that significantly changed the rules governing intercarrier compensation payments for the termination of telephone traffic between carriers. That change resulted in a substantial decrease in the intercarrier compensation payments we receive, and those payments will continue to decrease. The decreases over the multi-year transition will, however, affect not only the amounts that Charter receives from other carriers, but also the amounts that Charter pays to other carriers. The schedule and magnitude of these decreases, however, will vary depending on the nature of the carriers and the telephone traffic at issue, and if the FCC makes further rule changes. We cannot predict with certainty the balance of the impact on Charter's revenues and expenses for voice services at particular times over this multi-year period. The FCC has collected extensive data from providers of point to point transport (“special access”) services, such as Charter, and the FCC will use that data to evaluate whether the market for such services is competitive, or whether the market should be subject to further regulation, which may increase our costs or constrain our ability to compete in this market. The FCC also recently selected a new national local number portability administrator, and the change to that new administrator may adversely impact our ability to manage number porting and related tasks. Further regulatory changes are being considered that could impact our voice business and that of our primary telecommunications competitors. The FCC and state regulatory authorities are considering, for example, whether certain common carrier regulations traditionally applied to incumbent local exchange carriers should be modified or reduced, and the extent to which common carrier requirements should be extended to VoIP providers. The FCC has already determined that certain providers of voice services using Internet Protocol technology must comply with requirements relating to 911 emergency services (“E911”), the CALEA (the statute governing law enforcement access to and surveillance of communications), Universal Service Fund contributions, customer privacy and Customer Proprietary Network Information issues, number portability, network outage reporting, rural call completion, disability access, regulatory fees, and discontinuance of service. In November 2014, the FCC adopted an order imposing limited back-up power obligations on providers of facilities-based fixed, residential voice services that are not otherwise line-powered, including our VoIP services. This order becomes effective in February 2016 and requires us to disclose certain information to customers and to make back-up power available at the point of sale. In March 2007, a federal appeals court affirmed the FCC’s decision concerning federal regulation of certain VoIP services, but declined to specifically find that VoIP service provided by cable companies, such as we provide, should be regulated only at the federal level. As a result, some states have begun proceedings to subject cable VoIP services to state level regulation, and at least one state has asserted jurisdiction over our VoIP services. We have filed a legal challenge to that state’s assertion of jurisdiction, which is now pending before a federal district court in Minnesota. Although we have registered with, or obtained certificates or authorizations from the FCC and the state regulatory authorities in those states in which we offer competitive voice services in order to ensure the continuity of our services and to maintain needed network interconnection arrangements, it is unclear whether and how these and other ongoing regulatory matters ultimately will be resolved. Employees As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately 23,800 full-time equivalent employees. At December 31, 2015, approximately 60 of our employees were represented by collective bargaining agreements. We have never experienced a work stoppage. 19 Item 1A. Risk Factors. Risks Related to Our Indebtedness We have a significant amount of debt and may incur significant additional debt, including secured debt, in the future, which could adversely affect our financial health and our ability to react to changes in our business. We have a significant amount of debt and may (subject to applicable restrictions in our debt instruments) incur additional debt in the future. As of December 31, 2015, our total principal amount of debt was approximately $35.9 billion, including $21.8 billion of debt for which proceeds are held in escrow pending consummation of the TWC Transaction. Our significant amount of debt could have consequences, such as: impact our ability to raise additional capital at reasonable rates, or at all; • • make us vulnerable to interest rate increases, because approximately 17% of our borrowings as of December 31, 2015 were, and may continue to be, subject to variable rates of interest; expose us to increased interest expense to the extent we refinance existing debt with higher cost debt; require us to dedicate a significant portion of our cash flow from operating activities to make payments on our debt, reducing our funds available for working capital, capital expenditures, and other general corporate expenses; limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business, the cable and telecommunications industries, and the economy at large; place us at a disadvantage compared to our competitors that have proportionately less debt; and adversely affect our relationship with customers and suppliers. • • • • • If current debt amounts increase, the related risks that we now face will intensify. The agreements and instruments governing our debt contain restrictions and limitations that could significantly affect our ability to operate our business, as well as significantly affect our liquidity. Our credit facilities and the indentures governing our debt contain a number of significant covenants that could adversely affect our ability to operate our business, our liquidity, and our results of operations. These covenants restrict, among other things, our and our subsidiaries’ ability to: incur additional debt; repurchase or redeem equity interests and debt; issue equity; • • • • make certain investments or acquisitions; pay dividends or make other distributions; • dispose of assets or merge; • enter into related party transactions; and • grant liens and pledge assets. • Additionally, the Charter Operating credit facilities require Charter Operating to comply with a maximum total leverage covenant and a maximum first lien leverage covenant. The breach of any covenants or obligations in our indentures or credit facilities, not otherwise waived or amended, could result in a default under the applicable debt obligations and could trigger acceleration of those obligations, which in turn could trigger cross defaults under other agreements governing our long-term indebtedness. In addition, the secured lenders under the Charter Operating credit facilities, CCO Safari III credit facilities and the holders of the CCO Safari II notes could foreclose on their collateral, which includes equity interests in our subsidiaries, and exercise other rights of secured creditors. We depend on generating sufficient cash flow to fund our debt obligations, capital expenditures, and ongoing operations. We are dependent on our cash on hand and cash flow from operations to fund our debt obligations, capital expenditures and ongoing operations. 20 Our ability to service our debt and to fund our planned capital expenditures and ongoing operations will depend on our ability to continue to generate cash flow and our access (by dividend or otherwise) to additional liquidity sources at the applicable obligor. Our ability to continue to generate cash flow is dependent on many factors, including: • • • • • • • our ability to sustain and grow revenues and cash flow from operations by offering video, Internet, voice, advertising and other services to residential and commercial customers, to adequately meet the customer experience demands in our markets and to maintain and grow our customer base, particularly in the face of increasingly aggressive competition, the need for innovation and the related capital expenditures; the impact of competition from other market participants, including but not limited to incumbent telephone companies, direct broadcast satellite operators, wireless broadband and telephone providers, DSL providers, video provided over the Internet and providers of advertising over the Internet; general business conditions, economic uncertainty or downturn, high unemployment levels and the level of activity in the housing sector; our ability to obtain programming at reasonable prices or to raise prices to offset, in whole or in part, the effects of higher programming costs (including retransmission consents); the development and deployment of new products and technologies including our cloud-based user interface, Spectrum Guide®, and downloadable security for set-top boxes; the effects of governmental regulation on our business or potential business combination transactions; and any events that disrupt our networks, information systems or properties and impair our operating activities and negatively impact our reputation. Some of these factors are beyond our control. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow or we are unable to access additional liquidity sources, we may not be able to service and repay our debt, operate our business, respond to competitive challenges, or fund our other liquidity and capital needs. Restrictions in our subsidiaries' debt instruments and under applicable law limit their ability to provide funds to us and our subsidiaries that are debt issuers. Our primary assets are our equity interests in our subsidiaries. Our operating subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities and are not obligated to make funds available to their debt issuer holding companies for payments on our notes or other obligations in the form of loans, distributions, or otherwise. Charter Operating’s ability to make distributions to Charter, CCO Holdings, CCOH Safari, CCO Safari II or CCO Safari III, our other primary debt issuers, to service debt obligations is subject to its compliance with the terms of its credit facilities, and restrictions under applicable law. See “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Limitations on Distributions” and “— Summary of Restrictive Covenants of Our Notes – Restrictions on Distributions.” Under the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act (the “Act”), our subsidiaries may only make distributions if the relevant entity has “surplus” as defined in the Act. Under fraudulent transfer laws, our subsidiaries may not pay dividends if the relevant entity is insolvent or is rendered insolvent thereby. The measures of insolvency for purposes of these fraudulent transfer laws vary depending upon the law applied in any proceeding to determine whether a fraudulent transfer has occurred. Generally, however, an entity would be considered insolvent if: • • • the sum of its debts, including contingent liabilities, was greater than the fair saleable value of all its assets; the present fair saleable value of its assets was less than the amount that would be required to pay its probable liability on its existing debts, including contingent liabilities, as they become absolute and mature; or it could not pay its debts as they became due. While we believe that our relevant subsidiaries currently have surplus and are not insolvent, these subsidiaries may become insolvent in the future. Our direct or indirect subsidiaries include the borrowers and guarantors under the Charter Operating credit facilities and the entities that will be issuers and guarantors under the CCO Safari II notes upon consummation of the TWC Transaction. CCO Holdings and CCOH Safari are also obligors under their respective senior notes and CCO Safari III is an obligor under its credit facilities. As of December 31, 2015, our total principal amount of debt was approximately $35.9 billion. In the event of bankruptcy, liquidation, or dissolution of one or more of our subsidiaries, that subsidiary's assets would first be applied to satisfy its own obligations, and following such payments, such subsidiary may not have sufficient assets remaining to make payments to its parent company as an equity holder or otherwise. In that event, the lenders under Charter Operating's credit facilities, the CCO Safari II notes and any other indebtedness of our subsidaries whose interests are (or will be following the consummation of the TWC Transaction) secured by substantially all of our operating assets, and all holders of other debt of Charter Operating, CCO Safari II, CCO Safari III, CCO Holdings and CCOH Safari will have the right to be paid in full before us from any of our subsidiaries' assets. 21 Some of our outstanding debt is subject to change of control provisions. We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to fulfill our obligations under our indebtedness following a change of control, which would place us in default under the applicable debt instruments. We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to fulfill our obligations under our notes and our credit facilities following a change of control. Under the indentures governing the CCO Holdings' notes and CCOH Safari notes, upon the occurrence of specified change of control events, the debt issuer is required to offer to repurchase all of its outstanding notes. However, we may not have sufficient access to funds at the time of the change of control event to make the required repurchase of the applicable notes, and Charter Operating is limited in its ability to make distributions or other payments to any debt issuer to fund any required repurchase. In addition, a change of control under the Charter Operating credit facilities would result in a default under those credit facilities, which would trigger a default under the indentures governing the CCO Holdings' notes and CCO Safari II notes. Because such credit facilities and notes are obligations of Charter Operating and its subsidiaries, the credit facilities would have to be repaid before Charter Operating's assets could be available to CCO Holdings or CCOH Safari to repurchase their notes. Any failure to make or complete a change of control offer would place CCO Holdings or CCOH Safari in default under their notes. The failure of our subsidiaries to make a change of control offer or repay the amounts accelerated under their notes and credit facilities would place them in default under such agreements. Risks Related to Our Business We operate in a very competitive business environment, which affects our ability to attract and retain customers and can adversely affect our business, operations and financial results. The industry in which we operate is highly competitive and has become more so in recent years. In some instances, we compete against companies with fewer regulatory burdens, better access to financing, greater personnel resources, greater resources for marketing, greater and more favorable brand name recognition, and long-established relationships with regulatory authorities and customers. Increasing consolidation in the cable industry and the repeal of certain ownership rules have provided additional benefits to certain of our competitors, either through access to financing, resources, or efficiencies of scale. We could also face additional competition from multi-channel video providers if they began distributing video over the Internet to customers residing outside their current territories. Our principal competitors for video services throughout our territory are DBS providers. The two largest DBS providers are DirecTV (which is owned by AT&T) and DISH Network. Competition from DBS, including intensive marketing efforts with aggressive pricing, exclusive programming and increased HD broadcasting has had an adverse impact on our ability to retain customers. DBS companies have also expanded their activities in the MDU market. Telephone companies, including two major telephone companies, AT&T and Verizon, offer video and other services in competition with us, and we expect they will increasingly do so in the future. Upgraded portions of these networks carry two-way video, data services and provide digital voice services similar to ours. In the case of Verizon, FIOS high-speed data services offer speeds as high as or higher than ours. In addition, these companies continue to offer their traditional telephone services, as well as service bundles that include wireless voice services provided by affiliated companies. Based on our internal estimates, we believe that AT&T (excluding DirecTV) and Verizon are offering video services in areas serving approximately 35% and 4%, respectively, of our estimated residential passings and we have experienced customer losses in these areas. AT&T and Verizon have also launched campaigns to capture more of the MDU market. When AT&T or Verizon have introduced or expanded their offering of video products in our market areas, we have seen a decrease in our video revenue as AT&T and Verizon typically roll out aggressive marketing and discounting campaigns to launch their products. Additionally, in July 2015, AT&T completed its acquisition of DirecTV, the nation’s largest DBS provider and in connection with that acquisition, AT&T committed to expand fiber to the premises services to 12.5 million locations. This transaction created an even larger competitor for Charter’s video services that has the ability to expand its video service offerings to include bundled wireless offerings. Due to consumer electronic innovations, content owners are allowing consumers to watch Internet-delivered content on televisions, personal computers, tablets, gaming boxes connected to televisions and mobile devices, some without charging a fee to access the content. Technological advancements, such as video on demand, new video formats, and Internet streaming and downloading, have increased the number of entertainment and information delivery choices available to consumers, and intensified the challenges posed by audience fragmentation. For example, online video services continue to offer consumers alternatives including Hulu, Netflix, Amazon and Apple. In 2015, HBO and CBS began selling their programming direct to consumers over the Internet. DISH Network launched Sling TV which includes ESPN among other programming, and Sony launched PlayStation Vue which includes 85+ TV channels. The increasing number of choices available to audiences could also negatively impact advertisers’ willingness to purchase advertising from us, as well as the price they are willing to pay for advertising. 22 With respect to our Internet access services, we face competition, including intensive marketing efforts and aggressive pricing, from telephone companies, primarily AT&T and Verizon, and other providers of DSL, fiber-to-the-node and fiber-to-the-home services. DSL service competes with our Internet service and is often offered at prices lower than our Internet services, although often at speeds lower than the speeds we offer. Fiber-to-the-node networks can provide faster Internet speeds than conventional DSL, but still cannot typically match our Internet speeds. Fiber-to-the-home networks, however, can provide Internet speeds equal to or greater than our current Internet speeds. In addition, in many of our markets, DSL providers have entered into co-marketing arrangements with DBS providers to offer service bundles combining video services provided by a DBS provider with DSL and traditional telephone and wireless services offered by the telephone companies and their affiliates. These service bundles offer customers similar pricing and convenience advantages as our bundles. Continued growth in our residential voice business faces risks. The competitive landscape for residential and commercial telephone services is intense; we face competition from providers of Internet telephone services, as well as incumbent telephone companies. Further, we face increasing competition for residential voice services as more consumers in the United States are replacing traditional telephone service with wireless service. We expect to continue to price our voice product aggressively as part of our triple play strategy which could negatively impact our revenue from voice services to the extent we do not increase volume. The existence of more than one cable system operating in the same territory is referred to as an overbuild. Overbuilds could adversely affect our growth, financial condition, and results of operations, by creating or increasing competition. We are aware of traditional overbuild situations impacting certain of our markets, however, we are unable to predict the extent to which additional overbuild situations may occur. In order to attract new customers, from time to time we make promotional offers, including offers of temporarily reduced price or free service. These promotional programs result in significant advertising, programming and operating expenses, and also may require us to make capital expenditures to acquire and install customer premise equipment. Customers who subscribe to our services as a result of these offerings may not remain customers following the end of the promotional period. A failure to retain customers could have a material adverse effect on our business. Mergers, joint ventures, and alliances among franchised, wireless, or private cable operators, DBS providers, local exchange carriers, and others, may provide additional benefits to some of our competitors, either through access to financing, resources, or efficiencies of scale, or the ability to provide multiple services in direct competition with us. In addition to the various competitive factors discussed above, our business competes with all other sources of entertainment and information delivery, including broadcast television, movies, live events, radio broadcasts, home video products, console games, print media, and the Internet. If we do not respond appropriately to further increases in the leisure and entertainment choices available to consumers, our competitive position could deteriorate, and our financial results could suffer. Our services may not allow us to compete effectively. Competition may reduce our expected growth of future cash flows which may contribute to future impairments of our franchises and goodwill and our ability to meet cash flow requirements, including debt service requirements. Our exposure to the economic conditions of our current and potential customers, vendors and third parties could adversely affect our cash flow, results of operations and financial condition. We are exposed to risks associated with the economic conditions of our current and potential customers, the potential financial instability of our customers and their financial ability to purchase our products. If there were a general economic downtown, we may experience increased cancellations by our customers or unfavorable changes in the mix of products purchased. These events have adversely affected us in the past, and may adversely affect our cash flow, results of operations and financial condition if a downturn were to occur. In addition, we are susceptible to risks associated with the potential financial instability of the vendors and third parties on which we rely to provide products and services or to which we outsource certain functions. The same economic conditions that may affect our customers, as well as volatility and disruption in the capital and credit markets, also could adversely affect vendors and third parties and lead to significant increases in prices, reduction in output or the bankruptcy of our vendors or third parties upon which we rely. Any interruption in the services provided by our vendors or by third parties could adversely affect our cash flow, results of operation and financial condition. 23 We face risks inherent in our commercial business. We may encounter unforeseen difficulties as we increase the scale of our service offerings to businesses. We sell Internet access, data networking and fiber connectivity to cellular towers and office buildings, video and business voice services to businesses and have increased our focus on growing this business. In order to grow our commercial business, we expect to continue investment in technology, equipment and personnel focused on the commercial business. Commercial business customers often require service level agreements and generally have heightened customer expectations for reliability of services. If our efforts to build the infrastructure to scale the commercial business are not successful, the growth of our commercial services business would be limited. We depend on interconnection and related services provided by certain third parties for the growth of our commercial business. As a result, our ability to implement changes as the services grow may be limited. If we are unable to meet these service level requirements or expectations, our commercial business could be adversely affected. Finally, we expect advances in communications technology, as well as changes in the marketplace and the regulatory and legislative environment. Consequently, we are unable to predict the effect that ongoing or future developments in these areas might have on our voice and commercial businesses and operations. Programming costs are rising at a much faster rate than wages or inflation, and we may not have the ability to reduce or moderate the growth rates of, or pass on to our customers, our increasing programming costs, which would adversely affect our cash flow and operating margins. Programming has been, and is expected to continue to be, our largest operating expense item. In recent years, the cable industry has experienced a rapid escalation in the cost of programming. We expect programming costs to continue to increase because of a variety of factors including amounts paid for retransmission consent, annual increases imposed by programmers with additional selling power as a result of media consolidation, incremental programming, including new sports services, out-of-home or non- linear programming and attempts by programmers to replace advertising revenue they are losing to online marketing options and as a result of declining viewership ratings. The inability to fully pass these programming cost increases on to our customers has had an adverse impact on our cash flow and operating margins associated with the video product. We have programming contracts that have expired and others that will expire at or before the end of 2016. There can be no assurance that these agreements will be renewed on favorable or comparable terms. To the extent that we are unable to reach agreement with certain programmers on terms that we believe are reasonable, we may be forced to remove such programming channels from our line-up, which could result in a further loss of customers. Increased demands by owners of some broadcast stations for carriage of other services or payments to those broadcasters for retransmission consent are likely to further increase our programming costs. Federal law allows commercial television broadcast stations to make an election between “must-carry” rights and an alternative “retransmission-consent” regime. When a station opts for the latter, cable operators are not allowed to carry the station’s signal without the station’s permission. In some cases, we carry stations under short-term arrangements while we attempt to negotiate new long-term retransmission agreements. If negotiations with these programmers prove unsuccessful, they could require us to cease carrying their signals, possibly for an indefinite period. Any loss of stations could make our video service less attractive to customers, which could result in less subscription and advertising revenue. In retransmission-consent negotiations, broadcasters often condition consent with respect to one station on carriage of one or more other stations or programming services in which they or their affiliates have an interest. Carriage of these other services, as well as increased fees for retransmission rights, may increase our programming expenses and diminish the amount of capacity we have available to introduce new services, which could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results. Our inability to respond to technological developments and meet customer demand for new products and services could limit our ability to compete effectively. Our business is characterized by rapid technological change and the introduction of new products and services, some of which are bandwidth-intensive. We may not be able to fund the capital expenditures necessary to keep pace with technological developments, execute the plans to do so, or anticipate the demand of our customers for products and services requiring new technology or bandwidth. The implementation of our network-based user interface, Spectrum Guide, and downloadable security necessary for our Worldbox set-top box strategy, may ultimately be unsuccessful or more expensive than anticipated. In order to realize the benefits of our Worldbox technology, we must implement our downloadable conditional access security in our regional video networks. Our inability to maintain and expand our upgraded systems and provide advanced services such as a state of the art user interface in a timely manner, or to anticipate the demands of the marketplace, could materially adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers. Consequently, our growth, financial condition and results of operations could suffer materially. 24 We depend on third party service providers, suppliers and licensors; thus, if we are unable to procure the necessary services, equipment, software or licenses on reasonable terms and on a timely basis, our ability to offer services could be impaired, and our growth, operations, business, financial results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. We depend on third party service providers, suppliers and licensors to supply some of the services, hardware, software and operational support necessary to provide some of our services. We obtain these materials from a limited number of vendors, some of which do not have a long operating history or which may not be able to continue to supply the equipment and services we desire. Some of our hardware, software and operational support vendors, and service providers represent our sole source of supply or have, either through contract or as a result of intellectual property rights, a position of some exclusivity. If demand exceeds these vendors’ capacity or if these vendors experience operating or financial difficulties, or are otherwise unable to provide the equipment or services we need in a timely manner, at our specifications and at reasonable prices, our ability to provide some services might be materially adversely affected, or the need to procure or develop alternative sources of the affected materials or services might delay our ability to serve our customers. These events could materially and adversely affect our ability to retain and attract customers, and have a material negative impact on our operations, business, financial results and financial condition. A limited number of vendors of key technologies can lead to less product innovation and higher costs. Our cable systems have historically been restricted to using one of two proprietary conditional access security systems, which we believe has limited the number of manufacturers producing set-top boxes for such systems. As an alternative, Charter has developed a conditional access security system which may be downloaded into set-top boxes with features we specify that could be provided by a variety of manufacturers. We refer to our specified set-top box as our Worldbox. In order to realize the benefits of our Worldbox technology, we must now implement the conditional access security system across our video network. We cannot provide assurances that this implementation will ultimately be successful or completed in the expected timeframe or at the expected budget. We further depend on patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and licenses to establish and maintain our intellectual property rights in technology and the products and services used in our operating activities. Any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged or invalidated, or such intellectual property rights may not be sufficient to permit us to continue to use certain intellectual property, which could result in discontinuance of certain product or service offerings or other competitive harm, our incurring substantial monetary liability or being enjoined preliminarily or permanently from further use of the intellectual property in question. Various events could disrupt our networks, information systems or properties and could impair our operating activities and negatively impact our reputation. Network and information systems technologies are critical to our operating activities, as well as our customers' access to our services. We may be subject to information technology system failures and network disruptions. Malicious and abusive activities, such as the dissemination of computer viruses, worms, and other destructive or disruptive software, computer hackings, social engineering, process breakdowns, denial of service attacks and other malicious activities have become more common in industry overall. If directed at us or technologies upon which we depend, these activities could have adverse consequences on our network and our customers, including degradation of service, excessive call volume to call centers, and damage to our or our customers' equipment and data. Further, these activities could result in security breaches, such as misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification or accidental release or loss of information maintained in our information technology systems and networks, and in our vendors’ systems and networks, including customer, personnel and vendor data. System failures and network disruptions may also be caused by natural disasters, accidents, power disruptions or telecommunications failures. If a significant incident were to occur, it could damage our reputation and credibility, lead to customer dissatisfaction and, ultimately, loss of customers or revenue, in addition to increased costs to service our customers and protect our network. These events also could result in large expenditures to repair or replace the damaged properties, networks or information systems or to protect them from similar events in the future. System redundancy may be ineffective or inadequate, and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all eventualities. Any significant loss of customers or revenue, or significant increase in costs of serving those customers, could adversely affect our growth, financial condition and results of operations. For tax purposes, we could experience a deemed ownership change in the future that could limit our ability to use our tax loss carryforwards. As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately $11.3 billion of federal tax net operating loss carryforwards resulting in a gross deferred tax asset of approximately $4.0 billion. Federal tax net operating loss carryforwards expire in the years 2020 through 2035. These losses resulted from the operations of Charter Holdco and its subsidiaries. In addition, as of December 31, 2015, we had state tax net operating loss carryforwards resulting in a gross deferred tax asset (net of federal tax benefit) of approximately $365 million. State tax net operating loss carryforwards generally expire in the years 2016 through 2035. Due to uncertainties in projected future taxable income, valuation allowances have been established against the gross deferred tax assets for book 25 accounting purposes, except for future taxable income that will result from the reversal of existing temporary differences for which deferred tax liabilities are recognized. Such tax loss carryforwards can accumulate and be used to offset our future taxable income. In the past, we have experienced “ownership changes” as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). In general, an “ownership change” occurs whenever the percentage of the stock of a corporation owned, directly or indirectly, by “5-percent stockholders” (within the meaning of Section 382 of the Code) increases by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of the stock of such corporation owned, directly or indirectly, by such “5-percent stockholders” at any time over the preceding three years. As a result, Charter is, and following the TWC transactions, New Charter (or, if only the Bright House Transaction is completed, Charter) will be subject to an annual limitation on the use of our loss carryforwards which existed at November 30, 2009 for the first “ownership change” and those that existed at May 1, 2013 for the second “ownership change.” The limitation on our ability to use our loss carryforwards, in conjunction with the loss carryforward expiration provisions, could reduce our ability to use a portion of our loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income, which could result in us being required to make material cash tax payments. Our ability to make such income tax payments, if any, will depend at such time on our liquidity or our ability to raise additional capital, and/or on receipt of payments or distributions from Charter Holdco and its subsidiaries. If we were to experience a third ownership change in the future (as a result of the transactions with TWC, Bright House and Liberty Broadband or from purchases and sales of stock by our “5-percent stockholders,” new issuances or redemptions of our stock, certain acquisitions of our stock and issuances, redemptions, sales or other dispositions or acquisitions of interests in our “5-percent stockholders”), our ability to use our loss carryforwards could become subject to further limitations. Our common stock is subject to certain transfer restrictions contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. These restrictions, which are designed to minimize the likelihood of an ownership change occurring and thereby preserve our ability to utilize our loss carryforwards, are not currently operative but could become operative in the future if certain events occur and the restrictions are imposed by our board of directors. However, there can be no assurance that our board of directors would choose to impose these restrictions or that such restrictions, if imposed, would prevent an ownership change from occurring. These restrictions will be eliminated if the Bright House Transaction is consummated. If we are unable to retain key employees, our ability to manage our business could be adversely affected. Our operational results have depended, and our future results will depend, upon the retention and continued performance of our management team. Our ability to retain and hire new key employees for management positions could be impacted adversely by the competitive environment for management talent in the broadband communications industry. The loss of the services of key members of management and the inability or delay in hiring new key employees could adversely affect our ability to manage our business and our future operational and financial results. Our inability to successfully acquire and integrate other businesses, assets, products or technologies could harm our operating results. We continuously evaluate and pursue small and large acquisitions and strategic investments in businesses, products or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our business or otherwise offer growth or cost-saving opportunities. From time to time, we may enter into letters of intent with companies with which we are negotiating for potential acquisitions or investments, or as to which we are conducting due diligence. An investment in, or acquisition of, complementary businesses, products or technologies in the future could materially decrease the amount of our available cash or require us to seek additional equity or debt financing. We may not be successful in negotiating the terms of any potential acquisition, conducting thorough due diligence, financing the acquisition or effectively integrating the acquired business, product or technology into our existing business and operations. Our due diligence may fail to identify all of the problems, liabilities or other shortcomings or challenges of an acquired business, product or technology, including issues related to intellectual property, product quality or product architecture, regulatory compliance practices, revenue recognition or other accounting practices, or employee or customer issues. Additionally, in connection with any acquisitions we complete, we may not achieve the growth, synergies or other benefits we expected to achieve, and we may incur write-downs, impairment charges or unforeseen liabilities that could negatively affect our operating results or financial position or could otherwise harm our business. Further, contemplating or completing an acquisition and integrating an acquired business, product or technology, individually or across multiple opportunities, could divert management and employee time and resources from other matters. See “— Risks Related to the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction” for risks specifically related to our proposed acquisitions of TWC and Bright House. 26 Risks Related to Ownership Position of Liberty Broadband Corporation Liberty Broadband Corporation owns a significant amount of Charter’s common stock, giving it influence over corporate transactions and other matters. Members of our board of directors include directors who are also officers and directors of our stockholder with the largest ownership. Dr. John Malone is the Chairman of Liberty Broadband, and Mr. Greg Maffei is the president and chief executive officer of Liberty Broadband. As of December 31, 2015, Liberty Broadband beneficially held approximately 25.65% of our Class A common stock. Liberty Broadband has the right to designate up to four directors as nominees for our board of directors through our 2015 annual meeting of stockholders with one designated director to be appointed to each of the Audit Committee, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and the Compensation and Benefits Committee. Liberty Broadband may be able to exercise substantial influence over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate action, such as mergers and other business combination transactions should Liberty Broadband retain a significant ownership interest in us. Liberty Broadband and its affiliates are not restricted from investing in, and have invested in, and engaged in, other businesses involving or related to the operation of cable television systems, video programming, Internet service, voice or business and financial transactions conducted through broadband interactivity and Internet services. Liberty Broadband and its affiliates may also engage in other businesses that compete or may in the future compete with us. Liberty Broadband's substantial influence over our management and affairs could create conflicts of interest if Liberty Broadband faced decisions that could have different implications for it and us. Risks Related to the TWC Transaction and the Bright House Transaction In the event (i) only the TWC Transaction or the TWC Transaction and the Bright House Transaction are completed, former Charter stockholders (excluding Liberty Broadband) will have significantly lower ownership and voting interest in New Charter following the completion of such transactions than they currently have in Charter and will exercise less influence over management, or (ii) only the Bright House Transaction is completed, existing Charter stockholders (excluding Liberty Broadband) will have a reduced ownership and voting interest in Charter following the completion of the Bright House Transaction than they currently have in Charter and will exercise less influence over management. Based on the number of shares of TWC common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2015, and the number of shares of Charter Class A common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2015, it is expected that, immediately after completion of the TWC Transaction, the issuance of shares to Liberty Broadband and the completion of the Bright House Transaction, and depending on the outcome of the election feature contained in the merger agreement, former Charter stockholders (excluding Liberty Broadband) are expected to own between approximately 26% and 24% of New Charter Class A common stock, former TWC stockholders (excluding Liberty Broadband) are expected to own between approximately 41% and 45% of New Charter Class A common stock, A/N is expected to own indirectly (on an as-converted, as-exchanged basis) between approximately 14% and 13% of New Charter Class A common stock and Liberty Broadband is expected to own between approximately 19% and 17% of New Charter Class A common stock. If only the TWC Transaction is completed, it is expected that former Charter stockholders (excluding Liberty Broadband) will own between approximately 30% and 28% of New Charter Class A common stock, former TWC stockholders (excluding Liberty Broadband) will own between approximately 48% and 52% of New Charter Class A common stock and Liberty Broadband will own between approximately 22% and 20% of New Charter Class A common stock. In connection with the TWC Transaction, each TWC stockholder and Charter stockholder will become a stockholder of New Charter with a percentage ownership of New Charter that is significantly smaller than the stockholder’s percentage ownership in TWC and Charter, respectively. Charter stockholders currently have the right to vote for their board of directors and on other matters affecting the applicable company. Consequently, former Charter stockholders (excluding Liberty Broadband) will be able to exercise less influence over the management, operations and policies of New Charter after the TWC Transaction (and the Bright House Transaction, if applicable) than they currently exercise over the management, operations and policies of Charter. If only the Bright House Transaction is completed, it is expected that following the Bright House Transaction existing Charter stockholders (excluding Liberty Broadband) will own approximately 52% of Charter Class A common stock, Liberty Broadband will own approximately 20% of Charter Class A common stock and A/N will indirectly own (on an as-converted, as exchanged basis) approximately 28% of Charter Class A common stock. Charter stockholders currently have the right to vote for their board of directors and on other matters affecting Charter. Consequently, assuming the TWC Transaction is not completed but the Bright House Transaction is completed, existing Charter stockholders (excluding Liberty Broadband) will be able to exercise less influence over the management, operations and policies of Charter after the Bright House Transaction than they currently exercise over the management, operations and policies of Charter. 27 In order to complete the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, Charter along with TWC and Bright House must obtain certain governmental authorizations, and if such authorizations are not made or granted or are granted with conditions to the parties, completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction may be jeopardized or the anticipated benefits of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction could be reduced. The completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction are each conditioned upon, among other things, the expiration or early termination of the applicable waiting periods under the HSR Act and the required governmental authorizations, including an order of the FCC with respect to the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, having been obtained and being in full force and effect. Although Charter and TWC have agreed in the Merger Agreement, and Charter and Bright House have agreed in the Contribution Agreement, to use reasonable best efforts, subject to certain limitations, to obtain the required governmental authorizations, there can be no assurance that the relevant waiting periods will expire or that the relevant authorizations will be obtained. In addition, the governmental authorities with or from which these authorizations are required generally have broad discretion in administering the governing regulations. As a condition to authorization of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, these governmental authorities may impose requirements, limitations or costs or require divestitures or place restrictions on the conduct of the combined company’s business after completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. Under the terms of each of the Merger Agreement and Contribution Agreement, subject to certain exceptions, Charter and its subsidiaries are required to accept certain conditions and take certain actions imposed by governmental authorities and accept any other remedies to the extent such actions, conditions or other remedies would not constitute a burdensome condition. There can be no assurance that regulators will not impose conditions, terms, obligations or restrictions and that such conditions, terms, obligations or restrictions will not have the effect of delaying completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction or imposing additional material costs on or materially limiting the revenues of New Charter (or, if only the Bright House Transaction is completed, Charter) following the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, or otherwise adversely affecting the business and results of operations of New Charter or Charter, as applicable, after completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. In addition, there can be no assurance that these conditions, terms, obligations or restrictions will not result in the delay or abandonment of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. New Charter (or, if only the Bright House Transaction is completed, Charter) may not realize anticipated cost synergies and growth opportunities. New Charter (or, if only the Bright House Transaction is completed, Charter) expects to realize cost synergies, growth opportunities and other financial and operating benefits as a result of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. The combined company’s success in realizing these cost synergies, growth opportunities and other financial and operating benefits, and the timing of this realization, depends on the successful integration of the business operations obtained in the TWC Transaction and the Bright House Transaction. Even if New Charter or Charter, as applicable, is able to integrate the business operations obtained in the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction successfully, it is not possible to predict with certainty if or when these cost synergies, growth opportunities and benefits will occur, or the extent to which they actually will be achieved. For example, the benefits from the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction may be offset by costs incurred in integrating the new business operations or in obtaining or attempting to obtain regulatory approvals for the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, or increased operating costs that may be experienced as a result of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. Realization of any benefits and cost synergies could be affected by the factors described in other risk factors and a number of factors beyond New Charter’s or Charter’s control, as applicable, including, without limitation, general economic conditions, increased operating costs, the response of competitors and vendors and regulatory developments. If New Charter (or, if only the Bright House Transaction is completed, Charter) is not able to successfully integrate Charter’s business with that of TWC and/or Bright House within the anticipated time frame, or at all, the anticipated cost savings and other benefits of the TWC Transaction and/or Bright House Transaction may not be realized fully, or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected. In such circumstances, in the event the TWC Transaction (and, if applicable, the Bright House Transaction) are completed, New Charter may not perform as expected and the value of the New Charter Class A common stock (including the merger consideration) may be adversely affected. Charter, TWC and Bright House have operated and, until completion of the TWC Transaction and/or Bright House Transaction will continue to operate, independently, and there can be no assurances that their businesses can be integrated successfully. After consummation of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction the combined company will have significantly more systems, assets, investments, businesses, customers and employees than each company did prior to the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key Charter, TWC and/or Bright House employees, the loss of subscribers and customers, the disruption of the companies’ ongoing businesses or in unexpected integration issues, higher than expected integration costs and an overall post-completion integration process that takes longer than originally anticipated. The process of integrating TWC, Bright House, or TWC and Bright House, with the businesses Charter operated prior to the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction will require significant capital expenditures and the 28 expansion of certain operations and operating and financial systems. Management of each company will be required to devote a significant amount of time and attention to the integration process before the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction is completed. There is a significant degree of difficulty and management involvement inherent in that process. These difficulties include: • • • • integrating the companies’ operations and corporate functions; integrating the companies’ technologies, networks and customer service platforms; integrating and unifying the product offerings and services available to customers; harmonizing the companies’ operating practices, employee development and compensation programs, internal controls and other policies, procedures and processes; • maintaining existing relationships and agreements with customers, providers, programmers and other vendors and • • • • • avoiding delays in entering into new agreements with prospective customers, providers and vendors; addressing possible differences in business backgrounds, corporate cultures and management philosophies; consolidating the companies’ administrative and information technology infrastructure; coordinating programming and marketing efforts; coordinating geographically dispersed organizations; integrating information, purchasing, provisioning, accounting, finance, sales, billing, payroll, reporting and regulatory compliance systems; integrating and unifying the product offerings and services available to customers, including customer premise equipment and video user interfaces; • completing the conversion of analog systems to all-digital for the systems to be acquired from TWC and Bright House; • managing a significantly larger company than before the completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House • Transaction; and attracting and retaining the necessary personnel associated with the acquired assets. • Even if the new businesses are successfully integrated, it may not be possible to realize the benefits that are expected to result from the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, or realize these benefits within the time frame that is expected. For example, the elimination of duplicative costs may not be possible or may take longer than anticipated, or the benefits from the TWC Transaction and/or Bright House Transaction may be offset by costs incurred or delays in integrating the businesses and increased operating costs. If the combined company fails to realize the anticipated benefits from the transactions, its liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and/or share price may be adversely affected. In addition, at times, the attention of certain members of Charter’s, TWC’s and/or Bright House’s management and resources may be focused on the completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction and the integration of the businesses and diverted from day-to-day business operations, which may disrupt each company’s business and the business of the combined company. The substantial indebtedness that will be incurred by New Charter in connection with the TWC Transaction and/or Bright House Transaction could adversely affect New Charter’s operations and financial condition after the TWC Transaction and the Bright House Transaction. As of December 31, 2015, our total principal amount of debt was approximately $35.9 billion, including $21.8 billion of debt for which proceeds are held in escrow pending consummation of the TWC Transaction. New Charter’s and its subsidiaries’ indebtedness could have negative consequences to New Charter after the TWC Transaction and/or Bright House Transaction, such as: • • • • • • • • requiring New Charter to dedicate a substantial portion of its cash flow from operating activities to payments on its indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, research and development efforts, potential strategic acquisitions and other general corporate purposes; limiting New Charter’s ability to obtain additional financing to fund growth, working capital or capital expenditures, or to fulfill debt service requirements or other cash requirements; exposing New Charter to increased interest expense to the extent New Charter refinances existing debt with higher cost debt; to the extent that New Charter’s debt is subject to floating interest rates, increasing New Charter’s vulnerability to fluctuations in market interest rates; placing New Charter at a competitive disadvantage relative to competitors that have less debt; adversely affecting New Charter’s relationship with customers and suppliers; limiting New Charter’s flexibility to pursue other strategic opportunities or in planning for, or reacting to, changes in its business, the cable and telecommunications industries, and the economy at large; and limiting New Charter’s ability to buy back New Charter Class A common stock or pay cash dividends. If current debt amounts increase, the related risks that Charter now faces may intensify. 29 Because of high debt levels, New Charter may not be able to service its debt obligations in accordance with their terms after the TWC Transaction and/or Bright House Transaction. New Charter’s ability to meet its expense and debt service obligations contained in the agreements governing New Charter’s indebtedness will depend on its future performance, which will be affected by financial, business, economic and other factors, including potential changes in customer preferences, the success of product and marketing innovation and pressure from competitors. Should New Charter’s revenues decline after the TWC Transaction and/or Bright House Transaction, it may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow to pay its debt service obligations when due. If New Charter is unable to meet its debt service obligations after the TWC Transaction and/or Bright House Transaction or should it fail to comply with its financial and other restrictive covenants contained in the agreements governing New Charter’s indebtedness, New Charter may be required to refinance all or part of its debt, sell important strategic assets at unfavorable prices or borrow more money. New Charter may not be able to, at any given time, refinance its debt, sell assets or borrow more money on terms acceptable to New Charter or at all. The inability of New Charter to refinance its debt could have a material adverse effect on New Charter’s financial condition and results from operations after the TWC Transaction and/or Bright House Transaction. New Charter will be dependent on an equity financing from Liberty Broadband to partially finance the TWC Transaction. Charter plans to use the proceeds of $4.3 billion from the purchase by Liberty Broadband of New Charter Class A common stock to partially fund the TWC Transaction. Liberty Broadband will primarily rely on proceeds from third-party investors to fund the investment in New Charter Class A common stock, and Liberty Broadband has secured commitments for such financing through investment agreements with such third parties. Charter cannot guarantee that Liberty Broadband will successfully complete these transactions with such third-party investors. The TWC Transaction is not conditioned on the receipt of financing, including financing from Liberty Broadband. Charter, TWC and Bright House may have difficulty attracting, motivating and retaining executives and other employees in light of the TWC Transaction and the Bright House Transaction. Uncertainty about the effect of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction on Charter, TWC and Bright House employees may impair Charter’s, TWC’s and Bright House’s ability to attract, retain and motivate personnel prior to and following the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. Employee retention may be particularly challenging during the pendency of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, as employees may experience uncertainty about their future roles with the combined business. In addition, certain employees potentially could terminate their employment for good reason and collect severance if certain specified circumstances set forth in their employment agreements occur following the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, including certain changes in such employees’ duties, position, compensation and benefits or primary office location. If employees of Charter, TWC or Bright House depart, the integration of the companies may be more difficult and the combined company’s business following the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction may be harmed. Furthermore, New Charter (or, if only the Bright House Transaction is completed, Charter) may have to incur significant costs in identifying, hiring and retaining replacements for departing employees and may lose significant expertise and talent relating to the businesses of Charter, TWC and/or Bright House, and the combined company’s ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction may be adversely affected. In addition, there could be disruptions to or distractions for the workforce and management associated with activities of labor unions or integrating employees into New Charter. A delay in the completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction may diminish the anticipated benefits of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. Completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction is conditioned upon the receipt of certain governmental consents and approvals, orders, authorizations, and rulings, including the expiration or termination of any applicable waiting period (or extension thereof) under the HSR Act and the adoption of an order, by the FCC and any other requisite governmental entity granting its consent to the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. The requirement to receive these consents and approvals, orders, authorizations and rulings before the TWC Transaction could delay the completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction if, for example, government agencies request additional information from the parties in order to facilitate their review of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction or require any conditions precedent to granting their approval of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. In addition, these governmental agencies may attempt to condition their approval of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction on the imposition of conditions that could have a material adverse effect on New Charter (or, if only the Bright House Transaction is completed, Charter) after the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, including but not limited to its operating results or the value of New Charter Class A common stock (or, if only the Bright House Transaction is completed, Charter Class A common stock). Any delay 30 in the completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction could diminish the anticipated benefits of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction or result in additional transaction costs, including interest expense for debt incurred in anticipation of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, loss of revenue or other effects associated with uncertainty about the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. Any uncertainty over the ability of the companies to complete the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction could make it more difficult for Charter, TWC and Bright House to retain key employees or to pursue business strategies. Prior to the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, Charter, TWC and/or Bright House, as applicable, and after the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, the combined company, will incur significant transaction- related costs in connection with the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. Prior to the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, Charter, TWC and/or Bright House, as applicable, and after the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, the combined company, expect to incur a number of non-recurring costs associated with the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction before, at, and after closing the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. If the merger agreement is terminated under certain circumstances, Charter will be required to pay to TWC certain termination fees. Charter and/or New Charter also will incur transaction fees and costs related to financing (including interest and fees with any pre-funding of the consideration to be paid in the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction) and formulating and implementing integration plans, including facilities and systems implementation costs and employment-related costs. Some of these costs have already been incurred or may be incurred regardless of whether the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction is completed, including a portion of the fees and expenses of financial advisors and other advisors and representatives and filing fees for the proxy statement. While many of the expenses that will be incurred, by their nature, are difficult to estimate accurately at the present time, management of Charter continues to assess the magnitude of these costs, and additional unanticipated costs may be incurred in connection with the TWC Transaction and integration. There are a number of factors beyond the control of the parties that could affect the total amount or the timing of all of the expected integration expenses. Although the elimination of duplicative costs, as well as the realization of other efficiencies related to the integration of the businesses, should offset integration-related costs over time, this net benefit may not be achieved in the near term, or at all. These integration expenses may result in Charter and/or New Charter taking significant charges against earnings following the completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. In addition, if the TWC Transaction and/ or the Bright House Transaction is not consummated, Charter will bear some or all of these costs without the benefit of efficiencies from the integration of the businesses. Such costs could have a material adverse impact on Charter and/or New Charter’s financial results. Sales of New Charter Class A common stock after the TWC Transaction (and, if completed, the Bright House Transaction) may negatively affect the market price of New Charter Class A common stock. The shares of New Charter Class A common stock to be issued in the TWC Transaction to holders of TWC common stock will generally be eligible for immediate resale. The market price of New Charter Class A common stock could decline as a result of sales of a large number of shares of New Charter Class A common stock in the market after the consummation of the TWC Transaction (and, if completed, the Bright House Transaction) or even the perception that these sales could occur. Charter’s, TWC’s and Bright House’s business relationships may be subject to disruption due to uncertainty associated with the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. Parties with which Charter, TWC or Bright House do business may experience uncertainty associated with the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, including with respect to current or future business relationships with Charter, TWC, Bright House or the combined business. Charter’s, TWC’s and Bright House’s business relationships may be subject to disruption as customers, distributors, suppliers, vendors and others may attempt to negotiate changes in existing business relationships or consider entering into business relationships with parties excluding Charter, TWC, Bright House or the combined business. These disruptions, which may exist for an extended period of time if completion of the TWC Transaction (and, if completed, the Bright House Transaction) is delayed, could have an adverse effect on the businesses, financial condition, results of operations or prospects of the combined business, including an adverse effect on New Charter’s ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the TWC Transaction (and, if completed, the Bright House Transaction). The risk, and adverse effect, of such disruptions could be exacerbated by a delay in completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction or termination of the merger agreement and/or the Bright House contribution agreement. 31 Failure to complete the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction could negatively impact the stock price and the future business and financial results of Charter. If the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction is not completed for any reason, the ongoing business of Charter may be adversely affected and, without realizing any of the benefits of having completed the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction, Charter would be subject to a number of risks, including the following: • • Charter may experience negative reactions from the financial markets, including negative impacts on its stock price; • Charter may experience negative reactions from its customers, regulators and employees; • Charter will be required to pay certain costs relating to the TWC Transaction, whether or not the TWC Transaction is completed and Charter will be required to pay certain costs relating to the Bright House Transaction, whether or not the Bright House Transaction is completed; the Merger Agreement places certain restrictions on the conduct of TWC’s and Charter’s businesses prior to completion of the TWC Transaction; such restrictions, the waiver of which is subject to the consent of the other party (in certain cases, not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed), may prevent TWC and Charter from making certain acquisitions, taking certain other specified actions or otherwise pursuing business opportunities during the pendency of the TWC Transaction; the Contribution Agreement places certain restrictions on the conduct of Charter’s business prior to completion of the Bright House Transaction; such restrictions, the waiver of which is subject to the consent of A/N (in certain cases, not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed), may prevent Charter from taking certain specified actions or otherwise pursuing business opportunities during the pendency of the Bright House Transaction; and • • matters relating to the TWC Transaction (and with respect to Charter only, matters relating to the Bright House contribution), including integration planning, will require substantial commitments of time and resources by Charter and TWC management, which would otherwise have been devoted to day-to-day operations and other opportunities that may have been beneficial to either Charter or TWC as an independent company. If the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction is not completed, the risks described above may materialize and they may adversely affect Charter’s business, financial condition, financial results and stock price. In addition, Charter and TWC could be subject to litigation related to any failure to complete the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction or related to any enforcement proceeding commenced against Charter or TWC to perform their respective obligations under the Merger Agreement or against Charter to perform it obligations under the Contribution Agreement. If the operating results of TWC and/or Bright House before or following the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction is less than Charter’s and/or New Charter’s expectations, or an increase in the capital expenditures to upgrade and maintain those assets as well as to keep pace with technological developments are greater than expected, New Charter (or, if only the Bright House Transaction is completed, Charter) may not achieve the expected level of financial results from the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction. New Charter (or, if only the Bright House Transaction is completed, Charter) will derive a portion of its revenues and earnings per share from the operation of TWC and/or Bright House following completion of the TWC Transaction and/or Bright House Transaction. Therefore, any negative impact on these companies or the operating results derived from such companies could harm the combined company’s operating results. The businesses of Charter, TWC, Bright House and New Charter are characterized by rapid technological change and the introduction of new products and services. New Charter (or, if only the Bright House Transaction is completed, Charter) intends to make investments in the combined business following the completion of the TWC Transaction and/or the Bright House Transaction and transition toward only using two-way all-digital set-top boxes. The increase in capital expenditures necessary for the transition toward two-way set-top boxes in the business may negatively impact the expected financial results from the TWC Transaction and/or Bright House Transaction. The combined company may not be able to fund the capital expenditures necessary to keep pace with technological developments, execute the plans to do so, or anticipate the demand of its customers for products and services requiring new technology or bandwidth. New Charter’s (or, if only the Bright House Transaction is completed, Charter’s) inability to maintain, expand and upgrade its existing or combined businesses could materially adversely affect its financial condition and results of operations. The TWC Transaction and the Bright House Transaction will be accounted for as an acquisition by New Charter in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the assets and liabilities of TWC and Bright House will be recorded, as of the date of completion of the TWC Transaction, the Bright House Transaction and Liberty transactions, at their respective fair values and added to those of Charter. The reported financial condition 32 and results of operations of New Charter issued after completion of the TWC Transaction, the Bright House Transaction and Liberty transactions will reflect New Charter balances and results after completion of the TWC Transaction, the Bright House Transaction and Liberty transactions, but will not be restated retroactively to reflect the historical financial position or results of operations of New Charter for periods prior to the TWC Transaction, the Bright House Transaction and Liberty transactions. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the total purchase price will be allocated to TWC’s and Bright House’s tangible assets and liabilities and identifiable intangible assets based on their fair values as of the date of completion of the TWC Transaction, the Bright House Transaction and Liberty transactions. The excess of the purchase price over those fair values will be recorded as goodwill. Charter, TWC and Bright House expect that the TWC Transaction and the Bright House Transaction will result in the creation of goodwill based upon the application of the acquisition method of accounting. To the extent the value of goodwill or intangibles becomes impaired, New Charter may be required to incur material charges relating to such impairment. Such a potential impairment charge could have a material impact on New Charter’s operating results. Risks Related to the TWC Transaction Completion of the TWC Transaction is subject to a number of conditions and if these conditions are not satisfied or waived, the TWC Transaction will not be completed. The obligations of Charter and TWC to complete the TWC Transaction is subject to satisfaction or waiver of a number of conditions, including, among others: • • • • • • • • • expiration or termination of any applicable waiting period (or extension thereof) under the HSR Act relating to the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement (solely with respect to the obligations of each of Charter, New Charter, Merger Subsidiary One, Merger Subsidiary Two and Merger Subsidiary Three to complete the TWC Transaction, without the imposition of any burdensome condition); (i) adoption of an order, and release of the full text thereof, by the FCC granting its consent to the transfer of control or assignment of the licenses issued by the FCC to TWC or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, (ii) approval of certain LFAs, such that the sum of the aggregate number of video subscribers of TWC belonging to franchise areas for which either (x) no LFA consent is required or (y) if LFA consent is required, such consent shall have been obtained, shall be no less than 85% of the aggregate number of video subscribers of TWC and (iii) authorizations of state public utilities commissions whose consent is required in connection with the transactions contemplated by the merger agreement (solely with respect to the obligations of each of Charter, New Charter, Merger Subsidiary One, Merger Subsidiary Two and Merger Subsidiary Three to complete the TWC Transaction, in each case without the imposition of any burdensome condition); except for the conditions described in the two preceding bullets, (i) absence of (x) any applicable law of a governmental authority of competent jurisdiction enacted or promulgated after the date of the merger agreement in a jurisdiction in which any of Charter, TWC or their respective subsidiaries has substantial operations and (y) any order of a governmental authority of competent jurisdiction that, in each case, (1) imposes any burdensome condition or (2) prohibits completion of the TWC Transaction and the violation of which would result in criminal liability, and (ii) the absence of any injunction (whether temporary, preliminary or permanent) by any governmental authority of competent jurisdiction that imposes a burdensome condition or prohibits completion of the TWC Transaction; approval for the listing on NASDAQ of the shares of New Charter Class A common stock to be issued in the TWC Transaction, subject only to official notice of issuance; accuracy of the representations and warranties made in the merger agreement by the other party, subject to certain materiality thresholds; performance in all material respects by the other party of the material obligations required to be performed by it at or prior to completion of the TWC Transaction; the absence of a material adverse effect on the other party; receipt of a certificate executed by an executive officer of the other party as to the satisfaction of the conditions described in the preceding three bullets with respect to such other party; and delivery of opinions of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, in the case of Charter, and Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, in the case of TWC, with respect to certain tax aspects of the TWC Transaction. There can be no assurance that the conditions to closing of the TWC Transaction will be satisfied or waived or that the TWC Transaction will be completed. There can be no assurance that these conditions will not result in the abandonment or delay of the TWC Transaction. The occurrence of any of these events individually or in combination could have a material adverse effect on the companies’ results of operations and the trading price of the TWC common stock or Charter Class A common stock. 33 The TWC Transaction is not conditioned upon completion of the Bright House Transaction or the issuance of shares to A/N. The TWC Transaction and the Bright House Transaction is subject to separate conditions, and the TWC Transaction may be completed whether or not the Bright House Transaction is ultimately consummated. The market price of New Charter Class A common stock after the TWC Transaction (and, if completed, the Bright House Transaction) may be affected by factors different from those affecting shares of Charter or TWC common stock currently. Upon completion of the TWC Transaction, holders of Charter Class A common stock will become holders of shares of New Charter Class A common stock. The businesses of Charter differ from those of TWC in important respects, including the following: • Differences in product penetration and mix, including different approaches to pricing and packaging; • Differences in the geographic operating areas served by Charter, TWC and Bright House as well as different presences in those areas, different structures and different competitive factors in those areas; • Differences in the technology platforms and physical plant and property used to deliver the companies’ respective products and services, including that Charter’s platform has generally been converted to all digital; • Differences in the companies’ corporate and organizational structure; • TWC engages in telecom and Internet infrastructure businesses, including through its subsidiary DukeNet Communications; • TWC engages in information technology ("IT") and cloud businesses, including through its NaviSite subsidiary, outsourced IT solutions and cloud services; • TWC operates and distributes regional sports networks and local sports, news and lifestyle channels; and • Differences in the potential tax treatment of historical transactions of both Charter and TWC. Accordingly, the results of operations, including capital expenditures, of New Charter after the TWC Transaction (and, if completed, the Bright House Transaction), as well as the market price of New Charter Class A common stock, may be affected by factors different from those currently affecting the results of operations, including capital expenditures, of Charter and TWC currently. The shares of New Charter Class A common stock to be received by TWC and Charter stockholders as a result of the TWC Transaction will have different rights from shares of TWC common stock and Charter Class A common stock previously held by such stockholders. Following completion of the TWC Transaction, TWC and Charter stockholders will no longer be stockholders of TWC and Charter, respectively, but will instead be stockholders of New Charter. There are important differences between the rights of TWC and Charter stockholders and the rights of New Charter stockholders. Litigation has been filed against Charter, TWC, the TWC board of directors and the merger subsidiaries. An adverse ruling in such lawsuit may result in the payment of damages following completion of the TWC Transaction. Litigation has been filed against Charter, Charter's board of directors, TWC, the TWC board of directors and the merger subsidiaries in connection with the TWC Transaction, which could result in substantial costs to Charter, TWC, and/or New Charter. See “Part I, Item 3. Legal Proceedings” for more information. Risks Related to the Bright House Transaction and Liberty Transactions Liberty Broadband currently has governance rights that give it influence over corporate transactions and other matters. In connection with the Bright House Transaction, Liberty Broadband’s governance rights will be modified and A/N will receive governance rights pursuant to the Bright House/Liberty stockholders agreement and amendments to New Charter’s or Charter’s governing documents, as applicable, and Liberty Broadband and A/N will have influence over corporate transactions and other matters. Liberty Broadband currently owns a significant amount of Charter Class A common stock and is entitled to certain governance rights with respect to Charter. Members of the Charter board of directors include directors who are also officers and directors of Liberty Broadband. Dr. John Malone is the Chairman of Liberty Broadband, and Mr. Greg Maffei is the president and chief executive officer of Liberty Broadband. As of December 31, 2015, Liberty Broadband beneficially held approximately 25.65% of Charter Class A common stock. Pursuant to the stockholders agreement between Liberty Broadband and Charter dated March 19, 2013, as amended on October 14, 2014, Liberty Broadband has the right to designate up to four directors as nominees for Charter’s board of directors through Charter’s 2015 annual meeting of stockholders with one designated director to be appointed to each of the audit committee, the nominating and corporate governance committee and the compensation and benefits committee. 34 In connection with the Bright House Transaction, Charter and New Charter entered into the Bright House/Liberty stockholders agreement with A/N and Liberty Broadband, which will supersede the existing stockholders agreement in its entirety upon the earlier to occur of the closing of the TWC Transaction and the closing of the Bright House Transaction, unless the Bright House contribution agreement is terminated prior to the closing of the Bright House Transaction. Following the closing of the TWC Transaction and the Bright House Transaction, Charter expects that Liberty Broadband will have an equity interest of between approximately 19% and 17% and A/N will have an equity interest of between approximately 14% and 13%, in each case on an as-converted, as-exchanged basis, in New Charter. In connection with the TWC Transaction, Liberty Broadband and Liberty Interactive entered into a proxy and right of first refusal agreement, pursuant to which, in connection with the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, Liberty Interactive will grant Liberty Broadband an irrevocable proxy to vote all New Charter Class A common stock owned beneficially or of record by Liberty Interactive following such closing, with certain exceptions. In addition, at the closing of the Bright House Transaction, A/N and Liberty Broadband will enter into a proxy agreement pursuant to which A/N will grant to Liberty Broadband a 5-year irrevocable proxy (which we refer to as the “A/N proxy”) to vote, subject to certain exceptions, that number of shares of New Charter Class A common stock and New Charter Class B common stock, in each case held by A/N (such shares are referred to as the “proxy shares”), that will result in Liberty Broadband having voting power in New Charter equal to 25.01% of the outstanding voting power of New Charter, provided, that the voting power of the proxy shares will be capped at 7.0% of the outstanding voting power of New Charter. Therefore, giving effect to the Liberty Interactive proxy and the A/N proxy and the voting cap contained in the Bright House/Liberty stockholders agreement, Liberty Broadband is expected to have 25.01% of the outstanding voting power in New Charter following the consummation of the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction. The Bright House/Liberty stockholders agreement and New Charter’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation will fix the size of the board at 13 directors, and three designees selected by Liberty Broadband and two designees selected by A/N will become members of the New Charter board of directors. Thereafter, Liberty Broadband will be entitled to designate three nominees to be elected as directors and A/N will be entitled to designate two nominees to be elected as directors, in each case provided that each maintains certain specified voting or equity ownership thresholds and each nominee meets certain applicable requirements or qualifications. Liberty Broadband and A/N are required to vote (subject to the applicable voting cap) their respective shares of New Charter Class A common stock and New Charter Class B common stock for the director nominees nominated by the nominating and corporate governance committee of the board of directors, including the respective designees of Liberty Broadband and A/N, and against any other nominees, except that, with respect to the unaffiliated directors, Liberty Broadband and A/N must instead vote in the same proportion as the voting securities are voted by stockholders other than A/N and Liberty Broadband or any group which includes any of them are voted, if doing so would cause a different outcome with respect to the unaffiliated directors. As a result of their rights under the Bright House/Liberty stockholders agreement and their significant equity and voting stakes in New Charter, Liberty Broadband and/or A/N, who may have interests different from those of other stockholders, will be able to exercise substantial influence over certain matters relating to the governance of New Charter, including the approval of significant corporate actions, such as mergers and other business combination transactions. The Bright House/Liberty stockholders agreement will provide A/N and Liberty Broadband with preemptive rights with respect to issuances of New Charter equity in connection with certain transactions, and in the event that A/N or Liberty Broadband exercises these rights, holders of Charter Class A common stock may experience further dilution. The Bright House/Liberty stockholders agreement provides that A/N and Liberty Broadband will have certain contractual preemptive rights over issuances of New Charter equity securities in connection with capital raising transactions, merger and acquisition transactions, and in certain other circumstances. Holders of New Charter Class A common stock will not be entitled to similar preemptive rights with respect to such transactions. As a result, if Liberty Broadband and/or A/N elect to exercise their preemptive rights, (i) these parties would not experience the dilution experienced by the other holders of New Charter Class A common stock, and (ii) such other holders of New Charter Class A common stock may experience further dilution of their interest in New Charter upon such exercise. Completion of the Bright House Transaction is subject to a number of conditions and if these conditions are not satisfied or waived, the Bright House Transaction will not be completed. The obligation of Charter and New Charter and the obligation of A/N to complete the Bright House Transaction is subject to satisfaction or waiver of a number of conditions, including, among others: • • the consummation of the TWC Transaction, except in certain circumstances; expiration or termination of the HSR Act waiting period and receipt of certain regulatory approvals for the Bright House Transaction (and with respect to Charter’s obligations, without the imposition of a Bright House contribution burdensome condition); 35 • • obtaining all of the required consents by the FCC to the transfer to Charter of all FCC licenses, authorizations, permits and consents held by Bright House or its subsidiaries and/or used in the Bright House business (solely with respect to Charter, New Charter and Charter Holdings, without the imposition of a Bright House contribution burdensome); the aggregate number of video customers served by the Bright House systems used in the Bright House business (i) pursuant to the “grandfathering” provisions of the Communications Act and (ii) pursuant to franchises for which (A) no consent is required from any government entity for the completion of the Bright House contribution or (B) any such consent is required and has been received (or deemed received under Section 617 of the Communications Act) (solely with respect to the obligations of Charter, New Charter and Charter Holdings, without the imposition of a Bright House contribution burdensome condition) shall not be less than 80% of the video customers served by the Bright House systems used in the Bright House business at the closing; and if less than 100% of such number of video customers, all applicable waiting periods (including extensions) shall have expired with respect to the FCC Forms 394 filed in connection with requests for approvals by local franchising authorities that have not been obtained; obtaining authorizations from state communications authorities as required for Charter to provide voice and other regulated services in the Bright House systems used in the Bright House business following the closing (solely with respect to the obligations of Charter, New Charter and Charter Holdings, without the imposition of a Bright House contribution burdensome condition); the absence of any statute, rule, regulation, executive order, decree, judgment, injunction or other order (whether temporary, preliminary or permanent) in effect that makes unlawful, prohibits, delays, enjoins or otherwise prevents or restricts, the consummation of the Bright House Transaction or any pending action that seeks any of the foregoing; the Bright House/Liberty stockholders agreement being valid, binding and enforceable and in full force and effect; • • with respect to the obligations of Charter, New Charter and Charter Holdings, the absence of a material adverse effect • • with respect to Bright House; • with respect to A/N’s obligations, the absence of a material adverse effect with respect to Charter; and • certain other customary conditions with respect to the accuracy of representations and warranties, performance of covenants and agreements, receipt of certifications with respect to the satisfaction of certain conditions, and delivery of certain other specified certificates, instruments of assignment and transaction documents. As more fully described in the Contribution Agreement, the obligation of Charter, New Charter and Charter Holdings to complete the Bright House Transaction is also subject to the completion by A/N of a restructuring, pursuant to which Bright House will transfer to A/N certain excluded assets and A/N shall assume from Bright House certain excluded liabilities. There can be no assurance that the conditions to closing of the Bright House Transaction will be satisfied or waived or that the Bright House Transaction will be completed. The consummation of the Bright House Transaction is conditioned on the completion of the TWC Transaction. However, if the TWC Transaction is not completed, Charter and A/N may still be obligated to complete the Bright House Transaction under certain circumstances if the tail condition is satisfied. There can be no assurance that the Bright House Transaction will be completed if the TWC Transaction is not completed. Risks Related to Regulatory and Legislative Matters Our business is subject to extensive governmental legislation and regulation, which could adversely affect our business. Regulation of the cable industry has increased cable operators' operational and administrative expenses and limited their revenues. Cable operators are subject to various laws and regulations including those covering the following: the provisioning and marketing of cable equipment and compatibility with new digital technologies; customer and employee privacy and data security; limited rate regulation of video service; copyright royalties for retransmitting broadcast signals; • • • • • when a cable system must carry a particular broadcast station and when it must first obtain retransmission consent to • • • • • • carry a broadcast station; the provision of channel capacity to unaffiliated commercial leased access programmers; limitations on our ability to enter into exclusive agreements with multiple dwelling unit complexes and control our inside wiring; the provision of high-speed Internet service, including net neutrality or open Internet rules; the provision of voice communications; cable franchise renewals and transfers; equal employment opportunity, emergency alert systems, disability access, technical standards, marketing practices, customer service, and consumer protection; and 36 • approval for mergers and acquisitions often accompanied by the imposition of restrictions and requirements on an applicant's business in order to secure approval of the proposed transaction. Additionally, many aspects of these laws and regulations are often the subject of judicial proceedings and administrative or legislative proposals. There are also ongoing efforts to amend or expand the federal, state, and local regulation of some of the services offered over our cable systems, which may compound the regulatory risks we already face, and proposals that might make it easier for our employees to unionize. Some states are considering adopting energy efficiency regulations governing the operation of equipment (such as broadband modems) that we use to deliver Internet services, which could constrain innovation in broadband services and equipment. Congress and various federal agencies are also considering legislation and rules that would further regulate us, such as new privacy restrictions and new restrictions on the use of personal and profiling information for behavioral advertising. In response to recent global data breaches, malicious activity and cyber threats, as well as the general increasing concerns regarding the protection of consumers’ personal information, Congress and various federal agencies are also considering the adoption of new data security and cybersecurity legislation and regulation that could result in additional network and information security requirements for our business. These new laws, as well as existing legal and regulatory obligations, and increased enforcement by the FCC and other agencies, could affect our operations and require significant expenditures. In addition, federal, state, and local regulators could deny necessary approval of the Transactions or impose additional regulatory conditions in connection with their review of the Transactions that could affect our operations. Changes to existing statutes, rules, regulations, or interpretations thereof, or adoption of new ones, could have an adverse effect on Charter’s business. Legislators and regulators at all levels of government frequently consider changing, and sometimes do change, existing statutes, rules, regulations, or interpretations thereof, or prescribe new ones. Any future legislative, judicial, regulatory or administrative actions may increase Charter’s costs or impose additional restrictions on Charter’s businesses. For example, on February 26, 2015, the FCC adopted an order that (1) reclassified broadband Internet service as a Title II service, (2) applied certain existing Title II provisions and associated regulations (including requiring that rates and practices be just, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory, allowing complaints in court and before the FCC, imposing privacy and disability obligations, and providing broadband providers with access to poles and conduits), (3) forbore from applying a range of other existing Title II provisions and associated regulations, but to varying degrees indicated that this forbearance may be only temporary, and (4) issued new rules expanding disclosure requirements and prohibiting blocking, throttling, paid prioritization, and unreasonable interference with the ability of end users and edge providers to reach each other. The order also subjected broadband providers’ Internet traffic exchange rates and practices to potential FCC oversight for the first time and created a mechanism for third parties to file complaints regarding these matters. The order has been appealed by multiple parties, but the rules are currently in effect (except for the expanded disclosure requirements, which will not become effective until they receive approval from the Office of Management and Budget). The order could have a material adverse effect on Charter’s business and results of operations. The FCC is also considering the appropriate regulatory framework for VoIP service, including whether that service should be regulated under Title II. While Charter cannot predict what rules the FCC will adopt as part of these rulemakings, any changes to the regulatory framework for Charter’s Internet or VoIP services could have a negative impact on its business and results of operations. The FCC is considering numerous other regulatory changes, including the possibility of new navigation device rules in response to Congress’ recent elimination of the FCC’s “integration ban,” which had required cable operators to include a separate security module (i.e., a “CableCARD”) in all set-top boxes. On January 27, 2016, the FCC Chairman announced that he had circulated a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to the other FCC commissioners for vote on February 18, 2016 and outlined his proposal regarding navigation devices. If adopted, the Chairman’s proposal would require us to allow navigation devices on our network if the navigation devices meet standards to be developed by a third party standard setting body envisioned by the proposed rules regardless of the manufacturer of the device. It remains uncertain what rules, if any, will ultimately be adopted and what operating or financial impact any such rules might have on us including on the security of the content we obtain from programmers that is delivered over any third party navigation device, customer privacy and the user experience. In addition, the FCC’s Enforcement Bureau is actively investigating various industry practices and imposing forfeitures for alleged regulatory violations. Our cable system franchises are subject to non-renewal or termination. The failure to renew a franchise in one or more key markets could adversely affect our business. Our cable systems generally operate pursuant to franchises, permits, and similar authorizations issued by a state or local governmental authority controlling the public rights-of-way. Many franchises establish comprehensive facilities and service requirements, as well as specific customer service standards and monetary penalties for non-compliance. In many cases, franchises are terminable if the franchisee fails to comply with significant provisions set forth in the franchise agreement governing system operations. Franchises are generally granted for fixed terms and must be periodically renewed. Franchising authorities may resist granting a renewal if either past performance or the prospective operating proposal is considered inadequate. Franchise authorities 37 often demand concessions or other commitments as a condition to renewal. In some instances, local franchises have not been renewed at expiration, and we have operated and are operating under either temporary operating agreements or without a franchise while negotiating renewal terms with the local franchising authorities. The traditional cable franchising regime has undergone significant change as a result of various federal and state actions. Some state franchising laws do not allow incumbent operators like us to opt into favorable statewide franchising as quickly as new entrants, and often require us to retain certain franchise obligations that are more burdensome than those applied to new entrants. We cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with all significant provisions of our franchise agreements and certain of our franchisers have from time to time alleged that we have not complied with these agreements. Additionally, although historically we have renewed our franchises without incurring significant costs, we cannot assure you that we will be able to renew, or to renew as favorably, our franchises in the future. A termination of or a sustained failure to renew a franchise in one or more key markets could adversely affect our business in the affected geographic area. Our cable system franchises are non-exclusive. Accordingly, local and state franchising authorities can grant additional franchises and create additional competition for our products, resulting in overbuilds, which could adversely affect results of operations. Our cable system franchises are non-exclusive. Consequently, local and state franchising authorities can grant additional franchises to competitors in the same geographic area or operate their own cable systems. In some cases, local government entities and municipal utilities may legally compete with us on more favorable terms. The FCC recently adopted an order (currently under appeal) rejecting state laws in North Carolina and Tennessee that restricted municipalities from providing broadband service. In addition, potential competitors (like Google) have recently pursued and obtained local franchises that are more favorable than the incumbent operator’s franchise. As a result, competing operators may build systems in areas in which we hold franchises. The FCC has adopted rules that streamline entry for new competitors (particularly those affiliated with telephone companies) and reduce franchising burdens for these new entrants. At the same time, a substantial number of states have adopted new franchising laws, principally designed to streamline entry for new competitors, and often provide advantages for these new entrants that are not immediately available to existing operators. Broadband delivery of video content is not necessarily subject to the same franchising obligations applicable to our traditional cable systems. The FCC administers a program that collects Universal Service Fund contributions from telecommunications service providers and uses them to subsidize the provision of telecommunications services in high-cost areas and to low-income consumers and the provision of Internet and telecommunications services to schools, libraries and certain health care providers. A variety of regulatory changes may lead the FCC to expand the collection of Universal Service Fund contributions to encompass Internet service providers. The FCC already has begun to redirect the expenditure of some Universal Service Funding to broadband deployment in ways that could assist competitors in competing with our services. Local franchise authorities have the ability to impose additional regulatory constraints on our business, which could further increase our expenses. In addition to the franchise agreement, cable authorities in some jurisdictions have adopted cable regulatory ordinances that further regulate the operation of cable systems. This additional regulation increases the cost of operating our business. Local franchising authorities may impose new and more restrictive requirements. Local franchising authorities who are certified to regulate rates in the communities where they operate generally have the power to reduce rates and order refunds on the rates charged for basic service and equipment. Tax legislation and administrative initiatives or challenges to our tax positions could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We operate cable systems in locations throughout the United States and, as a result, we are subject to the tax laws and regulations of federal, state and local governments. From time to time, various legislative and/or administrative initiatives may be proposed that could adversely affect our tax positions. There can be no assurance that our effective tax rate or tax payments will not be adversely affected by these initiatives. Certain states and localities have imposed or are considering imposing new or additional taxes or fees on our services or changing the methodologies or base on which certain fees and taxes are computed. The federal Internet Tax Freedom Act, which prohibits many taxes on Internet access service, will expire October 1, 2016, unless it is renewed by Congress. Potential changes include additional taxes or fees on our services which could impact our customers, combined reporting and other changes to general business taxes, central/unit-level assessment of property taxes and other matters that could increase our income, franchise, sales, use and/or property tax liabilities. In addition, federal, state and local tax laws and regulations 38 are extremely complex and subject to varying interpretations. There can be no assurance that our tax positions will not be challenged by relevant tax authorities or that we would be successful in any such challenge. Further regulation of the cable industry could impair our ability to raise rates to cover our increasing costs, resulting in increased losses. Currently, rate regulation of cable systems is strictly limited to the basic service tier and associated equipment and installation activities, and the FCC recently revised its rules, in response to changed market conditions, to make it more difficult for local franchising authorities to assert rate regulation authority. However, the FCC and Congress continue to be concerned that cable rate increases are exceeding inflation. It is possible that either the FCC or Congress will further restrict the ability of cable system operators to implement rate increases for our video services or even for our high-speed Internet and voice services. Should this occur, it would impede our ability to raise our rates. If we are unable to raise our rates in response to increasing costs, our losses would increase. There has been legislative and regulatory interest in requiring companies that own multiple cable networks to make each of them available on a standalone, rather than a bundled basis to cable operators, and in requiring cable operators to offer historically bundled programming services on an á la carte basis to consumers. While any new regulation or legislation designed to enable cable operators to purchase programming on a standalone basis could be beneficial to Charter, any regulation or legislation that limits how we sell programming could adversely affect our business. Actions by pole owners might subject us to significantly increased pole attachment costs. Pole attachments are cable wires that are attached to utility poles. Cable system attachments to investor-owned public utility poles historically have been regulated at the federal or state level, generally resulting in favorable pole attachment rates for attachments used to provide cable service. In contrast, utility poles owned by municipalities or cooperatives are not subject to federal regulation and are generally exempt from state regulation. Future regulatory changes in this area could impact the pole attachment rates we pay utility companies. Changes in channel carriage regulations could impose significant additional costs on us. Cable operators also face significant regulation of their video channel carriage. We can be required to devote substantial capacity to the carriage of programming that we might not carry voluntarily, including certain local broadcast signals; local public, educational and governmental access (“PEG”) programming; and unaffiliated, commercial leased access programming (required channel capacity for use by persons unaffiliated with the cable operator who desire to distribute programming over a cable system). The FCC adopted revised commercial leased access rules which would dramatically reduce the rate we can charge for leasing this capacity and dramatically increase our administrative burdens, but these remain stayed while under appeal. Legislation has been introduced in Congress in the past that, if adopted, could impact our carriage of broadcast signals by simultaneously eliminating the cable industry’s compulsory copyright license and the retransmission consent requirements governing cable’s retransmission of broadcast signals. The FCC also continues to consider changes to the rules affecting the relationship between programmers (including broadcasters) and multichannel video distributors. Future regulatory changes could disrupt existing programming commitments, interfere with our preferred use of limited channel capacity, increase our programming costs, and limit our ability to offer services that would maximize our revenue potential. It is possible that other legal restraints will be adopted limiting our discretion over programming decisions. Our voice service is subject to regulatory burdens which may increase, causing us to incur additional costs. We offer voice communications services over our broadband network using VoIP services. The FCC has ruled that competitive telephone companies that support VoIP services, such as those we offer our customers, are entitled to interconnect with incumbent providers of traditional telecommunications services, which ensures that our VoIP services can compete in the market. The scope of these interconnection rights are being reviewed in a current FCC proceeding, which may affect our ability to compete in the provision of voice services or result in additional costs. The FCC has also declared that certain VoIP services are not subject to traditional state public utility regulation. The full extent of the FCC preemption of state and local regulation of VoIP services is not yet clear, and at least one state (Minnesota) has asserted jurisdiction over the company’s VoIP services. We have filed a legal challenge to that jurisdictional assertion, which is now pending before a federal district court in Minnesota. Telecommunications companies generally are subject to other significant regulation which could also be extended to VoIP providers. If additional telecommunications regulations are applied to our VoIP service, it could cause us to incur additional costs. The FCC has already extended certain traditional telecommunications carrier requirements to many VoIP providers such as us, including E911, Universal Service fund collection, CALEA, privacy of Customer Proprietary Network Information, number porting, network outage reporting, 39 rural call completion reporting, disability access and discontinuance of service requirements. In addition, the FCC is subjecting our VoIP services to new back-up power obligations that were effective beginning February 2015. In 2011, the FCC released an order (subsequently upheld on appeal) that significantly changed the rules governing intercarrier compensation payments for the origination and termination of telephone traffic between carriers, including VoIP service providers like us. This change will result in a substantial decrease in intercarrier compensation payments over a multi-year period. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. Item 2. Properties. Our principal physical assets consist of cable distribution plant and equipment, including signal receiving, encoding and decoding devices, headend reception facilities, distribution systems, and customer premise equipment for each of our cable systems. Our cable plant and related equipment are generally attached to utility poles under pole rental agreements with local public utilities and telephone companies, and in certain locations are buried in underground ducts or trenches. We own or lease real property for signal reception sites, and own our service vehicles. Our subsidiaries generally lease space for business offices. Our headend and tower locations are located on owned or leased parcels of land, and we generally own the towers on which our equipment is located. Charter Holdco owns the land and building for our St. Louis corporate office. We lease space for our corporate headquarters in Stamford, Connecticut. The physical components of our cable systems require maintenance as well as periodic upgrades to support the new services and products we introduce. See “Item 1. Business – Our Network Technology.” We believe that our properties are generally in good operating condition and are suitable for our business operations. Item 3. Legal Proceedings. On February 14, 2014, Comcast and TWC announced their intent to merge. Shortly thereafter, Breffni Barrett and others filed suit in the Supreme Court of the State of New York for the County of New York against Comcast, TWC and their respective officers and directors. Plaintiffs alleged, among other things, that the TWC and Comcast boards of directors breached their fiduciary duties to their respective stockholders during merger negotiations by entering into the merger agreement and approving the merger; and that TWC, Comcast and the holding company created to merge the companies aided and abetted such breaches of fiduciary duties. Plaintiffs further alleged that the joint proxy statement/prospectus filed by Comcast with the SEC on March 20, 2014, which contained the preliminary proxy statement of TWC, was misleading or omitted certain material information. Seven other similar class actions were filed in February and March 2014 in courts in New York and Delaware making similar allegations, and five of these were consolidated with this matter. The complaints sought injunctive relief enjoining the stockholder vote and merger, unspecified declaratory and equitable relief, compensatory damages in an unspecified amount and costs and fees. On July 22, 2014, those parties entered into a memorandum of understanding ("MOU") to settle the suits. That MOU, which was subsequently amended, was subject to final approval by the New York Supreme Court and certain other conditions. However, in April 2015, Comcast and TWC terminated their proposed transaction, which terminated that settlement. On May 26, 2015, Charter and TWC announced their intent to merge. On June 29, 2015, the parties in the NY Actions filed a stipulation agreeing that plaintiffs could file a Second Consolidated Class Action Complaint (the “Second Amended Complaint”), and dismissing the action with prejudice as to Comcast and Tango Acquisition Sub, Inc. After the court so ordered the stipulation, the plaintiffs in the NY Actions filed the Second Amended Complaint on July 1, 2015. The Second Amended Complaint named as defendants TWC, the members of the TWC board of directors, Charter and the merger subsidiaries. The Second Amended Complaint generally alleges, among other things, that the members of the TWC board of directors breached their fiduciary duties to TWC stockholders during the Charter merger negotiations and by entering into the merger agreement and approving the mergers, and that Charter and its subsidiaries aided and abetted such breaches of fiduciary duties. The complaint sought, among other relief, injunctive relief enjoining the stockholder vote on the mergers, unspecified declaratory and equitable relief, compensatory damages in an unspecified amount, and costs and attorneys’ fees. On September 9, 2015, the parties entered into an MOU to settle the action. Pursuant to the MOU, defendants issued certain supplemental disclosures relating to the mergers on a Form 8-K, and plaintiffs agreed to release with prejudice all claims that could have been asserted against defendants in connection with the mergers. The settlement is conditioned on, among other things, 40 consummation of the transactions between TWC and Charter, and must be approved by the New York Supreme Court. In the event that the New York Supreme Court does not approve the settlement, the defendants intend to defend against any further litigation. TWC, the TWC board of directors, Charter and the merger subsidiaries intend to defend vigorously any litigation filed. On August 21, 2015, a purported stockholder of Charter filed a lawsuit in the Delaware Court of Chancery, on behalf of a putative class of Charter stockholders, challenging the transactions between Charter, TWC, A/N, and Liberty Broadband announced by Charter on May 26, 2015 (collectively, the “Transactions”). The lawsuit names as defendants Liberty Broadband, Charter, the board of directors of Charter, and “New,” or post-Transaction, Charter. Plaintiff alleged that the Transactions improperly benefit Liberty Broadband at the expense of other Charter shareholders, and that Charter issued a false and misleading proxy statement in connection with the Transactions. Plaintiff requested, among other things, that the Delaware Court of Chancery enjoin the September 21, 2015 special meeting of Charter stockholders at which Charter stockholders were asked to vote on the Transactions until the defendants disclosed certain information relating to Charter and the Transactions. The disclosures demanded by the plaintiff included (i) certain unlevered free cash flow projections for Charter and (ii) a Form of Proxy and Right of First Refusal Agreement (“Proxy”) by and among Liberty Broadband, A/N, Charter and New Charter, which was referenced in the description of the Second Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement, dated May 23, 2015, among Charter, New Charter, Liberty Broadband and A/N. On September 9, 2015, Charter issued supplemental disclosures containing unlevered free cash flow projections for Charter. In return, the plaintiff agreed its disclosure claims were moot and withdrew its application to enjoin the Charter stockholder vote on the Transactions. Charter has not yet responded to this suit but intends to deny any liability, believes that it has substantial defenses, and intends to vigorously defend this suit. On January 15, 2014, the California Department of Justice, in conjunction with the Alameda County, California District Attorney’s Office, initiated an investigation into whether Charter’s waste disposal policies, practices, and procedures violate the provisions of the California Health and Safety Code, the California Hazardous Waste Control Law, and any of their related regulations. Charter is cooperating with the investigation. At this time Charter does not expect that the outcome of this investigation will have a material effect on our operations, financial condition, or cash flows. Patent Litigation We are defendants or co-defendants in several unrelated lawsuits involving alleged infringement of various patents relating to various aspects of our businesses. Other industry participants are also defendants in certain of these cases. In the event that a court ultimately determines that we infringe on any intellectual property rights, we may be subject to substantial damages and/or an injunction that could require us or our vendors to modify certain products and services we offer to our subscribers, as well as negotiate royalty or license agreements with respect to the patents at issue. While we believe the lawsuits are without merit and intend to defend the actions vigorously, no assurance can be given that any adverse outcome would not be material to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. Other Proceedings We are party to other lawsuits and claims that arise in the ordinary course of conducting our business, including lawsuits claiming violation of wage and hour laws. The ultimate outcome of these other legal matters pending against us or our subsidiaries cannot be predicted, and although such lawsuits and claims are not expected individually to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity, such lawsuits could have in the aggregate a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. Whether or not we ultimately prevail in any particular lawsuit or claim, litigation can be time consuming and costly and injure our reputation. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not applicable. 41 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. (A) Market Information Charter’s Class A common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “CHTR.” The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the range of high and low last reported sale price per share of Charter’s Class A common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. Class A Common Stock 2014 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter 2015 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter (B) Holders High Low $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 138.86 158.38 164.15 169.70 193.46 193.19 194.50 193.33 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 121.25 117.83 151.37 140.25 150.60 167.84 167.36 174.81 As of December 31, 2015, there were approximately 32 holders of record of Charter’s Class A common stock. (C) Dividends Charter has not paid stock or cash dividends on any of its common stock. Charter would be dependent on distributions from its subsidiaries if Charter were to make any dividends. Covenants in the indentures and credit agreement governing the debt obligations of our subsidiaries restrict their ability to make distributions to us, and accordingly, limit our ability to declare or pay cash dividends. See “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Future cash dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of Charter’s board of directors and will depend upon, among other things, our future operations and earnings, capital requirements, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and such other factors as Charter’s board of directors may deem relevant. 42 (D) Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans The following information is provided as of December 31, 2015 with respect to equity compensation plans: Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Warrants and Rights Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans 4,711,849 (1) — $ $ 112.41 5,044,950 (1) — — TOTAL 4,711,849 (1) 5,044,950 (1) (1) This total does not include 217,847 shares issued pursuant to restricted stock grants made under our 2009 Stock Incentive Plan, which are subject to vesting based on continued employment and market conditions. For information regarding securities issued under our equity compensation plans, see Note 15 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” 43 (E) Performance Graph The graph below shows the cumulative total return on Charter’s Class A common stock for the period from December 31, 2010 through December 31, 2015, in comparison to the cumulative total return on Standard & Poor’s 500 Index and a peer group consisting of the national cable operators that are most comparable to us in terms of size and nature of operations. The Company’s peer group consists of Cablevision Systems Corporation (“Cablevision”), Comcast, and TWC. The results shown assume that $100 was invested on December 31, 2010 and that all dividends were reinvested. These indices are included for comparative purposes only and do not reflect whether it is management’s opinion that such indices are an appropriate measure of the relative performance of the stock involved, nor are they intended to forecast or be indicative of future performance of Charter’s Class A common stock. (F) Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities During 2015, there were no unregistered sales of securities of the registrant other than those previously reported on a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or Current Report on Form 8-K. 44 (G) Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer The following table presents Charter's purchases of equity securities completed during the fourth quarter of 2015 representing shares withheld from employees primarily for the payment of taxes upon the vesting of equity awards. Period October 1 - 31, 2015 November 1 - 30, 2015 December 1 - 31, 2015 (a) Total Number of Shares Purchased 5,440 105 120,450 $ $ $ (b) Average Price Paid per Share 182.10 189.71 181.37 Item 6. Selected Financial Data. (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs — — — (d) Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs N/A N/A N/A The following table presents selected consolidated financial data for the periods indicated (dollars in millions, except per share data): Statement of Operations Data: Revenues Income from operations Interest expense, net Income (loss) before income taxes Net loss Loss per common share, basic and diluted Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted Balance Sheet Data (end of period): Investment in cable properties Total assets (a) Total debt (a) Shareholders’ equity (deficit) Other Financial Data: Ratio of earnings to fixed charges (b) Deficiency of earnings to cover fixed charges (b) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 $ $ $ $ $ $ 9,754 1,114 $ $ (1,306) $ (331) $ (271) $ (2.43) $ 9,108 971 $ $ (911) $ 53 $ (183) $ (1.70) $ 8,155 909 $ $ (846) $ (49) $ (169) $ (1.65) $ 7,504 915 $ $ (907) $ (47) $ (304) $ (3.05) $ 7,204 1,036 (963) (70) (369) (3.39) 111,869,771 108,374,160 101,934,630 99,657,989 108,948,554 $ $ $ $ $ 16,375 39,316 35,723 $ $ $ (46) $ 16,652 24,388 20,887 146 $ $ $ $ 16,556 17,129 14,031 151 $ $ $ $ 14,870 15,440 12,670 149 $ $ $ $ 14,843 15,469 12,747 409 N/A 331 1.06 N/A $ N/A N/A 49 $ 47 $ N/A 70 (a) (b) Prior periods have been restated to reflect the adoption of certain new accounting standards, including Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2015-03 and 2015-17. For more information, see Note 20 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Earnings include income (loss) before non-controlling interest and income taxes plus fixed charges. Fixed charges consist of interest expense and an estimated interest component of rent expense. Comparability of the above information from year to year is affected by acquisitions and dispositions completed by us including the the acquisition of Bresnan Broadband Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries (collectively, “Bresnan”) in July 2013 and restricted cash and cash equivalents that were held in escrow as of December 31, 2015 pending consummation of the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction, and restricted cash and cash equivalents that were held in escrow as of December 31, 2014 pending consummation of the Comcast Transactions which were terminated in April 2015. See “Part I. Item 1. Business” for a discussion regarding the TWC Transaction, Bright House Transaction and Comcast Transactions and "Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for a discussion of the acquisition of Bresnan. 45 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Reference is made to “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” which describe important factors that could cause actual results to differ from expectations and non-historical information contained herein. In addition, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto of Charter Communications, Inc. and subsidiaries included in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Overview We are a cable operator providing services in the United States with approximately 6.7 million residential and small and medium business customers at December 31, 2015. We offer our customers traditional cable video programming, Internet services, and voice services, as well as advanced video services such as video on demand, HD television and DVR service. We also sell local advertising on cable networks and provide fiber connectivity to cellular towers and office buildings. See “Part I. Item 1. Business — Products and Services” for further description of these services, including customer statistics for different services. Our most significant competitors are direct broadcast satellite providers and certain telephone companies that offer services that provide features and functions similar to our Internet, video and voice services, including in some cases wireless services, and they also offer these services in bundles similar to ours. Customers have been more willing to consider our competitors' products, partially because of continued marketing highlighting perceived differences between competitive video products, especially when those competitors are often offering significant incentives to switch providers. Some consumers have chosen to receive video over the Internet rather than through pay television services including from us. See “Part I. Item 1. Business — Competition.” In the recent past, we have grown revenues by offsetting basic video customer losses with price increases and sales of incremental services such as Internet, video on demand, DVR and HD television. We expect to continue to grow revenues by increasing the number of products in our current customer homes, obtaining new customers with our value offering and reducing churn. In addition, we expect to increase revenues by expanding the sales of services to our commercial customers. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to grow revenues or maintain our margins at recent historical rates. Our business plans include goals for increasing customers and revenue. To reach our goals, we actively invest in our network and operations, and improve the quality and value of the products and packages that we offer. We have enhanced our video product by moving to an all-digital platform, offering more HD channels and increasing digital and HD-DVR penetration. We simplified our offers and pricing, and package our products with the objective of bringing more value to new and existing customers than our competitors. As part of our effort to create more value for customers, we focus on driving penetration of our triple play offering, which includes more than 200 HD channels in most of our markets, video on demand, Internet service, and fully-featured voice service. In addition, we have fully insourced our direct sales workforce and are increasingly insourcing our field operations and call center workforces and modifying the way our sales workforce is compensated, which we believe positions us for better customer service and growth. We believe that our enhanced product set combined with improved customer service has lead to lower customer churn and longer customer lifetimes, allowing us to grow our customer base and revenue more quickly and economically. Total revenue growth was 7% for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the corresponding period in 2014, and 12% for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the corresponding period in 2013, due to growth in our video, Internet and commercial businesses. Total revenue growth on a pro forma basis for the acquisition of Bresnan as if it had occurred on January 1, 2012 was 8% for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the corresponding period in 2013. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, Adjusted EBITDA was $3.4 billion, $3.2 billion and $2.9 billion, respectively. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net loss plus net interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization, stock compensation expense, loss on extinguishment of debt, gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net, other expense, net and other operating expenses, such as merger and acquisition costs, special charges and (gain) loss on sale or retirement of assets. See “—Use of Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow” for further information on Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA increased 7% for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the corresponding period in 2014 and 12% for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the corresponding period in 2013 as a result of an increase in residential and commercial revenues offset by increases in programming costs, transition costs and other operating costs. Adjusted EBITDA growth on a pro forma basis for the acquisition of Bresnan as if it had occurred on January 1, 2012 was 8% for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to the corresponding period in 2013. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, our income from operations was $1.1 billion, $971 million and $909 million, respectively. In addition to the factors discussed above, income from operations was affected by increases in other operating expenses such as merger and acquisition costs as well as increases in depreciation and amortization and stock compensation expense. 46 Approximately 91%, 90% and 89% of our revenues for years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, are attributable to monthly subscription fees charged to customers for our video, Internet, voice, and commercial services provided by our cable systems. Generally, these customer subscriptions may be discontinued by the customer at any time subject to a fee for certain commercial customers. The remaining 9%, 10% and 11% of revenue for fiscal years 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, is derived primarily from advertising revenues, franchise and other regulatory fee revenues (which are collected by us but then paid to local authorities), pay-per-view and video on demand programming, installation, processing fees or reconnection fees charged to customers to commence or reinstate service, and commissions related to the sale of merchandise by home shopping services. Our expenses primarily consist of operating costs, depreciation and amortization expense and interest expense. Operating costs primarily include programming costs, connectivity, franchise and other regulatory costs, the costs to service our customers such as field, network and customer operations costs, marketing costs and transition costs related to the TWC Transaction, Bright House Transaction and Comcast Transactions. Transition costs represent incremental costs incurred to increase the scale of our business as a result of the TWC Transaction, Bright House Transaction and Comcast Transactions. We incurred the following transition costs in connection with the TWC Transaction, Bright House Transaction and Comcast Transactions. See "Part I. Item 1. Business" for a discussion regarding the TWC Transaction, Bright House Transaction and Comcast Transactions, Operating expenses Other operating expenses Interest expense Capital expenditures Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ $ $ 72 70 521 115 $ $ $ $ 14 38 75 27 $ $ $ $ — 16 — — In July 2013, Charter and Charter Operating acquired Bresnan from a wholly owned subsidiary of Cablevision, for $1.625 billion in cash, as well as a working capital adjustment and a reduction for certain funded indebtedness of Bresnan (the "Bresnan Acquisition"). Bresnan managed cable operating systems in Colorado, Montana, Wyoming and Utah that passed approximately 670,000 homes and served approximately 375,000 residential and commercial customer relationships at the time they were acquired. We have a history of net losses. Our net losses are principally attributable to insufficient revenue to cover the combination of operating expenses, interest expenses that we incur because of our debt, depreciation expenses resulting from the capital investments we have made and continue to make in our cable properties, amortization expenses related to our customer relationship intangibles and non-cash taxes resulting from increases in our deferred tax liabilities. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Certain of our accounting policies require our management to make difficult, subjective and/or complex judgments. Management has discussed these policies with the Audit Committee of Charter’s board of directors, and the Audit Committee has reviewed the following disclosure. We consider the following policies to be the most critical in understanding the estimates, assumptions and judgments that are involved in preparing our financial statements, and the uncertainties that could affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows: • Property, plant and equipment • Capitalization of labor and overhead costs • Valuation and impairment of property, plant and equipment • Useful lives of property, plant and equipment • Intangible assets • Valuation and impairment of franchises • Valuation and impairment and amortization of customer relationships • Valuation and impairment of goodwill Income taxes • • Litigation • Programming agreements 47 In addition, there are other items within our financial statements that require estimates or judgment that are not deemed critical, such as the allowance for doubtful accounts and valuations of our derivative instruments, but changes in estimates or judgment in these other items could also have a material impact on our financial statements. Property, plant and equipment The cable industry is capital intensive, and a large portion of our resources are spent on capital activities associated with extending, rebuilding, and upgrading our cable network. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the net carrying amount of our property, plant and equipment (consisting primarily of cable network assets) was approximately $8.3 billion (representing 49% of total assets excluding restricted cash and cash equivalents) and $8.4 billion (representing 48% of total assets excluding restricted cash and cash equivalents), respectively. Total capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were approximately $1.8 billion, $2.2 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively. Capitalization of labor and overhead costs. Costs associated with network construction, initial customer installations, installation refurbishments, and the installation of equipment necessary to provide video, Internet or voices services, are capitalized. While our capitalization is based on specific activities, once capitalized, we track these costs by fixed asset category at the cable system level, and not on a specific asset basis. For assets that are sold or retired, we remove the estimated applicable cost and accumulated depreciation. Costs capitalized as part of installations include materials, direct labor, and certain indirect costs. These indirect costs are associated with the activities of personnel who assist in installation activities, and consist of compensation and overhead costs associated with these support functions. The costs of disconnecting service at a customer’s dwelling or reconnecting service to a previously installed dwelling are charged to operating expense in the period incurred. Costs for repairs and maintenance are charged to operating expense as incurred, while plant and equipment replacement, including replacement of certain components, and betterments, including replacement of cable drops from the pole to the dwelling, are capitalized. We make judgments regarding the installation and construction activities to be capitalized. We capitalize direct labor and overhead using standards developed from actual costs and applicable operational data. We calculate standards annually (or more frequently if circumstances dictate) for items such as the labor rates, overhead rates, and the actual amount of time required to perform a capitalizable activity. For example, the standard amounts of time required to perform capitalizable activities are based on studies of the time required to perform such activities. Overhead rates are established based on an analysis of the nature of costs incurred in support of capitalizable activities, and a determination of the portion of costs that is directly attributable to capitalizable activities. The impact of changes that resulted from these studies were not material in the periods presented. Labor costs directly associated with capital projects are capitalized. Capitalizable activities performed in connection with installations include such activities as: • • • • dispatching a “truck roll” to the customer’s dwelling or business for service connection or placement of equipment; verification of serviceability to the customer’s dwelling or business (i.e., determining whether the customer’s dwelling is capable of receiving service by our cable network and/or receiving advanced or Internet services); customer premise activities performed by in-house field technicians and third-party contractors in connection with customer installations, installation of equipment in connection with the installation of video, Internet or voice services, and equipment replacement and betterment; and verifying the integrity of the customer’s network connection by initiating test signals downstream from the headend to the customer’s digital set-top box, as well as testing signal levels at the pole or pedestal. Judgment is required to determine the extent to which overhead costs incurred result from specific capital activities, and therefore should be capitalized. The primary costs that are included in the determination of the overhead rate are (i) employee benefits and payroll taxes associated with capitalized direct labor, (ii) direct variable costs associated with capitalizable activities, consisting primarily of installation and construction vehicle costs, (iii) the cost of support personnel, such as dispatchers, who directly assist with capitalizable installation activities, and (iv) indirect costs directly attributable to capitalizable activities. While we believe our existing capitalization policies are appropriate, a significant change in the nature or extent of our system activities could affect management’s judgment about the extent to which we should capitalize direct labor or overhead in the future. We monitor the appropriateness of our capitalization policies, and perform updates to our internal studies on an ongoing basis to determine whether facts or circumstances warrant a change to our capitalization policies. We capitalized internal direct labor and overhead of $286 million, $277 million and $219 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Valuation and impairment. We evaluate the recoverability of our property, plant and equipment upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances indicating that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Such events or changes in circumstances could include such factors as the impairment of our indefinite life franchises, changes in technological advances, 48 fluctuations in the fair value of such assets, adverse changes in relationships with local franchise authorities, adverse changes in market conditions, or a deterioration of current or expected future operating results. A long-lived asset is deemed impaired when the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the projected undiscounted future cash flows associated with the asset. No impairments of long-lived assets to be held and used were recorded in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. We utilize the cost approach as the primary method used to establish fair value for our property, plant and equipment in connection with business combinations. The cost approach considers the amount required to replace an asset by constructing or purchasing a new asset with similar utility, then adjusts the value in consideration of physical depreciation and functional and economic obsolescence as of the appraisal date. The cost approach relies on management’s assumptions regarding current material and labor costs required to rebuild and repurchase significant components of our property, plant and equipment along with assumptions regarding the age and estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment. Useful lives of property, plant and equipment. We evaluate the appropriateness of estimated useful lives assigned to our property, plant and equipment, based on annual analysis of such useful lives, and revise such lives to the extent warranted by changing facts and circumstances. Any changes in estimated useful lives as a result of this analysis are reflected prospectively beginning in the period in which the study is completed. Our analysis of useful lives in 2015 did not indicate a change in useful lives. The effect of a one-year decrease in the weighted average remaining useful life of our property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2015 would be an increase in annual depreciation expense of approximately $251 million. The effect of a one-year increase in the weighted average remaining useful life of our property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2015 would be a decrease in annual depreciation expense of approximately $235 million. Depreciation expense related to property, plant and equipment totaled $1.9 billion, $1.8 billion and $1.6 billion for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, representing approximately 21%, 22% and 22% of costs and expenses, respectively. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line composite method over management’s estimate of the useful lives of the related assets as listed below: Cable distribution systems Customer premise equipment and installations Vehicles and equipment Buildings and improvements Furniture, fixtures and equipment Intangible assets 7-20 years 3-8 years 3-6 years 15-40 years 6-10 years Valuation and impairment of franchises. The net carrying value of franchises as of both December 31, 2015 and 2014 was approximately $6.0 billion (representing 35% of total assets excluding restricted cash and cash equivalents). For more information and a complete discussion of how we value and test franchise assets for impairment, see Note 6 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” In 2015, we performed a qualitative impairment assessment that indicated the fair value of the franchise assets in each unit of accounting exceeds the carrying value of such assets and thus resulted in no impairment. Our units of accounting for franchise impairment testing is based on geographical clustering of our cable systems into groups or markets. For each franchise unit of accounting, the estimated fair value of the franchise assets substantially exceeds the carrying value. Based on our qualitative impairment assessment and sensitivity analyses, none of our franchise assets are considered at risk of impairment. Based on the qualitative assessment, the franchise assets fair values are more than twice the carrying values for nearly all of the franchise units of accounting. The only exception is a single market in which its fair value of franchise assets exceeds its carrying value by more than 25%. The lower excess fair value of this market when compared to the others is attributed to the recent fair value measurement of this market's franchise assets in purchase accounting. Valuation and impairment of goodwill. The net carrying value of goodwill as of both December 31, 2015 and 2014 was approximately $1.2 billion (representing 7% of total assets excluding restricted cash and cash equivalents). For more information and a complete discussion on how we test goodwill for impairment, see Note 6 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” As with our franchise impairment testing, in 2015 we elected to perform a qualitative assessment and concluded that goodwill is not impaired. Based on the qualitative assessment and sensitivity analyses, implied goodwill is more than three times its carrying value. 49 Valuation, impairment and amortization of customer relationships. The net carrying value of customer relationships as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 was approximately $856 million (representing 5% of total assets excluding restricted cash and cash equivalents) and $1.1 billion (representing 6% of total assets excluding restricted cash and cash equivalents), respectively. Amortization expense related to customer relationships for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was approximately $249 million, $282 million and $284 million, respectively. No impairment of customer relationships was recorded in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, or 2013. For more information and a complete discussion on our valuation methodology and amortization method, see Note 6 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Income taxes As of December 31, 2015, Charter had approximately $11.3 billion of federal tax net operating loss carryforwards resulting in a gross deferred tax asset of approximately $4.0 billion. Federal tax net operating loss carryforwards expire in the years 2020 through 2035; with $560 million expiring through 2023, $5.7 billion expiring between 2024 and 2028, and $5.0 billion expiring thereafter. These losses resulted from the operations of Charter Holdco and its subsidiaries. In addition, as of December 31, 2015, Charter had state tax net operating loss carryforwards, resulting in a gross deferred tax asset (net of federal tax benefit) of approximately $365 million. State tax net operating loss carryforwards generally expire in the years 2016 through 2035. Such tax loss carryforwards can accumulate and be used to offset Charter’s future taxable income. As of December 31, 2015, $9.1 billion of federal tax loss carryforwards are unrestricted and available for Charter’s immediate use, while approximately $2.2 billion of federal tax loss carryforwards are still subject to Section 382 and other restrictions. Pursuant to these restrictions, Charter estimates that approximately $400 million in 2016 and an additional $226 million annually over each of the next eight years of federal tax loss carryforwards, should become unrestricted and available for Charter’s use. Charter’s state tax loss carryforwards are subject to similar but varying restrictions. In addition to its tax loss carryforwards, Charter also has tax basis of $4.6 billion in intangible assets and $3.4 billion in property, plant, and equipment as of December 31, 2015. The tax basis in these assets is not subject to Section 382 limitations and therefore is currently deductible as depreciated or amortized. For illustrative purposes, Charter expects to reflect tax-deductible amortization and depreciation on assets owned as of December 31, 2015, of approximately $1.3 billion in 2016 and $3.2 billion between 2017 through 2020, decelerating annually. The foregoing projected deductions do not include any amortization or depreciation related to future capital spend or potential acquisitions. In addition, the deductions assume Charter does not dispose of a material portion of its business, make modifications to the underlying partnerships it owns, or create a new underlying partnership, all of which may materially affect the timing or amount of its existing amortization and depreciation deductions. Any one of these factors including pending transactions, future legislation or adjustments by the IRS upon examination could also affect the projected deductions. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. In our evaluation of the need for a valuation allowance, we take into account various factors, including the expected level of future taxable income, available tax planning strategies and reversals of existing taxable temporary differences. Due to our history of losses, we were unable to assume future taxable income in our analysis and accordingly valuation allowances have been established against the gross deferred tax assets for book accounting purposes, except for future taxable income that will result from the reversal of existing temporary differences for which deferred tax liabilities are recognized. Our gross deferred tax assets have been offset with a corresponding valuation allowance of $3.2 billion at December 31, 2015. The amount of the deferred tax assets considered realizable and, therefore, reflected in the consolidated balance sheet, would be increased at such time that it is more-likely-than-not future taxable income will be realized during the carryforward period. We periodically evaluate the facts and circumstances surrounding this assessment and, at the time this consideration is met, an adjustment to reverse some portion of the existing valuation allowance would result. As of December 31, 2015, we have recorded net deferred income tax liabilities of $1.6 billion largely attributable to the characterization of franchises for financial reporting purposes as indefinite-lived. In contemplation of the TWC Transaction, Charter has performed a preliminary analysis of the valuation allowance recorded on Charter’s preexisting deferred tax assets considering the interaction of the tax positions of the acquiring and acquired entities in the TWC Transaction. Based on this analysis, certain of the deferred tax liabilities that are anticipated to be recognized in connection with the close of the TWC Transaction are expected to reverse and provide a source of future taxable income, resulting in a reduction of substantially all of Charter’s preexisting valuation allowance associated with its deferred tax assets. Such release of Charter’s valuation allowance would be recognized directly to income tax benefit on the consolidated statements of operations. This preliminary analysis is subject to the finalization of the acquisition and the full assessment of the facts and circumstances surrounding the possible sources of future taxable income, after the close of the TWC Transaction. 50 In determining our tax provision for financial reporting purposes, Charter establishes a reserve for uncertain tax positions unless such positions are determined to be “more likely than not” of being sustained upon examination, based on their technical merits. In evaluating whether a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we presume the position will be examined by the appropriate taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured to determine the amount of benefit to be recognized in our financial statements. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized when the position is ultimately resolved. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether positions taken on the tax return are “more likely than not” of being sustained. Charter adjusts its uncertain tax reserve estimates periodically because of ongoing examinations by, and settlements with, the various taxing authorities, as well as changes in tax laws, regulations and interpretations. No tax years for Charter or Charter Holdco, for income tax purposes, are currently under examination by the IRS. Tax years ending 2012 through 2015 remain subject to examination and assessment. Years prior to 2012 remain open solely for purposes of examination of Charter’s loss and credit carryforwards. We have recorded unrecognized tax benefits totaling approximately $5 million as of December 31, 2015, presented net of deferred taxes. We did not have any unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2014. Litigation Legal contingencies have a high degree of uncertainty. When a loss from a contingency becomes estimable and probable, a reserve is established. The reserve reflects management's best estimate of the probable cost of ultimate resolution of the matter and is revised as facts and circumstances change. A reserve is released when a matter is ultimately brought to closure or the statute of limitations lapses. We have established reserves for certain matters. Although certain matters are not expected individually to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or liquidity, such matters could have, in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. Programming Agreements We exercise significant judgment in estimating programming expense associated with certain video programming contracts. Our policy is to record video programming costs based on our contractual agreements with our programming vendors, which are generally multi-year agreements that provide for us to make payments to the programming vendors at agreed upon market rates based on the number of customers to which we provide the programming service. If a programming contract expires prior to the parties' entry into a new agreement and we continue to distribute the service, we estimate the programming costs during the period there is no contract in place. In doing so, we consider the previous contractual rates, inflation and the status of the negotiations in determining our estimates. When the programming contract terms are finalized, an adjustment to programming expense is recorded, if necessary, to reflect the terms of the new contract. We also make estimates in the recognition of programming expense related to other items, such as the accounting for free periods, timing of rate increases and credits from service interruptions, as well as the allocation of consideration exchanged between the parties in multiple-element transactions. Significant judgment is also involved when we enter into agreements that result in us receiving cash consideration from the programming vendor, usually in the form of advertising sales, channel positioning fees, launch support or marketing support. In these situations, we must determine based upon facts and circumstances if such cash consideration should be recorded as revenue, a reduction in programming expense or a reduction in another expense category (e.g., marketing). 51 Results of Operations The following table sets forth the percentages of revenues that items in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations constituted for the periods presented (dollars in millions, except per share data): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Revenues $ 9,754 100% $ 9,108 100% $ 8,155 100% Costs and Expenses: Operating costs and expenses (exclusive of items shown separately below) Depreciation and amortization Other operating expenses, net Income from operations Interest expense, net Loss on extinguishment of debt Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net Other expense, net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) Net loss LOSS PER COMMON SHARE, BASIC AND DILUTED: $ $ 6,426 2,125 89 8,640 1,114 (1,306) (128) (4) (7) (331) 60 (271) (2.43) 66% 22% 1% 89% 11% $ $ 5,973 2,102 62 8,137 971 (911) — (7) — 53 (236) (183) (1.70) 66% 23% 1% 89% 11% $ $ 66% 23% 1% 89% 11% 5,345 1,854 47 7,246 909 (846) (123) 11 — (49) (120) (169) (1.65) Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted 111,869,771 108,374,160 101,934,630 Revenues. Total revenues grew $646 million or 7% in the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to 2014 and grew $953 million or 12% in the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to 2013. Revenue growth primarily reflects increases in the number of residential Internet and triple play customers and in commercial business customers, growth in expanded basic and digital penetration, promotional and annual rate increases, and higher advanced services penetration offset by a decrease in advertising sales in 2015 and a decrease in average basic video customers. The Bresnan Acquisition increased revenues by approximately $276 million in 2014 as compared to 2013. 52 Revenues by service offering were as follows (dollars in millions; all percentages are calculated using whole numbers. Minor differences may exist due to rounding): Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2015 over 2014 2014 over 2013 Revenues Revenues Revenues Revenues Revenues % of % of % of Revenues Change % Change Change % Change Video Internet Voice Residential revenue Small and medium business Enterprise Commercial revenue Advertising sales Other $ 4,587 47% $ 4,443 49% $ 4,040 50% $ 3,003 539 8,129 764 363 1,127 309 189 31% 6% 83% 8% 4% 12% 3% 2% 2,576 575 7,594 676 317 993 341 180 28% 6% 83% 7% 3% 11% 4% 2% 2,186 644 6,870 553 259 812 291 182 27% 8% 84% 7% 3% 10% 4% 2% 144 427 (36) 535 88 46 134 3.2 % $ 16.6 % (6.4)% 7.0 % 13.0 % 14.8 % 13.5 % (32) (9.5)% 9 5.0 % 403 390 (69) 724 123 58 181 50 (2) 10 % 18 % (11)% 11 % 22 % 22 % 22 % 17 % (1)% $ 9,754 100% $ 9,108 100% $ 8,155 100% $ 646 7.1 % $ 953 12 % Video revenues consist primarily of revenues from basic and digital video services provided to our non-commercial customers, as well as franchise fees, equipment rental and video installation revenue. Residential video customers decreased by 2,000 in 2015 and by 82,000 in 2014. The changes in video revenues are attributable to the following (dollars in millions): Incremental video services, price adjustments and bundle revenue allocation Increase (decrease) in premium, video on demand and pay-per-view Decrease in average basic video customers Bresnan Acquisition 2015 compared to 2014 2014 compared to 2013 $ $ $ 161 15 (32) — 144 $ 330 (16) (49) 138 403 Residential Internet customers grew by 442,000 and 386,000 customers in 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increases in Internet revenues from our residential customers are attributable to the following (dollars in millions): Increase in average residential Internet customers Service level changes, price adjustments and bundle revenue allocation Bresnan Acquisition 2015 compared to 2014 2014 compared to 2013 $ $ $ 242 185 — 427 $ 200 116 74 390 53 Residential voice customers grew by 159,000 and 166,000 customers in 2015 and 2014, respectively. The changes in voice revenues from our residential customers are attributable to the following (dollars in millions): Price adjustments and bundle revenue allocation Increase in average residential voice customers Bresnan Acquisition 2015 compared to 2014 2014 compared to 2013 $ $ (70) $ 34 — (36) $ (135) 43 23 (69) Small and medium business PSUs increased 109,000 and 84,000 in 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increases in small and medium business commercial revenues are attributable to the following (dollars in millions): Increase in small and medium business customers Price adjustments Bresnan Acquisition 2015 compared to 2014 2014 compared to 2013 $ $ $ 112 (24) — 88 $ 70 21 32 123 Enterprise PSUs increased 5,000 and 4,000 in 2015 and 2014, respectively. The increases in enterprise commercial revenues are primarily due to growth in customers. Advertising sales revenues consist primarily of revenues from commercial advertising customers, programmers and other vendors. Advertising sales revenues decreased in 2015 primarily as a result of a decrease in political advertising of $29 million. Advertising sales revenues increased in 2014 primarily as a result of an increase in political advertising of $30 million. The Bresnan Acquisition increased advertising sales revenue by approximately $7 million in 2014 compared to the corresponding prior year period. Other revenues consist of home shopping, late payment fees, wire maintenance fees and other miscellaneous revenues. The increase in 2015 was primarily due to an increase in processing fees partially offset by a decrease in wire maintenance fees and the decrease in 2014 was primarily due to a decrease in wire maintenance fees. The Bresnan Acquisition increased other revenues in 2014 compared to the corresponding prior year period by approximately $2 million. Operating costs and expenses. The increases in our operating costs and expenses are attributable to the following (dollars in millions): Programming Franchise, regulatory and connectivity Costs to service customers Marketing Transition costs Other Bresnan Acquisition 2015 compared to 2014 2014 compared to 2013 $ $ 219 7 26 9 58 134 — $ 453 $ 234 11 59 40 14 90 180 628 54 Programming costs were approximately $2.7 billion, $2.5 billion and $2.1 billion, representing 42%, 41% and 40% of operating costs and expenses for each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Programming costs consist primarily of costs paid to programmers for basic, digital, premium, video on demand, and pay-per-view programming. The increase in programming costs is primarily a result of annual contractual rate adjustments, including increases in amounts paid for retransmission consents, broader carriage of certain networks as a result of our all-digital initiative and the introduction of new networks to Charter's video offering as well as 2014 expense benefits not recurring in 2015. We expect programming expenses to continue to increase due to a variety of factors, including annual increases imposed by programmers with additional selling power as a result of media consolidation, increased demands by owners of broadcast stations for payment for retransmission consent or linking carriage of other services to retransmission consent, and additional programming, particularly new sports services. We have been unable to fully pass these increases on to our customers nor do we expect to be able to do so in the future without a potential loss of customers. Costs to service customers include costs related to field operations, network operations and customer care for our residential and small and medium business customers including internal and third party labor for installations, service and repair, maintenance, billing and collection, occupancy and vehicle costs. The increase in costs to service customers was primarily the result of our larger customer base and higher spending on labor to deliver improved products and service levels and, in 2014, higher collection costs. The increase in marketing costs during 2014 was the result of heavier sales activity and sales channel development. Transition costs represent incremental costs incurred to increase the scale of our business as a result of the TWC Transaction, Bright House Transaction and Comcast Transactions. The Comcast Transactions were terminated in April 2015. See "Part I. Item 1. Business" for a discussion regarding the TWC Transaction, Bright House Transaction and Comcast Transactions. The increases in other expense are attributable to the following (dollars in millions): Corporate costs Stock compensation expense Property tax and insurance Bad debt Advertising sales expense Enterprise Other 2015 compared to 2014 2014 compared to 2013 $ $ 44 23 17 15 10 7 18 $ 134 $ 40 7 (9) 17 18 11 6 90 The increase in corporate costs relates primarily to increases in the number of employees and investments in technology. Stock compensation expense increased primarily due to increases in headcount and the value of equity issued. Property tax and insurance increased primarily due to the continuation of insourcing our workforce. The increases in bad debt is primarily related to a third quarter 2014 change in our collections policy and lower recoveries. Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $23 million and $248 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively, which primarily represents depreciation on more recent capital expenditures offset by certain assets becoming fully depreciated. The increase in depreciation and amortization expense in 2014 compared to 2013 was also affected by the Bresnan Acquisition. 55 Other operating expenses, net. The changes in other operating expenses, net are attributable to the following (dollars in millions): Merger and acquisitions costs Loss on sale of assets, net Special charges, net 2015 compared to 2014 2014 compared to 2013 $ $ $ $ 32 (6) $ 1 27 $ 22 2 (9) 15 For more information, see Note 14 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Interest expense, net. Net interest expense increased by $395 million in 2015 from 2014 and by $65 million in 2014 from 2013. Net interest expense increased in 2015 and 2014 compared to the corresponding prior year periods primarily as a result of an increase of $446 million and $75 million, respectively, of interest expense associated with the debt held in escrow to fund the TWC Transaction, Bright House Transaction and Comcast Transactions offset by a decrease in interest rates. Loss on extinguishment of debt. Loss on extinguishment of debt consists of the following for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (dollars in millions): CCO Holdings notes repurchases Charter Operating credit amendment / prepayments Termination of debt held in escrow related to the Comcast Transactions Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ $ 123 — 5 — $ — — 65 58 — 128 $ — $ 123 For more information, see Note 8 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net. Interest rate derivative instruments are held to manage our interest costs and reduce our exposure to increases in floating interest rates. We recognized losses of $4 million and $7 million and a gain of $11 million during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, which represents the amortization of accumulated other comprehensive loss for interest rate derivative instruments no longer designated as hedges for accounting purposes and their change in fair value. For more information, see Note 11 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Other expense, net. Other expense, net of $7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 primarily represents equity losses on our equity investments. For more information, see Note 17 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Income tax expense. Income tax benefit of $60 million and income tax expense of $236 million and $120 million was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The income tax benefit in 2015 was primarily due to the deemed liquidation of Charter Holdco solely for federal and state income tax purposes, resulting in a $187 million deferred income tax benefit offset by income tax expense recognized during 2015, primarily through increases in deferred tax liabilities. Income tax expense was recognized in all periods primarily through increases in deferred tax liabilities related to Charter’s franchises, which are characterized as indefinite lived for book financial reporting purposes, as well as to a lesser extent, through current federal and state income tax expense. Current federal and state income tax expense included $5 million, $3 million and $8 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The tax provision in future periods will vary based on current and future temporary differences, as well as future operating results. For more information, see Note 16 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” 56 Net loss. We incurred net loss of $271 million, $183 million and $169 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, primarily as a result of the factors described above. Loss per common share. During 2015 and 2014, net loss per common share increased by $0.73 and $0.05, respectively, as a result of the factors described above. Use of Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow We use certain measures that are not defined by GAAP to evaluate various aspects of our business. Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow are non-GAAP financial measures and should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, net loss and net cash flows from operating activities reported in accordance with GAAP. These terms, as defined by us, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow are reconciled to net loss and net cash flows from operating activities, respectively, below. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net loss plus net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock compensation expense, loss on extinguishment of debt, (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net, other expense, net and other operating expenses, such as merger and acquisition costs, special charges and (gain) loss on sale or retirement of assets. As such, it eliminates the significant non-cash depreciation and amortization expense that results from the capital-intensive nature of our businesses as well as other non-cash or special items, and is unaffected by our capital structure or investment activities. Adjusted EBITDA is used by management and Charter’s board of directors to evaluate the performance of our business. However, this measure is limited in that it does not reflect the periodic costs of certain capitalized tangible and intangible assets used in generating revenues and our cash cost of financing. Management evaluates these costs through other financial measures. Free cash flow is defined as net cash flows from operating activities, less capital expenditures and changes in accrued expenses related to capital expenditures. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow provide information useful to investors in assessing our performance and our ability to service our debt, fund operations and make additional investments with internally generated funds. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA generally correlates to the leverage ratio calculation under our credit facilities or outstanding notes to determine compliance with the covenants contained in the facilities and notes (all such documents have been previously filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission). For the purpose of calculating compliance with leverage covenants, we use Adjusted EBITDA, as presented, excluding certain expenses paid by our operating subsidiaries to other Charter entities. Our debt covenants refer to these expenses as management fees, which fees were in the amount of $322 million, $253 million and $201 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Net loss Plus: Interest expense, net Income tax (benefit) expense Depreciation and amortization Stock compensation expense Loss on extinguishment of debt (Gain) loss on derivative instruments, net Other, net Adjusted EBITDA Net cash flows from operating activities Less: Purchases of property, plant and equipment Change in accrued expenses related to capital expenditures Free cash flow 57 Years ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ $ $ (271) $ 1,306 (60) 2,125 78 128 4 96 $ $ 3,406 2,359 (1,840) 28 (183) $ 911 236 2,102 55 — 7 62 $ $ 3,190 2,359 (2,221) 33 (169) 846 120 1,854 48 123 (11) 47 2,858 2,158 (1,825) 76 547 $ 171 $ 409 Liquidity and Capital Resources Introduction This section contains a discussion of our liquidity and capital resources, including a discussion of our cash position, sources and uses of cash, access to credit facilities and other financing sources, historical financing activities, cash needs, capital expenditures and outstanding debt. Recent Events In February 2016, Charter's subsidiary, CCO Holdings, announced an offering of $1.7 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.875% senior notes due 2024. We expect to close that offering in February 2016 and the net proceeds will be used to (i) repurchase or redeem certain of CCO Holdings’ 7.000% senior notes due 2019 and 7.375% senior notes due 2020 and pay related fees and expenses and (ii) for general corporate purposes including, for example, to fund a portion of the incremental cash proceeds to TWC stockholders if they were to elect $115 per share in cash rather than $100 per share. Any redemption or repurchase of notes would not take place until after such cash elections were determined. Overview of Our Contractual Obligations and Liquidity We have significant amounts of debt, including $21.8 billion of which proceeds are currently held in escrow pending consummation of the TWC Transaction. The principal amount of our debt as of December 31, 2015 was $35.9 billion, consisting of $7.4 billion of credit facility debt and $28.6 billion of senior notes. Our business requires significant cash to fund principal and interest payments on our debt. As of December 31, 2015, $121 million of our long-term debt matures in 2016, $140 million in 2017, $844 million in 2018, $665 million in 2019, $4.2 billion in 2020 and $29.9 billion thereafter. The maturities of the CCO Safari III credit facilities assume the TWC Transaction closes in the second quarter of 2016. As of December 31, 2015, we had other contractual obligations, including interest on our debt, totaling $22.9 billion. Our projected cash needs and projected sources of liquidity depend upon, among other things, our actual results, and the timing and amount of our expenditures. Free cash flow was $547 million, $171 million and $409 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, the amount available under our credit facilities was approximately $961 million. We expect to utilize free cash flow and availability under our credit facilities as well as future refinancing transactions to further extend the maturities of or reduce the principal on our obligations. The timing and terms of any refinancing transactions will be subject to market conditions. Additionally, we may, from time to time, depending on market conditions and other factors, use cash on hand and the proceeds from securities offerings or other borrowings, to retire our debt through open market purchases, privately negotiated purchases, tender offers, or redemption provisions. We believe we have sufficient liquidity from cash on hand, free cash flow and Charter Operating's revolving credit facility as well as access to the capital markets to fund our projected operating cash needs. We continue to evaluate the deployment of our anticipated future free cash flow including to reduce our leverage, and to invest in our business growth and other strategic opportunities, including mergers and acquisitions as well as stock repurchases and dividends. As possible acquisitions, swaps or dispositions arise in our industry, we actively review them against our objectives including, among other considerations, improving the operational efficiency, clustering or technology capabilities of our business and achieving appropriate return targets, and we may participate to the extent we believe these possibilities present attractive opportunities. However, there can be no assurance that we will actually complete any acquisitions, including the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction, dispositions or system swaps, or that any such transactions will be material to our operations or results. See "Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors - Our inability to successfully acquire and integrate other businesses, assets, products or technologies could harm our operating results." 58 Free Cash Flow Free cash flow was $547 million, $171 million and $409 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The changes in free cash flow were due to the following. (Increase) decrease in capital expenditures Increase in Adjusted EBITDA Changes in working capital, excluding change in accrued interest Increase in cash paid for interest Other, net Year ended December 31, 2015 compared to year ended December 31, 2014 Year ended December 31, 2014 compared to year ended December 31, 2013 $ $ $ 381 216 9 (196) (34) 376 $ (396) 332 (52) (87) (35) (238) 59 Long-Term Debt As of December 31, 2015, the accreted value of our total debt was approximately $35.7 billion, as summarized below (dollars in millions): December 31, 2015 Principal Amount Accreted Value (a) Semi-Annual Interest Payment Dates Maturity Date (b) CCOH Safari, LLC: 5.750% senior notes due 2026 CCO Safari II, LLC: 3.579% senior notes due 2020 4.464% senior notes due 2022 4.908% senior notes due 2025 6.384% senior notes due 2035 6.484% senior notes due 2045 6.834% senior notes due 2055 CCO Safari III, LLC: Credit facilities CCO Holdings, LLC: 7.000% senior notes due 2019 7.375% senior notes due 2020 5.250% senior notes due 2021 6.500% senior notes due 2021 6.625% senior notes due 2022 5.250% senior notes due 2022 5.125% senior notes due 2023 5.125% senior notes due 2023 5.750% senior notes due 2023 5.750% senior notes due 2024 5.375% senior notes due 2025 5.875% senior notes due 2027 2,500 2,000 3,000 4,500 2,000 3,500 500 3,800 600 750 500 1,500 750 1,250 1,000 1,150 500 1,000 750 800 2,499 2/15 & 8/15 2/15/2026 1,999 2,998 4,497 1,999 3,498 500 3,788 594 744 496 1,487 740 1,229 990 1,140 495 990 744 794 1/23 & 7/23 1/23 & 7/23 1/23 & 7/23 4/23 & 10/23 4/23 & 10/23 4/23 & 10/23 1/15 & 7/15 6/1 & 12/1 3/15 & 9/15 4/30 & 10/30 1/31 & 7/31 3/30 & 9/30 2/15 & 8/15 5/1 & 11/1 3/1 & 9/1 1/15 & 7/15 5/1 & 11/1 5/1 & 11/1 7/23/2020 7/23/2022 7/23/2025 10/23/2035 10/23/2045 10/23/2055 Varies 1/15/2019 6/1/2020 3/15/2021 4/30/2021 1/31/2022 9/30/2022 2/15/2023 5/1/2023 9/1/2023 1/15/2024 5/1/2025 5/1/2027 Varies Charter Communications Operating, LLC: Credit facilities 3,552 35,902 $ 3,502 35,723 $ (a) The accreted values presented above represent the principal amount of the debt less the original issue discount at the time of sale and deferred financing costs, plus the accretion of both amounts to the balance sheet date. However, the amount that is currently payable if the debt becomes immediately due is equal to the principal amount of the debt. We have availability under our credit facilities of approximately $961 million as of December 31, 2015. (b) In general, the obligors have the right to redeem all of the notes set forth in the above table in whole or in part at their option, beginning at various times prior to their stated maturity dates, subject to certain conditions, upon the payment of the outstanding principal amount (plus a specified redemption premium) and all accrued and unpaid interest. For additional information see "Description of our Outstanding Debt" below. 60 Contractual Obligations The following table summarizes our payment obligations as of December 31, 2015 under our long-term debt and certain other contractual obligations and commitments (dollars in millions.) Payments by Period Total Less than 1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years More than 5 years Contractual Obligations (a) Long-Term Debt Principal Payments (a) Long-Term Debt Interest Payments (b) Operating Lease Obligations (c) Programming Minimum Commitments (d) Other (e) $ $ 35,902 21,751 183 545 435 $ 121 1,838 51 265 397 $ 984 3,730 78 252 29 4,867 3,617 35 25 5 $ 29,930 12,566 19 3 4 Total $ 58,816 $ 2,672 $ 5,073 $ 8,549 $ 42,522 (a) The table presents maturities of long-term debt outstanding as of December 31, 2015, including $21.8 billion which proceeds are currently held in escrow pending consummation of the TWC Transaction. The maturities of the CCO Safari III credit facilities assume the TWC Transaction closes in the second quarter of 2016. Refer to Notes 8 and 18 to our accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a description of our long-term debt and other contractual obligations and commitments. (b) Interest payments on variable debt are estimated using amounts outstanding at December 31, 2015 and the average implied forward London Interbank Offering Rate (“LIBOR”) rates applicable for the quarter during the interest rate reset based on the yield curve in effect at December 31, 2015. Actual interest payments will differ based on actual LIBOR rates and actual amounts outstanding for applicable periods. (c) We lease certain facilities and equipment under noncancelable operating leases. Leases and rental costs charged to expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, were $49 million, $43 million and $34 million, respectively. (d) We pay programming fees under multi-year contracts ranging from three to ten years, typically based on a flat fee per customer, which may be fixed for the term, or may in some cases escalate over the term. Programming costs included in the accompanying statement of operations were approximately $2.7 billion, $2.5 billion and $2.1 billion, for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Certain of our programming agreements are based on a flat fee per month or have guaranteed minimum payments. The table sets forth the aggregate guaranteed minimum commitments under our programming contracts. (e) “Other” represents other guaranteed minimum commitments, which consist primarily of commitments to our customer premise equipment vendors. The following items are not included in the contractual obligations table because the obligations are not fixed and/or determinable due to various factors discussed below. However, we incur these costs as part of our operations: • We rent utility poles used in our operations. Generally, pole rentals are cancelable on short notice, but we anticipate that such rentals will recur. Rent expense incurred for pole rental attachments for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $53 million, $49 million and $49 million, respectively. • We pay franchise fees under multi-year franchise agreements based on a percentage of revenues generated from video service per year. We also pay other franchise related costs, such as public education grants, under multi-year agreements. Franchise fees and other franchise-related costs included in the accompanying statement of operations were $212 million, $208 million and $190 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. • We also have $67 million in letters of credit, primarily to our various worker’s compensation, property and casualty, and general liability carriers, as collateral for reimbursement of claims. Charter has agreed to certain commitments that will be effective upon the consummation of the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction. See "Part I. Item 1. Business" for a listing of these commitments. Also, contingent upon closing of the TWC Transaction and release of the proceeds from escrow, Charter will be obligated to pay additional debt issuance fees. For more information, see Note 8 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” 61 Limitations on Distributions Distributions by Charter’s subsidiaries to a parent company for payment of principal on parent company notes are restricted under indentures and credit facilities governing our indebtedness, unless there is no default under the applicable indenture and credit facilities, and unless each applicable subsidiary’s leverage ratio test is met at the time of such distribution. As of December 31, 2015, there was no default under any of these indentures or credit facilities and each subsidiary met its applicable leverage ratio tests based on December 31, 2015 financial results. Such distributions would be restricted, however, if any such subsidiary fails to meet these tests at the time of the contemplated distribution. In the past, certain subsidiaries have from time to time failed to meet their leverage ratio test. There can be no assurance that they will satisfy these tests at the time of the contemplated distribution. Distributions by Charter Operating for payment of principal on parent company notes are further restricted by the covenants in its credit facilities. In addition to the limitation on distributions under the various indentures discussed above, distributions by our subsidiaries may be limited by applicable law, including the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act, under which our subsidiaries may only make distributions if they have “surplus” as defined in the act. Historical Operating, Investing, and Financing Activities Cash and Cash Equivalents. We held $5 million and $3 million in cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We also held $22.3 billion and $7.1 billion in restricted cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively. Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities remained flat at $2.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Net cash provided by operating activities increased $201 million from $2.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2013 to $2.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2014, primarily due to an increase in Adjusted EBITDA of $332 million offset by an $87 million increase in cash paid for interest and a $22 million increase in merger and acquisition costs. Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, was $17.0 billion, $9.3 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively. The increase in 2015 compared to 2014 is primarily due to an increase in the investment of net proceeds from the issuance of the CCO Safari II notes, CCO Safari III credit facilities and CCOH Safari notes related to the TWC Transaction in long-term restricted cash and cash equivalents offset by a decrease in long-term restricted cash and cash equivalents upon repayment of the Term G Loans and CCOH Safari notes out of escrow related to the Comcast Transactions and a decrease in capital expenditures. The increase in 2014 compared to 2013 is primarily due to the investment of $7.1 billion of net proceeds from the issuance of the Term G Loans and CCOH Safari notes issued in connection with the Comcast Transactions in long-term restricted cash and cash equivalents, and higher capital expenditures offset by $676 million cash paid for the Bresnan Acquisition (net of debt assumed) in 2013. Financing Activities. Net cash provided in financing activities was $14.7 billion, $6.9 billion and $299 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The increase in cash provided during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the corresponding period in 2014 was primarily the result of the issuance of the CCO Safari II notes, CCO Safari III credit facilities and CCOH Safari notes related to the TWC Transaction offset by the repayment of $7.1 billion of net proceeds held in escrow related to the CCOH Safari notes and Term G Loans upon the termination of the Comcast Transactions. The increase in cash provided during the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to the corresponding period in 2013, was primarily due to the issuance of the Term G Loans and CCOH Safari notes in 2014 related to the Comcast Transactions. Capital Expenditures We have significant ongoing capital expenditure requirements. Capital expenditures were $1.8 billion, $2.2 billion and $1.8 billion for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The decrease was driven by the completion of our all- digital transition in 2014 offset by higher product development investments and incremental transition capital expenditures incurred in connection with the TWC Transaction, Bright House Transaction and Comcast Transactions. Excluding transition-related expenditures, capital expenditures were $1.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2015. See the table below for more details. We anticipate 2016 capital expenditures to be driven by growth in residential and commercial customers along with further spend related to product development and transition-related expenditures. The actual amount of our capital expenditures in 2016 will 62 depend on a number of factors including the pace of transition planning to service a larger customer base upon closing of the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction and growth rates of both our residential and commercial businesses. Our capital expenditures are funded primarily from cash flows from operating activities and borrowings on our credit facility. In addition, our liabilities related to capital expenditures increased by $28 million, $33 million and $76 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The following table presents our major capital expenditures categories in accordance with NCTA disclosure guidelines for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. The disclosure is intended to provide more consistency in the reporting of capital expenditures among peer companies in the cable industry. These disclosure guidelines are not required disclosures under GAAP, nor do they impact our accounting for capital expenditures under GAAP (dollars in millions): Customer premise equipment (a) Scalable infrastructure (b) Line extensions (c) Upgrade/rebuild (d) Support capital (e) Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ 582 523 194 128 413 $ 1,082 455 176 167 341 841 352 219 183 230 Total capital expenditures (f) $ 1,840 $ 2,221 $ 1,825 (a) Customer premise equipment includes costs incurred at the customer residence to secure new customers and revenue generating units, including customer installation costs and customer premise equipment (e.g., set-top boxes and cable modems). (b) Scalable infrastructure includes costs not related to customer premise equipment, to secure growth of new customers and revenue generating units, or provide service enhancements (e.g., headend equipment). (c) Line extensions include network costs associated with entering new service areas (e.g., fiber/coaxial cable, amplifiers, electronic equipment, make-ready and design engineering). (d) Upgrade/rebuild includes costs to modify or replace existing fiber/coaxial cable networks, including betterments. (e) Support capital includes costs associated with the replacement or enhancement of non-network assets due to technological and physical obsolescence (e.g., non-network equipment, land, buildings and vehicles). (f) Total capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 include the following (dollars in millions): Capital expenditures related to commercial services Capital expenditures related to transition Capital expenditures related to all-digital transition $ $ $ 260 115 $ $ — $ 242 27 410 $ $ $ 300 — 88 Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 Description of Our Outstanding Debt Overview As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the blended weighted average interest rate on our debt was 5.1% and 5.4%, respectively. The interest rate on approximately 83% and 72% of the total principal amount of our debt was effectively fixed, including the effects of our interest rate hedge agreements as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The fair value of our senior notes was $28.7 billion and $14.2 billion at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The fair value of our credit facilities was $7.3 billion and $7.2 billion at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The fair value of our senior notes and credit facilities were based on quoted market prices. The following description is a summary of certain provisions of our credit facilities and our note indentures (the “Debt Agreements”). The summary does not restate the terms of the Debt Agreements in their entirety, nor does it describe all the terms of the Debt 63 Agreements. The agreements and instruments governing each of the Debt Agreements are complicated and you should consult such agreements and instruments for more detailed information regarding the Debt Agreements. Charter Operating Credit Facilities – General The Charter Operating credit facilities have an outstanding principal amount of $3.6 billion at December 31, 2015 as follows: • A term loan A with a remaining principal amount of $647 million, which is repayable in quarterly installments and aggregating $66 million in 2016 and $75 million in 2017, with the remaining balance due at final maturity on April 22, 2018; • A term loan E with a remaining principal amount of approximately $1.5 billion, which is repayable in equal quarterly installments and aggregating $15 million in each loan year, with the remaining balance due at final maturity on July 1, 2020; • A term loan F with a remaining principal amount of approximately $1.2 billion, which is repayable in equal quarterly installments and aggregating $12 million in each loan year, with the remaining balance due at final maturity on January 3, 2021; and • A revolving loan with an outstanding balance of $273 million at December 31, 2015 and allowing for borrowings of up to $1.3 billion, maturing on April 22, 2018. Amounts outstanding under the Charter Operating credit facilities bear interest, at Charter Operating’s election, at a base rate or LIBOR, as defined, plus a margin. The applicable LIBOR margin for the term loan A is currently 2.00%. The term loans E and F bear interest at LIBOR plus 2.25%, with a LIBOR floor of 0.75%. Charter Operating pays interest equal to LIBOR plus 2.00% on amounts borrowed under the revolving credit facility and pays a revolving commitment fee of 0.30% per annum on the daily average available amount of the revolving commitment, payable quarterly. The Charter Operating credit facilities also allow us to enter into incremental term loans in the future, with amortization as set forth in the notices establishing such term loans. Although the Charter Operating credit facilities allow for the incurrence of a certain amount of incremental term loans subject to pro-forma compliance with its financial maintenance covenants, no assurance can be given that we could obtain additional incremental term loans in the future if Charter Operating sought to do so or what amount of incremental term loans would be allowable at any given time under the terms of the Charter Operating credit facilities. The obligations of Charter Operating under the Charter Operating credit facilities are guaranteed by Charter Operating’s immediate parent company, CCO Holdings, and subsidiaries of Charter Operating. The obligations are also secured by (i) a lien on substantially all of the assets of Charter Operating and its subsidiaries, to the extent such lien can be perfected under the Uniform Commercial Code by the filing of a financing statement, and (ii) a pledge by CCO Holdings of the equity interests owned by it in Charter Operating or any of Charter Operating’s subsidiaries, as well as intercompany obligations owing to it by any of such entities. CCO Safari III Credit Facilities - General In August 2015, Charter Operating closed on a new term loan H facility ("Term H Loan") and a new term loan I facility ("Term I Loan") totaling an aggregate principal amount of $3.8 billion pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement. The Term H Loan was issued at a principal amount of $1.0 billion and matures in 2021. Pricing on the Term H Loan was set at LIBOR plus 2.50% with a LIBOR floor of 0.75% and issued at a price of 99.75% of the aggregate principal amount. The Term I Loan was issued at a principal amount of $2.8 billion and matures in 2023. Pricing on the Term I Loan was set at LIBOR plus 2.75% with a LIBOR floor of 0.75% and issued at a price of 99.75% of the aggregate principal amount. The CCO Safari III credit facilities form a portion of the debt financing to be used to fund the cash portion of the TWC Transaction. Charter Operating assigned all of its obligations with respect to the CCO Safari III credit facilities and transferred all of the proceeds from the CCO Safari III credit facilities to CCO Safari III, and CCO Safari III placed the funds in an escrow account pending the closing of the TWC Transaction, at which time, subject to certain conditions, Charter Operating will re-assume the obligations in respect of the CCO Safari III credit facilities under the Credit Agreement. Should the TWC Transaction be terminated, such amounts placed into escrow will be used to settle any outstanding CCO Safari III credit facilities at a price of 99.75% of the aggregate principal amount. See "Part I. Item I. Business" for a discussion of the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction. Charter Operating Credit Facilities — Restrictive Covenants The Charter Operating credit facilities contain representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants customary for financings of this type. The financial covenants measure performance against standards set for leverage to be tested as of the end of each quarter. The Charter Operating credit facilities contain provisions requiring mandatory loan prepayments under specific circumstances, including in connection with certain sales of assets, so long as the proceeds have not been reinvested in the business. 64 Additionally, the Charter Operating credit facilities provisions contain an allowance for restricted payments so long as the consolidated leverage ratio is no greater than 3.5 after giving pro forma effect to such restricted payment. The Charter Operating credit facilities permit Charter Operating and its subsidiaries to make distributions to pay interest on the currently outstanding subordinated and parent company indebtedness, provided that, among other things, no default has occurred and is continuing under the Charter Operating credit facilities. The events of default under the Charter Operating credit facilities include, among other things: • • • • the failure to make payments when due or within the applicable grace period; the failure to comply with specified covenants including the covenant to maintain the consolidated leverage ratio at or below 5.0 to 1.0 and the consolidated first lien leverage ratio at or below 4.0 to 1.0; the failure to pay or the occurrence of events that cause or permit the acceleration of other indebtedness owing by CCO Holdings, Charter Operating, or Charter Operating’s subsidiaries in aggregate principal amounts in excess of $100 million; and similar to provisions contained in the note indentures and credit facility, the consummation of any change of control transaction resulting in any person or group having power, directly or indirectly, to vote more than 50% of the ordinary voting power for the management of Charter Operating on a fully diluted basis and the occurrence of a ratings event including a downgrade in the corporate family rating during a ratings decline period. At December 31, 2015, Charter Operating had a consolidated leverage ratio of approximately 1.1 to 1.0 and a consolidated first lien leverage ratio of 0.9 to 1.0. Both ratios are in compliance with the ratios required by the Charter Operating credit facilities. A failure by Charter Operating to maintain the financial covenants would result in an event of default under the Charter Operating credit facilities and the debt of CCO Holdings. See “— Cross Acceleration” and “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors — The agreements and instruments governing our debt contain restrictions and limitations that could significantly affect our ability to operate our business, as well as significantly affect our liquidity." CCO Safari III Credit Facilities — Restrictive Covenants The CCO Safari III credit facilities are subject to the terms and conditions of a separate credit facility and escrow agreement until Charter Operating re-assumes its obligations for the loan. The CCO Safari III credit facilities contain customary representations and warranties and affirmative covenants with limited negative covenants prohibiting CCO Safari III from engaging in any material activities other than performing its obligations under the credit facilities and the escrow agreement or otherwise issuing other indebtedness pursuant to escrow arrangements similar to the CCO Safari III credit facilities and escrow agreement. As required by the CCO Safari III credit facilities, CCO Safari III, Bank of America, N.A., and U.S. Bank, N.A., as escrow agent, entered into an escrow agreement pursuant to which, CCO Safari III is required to maintain an escrow account over which the administrative agent has a perfected first priority security interest on behalf of the CCO Safari III credit facilities lenders. The events of default under the CCO Safari III credit facilities include, among others: • • • the failure to make payments when due or within the applicable grace period; any acceleration of the loans and termination of the commitments under the Charter Operating credit facilities; and the escrow agreement shall cease to be in full force and effect or the lien in the escrow account shall cease to be enforceable with the same effect and priority. CCO Safari II Notes In July 2015, CCO Safari II, a wholly owned subsidiary of Charter, closed on transactions in which it issued $15.5 billion in aggregate principal amount of senior secured notes comprised of $2.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 3.579% senior secured notes due 2020, $3.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 4.464% senior secured notes due 2022, $4.5 billion aggregate principal amount of 4.908% senior secured notes due 2025, $2.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 6.384% senior secured notes due 2035, $3.5 billion aggregate principal amount of 6.484% senior secured notes due 2045 and $500 million aggregate principal amount of 6.834% senior notes due 2055. The net proceeds from the issuance of the CCO Safari II notes were deposited into an escrow account and will be used to partially finance the TWC Transaction as well as for general corporate purposes. The release of the proceeds to us is subject to satisfaction of certain conditions, including the closing of the TWC Transaction. Upon release of the proceeds, CCO Safari II will merge into Charter Operating and the CCO Safari II notes will become obligations of Charter Operating and Charter Communications Operating Capital Corp. Should the Merger Agreement be terminated prior to the consummation of the TWC Transaction, or upon expiration of the escrow agreement on May 23, 2016 (or six months following such date in the event of an extension of the Merger Agreement), such amounts placed in escrow must be used to settle any outstanding CCO Safari II notes at a price of 101% of the aggregate principal amount. See "Part I. Item I. Business" for a discussion of the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction. 65 Upon release of the proceeds from escrow, the CCO Safari II notes will be senior debt obligations of Charter Operating and Charter Communications Operating Capital Corp. and will be guaranteed by CCO Holdings and Charter Operating's subsidiaries. In addition, the CCO Safari II notes will be secured by a perfected first priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of Charter Operating to the extent such liens can be perfected under the Uniform Commercial Code by the filing of a financing statement and the liens will rank equally with the liens on the collateral securing obligations under the Charter Operating credit facilities. Upon release of the proceeds from escrow, Charter Operating may redeem some or all of the CCO Safari II notes at any time at a premium. CCO Safari II Notes - Restrictive Covenants The CCO Safari II notes are subject to the terms and conditions of the indenture governing the CCO Safari II notes as well as a separate escrow agreement until Charter Operating re-assumes its obligations for the CCO Safari II notes. The CCO Safari II notes contain customary representations and warranties and affirmative covenants with limited negative covenants. As required by the CCO Safari II indenture, CCO Safari II and Bank of America, N.A, as escrow agent, entered into an escrow agreement pursuant to which, CCO Safari II is required to maintain an escrow account over which the administrative agent has a perfected first priority security interest on behalf of the CCO Safari II notes holders. The events of default under the CCO Safari II indenture include, among others, the failure to make payments when due or within the applicable grace period. CCOH Safari Notes In November 2015, CCOH Safari, a wholly owned subsidiary of Charter, closed on transactions in which it issued $2.5 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.750% senior unsecured notes due 2026. The net proceeds from the issuance of the CCOH Safari notes were deposited into an escrow account and will be used to partially finance the TWC Transaction as well as for general corporate purposes. The release of the proceeds to us is subject to satisfaction of certain conditions, including the closing of the TWC Transaction. Substantially concurrently with the escrow release, the CCOH Safari notes will become obligations of CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital. CCOH Safari will merge into CCO Holdings. Should the Merger Agreement be terminated prior to the consummation of the TWC Transaction, or upon expiration of the escrow agreement on May 23, 2016 (or six months following such date in the event of an extension of the Merger Agreement), such amounts placed in escrow must be used to settle amounts outstanding under the CCOH Safari notes at par value. See "Part I. Item I. Business" for a discussion of the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction. Initially, the CCOH Safari notes are senior debt obligations of CCOH Safari. Upon release of the proceeds from escrow, the CCOH Safari notes will be senior debt obligations of CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital Corp. and rank equally with all other current and future unsecured, unsubordinated obligations of CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital Corp. The CCOH Safari notes are structurally subordinated to all obligations of subsidiaries of CCO Holdings, including the Charter Operating credit facilities. CCO Holdings Notes The CCO Holdings notes are senior debt obligations of CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital Corp. Such notes are guaranteed by Charter. They rank equally with all other current and future unsecured, unsubordinated obligations of CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital Corp. They are structurally subordinated to all obligations of subsidiaries of CCO Holdings, including the Charter Operating credit facilities. Upon consummation of the TWC Transaction, the CCO Holdings notes will not be guaranteed by Charter or New Charter. Redemption Provisions of Our Notes The various notes issued by our subsidiaries included in the table may be redeemed in accordance with the following table or are not redeemable until maturity as indicated: Note Series CCOH Safari, LLC: 5.750% senior notes due 2026 Redemption Dates Percentage of Principal February 15, 2021 - February 14, 2022 February 15, 2022 - February 14, 2023 February 15, 2023 - February 14, 2024 Thereafter 102.875% 101.917% 100.958% 100.000% 66 CCO Holdings, LLC: 7.000% senior notes due 2019 7.375% senior notes due 2020 5.250% senior notes due 2021 6.500% senior notes due 2021 6.625% senior notes due 2022 5.250% senior notes due 2022 5.125% senior notes due 2023 5.125% senior notes due 2023 5.750% senior notes due 2023 5.750% senior notes due 2024 5.375% senior notes due 2025 5.875% senior notes due 2027 January 15, 2016 – January 14, 2017 Thereafter December 1, 2015 – November 30, 2016 December 1, 2016 – November 30, 2017 Thereafter March 15, 2016 – March 14, 2017 March 15, 2017 – March 14, 2018 March 15, 2018 – March 14, 2019 Thereafter April 30, 2015 – April 29, 2016 April 30, 2016 – April 29, 2017 April 30, 2017 – April 29, 2018 Thereafter January 31, 2017 – January 30, 2018 January 31, 2018 – January 30, 2019 January 31, 2019 – January 30, 2020 Thereafter September 30, 2017 – September 29, 2018 September 30, 2018 – September 29, 2019 September 30, 2019 – September 29, 2020 Thereafter February 15, 2018 – February 14, 2019 February 15, 2019 – February 14, 2020 February 15, 2020 – February 14, 2021 Thereafter May 1, 2018 - April 30, 2019 May 1, 2019 - April 30, 2020 May 1, 2020 - April 30, 2021 Thereafter March 1, 2018 – February 28, 2019 March 1, 2019 – February 29, 2020 March 1, 2020 – February 28, 2021 Thereafter July 15, 2018 – July 14, 2019 July 15, 2019 – July 14, 2020 July 15, 2020 – July 14, 2021 Thereafter May 1, 2020 - April 30, 2021 May 1, 2021 - April 30, 2022 May 1, 2022 - April 30, 2023 Thereafter May 1, 2021 - April 30, 2022 May 1, 2022 - April 30, 2023 May 1, 2023 - April 30, 2024 Thereafter 101.750% 100.000% 103.688% 101.844% 100.000% 103.938% 102.625% 101.313% 100.000% 104.875% 103.250% 101.625% 100.000% 103.313% 102.208% 101.104% 100.000% 102.625% 101.750% 100.875% 100.000% 102.563% 101.708% 100.854% 100.000% 103.844% 102.563% 101.281% 100.000% 102.875% 101.917% 100.958% 100.000% 102.875% 101.917% 100.958% 100.000% 102.688% 101.792% 100.896% 100.000% 102.938% 101.469% 100.734% 100.000% In the event that a specified change of control event occurs, each of the respective issuers of the notes must offer to repurchase any then outstanding notes at 101% of their principal amount or accrued value, as applicable, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. 67 Prior to the par call date as defined below, CCO Safari II may redeem some or all of the respective note at 100% of the principal amount of such note plus an applicable premium as defined in the indenture. Note Series CCO Safari II, LLC: 3.579% senior notes due 2020 4.464% senior notes due 2022 4.908% senior notes due 2025 6.384% senior notes due 2035 6.484% senior notes due 2045 6.834% senior notes due 2055 Par Call Date June 23, 2020 May 23, 2022 April 23, 2025 April 23, 2035 April 23, 2045 April 23, 2055 Summary of Restrictive Covenants of Our Note Indentures The following description is a summary of certain restrictions of our note indentures. The summary does not restate the terms of the note indentures in their entirety, nor does it describe all restrictions. The agreements and instruments governing each of the notes issued are complicated and you should consult such agreements and instruments for more detailed information regarding the notes issued. The CCOH Safari notes were issued pursuant to a base indenture and a first supplemental indenture to that base all dated November 20, 2015 (the “CCOH Safari Indentures”). The CCOH Safari Indentures provide that, with limited exceptions of covenants regarding compliance certificates and stay, extension and usury laws, covenants restricting the activities of the note issuer and its subsidiaries do not apply until such time as the CCOH Safari note proceeds are released from escrow. As stated previously, substantially concurrently with the escrow release, the CCOH Safari notes will become obligations of CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital, CCOH Safari will merge with CCO Holdings and the terms and conditions of the CCOH Safari Indentures will apply to CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital. The notes issued by CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital were issued pursuant to certain indentures referred to in this section as the “CCO Holdings Indentures.” The CCO Holdings Indentures and the CCOH Safari Indentures (following the release of proceeds from escrow) contain covenants that restrict the ability of CCO Holdings and its subsidiaries to, among other things: • incur indebtedness; • pay dividends or make distributions in respect of capital stock and other restricted payments; issue equity; • • make investments; create liens; • sell assets; • consolidate, merge, or sell all or substantially all assets; • create restrictions on the ability of restricted subsidiaries to make certain payments; or • enter into transactions with affiliates. • However, such covenants are subject to a number of important qualifications and exceptions. Below we set forth a brief summary of certain of the restrictive covenants. Restrictions on Additional Debt The limitations on incurrence of debt and issuance of preferred stock contained in the CCO Holdings Indentures and the CCOH Safari Indentures permit CCO Holdings and its restricted subsidiaries to incur additional debt or issue preferred stock, so long as, after giving pro forma effect to the incurrence, the leverage ratio would be below a specified level for CCO Holdings. The leverage ratio under the indentures is 6.0 to 1. In addition, regardless of whether the leverage ratio could be met, so long as no default exists or would result from the incurrence or issuance, CCO Holdings and its restricted subsidiaries are permitted to issue among other permitted indebtedness: • up to $1.5 billion of debt under credit facilities not otherwise allocated; 68 • • • up to the greater of $300 million (or $600 million in the case of the notes issued under the CCOH Safari Indentures) and 5% of consolidated net tangible assets to finance the purchase or capital lease of new assets; up to the greater of $300 million (or $600 million in the case of the notes issued under the CCOH Safari Indentures) and 5% of consolidated net tangible assets of additional debt for any purpose; and other items of indebtedness for specific purposes such as intercompany debt, refinancing of existing debt, and interest rate swaps to provide protection against fluctuation in interest rates. Indebtedness under a single facility or agreement may be incurred in part under one of the categories listed above and in part under another, and generally may also later be reclassified into another category including as debt incurred under the leverage ratio. Accordingly, indebtedness under our credit facilities may be incurred under a combination of the categories of permitted indebtedness listed above. The restricted subsidiaries of CCO Holdings are generally not permitted to issue subordinated debt securities. Restrictions on Distributions Generally, under the indentures governing notes issued by CCO Holdings and CCOH Safari, CCO Holdings and its respective restricted subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends on or repurchase equity interests, or make other specified restricted payments, only if it can incur $1.00 of new debt under the 6.0 to 1.0 leverage ratio test after giving effect to the transaction and if no default exists or would exist as a consequence of such incurrence. If those conditions are met, restricted payments may be made in a total amount of up to the sum of 100% of CCO Holdings’ Consolidated EBITDA, as defined, minus 1.3 times its Consolidated Interest Expense, as defined, cumulatively from April 1, 2010, plus 100% of new cash and appraised non-cash equity proceeds received by CCO Holdings and not allocated to certain investments, cumulatively from the issue date, plus $2 billion. In addition, CCO Holdings may make distributions or restricted payments, so long as no default exists or would be caused by transactions among other distributions or restricted payments: • • • to repurchase management equity interests in amounts not to exceed $10 million per fiscal year (or $50 million per fiscal year in the case of notes issued under the CCOH Safari Indentures); to pay pass-through tax liabilities in respect of ownership of equity interests in the applicable issuer or its restricted subsidiaries; or to make other specified restricted payments including merger fees up to 1.25% of the transaction value, repurchases using concurrent new issuances, and certain dividends on existing subsidiary preferred equity interests. Restrictions on Investments CCO Holdings and its respective restricted subsidiaries may not make investments except (i) permitted investments or (ii) if, after giving effect to the transaction, their leverage would be above the applicable leverage ratio. Permitted investments include, among others: • • • investments in and generally among restricted subsidiaries or by restricted subsidiaries in the applicable issuer; investments aggregating up to $750 million (or $1.1 billion in the case of notes issued under CCO Holdings Indentures for the year 2011 through the date of this filing and for notes issued under the CCOH Safari Indentures) at any time outstanding; and investments aggregating up to 100% of new cash equity proceeds received by CCO Holdings since the issue date to the extent the proceeds have not been allocated to the restricted payments covenant. Restrictions on Liens The restrictions on liens for CCO Holdings only apply to liens on assets of the issuer itself and do not restrict liens on assets of CCO Holdings' subsidiaries. Permitted liens include liens securing indebtedness and other obligations under credit facilities, liens securing the purchase price of financed new assets, liens securing indebtedness of up to the greater of $50 million (or $90 million in the case of notes issued under the CCOH Safari Indentures) and 1.0% of consolidated net tangible assets and other specified liens. 69 Restrictions on the Sale of Assets; Mergers CCO Holdings is generally not permitted to sell all or substantially all of its assets or merge with or into other companies unless its leverage ratio after any such transaction would be no greater than its leverage ratio immediately prior to the transaction, or unless after giving effect to the transaction, leverage would be below 6.0 to 1.0, no default exists, and the surviving entity is a U.S. entity that assumes the applicable notes. CCO Holdings and its restricted subsidiaries may generally not otherwise sell assets or, in the case of restricted subsidiaries, issue equity interests, in excess of $100 million unless they receive consideration at least equal to the fair market value of the assets or equity interests, consisting of at least 75% in cash, assumption of liabilities, securities converted into cash within 60 days, or productive assets. CCO Holdings and its restricted subsidiaries are then required within 365 days after any asset sale either to use or commit to use the net cash proceeds over a specified threshold to acquire assets used or useful in their businesses or use the net cash proceeds to repay specified debt, or to offer to repurchase the issuer’s notes with any remaining proceeds. Prohibitions on Restricting Dividends CCO Holdings' restricted subsidiaries may generally not enter into arrangements involving restrictions on their ability to make dividends or distributions or transfer assets to CCO Holdings unless those restrictions with respect to financing arrangements are on terms that are no more restrictive than those governing the credit facilities existing when they entered into the applicable indentures or are not materially more restrictive than customary terms in comparable financings and will not materially impair CCO Holdings' ability to make payments on the notes. Affiliate Transactions The CCO Holdings Indentures and CCOH Safari Indentures also restrict the ability of CCO Holdings and its restricted subsidiaries to enter into certain transactions with affiliates involving consideration in excess of $25 million without a determination by the board of directors that the transaction complies with this covenant, or transactions with affiliates involving over $100 million without receiving an opinion as to the fairness to the holders of such transaction from a financial point of view issued by an accounting, appraisal or investment banking firm of national standing. Cross Acceleration The CCO Holdings Indentures and CCOH Safari Indentures include various events of default, including cross acceleration provisions. Under these provisions, a failure by CCO Holdings or any of its restricted subsidiaries to pay at the final maturity thereof the principal amount of other indebtedness having a principal amount of $100 million or more (or any other default under any such indebtedness resulting in its acceleration) would result in an event of default under the indenture governing the applicable notes. As a result, an event of default related to the failure to repay principal at maturity or the acceleration of the indebtedness under the notes issued under the CCO Holdings Indentures or the CCOH Safari Indentures or the Charter Operating or CCO Safari III credit facilities could cause cross-defaults under all outstanding indentures. Recently Issued Accounting Standards See Note 20 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for a discussion of recently issued accounting standards. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. We are exposed to various market risks, including fluctuations in interest rates. We use interest rate derivative instruments to manage our interest costs and reduce our exposure to increases in floating interest rates. We manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates by maintaining a mix of fixed and variable rate debt. Using interest rate derivative instruments, we agree to exchange, at specified intervals through 2017, the difference between fixed and variable interest amounts calculated by reference to agreed-upon notional principal amounts. For more information, see Note 11 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the principal amount of our debt was approximately $35.9 billion and $21.1 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, this included $21.8 billion of debt which proceeds are currently held in escrow pending consummation of the TWC Transaction. As of December 31, 2014, this included $7.0 billion of debt that was fully repaid in April 2015 upon receiving the Termination Notice of the Comcast Transactions. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the weighted average interest rate on the credit facility debt, including the effects of our interest rate swap agreements, was approximately 3.3% and 3.8%, 70 respectively, and the weighted average interest rate on the senior notes was approximately 5.5% and 6.2%, respectively, resulting in a blended weighted average interest rate of 5.1% and 5.4%, respectively. The interest rate on approximately 83% and 72% of the total principal amount of our debt was effectively fixed, including the effects of our interest rate swap agreements, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The table set forth below summarizes the fair values and contract terms of financial instruments subject to interest rate risk maintained by us as of December 31, 2015 (dollars in millions): 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Thereafter Total Fair Value Debt: Fixed Rate $ — $ — $ — $ 600 $ 2,750 $ 25,200 $28,550 $ 28,744 Average Interest Rate —% —% —% 7.00% 4.61% 5.60% 5.53% Variable Rate $ 121 $ 140 $ 844 $ 65 $ 1,452 $ 4,730 $ 7,352 $ 7,274 Average Interest Rate 3.14% 3.73% 3.91% 4.37% 4.54% 4.40% 4.34% Interest Rate Instruments: Variable to Fixed Rate $ 250 $ 850 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1,100 $ 13 Average Pay Rate Average Receive Rate 3.89% 3.40% 3.84% 3.92% —% —% —% —% —% —% —% —% 3.86% 3.81% At December 31, 2015, we had $1.1 billion in notional amounts of interest rate derivative instruments outstanding. The notional amounts of interest rate derivative instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties and, thus, are not a measure of our exposure to credit loss. The amounts exchanged are determined by reference to the notional amount and the other terms of the contracts. The estimated fair value of the interest rate derivative instruments is determined using a present value calculation based on an implied forward LIBOR curve (adjusted for Charter Operating’s or counterparties’ credit risk). Interest rates on variable debt are estimated using the average implied forward LIBOR for the year of maturity based on the yield curve in effect at December 31, 2015 including applicable bank spread. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Our consolidated financial statements, the related notes thereto, and the reports of independent accountants are included in this annual report beginning on page F-1. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As of the end of the period covered by this report, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures with respect to the information generated for use in this annual report. The evaluation was based in part upon reports and certifications provided by a number of executives. Based upon, and as of the date of that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurances that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control 71 objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based upon the above evaluation, we believe that our controls provide such reasonable assurances. There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2015 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) for the Company. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to Charter’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. Management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of 2015. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013). Based on management’s assessment utilizing these criteria we believe that, as of December 31, 2015, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. Our independent auditors, KPMG LLP, have audited our internal control over financial reporting as stated in their report on page F-2. Item 9B. Other Information. None. 72 Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. PART III The information required by Item 10 will be included in Charter’s 2015 Proxy Statement (the “Proxy Statement”) under the headings “Election of Class A Directors,” “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Requirements,” and “Code of Ethics,” or in amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation. The information required by Item 11 will be included in the Proxy Statement under the headings “Executive Compensation,” “Election of Class A Directors – Director Compensation” and “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” or in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference. Information contained in the Proxy Statement or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the caption “Report of Compensation and Benefits Committee” is furnished and not deemed filed with the SEC. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. The information required by Item 12 will be included in the Proxy Statement under the heading “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” or in amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. The information required by Item 13 will be included in the Proxy Statement under the heading “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Election of Class A Directors” or in amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services. The information required by Item 14 will be included in the Proxy Statement under the heading “Accounting Matters” or in amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference. 73 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules. (a) The following documents are filed as part of this annual report: (1) Financial Statements. A listing of the financial statements, notes and reports of independent public accountants required by Item 8 begins on page F-1 of this annual report. (2) Financial Statement Schedules. No financial statement schedules are required to be filed by Items 8 and 15(c) because they are not required or are not applicable, or the required information is set forth in the applicable financial statements or notes thereto. (3) The index to the exhibits begins on page E-1 of this annual report. 74 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Charter Communications, Inc. has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC., Registrant By: /s/ Thomas M. Rutledge Thomas M. Rutledge President, Chief Executive Officer and Director Date: February 9, 2016 S- 1 POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Richard R. Dykhouse and Kevin D. Howard, and each of them (with full power to each of them to act alone), his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign on his or her behalf individually and in each capacity stated below any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this annual report, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents and either of them, or their substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of Charter Communications, Inc. and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ Thomas M. Rutledge Thomas M. Rutledge /s/ Christopher L. Winfrey Christopher L. Winfrey /s/ Kevin D. Howard Kevin D. Howard /s/ Balan Nair Balan Nair /s/ W. Lance Conn W. Lance Conn /s/ Michael Huseby Michael Huseby /s/ Craig A. Jacobson Craig A. Jacobson /s/ Gregory Maffei Gregory Maffei /s/ John Malone John Malone /s/ John D. Markley, Jr. John D. Markley, Jr. /s/ David C. Merritt David C. Merritt /s/ Eric L. Zinterhofer Eric L. Zinterhofer President, Chief Executive Officer, Director (Principal Executive Officer) February 9, 2016 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) February 9, 2016 Senior Vice President – Finance, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) February 9, 2016 February 9, 2016 February 9, 2016 February 9, 2016 February 9, 2016 February 9, 2016 February 9, 2016 February 9, 2016 February 9, 2016 February 9, 2016 Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director S- 2 Exhibits are listed by numbers corresponding to the Exhibit Table of Item 601 in Regulation S-K. Exhibit Description Exhibit Index 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 4.1(a) 4.1(b) 4.1(c) 4.1(d) 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Purchase Agreement dated February 7, 2013 between CSC Holdings, LLC, and Charter Communications Operating, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on February 12, 2013 (File No. 001-33664)). Agreement and Plan of Mergers, dated as of May 23, 2015, among Time Warner Cable Inc., Charter Communications, Inc., CCH I, LLC, Nina Corporation I, Inc., Nina Company II, LLC and Nina Company III, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on May 29, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Contribution Agreement, dated March 31, 2015, by and among Advance/Newhouse Partnership, A/NPC Holdings LLC, Charter Communications, Inc., CCH I, LLC, and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on April 1, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Charter Communications, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on August 20, 2010 (File No. 001-33664)). Amended and Restated By-laws of Charter Communications, Inc. as of November 30, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on December 4, 2009 (File No. 001-33664)). Stockholders Agreement of Liberty Media Corporation to purchase Charter Communications, Inc. shares dated March 19, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed March 19, 2013 (File No. 001-33664)). Amendment to Stockholders Agreement by and among Liberty Broadband Corporation, Liberty Media Corporation and Charter Communications, Inc., dated effective as of September 29, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on October 14, 2014 (File No. 001-33664)). Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement, dated March 31, 2015, by and among Charter Communications, Inc., Liberty Broadband Corporation and Advance/Newhouse Partnership (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on April 1, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Second Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement, dated May 23, 2015, by and among Charter Communications, Inc., CCH I, LLC, Liberty Broadband Corporation and Advance/Newhouse Partnership (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registration statement on Form S-4 filed by CCH I, LLC on June 26, 2015 (File No. 333-205240)). Indenture relating to the 7.00% senior notes due 2019, dated as of January 11, 2011, by and among CCO Holdings, LLC, and CCO Holdings Capital Corp., as Issuers, Charter Communications, Inc., as Parent Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on January 14, 2011 (File No. 001-33664)). Indenture dated as of May 10, 2011, by and among CCO Holdings, LLC, and CCO Holdings Capital Corp., as Issuers, Charter Communications, Inc., as Parent Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on May 13, 2011 (File No. 001-33664)). First Supplemental Indenture dated as of May 10, 2011 by and among CCO Holdings, LLC, and CCO Holdings Capital Corp., as Issuers, Charter Communications, Inc., as Parent Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on May 13, 2011 (File No. 001-33664)). Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of December 14, 2011 by and among CCO Holdings, LLC, and CCO Holdings Capital Corp., as Issuers, Charter Communications, Inc., as Parent Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on December 20, 2011 (File No. 001-33664)). Third Supplemental Indenture dated as of January 26, 2012 by and among CCO Holdings, LLC, and CCO Holdings Capital Corp., as Issuers, Charter Communications, Inc., as Parent Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on February 1, 2012 (File No. 001-33664)) E- 1 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 Fourth Supplemental Indenture dated August 22, 2012 relating to the 5.25% Senior Notes due 2022 by and among CCO Holdings, LLC, CCO Holdings Capital Corp. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on November 6, 2012 (File No. 001-33664)). Fifth Supplemental Indenture dated December 17, 2012 relating to the 5.125% Senior Notes due 2023 by and among CCO Holdings, LLC, CCO Holdings Capital Corp. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the annual report on Form 10-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed February 22, 2013 (File No. 001-33664)). Sixth Supplemental Indenture relating to the 5.25% senior notes due 2021, dated as of March 14, 2013, by and among CCO Holdings, LLC, and CCO Holdings Capital Corp., as Issuers, Charter Communications, Inc., as Parent Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed March 15, 2013 (File No. 001-33664)). Seventh Supplemental Indenture relating to the 5.75% senior notes due 2023, dated as of March 14, 2013, by and among CCO Holdings, LLC, and CCO Holdings Capital Corp., as Issuers, Charter Communications, Inc., as Parent Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed March 15, 2013 (File No. 001-33664)). Eighth Supplemental Indenture relating to the 5.75% senior notes due 2024, dated as of May 3, 2013, by and among CCO Holdings, LLC and CCO Holdings Capital Corp., as Issuers, Charter Communications, Inc., as Parent Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on May 7, 2013 (File No. 001-33664)). Indenture dated as of November 5, 2014, by and among CCO Holdings, LLC, CCO Holdings Capital Corp. and CCOH Safari, LLC, as Issuers, Charter Communications, Inc., as Parent Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on November 10, 2014 (File No. 001-33664)). First Supplemental Indenture dated as of November 5, 2014, by and among CCOH Safari, LLC, as Issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on November 10, 2014 (File No. 001-33664)). Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of November 5, 2014, by and among CCOH Safari, LLC, as Issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on November 10, 2014 (File No. 001-33664)). Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 21, 2015, among CCO Holdings, LLC, CCO Holdings Capital Corp., Charter Communications, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on April 22, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 21, 2015, among CCO Holdings, LLC, CCO Holdings Capital Corp., Charter Communications, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on April 22, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 21, 2015, among CCO Holdings, LLC, CCO Holdings Capital Corp., Charter Communications, Inc., as guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on April 22, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of April 21, 2015 relating to the 5.125% Senior Notes due 2023, among CCO Holdings, LLC, CCO Holdings Capital Corp., Charter Communications, Inc., as guarantor, and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Goldman, Sachs & Co. and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, as representatives of the several Purchasers (as defined therein) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on April 22, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement relating to the 5.375% Senior Notes due 2025, dated as of April 21, 2015, among CCO Holdings, LLC, CCO Holdings Capital Corp., Charter Communications, Inc., as guarantor, and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Goldman, Sachs & Co. and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, as representatives of the several Purchasers (as defined therein) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on April 22, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). E- 2 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28(a) 10.28(b) 10.28(c) 10.28(d) 10.28(e) Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement relating to the 5.875% Senior Notes due 2027, dated as of April 21, 2015, among CCO Holdings, LLC, CCO Holdings Capital Corp., Charter Communications, Inc., as guarantor, and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Goldman, Sachs & Co. and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, as representatives of the several Purchasers (as defined therein) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on April 22, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Indenture, dated as of July 23, 2015, among Charter Communications Operating, LLC, Charter Communications Operating Capital Corp. and CCO Safari II, LLC, as issuers, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee and collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on July 27, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 23, 2015, among CCO Safari II, LLC, as escrow issuer, CCH II, LLC, as limited guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee and collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on July 27, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement, dated July 23, 2015 relating to the 3.579% Senior Secured Notes due 2020, 4.464% Senior Secured Notes due 2022, 4.908% Senior Secured Notes due 2025, 6.384% Senior Secured Notes due 2035, 6.484% Senior Secured Notes due 2045 and 6.834% Senior Secured Notes due 2055, between CCO Safari II, LLC and Goldman, Sachs & Co., Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. and UBS Securities LLC, as representatives of the several Purchasers (as defined therein) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on July 27, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Escrow Agreement, dated as of July 23, 2015, among CCO Safari II, LLC, Bank of America, C.A., as escrow agent, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on July 27, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2015, among CCO Holdings, LLC, CCO Holdings Capital Corp. and CCOH Safari, LLC, as issuers, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on November 25, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 20, 2015, between CCOH Safari, LLC, as escrow issuer, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on November 25, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Exchange and Registration Rights Agreement, dated November 20, 2015 relating to the 5.750% Senior Notes due 2026, between CCOH Safari, LLC and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Goldman, Sachs & Co., Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, UBS Securities LLC and Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., as representatives of the several Purchasers (as defined therein) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on November 25, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Escrow Agreement, dated as of November 20, 2015, among U.S. Bank National Association, as escrow agent, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, and CCOH Safari, LLC, as escrow issuer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on November 25, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Restatement Agreement, dated as of April 11, 2012 by and among Charter Communications Operating, LLC, CCO Holdings, LLC, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on April 17, 2012 (File No. 001-33664)). Amendment No. 1 dated March 22, 2013 to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated April 11, 2012 between Charter Communications Operating, LLC, as borrower, CCO Holdings, LLC, as guarantor, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on May 7, 2013 (File No. 001-33664)). Amendment No. 2 dated April 22, 2013 to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated April 11, 2012 between Charter Communications Operating, LLC, as borrower, CCO Holdings, LLC, as guarantor, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on May 7, 2013 (File No. 001-33664)). Amendment No. 3, dated as of June 27, 2013, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated April 11, 2012 between Charter Communications Operating, LLC, as borrower, CCO Holdings, LLC, as guarantor, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8- K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on July 2, 2013 (File No. 001-33664)). Amendment No. 4, dated as of September 12, 2014, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated April 11, 2012 between Charter Communications Operating, LLC, as borrower and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on September 18, 2014 (File No. 001-33664)). E- 3 10.28(f) 10.28(g) 10.28(h) 10.28(i) 10.28(j) 10.28(k) 10.29 10.30 10.31(a) 10.31(b) 10.32(a) 10.32(b) 10.33(a) 10.33(b) 10.34+ Amendment No. 5, dated as of August 24, 2015, to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of April 11, 2012 between Charter Communications Operating, LLC, as borrower, CCO Holdings, LLC, as guarantor, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on August 28, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Amended and Restated Guarantee and Collateral Agreement made by CCO Holdings, LLC, Charter Communications Operating, LLC and certain of its subsidiaries in favor of Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, as amended and restated as of March 31, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on April 6, 2010 (File No. 001-33664)). Incremental Activation Notice, dated as of May 3, 2013 delivered by Charter Communications Operating, LLC, CCO Holdings, LLC, the Subsidiary Guarantors Party thereto and each Term F Lender party thereto to Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of April 11, 2012 (as further amended, restated or supplemented from time to time thereafter) (incorporated by reference to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on May 7, 2013 (File No. 001-33664)). Incremental Activation Notice, dated as of July 1, 2013 delivered by Charter Communications Operating, LLC, CCO Holdings, LLC, the Subsidiary Guarantors Party thereto and each Term E Lender party thereto to Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of April 11, 2012 (as further amended, restated or supplemented from time to time thereafter) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on July 2, 2013 (File No. 001-33664)). Incremental Activation Notice, dated as of September 12, 2014 delivered by Charter Communications Operating, LLC, the Subsidiary Guarantors Pary thereto and each Term G Lender party thereto to Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of April 11, 2012 (as further amended, restated or supplemented from time to time thereafter) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on September 18, 2014 (File No. 001-33664)). Incremental Activation Notice, dated as of August 24, 2015 delivered by Charter Communications Operating, LLC, CCO Holdings, LLC, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto, each Term H Lender party thereto to, each Term I Lender party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of April 11, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on August 28, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Escrow Credit Agreement, dated as of August 24, 2015, between CCO Safari III, LLC, as borrower, and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on August 28, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Escrow Agreement, dated as of August 24, 2015, between CCO Safari III, LLC, as borrower, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and U.S. Bank, N.A., as escrow agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on August 28, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Registration Rights Agreement dated as of November 30, 2009, by and among Charter Communications, Inc. and certain investors listed therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on December 4, 2009 (File No. 001-33664)). Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Rights Agreement dated November 30, 2009, by and among Charter Communications, Inc. and certain Investors listed therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on November 6, 2012 (File No. 001-33664)). Amended and Restated Management Agreement, dated as of June 19, 2003, between Charter Communications Operating, LLC and Charter Communications, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on August 5, 2003 (File No. 333-83887)). First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Management Agreement, dated as of July 20, 2010, between Charter Communications Operating, LLC and Charter Communications, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on August 4, 2010 (File No. 001-33664)). Second Amended and Restated Mutual Services Agreement, dated as of June 19, 2003 between Charter Communications, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5(a) to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on August 5, 2003 (File No. 000-27927)). First Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Mutual Services Agreement, dated as of July 20, 2010, between Charter Communications, Inc. and Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on August 4, 2010 (File No. 001-33664)). Charter Communications, Inc. Executive Bonus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on May 8, 2012 (File No. 001-33664)). E- 4 10.35+ 10.36+ 10.37+ 10.38+ 10.39+ 10.40+ 10.41+ 10.42+ 10.43+ 10.44+ 10.45+ 10.46+ 10.47(a)+ 10.47(b)+ 10.47(c)+ 10.47(d)+ 10.47(e)+ 10.48+ 10.49(a)+ 10.49(b)+ Charter Communications, Inc. Executive Incentive Performance Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the annual report on Form 10-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on February 27, 2012 (File No. 001-33664)). Charter Communications, Inc. Amended and Restated 2009 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on December 21, 2009 (File No. 001-33664)). Charter Communications, Inc.'s Amended and Restated Supplemental Deferred Compensation Plan, dated as of September 1, 2011(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on September 2, 2011 (File No. 001-33664)). Form of Non-Qualified Time Vesting Stock Option Agreement dated April 26, 2011(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on August 2, 2011 (File No. 001-33664)). Form of Non-Qualified Price Vesting Stock Option Agreement dated April 26, 2011(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on August 2, 2011 (File No. 001-33664)). Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement dated April 26, 2011(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on August 2, 2011 (File No. 001-33664)). Form of Notice of LTIP Award Agreement Changes (RSU Awards) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, inc. on January 22, 2014 (File No. 001-33664)). Form of Notice of LTIP Award Agreement Changes (Time-Vesting Option Awards) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on January 22, 2014 (File No. 001-33664)). Form of Notice of LTIP Award Agreement Changes (Restricted Stock Awards) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, inc. on January 22, 2014 (File No. 001-33664)). Form of Notice of LTIP Award Agreement Changes (Performance-Vesting Option Awards) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on January 22, 2014 (File No. 001-33664)). Form of Stock Option Agreement dated January 15, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on January 22, 2014 (File No. 001-33664)). Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement dated January 15, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on January 22, 2014 (File No. 001-33664)). Employment Agreement between Thomas Rutledge and Charter Communications, Inc., dated as of December 19, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on December 19, 2011 (File No. 001-33664)). Time-Vesting Stock Option Agreement dated as of December 19, 2011 by and between Charter Communications, Inc. and Thomas M. Rutledge (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on December 19, 2011 (File No. 001-33664)). Performance-Vesting Restricted Stock Agreement dated as of December 19, 2011 by and between Charter Communications, Inc. and Thomas M. Rutledge (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on December 19, 2011 (File No. 001-33664)). Performance-Vesting Stock Option Agreement dated as of December 19, 2011 by and between Charter Communications, Inc. and Thomas M. Rutledge (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on December 19, 2011 (File No. 001-33664)). Time-Vesting Restricted Stock Agreement dated as of December 19, 2011 by and between Charter Communications, Inc. and Thomas M. Rutledge (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on December 19, 2011 (File No. 001-33664)). Employment Agreement between Christopher L. Winfrey and Charter Communications, Inc., dated effective as of December 31, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on March 13, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Employment Agreement dated as of April 30, 2012, by and between Charter Communications, Inc. and John Bickham (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on May 1, 2012 (File No. 001-33664)). Time-Vesting Stock Option Agreement dated as of April 30, 2012 by and between Charter Communications, Inc. and John Bickham (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on May 1, 2012 (File No. 001-33664)). E- 5 10.49(c)+ 10.49(d)+ 10.49(e)+ 10.50+ 10.51+ 10.52 12.1* 21.1* 23.1* 31.1* 31.2* 32.1* 32.2* 101 Performance-Vesting Restricted Stock Agreement dated as of April 30, 2012 by and between Charter Communications, Inc. and John Bickham (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on May 1, 2012 (File No. 001-33664)) Performance-Vesting Stock Option Agreement dated as of April 30, 2012 by and between Charter Communications, Inc. and John Bickham (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on May 1, 2012 (File No. 001-33664)) Time-Vesting Restricted Stock Agreement dated as of April 30, 2012 by and between Charter Communications, Inc. and John Bickham (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on May 1, 2012 (File No. 001-33664)). Employment Agreement dated effective as of December 17, 2015 by and between Charter Communications, Inc. and Donald Detampel (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the current report on Form 8-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on December 23, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Employment Agreement dated effective as of April 9, 2014 by and between Charter Communications, Inc. and Jonathan Hargis (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to the annual report on Form 10-K filed by Charter Communications, Inc. on February 24, 2015 (File No. 001-33664)). Form of First Amended and Restated Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Charter Communications, Inc. filed on August 6, 2013 (File No. 001-33664)). Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges. Subsidiaries of Charter Communications, Inc. Consent of KPMG LLP. Certificate of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/Rule 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Certificate of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/Rule 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer). Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Financial Officer). The following financial information from the Annual Report of Charter Communications, Inc. on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed with the SEC on February 9, 2016, formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. _____________ * + Filed herewith. Management compensatory plan or arrangement E- 6 INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Audited Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Page F- 2 F- 3 F- 4 F- 4 F- 5 F- 6 F- 7 F- 1 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Shareholders Charter Communications, Inc.: We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Charter Communications, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2015. We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting (Item 9A). Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Charter Communications, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. As discussed in Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for the presentation of debt issuance costs for the December 31, 2015 and 2014 consolidated financial statements due to the adoption of ASU No. 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, and has changed is method of accounting for the presentation of deferred tax liabilities and tax assets for the December 31, 2015 and 2014 consolidated financial statements due to the adoption of ASU No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes. St. Louis, Missouri February 9, 2016 (signed) KPMG LLP F- 2 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (dollars in millions, except share data) CURRENT ASSETS: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of ASSETS $21 and $22, respectively Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 $ 5 $ 279 61 345 3 285 57 345 RESTRICTED CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS 22,264 7,111 INVESTMENT IN CABLE PROPERTIES: Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $6,518 and $5,484, respectively Franchises Customer relationships, net Goodwill Total investment in cable properties, net OTHER NONCURRENT ASSETS Total assets LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) CURRENT LIABILITIES: Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Total current liabilities LONG-TERM DEBT DEFERRED INCOME TAXES OTHER LONG-TERM LIABILITIES SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT): Class A common stock; $.001 par value; 900 million shares authorized; 112,438,828 and 111,999,687 shares issued and outstanding, respectively Class B common stock; $.001 par value; 25 million shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding Preferred stock; $.001 par value; 250 million shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total shareholders’ equity (deficit) $ $ 8,345 6,006 856 1,168 16,375 332 8,373 6,006 1,105 1,168 16,652 280 39,316 $ 24,388 $ 1,972 1,972 35,723 1,590 77 — — — 2,028 (2,061) (13) (46) 1,635 1,635 20,887 1,648 72 — — — 1,930 (1,762) (22) 146 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity (deficit) $ 39,316 $ 24,388 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F- 3 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (dollars in millions, except per share and share data) Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ 9,754 $ 9,108 $ 8,155 REVENUES COSTS AND EXPENSES: Operating costs and expenses (exclusive of items shown separately below) Depreciation and amortization Other operating expenses, net Income from operations OTHER EXPENSES: Interest expense, net Loss on extinguishment of debt Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net Other expense, net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) Net loss LOSS PER COMMON SHARE, BASIC AND DILUTED $ $ 6,426 2,125 89 8,640 1,114 (1,306) (128) (4) (7) (1,445) (331) 60 5,973 2,102 62 8,137 971 (911) — (7) — (918) 53 (236) (271) $ (183) $ 5,345 1,854 47 7,246 909 (846) (123) 11 — (958) (49) (120) (169) (2.43) $ (1.70) $ (1.65) Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted 111,869,771 108,374,160 101,934,630 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (dollars in millions) Net loss Net impact of interest rate derivative instruments, net of tax Comprehensive loss Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ (271) $ 9 (183) $ 19 (262) $ (164) $ (169) 34 (135) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F- 4 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) (dollars in millions) Class A Common Stock Class B Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Deficit Treasury Stock Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total Shareholders' Equity (Deficit) BALANCE, December 31, 2012 Net loss Net impact of interest rate derivative instruments, net of tax Stock compensation expense, net Exercise of options and warrants Purchase of treasury stock Retirement of treasury stock BALANCE, December 31, 2013 Net loss Net impact of interest rate derivative instruments, net of tax Stock compensation expense, net Exercise of options and warrants Purchase of treasury stock Retirement of treasury stock BALANCE, December 31, 2014 Net loss Net impact of interest rate derivative instruments, net of tax Stock compensation expense, net Exercise of options Purchase of treasury stock Retirement of treasury stock $ — $ — $ 1,616 $ (1,392) $ — $ (75) $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 48 104 — (8) 1,760 — — 55 123 — (8) 1,930 — — 78 30 — (169) — — — — (7) (1,568) (183) — — — — (11) (1,762) (271) — — — — (10) (28) — — — — (15) 15 — — — — — (19) 19 — — — — — (38) 38 — 34 — — — — (41) — 19 — — — — (22) — 9 — — — — BALANCE, December 31, 2015 $ — $ — $ 2,028 $ (2,061) $ — $ (13) $ 149 (169) 34 48 104 (15) — 151 (183) 19 55 123 (19) — 146 (271) 9 78 30 (38) — (46) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F- 5 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (dollars in millions) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net loss $ (271) $ (183) $ (169) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash flows from operating activities: Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 Depreciation and amortization Noncash interest expense Loss on extinguishment of debt (Gain) loss on derivative instruments, net Deferred income taxes Other, net Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects from acquisitions and dispositions: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other assets Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other Net cash flows from operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of property, plant and equipment Change in accrued expenses related to capital expenditures Sales (purchases) of cable systems, net Change in restricted cash and cash equivalents Other, net Net cash flows from investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Borrowings of long-term debt Repayments of long-term debt Payments for debt issuance costs Purchase of treasury stock Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants Other, net Net cash flows from financing activities NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of period CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of period CASH PAID FOR INTEREST $ $ 2,125 28 128 4 (65) 89 5 (3) 319 2,359 (1,840) 28 — (15,153) (67) (17,032) 26,045 (11,326) (36) (38) 30 — 14,675 2 3 5 2,102 37 — 7 233 65 (51) (9) 158 2,359 (2,221) 33 11 (7,111) (16) (9,304) 8,806 (1,980) (6) (19) 123 3 6,927 (18) 21 $ 3 $ 1,854 43 123 (11) 112 82 10 — 114 2,158 (1,825) 76 (676) — (18) (2,443) 6,782 (6,520) (50) (15) 104 (2) 299 14 7 21 1,046 $ 850 $ 763 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F- 6 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation Organization Charter Communications, Inc. (“Charter”) is a holding company whose principal asset is a 100% common equity interest in Charter Communications Holding Company, LLC (“Charter Holdco”). Charter owns cable systems through its subsidiaries, which are collectively, with Charter, referred to herein as the “Company.” The Company is a cable operator providing services in the United States. The Company offers to residential and commercial customers traditional cable video programming, Internet services, and voice services, as well as advanced video services such as video on demand, high definition television, and digital video recorder (“DVR”) service. The Company sells its cable video programming, Internet, voice, and advanced video services primarily on a subscription basis. The Company also sells local advertising on cable networks and on the Internet and provides fiber connectivity to cellular towers and office buildings. Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Areas involving significant judgments and estimates include capitalization of labor and overhead costs; depreciation and amortization costs; valuations and impairments of property, plant and equipment, intangibles and goodwill; income taxes; contingencies and programming expense. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the 2015 presentation. See Note 20 for balance sheet reclassifications to deferred financing fees and deferred taxes that resulted from the adoption of new accounting standards. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Charter and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Company consolidates based upon evaluation of the Company’s power, through voting rights or similar rights, to direct the activities of another entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance; its obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity; and its right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity. All significant inter-company accounts and transactions among consolidated entities have been eliminated. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. These investments are carried at cost, which approximates market value. Cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of money market funds and commercial paper. Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents Proceeds from the issuance of certain long-term debt were deposited into escrow accounts and will be used for acquisition financing and are contractually restricted as to their withdrawal or use. See Note 8. The amounts held in escrow are classified as noncurrent restricted cash and cash equivalents in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company's restricted cash and cash equivalents were primarily invested in money market funds and 90-day or less commercial paper. The changes in restricted cash and cash equivalents are presented as an investing activity in the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows. F- 7 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Property, Plant and Equipment Additions to property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost, including all material, labor and certain indirect costs associated with the construction of cable transmission and distribution facilities. While the Company’s capitalization is based on specific activities, once capitalized, costs are tracked by fixed asset category at the cable system level and not on a specific asset basis. For assets that are sold or retired, the estimated historical cost and related accumulated depreciation is removed. Costs associated with initial customer installations and the installation of equipment necessary to provide video, Internet or voice services are capitalized. Costs capitalized as part of installations include materials, labor, and certain indirect costs. Indirect costs are associated with the activities of the Company’s personnel who assist in installation activities and consist of compensation and other costs associated with these support functions. Indirect costs primarily include employee benefits and payroll taxes, direct variable costs associated with capitalizable activities, consisting primarily of installation and construction, vehicle costs, the cost of dispatch personnel and indirect costs directly attributable to capitalizable activities. The costs of disconnecting service at a customer’s dwelling or reconnecting service to a previously installed dwelling are charged to operating expense in the period incurred. Costs for repairs and maintenance are charged to operating expense as incurred, while plant and equipment replacement, including replacement of certain components, and betterments, including replacement of cable drops from the pole to the dwelling, are capitalized. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line composite method over management’s estimate of the useful lives of the related assets as follows: Cable distribution systems Customer premise equipment and installations Vehicles and equipment Buildings and improvements Furniture, fixtures and equipment Asset Retirement Obligations 7-20 years 3-8 years 3-6 years 15-40 years 6-10 years Certain of the Company’s franchise agreements and leases contain provisions requiring the Company to restore facilities or remove equipment in the event that the franchise or lease agreement is not renewed. The Company expects to continually renew its franchise agreements and has concluded that all of the related franchise rights are indefinite lived intangible assets. Accordingly, the possibility is remote that the Company would be required to incur significant restoration or removal costs related to these franchise agreements in the foreseeable future. A liability is required to be recognized for an asset retirement obligation in the period in which it is incurred if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. The Company has not recorded an estimate for potential franchise related obligations, but would record an estimated liability in the unlikely event a franchise agreement containing such a provision were no longer expected to be renewed. The Company also expects to renew many of its lease agreements related to the continued operation of its cable business in the franchise areas. The Company does not have any significant liabilities related to asset retirements recorded in its consolidated financial statements. Other Noncurrent Assets Other noncurrent assets primarily include trademarks, right-of-entry costs and equity investments. Trademarks have been determined to have an indefinite life and are tested annually for impairment. Right-of-entry costs represent costs incurred related to agreements entered into with landlords, real estate companies or owners to gain access to a building in order to provide cable service. Right-of-entry costs are generally deferred and amortized to amortization expense over the term of the agreement. The Company accounts for its investments in less than majority owned investees under either the equity or cost method. The Company applies the equity method to investments when it has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee. The Company's share of the investee's earnings (losses) is included in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company monitors its investments for indicators that a decrease in investment value has occurred that is other than temporary. F- 8 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Valuation of Long-Lived Assets The Company evaluates the recoverability of long-lived assets to be held and used when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Such events or changes in circumstances could include such factors as impairment of the Company’s indefinite life assets, changes in technological advances, fluctuations in the fair value of such assets, adverse changes in relationships with local franchise authorities, adverse changes in market conditions or a deterioration of operating results. If a review indicates that the carrying value of such asset is not recoverable from estimated undiscounted cash flows, the carrying value of such asset is reduced to its estimated fair value. While the Company believes that its estimates of future cash flows are reasonable, different assumptions regarding such cash flows could materially affect its evaluations of asset recoverability. No impairments of long-lived assets to be held and used were recorded in 2015, 2014 and 2013. Revenue Recognition Revenues from residential and commercial video, Internet and voice services are recognized when the related services are provided. Advertising sales are recognized at estimated realizable values in the period that the advertisements are broadcast. In some cases, the Company coordinates the advertising sales efforts of other cable operators in a certain market and remits amounts received from customers less an agreed-upon percentage to such cable operator. For those arrangements in which the Company acts as a principal, the Company records the revenues earned from the advertising customer on a gross basis and the amount remitted to the cable operator as an operating expense. Fees imposed on Charter by various governmental authorities are passed through on a monthly basis to the Company’s customers and are periodically remitted to authorities. Fees of $255 million, $248 million and $234 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, are reported in video, voice and commercial revenues, on a gross basis with a corresponding operating expense because the Company is acting as a principal. Other taxes, such as sales taxes imposed on the Company's customers, collected and remitted to state and local authorities, are recorded on a net basis because the Company is acting as an agent in such situation. The Company’s revenues by product line are as follows: Video Internet Voice Residential revenue Small and medium business Enterprise Commercial revenue Advertising sales Other Programming Costs Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 4,587 $ 4,443 $ 3,003 539 8,129 764 363 1,127 309 189 2,576 575 7,594 676 317 993 341 180 4,040 2,186 644 6,870 553 259 812 291 182 $ 9,754 $ 9,108 $ 8,155 The Company has various contracts to obtain basic, digital and premium video programming from programming vendors whose compensation is typically based on a flat fee per customer. The cost of the right to exhibit network programming under such arrangements is recorded in operating expenses in the month the programming is available for exhibition. Programming costs are F- 9 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) paid each month based on calculations performed by the Company and are subject to periodic audits performed by the programmers. Certain programming contracts contain incentives to be paid by the programmers. The Company receives these payments and recognizes the incentives on a straight-line basis over the life of the programming agreement as a reduction of programming expense. This offset to programming expense was $19 million, $19 million and $7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Programming costs included in the accompanying statements of operations were $2.7 billion, $2.5 billion and $2.1 billion for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Advertising Costs Advertising costs associated with marketing the Company’s products and services are generally expensed as costs are incurred. Such advertising expense was $389 million, $380 million and $357 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Multiple-Element Transactions In the normal course of business, the Company enters into multiple-element transactions where it is simultaneously both a customer and a vendor with the same counterparty or in which it purchases multiple products and/or services, or settles outstanding items contemporaneous with the purchase of a product or service from a single counterparty. Transactions, although negotiated contemporaneously, may be documented in one or more contracts. The Company’s policy for accounting for each transaction negotiated contemporaneously is to record each element of the transaction based on the respective estimated fair values of the products or services purchased and the products or services sold. In determining the fair value of the respective elements, the Company refers to quoted market prices (where available), historical transactions or comparable cash transactions. Stock-Based Compensation Restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock options as well as restricted stock and stock options with market conditions are measured at the grant date fair value and amortized to stock compensation expense over the requisite service period. The Company recorded $78 million, $55 million and $48 million of stock compensation expense, which is included in operating costs and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The fair value of options granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and Monte Carlo simulations for options and restricted stock units with market conditions. The grant date weighted average assumptions used during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, were: risk-free interest rate of 1.5%, 2.0% and 1.5%; expected volatility of 34.7%, 36.9% and 37.8%, and expected lives of 6.5 years, 6.5 years and 6.3 years. The grant date weighted average cost of equity used was 16.2% during the year ended December 31, 2013. Volatility assumptions were based on historical volatility of Charter and a peer group. The Company’s volatility assumptions represent management’s best estimate and were partially based on historical volatility of a peer group because management does not believe Charter’s pre-emergence from bankruptcy historical volatility to be representative of its future volatility. Expected lives were calculated based on the simplified- method due to insufficient historical exercise data. The valuations assume no dividends are paid. Income Taxes The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities and expected benefits of utilizing loss carryforwards. The impact on deferred taxes of changes in tax rates and tax law, if any, applied to the years during which temporary differences are expected to be settled, are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period of enactment. See Note 16. Loss per Common Share Basic loss per common share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average common shares outstanding during the respective periods. Diluted loss per common share equals basic loss per common share for the periods presented, as the effect of stock options and other convertible securities are anti-dilutive because the Company incurred net losses. F- 10 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Segments The Company’s operations are conducted through the use of a unified network and are managed and reported to its Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), the Company's chief operating decision maker, on a consolidated basis. The CEO assesses performance and allocates resources based on the consolidated results of operations. Under this organizational and reporting structure, the Company has one reportable segment, broadband services. 3. Mergers and Acquisitions TWC Transaction On May 23, 2015, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Mergers (the “Merger Agreement”) with Time Warner Cable Inc. ("TWC"), CCH I, LLC (“New Charter”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company; Nina Corporation I, Inc., Nina Company II, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of New Charter; and Nina Company III, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of New Charter, pursuant to which the parties will engage in a series of transactions that will result in Charter and TWC becoming wholly owned subsidiaries of New Charter (the “TWC Transaction”), on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement. After giving effect to the TWC Transaction, New Charter will be the new public company parent that will hold the operations of the combined companies. Upon consummation of the TWC Transaction, each outstanding share of TWC common stock (other than TWC stock held by Liberty Broadband Corporation ("Liberty Broadband") and Liberty Interactive Corporation ("Liberty Interactive") (collectively, the "Liberty Parties")), will be converted into the right to receive $100 in cash and shares of New Charter Class A common stock ("New Charter common stock") equivalent to 0.5409 shares of Charter Class A common stock. Each stockholder of TWC will also have the option to elect to receive for each outstanding share of TWC common stock (other than TWC stock held by the Liberty Parties) $115 in cash and shares of New Charter common stock equivalent to 0.4562 shares of Charter common stock. Upon consummation of the TWC Transaction, each share of TWC common stock held by the Liberty Parties will be converted into New Charter common stock. The total enterprise value of TWC based on the estimated value of purchase price consideration is approximately $79 billion, including cash, equity and TWC debt to be assumed. The value of the consideration will fluctuate based on the number of shares outstanding and the market value of Charter's Class A common stock on the acquisition date, among other factors. In certain circumstances a termination fee may be payable by either Charter or TWC upon termination of the TWC Transaction as more fully described in the Merger Agreement. Bright House Transaction On March 31, 2015, the Company entered into a definitive Contribution Agreement (the “Contribution Agreement”), which was amended on May 23, 2015 in connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, with Advance/Newhouse Partnership (“A/ N”), A/NPC Holdings LLC, New Charter and Charter Communications Holdings, LLC (“Charter Holdings”), the Company's wholly owned subsidiary, pursuant to which Charter would become the owner of the membership interests in Bright House Networks, LLC (“Bright House”) and any other assets (other than certain excluded assets and liabilities and non-operating cash) primarily related to Bright House (the “Bright House Transaction”). At closing, Charter Holdings will pay to A/N approximately $2 billion in cash and issue to A/N convertible preferred units of Charter Holdings with a face amount of $2.5 billion which will pay a 6% coupon, and approximately 34.3 million common units of Charter Holdings that are exchangeable into New Charter common stock on a one-for-one basis with a value of approximately $6 billion. Liberty Transaction and Debt Financing for the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction Assuming that all TWC stockholders (excluding the Liberty Parties) elect the $100 per share cash option, the cash portion of the consideration for the TWC Transaction is expected to be approximately $28 billion and the cash portion of the Bright House Transaction is approximately $2 billion. In connection with the TWC Transaction, Charter and Liberty Broadband entered into an investment agreement, pursuant to which Liberty Broadband agreed to invest $4.3 billion in New Charter at the closing of the TWC Transaction to partially finance the cash portion of the TWC Transaction consideration. In connection with the Bright House Transaction, Liberty Broadband agreed to purchase at the closing of the Bright House Transaction $700 million of New Charter Class A common stock (or, if the TWC Transaction is not consummated prior to the completion of the Bright House Transaction, Charter Class A common stock). Charter expects to finance the remaining cash portion of the purchase price of the TWC Transaction and Bright House Transaction with additional indebtedness. As discussed in Note 8, the Company issued $15.5 billion CCO Safari II, LLC ("CCO Safari II") F- 11 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) senior secured notes, $3.8 billion CCO Safari III, LLC ("CCO Safari III") senior secured bank loans and $2.5 billion CCOH Safari, LLC ("CCOH Safari") senior unsecured notes. Charter has remaining commitments of approximately $2.7 billion from banks to provide incremental senior secured term loan facilities and senior unsecured notes, as well as an incremental $1.7 billion revolving facility. In addition, the bank commitments provide for a $4.3 billion bridge facility if all TWC stockholders (other than the Liberty Parties) elect the $115 per share cash option, in the event Charter is unable to issue senior unsecured notes in advance of the closing of the TWC Transaction. Acquisition of Bresnan On July 1, 2013, Charter and Charter Communications Operating, LLC ("Charter Operating") acquired Bresnan Broadband Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries (collectively, “Bresnan”) from a wholly owned subsidiary of Cablevision Systems Corporation ("Cablevision"), for $1.625 billion in cash, as well as a working capital adjustment and a reduction for certain funded indebtedness of Bresnan. Bresnan manages cable operating systems in Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and Utah. Charter funded the purchase of Bresnan with a $1.5 billion term loan (see Note 8) and borrowings under the Charter Operating credit facilities. The following unaudited pro forma financial information of Charter is based on the historical consolidated financial statements of Charter and the historical consolidated financial statements of Bresnan and is intended to provide information about how the acquisition of Bresnan and related financing may have affected Charter's historical consolidated financial statements if they had closed as of January 1, 2012. The pro forma financial information below is based on available information and assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable. The pro forma financial information is for illustrative and informational purposes only and is not intended to represent or be indicative of what Charter's financial condition or results of operations would have been had the transactions described above occurred on the date indicated. The pro forma financial information also should not be considered representative of Charter's future financial condition or results of operations. Revenues Net loss Loss per common share, basic and diluted 4. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Year Ended December 31, 2013 (unaudited) $ $ $ 8,419 (194) (1.90) Activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts is summarized as follows for the years presented: Balance, beginning of period Charged to expense Uncollected balances written off, net of recoveries Balance, end of period Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ $ 22 135 (136) $ 19 122 (119) 21 $ 22 $ 14 101 (96) 19 F- 12 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) 5. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment consists of the following as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: Cable distribution systems Customer premise equipment and installations Vehicles and equipment Buildings and improvements Furniture, fixtures and equipment Less: accumulated depreciation December 31, 2015 2014 $ $ 8,158 4,632 384 570 1,119 7,919 4,388 335 499 716 14,863 (6,518) 13,857 (5,484) $ 8,345 $ 8,373 The Company periodically evaluates the estimated useful lives used to depreciate its assets and the estimated amount of assets that will be abandoned or have minimal use in the future. A significant change in assumptions about the extent or timing of future asset retirements, or in the Company’s use of new technology and upgrade programs, could materially affect future depreciation expense. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $1.9 billion, $1.8 billion, and $1.6 billion, respectively. 6. Franchises, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Franchise rights represent the value attributed to agreements or authorizations with local and state authorities that allow access to homes in cable service areas. For valuation purposes, they are defined as the future economic benefits of the right to solicit and service potential customers (customer marketing rights), and the right to deploy and market new services to potential customers (service marketing rights). Management estimates the fair value of franchise rights at the date of acquisition and determines if the franchise has a finite life or an indefinite life. All franchises that qualify for indefinite life treatment are tested for impairment annually or more frequently as warranted by events or changes in circumstances. In determining whether our franchises have an indefinite life, the Company considered the likelihood of franchise renewals, the expected costs of franchise renewals, and the technological state of the associated cable systems, with a view to whether or not it is in compliance with any technology upgrading requirements specified in a franchise agreement. The Company has concluded that as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 all of its franchises qualify for indefinite life treatment. Franchise assets are aggregated into essentially inseparable units of accounting to conduct valuations. The units of accounting generally represent geographical clustering of our cable systems into groups. The Company assesses qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that an indefinite lived intangible asset has been impaired. If, after this optional qualitative assessment, the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that an indefinite lived intangible asset has been impaired, then no further quantitative testing is necessary. In completing the qualitative impairment testing, the Company evaluates the impact of various factors to the expected future cash flows attributable to its units of accounting and to the assumed discount rate which would be used to determine the present value of those cash flows. Such factors include macro-economic and industry conditions including the capital markets, regulatory, and competitive environment, and costs of programming and customer premise equipment along with changes to our organizational structure and strategies. A recent valuation of the Company was performed for tax purposes during 2015 and was included as a key factor in the Company’s qualitative assessment of the Company’s franchise assets. After consideration of the qualitative factors, in 2015 F- 13 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) the Company concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the franchise assets in each unit of accounting exceeds the carrying value of such assets and therefore did not perform a quantitative analysis. Periodically, the Company will elect to perform a quantitative analysis. If the Company elects or is required to perform a quantitative analysis to test its franchise assets for impairment, the Company determines the estimated fair value of franchises utilizing an income approach model based on the present value of the estimated discrete future cash flows attributable to each of the intangible assets identified assuming a discount rate. The fair value of franchises for impairment testing is determined based on estimated discrete discounted future cash flows using assumptions consistent with internal forecasts. The franchise after-tax cash flow is calculated as the after-tax cash flow generated by the potential customers obtained (less the anticipated churn for the potential customer). The sum of the present value of the franchises' after-tax cash flow in years 1 through 10 and the continuing value of the after-tax cash flow beyond year 10 yields the fair value of the franchises. This approach makes use of unobservable factors such as projected revenues, expenses, capital expenditures, customer trends, and a discount rate applied to the estimated cash flows. The determination of the franchise discount rate is derived from the Company's weighted average cost of capital, which uses a market participant’s cost of equity and after-tax cost of debt and reflects the risks inherent in the cash flows. The Company estimates discounted future cash flows using reasonable and appropriate assumptions including among others, penetration rates for video, high-speed Internet, and voice; revenue growth rates; operating margins; and capital expenditures. The assumptions are based on the Company’s and its peers’ historical operating performance adjusted for current and expected competitive and economic factors surrounding the cable industry. The estimates and assumptions made in the Company’s valuations are inherently subject to significant uncertainties, many of which are beyond its control, and there is no assurance that these results can be achieved. The primary assumptions for which there is a reasonable possibility of the occurrence of a variation that would significantly affect the measurement value include the assumptions regarding revenue growth, programming expense growth rates, the amount and timing of capital expenditures, actual customer trends and the discount rate utilized. Goodwill is tested for impairment as of November 30 of each year, or more frequently as warranted by events or changes in circumstances. Accounting guidance also permits an optional qualitative assessment for goodwill to determine whether it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. If, after this qualitative assessment, the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount then no further quantitative testing would be necessary. If the Company elects or is required to perform the two-step test under the accounting guidance, the first step involves a comparison of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying amount. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not considered impaired and the second step of the goodwill impairment is not necessary. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, then the second step of the goodwill impairment test must be performed, and a comparison of the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is compared to its carrying amount to determine the amount of impairment, if any. The fair value of the reporting unit, when performing the second step of the goodwill impairment test, is determined using both an income approach and market approach. The Company's income approach model used for its goodwill valuation is consistent with that used for its franchise valuation noted above except that cash flows from the entire business enterprise are used for the goodwill valuation. The market approach model estimates the fair value of the reporting unit based on market prices in actual precedent transactions of similar businesses and market valuations of guideline public companies. As with the Company's franchise impairment testing, in 2015 the Company elected to perform a qualitative goodwill impairment assessment and concluded that goodwill is not impaired. Customer relationships are recorded at fair value as of the date acquired less accumulated amortization. Customer relationships, for valuation purposes, represent the value of the business relationship with existing customers (less the anticipated customer churn), and are calculated by projecting the discrete future after-tax cash flows from these customers, including the right to deploy and market additional services to these customers. The present value of these after-tax cash flows yields the fair value of the customer relationships. The use of different valuation assumptions or definitions of franchises or customer relationships, such as our inclusion of the value of selling additional services to our current customers within customer relationships versus franchises, could significantly impact our valuations and any resulting impairment. Customer relationships are amortized on an accelerated sum of years' digits method over useful lives of 8-15 years based on the period over which current customers are expected to generate cash flows. The Company periodically evaluates the remaining useful lives of its customer relationships to determine whether events or circumstances warrant revision to the remaining periods of amortization. Customer relationships are evaluated for impairment upon the occurrence of events or changes in circumstances indicating that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Customer relationships are deemed impaired when the carrying value exceeds the projected undiscounted future F- 14 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) cash flows associated with the customer relationships. No impairment of customer relationships was recorded in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 or 2013. The fair value of trademarks is determined using the relief-from-royalty method, a variation of the income approach, which applies a fair royalty rate to estimated revenue derived under the Company's trademarks. The fair value of the intangible is estimated to be the present value of the royalty saved because the Company owns the trademarks. Royalty rates are estimated based on a review of market royalty rates in the communications and entertainment industries. As the Company expects to continue to use each trademark indefinitely, trademarks have been assigned an indefinite life and are tested annually for impairment using either a qualitative analysis or quantitative analysis as elected by management. As with the Company’s franchise impairment testing, in 2015 the Company elected to perform a qualitative trademark impairment assessment and concluded that trademarks are not impaired. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, indefinite lived and finite-lived intangible assets are presented in the following table: December 31, 2015 2014 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Indefinite lived intangible assets: Franchises Goodwill Trademarks Other intangible assets Finite-lived intangible assets: Customer relationships Other intangible assets $ 6,006 $ — $ 6,006 $ 6,006 $ — $ 1,168 159 4 — — — 1,168 159 4 1,168 159 4 — — — 6,006 1,168 159 4 $ $ $ 7,337 $ — $ 7,337 $ 7,337 $ — $ 7,337 2,616 173 2,789 $ $ 1,760 82 1,842 $ $ 856 91 947 $ $ 2,616 151 2,767 $ $ 1,511 60 1,571 $ $ 1,105 91 1,196 Amortization expense related to customer relationships and other intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $271 million, $299 million and $299 million, respectively. The Company expects amortization expense on its finite-lived intangible assets will be as follows. 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Thereafter $ 237 204 169 133 95 109 $ 947 Actual amortization expense in future periods could differ from these estimates as a result of new intangible asset acquisitions or divestitures, changes in useful lives, impairments and other relevant factors. F- 15 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) 7. Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consist of the following as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: Accounts payable – trade Accrued capital expenditures Deferred revenue Accrued liabilities: Interest Programming costs Franchise related fees Compensation Other $ December 31, 2015 2014 $ 134 296 96 445 451 65 186 299 140 268 85 212 430 65 169 266 $ 1,972 $ 1,635 F- 16 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) 8. Long-Term Debt Long-term debt consists of the following as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: CCOH Safari, LLC: 5.500% senior notes due December 1, 2022 5.750% senior notes due December 1, 2024 5.750% senior notes due February 15, 2026 CCO Safari II, LLC: 3.579% senior notes due July 23, 2020 4.464% senior notes due July 23, 2022 4.908% senior notes due July 23, 2025 6.384% senior notes due October 23, 2035 6.484% senior notes due October 23, 2045 6.834% senior notes due October 23, 2055 CCO Safari III, LLC: Credit facilities CCO Holdings, LLC: 7.250% senior notes due October 30, 2017 7.000% senior notes due January 15, 2019 8.125% senior notes due April 30, 2020 7.375% senior notes due June 1, 2020 5.250% senior notes due March 15, 2021 6.500% senior notes due April 30, 2021 6.625% senior notes due January 31, 2022 5.250% senior notes due September 30, 2022 5.125% senior notes due February 15, 2023 5.125% senior notes due May 1, 2023 5.750% senior notes due September 1, 2023 5.750% senior notes due January 15, 2024 5.375% senior notes due May 1, 2025 5.875% senior notes due May 1, 2027 Charter Communications Operating, LLC: Credit facilities CCO Safari, LLC (an Unrestricted Subsidiary): Credit facility due September 12, 2021 Long-Term Debt December 31, 2015 2014 Principal Amount Accreted Value Principal Amount Accreted Value $ — $ — 2,500 — $ — 2,499 $ 1,500 2,000 — 1,499 1,999 — 2,000 3,000 4,500 2,000 3,500 500 3,800 — 600 — 750 500 1,500 750 1,250 1,000 1,150 500 1,000 750 800 3,552 1,999 2,998 4,497 1,999 3,498 500 3,788 — 594 — 744 496 1,487 740 1,229 990 1,140 495 990 744 794 3,502 — — — — — — — 1,000 1,400 700 750 500 1,500 750 1,250 1,000 — 500 1,000 — — 3,742 — — — — — — — 992 1,381 692 742 495 1,485 739 1,228 989 — 495 989 — — 3,683 — 35,902 $ — 35,723 $ 3,500 21,092 $ 3,479 20,887 $ The accreted values presented above represent the principal amount of the debt less the original issue discount at the time of sale and deferred financing costs, plus the accretion of both amounts to the balance sheet date. However, the amount that is currently payable if the debt becomes immediately due is equal to the principal amount of the debt. The Company has availability under its credit facilities of approximately $961 million as of December 31, 2015, and as such, debt maturing in the next twelve months is classified as long-term. F- 17 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Loss on extinguishment of debt consists of the following for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013: CCO Holdings notes repurchases Charter Operating credit amendment / prepayments CCOH Safari notes and CCO Safari Term G Loans repayments Year ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ $ 123 — 5 — $ — — 65 58 — 128 $ — $ 123 On April 25, 2014, the Company entered into a binding definitive agreement (the “Comcast Transactions Agreement”) with Comcast Corporation (“Comcast”), which contemplated the following transactions: (1) an asset purchase, (2) an asset exchange and (3) a contribution and spin-off transaction (collectively, the “Comcast Transactions”). Pursuant to the terms of the Comcast Transactions Agreement, Comcast had the right to terminate the Comcast Transactions Agreement upon termination of the merger agreement among Comcast, TWC and Tango Acquisition Sub, Inc. (the “Comcast Merger Agreement”). On April 24, 2015, Comcast and TWC terminated the Comcast Merger Agreement, and Comcast delivered a notice of termination of the Comcast Transactions Agreement to Charter (the “Termination Notice”). As a result of the termination, proceeds from the issuance of $3.5 billion aggregate principal amount of CCOH Safari notes and $3.5 billion aggregate principal amount of CCO Safari, LLC ("CCO Safari") Term G Loans ("Term G Loans"), which were held in escrow and intended to fund the closing of the Comcast Transactions, were utilized to settle the related debt obligation in April 2015. These transactions resulted in a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. CCOH Safari Notes In November 2015, CCOH Safari, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, closed on transactions in which it issued $2.5 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.750% senior unsecured notes due 2026 (the "2026 Notes"). The net proceeds from the issuance of the 2026 Notes were deposited into an escrow account and will be used to partially finance the TWC Transaction as well as for general corporate purposes. The release of the proceeds to the Company is subject to satisfaction of certain conditions, including the closing of the TWC Transaction. Substantially concurrently with the escrow release, the 2026 Notes will become obligations of CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital. CCOH Safari will merge into CCO Holdings. Contingent upon closing of the TWC Transaction and release of the proceeds from escrow, the Company will be obligated to pay approximately $40 million of additional debt issuance fees. Should the Merger Agreement be terminated prior to the consummation of the TWC Transaction, or upon expiration of the escrow agreement on May 23, 2016 (or six months following such date in the event of an extension of the Merger Agreement), such amounts placed in escrow must be used to settle amounts outstanding under the 2026 Notes at par value. The amounts held in escrow are classified as noncurrent restricted cash and cash equivalents in the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015. Initially, the 2026 Notes are senior debt obligations of CCOH Safari. Upon release of the proceeds from escrow, the 2026 Notes will be senior debt obligations of CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital Corp. and rank equally with all other current and future unsecured, unsubordinated obligations of CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital Corp. The 2026 Notes are structurally subordinated to all obligations of subsidiaries of CCO Holdings, including the Charter Operating credit facilities. Following the release of the proceeds, CCO Holdings may redeem some or all of the 2026 Notes at any time at a premium. The optional redemption price declines to 100% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on or after varying dates in 2021 through 2024. In addition, at any time following the release of the proceeds and prior to February 15, 2019, CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital Corp. may redeem up to 40% of the aggregate principal amount of such 2026 Notes at a redemption price at a premium plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings (as defined in the indenture); provided that certain conditions are met. F- 18 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) In the event of specified change of control events, CCO Holdings must offer to purchase the 2026 Notes from the holders at a purchase price equal to 101% of the total principal amount of the notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest. CCO Holdings Notes In April 2015, CCO Holdings, LLC ("CCO Holdings") and CCO Holdings Capital Corp. closed on transactions in which they issued $1.15 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.125% senior unsecured notes due 2023 (the "2023 Notes"), $750 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (the "2025 Notes") and $800 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% senior unsecured notes due 2027 (the "2027 Notes"). The net proceeds from the issuance of the 2023 Notes and 2025 Notes were used to finance tender offers and a subsequent call in which $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of CCO Holdings' outstanding 7.250% senior notes due 2017 and $700 million aggregate principal amount of CCO Holdings' outstanding 8.125% senior notes due 2020 were repurchased, as well as for general corporate purposes. The net proceeds from the issuance of the 2027 Notes were used to call $800 million of the $1.4 billion aggregate principal amount of CCO Holdings' outstanding 7.000% senior notes due 2019. These debt repurchases resulted in a loss on extinguishment of debt of $123 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The CCO Holdings notes are guaranteed by Charter. They are senior debt obligations of CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital Corp. and rank equally with all other current and future unsecured, unsubordinated obligations of CCO Holdings and CCO Holdings Capital Corp. The CCO Holdings notes are structurally subordinated to all obligations of subsidiaries of CCO Holdings, including the Charter Operating credit facilities. Upon consummation of the TWC Transaction, the CCO Holdings notes will not be guaranteed by Charter or New Charter. CCO Holdings may redeem some or all of the CCO Holdings notes at any time at a premium. The optional redemption price declines to 100% of the respective series’ principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on or after varying dates in 2016 through 2024. In addition, at any time prior to varying dates in 2016 through 2021, CCO Holdings may redeem up to 35% (40% in regards to the 2023 Notes, 2025 Notes and 2027 Notes issued in April 2015) of the aggregate principal amount of the notes at a redemption price at a premium plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date, with the net cash proceeds of one or more equity offerings (as defined in the indenture); provided that certain conditions are met. In the event of specified change of control events, CCO Holdings must offer to purchase the outstanding CCO Holdings notes from the holders at a purchase price equal to 101% of the total principal amount of the notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest. High-Yield Restrictive Covenants; Limitation on Indebtedness. The indentures governing the CCO Holdings notes and CCOH Safari notes (following the release of proceeds from escrow) contain certain covenants that restrict the ability of CCO Holdings, CCO Holdings Capital Corp. and all of their restricted subsidiaries to: incur additional debt; pay dividends on equity or repurchase equity; • • • make investments; • • • sell all or substantially all of their assets or merge with or into other companies; sell assets; in the case of restricted subsidiaries, create or permit to exist dividend or payment restrictions with respect to CCO Holdings, guarantee their parent companies debt, or issue specified equity interests; engage in certain transactions with affiliates; and grant liens. • • The above limitations in certain circumstances regarding incurrence of debt, payment of dividends and making investments contained in the indentures of CCO Holdings and CCOH Safari permit CCO Holdings and its restricted subsidiaries to perform the above, so long as, after giving pro forma effect to the above, the leverage ratio would be below a specified level for the issuer. The leverage ratio under the indentures is 6.0 to 1.0. F- 19 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) CCO Safari II Notes In July 2015, CCO Safari II, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, closed on transactions in which it issued $15.5 billion in aggregate principal amount of senior secured notes comprised of $2.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 3.579% senior secured notes due 2020, $3.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 4.464% senior secured notes due 2022, $4.5 billion aggregate principal amount of 4.908% senior secured notes due 2025, $2.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 6.384% senior secured notes due 2035, $3.5 billion aggregate principal amount of 6.484% senior secured notes due 2045 and $500 million aggregate principal amount of 6.834% senior notes due 2055. The net proceeds from the issuance of the CCO Safari II notes were deposited into an escrow account, included in restricted cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015, and will be used to partially finance the TWC Transaction as well as for general corporate purposes. The release of the proceeds to the Company is subject to satisfaction of certain conditions, including the closing of the TWC Transaction. Upon release of the proceeds, CCO Safari II will merge into Charter Operating and the CCO Safari II notes will become obligations of Charter Operating and Charter Communications Operating Capital Corp. Contingent upon closing of the TWC Transaction and release of the proceeds from escrow, the Company will be obligated to pay approximately $143 million of additional debt issuance fees. Should the Merger Agreement be terminated prior to the consummation of the TWC Transaction, or upon expiration of the escrow agreement on May 23, 2016 (or six months following such date in the event of an extension of the Merger Agreement), such amounts placed in escrow must be used to settle any outstanding CCO Safari II notes at a price of 101% of the aggregate principal amount. Upon release of the proceeds from escrow, the CCO Safari II notes will be senior debt obligations of Charter Operating and Charter Communications Operating Capital Corp. and will be guaranteed by CCO Holdings and Charter Operating's subsidiaries. In addition, the CCO Safari II notes will be secured by a perfected first priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of Charter Operating to the extent such liens can be perfected under the Uniform Commercial Code by the filing of a financing statement and the liens will rank equally with the liens on the collateral securing obligations under the Charter Operating credit facilities. Upon release of the proceeds from escrow, Charter Operating may redeem some or all of the CCO Safari II notes at any time at a premium. CCO Safari II Notes - Restrictive Covenants The CCO Safari II notes are subject to the terms and conditions of the indenture governing the CCO Safari II notes as well as a separate escrow agreement until Charter Operating re-assumes its obligations for the CCO Safari II notes. The CCO Safari II notes contain customary representations and warranties and affirmative covenants with limited negative covenants. As required by the CCO Safari II indenture, CCO Safari II and Bank of America, N.A, as escrow agent, entered into an escrow agreement pursuant to which, CCO Safari II is required to maintain an escrow account over which the administrative agent has a perfected first priority security interest on behalf of the CCO Safari II notes holders. The events of default under the CCO Safari II indenture include, among others, the failure to make payments when due or within the applicable grace period. CCO Safari III Credit Facilities In August 2015, Charter Operating closed on a new term loan H facility ("Term H Loan") and a new term loan I facility ("Term I Loan") totaling an aggregate principal amount of $3.8 billion pursuant to the terms of Charter Operating’s Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated April 11, 2012 (the “Credit Agreement”). The Term H Loan was issued at a principal amount of $1.0 billion and matures in 2021. Pricing on the Term H Loan was set at LIBOR plus 2.50% with a LIBOR floor of 0.75% and issued at a price of 99.75% of the aggregate principal amount. The Term I Loan was issued at a principal amount of $2.8 billion and matures in 2023. Pricing on the Term I Loan was set at LIBOR plus 2.75% with a LIBOR floor of 0.75% and issued at a price of 99.75% of the aggregate principal amount. The CCO Safari III credit facilities form a portion of the debt financing to be used to fund the cash portion of the TWC Transaction. Charter Operating assigned all of its obligations with respect to the CCO Safari III credit facilities and transferred all of the proceeds from the CCO Safari III credit facilities to CCO Safari III, and CCO Safari III placed the funds in an escrow account, included in restricted cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015, pending the closing of the TWC Transaction, at which time, subject to certain conditions, Charter Operating will re-assume the obligations in respect of the CCO Safari III credit facilities under the Credit Agreement. Contingent upon closing of the TWC Transaction and release of the proceeds from escrow, Charter will be obligated to pay approximately $34 million of additional debt issuance fees. Should the TWC Transaction be terminated, such amounts placed into escrow will be used to settle any outstanding CCO Safari III credit facilities at a price of 99.75% of the aggregate principal amount. F- 20 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Charter Operating Credit Facilities The Charter Operating credit facilities have an outstanding principal amount of $3.6 billion at December 31, 2015 as follows: • A term loan A with a remaining principal amount of $647 million, which is repayable in quarterly installments and aggregating $66 million in 2016 and $75 million in 2017, with the remaining balance due at final maturity on April 22, 2018. Pricing on term loan A is LIBOR plus 2%; • A term loan E with a remaining principal amount of approximately $1.5 billion, which is repayable in equal quarterly installments and aggregating $15 million in each loan year, with the remaining balance due at final maturity on July 1, 2020. Pricing on term loan E is LIBOR plus 2.25% with a LIBOR floor of 0.75%; • A term loan F with a remaining principal amount of approximately $1.2 billion, which is repayable in equal quarterly installments and aggregating $12 million in each loan year, with the remaining balance due at final maturity on January 3, 2021. Pricing on term loan F is LIBOR plus 2.25% with a LIBOR floor of 0.75%; and • A revolving loan with an outstanding balance of $273 million at December 31, 2015 and allowing for borrowings of up to $1.3 billion, maturing on April 22, 2018. Pricing on the revolving loan is LIBOR plus 2% with a commitment fee of 0.30%. Amounts outstanding under the Charter Operating credit facilities bear interest, at Charter Operating’s election, at a base rate or LIBOR (0.42% and 0.17% as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively), as defined, plus an applicable margin. The Charter Operating credit facilities also allow us to enter into incremental term loans in the future, with amortization as set forth in the notices establishing such term loans. Although the Charter Operating credit facilities allow for the incurrence of a certain amount of incremental term loans subject to pro-forma compliance with its financial maintenance covenants, no assurance can be given that the Company could obtain additional incremental term loans in the future if Charter Operating sought to do so or what amount of incremental term loans would be allowable at any given time under the terms of the Charter Operating credit facilities. The obligations of Charter Operating under the Charter Operating credit facilities are guaranteed by Charter Operating’s immediate parent company, CCO Holdings, and subsidiaries of Charter Operating. The obligations are also secured by (i) a lien on substantially all of the assets of Charter Operating and its subsidiaries, to the extent such lien can be perfected under the Uniform Commercial Code by the filing of a financing statement, and (ii) a pledge by CCO Holdings of the equity interests owned by it in any of Charter Operating’s subsidiaries, as well as inter-company obligations owing to it by any of such entities. Charter Operating Credit Facilities — Restrictive Covenants The Charter Operating credit facilities contain representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants customary for financings of this type. The financial covenants measure performance against standards set for leverage to be tested as of the end of each quarter. The Charter Operating credit facilities contain provisions requiring mandatory loan prepayments under specific circumstances, including in connection with certain sales of assets, so long as the proceeds have not been reinvested in the business. Additionally, the Charter Operating credit facilities provisions contain an allowance for restricted payments so long as the consolidated leverage ratio is no greater than 3.5 after giving pro forma effect to such restricted payment. The Charter Operating credit facilities permit Charter Operating and its subsidiaries to make distributions to pay interest on the currently outstanding subordinated and parent company indebtedness, provided that, among other things, no default has occurred and is continuing under the Charter Operating credit facilities. The events of default under the Charter Operating credit facilities include, among other things: • • • • the failure to make payments when due or within the applicable grace period; the failure to comply with specified covenants including the covenant to maintain the consolidated leverage ratio at or below 5.0 to 1.0 and the consolidated first lien leverage ratio at or below 4.0 to 1.0; the failure to pay or the occurrence of events that cause or permit the acceleration of other indebtedness owing by CCO Holdings, Charter Operating, or Charter Operating’s subsidiaries in aggregate principal amounts in excess of $100 million; and similar to provisions contained in the note indentures and credit facility, the consummation of any change of control transaction resulting in any person or group having power, directly or indirectly, to vote more than 50% of the ordinary F- 21 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) voting power for the management of Charter Operating on a fully diluted basis and the occurrence of a ratings event including a downgrade in the corporate family rating during a ratings decline period. CCO Safari III Credit Facilities — Restrictive Covenants The CCO Safari III credit facilities are subject to the terms and conditions of a separate credit facility and escrow agreement until Charter Operating re-assumes its obligations for the loan. The CCO Safari III credit facilities contain customary representations and warranties and affirmative covenants with limited negative covenants prohibiting CCO Safari III from engaging in any material activities other than performing its obligations under the credit facilities and the escrow agreement or otherwise issuing other indebtedness pursuant to escrow arrangements similar to the CCO Safari III credit facilities and escrow agreement. As required by the CCO Safari III credit facilities, CCO Safari III, Bank of America, N.A., and U.S. Bank, N.A., as escrow agent, entered into an escrow agreement pursuant to which CCO Safari III is required to maintain an escrow account over which the administrative agent has a perfected first priority security interest on behalf of the CCO Safari III credit facilities lenders. The events of default under the CCO Safari III credit facilities include, among others: • • • the failure to make payments when due or within the applicable grace period; any acceleration of the loans and termination of the commitments under the Charter Operating credit facilities; and the escrow agreement shall cease to be in full force and effect or the lien in the escrow account shall cease to be enforceable with the same effect and priority. Limitations on Distributions Distributions by the Company’s subsidiaries to a parent company for payment of principal on parent company notes are restricted under the indentures and credit facilities discussed above, unless there is no default under the applicable indenture and credit facilities, and unless each applicable subsidiary’s leverage ratio test is met at the time of such distribution. As of December 31, 2015, there was no default under any of these indentures or credit facilities. Distributions by Charter Operating for payment of principal on parent company notes are further restricted by the covenants in its credit facilities. In addition to the limitation on distributions under the various indentures discussed above, distributions by the Company’s subsidiaries may only be made if they have “surplus” as defined in the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act. Liquidity and Future Principal Payments The Company continues to have significant amounts of debt, and its business requires significant cash to fund principal and interest payments on its debt, capital expenditures and ongoing operations. As set forth below, the Company has significant future principal payments beginning in 2018 and beyond. The Company continues to monitor the capital markets, and it expects to undertake refinancing transactions and utilize free cash flow and cash on hand to further extend or reduce the maturities of its principal obligations. The timing and terms of any refinancing transactions will be subject to market conditions. Based upon outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, 2015 and assuming the TWC Transaction closes in the second quarter of 2016, the amortization of term loans, and the maturity dates for all senior and subordinated notes, total future principal payments on the total borrowings under all debt agreements as of December 31, 2015, are as follows: Year Amount 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Thereafter $ 121 140 844 665 4,202 29,930 $ 35,902 F- 22 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) 9. Treasury Stock During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company withheld 196,523, 141,257 and 150,258 shares, respectively, of its common stock in payment of $38 million, $19 million and $15 million, respectively, of tax withholdings owed by employees upon vesting of restricted shares and stock options. As of December 31, 2015, Company also withheld 49,260 shares of its common stock representing the exercise costs owed by employees upon exercise of stock options. In December 2015 and 2014, Charter's board of directors approved the retirement of treasury stock and 245,783 and 141,257 shares of treasury stock were retired as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company accounted for treasury stock using the cost method and the treasury shares upon repurchase were reflected on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as a component of total shareholders’ equity. Upon retirement, these treasury shares were allocated between additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit based on the cost of original issue included in additional paid- in capital. 10. Common Stock Charter’s Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical except with respect to certain voting, transfer and conversion rights. Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share and holders of Class B common stock are entitled to votes equaling 35% of the voting interests in Charter on a fully diluted basis. The Company currently does not have any outstanding Class B Common Stock. In 2014 and 2013, the Company issued approximately 5.2 million and 4.5 million shares, respectively, of Charter Class A common stock as a result of exercises by holders who received warrants pursuant to the Joint Plan of Reorganization upon the Company's emergence from bankruptcy in 2009. The exercises resulted in proceeds to the Company of approximately $90 million and $76 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were no warrants outstanding. F- 23 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) The following table summarizes our shares outstanding for the three years ended December 31, 2015: BALANCE, December 31, 2012 Option exercises Restricted stock issuances, net of cancellations Stock issuances from exercise of warrants Restricted stock unit vesting Purchase of treasury stock (see Note 9) BALANCE, December 31, 2013 Option exercises Restricted stock issuances, net of cancellations Stock issuances from exercise of warrants Restricted stock unit vesting Purchase of treasury stock (see Note 9) BALANCE, December 31, 2014 Option exercises Restricted stock issuances, net of cancellations Restricted stock unit vesting Purchase of treasury stock (see Note 9) BALANCE, December 31, 2015 Class A Common Stock Class B Common Stock 101,176,247 543,221 4,879 4,481,656 88,330 (150,258) 106,144,075 640,342 9,090 5,243,167 104,270 (141,257) 111,999,687 579,173 6,920 98,831 (245,783) 112,438,828 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 11. Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities The Company uses interest rate derivative instruments to manage its interest costs and reduce the Company’s exposure to increases in floating interest rates. The Company manages its exposure to fluctuations in interest rates by maintaining a mix of fixed and variable rate debt. Using interest rate derivative instruments, the Company agrees to exchange, at specified intervals through 2017, the difference between fixed and variable interest amounts calculated by reference to agreed-upon notional principal amounts. The Company does not hold or issue derivative instruments for speculative trading purposes. The effect of interest rate derivatives on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets is presented in the table below: Accrued interest Other long-term liabilities Accumulated other comprehensive loss December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 $ $ $ 3 $ 10 $ (13) $ 2 16 (22) The Company holds interest rate derivative instruments not designated as hedges which are marked to fair value, with the impact recorded as a gain or loss on derivative instruments, net in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. While these interest rate derivative instruments are not designated as cash flow hedges for accounting purposes, management continues to believe such instruments are closely correlated with the respective debt, thus managing associated risk. These interest rate derivative F- 24 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) instruments were de-designated in 2013 and the balance that remains in accumulated other comprehensive loss for these interest rate derivative instruments is being amortized over the respective lives of the contracts and recorded as a loss within gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net in the Company's consolidated statements of operations. The estimated net amount of existing losses that are reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2015 that is expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next twelve months is approximately $8 million. The effects of derivative instruments on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations is presented in the table below. Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net: Change in fair value of interest rate derivative instruments not designated as cash flow hedges Loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings as a result of cash flow hedge discontinuance Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ 5 $ (9) (4) $ 12 $ (19) (7) $ 38 (27) 11 As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had $1.1 billion and $1.4 billion, respectively, in notional amounts of interest rate derivative instruments outstanding. In December 2016, $250 million of currently effective swaps expire and therefore the notional amount of currently effective interest rate swaps will decrease. The notional amounts of interest rate instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties and, thus, are not a measure of exposure to credit loss. The amounts exchanged were determined by reference to the notional amount and the other terms of the contracts. 12. Fair Value Measurements The accounting guidance establishes a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements, based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date, as follows: • Level 1 – inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. • Level 2 – inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. • Level 3 – inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. Financial Assets and Liabilities The Company has estimated the fair value of its financial instruments as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 using available market information or other appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment, however, is required in interpreting market data to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company would realize in a current market exchange. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, payables and other current assets and liabilities approximate fair value because of the short maturity of those instruments. The Company's restricted cash and cash equivalents are primarily invested in money market funds and 90-day or less commercial paper. The money market funds are valued at the closing price reported by the fund sponsor from an actively traded exchange and commercial paper is valued at cost plus the accretion of the discount on a yield to maturity basis, which approximated fair value. The money market funds and commercial paper potentially subject us to concentration of credit risk. The amount invested within any one financial instrument did not exceed $1.5 billion and $550 million during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were no significant concentrations of financial instruments in a single investee, industry or geographic location. F- 25 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) The interest rate derivative instruments are valued using a present value calculation based on an implied forward LIBOR curve (adjusted for Charter Operating’s or counterparties’ credit risk). The weighted average pay rate for the Company’s currently effective interest rate derivative instruments was 1.61% and 1.87% at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively (exclusive of applicable spreads). The Company's financial instruments that are accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis are presented in the table below. December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets Money market funds Commercial paper Liabilities Interest rate derivatives $ $ $ 14,330 $ — $ — $ $ 7,934 — $ — $ 4,112 $ — $ — $ $ 2,999 — — — $ 13 $ — $ — $ 18 $ — A summary of the carrying value and fair value of the Company’s debt at December 31, 2015 and 2014 is as follows: Debt Senior notes Credit facilities December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value $ $ 28,433 7,290 $ $ 28,744 7,274 $ $ 13,725 7,162 $ $ 14,205 7,186 The estimated fair value of the Company’s senior notes at December 31, 2015 and 2014 is based on quoted market prices in active markets and is classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy, while the estimated fair value of the Company's credit facilities is based on quoted market prices in inactive markets and is classified within Level 2. Non-financial Assets and Liabilities The Company’s non-financial assets such as franchises, property, plant, and equipment, and other intangible assets are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis; however they are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as when there is evidence that an impairment may exist. No impairments were recorded in 2015, 2014 and 2013. F- 26 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) 13. Operating Costs and Expenses Operating costs and expenses consist of the following for the years presented: Programming Franchise, regulatory and connectivity Costs to service customers Marketing Transition costs Other $ Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ 2,678 435 1,705 619 72 917 $ 2,459 428 1,679 610 14 783 2,146 399 1,575 557 — 668 $ 6,426 $ 5,973 $ 5,345 Programming costs consist primarily of costs paid to programmers for basic, premium, digital, video on demand, and pay-per- view programming. Franchise, regulatory and connectivity costs represent payments to franchise and regulatory authorities and costs directly related to providing Internet and voice services. Costs to service customers include costs related to field operations, network operations and customer care for the Company's residential and small and medium business customers including internal and third party labor for installations, service and repairs, maintenance, billing and collection, occupancy and vehicle costs. Marketing costs represents the costs of marketing to our current and potential commercial and residential customers including labor costs. Transition costs represent incremental costs incurred to increase the scale of the Company's business as a result of the TWC Transaction, Bright House Transaction and Comcast Transactions. See Notes 3 and 8 for additional information. Other includes bad debt expense, corporate overhead, advertising sales expenses, costs associated with the Company's enterprise business customers, property tax and insurance and stock compensation expense, among others. 14. Other Operating Expenses, Net Other operating expenses, net consist of the following for the years presented: Merger and acquisition costs Special charges, net Loss on sale of assets, net Merger and acquisition costs Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ $ 70 15 4 89 $ $ 38 14 10 62 $ 16 23 8 47 Merger and acquisition costs represents costs incurred in connection with merger and acquisition transactions, such as advisory, legal and accounting fees, among others. Special charges, net Special charges, net, primarily includes severance charges and net amounts of litigation settlements. Loss on sale of assets, net Loss on sale of assets, net, represents the net loss recognized on the sales and disposals of fixed assets and cable systems. F- 27 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) 15. Stock Compensation Plans Charter’s 2009 Stock Incentive Plan provides for grants of non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, dividend equivalent rights, performance units and performance shares, share awards, phantom stock, restricted stock units and restricted stock. Directors, officers and other employees of the Company and its subsidiaries, as well as others performing consulting services for the Company, are eligible for grants under the 2009 Stock Incentive Plan. The 2009 Stock Incentive Plan allows for the issuance of up to 14 million shares of Charter Class A common stock (or units convertible into Charter Class A common stock). Stock options granted prior to 2014 generally vest annually over three or four years from either the grant date or delayed vesting commencement dates. Stock options generally expire ten years from the grant date. Restricted stock vests annually over a one to four-year period beginning from the date of grant. Certain stock options and restricted stock vest based on achievement of stock price hurdles. Restricted stock units have no voting rights, and restricted stock units granted prior to 2014 vest ratably over three or four years from either the grant date or delayed vesting commencement dates. Stock options and restricted stock units granted in 2014 and 2015 cliff vest over three years. As of December 31, 2015, total unrecognized compensation remaining to be recognized in future periods totaled $89 million for stock options, $2 million for restricted stock and $31 million for restricted stock units and the weighted average period over which they are expected to be recognized is 2 years for stock options, 3 months for restricted stock and 2 years for restricted stock units. The Company recorded $78 million, $55 million and $48 million of stock compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, which is included in operating costs and expenses. A summary of the activity for the Company’s stock options for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, is as follows (shares in thousands, except per share data): 2015 Weighted Average Exercise Price Shares Year Ended December 31, 2014 Aggregate Intrinsic Value Shares Weighted Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value Shares 2013 Weighted Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value Outstanding, beginning of period Granted Exercised Canceled 3,689 $ 86.29 1,301 $ 160.16 3,142 $ 59.86 1,234 $ 136.75 3,552 $ 54.35 276 $ 108.89 (579) $ 65.34 $ 68 (640) $ 52.50 $ 55 (543) $ 51.22 $ 33 (72) $ 140.36 (47) $ 104.57 (143) $ 50.54 Outstanding, end of period 4,339 $ 110.34 $ 316 3,689 $ 86.29 3,142 $ 59.86 Weighted average remaining contractual life 7 years 7 years 7 years Options exercisable, end of period 1,354 $ 55.95 $ 172 1,317 $ 55.65 1,128 $ 52.07 Options expected to vest, end of period 2,730 $ 132.41 $ 139 Weighted average fair value of options granted $ 59.86 $ 55.08 $ 41.52 F- 28 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) A summary of the activity for the Company’s restricted stock for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, is as follows (shares in thousands, except per share data): 2015 Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 Weighted Average Grant Price Shares Weighted Average Grant Price Shares Weighted Average Grant Price Shares Outstanding, beginning of period Granted Vested Canceled 431 7 (220) $ — $ 57.24 $ $ 182.05 58.92 — 653 9 (231) $ — $ 56.14 $ $ 138.57 57.35 — 928 13 (280) $ (8) $ 54.16 $ $ 101.81 51.62 56.50 Outstanding, end of period 218 $ 59.50 431 $ 57.24 653 $ 56.14 A summary of the activity for the Company’s restricted stock units for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, is as follows (shares in thousands, except per share data): 2015 Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 Weighted Average Grant Price Shares Weighted Average Grant Price Shares Weighted Average Grant Price Shares Outstanding, beginning of period Granted Vested Canceled $ 104.01 325 $ 162.01 164 (99) $ 71.12 (17) $ 140.55 $ 74.73 288 $ 136.54 153 (104) $ 70.23 (12) $ 112.53 327 73 (88) $ (24) $ $ 61.79 $ 109.96 61.17 55.28 Outstanding, end of period 373 $ 136.51 325 $ 104.01 288 $ 74.73 16. Income Taxes All of Charter’s operations are held through Charter Holdco and its direct and indirect subsidiaries. Prior to July 2, 2015, Charter Holdco was treated as a partnership for tax purposes. Effective on July 2, 2015, Charter elected to treat two of its wholly owned subsidiaries as disregarded entities for federal and state income tax purposes (the “Election”). The subsidiaries that made the Election are two of the three partners in Charter Holdco. This Election resulted in a deemed liquidation of Charter Holdco into Charter solely for federal and state income tax purposes, and resulted in a net increase of $638 million to the tax basis of Charter Holdco's amortizable and depreciable assets. After the Election, all taxable income, gains, losses, deductions and credits of Charter Holdco and its indirect limited liability company subsidiaries will be treated as income of Charter. In addition, the indirect subsidiaries of Charter Holdco that are corporations joined the Charter consolidated group. The impact of the Election to the Charter income tax provision, net of valuation allowance, was $187 million of income tax benefit recorded as a discrete tax event during the year ended December 31, 2015. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, the Company recorded deferred income tax benefit (expense) as shown below. Income tax benefit (expense) is recognized primarily through decreases (increases) in deferred tax liabilities related to Charter’s franchises which are characterized as indefinite-lived for book financial reporting purposes, as well as to a lesser extent through current federal and state income tax expense. The tax provision in future periods will vary based on current and future temporary differences, as well as future operating results. F- 29 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Current and deferred income tax benefit (expense) is as follows: Current expense: Federal income taxes State income taxes Current income tax expense Deferred benefit (expense): Federal income taxes State income taxes Deferred income tax benefit (expense) Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ (1) $ (4) (5) 53 12 65 (1) $ (2) (3) (192) (41) (233) Income tax benefit (expense) $ 60 $ (236) $ (1) (7) (8) (101) (11) (112) (120) Income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2015 changed from income tax expense recognized during the year ended December 31, 2014 primarily as a result of the deemed liquidation of Charter Holdco. Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2013 included step-ups in basis of indefinite-lived assets for tax, but not GAAP purposes, including the effects of partnership gains related to financing transactions and a partnership restructuring, which decreased the Company's net deferred tax liability related to indefinite-lived assets by $137 million. Of the $137 million decrease in net deferred tax liability, $101 million of deferred tax benefits correspond to gains recognized by corporate subsidiaries of Charter, which were partners in Charter Holdco. These gains resulted in a step-up in the underlying tax basis of Charter Holdco's assets and a corresponding reduction in the deferred tax liabilities for financial reporting purposes. In addition, on December 31, 2013, Charter restructured one of its tax partnerships which resulted in a $405 million net step-up to primarily intangible assets and a deferred income tax benefit of $36 million due to a shift in step-ups to indefinite-lived intangibles. F- 30 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) The Company’s effective tax rate differs from that derived by applying the applicable federal income tax rate of 35% for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively, as follows: Statutory federal income taxes Statutory state income taxes, net Nondeductible expenses Change in valuation allowance Organizational restructuring Federal tax credit State rate changes Other Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2015 $ $ 116 (4) (12) (250) 187 18 4 1 (18) $ (2) (10) (203) — — (3) — Income tax benefit (expense) $ 60 $ (236) $ 17 (7) (3) (127) — — 4 (4) (120) The change in the valuation allowance above differs from the change between the beginning and ending deferred tax position due to a reduction of certain deferred tax assets and valuation allowance with no impact to the consolidated statements of operations. The tax effects of these temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2015 and 2014 are presented below. Deferred tax assets: Goodwill Investment in partnership Loss carryforwards Other intangibles Accrued and other Total gross deferred tax assets Less: valuation allowance Deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Indefinite life intangibles Property, plant and equipment Indirect corporate subsidiaries: Indefinite life intangibles Other Deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax liabilities F- 31 $ $ $ December 31, 2015 2014 $ 315 — 4,247 211 227 5,000 (3,186) 251 293 3,595 112 172 4,423 (3,149) 1,814 $ 1,274 (1,582) $ (1,822) — — (1,428) (1,247) (122) (125) (3,404) (2,922) $ (1,590) $ (1,648) CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Net deferred tax liabilities included approximately $28 million and $234 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, relating to certain indirect subsidiaries that file separate income tax returns. The decrease in net deferred tax liabilities relating to certain indirect subsidiaries is a result of Charter Holdco’s indirect subsidiaries that are corporations joining the Charter consolidated group as noted above in connection with the Election. Following the Election, the remaining indirect subsidiary deferred tax balances represent only certain state jurisdictions. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. Due to the Company’s history of losses, valuation allowances have been established except for future taxable income that will result from the reversal of existing temporary differences for which deferred tax liabilities are recognized. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent on generating sufficient taxable income prior to expiration of the loss carryforwards. The amount of the deferred tax assets considered realizable and, therefore, reflected in the consolidated balance sheet, would be increased at such time that it is more-likely-than-not future taxable income will be realized during the carryforward period. The Company periodically evaluates the facts and circumstances surrounding this assessment and, at the time this consideration is met, an adjustment to reverse some portion of the existing valuation allowance would result. As of December 31, 2015, Charter had approximately $11.3 billion of federal tax net operating loss carryforwards resulting in a gross deferred tax asset of approximately $4.0 billion. Federal tax net operating loss carryforwards expire in the years 2020 through 2035; with $560 million expiring through 2023, $5.7 billion expiring between 2024 and 2028, and $5.0 billion expiring thereafter. These losses resulted from the operations of Charter Holdco and its subsidiaries. In addition, as of December 31, 2015, Charter had state tax net operating loss carryforwards, resulting in a gross deferred tax asset (net of federal tax benefit) of approximately $365 million. State tax net operating loss carryforwards generally expire in the years 2016 through 2035. Included in the loss carryforwards is $222 million of loss, the tax benefit of which will be recorded through equity when realized as a reduction of income tax payable. On May 1, 2013, Liberty Media Corporation (“Liberty Media”) completed its purchase of a 27% beneficial interest in Charter. Upon closing, Charter experienced a second “ownership change” as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code resulting in a second set of limitations on Charter’s use of its existing federal and state net operating losses, capital losses, and tax credit carryforwards. The first ownership change limitations that applied as a result of our emergence from bankruptcy in 2009 will also continue to apply. As of December 31, 2015, $9.1 billion of federal tax loss carryforwards are unrestricted and available for Charter’s immediate use, while approximately $2.2 billion of federal tax loss carryforwards are still subject to Section 382 and other restrictions. Pursuant to these restrictions, Charter estimates that approximately $400 million in 2016 and an additional $226 million annually over each of the next eight years of federal tax loss carryforwards should become unrestricted and available for Charter's use. Since the limitation amounts accumulate for future use to the extent they are not utilized in any given year, Charter believes its loss carryforwards should become fully available to offset future taxable income, if any. Charter’s state loss carryforwards are subject to similar, but varying limitations on their future use. If the Company was to experience another “ownership change” in the future, its ability to use its loss carryforwards could be subject to further limitations. In determining the Company’s tax provision for financial reporting purposes, the Company establishes a reserve for uncertain tax positions unless such positions are determined to be “more likely than not” of being sustained upon examination, based on their technical merits. There is considerable judgment involved in making such a determination. The Company has recorded unrecognized tax benefits totaling approximately $5 million as of December 31, 2015, presented net of deferred taxes. The Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2014. The Company does not currently anticipate that its existing reserves related to uncertain income tax positions as of December 31, 2015 will significantly increase or decrease during the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2016; however, various events could cause the Company’s current expectations to change in the future. These uncertain tax positions, if ever recognized in the financial statements, would be recorded in the consolidated statements of operations as part of the income tax provision. No tax years for Charter or Charter Holdco, for income tax purposes, are currently under examination by the IRS. Tax years ending 2012 through 2015 remain subject to examination and assessment. Years prior to 2012 remain open solely for purposes of examination of Charter’s loss and credit carryforwards. F- 32 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) 17. Related Party Transactions The following sets forth certain transactions in which the Company and the directors, executive officers, and affiliates of the Company are involved or, in the case of the management arrangements, subsidiaries that are debt issuers that pay certain of their parent companies for services. Charter is a party to management arrangements with Charter Holdco and certain of its subsidiaries. Under these agreements, Charter and Charter Holdco provide management services for the cable systems owned or operated by their subsidiaries. Costs associated with providing these services are charged directly to the Company’s operating subsidiaries. All other costs incurred on behalf of Charter’s operating subsidiaries are considered a part of the management fee. These costs are recorded as a component of operating costs and expenses, in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The management fee charged to the Company’s operating subsidiaries approximated the expenses incurred by Charter Holdco and Charter on behalf of the Company’s operating subsidiaries in 2015, 2014, and 2013. Equity Investments On May 1, 2015, the Company acquired a 35% equity interest in ActiveVideo Networks ("AVN") for $55 million in cash representing the initial investment, a capital call and associated transaction fees. AVN is the developer of CloudTV, a cloud-based software platform enabling service providers, content aggregators, and consumer electronic manufacturers to deploy new services by virtualizing consumer premise equipment functions in the cloud. AVN’s software platform is one of the key technologies enabling the development and deployment of the Company’s cloud-based user interface, Spectrum Guide®. The Company applies the equity method of accounting to this investment which is recorded in other noncurrent assets in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recorded equity losses for AVN and other investments of $7 million in other expense, net. The Company has agreements with AVN and other equity investments pursuant to which the Company made related party transaction payments to investees totaling approximately $28 million during the year ended December 31, 2015. Liberty Broadband On May 23, 2015, in connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement and the amendment of the Contribution Agreement, Charter entered into the Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement with Liberty Broadband, A/N and New Charter (the “Stockholders Agreement”). The Stockholders Agreement replaced Charter’s existing stockholders agreement with Liberty Broadband, dated September 29, 2014, and superseded the amended and restated stockholders agreement among Charter, New Charter, Liberty Broadband and A/N, dated March 31, 2015. Charter’s existing stockholders agreement with Liberty Broadband (as amended by an investment agreement between Liberty Broadband, Charter and New Charter, dated as of May 23, 2015) will remain in effect until the closing of the TWC Transaction or the Bright House Transaction, whichever occurs earlier, and, in the event the Stockholders Agreement is terminated, will revive and continue in full force and effect. Certain provisions of the Stockholders Agreement became effective upon its execution. See Note 3 for additional information. Under the terms of the Stockholders Agreement, the number of New Charter directors will be fixed at 13, and will include New Charter’s chief executive officer. Upon the closing of the Bright House Transaction, two designees selected by A/N and three designees selected by Liberty Broadband will become members of the board of directors of New Charter. The remaining eight directors (other than the chief executive officer, who is expected to become chairman of the board) will be independent directors selected by the nominating committee of the New Charter board by the approval of both a majority of the nominating committee and a majority of the directors that were not appointed by either A/N or Liberty Broadband. Thereafter, Liberty Broadband will be entitled to designate three nominees to be elected as directors and A/N will be entitled to designate two nominees to be elected as directors, in each case provided that each maintains certain specified voting or equity ownership thresholds, provided that each nominee must meet any applicable requirements or qualifications. Each of A/N and Liberty Broadband will be entitled to nominate at least one director to each of the committees of the Charter board of directors, subject to applicable stock exchange listing rules and certain specified voting or equity ownership thresholds for each of A/N and Liberty Broadband, and provided that the nominating and compensation committees will have at least a majority of directors independent from A/N, Liberty Broadband and New Charter (referred to as the “unaffiliated directors”). The nominating committee will be comprised of three unaffiliated directors, and one designee of each of A/N and Liberty Broadband. A/N and Liberty Broadband also will have certain other committee designation and other governance rights. Mr. Thomas Rutledge, the Company's Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), will be offered the positions of CEO and chairman of New Charter. F- 33 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) The Company is aware that Dr. Malone may be deemed to have a 36.8% voting interest in Liberty Interactive and is Chairman of the board of directors, an executive officer position, of Liberty Interactive. Liberty Interactive owns 38.0% of the common stock of HSN, Inc. (“HSN”) and has the right to elect 20% of the board members of HSN. Liberty Interactive wholly owns QVC, Inc (“QVC”). The Company has programming relationships with HSN and QVC which pre-date the Liberty Media Transaction. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and nine months ended December 31, 2013, the Company recorded payments in aggregate of approximately $17 million, $14 million and $10 million, respectively, from HSN and QVC as part of channel carriage fees and revenue sharing arrangements for home shopping sales made to customers in Charter's footprint. Dr. Malone also serves on the board of directors of Discovery Communications, Inc., (“Discovery”) and the Company is aware that Dr. Malone owns 4.8% in the aggregate of the common stock of Discovery and has a 28.7% voting interest in Discovery for the election of directors. In addition, Dr. Malone owns approximately 10.8% in the aggregate of the common stock of Starz and has 47.2% of the voting power. Mr. Gregory Maffei, a member of Charter's board of directors, is a non-executive Chairman of the board of Starz. The Company purchases programming from both Discovery and Starz pursuant to agreements entered into prior to Dr. Malone and Mr. Maffei joining Charter's board of directors. Based on publicly available information, the Company does not believe that either Discovery or Starz would currently be considered related parties. The amounts paid in aggregate to Discovery and Starz represent less than 3% of total operating costs and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and nine months ended December 31, 2013. 18. Commitments and Contingencies Commitments The following table summarizes the Company’s payment obligations as of December 31, 2015 for its contractual obligations. Total 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Thereafter Contractual Obligations Operating Lease Obligations (1) Programming Minimum Commitments (2) Other (3) $ $ $ 183 545 435 51 265 397 $ 46 239 19 $ 32 13 10 23 14 3 $ 12 11 2 Total $ 1,163 $ 713 $ 304 $ 55 $ 40 $ 25 $ 19 3 4 26 (1) The Company leases certain facilities and equipment under non-cancelable operating leases. Leases and rental costs charged to expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were $49 million, $43 million, $34 million, respectively. (2) The Company pays programming fees under multi-year contracts ranging from three to ten years, typically based on a flat fee per customer, which may be fixed for the term, or may in some cases escalate over the term. Programming costs included in the accompanying statement of operations were $2.7 billion, $2.5 billion and $2.1 billion for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 respectively. Certain of the Company’s programming agreements are based on a flat fee per month or have guaranteed minimum payments. The table sets forth the aggregate guaranteed minimum commitments under the Company’s programming contracts. (3) “Other” represents other guaranteed minimum commitments, which consist primarily of commitments to the Company's customer premise equipment vendors. The following items are not included in the contractual obligation table due to various factors discussed below. However, the Company incurs these costs as part of its operations: • The Company rents utility poles used in its operations. Generally, pole rentals are cancelable on short notice, but the Company anticipates that such rentals will recur. Rent expense incurred for pole rental attachments for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $53 million, $49 million, and $49 million, respectively. F- 34 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) • The Company pays franchise fees under multi-year franchise agreements based on a percentage of revenues generated from video service per year. The Company also pays other franchise related costs, such as public education grants, under multi-year agreements. Franchise fees and other franchise-related costs included in the accompanying statement of operations were $212 million, $208 million, and $190 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 respectively. • The Company also has $67 million in letters of credit, primarily to its various worker’s compensation, property and casualty, and general liability carriers, as collateral for reimbursement of claims. Litigation In 2014, following an announcement by Comcast and TWC of their intent to merge, Breffni Barrett and others filed suit in the Supreme Court of the State of New York for the County of New York against Comcast, TWC and their respective officers and directors. Later five similar class actions were consolidated with this matter (the “NY Actions”). The NY Actions were settled in July 2014, however, such settlement was terminated following the termination of the Comcast and TWC merger in April 2015. In May 2015, Charter and TWC announced their intent to merge. Subsequently, the parties in the NY Actions filed a Second Consolidated Class Action Complaint (the “Second Amended Complaint”), removing Comcast and Tango Acquisition Sub, Inc. as defendants and naming TWC, the members of the TWC board of directors, Charter and the merger subsidiaries as defendants. The Second Amended Complaint generally alleges, among other things, that the members of the TWC board of directors breached their fiduciary duties to TWC stockholders during the Charter merger negotiations and by entering into the merger agreement and approving the mergers, and that Charter and its subsidiaries aided and abetted such breaches of fiduciary duties. The complaint sought, among other relief, injunctive relief enjoining the stockholder vote on the mergers, unspecified declaratory and equitable relief, compensatory damages in an unspecified amount, and costs and attorneys’ fees. In September 2015, the parties entered into a memorandum of understanding (“MOU”) to settle the action. Pursuant to the MOU, the defendants issued certain supplemental disclosures relating to the mergers on a Form 8-K, and plaintiffs agreed to release with prejudice all claims that could have been asserted against defendants in connection with the mergers. The settlement is conditioned on, among other things, consummation of the transactions between TWC and Charter, and must be approved by the New York Supreme Court. In the event that the New York Supreme Court does not approve the settlement, the defendants intend to vigorously defend against any further litigation. In August 2015, a purported stockholder of Charter filed a lawsuit in the Delaware Court of Chancery, on behalf of a putative class of Charter stockholders, challenging the transactions between Charter, TWC, A/N, and Liberty Broadband announced by Charter on May 26, 2015 (collectively, the “Transactions”). The lawsuit names as defendants Liberty Broadband, Charter, the board of directors of Charter, and New Charter. Plaintiff alleged that the Transactions improperly benefit Liberty Broadband at the expense of other Charter shareholders, and that Charter issued a false and misleading proxy statement in connection with the Transactions. Plaintiff requested, among other things, that the Delaware Court of Chancery enjoin the September 21, 2015 special meeting of Charter stockholders at which Charter stockholders were asked to vote on the Transactions until the defendants disclosed certain information relating to Charter and the Transactions. The disclosures demanded by the plaintiff included (i) certain unlevered free cash flow projections for Charter and (ii) a Form of Proxy and Right of First Refusal Agreement (“Proxy”) by and among Liberty Broadband, A/N, Charter and New Charter, which was referenced in the description of the Second Amended and Restated Stockholders Agreement, dated May 23, 2015, among Charter, New Charter, Liberty Broadband and A/N. On September 9, 2015, Charter issued supplemental disclosures containing unlevered free cash flow projections for Charter. In return, the plaintiff agreed its disclosure claims were moot and withdrew its application to enjoin the Charter stockholder vote on the Transactions. Charter has not yet responded to this suit but intends to deny any liability, believes that it has substantial defenses, and intends to vigorously defend this suit. The Montana Department of Revenue ("Montana DOR") generally assesses property taxes on cable companies at 3% and on telephone companies at 6%. Historically, Bresnan's cable and telephone operations have been taxed separately by the Montana DOR. In 2010, the Montana DOR assessed Bresnan as a single telephone business and retroactively assessed it as such for 2007 through 2009. Bresnan filed a declaratory judgment action against the Montana DOR in Montana State Court challenging its property tax classifications for 2007 through 2010. The Montana State Court issued decisions in favor of Bresnan. The Montana DOR filed a notice of appeal to the Montana Supreme Court on September 20, 2012. On December 2, 2013, the Montana Supreme Court reversed the trial court’s decision. On June 19, 2014, the parties settled this dispute. For tax years 2007 through 2009, F- 35 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Charter reduced Bresnan acquisition liabilities by approximately $8 million with the offset to goodwill in 2014, and operating expenses were reduced by approximately $3 million for post-acquisition tax years. The Company is a defendant or co-defendant in several lawsuits involving alleged infringement of various patents relating to various aspects of its businesses. Other industry participants are also defendants in certain of these cases. In the event that a court ultimately determines that the Company infringes on any intellectual property rights, the Company may be subject to substantial damages and/or an injunction that could require the Company or its vendors to modify certain products and services the Company offers to its subscribers, as well as negotiate royalty or license agreements with respect to the patents at issue. While the Company believes the lawsuits are without merit and intends to defend the actions vigorously, no assurance can be given that any adverse outcome would not be material to the Company's consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. The Company cannot predict the outcome of any such claims nor can it reasonably estimate a range of possible loss. The Company is party to lawsuits and claims that arise in the ordinary course of conducting its business, including lawsuits claiming violation of wage and hour laws. The ultimate outcome of these other legal matters pending against the Company cannot be predicted, and although such lawsuits and claims are not expected individually to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations or liquidity, such lawsuits could have, in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. Whether or not the Company ultimately prevails in any particular lawsuit or claim, litigation can be time consuming and costly and injure the Company's reputation. Regulation in the Cable Industry The operation of a cable system is extensively regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”), some state governments and most local governments. The FCC has the authority to enforce its regulations through the imposition of substantial fines, the issuance of cease and desist orders and/or the imposition of other administrative sanctions, such as the revocation of FCC licenses needed to operate certain transmission facilities used in connection with cable operations. Future legislative and regulatory changes could adversely affect the Company’s operations. 19. Employee Benefit Plan The Company’s employees may participate in the Charter Communications, Inc. 401(k) Plan. Employees that qualify for participation can contribute up to 50% of their salary, on a pre-tax basis, subject to a maximum contribution limit as determined by the Internal Revenue Service. Each payroll period, the Company will contribute to the 401(k) Plan the total amount of the salary contribution the employee elects to defer between 1% and 50%. The Company’s matching contribution is discretionary and is equal to 50% of the amount of the salary reduction the participant elects to defer (up to 6% of the participant’s eligible compensation), excluding any catch-up contributions and is paid by the Company on a per pay period basis. The Company made contributions to the 401(k) plan totaling $23 million, $19 million and $16 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 20. Recently Issued Accounting Standards In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASU 2014-09"), which is a comprehensive revenue recognition standard that will supersede nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The new standard provides a single principles- based, five-step model to be applied to all contracts with customers, which steps are to (1) identify the contract(s) with the customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (5) recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied. More specifically, revenue will be recognized when promised goods or services are transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration expected in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 will be effective, reflecting the one-year deferral, for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (January 1, 2018 for the Company). Early adoption of the standard is permitted but not before the original effective date. Companies can transition to the standard either retrospectively or as a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the date of adoption. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2014-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements and selecting the method of transition to the new standard. F- 36 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs ("ASU 2015-03"), which requires the cost of issuing debt to no longer be recorded as a separate asset but rather to be presented on the balance sheet as a direct reduction to the carrying value of the related debt liability, similar to the presentation of debt discounts. ASU 2015-03 will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015 (January 1, 2016 for the Company) including retrospective conforming presentation of prior periods presented. Early adoption of the standard is permitted. The Company early adopted ASU 2015-03 on December 31, 2015. The adoption of this standard resulted in a reclassification of deferred financing costs which caused a $136 million reduction to both other noncurrent assets and long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2014; but it had no effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-05, Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement ("ASU 2015-05"), which provides guidance in determining whether fees for purchasing cloud computing services (or hosted software solutions) are considered internal-use software or should be considered a service contract. The cloud computing agreement that includes a software license should be accounted for in the same manner as internal-use software if customer has contractual right to take possession of the software during the hosting period without significant penalty and it is feasible to either run the software on customer’s hardware or contract with another vendor to host the software. Arrangements that don’t meet the requirements for internal-use software should be accounted for as a service contract. ASU 2015-05 will be effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015 (January 1, 2016 for the Company). Early adoption of the standard is permitted. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2015-05 will have on its consolidated financial statements. This new accounting standard is not anticipated to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes (“ASU 2015-17”), which requires that all deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent amounts on the balance sheet. ASU 2015-17 will be effective for interim and annuals periods beginning after December 15, 2016 (January 1, 2017 for the Company) and may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. Early adoption of the standard is permitted. The Company early adopted this standard retrospectively on December 31, 2015. The adoption of this standard resulted in a reclassification of current deferred tax assets which caused a $26 million reduction to both prepaid expenses and other current assets and deferred income taxes on the Company’s balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2014; but had no effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. 21. Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data The following table presents quarterly data for the periods presented on the consolidated statement of operations: Revenues Income from operations Net income (loss) Earnings (loss) per common share: Basic Diluted Year Ended December 31, 2015 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,362 249 $ (81) $ $ 2,430 269 $ (122) $ (0.73) $ (0.73) $ (1.09) $ (1.09) $ $ $ $ $ 2,450 273 54 0.48 0.48 2,512 323 (122) (1.09) (1.09) Weighted average common share outstanding: Basic Diluted 111,655,617 111,655,617 111,783,504 111,783,504 111,928,113 113,339,885 112,106,255 112,106,255 F- 37 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Year Ended December 31, 2014 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter $ $ $ $ $ 2,202 240 $ (37) $ $ 2,259 236 $ (45) $ $ 2,287 218 $ (53) $ 2,360 277 (48) (0.35) $ (0.42) $ (0.49) $ (0.44) 106,439,198 107,975,937 108,792,605 110,242,507 Revenues Income from operations Net loss Loss per common share, basic and diluted Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted 22. Consolidating Schedules The accompanying consolidating financial information has been prepared and presented pursuant to SEC Regulation S-X Rule 3-10, Financial Statements of Guarantors and Affiliates Whose Securities Collateralize an Issue Registered or Being Registered. This information is not intended to present the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the individual companies or groups of companies in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Safari Escrow Entities column consists of CCOH Safari, CCO Safari II and CCO Safari III. CCOH Safari issued the 2026 Notes and issued the CCOH Safari notes that were repaid in April 2015 upon receiving the Termination Notice of the Comcast Transactions. CCO Safari II and CCO Safari III issued the CCO Safari II notes and the CCO Safari III credit facilities, respectively. The CCO Holdings notes are obligations of CCO Holdings. However, the CCO Holdings notes are also jointly, severally, fully and unconditionally guaranteed on an unsecured senior basis by Charter. The Charter Operating and Restricted Subsidiaries column is presented as a requirement pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement. The Unrestricted Subsidiary column consists of CCO Safari which is a Non-Recourse Subsidiary under the Credit Agreement and that held the Term G Loans. The Term G Loans were also repaid in April 2015 upon receiving the Termination Notice of the Comcast Transactions. See Note 8 for additional information. On December 31, 2015, the CCV III, LLC preferred interest held by CCH I, LLC was canceled. Consolidating financial statements as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 follow. F- 38 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Charter Communications, Inc. Consolidating Balance Sheet As of December 31, 2015 Intermediate Holding Companies Safari Escrow Entities CCO Holdings Charter Charter Operating and Restricted Subsidiaries Unrestricted Subsidiary - CCO Safari Eliminations Charter Consolidated ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS: Cash and cash equivalents $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 5 $ — $ — $ Accounts receivable, net Receivables from related party Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets RESTRICTED CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS INVESTMENT IN CABLE PROPERTIES: Property, plant and equipment, net Franchises Customer relationships, net Goodwill Total investment in cable properties, net 8 51 — 59 — — — — — — INVESTMENT IN SUBSIDIARIES LOANS RECEIVABLE – RELATED PARTY OTHER NONCURRENT ASSETS 1,468 — — 7 297 6 310 — — — — — 22,264 28 — — — 28 816 333 216 — — — — — — — — — 14 — 14 — — — — — — 11,303 613 — 264 — 55 324 — 8,317 6,006 856 1,168 16,347 — 563 116 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (362) — (362) — — — — — — (13,587) (1,509) — 5 279 — 61 345 22,264 8,345 6,006 856 1,168 16,375 — — 332 Total assets $ 1,527 $ 1,703 $ 22,264 $ 11,930 $ 17,350 $ — $ (15,458) $ 39,316 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’/MEMBER’S EQUITY (DEFICIT) CURRENT LIABILITIES: Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ Payables to related party Total current liabilities LONG-TERM DEBT LOANS PAYABLE – RELATED PARTY DEFERRED INCOME TAXES OTHER LONG-TERM LIABILITIES SHAREHOLDERS'/MEMBER'S EQUITY (DEFICIT) Total liabilities and shareholders’/ member’s equity (deficit) 11 — 11 — — 1,562 — $ 203 $ 282 $ 165 $ 1,311 $ — $ — $ 1,972 — 203 — — — 32 17 299 — 165 21,778 10,443 693 — — — — — 345 1,656 3,502 816 28 45 (46) 1,468 (506) 1,322 11,303 — — — — — — — (362) (362) — 1,972 — 35,723 (1,509) — — — 1,590 77 (13,587) (46) $ 1,527 $ 1,703 $ 22,264 $ 11,930 $ 17,350 $ — $ (15,458) $ 39,316 F- 39 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Charter Communications, Inc. Consolidating Balance Sheet As of December 31, 2014 Intermediate Holding Companies Safari Escrow Entities CCO Holdings Charter Charter Operating and Restricted Subsidiaries Unrestricted Subsidiary - CCO Safari Eliminations Charter Consolidated ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS: Cash and cash equivalents $ Accounts receivable, net Receivables from related party Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets RESTRICTED CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS INVESTMENT IN CABLE PROPERTIES: Property, plant and equipment, net Franchises Customer relationships, net Goodwill Total investment in cable properties, net CC VIII PREFERRED INTEREST INVESTMENT IN SUBSIDIARIES LOANS RECEIVABLE – RELATED PARTY OTHER NONCURRENT ASSETS 3 4 55 — 62 — — — — — — — 1,509 — — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 6 221 10 237 — — — — — 3,597 29 — — — 29 436 482 326 166 — — — — — — — — 1 — 11 — 11 — — — — — — — 10,331 584 — 275 — 47 322 — — — — — 3,514 8,344 6,006 1,105 1,168 16,623 — 27 — 113 — — — — — — — — — — (287) — (287) — — — — — — (436) (12,349) (910) — 3 285 — 57 345 7,111 8,373 6,006 1,105 1,168 16,652 — — — 280 Total assets $ 1,571 $ 1,676 $ 3,598 $ 10,926 $ 17,085 $ 3,514 $ (13,982) $ 24,388 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’/MEMBER’S EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES: Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ Payables to related party Total current liabilities LONG-TERM DEBT LOANS PAYABLE – RELATED PARTY DEFERRED INCOME TAXES OTHER LONG-TERM LIABILITIES Shareholders’/Member’s equity Non-controlling interest Total shareholders’/member’s equity Total liabilities and shareholders’/ member’s equity 11 — 11 — — 1,414 — 146 — 146 $ 152 $ — 152 — — — 15 1,509 — 1,509 18 — 18 3,498 112 — — (30) — (30) $ 187 $ 1,259 $ — 187 10,227 — — — 512 — 512 287 1,546 3,683 798 234 57 10,331 436 10,767 8 — 8 3,479 — — — 27 — 27 $ — $ 1,635 (287) (287) — (910) — — (12,349) (436) (12,785) — 1,635 20,887 — 1,648 72 146 — 146 $ 1,571 $ 1,676 $ 3,598 $ 10,926 $ 17,085 $ 3,514 $ (13,982) $ 24,388 F- 40 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Charter Communications, Inc. Consolidating Statement of Operations For the year ended December 31, 2015 Intermediate Holding Companies Safari Escrow Entities CCO Holdings Charter Charter Operating and Restricted Subsidiaries Unrestricted Subsidiary - CCO Safari Eliminations Charter Consolidated REVENUES $ 25 $ 299 $ — $ — $ 9,754 $ — $ (324) $ 9,754 COSTS AND EXPENSES: Operating costs and expenses (exclusive of items shown separately below) Depreciation and amortization Other operating expenses, net Income from operations OTHER INCOME AND (EXPENSES): Interest expense, net Loss on extinguishment of debt Loss on derivative instruments, net Other expense, net 25 — — 25 — — — — — Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries (121) 299 — — 299 — 8 — — (7) (168) — — — — — (474) (2) — — — (121) (167) (476) Income (loss) before income taxes (121) (167) (476) INCOME TAX BENEFIT (EXPENSE) (150) — — — — — — — (642) (123) — — 1,073 308 308 — 6,426 2,125 89 8,640 1,114 (151) — (4) — (50) — — — — — (47) (3) — — — (324) — — 6,426 2,125 89 (324) 8,640 — 1,114 — — — — (734) (1,306) (128) (4) (7) — (205) (50) (734) (1,445) 909 210 (50) (734) (331) — — 60 Consolidated net income (loss) (271) (167) (476) 308 1,119 (50) (734) (271) Less: Net (income) loss – non-controlling interest — 46 — — (46) — — — Net income (loss) $ (271) $ (121) $ (476) $ 308 $ 1,073 $ (50) $ (734) $ (271) F- 41 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Charter Communications, Inc. Consolidating Statement of Operations For the year ended December 31, 2014 Intermediate Holding Companies Safari Escrow Entities CCO Holdings Charter Charter Operating and Restricted Subsidiaries Unrestricted Subsidiary - CCO Safari Eliminations Charter Consolidated REVENUES $ 22 $ 235 $ — $ — $ 9,108 $ — $ (257) $ 9,108 COSTS AND EXPENSES: Operating costs and expenses (exclusive of items shown separately below) Depreciation and amortization Other operating expenses, net Income from operations OTHER INCOME AND (EXPENSES): Interest expense, net Loss on derivative instruments, net Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries Income (loss) before income taxes 22 — — 22 — — — 40 40 40 235 — — 235 — 8 — (12) (4) (4) — — — — — (30) — — (30) (30) INCOME TAX EXPENSE (223) — — Consolidated net income (loss) (183) (4) (30) Less: Net (income) loss – non-controlling interest — 44 — — — — — — (679) — 697 18 18 — 18 — 5,973 2,102 62 8,137 971 (165) (7) (45) — — — — — (45) — — (257) — — 5,973 2,102 62 (257) 8,137 — — — (680) 971 (911) (7) — (217) (45) (680) (918) 754 (45) (680) 53 (13) — — (236) 741 (45) (680) (183) (44) — — — Net income (loss) $ (183) $ 40 $ (30) $ 18 $ 697 $ (45) $ (680) $ (183) F- 42 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Charter Communications, Inc. Consolidating Statement of Operations For the year ended December 31, 2013 Intermediate Holding Companies Safari Escrow Entities CCO Holdings Charter Charter Operating and Restricted Subsidiaries Unrestricted Subsidiary - CCO Safari Eliminations Charter Consolidated REVENUES $ 22 $ 188 $ — $ — $ 8,155 $ — $ (210) $ 8,155 COSTS AND EXPENSES: Operating costs and expenses (exclusive of items shown separately below) Depreciation and amortization Other operating expenses, net Income from operations OTHER INCOME AND (EXPENSES): Interest expense, net Loss on extinguishment of debt Gain on derivative instruments, net 22 — — 22 — — — — 188 — — 188 — 8 — — Equity in income (loss) of subsidiaries (75) (114) (75) (106) Income (loss) before income taxes (75) (106) INCOME TAX EXPENSE (108) (1) Consolidated net income (loss) (183) (107) Less: Net (income) loss – non-controlling interest 14 32 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (681) (65) — 632 5,345 1,854 47 7,246 909 (173) (58) 11 — (114) (220) (114) 689 — (11) (114) 678 — (46) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (210) — — 5,345 1,854 47 (210) 7,246 — — — — (443) 909 (846) (123) 11 — (443) (958) (443) (49) — (120) (443) (169) — — Net income (loss) $ (169) $ (75) $ — $ (114) $ 632 $ — $ (443) $ (169) F- 43 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Charter Communications, Inc. Consolidating Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) For the year ended December 31, 2015 Intermediate Holding Companies Safari Escrow Entities CCO Holdings Charter Charter Operating and Restricted Subsidiaries Unrestricted Subsidiary - CCO Safari Eliminations Charter Consolidated Consolidated net income (loss) $ (271) $ (167) $ (476) $ 308 $ 1,119 $ (50) $ (734) $ (271) Net impact of interest rate derivative instruments, net of tax 9 9 9 9 9 — (36) 9 Comprehensive income (loss) $ (262) $ (158) $ (467) $ 317 $ 1,128 $ (50) $ (770) $ (262) Charter Communications, Inc. Consolidating Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) For the year ended December 31, 2014 Intermediate Holding Companies Safari Escrow Entities CCO Holdings Charter Charter Operating and Restricted Subsidiaries Unrestricted Subsidiary - CCO Safari Eliminations Charter Consolidated Consolidated net income (loss) $ (183) $ (4) $ (30) $ 18 $ 741 $ (45) $ (680) $ (183) Net impact of interest rate derivative instruments, net of tax 19 19 19 19 19 — (76) 19 Comprehensive income (loss) $ (164) $ 15 $ (11) $ 37 $ 760 $ (45) $ (756) $ (164) Charter Communications, Inc. Consolidating Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss) For the year ended December 31, 2013 Intermediate Holding Companies Safari Escrow Entities CCO Holdings Charter Charter Operating and Restricted Subsidiaries Unrestricted Subsidiary - CCO Safari Eliminations Charter Consolidated Consolidated net income (loss) $ (183) $ (107) $ — $ (114) $ 678 $ — $ (443) $ (169) Net impact of interest rate derivative instruments, net of tax 34 34 — 34 34 — (102) 34 Comprehensive income (loss) $ (149) $ (73) $ — $ (80) $ 712 $ — $ (545) $ (135) F- 44 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Charter Communications, Inc. Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows For the year ended December 31, 2015 Intermediate Holding Companies Safari Escrow Entities CCO Holdings Charter Charter Operating and Restricted Subsidiaries Unrestricted Subsidiary - CCO Safari Eliminations Charter Consolidated CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Consolidated net income (loss) $ (271) $ (167) $ (476) $ 308 $ 1,119 $ (50) $ (734) $ (271) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash flows from operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Noncash interest expense Loss on extinguishment of debt Loss on derivative instruments, net Deferred income taxes Equity in (income) losses of subsidiaries Other, net Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects from acquisitions and dispositions: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other assets Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other Receivables from and payables to related party Net cash flows from operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of property, plant and equipment Change in accrued expenses related to capital expenditures Contribution to subsidiary Distributions from subsidiary Change in restricted cash and cash equivalents Other, net Net cash flows from investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Borrowings of long-term debt Repayments of long-term debt Borrowings (payments) loans payable - related parties Payment for debt issuance costs Purchase of treasury stock Proceeds from exercise of options Contributions from parent Distributions to parent Other, net Net cash flows from financing activities NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of period — — — — 149 121 — (4) — — 4 (1) — — (20) 26 — — 6 — — — — (38) 30 — — — (8) (3) 3 — — — — — 168 7 (1) 2 68 (82) (5) — — (90) 376 — (55) — — — — — — 95 (321) — — — 2 — — — — — — 265 17 — 16 123 — — (1,073) — — — (23) (14) 2,125 12 — 4 (214) 50 82 10 (5) 17 75 (192) (663) 3,275 (1,840) 28 (24) — — (12) (1,848) 1,555 (1,745) (563) — — — 46 (715) — — — — — (18,667) — 231 (18,667) — — (46) 715 — — 669 (18) (24) — — 15 (81) — (6) — — 21,790 (3,500) 2,700 (2,598) 581 (12) — — — — — (226) 18,859 — — — — (1,422) (3,459) 5 — — — — — 3 — — — — — — (8) — (55) — — — — 3,514 — 3,514 — (3,483) — — — — 24 — — — — — — — 734 — — — — — — — — 180 (1,117) — — 2,125 28 128 4 (65) — 89 5 (3) 319 — 2,359 (1,840) 28 — — (15,153) (67) (937) (17,032) — — — — — — (180) 1,117 — 937 — — 26,045 (11,326) — (36) (38) 30 — — — 14,675 2 3 5 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of period $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 5 $ — $ — $ F- 45 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Charter Communications, Inc. Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows For the year ended December 31, 2014 Intermediate Holding Companies Safari Escrow Entities CCO Holdings Charter Charter Operating and Restricted Subsidiaries Unrestricted Subsidiary - CCO Safari Eliminations Charter Consolidated CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Consolidated net income (loss) $ (183) $ (4) $ (30) $ 18 $ 741 $ (45) $ (680) $ (183) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash flows from operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Noncash interest expense Loss on derivative instruments, net Deferred income taxes Equity in (income) losses of subsidiaries Other, net Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects from acquisitions and dispositions: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other assets Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other Receivables from and payables to related party Net cash flows from operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of property, plant and equipment Change in accrued expenses related to capital expenditures Sales of cable systems, net Contribution to subsidiary Distributions from subsidiary Change in restricted cash and cash equivalents Other, net — — — 223 (40) — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12 (2) (2) (1) 41 (57) (13) — — — (106) (600) 5 — — 30 — (5) — — — — — — — — 18 — (12) — — — — — (3,598) — — 25 — — (697) — — — — (11) (665) — — — (100) 1,132 — — Net cash flows from investing activities (101) (575) (3,598) 1,032 (2,259) CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Borrowings of long-term debt Repayments of long-term debt Borrowings (payments) loans payable - related parties Payment for debt issuance costs Purchase of treasury stock Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants Contributions from parent Distributions to parent Other, net Net cash flows from financing activities NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of period — — — — (19) 123 — — — 104 3 — — — — — — — 606 (30) 7 583 (5) 5 3,500 — 112 (2) — — — — — 3,610 — — — (350) (112) — — — 100 (5) — (367) — — 1,823 (1,630) — — — — 100 (1,132) (4) (843) (16) 16 2,102 12 7 10 45 67 (49) (8) 91 68 — — — — — — — — 8 — 3,086 (37) (2,221) 33 11 (71) — — (11) — — — — — (3,513) — (3,513) 3,483 — — (4) — — 71 — — 3,550 — — — — — — 680 — — — — — — — — — 877 (1,167) — — (290) — — — — — — (877) 1,167 — 290 — — 2,102 37 7 233 — 65 (51) (9) 158 — 2,359 (2,221) 33 11 — — (7,111) (16) (9,304) 8,806 (1,980) — (6) (19) 123 — — 3 6,927 (18) 21 3 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of period $ 3 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ F- 46 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) Charter Communications, Inc. Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows For the year ended December 31, 2013 Intermediate Holding Companies Safari Escrow Entities CCO Holdings Charter Charter Operating and Restricted Subsidiaries Unrestricted Subsidiary - CCO Safari Eliminations Charter Consolidated CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Consolidated net income (loss) $ (183) $ (107) $ — $ (114) $ 678 $ — $ (443) $ (169) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash flows from operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Noncash interest expense Loss on extinguishment of debt Gain on derivative instruments, net Deferred income taxes Equity in (income) losses of subsidiaries Other, net Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects from acquisitions and dispositions: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other assets Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other Receivables from and payables to related party Net cash flows from operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Purchases of property, plant and equipment Change in accrued expenses related to capital expenditures Purchases of cable systems, net Contribution to subsidiary Distributions from subsidiary Other, net Net cash flows from investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Borrowings of long-term debt Repayments of long-term debt Borrowings (payments) loans payable - related parties Payment for debt issuance costs Purchase of treasury stock Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants Contributions from parent Distributions to parent Other, net Net cash flows from financing activities NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of period — — — — 105 75 — (3) — — 5 (1) — — — (89) — — (89) — — — — (15) 104 — — — 89 (1) 1 — — — — — 114 — (1) 1 (3) (1) 3 — — — (534) 6 1 (527) — — — — — — 534 (5) — 529 5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 27 65 — — (632) — — — 41 (10) (623) — — — (1,022) 630 — 1,854 16 58 (11) 7 — 82 14 (1) 76 6 2,779 (1,825) 76 (676) — — (19) (392) (2,444) 2,000 (955) (93) (25) — — 89 (1) — 1,015 — — 4,782 (5,565) 93 (25) — — 1,022 (630) (2) (325) 10 6 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 443 — — — — — — — — — 1,645 (636) — 1,009 — — — — — — (1,645) 636 — (1,009) — — CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of period $ — $ 5 $ — $ — $ 16 $ — $ — $ 1,854 43 123 (11) 112 — 82 10 — 114 — 2,158 (1,825) 76 (676) — — (18) (2,443) 6,782 (6,520) — (50) (15) 104 — — (2) 299 14 7 21 F- 47 CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013 (dollars in millions, except share or per share data or where indicated) 23. Subsequent Events In February 2016, the Company's subsidiary, CCO Holdings, announced an offering of $1.7 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.875% senior notes due 2024. The Company expects to close that offering in February 2016 and the net proceeds will be used to (i) repurchase or redeem certain of CCO Holdings’ 7.000% senior notes due 2019 and 7.375% senior notes due 2020 and pay related fees and expenses and (ii) for general corporate purposes including, for example, to fund a portion of the incremental cash proceeds to TWC stockholders if they were to elect $115 per share in cash rather than $100 per share. Any redemption or repurchase of notes would not take place until after such cash elections were determined. See Note 3. F- 48 (This page intentionally left blank.) F-49 U se of N o n - GA A P Fin a n cia l M e a su re s Management and the Company’s Board use adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow to assess Charter’s performance and its ability to service its debt, fund operations and make additional investments with internally generated funds. In addition, adjusted EBITDA generally corre- lates to the leverage ratio calculation under the Company’s credit facilities or outstanding notes to determine compliance with the covenants contained in the credit facilities and notes (all such documents have been previously filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission). For the purpose of calculating compliance with leverage covenants, we use adjusted EBITDA, as presented, excluding certain expenses paid by our operating sub- sidiaries to other Charter entities. Our debt covenants refer to these expenses as manage- ment fees which fees were in the amount of $322 million, $253 million and $201 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. In addition to the actual results for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we have provided pro forma results in this annual report for the year ended December 31, 2013. We believe these pro forma results facilitate meaningful analysis of the results of operations. Pro forma results in this annual report reflect certain acquisitions and sales of cable systems in 2013 as if they occurred as of January 1, 2012. The Company uses certain measures that are not defined by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) to evaluate various aspects of its business. Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA less capital expenditures, and free cash flow are non-GAAP financial measures and should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, net income (loss) or cash flows from operating activities reported in accor- dance with GAAP. These terms, as defined by Charter, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Adjusted EBITDA is reconciled to net income (loss) and free cash flow is reconciled to net cash flows from operating activities in this annual report. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income (loss) plus net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock compen- sation expense, loss on extinguishment of debt, (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net, other expense, net and other operating expenses, such as merger and acquisition costs, special charges and (gain) loss on sale or retirement of assets. As such, it eliminates the significant non-cash depreciation and amortization expense that results from the capital-intensive nature of the Company’s businesses as well as other non-cash or special items, and is unaffected by the Company’s capital structure or investment activities. However, this measure is limited in that it does not reflect the periodic costs of certain capitalized tangible and intangible assets used in generating revenues and the cash cost of financing. These costs are evaluated through other financial measures. Free cash flow is defined as net cash flows from operating activities, less purchases of property, plant and equipment and changes in accrued expenses related to capital expenditures. F-50 U n a u dite d Re co n ciliatio n of N o n - GA A P M e a su re s to GA A P M e a su re s (dollars in millions) Pro Forma Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures to GAAP Measures For the year ended December 31 Net loss Plus: (cid:16)Interest expense, net (cid:16)Income tax (benefit) expense (cid:16)Depreciation and amortization (cid:16)Stock compensation expense (cid:16)Loss on extinguishment of debt (cid:16)(Gain) loss on derivative instruments, net (cid:16)Other, net Adjusted EBITDA 2015 2014 2013 $ (271) $ (183) $ (194) 1,306 (60) 2,125 78 128 4 96 911 236 2,102 55 — 7 62 873 154 1,908 48 123 (11) 47 $ 3,406 $ 3,190 $ 2,948 Ac tu a l Re co n ciliatio n of N o n - GA A P M e a su re s to GA A P M e a su re s For the year ended December 31 Net loss Plus: (cid:16)Interest expense, net (cid:16)Income tax (benefit) expense (cid:16)Depreciation and amortization (cid:16)Stock compensation expense (cid:16)Loss on extinguishment of debt (cid:16)(Gain) loss on derivative instruments, net (cid:16)Other, net Adjusted EBITDA Net cash flows from operating activities Less: (cid:16)Purchases of property, plant and equipment (cid:16)Change in accrued expenses related to capital expenditures Free cash flow 2015 2014 2013 $ (271) $ (183) $ (169) 1,306 (60) 2,125 78 128 4 96 911 236 2,102 55 — 7 62 846 120 1,854 48 123 (11) 47 $ 3,406 $ 3,190 $ 2,858 $ 2,359 $ 2,359 $ 2,158 (1,840) 28 (2,221) 33 (1,825) 76 $ 547 $ 171 $ 409 F-51 Transfer Agent and Registrar Questions related to stock transfers, lost certificates or account changes should be directed to: Computershare P.O. BOX 30170 College Station, TX 77842-3170 866.245.6077 www.computershare.com/investor Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm KPMG LLP Trademarks Trademark terms that belong to Charter and its affiliates are marked by ® or TM at their first use in this report. The ® symbol indicates that the trademark is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trade- mark Office. The TM symbol indicates that the mark is being used as a com- mon law trademark, and applications for registration of common law trade- marks may have been filed. All other registered trademarks are property of their respective owners. S h a re h o ld e r I nfo rm atio n Common Stock Information Charter Communications, Inc. Class A common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol CHTR. Charter has not paid stock or cash dividends on any of its common stock. Market Information 2015 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter High Low $193.46 $193.19 $194.50 $193.33 $150.60 $167.84 $167.36 $174.81 Annual Meeting of Stockholders April 26, 2016, 8:30 a.m. (Mtn. Daylight Time) The Four Seasons Hotel 1111 14th Street Denver, CO 80202 Form 10-K Additional copies of the Form 10-K, filed annually with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), are avail- able without charge (without exhibits) by accessing our website at Charter.com or by contacting Investor Relations. Headquarters Charter Communications, Inc. 400 Atlantic Street Stamford, CT 06901 Charter.com Investor Relations Charter’s web site contains an Investor & News Center that offers financial information, including stock data, press releases, access to quarterly conference calls and SEC filings. You may request a shareholder kit, including the recent financial information, through the site. You may subscribe to e-mail alerts for all press releases and SEC filings through the site as well. The site also offers infor- mation on Charter’s vision, products and services, and leadership team. Shareholder requests may be directed to Investor Relations via e-mail at investor@chartercom.com. (This page intentionally left blank.) Le a d e r sh ip a n d B o a rd of D ire c to r s Leadership Board of Directors Eric L. Zinterhofer Chairman of Charter’s Board and Founder of Searchlight Capital Partners, LLC Thomas M. Rutledge President and Chief Executive Officer of Charter Communications, Inc. W. Lance Conn Former President of Vulcan Capital Michael Huseby Executive Chairman of Barnes & Noble Education, Inc. Craig A. Jacobson Founding Partner of Hansen, Jacobson, Teller, Hoberman, Newman, Warren, Richman, Rush and Kaller L.L.P. Gregory Maffei Chief Executive Officer, President and Director of Liberty Broadband Corporation, Liberty Media Corporation and Liberty Interactive Corporation John C. Malone Chairman of the Board of Liberty Broadband Corporation, Liberty Media Corporation, Liberty Interactive Corporation and Liberty Global, Plc. John D. Markley, Jr. Managing Director of Bear Creek Capital Management David C. Merritt Private investor and consultant Balan Nair Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer of Liberty Global, Plc. Thomas M. Rutledge President and Chief Executive Officer John Bickham Chief Operating Officer Thomas E. Adams Executive Vice President, Field Operations James Blackley Executive Vice President, Engineering and Information Technology Catherine Bohigian Executive Vice President, Government Affairs Don Detampel Executive Vice President and President, Commercial Services Richard J. DiGeronimo Executive Vice President, Product and Strategy Richard R. Dykhouse Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary Jonathan Hargis Executive Vice President, Chief Marketing Officer David Kline Executive Vice President, President of Media Sales Paul Marchand Executive Vice President, Human Resources Kathleen Mayo Executive Vice President, Customer Operations James Nuzzo Executive Vice President, Business Planning Scott Weber Executive Vice President, Network Operations Christopher L. Winfrey Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Kevin D. Howard Senior Vice President—Finance, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer m o c . s r o n n o c - n a r r u c . w w w / . c n I , s r o n n o C & n a r r u C y b n g i s e D t r o p e R l a u n n A Charter Communications, Inc. 400 Atlantic Street Stamford, Connecticut 06901 Charter.com
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