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Siren Gold LimitedCHIMERIX INC FORM 10-K (Annual Report) Filed 02/29/16 for the Period Ending 12/31/15 Address Telephone CIK 2505 MERIDIAN PARKWAY, SUITE 100 DURHAM, NC 27713 919.806.1074 0001117480 Symbol CMRX SIC Code 2834 - Pharmaceutical Preparations Industry Conglomerates Sector Conglomerates 12/31 Fiscal Year http://www.edgar-online.com © Copyright 2016, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use. UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWASHINGTON, DC 20549 Form 10-K (Mark One)xANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 oroTRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the transition period from toCommission file number: 001-35867 Chimerix, Inc.(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter) Delaware 33-0903395(State or Other Jurisdiction ofIncorporation or Organization) (I.R.S. EmployerIdentification No.) 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 100Durham, North Carolina 27713(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code) (919) 806-1074(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which RegisteredCommon Stock, par value $0.001 per share The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No xIndicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No xIndicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (orfor such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No oIndicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and postedpursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post suchfiles). Yes x No oIndicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge,in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. xIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large acceleratedfiler”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Yes o No xThe aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant based upon the closing price of its Common Stock on The Nasdaq Global Marketon June 30, 2015 was $1,160,180,776 .*The number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, as of February 22, 2016 was 46,182,515 .CHIMERIX, INC.FORM 10-KFor the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2015Table of Contents Page PART I Item 1Business3Item 1ARisk Factors21Item 1BUnresolved Staff Comments46Item 2Properties46Item 3Legal Proceedings46Item 4Mine Safety Disclosures46 PART II Item 5Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities47Item 6Selected Financial Data48Item 7Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations49Item 7AQuantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk66Item 8Financial Statements and Supplementary Data66Item 9Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure93Item 9AControls and Procedures93Item 9BOther Information94 PART III Item 10Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance95Item 11Executive Compensation95Item 12Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters95Item 13Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence95Item 14Principal Accounting Fees and Services95 PART IV Item 15Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules96 Signatures 2PART IForward-Looking StatementsThis Annual Report on Form 10-K (Annual Report), may contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the federal securities laws made pursuant tothe safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in theseforward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth below under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. Except asrequired by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Thesestatements, which represent our current expectations or beliefs concerning various future events that are subject to risks and uncertainties, may contain words suchas “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate” or other words indicating future results. Such statements may include, but are notlimited to, statements concerning the following:•the initiation, cost, timing, progress and results of our research and development activities, preclinical studies and future clinical trials;•our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our current and future product candidates, and any related restrictions, limitations, and/orwarnings in the label of an approved product candidate;•our ability to obtain funding for our operations;•our plans to research, develop and commercialize our future product candidates;•our strategic alliance partners’ election to pursue development and commercialization;•our ability to attract collaborators with development, regulatory and commercialization expertise;•our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our future product candidates;•the size and growth potential of the markets for our current and future product candidates, and our ability to serve those markets;•our ability to successfully commercialize our current and future product candidates;•the rate and degree of market acceptance of our current and future product candidates;•our ability to develop sales and marketing capabilities, whether alone or with potential future collaborators;•regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;•the performance of our third-party suppliers and manufacturers;•the success of competing therapies that are or become available;•the loss of key scientific or management personnel;•our use of the proceeds from our public offerings; and•the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues, capital requirements and need for additional financing.Market, Industry and Other DataThis Annual Report contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business and relevant markets, including data regarding theestimated size of relevant antiviral markets, patient populations, projected diagnosis rates and the perceptions and preferences of patients and physicians regardingcertain therapies, as well as data regarding market research and estimates. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similarmethodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances that are assumed inthis information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from reports, research surveys, studies and similardata prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data and similar sources that we believe tobe reliable. In some cases, we do not expressly refer to the sources from which this data is derived. In that regard, when we refer to one or more sources of this typeof data in any paragraph, you should assume that other data of this type appearing in the same paragraph are derived from the same sources, unless otherwiseexpressly stated or the context otherwise requires.ITEM 1. BUSINESSChimerix OverviewChimerix, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to discovering, developing and commercializing novel, oral antivirals in areas of high unmet medicalneeds. We were founded in 2000 based on the promise of our proprietary lipid conjugate technology to unlock the potential of some of the most broad-spectrumantivirals by enhancing their antiviral activity and safety profiles in convenient, orally administered dosing regimens. Based on our proprietary lipid conjugatetechnology, our lead compound, brincidofovir (BCV, CMX001), has progressed to Phase 3 clinical development. In addition, we have an active discovery programfocusing on viral targets for which limited or no therapies are currently available.3BrincidofovirBrincidofovir is an investigational nucleotide analog that has shown broad-spectrum antiviral activity in vitro against all five families of dsDNA (double-strandeddeoxyribonucleic acid) viruses that affect humans.I.Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant (HCT) RecipientsFollowing the successful demonstration of clinical and statistically significant prevention of CMV reactivation in a dose-escalation, placebo-controlled Phase 2study of BCV in allogeneic HCT recipients, BCV 100 mg twice weekly (BIW) was selected for further development. The results of the Phase 2 trial led to thedesign of the Phase 3 SUPPRESS trial.In late December 2015, we reported top line results from our Phase 3 SUPPRESS trial, which evaluated the safety and efficacy of brincidofovir in the prevention ofCMV infection through the first 24 weeks following an allogeneic HCT. In February 2016, we presented an analysis of the SUPPRESS trial results at the BMTTandem Meetings.The SUPPRESS trial enrolled 452 adult allogeneic (non-self) HCT recipients who were at high risk of CMV infection in the post-transplant period based onantibody evidence of a prior infection with CMV, referred to as “CMV seropositive” or “recipient (R+) seropositive”. Because there is no approved antiviral for theprevention of CMV reactivation in this patient population, patients were randomized 2:1 to receive brincidofovir 100 mg twice weekly (BIW, n=300) or placeboBIW (n=150); all enrolled subjects were monitored weekly during the first 14 weeks and once every three weeks during the post-treatment period from Week 14 toWeek 24 for evidence of CMV reactivation in the blood. If CMV was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at 1000 c/mL or two consecutivemeasurements of >150 c/mL and increasing for subjects identified at enrollment as at increased risk of progression to CMV disease, “preemptive” antiviral therapywas initiated. Subjects who died or had missing data at Week 24 were also considered failures for the primary endpoint. Dosing of blinded study drug began assoon after the transplant as the patient could swallow a tablet, but mandated within the first four weeks, and continued through Week 14 following the transplant.These first 14 weeks or ~100 days after a transplant is the period of greatest risk for viral infections. Subjects were followed in the trial for an additional 10 weeksafter the last dose of study drug, for a total of 24 weeks after transplant. Because allogeneic HCT recipients are at increased risk for other DNA viral infectionsincluding HHV-6, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), adenoviruses (AdV) and BK virus (BKV), against which BCV has in vitro antiviral activity, key secondary endpointsin SUPPRESS included clinical events associated with DNA viruses such as encephalitis, respiratory infections, graft failure and measures of kidney function.A.Results from Phase 3 SUPPRESS Triali.Primary EndpointIn the SUPPRESS trial, brincidofovir did not prevent clinically significant CMV infection through Week 24 after transplant to a greater extent than occurred onplacebo, the primary endpoint of the trial. During the on-treatment period through Week 14 after HCT, fewer patients in the BCV arm had a CMV infection(p=0.002). However, during the 10 weeks off-treatment from Week 14 to Week 24, there was an increase in subjects in the brincidofovir arm who failed to meetthe primary endpoint through CMV infection, death or missing data compared to the control arm, such that at Week 24 there was no benefit demonstrated for BCVtreatment. In the SUPPRESS trial, diarrhea in brincidofovir-treated patients was more frequent and often presumed to be gut graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) andtreated with corticosteroids, rather than temporarily interrupting study drug according to the Safety Monitoring and Management Plan (SMMP). Among patientswho were managed according to the SMMP, significantly fewer CMV infections and lower mortality were observed.There was an eight-fold increase in the use of corticosteroids through Week 14 in the brincidofovir arm (median cumulative 26 mg/kg prednisone equivalent)compared to the placebo arm (median cumulative 3 mg/kg prednisone equivalent). The use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapies for thetreatment of GVHD is known to increase the risk of infections, including CMV infections that occur when patients discontinue antiviral therapy. The rate of CMVinfections thus was higher in the brincidofovir arm between Weeks 14 and 24 (22 percent versus 11 percent on placebo), when patients were no longer on studydrug.Of note, among patients who either underwent T-cell depletion or received alemtuzumab/ATG (approaches that decrease the risk of GVHD), those who wererandomized to receive brincidofovir showed a lower incidence of CMV when compared to placebo, at a rate consistent with what was observed in the Phase 2study of brincidofovir in the HCT setting.4ii.Secondary Endpoint(s)Among the secondary efficacy endpoints, brincidofovir was not shown to have a positive effect on BKV hemorrhagic cystitis, though preliminary analysis of BKreactivation over the first eight weeks of randomized therapy showed a trend towards lower incidence of BK viremia on the BCV arm when compared to theplacebo arm (12% vs. 20%, Fisher’s exact p=0.08). There were no statistically significant differences in all-cause mortality in the trial (15.5 percent in thebrincidofovir arm, 10.1 percent in the placebo arm, p=0.12); the numerical differences appear to be driven by higher use of corticosteroids and otherimmunosuppressive therapies in the subjects who received brincidofovir.From a safety perspective, the most common adverse events reported for subjects randomized to brincidofovir were acute GVHD (presumed on the basis ofsymptoms or with biopsy), gastrointestinal (GI) events (predominantly diarrhea), and liver enzyme abnormalities. Although the rate of reported gut GVHD in thePhase 2 study of brincidofovir was higher than that in the placebo cohort, the excess was driven by the over diagnosis of GVHD based on diarrhea alone.Incorporation of the SMMP in the final cohort of the Phase 2 study of brincidofovir 100 mg twice-weekly allowed 90 percent of subjects to successfully resumebrincidofovir dosing. As seen in Phase 2, there was no evidence of bone marrow toxicity, kidney toxicity, or viral resistance to brincidofovir observed in theSUPPRESS trial.B.Phase 2 Dose Escalation StudyAs demonstrated in our Phase 2 dose escalation study of CMV prevention in allogeneic HCT recipients, Study 201, brincidofovir administered at 100 mg BIWprevented reactivation of CMV in patients at high risk, e.g., those patients with serologic evidence of prior CMV infection (R+). Cohorts of adult allogeneic HCTrecipients received oral brincidofovir doses of 40 mg once weekly (QW), 100 mg QW, 200 mg QW, 200 mg BIW, and 100 mg BIW, with embedded placebowithin each cohort. Cohorts of patients who received 200 mg BIW (Cohort 4) or 100 mg BIW (Cohort 4a) demonstrated a clinically and statistically significantimprovement in the rate of CMV reactivation.The subjects who received BCV 200 mg BIW, however, experienced a much higher rate of gastrointestinal adverse events and diarrhea in particular. An SMMPwas implemented to identify potentially drug-related diarrhea and other gastrointestinal events and to allow a temporary dose interruption for suspected drug-related adverse events. Earlier identification of potentially drug-related gastrointestinal symptoms and the use of temporary dose interruptions in subsequentclinical studies has allowed a majority of study subjects to complete the intended course of brincidofovir. The SMMP was included in Study 202, the Phase 2clinical study of brincidofovir for AdV infection, with one of 30 patients in the brincidofovir cohorts permanently discontinuing brincidofovir due to diarrhea. TheSMMP was included in the SUPPRESS trial, and is also included in the AdVise trial (as further discussed below).The SMMP also provides guidance for the early identification of potentially drug-related elevations in the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In bothpreclinical and early clinical studies, low-grade ALT increases were noted. In preclinical studies these ALT elevations were not accompanied by any evidence ofhistopathology and were thus considered non-adverse. In the clinic, low-grade ALT increases have been observed in a subset of individuals but not accompaniedby hyperbilirubinemia and have been reversible upon cessation of treatment.The risk-benefit ratio for medications intended for prevention of infection requires a higher standard of safety and tolerability than medications intended for thetreatment of established infection, based on the expectation that a larger number of individuals will receive the medication for prevention in order to avoidclinically significant disease. With respect to brincidofovir, we believe the safety and tolerability that has been established to date support its continueddevelopment as a potentially effective prevention of CMV and other DNA viruses. With regards to the safety and tolerability concerns specific to the allogeneicHCT population, the lack of observed hematological or bone marrow toxicity is a critical determinant of brincidofovir’s use in this population.Brincidofovir has not demonstrated kidney toxicity similar to that observed with cidofovir (CDV). In Study 201, monitoring for potential renal toxicity includedregular serum creatinine levels, calculation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and monitoring for the presence of blood in the urine. Subjects receivingbrincidofovir 100 mg BIW or 200 mg QW for 10 to 12 weeks had a dose-related improvement in kidney function, while patients who received placebo had adecline through the duration of dosing and the first week of follow-up. In preclinical assessments, brincidofovir has been shown to not be a substrate for humanorganic anion transporter 1 (hOAT-1), the transporter associated with renal dysfunction and renal failure following the intravenous administration of CDV.The most significant baseline predictor that correlated with improvements in kidney function in patients receiving brincidofovir was evidence of infection with BKvirus, a member of the polyomavirus family. This is the first evidence of a potential clinical5effect of brincidofovir against BKV. We believe that the potential beneficial effect of brincidofovir on BKV has the opportunity for substantial benefit in kidneytransplant recipients, in whom BKV has been associated with renal dysfunction and loss of the transplanted kidney.II.Adenoviruses (AdV) in Allogeneic HCT PatientsA.Phase 3 AdVise TrialIn August of 2015, we completed enrollment of the Phase 3 AdVise trial, which is evaluating brincidofovir for the treatment of AdV infections in pediatric andadult patients. Patients who have undergone allogeneic HCT are at especially high risk for developing AdV disease due to profound and persistentimmunodeficiency. In this susceptible population, the development of AdV infection associated with viremia is much more prevalent, severe, and rapidly fatalwithout treatment. In the medical literature, mortality rates of up to 50-80 percent are reported for allogeneic HCT recipients with disseminated disease.No product has received regulatory approval for the treatment or prevention of AdV infection. Because of the high risk of progression and short-term mortalitywith disseminated AdV infection, non-approved agents including intravenous cidofovir have been used, even with the well-known significant risk ofnephrotoxicity including the potential for renal failure. Thus, there remains a significant unmet medical need for a safe and effective treatment for AdV infection.AdVise is an open label, non-randomized multicenter study. Subjects are enrolled into cohorts based on transplant type and degree of infection:•Cohort A: allogeneic HCT recipients with localized or asymptomatic AdV infection,•Cohort B: allogeneic HCT recipients with disseminated AdV disease, and•Cohort C: autologous HCT recipients, solid organ transplant recipients, and other patients with high-risk of disseminated adenovirus infection.All enrolled subjects have received open-label brincidofovir 100 mg BIW or 2 mg/kg BIW for subjects <50 kg, for a minimum of 12 weeks. Subjects will befollowed for a minimum of 24 weeks after the last dose of study drug with a primary endpoint of overall survival. The AdVise trial enrolled over 200 patients withserious adenovirus infections, including patients in the key population of allogeneic HCT recipients with disseminated AdV disease (Cohort B), a life-threateninginfection that has reported mortality of up to 80 percent. Allogeneic HCT recipients with localized or asymptomatic AdV infection were enrolled in AdVise CohortA; patients with other reasons for immune suppression that had confirmed serious adenovirus infections were enrolled in AdVise Cohort C, a group that includedsolid organ transplant recipients and patients receiving chemotherapy or other significant immunosuppressants.We are also conducting Study 305 to obtain clinical outcomes data in patients considered matched controls from the same medical centers as AdVise subjects. Thematching process is pre-specified and independent of outcome. Full demographics, clinical outcomes including all-cause and AdV-attributable mortality, and keycovariates including underlying cancer, antivirals and immunosuppressants received will be captured. The primary efficacy endpoint for subjects with disseminatedinfection is overall survival. Other key data collected includes antiviral response, rate of co-viral infection and healthcare utilization costs.B.Interim Results from AdViseIn February 2015, we presented preliminary results from the first 85 subjects enrolled in the AdVise trial at the annual BMT Tandem Meetings. Enrolled subjectswith localized or disseminated adenovirus infection receive brincidofovir for 12 weeks and are followed for 24 weeks after they complete treatment. Preliminaryresults showed a mortality rate of 37 percent (20 of 54 subjects) among allogeneic HCT recipients with disseminated disease; this mortality rate has clinicalimplications for the potential utility of brincidofovir in this patient population, given published mortality rates of up to 80 percent for allogeneic transplantrecipients with disseminated adenovirus disease. Notably, the allogeneic transplant recipients who began brincidofovir with localized or asymptomatic adenovirusinfection had an observed mortality rate of 11 percent (2 of 18 subjects). Median observation in this analysis was 10 weeks following the first dose (range: 1 to 34weeks). In addition to these important clinical outcomes, a median decrease of greater than 99 percent in the amount of AdV in the blood (or a decrease toundetectable levels) was observed in the majority of patients. Over half of the subjects enrolled in AdVise had more than one DNA viral infection at the time ofenrollment. These results were consistent with the results observed in the first 45 subjects in the AdVise trial as presented at the October 2014 annual InfectiousDisease Society of America meeting (IDWeek®).The preliminary safety and tolerability data in this acutely ill patient population showed a low rate of withdrawal due to brincidofovir-associated adverse events(3/85, 4 percent), with three patients withdrawing from therapy due to lower gastrointestinal events.6In December 2015, we provided an update of the ongoing analysis of data from the AdVise study. At the time of the report, for the full Cohort B population ofHCT recipients with disseminated adenovirus infection, all-cause mortality at day 90 remained less than 40 percent. Full analyses including adverse events (AEs)and relapse rates will be reported in 2016.Although adenovirus infection has been described predominantly in a pediatric population, approximately one-third of subjects enrolled in AdVise were 18 yearsof age or older, with the oldest subject being 69 years old. Importantly, over half of the patients who qualified for AdVise had a second significant DNA viralinfection in addition to AdV; these infections included BK virus (46 percent), CMV (28 percent) and Epstein Barr virus (6 percent).We will continue to prepare data from the AdVise trial and the historical matched controls to review with the FDA and foreign regulators to determine theregulatory pathway for the treatment of adenovirus. We tentatively expect meetings with the FDA and foreign regulators to review data from the AdVise trial in thesecond half of 2016. Release of final results of the AdVise trial with matching controls is planned for the second half of 2016. Until we have agreement with theFDA and/or foreign regulators for the regulatory pathway for brincidofovir for the treatment of adenovirus infection, we cannot provide details on the timeline fora New Drug Application or foreign equivalent, but anticipate that treatment of AdV infection is likely to be the first potential indication in a brincidofovirsubmission.III.CMV in Kidney Transplant RecipientsIn October 2015, we initiated dosing in our Phase 3 SUSTAIN and SURPASS trials of brincidofovir for prevention of CMV disease in kidney transplant recipients.SUSTAIN was designed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of brincidofovir for the prevention of CMV disease in kidney transplant recipients at high risk ofCMV disease. It was a blinded, non-inferiority study of brincidofovir versus valganciclovir in kidney transplant recipients who have not been previously infectedwith CMV (CMV seronegative recipient, or “R-“) and who therefore have no immunity to CMV, but who received a kidney from a CMV seropositive donor (D+).SURPASS was a blinded study of brincidofovir versus valganciclovir in kidney transplant recipients who are CMV seropositive ("R+").Following a review of results from the SUPPRESS trial and discussion with the FDA regarding our clinical development plan for brincidofovir, we have elected toclose the Phase 3 SUSTAIN and SURPASS trials. We are currently evaluating opportunities to confirm brincidofovir’s benefit in solid organ transplant recipientsbefore embarking on a large-scale Phase 3 program.IV.SmallpoxWe are currently collaborating with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) for the development of brincidofovir as a potentialmedical countermeasure for smallpox.In July 2015, we reported positive results from the pivotal smallpox study that was conducted under the FDA’s Animal Efficacy Rule, which allows for testing ofinvestigational drugs in animal models to support effectiveness in diseases which are not ethical or feasible to study in humans. In this well-characterized model ofsmallpox, animals were administered a lethal inoculum of rabbitpox virus, and monitored for clinical signs of disease. Following the onset of fever, animals wererandomized to receive placebo, immediate brincidofovir, or brincidofovir after a delay of 24, 48, or 72 hours. In this study, brincidofovir administered immediatelyfollowing the first clinical evidence of infection (fever) demonstrated 100 percent survival. Animals treated with brincidofovir 24 or 48 hours followingconfirmation of infection demonstrated a 68 percent statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in mortality compared to animals that received placebo, which had aless than 50 percent survival. The brincidofovir doses used in this animal study were scaled to equivalent doses used in the Phase 3 clinical trials of brincidofovirfor CMV and adenovirus in humans, the SUPPRESS and AdVise trials, respectively.CMX157CMX157, our second clinical stage nucleotide analog, uses the same proprietary lipid technology as brincidofovir to deliver high intracellular concentrations of thepotent antiviral drug, tenofovir. Tenofovir, marketed under the brand name Viread® and in multiple fixed-dose combinations, is widely used for the treatment ofHIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In December 2014, the Company entered into a licensing agreement with ContraVir Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ:CTRV) for the development and commercialization of CMX157 for certain antiviral indications. Under the terms of the agreement, ContraVir has soleresponsibility with respect to the control of the development and commercialization of CMX157.7Candidate Selection of CMX669We have discovered, developed and selected a novel clinical candidate, CMX669, a compound with in vitro activity against BK virus and CMV. We are currentlyevaluating CMX669 in preclinical testing, and are in the process of considering future studies involving CMX669 which could initiate in 2016.NorovirusWe have an active discovery program for norovirus, a viral infection of the gastrointestinal tract which may lead to chronic infection in immunocompromisedpatients.Our Chemical Library and Lipid Conjugate TechnologyLipid Conjugate TechnologyOur proprietary technology, which we refer to as lipid conjugate technology, is used to covalently modify a drug molecule with a lipid side-chain that mimics anaturally occurring phospholipid component of cellular membranes. The lipid mimic can then utilize natural uptake pathways to achieve oral bioavailability,enhance uptake into cells, and potentially avoid many toxicities.We believe that our lipid conjugate technology can be used to develop new drugs from parent molecules having a known mechanism of action but potentially withan improved safety, efficacy, and/or ADME (absorption/distribution/metabolism/excretion) profile relative to the parent. Preclinical studies and in vitroassessments of a number of drugs, including some that are approved, have shown specific improvements in biological activity compared with the parent drug.The most advanced example of our proprietary lipid conjugate technology is brincidofovir, which was developed to deliver into cells the active antiviral, cidofovirdiphosphate, of a potent but relatively toxic drug, intravenous cidofovir. Use of cidofovir has been limited by significant toxicities, particularly kidney toxicity.Unlike cidofovir, the lipid-bearing brincidofovir molecule is not actively concentrated in the kidneys, but does effectively deliver the active antiviral to cells. Thuswe believe that brincidofovir may have a higher benefit-risk ratio that allows its use in the setting of prevention of treatment of adenovirus infection, andpotentially protection from or treatment of other DNA viruses.Chimerix Chemical LibraryThe Chimerix Chemical Library contains over 10,000 heterocyclic ring systems and nucleosides, the majority of which were originally synthesized in thelaboratory of Dr. Leroy Townsend at the University of Michigan. This library includes approximately 3,500 nucleoside analog compounds that are candidates forlipid conjugation. We have an active discovery program focusing on viral diseases in which there is significant unmet medical need. We are currently screening thelibrary for activity against multiple viruses including CMV, influenza, hepatitis B and norovirus, as well as viral etiologies for emerging viral infections.Our StrategyOur strategy is to discover, develop and commercialize novel therapeutics in areas of significant unmet medical need. Our primary initial focus is leveraging thebroad-spectrum profile of brincidofovir to address the multiple DNA viral infections common in transplant recipients and patients with relative immunecompromise.The key components of our strategy are:•Continue Development and Successfully Commercialize Brincidofovir for the Treatment of Adenovirus Infections. ◦Our AdVise trial is a Phase 3 study of brincidofovir for the treatment of AdV infection in allogeneic HCT recipients and otherimmunocompromised patients. We are currently also conducting Study 305 to obtain clinical outcomes data in patients considered matchedcontrols from the same medical centers as AdVise participants. Patients who have undergone allogeneic HCT are at especially high risk fordeveloping AdV disease due to profound and persistent immunodeficiency. In this susceptible population, the development of AdVinfection associated with viremia is much more prevalent, severe and rapidly fatal without treatment. Mortality rates up to 50-80 percent arereported for HCT recipients with disseminated disease. No product has received regulatory approval for the treatment or prevention of AdVinfection. We intend to present data from the AdVise trial and the historical matched controls to the FDA and foreign regulators todetermine8next steps in the regulatory pathway for the treatment of AdV infections, including any potential additional studies that may be requiredprior to a marketing approval for BCV.•Evaluate the Development Plan for Brincidofovir for the Prevention of CMV. ◦We are currently conducting a review of the overall clinical development plan for brincidofovir in light of all available data, including theresults from the recently completed SUPPRESS trial. Our revised development plan may include additional studies to evaluate brincidofovirin the prevention or treatment of CMV, AdV, and other viral infections.◦We are developing an intravenous (IV) formulation of brincidofovir which may be able to mitigate treatment-related gastrointestinal adverseevents, including diarrhea as was observed in some subjects in the SUPPRESS study, and which may have resulted in the over diagnosis ofgut GVHD and high use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapies. We anticipate Phase 1 clinical testing of the IVformulation of BCV to start as early as the second half of 2016.•Evaluate Additional Patient Populations and Applications for Use of Brincidofovir. In addition to our initial development programs focusing onprevention of CMV reactivation in HCT recipients, and treatment of AdV infections in HCT recipients and other immunocompromised patients, weare evaluating other patient populations and treatment opportunities with brincidofovir.◦BK Virus. We are evaluating the possibility of designing and initiating a Phase 2 trial of brincidofovir to identify the potential clinicalbenefit of brincidofovir for BK virus in kidney transplant recipients. We anticipate that such a trial could start as early as the fourth quarterof 2016 or early 2017.◦Additional patient populations. We intend to evaluate brincidofovir in other immunocompromised patient populations. Beyond thetransplant population, patients may be susceptible to multiple DNA viral diseases due to congenital or medically-induced immunedeficiencies, including those secondary to biologic therapies for autoimmune and other disorders. Through our Expanded Access Program,hundreds of patients have received brincidofovir for the treatment of life-threatening DNA viral diseases.◦Additional viral indications. Brincidofovir has shown activity in vitro against the five families of DNA viruses that cause disease in humans.We intend to evaluate brincidofovir for the treatment of patients with various other DNA virus induced diseases.•Work with BARDA to Advance Our Smallpox Development Program.◦We have conducted efficacy studies under the FDA’s Animal Rule to demonstrate the impact of immediate or delayed brincidofovir in avalidated model of smallpox infection. We expect to initiate a large-scale Phase 2/3 study investigating the effectiveness of brincidofovir ina (mouse) ectromelia virus model system during late 2016. If we obtain positive results in this study, we would expect to engage the FDA indiscussions about what additional studies, if any, would be required for marketing authorization of brincidofovir for the treatment ofsmallpox. Following positive data from the mouse study, such a meeting could occur as early as the first half of 2017.•Discover and Develop Additional Product Candidates to Strengthen our Product Portfolio. We have an active discovery and preclinicaldevelopment program focused on identifying and developing new compounds that can be used to treat diseases for which no current therapeuticoption exists or which otherwise continue to have high unmet medical need. We intend to leverage our knowledge and experience of nucleosideanalogs to advance compounds in the Chimerix Chemical Library through Investigational New Drug (IND)-enabling studies and potential clinicaldevelopment and/or partnerships. In addition, we are exploring other potential product opportunities based on the ability of our proprietary lipidconjugate technology to significantly improve the drug profile of molecules with limitations in safety or delivery.•Evaluate external opportunities to strengthen our pipeline.◦We are looking at business development as a means to complement our existing pipeline with technologies that will take advantage of ourstrengths. We are actively seeking opportunities to grow our business through9the acquisition of or investment in other companies, through strategic relationships, or through in-licensing of complementary compoundsand products.Significant AgreementsContraVir PharmaceuticalsIn December 2014, we entered into a license agreement with ContraVir Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: CTRV) for the development and commercialization ofCMX157 for certain antiviral indications. Under the terms of the agreement, ContraVir has sole responsibility with respect to the control of the development andcommercialization of CMX157.In exchange for the license to CMX157 rights, we received an upfront payment consisting of 120,000 shares of ContraVir Series B Convertible Preferred Stockwith a stated value of $1.2 million. In addition, we are eligible to receive up to approximately $20 million in clinical, regulatory and initial commercial milestonesin the United States and Europe, as well as royalties and additional milestones based on commercial sales in those territories. Either party may terminate the licenseagreement upon the occurrence of a material breach by the other party (subject to standard cure periods), or upon certain events involving the bankruptcy orinsolvency of the other party. ContraVir may also terminate the license agreement without cause on a country-by-country basis upon sixty days’ prior writtennotice.BARDAIn February 2011, we entered into a contract with BARDA for the advanced development of brincidofovir as a medical countermeasure in the event of a smallpoxrelease. BARDA is a division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Responsethat supports the advanced research and development, manufacturing, acquisition and stockpiling of medical countermeasures. The scope of work for the contractincludes preclinical, clinical and manufacturing development activities that fall into the following areas: non-clinical animal efficacy studies; clinical activities;manufacturing activities; and all associated regulatory, quality assurance, management, and administrative activities.Under the contract, BARDA will reimburse our costs, plus pay us a fixed fee, for the research and development of brincidofovir as a treatment of smallpoxinfections. The contract consists of an initial performance period, referred to as the base performance segment which ended on May 31, 2013, plus up to fourextension periods of around one year each, referred to as option segments, each of which may be exercised at BARDA’s sole discretion. We must complete agreedupon milestones and deliverables in each discrete work segment before the next option segment is eligible to be exercised. Under the contract as currently in effect,if each follow-on option segment is exercised by BARDA, we may receive up to $75.8 million in expense reimbursement and $5.3 million in fees.We substantially completed the first option segment of the contract on August 28, 2014. In September 2014 we were awarded a contract extension for a secondoption segment providing an additional $17.0 million to Chimerix that is scheduled to end June 2016. On September 11, 2015, BARDA exercised option segmentthree, which provided approximately $13 million in funding for the performance of the segment, increasing the total funding of the contract, including this optionsegment, from approximately $53 million to approximately $66 million, and provided that the period of performance for option segment three would begin onSeptember 11, 2015 and end on October 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2015 , we had recognized revenue in aggregate of $46.0 million with respect to the baseperformance segment and the first three extension periods.Pursuant to the contract, Chimerix and the U.S. government share the rights to any inventions made in the performance of our work under the contract.Specifically, the U.S. government retains a nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid up license to any invention made in the performance of our work underthe contract, provided, however, that the U.S. government may, under certain circumstances, including circumstances involving public health and safety, licensesuch inventions to third parties without our consent. There have been no inventions made to date under the BARDA contract.The contract may be terminated by BARDA ten days after giving us notice of a material default which remains uncured for ten days. In addition, BARDA is alsopermitted under applicable law to terminate the contract if it is in the U.S. government’s best interest.In April 2015, the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, BARDA posted a notice of intentto use other than full and open competition (Notice of Intent) to award a sole source contract to us for the procurement of brincidofovir for the treatment ofsmallpox. In July 2015, BARDA issued a related request for proposal (RFP) to us entitled “2015 Procurement of a Second Smallpox Antiviral Drug for theStrategic National Stockpile."10In August 2015, we submitted a response to the RFP and we subsequently engaged in discussions with BARDA regarding our response. We understand thatBARDA had intended to make a contract award on or prior to September 30, 2015, the end of the U.S. government's fiscal year, but the contract award wasinitially postponed due to a delay in Congressional approval for the necessary appropriations. The recent approval of a federal budget for fiscal year 2016 mayallow negotiations to resume with respect to the RFP.The Regents of the University of CaliforniaIn May 2002, we entered into a license agreement with The Regents of the University of California (UC) under which we obtained an exclusive, worldwide licenseto UC’s patent rights in certain inventions (the UC Patent Rights) related to lipid-conjugated antiviral compounds and their use, including certain patents relating tobrincidofovir and CMX157. Under the license agreement, we are permitted to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize products utilizing the UC PatentRights for all human and veterinary uses, and to sublicense such rights subject to certain sublicensing fees and royalty payments.In consideration for the rights granted to us under the license agreement, we issued UC an aggregate of 64,788 shares of our common stock. In connection to thedevelopment and commercialization of brincidofovir and CMX157, we could be required to pay UC up to an aggregate of $3.4 million in milestone payments,assuming the achievement of all applicable milestone events under the license agreement. In addition, upon commercialization of any product utilizing the UCPatent Rights, which would include brincidofovir or CMX157, we will be required to pay low single digit royalties on net sales of such product.The license agreement requires that we diligently develop, manufacture and commercialize compounds that are covered by the UC Patent Rights, and we haveagreed to meet certain development and commercialization milestones. UC may, at its option, either terminate the license agreement or change the license grantedfrom an exclusive license to a non-exclusive license if we fail to meet such development and commercialization milestones. We are currently in compliance withthese milestone requirements.Commercial OperationsWe anticipate that our first commercial indication for brincidofovir may be in the treatment of AdV infections in allogeneic HCT patients. In anticipation ofpotential regulatory approval and commercial launch of brincidofovir, we are building select commercial functions tied to key milestones, such as availability oftopline data from the AdVise trial, potential submission of a marketing application for brincidofovir, and anticipated approval (or PD) date.Patients who undergo an allogeneic HCT are likely to be treated at a small number of major medical centers by specialized teams of physicians and healthcareproviders. There are approximately 200 U.S. transplant centers. The management of therapies for transplant patients is largely the responsibility of transplantphysicians, infectious disease specialists, and clinical pharmacists who oversee post-transplant therapies. These clinicians focus on prevention and management ofpost-transplant infections as one of their key priorities. Practice patterns for the management of transplant patients and post-transplant viral infections vary frominstitution to institution across the United States and are highly driven by research activities and publications.If brincidofovir is approved for the treatment of AdV infection (or CMV infection), we believe it is possible for us to commercialize brincidofovir in the UnitedStates and potentially Canada, or in Europe, with a relatively small commercial infrastructure, which may include a contract sales force, partner sales force, orinternal team. While our commercialization efforts may initially be focused on physicians who are responsible for treating adenovirus, this commercialinfrastructure would serve as the foundation for an expanded commercial presence based on lifecycle indications and other opportunities within the corporateportfolio.Outside of the United States, Canada and Europe, subject to obtaining necessary marketing approvals, we may seek to commercialize brincidofovir throughdistribution or other collaboration arrangements. If we elect to develop brincidofovir for other DNA viral indications, we would plan to do so selectively either onour own or by establishing alliances with one or more pharmaceutical company collaborators, depending on, among other things, the applicable indications, therelated development costs, reimbursement complexities and our available resources.CompetitionOur industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. While we believe that our therapeutic experience, scientific andcommercial knowledge provide us with competitive advantages, we will face competition from large and small pharmaceutical, biotechnology companies,including specialty pharmaceutical and generic drug companies, and other emerging technologies.11We believe that the key competitive factors that will affect the commercial success of brincidofovir and our other product candidates are the efficacy, safety andtolerability profile and the risk:benefit trade-off compared to alternative therapies or procedures. Securing market access and reimbursement will be an importantelement of product uptake and market penetration. Our commercial opportunity could be negatively impacted if our competitors develop or market products orother technologies that are more effective, safer, more convenient or have greater market access than brincidofovir, or obtain regulatory approval for their productsmore rapidly than we do. In addition, our ability to compete will be affected by the availability of generic products.If approved, brincidofovir would compete with a number of existing products and other product candidates that target serious viral infections, including drugs andvaccines which demonstrate efficacy against viruses that affect our target patient populations. We believe brincidofovir has potential benefits over the competitiveproducts, including the potential to be the first antiviral indicated for treatment of disseminated AdV in allogeneic HCT recipients. Based on market research,competing products that are currently used, or being developed for use, to treat AdV include and are not limited to:•Vistide® (cidofovir for injection), marketed by Gilead Sciences, Inc. and generic manufacturers;•oral and intravenous ganciclovir, a drug that is sold by generic manufacturers;•Valcyte® (valganciclovir), a prodrug of ganciclovir that is marketed by Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. and generic manufacturers;•Foscavir® (foscarnet sodium for injection), marketed by Clinigen Group plc and generic manufacturers,•acyclovir, a drug that is sold by generic manufacturers, and•patient-specific T-cell therapies.Other product candidates currently in development may compete against brincidofovir for the prevention or mitigation of CMV infection in a variety of settings,including: •letermovir, an anti-CMV drug being developed pursuant to an exclusive worldwide license agreement between AiCuris GmbH & Co. KG and Merck;•ASP0113 (TransVax), a CMV prevention vaccine, licensed to Astellas Pharma Inc. from Vical Incorporated and in development by Astellas andVical; and•patient-specific T-cell therapies directed at antigens of CMV and other dsDNA viruses.Furthermore, we anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition as new products enter the market, as advanced technologies become available andas increasing numbers of generic formulations of currently branded products become available.Changes in the health care system may limit our ability to price brincidofovir or our other product candidates at a level that would allow recovery of our researchand development costs and may impede our ability to generate or maintain a profit. We believe that brincidofovir has potential benefits over existing and potential competitive products as described in more detail under “Business — Brincidofovir.”As a result, we believe that brincidofovir should be well positioned to gain market share if we obtain the required regulatory approval. However, even with thosebenefits, we may not be able to make promotional claims that brincidofovir is superior to these competing products without conducting additional studies, andbrincidofovir may be unable to compete successfully against these products. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Commercialization of Our Product Candidates.” Our Intellectual Property We strive to protect and enhance the proprietary technologies we believe are important to our business, including by seeking and maintaining patents intended tocover our products and compositions, their methods of use and any other inventions that are important to the development of our business. We also rely on tradesecrets to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection. Our success will depend significantly on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for commercially important technology,inventions and know-how related to our business, defend and enforce our patents, maintain licenses to our intellectual property owned by third parties, preserve theconfidentiality of our trade secrets and operate without infringing the valid and enforceable patents and proprietary rights of third parties. We believe that we have a strong intellectual property position and substantial know-how relating to the development and commercialization of our lipid conjugatetechnology platform and the Chimerix Chemical Library.12At February 22, 2016 , our worldwide patent portfolio included:•over 138 patents or patent applications that we own or have in-licensed from academic institutions, related to brincidofovir and CMX157, whichrepresented a slight increase over the number of patents and patent applications in our patent portfolio at the end of fiscal 2015;•21 patents and patent applications related to our agreement with the University of Michigan regarding our proprietary Chemical Library; and•53 US and foreign exclusively and jointly owned patents, and 85 U.S., PCT, and foreign applications relating to brincidofovir or CMX157.In 2015, U.S. Patent No. 8,962,829 covering a method of synthesis and the commercial morphic form of brincidofovir was issued to Chimerix. With the addition ofthis patent, composition of matter coverage for brincidofovir in the U.S. is expected to extend to October 2034.Patents generally have a term of twenty years from the date they are filed. As our patent portfolio has been built over time, the remaining terms of the individualpatents across our patent portfolio vary. We believe that our patents and patent applications are important for maintaining the competitive differentiation of ourlipid-antiviral-conjugate technology platform and the Chimerix Chemical Library, enhancing our freedom of action to sell our antivirals, upon appropriateregulatory approvals, in markets in which we choose to participate, and maximizing our return on research and development investments. No single patent is initself essential to the conduct of our business as a whole.We are also open to expanding our intellectual property portfolio through licensing intellectual property from third parties as we deem appropriate. We havegranted and will continue to grant to others licenses under our patents when we consider these arrangements to be in our interest.ManufacturingWe do not own or operate and we do not expect to own or operate facilities for product manufacturing, storage and distribution, or testing. In the past, we haverelied on third-party manufacturers for supply of our lead product candidate, brincidofovir, as well as our other product candidates. We expect that in the future wewill rely on such manufacturers for supply of drug substance and product that will be used in clinical trials of brincidofovir, as well as for commercial purposesshould brincidofovir be approved. When produced on a commercial scale, we expect that cost-of-goods-sold relating to brincidofovir will generally be in-line withthat of other small-molecule pharmaceutical compounds. The manufacturing process for brincidofovir drug substance is relatively straight-forward and generally in-line with other small molecule pharmaceuticalcompounds in terms of cost and complexity. The process is robust and reproducible, does not require dedicated reactors or specialized equipment, uses commonsynthetic chemistry and readily available materials, including off-the-shelf and made-to-order starting materials, and is readily transferable. Our current drug substance supply chain for brincidofovir involves various contractors that supply the raw materials for the drug substance process, a contractmanufacturer for an intermediate, and a contract manufacturer for the drug substance. We have completed transferring our current commercial drug substancemanufacturing process to our selected contractor that will produce the commercial supply of drug substance and began process validation during 2015.Manufacturers of drug components must meet certain FDA qualifications with respect to manufacturing standards. At present, we have qualified only one firm as asupplier of drug substance. We continually assess our manufacturing needs and may seek to engage additional qualified vendors as circumstances dictate. Changesin our requirements may require revalidation of the manufacturing process at a different scale and potentially at a different contractor depending on the necessaryscale, infrastructure and technical capabilities. To ensure continuity in our supply chain, we plan to establish supply arrangements with alternative suppliers forcertain portions of our supply chain, as appropriate. Our drug products (tablets, oral suspension, intravenous solution) are also manufactured under contract. We have completed development and transfer of ourcurrent commercial tablet and suspension manufacturing processes to our selected contractor that will produce commercial supplies and will begin validation ofthese processes in 2016. The intravenous formulation of brincidofovir is in early-stage development. Manufacturing is subject to extensive regulations that impose various procedural and documentation requirements, which govern record keeping, manufacturingprocesses and controls, personnel, quality control and quality assurance, among others. Our systems and contractors are required to be in compliance with theseregulations, and this is assessed regularly through monitoring of performance and a formal audit program. We have personnel with extensive technical,manufacturing, analytical and quality13experience and strong project management discipline to oversee contract manufacturing and testing activities, and to compile manufacturing and qualityinformation for our regulatory submissions. Pursuant to our license agreement with ContraVir, the manufacture of CMX157 is under the control and direction of ContraVir. Government Regulation and Product Approval Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local level, and other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research,development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approvalmonitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of products such as those we are developing. Any product candidate that we develop must be approvedby the FDA before it may be legally marketed in the United States and by the appropriate foreign regulatory agency before it may be legally marketed in foreigncountries. U.S. Drug Development Process In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), and implementing regulations. Drugs are also subject toother federal, state and local statutes and regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state,local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S.requirements at any time during the product development process, FDA approval process or after FDA approval, may subject an applicant to administrative orjudicial civil or criminal sanctions. FDA sanctions could include refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, clinical hold, warning letters,product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, debarment,restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action, whether before or after the FDA approval process, could have amaterial adverse effect on us. The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:•completion of nonclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies according to good laboratory practices (GLP), or other applicableregulations;•submission to the FDA of an application for an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin;•performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials according to the FDA’s regulations commonly referred to as current good clinicalpractices (GCPs), to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug for its intended use;•submission to the FDA of a New Drug Application (NDA) for a new drug;•satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities where the drug is produced to assess compliance with theFDA’s current good manufacturing practice standards (cGMP), to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug’sidentity, strength, quality and purity;•potential FDA inspection of the nonclinical and clinical trial sites that generated the data in support of the NDA; and FDA review of the NDA.The lengthy process of seeking required approvals and the continuing need for compliance with applicable statutes and regulations require the expenditure ofsubstantial resources and approvals are inherently uncertain.Before testing any compounds with potential therapeutic value in humans, the drug candidate enters the preclinical testing stage. Preclinical tests, also referred toas nonclinical studies, include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies to assess the potential safety andactivity of the drug candidate. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements including GLP. The sponsor must submitthe results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and a proposed clinical protocolto the FDA as part of the IND. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA places the clinical trial on a clinicalhold within that 30-day time period. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. TheFDA may also impose clinical holds on a drug candidate at any time before or during clinical trials due to safety concerns or non-compliance. Accordingly, wecannot be sure that submission of an IND will result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to begin, or that, once begun, issues will not arise that suspend or terminatesuch trial. Clinical trials involve the administration of the drug candidate to healthy subjects or affected patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generallyphysicians not employed by or under the trial sponsor’s control. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of theclinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion14criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety. Each protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Clinical trials must be conductedin accordance with the FDA’s regulations comprising the good clinical practices requirements. Further, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by anindependent institutional review board (IRB), at or servicing each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted. An IRB is charged with protecting thewelfare and rights of trial participants and considers such items as whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and arereasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the form and content of the informed consent that must be signed by each clinical trial subjector his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined: •Phase 1. The drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distributionand excretion. In the case of some products for severe or life-threatening diseases, especially when the product may be too inherently toxic toethically administer to healthy volunteers, the initial human testing is often conducted in patients.•Phase 2. The drug is evaluated in a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate theefficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance, optimal dosage and dosing schedule.•Phase 3. Clinical trials are undertaken to further evaluate dosage, clinical efficacy and safety in an expanded patient population at geographicallydispersed clinical trial sites. These clinical trials are intended to establish the overall risk/benefit ratio of the product and provide an adequate basisfor product labeling. Generally, two adequate and well-controlled Phase 3 clinical trials are required by the FDA for approval of an NDA.Post-approval clinical trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These clinical trials are used to gainadditional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication. Annual progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted to the FDA and written IND safety reports must be promptly submitted to theFDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected adverse events or any finding from tests in laboratory animals that suggests a significant risk for humansubjects. Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA or the sponsor or its datasafety monitoring board may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed toan unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted inaccordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and must also develop additional information about the chemistry andphysical characteristics of the drug as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements.The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the drug candidate and, among other things, must develop methods fortesting the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final drug. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must beconducted to demonstrate that the drug candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life. U.S. Review and Approval Processes The results of product development, nonclinical studies and clinical trials, along with descriptions of the manufacturing process, analytical tests conducted on thechemistry of the drug, proposed labeling and other relevant information are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA requesting approval to market the product.The submission of an NDA is subject to the payment of substantial user fees; a waiver of such fees may be obtained under certain limited circumstances. In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act (PREA), an NDA or supplement to an NDA must contain data to assess the safety and effectiveness of thedrug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which theproduct is safe and effective. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of data or full or partial waivers. Unless otherwise required by regulation, PREA doesnot apply to any drug for an indication for which orphan designation has been granted (discussed below). The FDA reviews all NDAs submitted to determine if they are substantially complete before it accepts them for filing; this initial review period prior to acceptingthe NDA for filing is 2 months in duration. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the NDA. Under the goals andpolicies agreed to by the FDA under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), the FDA has 10 months from the date of accepting the NDA for filing in whichto complete its initial review of a standard NDA and respond to the applicant, and six months for a priority NDA. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal15dates for standard and priority NDAs. The review process and the PDUFA goal date may be extended if the FDA requests or the NDA sponsor otherwise providesadditional information or clarification regarding information already provided in the submission without prior agreement reached at a pre-submission meeting. After the NDA submission is accepted for filing, the FDA reviews the NDA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe and effectivefor its intended use, and whether the product is being manufactured in accordance with cGMP to assure and preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality andpurity. The FDA may refer applications for novel drug or biological products or drug or biological products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacyto an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the applicationshould be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendationscarefully when making decisions. During the drug approval process, the FDA also will determine whether a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS), isnecessary to assure the safe use of the drug. If the FDA concludes a REMS is needed, the sponsor of the NDA must submit a proposed REMS. The FDA will notapprove the NDA without a REMS, if required. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will inspect the facilities at which the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determinesthat the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product withinrequired specifications. Additionally, before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure that the clinical trials wereconducted in compliance with IND study requirements. If major issues with trial conduct are identified at a site, data collected from that site can be determined tobe unacceptable for supporting the application. If the FDA determines that the application, manufacturing process or manufacturing facilities are not acceptable itwill outline the deficiencies in the submission and often will request additional testing or information.The NDA review and approval process is lengthy and difficult and the FDA may refuse to approve an NDA if the applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied ormay require additional clinical data or other data and information. Even if such data and information is submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDAdoes not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpretthe same data. The FDA will issue a complete response letter if the agency decides not to approve the NDA. The complete response letter usually describes all ofthe specific deficiencies in the NDA identified by the FDA. The deficiencies identified may be minor, for example, requiring labeling changes, or major, forexample, requiring additional clinical trials. Additionally, the complete response letter may include recommended actions that the applicant might take to place theapplication in a condition for approval. If a complete response letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the NDA, addressing all of the deficienciesidentified in the letter, or withdraw the application. If a product receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific diseases and dosages or the indications for use may otherwise belimited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. Further, the FDA may require that certain contraindications, warnings or precautions be includedin the product labeling. In addition, the FDA may require post marketing clinical trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials testing, which involvesclinical trials designed to further assess a drug’s safety and effectiveness and may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approvedproducts that have been commercialized. Orphan Drug Designation Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biological product intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generallya disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more than 200,000 individuals in the United States and for which there isno reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making a drug or biological product available in the United States for this type of disease or conditionwill be recovered from sales of the product. Orphan product designation must be requested before submitting an NDA. After the FDA grants orphan productdesignation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan product designation does not convey anyadvantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process. If a product that has orphan designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product isentitled to orphan product exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug or biological product for thesame indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan exclusivity. Competitors,however, may receive approval of different products for the indication for which the orphan product has exclusivity or obtain approval for the same product but fora different indication for which the orphan product has exclusivity. Orphan product exclusivity also could block the approval of a product for seven years if acompetitor obtains approval of the same drug or biological product as defined by the FDA or if a drug candidate is determined to be contained within thecompetitor’s product for the same indication or disease. If a drug or16biological product designated as an orphan product receives marketing approval for an indication broader than what is designated, it may not be entitled to orphanproduct exclusivity. Orphan drug status in the European Union has similar but not identical benefits to those provided in the United States. Expedited Development and Review Programs The FDA has a Fast Track program that is intended to expedite or facilitate the process for reviewing new drugs and biological products that meet certain criteria.Specifically, new drugs and biological products are eligible for Fast Track designation if they are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition anddemonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Fast Track designation applies to the combination of the product and the specificindication for which it is being studied. Unique to a Fast Track product, the FDA may consider for review sections of the NDA on a rolling basis before thecomplete application is submitted, if the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the NDA, the FDA agrees to accept sections of the NDAand determines that the schedule is acceptable, and the sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the NDA. Any product submitted to the FDA for marketing approval, including a Fast Track program, may also be eligible for other types of FDA programs intended toexpedite development and review, such as priority review and accelerated approval. Any product is eligible for priority review if it has the potential to provide safeand effective therapy where no satisfactory alternative therapy exists or a significant improvement in the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of a disease comparedto marketed products. The FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of an application for a new drug or biological product designated forpriority review in an effort to facilitate the review. Additionally, a product may be eligible for accelerated approval. Drug or biological products studied for theirsafety and effectiveness in treating serious or life-threatening illnesses and that provide meaningful therapeutic benefit over existing treatments may receiveaccelerated approval, which means that they may be approved on the basis of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials establishing that the product has an effecton a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict a clinical benefit, or on the basis of an effect on a clinical endpoint other than survival or irreversiblemorbidity. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require that a sponsor of a drug or biological product receiving accelerated approval perform adequate andwell-controlled post-marketing clinical trials to establish safety and efficacy for the approved indication. In addition, the FDA currently requires as a condition foraccelerated approval pre-review of promotional materials, which could adversely impact the timing of the commercial launch of the product. Fast Trackdesignation, priority review and accelerated approval do not change the standards for approval but may expedite the development or approval process. Post-Approval Requirements Any drug products for which we or our strategic alliance partners receive FDA approvals are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among otherthings, record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the product, providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information, productsampling and distribution requirements, complying with certain electronic records and signature requirements and complying with FDA promotion and advertisingrequirements. These promotion and advertising agreements include, among others, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, promoting drugs for uses or inpatient populations that are not described in the drug’s approved labeling (known as “off-label use”), industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities, andpromotional activities involving the internet. Failure to comply with FDA requirements can have negative consequences, including adverse publicity, enforcementletters from the FDA, mandated corrective advertising or communications with doctors, and civil or criminal penalties. Although physicians may prescribe legallyavailable drugs for off-label uses, manufacturers may not market or promote such off-label uses. We will rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the production of clinical and commercial quantities of any products that we may commercialize.Our strategic alliance partners may also utilize third parties for some or all of a product we are developing with such strategic alliance partner. Manufacturers ofour products are required to comply with applicable FDA manufacturing requirements contained in the FDA’s cGMP regulations. cGMP regulations requireamong other things, quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation. Drug manufacturers and otherentities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, andare subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP and other laws. Accordingly, manufacturersmust continue to expend time, money, and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. Discovery of problems with a productafter approval may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer, or holder of an approved NDA, including withdrawal of the product from the market. Inaddition, changes to the manufacturing process generally require prior FDA approval before being implemented and other types of changes to the approvedproduct, such as adding new indications and additional labeling claims, are also subject to further FDA review and approval. 17The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase 4 testing, risk minimization action plans and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approvedproduct or place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. U.S. Patent Term Restoration and Marketing Exclusivity Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of the FDA approval of the use of our drug candidates, some of our United States patents may be eligible forlimited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Hatch-WaxmanAmendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent restoration term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during productdevelopment and the FDA regulatory review process. However, patent term restoration cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 yearsfrom the product’s approval date. The patent term restoration period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date ofan NDA, plus the time between the submission date of an NDA and the approval of that application. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug is eligible forthe extension and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. The United States Patent and Trademark Office, inconsultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration. In the future, we may apply for restoration of patentterm for one of our currently owned or licensed patents to add patent life beyond its current expiration date, depending on the expected length of the clinical trialsand other factors involved in the filing of the relevant NDA. Market exclusivity provisions under the FDCA can also delay the submission or the approval of certain applications of other companies seeking to referenceanother company’s NDA. The FDCA provides a five-year period of non-patent marketing exclusivity within the United States to the first applicant to obtainapproval of an NDA for a new chemical entity. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the sameactive moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the action of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review anabbreviated new drug application (ANDA), or a 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company for another version of such drug where the applicant does not ownor have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. However, an application may be submitted after four years if it contains a certification ofpatent invalidity or non-infringement to one of the patents listed with the FDA by the innovator NDA holder. The FDCA also provides three years of marketingexclusivity for an NDA, or supplement to an existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored bythe applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, for example new indications, dosages or strengths of an existing drug. Thisthree-year exclusivity covers only the conditions associated with the new clinical investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs for drugscontaining the original active agent. Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA. However, an applicantsubmitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all of the preclinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trialsnecessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness. Pediatric exclusivity is another type of regulatory market exclusivity in the United States. Pediatric exclusivity,if granted, adds six months to existing exclusivity periods and patent terms. This six-month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection orpatent term, may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric trial in accordance with an FDA-issued “Written Request” for such a trial. Reimbursement Sales of pharmaceutical products depend in significant part on the availability of third-party reimbursement. Third-party payers include government healthprograms such as Medicare and Medicaid, managed care providers, private health insurers and other organizations. These third-party payers are increasinglychallenging the price and examining the cost-effectiveness of medical products and services, including prescription drugs. In addition, significant uncertainty existsas to the reimbursement status of newly approved prescription drugs and other healthcare products. We may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studiesin order to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of any of our products that is successfully developed and approved. Our product candidates may not be consideredcost-effective. It is time consuming and expensive to seek reimbursement from third-party payers. Reimbursement may not be available or sufficient to allow thesale of any of our products that is successfully developed and approved on a competitive and profitable basis. The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA), established the Medicare Part D program to provide a voluntaryprescription drug benefit to Medicare beneficiaries. Under Part D, Medicare beneficiaries may enroll in prescription drug plans offered by private entities toprovide coverage of outpatient prescription drugs. Part D plans include both stand-alone prescription drug benefit plans and prescription drug coverage as asupplement to Medicare Advantage plans. Unlike Medicare Parts A and B, Part D coverage is not standardized. Part D prescription drug plan sponsors are notrequired to pay for all covered Part D drugs, and each Part D prescription drug plan can develop its own drug formulary that identifies which drugs it will coverand at what tier or level. However, Part D prescription drug formularies must include drugs within each therapeutic18category and class of covered Part D drugs, although not necessarily all of the drugs within each category or class. Any formulary used by a Part D prescriptiondrug plan must be developed and reviewed by a pharmacy and therapeutic committee. It is not clear what long-term effect the MMA will have on the prices paid for currently approved drugs and the pricing options for newly approved drugs.Government payment for some of the costs of prescription drugs may increase demand for any of our products that is successfully developed and approved.However, any negotiated prices for our products covered by a Part D prescription drug plan will likely be lower than the prices we might otherwise obtain.Moreover, although the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payers often follow Medicare coverage policy and paymentlimitations in setting their own payment rates. Accordingly, any reduction in payment that results from the MMA may result in a similar reduction in paymentsfrom non-governmental payers. We expect that there will continue to be a number of federal and state proposals to implement governmental pricing controls and limit the growth of healthcarecosts, including the cost of prescription drugs. Currently, Medicare is prohibited from negotiating directly with pharmaceutical companies for drugs. However, theU.S. Congress may in the future consider legislation that would lift the ban on federal negotiations. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides funding for the federal government to compare the effectiveness of different treatments for thesame illness. A plan for the research would be developed by the Department of Health and Human Services, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality andthe National Institutes of Health, and periodic reports on the status of the research and related expenditures would be made to the U.S. Congress. Although theresults of the comparative effectiveness studies are not intended to mandate coverage policies for public or private payers, it is not clear whether research wouldhave any effect on the sales of any of our products that is successfully developed and approved, if the product or the condition that it is intended to treat becomesthe subject of a study. It is also possible that comparative effectiveness research demonstrating benefits of a competitor’s product could adversely affect the sales ofany of our products that is successfully developed and approved. If third-party payers do not consider our products to be cost-effective compared to other availabletherapies, they may not cover our products after approval as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sellour products on a profitable basis. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010, is expected tohave a significant impact on the health care industry. The ACA is expected to expand coverage for the uninsured while at the same time containing overallhealthcare costs. Among other things, the ACA is expected to expand and increase industry rebates for drugs covered under Medicaid programs and make changesto the coverage requirements under the Medicare Part D program. We cannot predict the impact of the ACA on pharmaceutical companies because many of theACA’s reforms require the promulgation of detailed regulations to implement the statutory provisions, which has not yet occurred. In addition, although the UnitedStates Supreme Court has upheld the constitutionality of most of the ACA, some states have indicated that they intend not to implement certain sections of theACA and some members of the U.S. Congress are still working to repeal the ACA. These challenges add to the uncertainty of the effects of the ACA. The Physician Payment Sunshine Act (Sunshine Act), which was enacted as part of ACA, requires covered manufacturers of drugs covered under Medicare,Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program to report annually to the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services payments or othertransfers of value made by that entity, or by a third party as directed by that entity, to physicians and teaching hospitals, or to third parties on behalf of physiciansor teaching hospitals, during the course of the preceding calendar year. The final rule implementing the Sunshine Act, published on February 8, 2013, requires datacollection on payments to begin on August 1, 2013. Failure to submit required information may result in civil monetary penalties of up to $150,000 per year (up to$1 million per year for “knowing failures”) for all payments, transfers of value or ownership or investment interests not reported in an annual submission. If not preempted by the ACA, several states require pharmaceutical manufacturers to report expenses relating to the marketing and promotion of pharmaceuticalproducts and to report gifts and payments to individual physicians in the states. Other states prohibit providing various other marketing related activities. Still otherstates require the posting of information relating to clinical studies and their outcomes. In addition, some states, such as California, Nevada and Massachusetts,require pharmaceutical manufacturers to implement compliance programs or marketing codes. Currently, several additional states are considering similarproposals. Compliance with these laws is difficult and time consuming, and companies that do not comply with these state laws face civil penalties. In some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing varywidely from country to country. For example, the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which theirrespective national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. A member state may approve aspecific price for the medicinal19product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. There can beno assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricingarrangements for any of our products for which we receive marketing approval. Historically, the price structures for products launched in the European Union donot follow those of the United States and tend to be significantly lower. Europe / Rest of World Government Regulation In addition to regulations in the United States, we and our strategic alliance partners will be subject to a variety of regulations in other jurisdictions governing,among other things, clinical trials and any commercial sales and distribution of our products. Whether or not we or our collaborators obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in foreign countriesprior to the commencement of clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. Certain countries outside of the United States have a similar processthat requires the submission of a clinical trial application much like the IND prior to the commencement of human clinical trials. In the European Union, forexample, a clinical trial application (CTA), must be submitted to each country’s national health authority and an independent ethics committee, much like the FDAand IRB, respectively. Once the CTA is approved in accordance with a country’s requirements, clinical trial development may proceed. The requirements and process governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. In all cases, theclinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCP and the applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declarationof Helsinki. To obtain regulatory approval of an investigational drug or biological product under European Union regulatory systems, we or our strategic alliance partners mustsubmit a marketing authorization application. The application used to file the NDA or a Biologics License Application in the United States is similar to thatrequired in the European Union, with the exception of, among other things, country-specific document requirements. For other countries outside of the European Union, such as countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America or Asia, the requirements governing the conduct of clinicaltrials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. In all cases, again, the clinical trials are conducted in accordance with GCP andthe applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki. If we or our strategic alliance partners fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspensionor withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution. Environmental, Health and Safety Regulations We are subject to various environmental, health and safety regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatmentand disposal of hazardous substances. From time to time, and in the future, our operations may involve the use of hazardous materials. Employees As of December 31, 2015 , we had 131 full-time employees. Of these employees, 93 employees are engaged in research and development activities and 38employees are engaged in marketing, finance, legal, human resources, facilities and general management. We have no collective bargaining agreements with ouremployees and we have not experienced any work stoppages. We consider our relations with our employees to be good. Corporate Information We were incorporated in the State of Delaware in April 2000. Our corporate headquarters are located at 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 100, Durham, NorthCarolina 27713 in a facility we lease encompassing approximately 29,053 square feet of office space. The leases for this facility expire in February 2021. Weseparately lease an additional 7,925 square feet of laboratory space in Durham, North Carolina. The lease for this facility expires in June 2018. Our corporate website address is www.chimerix.com. Our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission are available free of charge through our website assoon as reasonably practicable after being electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The20information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this Annual Report, and the inclusion of our website address in this AnnualReport is an inactive textual reference only.ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORSExcept for the historical information contained herein or incorporated by reference, this Annual Report and the information incorporated by reference containsforward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. These statements include projections about our research, development and commercializationefforts, our accounting and finances, plans and objectives for the future, future operating and economic performance and other statements regarding futureperformance. These statements are not guarantees of future performance or events. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed here. Factorsthat could cause or contribute to differences in our actual results include those discussed in the following section, as well as those discussed in Part II, Item 7entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere throughout this Annual Report and in anyother documents incorporated by reference into this Annual Report. You should consider carefully the following risk factors, together with all of the otherinformation included or incorporated in this Annual Report. Each of these risk factors, either alone or taken together, could adversely affect our business,operating results and financial condition, as well as adversely affect the value of an investment in our common stock. There may be additional risks that we do notpresently know of or that we currently believe are immaterial which could also impair our business and financial position.An investment in shares of our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following information about these risks, togetherwith the other information appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report, before deciding to invest in our common stock. The occurrence of any of the following riskscould have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects. In these circumstances, the marketprice of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.Risks Related To Our Financial Condition and Need For Additional CapitalWe have incurred significant losses since our inception. We anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we maynever achieve or maintain profitability.We are a biopharmaceutical company focused primarily on developing our lead product candidate, brincidofovir. We have incurred significant net losses in eachyear since our inception, including net losses of $117.4 million , $59.3 million and $36.4 million for the fiscal years ended 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , respectively. Asof December 31, 2015 , we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $339.4 million .To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities and, to a lesser extent, through government funding, licensing fees anddebt. We have devoted most of our financial resources to research and development, including our preclinical development activities and clinical trials. We havenot completed development of any product candidates. We expect to continue to incur losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future. The size of ourlosses will depend, in part, on the rate of future expenditures and our ability to generate revenues. In particular, we expect to incur substantial and increasedexpenses as we:•continue the development of our lead product candidate, brincidofovir, for the treatment of adenovirus (AdV) infection;•continue the development of BCV for the prevention or treatment of CMV and other viral indications in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT)recipients, solid organ transplant recipients and other patient populations;•evaluate additional formulations of brincidofovir, including an intravenous formulation;•seek to obtain regulatory approvals for brincidofovir;•scale-up manufacturing capabilities to commercialize brincidofovir for any indications for which we receive regulatory approval;•expand our research and development activities and advance our clinical programs;•maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;•continue our research and development efforts and seek to discover additional product candidates; and•add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development andcommercialization efforts and operations as a public company.To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in developing and eventually commercializing products with significant market potential. This will require usto be successful in a range of challenging activities, including discovering product candidates, completing preclinical testing and clinical trials of our productcandidates, obtaining regulatory approval for these product21candidates, and manufacturing, marketing and selling those products for which we may obtain regulatory approval. We are only in the preliminary stages of someof these activities.To date, we have not obtained regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, and none of our product candidates have been commercialized. We may neversucceed in developing or commercializing any of our product candidates. If our product candidates are not successfully developed or commercialized, or ifrevenues from any products that do receive regulatory approvals are insufficient, we will not achieve profitability and our business may fail. Even if wesuccessfully obtain regulatory approval to market our product candidates in the United States, our revenues are also dependent upon the size of markets outside ofthe United States, as well as our ability to obtain market approval and achieve commercial success outside of the United States. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remainprofitable would depress the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, diversify our product offerings or continueour operations. A decline in the value of our company could cause you to lose all or part of your investment. Our ability to generate future revenues from product sales is uncertain and depends upon our ability to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for,and commercialize our product candidates. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends on our ability, alone or with collaborators, to successfully complete the development, obtain thenecessary regulatory approvals and commercialize our product candidates. We do not anticipate generating revenues from sales of our product candidates for theforeseeable future. Our ability to generate future revenues from product sales depends heavily on our success in: •obtaining favorable results for and advancing the development of brincidofovir, including successfully completing Phase 3 clinical development;•obtaining United States and foreign regulatory approval for brincidofovir;•launching and commercializing brincidofovir, including establishing a sales force and/or collaborating with third party providers of salesorganizations;•achieving broad market acceptance of brincidofovir in the medical community and with third-party payers; and•generating, licensing or otherwise acquiring a pipeline of product candidates which progress to clinical development, regulatory approval, andcommercialization.Conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate thenecessary data required to obtain regulatory approval and achieve product sales. Our anticipated development costs would likely increase if we do not obtainfavorable results or if development of our product candidates is delayed. In particular, we would likely incur higher costs than we currently anticipate ifdevelopment of our product candidates is delayed because we are required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or foreign regulatory authorities toperform studies or trials in addition to those that we currently anticipate, or we decide to conduct additional studies or trials for strategic reasons. For example, werecently announced that in the SUPPRESS trial, brincidofovir did not prevent clinically significant CMV infection through Week 24 after hematopoietic celltransplant to a greater extent that occurred on placebo, the primary endpoint of the trial.We are undertaking a review of our overall development plan for brincidofovir. In connection with this review we are closing the SUSTAIN and SURPASS trialsof brincidofovir in kidney transplant recipients. We may be required to initiate additional clinical trials in order to attain FDA approval of brincidofovir. Forexample, in light of the numerical difference in mortality observed in SUPPRESS, the FDA may require us to conduct a controlled study of brincidofovir in AdV.Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of anyincrease in our anticipated development costs that will result from any additional trials. In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success. Our commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of products thatwe do not expect to be commercially available for a number of years, if at all. Even if one or more of our product candidates is approved for commercial sale, weanticipate incurring significant costs in connection with commercialization. As a result, we cannot assure you that we will be able to generate revenues from salesof any approved product candidates, or that we will achieve or maintain profitability even if we do generate sales. 22If we fail to obtain additional financing, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs, seek corporate partners for thedevelopment of our product development programs or relinquish or license on unfavorable terms, our rights to technologies or product candidates. Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takesyears to complete. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance our clinicalprograms for brincidofovir. We believe that our existing capital available to fund operations will enable us to fund our current operating expenses and capital requirements for at least the nexttwelve months. At present, we expect research and development expenses to temporarily trend lower, as we are not actively treating patients in connection withany experimental clinical trials of brincidofovir. However, following finalization of our revised development plan in 2016, we expect to increase our research anddevelopment expenses. In addition, changing circumstances beyond our control may cause us to consume capital more rapidly than we currently anticipate. Forexample, our clinical trials may encounter technical, enrollment or other difficulties that could increase our development costs more than we expected, or becausethe FDA or foreign regulatory authorities requires us to perform studies or trials in addition to those that we currently anticipate. We may need to raise additionalfunds if we choose to initiate clinical trials for our product candidates other than brincidofovir. In any event, we will require additional capital to commercialize ourlead product candidate, brincidofovir.Securing additional financing may divert our management from our day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize ourproduct candidates, including brincidofovir. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable tous, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to: •significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of our product candidates, including brincidofovir;•seek corporate partners for brincidofovir or any of our other product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or on terms thatare less favorable than might otherwise be available; or•relinquish or license on unfavorable terms, our rights to technologies or product candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop orcommercialize ourselves.If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we will be prevented from pursuing development andcommercialization efforts, which will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects and on our ability to develop our productcandidates.We may not realize the expected benefits of our cost-saving initiatives.Reducing costs is a key element of our current business strategy. In early 2016, as a consequence of the failure of SUPPRESS, our Phase 3 pivotal trial ofbrincidofovir for the prevention of CMV in HCT to meet its primary endpoint, we initiated a reduction to our workforce. Personnel reductions were initiated acrossour entire organization that have resulted in a remaining workforce of approximately 105 full-time employees. The principal objective of the reduction inworkforce was to enable us to focus our financial resources on the continued clinical development of brincidofovir.We expect to record an aggregate charge related to one-time termination benefits of approximately $1.4 million to be recorded in 2016. If we experience excessiveunanticipated inefficiencies or incremental costs in connection with restructuring activities, such as unanticipated inefficiencies caused by reducing headcount, wemay be unable to meaningfully realize cost savings and we may incur expenses in excess of what we anticipate. Either of these outcomes could prevent us frommeeting our strategic objectives and could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. Risks Related To Clinical Development and Regulatory Approval We depend on the success of our lead product candidate, brincidofovir, which is still under clinical development, and may not obtain regulatory approval or besuccessfully commercialized. We have not marketed, distributed or sold any products. The success of our business depends upon our ability to develop and commercialize our lead productcandidate, brincidofovir. In December 2015, we announced that in the SUPPRESS trial, brincidofovir did not prevent clinically significant CMV infection throughWeek 24 after transplant to a greater extent than occurred on placebo, the primary endpoint of the trial. In addition, the mortality rate for patients who had beenrandomized to receive brincidofovir increased in the off-treatment period such that the overall mortality for brincidofovir and for placebo were statisticallyequivalent, but numerically higher for the patients who were randomized to receive brincidofovir.23Our Phase 3 AdVise study of brincidofovir for the treatment of AdV infection in allogeneic HCT recipients and other immunocompromised individuals hascompleted enrollment. We are currently conducting Study 305 to obtain clinical outcomes data in patients considered matched controls from the same medicalcenters as AdVise participants. We will continue to prepare data from the AdVise trial and the historical matched controls to review with the FDA to determine theregulatory pathway for the treatment of adenovirus. We anticipate results from this study to be reported during 2016.Following a review of results from the SUPPRESS trial and discussion with the FDA regarding our clinical development plan for brincidofovir, we have elected toclose the Phase 3 SUSTAIN and SURPASS trials. We are currently evaluating opportunities to confirm brincidofovir’s benefit in solid organ transplant recipients.There is no guarantee that our current or future clinical trials, including any Phase 3 trials, will be completed or, if completed, will be successful, or if successful,will result in an approval. The success of brincidofovir will depend on several factors, including the following: •development of alternate acceptable drug formulations;•successful completion of nonclinical studies and successful enrollment and completion of clinical trials;•receipt of marketing approvals from the FDA and corresponding regulatory authorities outside the United States for our product candidates;•establishing commercial manufacturing capabilities;•launching commercial sales of the product, whether alone or in collaboration with others;•acceptance of the product by patients, the medical community and third-party payers;•effectively competing with other therapies;•a continued acceptable safety profile of the product following approval; and•obtaining, maintaining, enforcing and defending intellectual property rights and claims.If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercializebrincidofovir, which would materially harm our business. We have never obtained regulatory approval for a drug and we may be unable to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, regulatory approval for brincidofovir. We have never obtained regulatory approval for a drug. It is possible that the FDA and/or foreign health authorities may refuse to accept our NDA (orcorresponding foreign application) for substantive review or may conclude after review of our data that our application is insufficient to obtain regulatory approvalof brincidofovir.As an example, the control for the AdVise trial is a historic control, which means that the clinical outcomes as recorded for similar patients at the same institutionsthat are participating in enrollment for AdVise will be used as the comparison for the Advise subjects. Subjects enrolled in either Cohort A or Cohort B of AdVisewill have up to three matched controls for clinical outcomes including mortality. Trials which employ historic controls have specific risks which are unique and arein addition to risks of trials which randomize some patients to placebo or to an active comparator drug. Regulatory review of these trials may incur additional risks.We will continue to prepare data from the AdVise trial, including its historical matched controls, to review with the FDA and/or foreign health authorities todetermine the regulatory pathway for the treatment of adenovirus. There is no guarantee that we and the FDA and/or foreign health authorities will reachagreement on a development pathway for the use of brincidofovir for the treatment of adenovirus.If the FDA and/or foreign health authorities do not accept or approve our application(s) for AdV, we may be required to conduct additional clinical, nonclinical ormanufacturing validation studies and submit those data before reconsideration of our application occurs. Depending on the extent of these or any other requiredstudies, approval of any NDA or application that we submit may be delayed by several years, or may require us to expend more resources than we have available.It is also possible that additional studies, if performed and completed, may not be considered sufficient by the FDA and/or foreign health authorities to approve ourNDA or foreign application. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, regulatory approvals would prevent us from commercializing brincidofovir, generating revenues and achievingand sustaining profitability. If any of these outcomes occur, we may be forced to abandon our development efforts for brincidofovir, which would have a materialadverse effect on our business and could potentially cause us to cease operations. 24We depend on the successful completion of clinical trials for our product candidates, including brincidofovir. The positive clinical results obtained for ourproduct candidates in prior clinical studies may not be repeated in future clinical studies. Before obtaining regulatory approval for the sale of our product candidates, including brincidofovir, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate thesafety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and isuncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more of our clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of preclinical testing and early clinical trialsmay not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. Moreover, preclinical andclinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorilyin preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval for their products.In December 2015, we announced that in the SUPPRESS trial, brincidofovir did not prevent clinically significant CMV infection through Week 24 after transplantto a greater extent than occurred on placebo, the primary endpoint of the trial. We are currently collecting and analyzing the data from our fully enrolled Phase 3AdVise trial. Even if the results of AdVise are positive, in order to receive approval to market and commercialize brincidofovir we may be required to conductadditional clinical studies, in light of the numerical difference in mortality observed in SUPPRESS.We may experience a number of unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical trials for our product candidates, including brincidofovir, that could adverselyaffect the completion of our clinical trials, including: •regulators or institutional review boards may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at aprospective trial site;•clinical trials of our product candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conductadditional clinical trials or abandon product development programs;•we might be required to change one of our clinical research organizations (CROs) during ongoing clinical programs;•the number of subjects required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment in these clinical trials maybe insufficient or slower than we anticipate or subjects may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate;•our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all;•we may have to suspend or terminate clinical trials of our product candidates for various reasons, including a finding that the subjects are beingexposed to unacceptable health risks;•regulators or institutional review boards may require that we or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, includingnoncompliance with regulatory requirements;•the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than we anticipate;•we may encounter agency or judicial enforcement actions which impact our clinical trials;•the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates may be insufficient orinadequate; or•our product candidates may have undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, causing us or our investigators to suspend or terminatethe trials.Negative or inconclusive results from our AdVise trial of brincidofovir, or any other clinical trial we conduct, could cause the FDA and/or foreign healthauthorities to require that we repeat or conduct additional clinical studies. We do not know whether AdVise, or any other clinical trials we may conduct willdemonstrate adequate efficacy and safety to result in regulatory approval to market our product candidates, including brincidofovir. If later stage clinical trials donot produce favorable results, our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, including brincidofovir, may be adversely impacted. We are developing brincidofovir to treat patients who are extremely ill, and patient deaths that occur in our clinical trials could negatively impact our businesseven if they are not shown to be related to brincidofovir. We are developing our lead product candidate, brincidofovir, for the treatment of adenovirus infection through the AdVise trial, and for the prevention or treatmentof other DNA viral infections. Many of these patients receive an HCT as a potential cure or remission for many cancers and genetic disorders. Patients enrolled inAdVise are often extremely sick and have a high likelihood of experiencing adverse outcomes as a result of their infection. To prepare for an HCT, patients receivea pre-transplant conditioning regimen, which involves high-dose chemotherapy and may also include radiation therapy. The conditioning regimen suppresses thepatient's immune system in order to prevent it from attacking the new bone marrow.We are currently assessing the possibility of conducting additional clinical trials for brincidofovir for other indications, including in the solid organ transplantsetting. In this or other transplant settings, immunosuppressive therapies are administered25to decrease the risk of organ rejection and are generally tapered after the first few months; the risk of severe viral infection is highest in the first few months.Generally, patients remain at high risk during the first 100 to 200 days following their transplant and are at increased risk of infections during that period, whichcan be serious and even life-threatening due to their weakened immune systems.As a result, it is likely that we will observe severe adverse outcomes during our clinical trials for brincidofovir, including patient death. If a significant number ofstudy subject deaths were to occur, regardless of whether such deaths are attributable to brincidofovir, our ability to obtain regulatory approval and/or achievecommercial acceptance for brincidofovir may be adversely impacted and our business could be materially harmed.Delays in clinical trials are common and have many causes, and any delay could result in increased costs to us and jeopardize or delay our ability to obtainregulatory approval and commence product sales. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete, and is uncertain as to outcome. We may experience delays inclinical trials at any stage of development and testing of our product candidates. Our planned clinical trials may not begin on time, have an effective design, enrolla sufficient number of subjects, or be completed on schedule, if at all.Events which may result in a delay or unsuccessful completion of clinical trials, including our Phase 3 clinical trials for brincidofovir, include:•inability to raise funding necessary to initiate or continue a trial;•delays in obtaining regulatory approval to commence a trial;•delays in reaching agreement with the FDA and foreign health authorities on final trial design;•imposition of a clinical hold following an inspection of our clinical trial operations or trial sites by the FDA or other regulatory authorities;•delays caused by disagreements with existing CROs and/or clinical trial sites;•delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs and clinical trial sites;•delays in obtaining required institutional review board approval at each site;•delays in recruiting suitable patients to participate in a trial;•delays in having subjects complete participation in a trial or return for post-treatment follow-up;•delays caused by subjects dropping out of a trial due to side effects or otherwise;•clinical sites dropping out of a trial to the detriment of enrollment;•agency or judicial enforcement actions against us;•time required to add new clinical sites; and•delays by our contract manufacturers to produce and deliver sufficient supply of clinical trial materials.For example, due to the specialized indication and patient populations being studied in our Phase 3 clinical trials of brincidofovir, the number of study sitesavailable to us is relatively limited, and therefore enrollment of suitable patients to participate in the trial may take longer than is typical for studies involving otherindications. This may result in a delay or unsuccessful completion of our clinical trials.If initiation or completion of any of our clinical trials for our product candidates, including brincidofovir, are delayed for any of the above reasons, ourdevelopment costs may increase, our approval process could be delayed, any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our productcandidates may be reduced and our competitors may have more time to bring products to market before we do. Any of these events could impair our ability togenerate revenues from product sales and impair our ability to generate regulatory and commercialization milestones and royalties, all of which could have amaterial adverse effect on our business. Our product candidates may cause adverse effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval or limit the scope of anyapproved label or market acceptance. Adverse events (AEs) caused by our product candidates could cause us, other reviewing entities, clinical study sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay orhalt clinical studies and could result in the denial of regulatory approval. For example, subjects enrolled in our clinical trials for brincidofovir have experiencedgastrointestinal AEs and liver-related safety laboratory value changes. In addition, brincidofovir is related to the approved drug cidofovir (CDV), a compoundwhich has been shown to result in significant renal toxicity and impairment following use. There is also a risk that our other product candidates may induce AEs,many of which may be unknown at this time. If an unacceptable frequency and/or severity of AEs are reported in our clinical trials for our product candidates, ourability to obtain regulatory approval for product candidates, including brincidofovir, may be negatively impacted.26If any of our approved products cause serious or unexpected side effects prior to or after receiving market approval, a number of potentially significant negativeconsequences could result, including: •regulatory authorities may approve the product only with a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS), potentially with restrictions ondistribution and other elements to assure safe use (ETASU);•regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product or impose restrictions on its distribution in a form of a modified REMS;•regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as warnings or contraindications;•we may be required to change the way the product is administered or to conduct additional clinical studies;•we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; and•our reputation may suffer.Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate and could substantially increase the costsof commercializing our product candidates.After the completion of our clinical trials, we cannot predict whether or when we will obtain regulatory approval to commercialize brincidofovir and wecannot, therefore, predict the timing of any future revenue from brincidofovir. We cannot commercialize our product candidates, including brincidofovir, until the appropriate regulatory authorities have reviewed and approved the productcandidate. The regulatory agencies may not complete their review processes in a timely manner, or we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval forbrincidofovir. Additional delays in the United States may result if brincidofovir is brought before an FDA advisory committee, which could recommendrestrictions on approval or recommend non-approval of the product candidate. In addition, we may experience delays or rejections based upon additionalgovernment regulation from future legislation or administrative action, or changes in regulatory agency policy during the period of product development, clinicalstudies and the review process. As a result, we cannot predict when, if at all, we will receive any future revenue from commercialization of any of our productcandidates, including brincidofovir.Even if we obtain regulatory approval for brincidofovir and our other product candidates, we will still face extensive regulatory requirements and our productsmay face future development and regulatory difficulties. Even if we obtain regulatory approval, the granting authority may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses, distribution or marketing of our productcandidates, including brincidofovir, or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance. For example, thelabeling ultimately approved for our product candidates, including brincidofovir, will likely include restrictions on use due to the specific patient population andmanner of use in which the drug was evaluated and the safety and efficacy data obtained in those evaluations. In addition, the distribution of brincidofovir may betightly controlled through a REMS with ETASU, which are required medical interventions or other actions healthcare professionals need to execute prior toprescribing or dispensing the drug to the patient. Some actions may also be required in order for the patient to continue on treatment. In addition, the label forbrincidofovir may be required to include a boxed warning, or “black box,” regarding brincidofovir being carcinogenic, teratogenic and impairing fertility in animalstudies, as well as a contraindication in patients who have had a demonstrated clinically significant hypersensitivity reaction to brincidofovir or CDV or anycomponent of the formulation. The brincidofovir labeling may also include warnings or black boxes pertaining to gastrointestinal AEs or liver-related safetylaboratory value changes.Brincidofovir and our other product candidates will also be subject to additional ongoing regulatory requirements governing the labeling, packaging, storage,distribution, safety surveillance, advertising, promotion, record-keeping and reporting of safety and other post-market information. In the United States, the holderof an approved NDA is obligated to monitor and report AEs and any failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA. The holder of an approved NDAmust also submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling or manufacturingprocess. If a REMS is required, the NDA holder may be required to monitor and evaluate those in the healthcare system who are responsible for implementingETASU measures. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and are subject to FDA review, in addition to other potentially applicablefederal and state laws.In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by regulatoryauthorities for compliance with current good manufacturing practices (cGMP), and adherence to commitments made in the application. If we, or a regulatoryagency, discover previously unknown problems with a product, such as quality issues or AEs of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facilitywhere the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions relative to that product or the manufacturing facility, including requiring recall orwithdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.27If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements following approval of our product candidate, a regulatory agency may:•issue an untitled or warning letter asserting that we are in violation of the law;•seek an injunction or impose civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines;•suspend or withdraw regulatory approval;•suspend any ongoing clinical trials;•refuse to approve a pending application or supplements to an application submitted by us;•recall and/or seize product; or•refuse to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts.Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negativepublicity. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize brincidofovir and our other product candidates andinhibit our ability to generate revenues. Even if we obtain FDA approval for brincidofovir or any of our other products in the United States, we may never obtain approval for or commercializebrincidofovir or any of our other products outside of the United States, which would limit our ability to realize their full market potential. In order to market any products outside of the United States, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements on a country-by-country basis regarding safety and efficacy. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions. In addition,clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not guaranteeregulatory approval in any other country. Approval processes vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and validation and additionaladministrative review periods. Seeking foreign regulatory approval could result in difficulties and costs for us and require additional preclinical studies or clinicaltrials which could be costly and time consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction ofour products in those countries. We do not have any product candidates approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including international markets, and we do not haveexperience in obtaining regulatory approval in any markets. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintainrequired approvals, or if regulatory approvals in international markets are delayed, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full marketpotential of our products will be unrealized. Our relationships with investigators, health care professionals, consultants, third-party payers, and customers are subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraudand abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harmand diminished profits and future earnings. Healthcare providers, physicians and others play a primary role in the recommendation and prescribing of any products for which we obtain marketing approval.Our current business operations and future arrangements with investigators, healthcare professionals, consultants, third-party payers and customers may expose usto broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations. These laws may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationshipsthrough which we research, market, sell and distribute our products for which we obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and statehealthcare laws and regulations, include, but are not limited to, the following: •the federal healthcare anti-kickback statute which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering,receiving or paying remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce orreward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of, any good, facility, item or service, for whichpayment may be made, in whole or in part, under federal healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid;•the federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalties, including civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, which prohibit, amongother things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment or approvalthat are false or fraudulent or from knowingly making a false statement to improperly avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to thefederal government;•the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) which, among other things, imposes criminal liability forknowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or to obtain, by means of false orfraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefitprogram, regardless of the payer (e.g., public or private) and knowingly or willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by any trick or device amaterial fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or servicesrelating to healthcare matters;28•HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) and its implementing regulations, andas amended again by the final HIPAA omnibus rule, Modifications to the HIPAA Privacy, Security, Enforcement, and Breach Notification RulesUnder HITECH and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act; Other Modifications to HIPAA, published in January 2013, which imposescertain obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individuallyidentifiable health information without appropriate authorization by entities subject to the rule, such as health plans, clearinghouses and healthcareproviders;•the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) which prohibits, among other things, the adulteration or misbranding of drugs and devices;•the federal transparency law, enacted as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of2010 (collectively, the Health Care Reform Law), and its implementing regulations, which requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologicals andmedical supplies to report to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services information related to payments and other transfers of value madeto physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; and•analogous state laws and regulations, including: state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to our business practices, including butnot limited to, research, distribution, sales and marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by stategovernmental and non-governmental third-party payers, including private insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply withthe pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government; andstate laws and regulations that require manufacturers to file reports relating to pricing and marketing information, which requires tracking gifts andother remuneration and items of value provided to healthcare professionals and entities.Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It ispossible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, agency guidance orcase law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these or any otherhealth regulatory laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties,damages, fines, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations,any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if wesuccessfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses or divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. If any ofthe physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they also may be subjectto criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including, but not limited to, exclusions from government funded healthcare programs, which could also materiallyaffect our business. Recently enacted and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidatesand affect the prices we may obtain. In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcaresystem that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sellany products for which we obtain marketing approval.In the United States, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (Medicare Modernization Act) changed the way Medicarecovers and pays for pharmaceutical products. The legislation expanded Medicare coverage for drug purchases by the elderly and introduced a new reimbursementmethodology based on average sales prices for physician-administered drugs. In addition, this legislation provided authority for limiting the number of drugs thatwill be covered in any therapeutic class. Cost reduction initiatives and other provisions of this legislation could decrease the coverage and price that we receive forany approved products. While the Medicare Modernization Act applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, private payers often follow Medicarecoverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates. Therefore, any reduction in reimbursement that results from the MedicareModernization Act may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payers.More recently, in March 2010, the Health Care Reform Law was enacted to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcarespending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for health care and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and feeson the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. The Health Care Reform Law revises the definition of “average manufacturer price” forreporting purposes, which could increase the amount of Medicaid drug rebates to states. Further, the new law imposes a significant annual fee on companies thatmanufacture or import branded prescription drug products. New provisions affecting compliance have also been enacted, which may affect our29business practices with health care practitioners. We will not know the full effects of the Health Care Reform Law until applicable federal and state agencies issueregulations or guidance under the new law.Although it is too early to determine the effect of the Health Care Reform Law, the new law appears likely to continue the pressure on pharmaceutical pricing,especially under the Medicare program, and may also increase our regulatory burdens and operating costs.Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceuticalproducts. We are not sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, orwhat the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of our product candidates, if any, may be.Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties We rely on third-party manufacturers to produce our preclinical and clinical drug supplies, and we intend to rely on third parties to produce commercialsupplies of any approved product candidates.We do not own or operate, and we do not expect to own or operate, facilities for product manufacturing, storage and distribution, or testing. In the past, we haverelied on third-party manufacturers for supply of our preclinical and clinical drug supplies. We expect that in the future we will continue to rely on suchmanufacturers for drug supply that will be used in clinical trials of our product candidates, including brincidofovir, and for commercialization of any of our productcandidates that receive regulatory approval. Our reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks, including: •inability to meet our product specifications and quality requirements consistently;•delay or inability to procure or expand sufficient manufacturing capacity;•manufacturing and product quality issues related to scale-up of manufacturing;•costs and validation of new equipment and facilities required for scale-up;•failure to comply with cGMP and similar foreign standards;•inability to negotiate manufacturing agreements with third parties under commercially reasonable terms;•termination or nonrenewal of manufacturing agreements with third parties in a manner or at a time that is costly or damaging to us;•reliance on a limited number of sources, and in some cases, single sources for product components, such that if we are unable to secure a sufficientsupply of these product components, we will be unable to manufacture and sell our product candidates in a timely fashion, in sufficient quantities orunder acceptable terms;•lack of qualified backup suppliers for those components that are currently purchased from a sole or single source supplier;•operations of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers could be disrupted by conditions unrelated to our business or operations, including thebankruptcy of the manufacturer or supplier;•carrier disruptions or increased costs that are beyond our control; and•failure to deliver our products under specified storage conditions and in a timely manner.Any of these events could lead to clinical study delays, failure to obtain regulatory approval or impact our ability to successfully commercialize our products. Someof these events could be the basis for FDA action, including injunction, recall, seizure, or total or partial suspension of production. We rely on limited sources of supply for the drug component for our lead product candidate, brincidofovir, and any disruption in the chain of supply maycause delay in developing and commercializing brincidofovir. Manufacturing of drug components is subject to certain FDA and comparable foreign qualifications with respect to manufacturing standards. We are currentlytransferring the drug substance manufacturing process to our selected contractor that will produce the commercial supply of drug substance and have selected acommercial tablet and suspension manufacturer to optimize tablet and suspension formulation production to meet forecasted commercial demand. There can be noassurance that such transfer will be successful. It is our expectation that only one supplier of drug substance and one supplier of drug product will be qualified asvendors with the FDA. If supply from an approved vendor is interrupted, there could be a significant disruption in commercial supply of brincidofovir. Analternative vendor would need to be qualified through an NDA supplement which could result in further delay. The FDA or other regulatory agencies outside of theUnited States may also require additional studies if a new drug substance or drug product supplier is relied upon for commercial production.30These factors could cause the delay of clinical trials, regulatory submissions, required approvals or commercialization of brincidofovir, and cause us to incuradditional costs. Furthermore, if our suppliers fail to deliver the required commercial quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredient on a timely basis and atcommercially reasonable prices, and we are unable to secure one or more replacement suppliers capable of production at a substantially equivalent cost, ourclinical trials for brincidofovir may be delayed, which could inhibit our ability to generate revenues. Manufacturing issues may arise that could increase product and regulatory approval costs or delay commercialization of brincidofovir. We have validated processes for drug substance and drug product production for brincidofovir at scales that are well in excess of our anticipated commercial scale.We are currently revalidating our drug substance and drug product processes using our current commercial processes at our intended commercial scale with ourintended commercial manufacturers.The validation processes, along with ongoing stability studies and analyses we are conducting, may reveal difficulties in our processes which could requireresolution in order to proceed with our planned clinical trials and obtain regulatory approval for the commercial marketing of brincidofovir. In the future, we mayidentify significant impurities, which could result in increased scrutiny by the regulatory agencies, delays in clinical program and regulatory approval forbrincidofovir, increases in our operating expenses, or failure to obtain or maintain approval for brincidofovir.We depend on the continuation of our current collaboration with ContraVir Pharmaceuticals, who is currently responsible for developing and commercializingCMX157.In December 2014, we entered into a licensing arrangement with ContraVir, whereby ContraVir is responsible for the future development and commercializationof CMX157. Under this arrangement, ContraVir is responsible for conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, obtaining required regulatory approvals forCMX157, and manufacturing and commercializing CMX157. Our right to receive milestone and royalty payments under the licensing agreement depends on theachievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones by ContraVir.The development and commercialization of CMX157 and our ability to receive potential milestones and royalty payments under the license agreement withContraVir, would be adversely affected if ContraVir:•lacks or does not devote sufficient time and resources to the development and commercialization of CMX157;•lacks or does not devote sufficient capital to fund the development and commercialization of CMX157;•develops, either alone or with others, products that compete with CMX157;•fails to gain the requisite regulatory approvals for CMX157;•does not successfully commercialize CMX157;•does not conduct its activities in a timely manner;•terminates its license with us;•does not effectively pursue and enforce intellectual property rights relating to CMX157; or•merges with a third-party that wants to terminate the collaboration.We have limited or no control over the occurrence of any of the foregoing. Furthermore, disagreements with ContraVir could lead to litigation or arbitration, whichcould be time-consuming and expensive. If any of these issues arise, it may delay the development and commercialization milestones and royalties based on furtherdevelopment and sales of CMX157.We rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical studies and related data, and if those third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner,it may harm our business. We rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials. While we have agreements governing their activities, we havelimited influence over their actual performance. We have relied and plan to continue to rely upon CROs to monitor and manage data for our ongoing clinicalprograms for brincidofovir and our other product candidates, as well as the execution of nonclinical studies. We control only certain aspects of our CROs’activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory andscientific standards and our reliance on CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.We and our CROs are required to comply with the FDA’s guidance, which follows the International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice (ICHGCP), which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA for all of our product candidates in clinical development. The FDA enforces the ICH GCPthrough periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or our CROs fail to comply with the ICH GCP, the clinical datagenerated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketingapplications.31In addition, our Phase 3 clinical trials for brincidofovir will require a sufficiently large number of test subjects to evaluate the safety and effectiveness ofbrincidofovir. Accordingly, if our CROs fail to comply with these regulations or fail to recruit a sufficient number of subjects, we may be required to repeat thesePhase 3 clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.Our CROs are not our employees, and we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our ongoing clinical and nonclinical programs.These CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical studies, orother drug development activities which could harm our competitive position. We face the risk of potential unauthorized disclosure or misappropriation of ourintellectual property by CROs, which may reduce our trade secret protection and allow our potential competitors to access and exploit our proprietary technology.If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical datathey obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for any other reasons, our clinical trials may beextended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize brincidofovir or our other productcandidates. Disagreements with our CROs over contractual issues, including performance, compliance or compensation could lead to termination of CROagreements and/or delays in our clinical program and risks to the accuracy and usability of clinical data. As a result, our financial results and the commercialprospects for brincidofovir and any other product candidates that we develop would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenues couldbe delayed.Risks Related to Commercialization of Our Product Candidates The commercial success of brincidofovir and our other product candidates will depend upon the acceptance of these products by the medical community,including physicians, patients, pharmacists and health care payers. If any of our product candidates, including brincidofovir, receive marketing approval, they may nonetheless not gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians,patients, healthcare payers and others in the medical community. If these products do not achieve an adequate level of market acceptance, we may not generatesignificant product revenues and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of any of our product candidates, including brincidofovir, willdepend on a number of factors, including: •demonstration of clinical safety and efficacy in our clinical trials;•relative convenience, ease of administration and acceptance by physicians, patients, pharmacists and health care payers;•prevalence and severity of any AEs;•limitations or warnings contained in the FDA-approved label for the relevant product candidate;•availability of alternative treatments;•pricing and cost-effectiveness;•effectiveness of our or any future collaborators’ sales and marketing strategies;•ability to obtain hospital formulary approval;•ability to ensure availability for product through appropriate channels;•ability to maintain adequate inventory; and•ability to obtain and maintain sufficient third-party coverage or reimbursement, which may vary from country to country.If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may beunable to generate any revenue. We currently do not have an organization for the sales and distribution of pharmaceutical products. The cost of establishing and maintaining such an organizationmay exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. In order to market any products that may be approved, including brincidofovir, we must establish our sales,marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services. We may enter into strategicpartnerships with third parties to commercialize our product candidates, including brincidofovir.Our strategy for brincidofovir is to establish a specialty sales force and/or collaborate with third parties to promote the product to healthcare professionals andthird-party payers in the United States and elsewhere. We may elect to launch with a contract sales organization and utilize accompanying commercial supportservices provided by a contract sales organization. Our future collaboration partners, if any, may not dedicate sufficient resources to the commercialization of ourproduct candidates or may otherwise fail in their commercialization due to factors beyond our control. If we are unable to establish effective collaborations toenable the distribution and sale of our product candidates to healthcare professionals and in geographical regions, including the United States, that are not coveredby our own marketing and sales force, or if our potential future collaboration partners do not32successfully commercialize our product candidates, our ability to generate revenues from product sales, including sales of brincidofovir, will be adversely affected.Establishing an internal sales force involves many challenges, including: •recruiting and retaining talented people;•training employees that we recruit;•establishing compliance standards;•setting the appropriate system of incentives;•managing additional headcount;•ensuring that appropriate support functions are in place to support sales force organizational needs; and•integrating a new business unit into an existing corporate architecture.If we are unable to establish our own sales force or negotiate a strategic partnership for the commercialization of brincidofovir in any markets, we may be forced todelay the potential commercialization of brincidofovir in those markets, reduce the scope of our sales or marketing activities for brincidofovir in those markets orundertake the commercialization activities for brincidofovir in those markets at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fundcommercialization activities ourselves, we will need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we do not havesufficient funds, we will not be able to bring brincidofovir to market or generate product revenue. Limited or lack of funding will impede our ability to achievesuccessful commercialization.If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, we may not be able to generatesufficient product revenue and may not become profitable. We will be competing with many companies that currently have extensive and well-funded marketingand sales operations. Without an internal team or the support of a third party to perform marketing and sales functions, we may be unable to compete successfullyagainst these more established companies.In addition, there are risks involved with both establishing our own sales and marketing capabilities and entering into arrangements with third parties to performthese services. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time-consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch ofa product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurelyor unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales,marketing and market access personnel. If we obtain approval to commercialize any products outside of the United States, a variety of risks associated with international operations could materiallyadversely affect our business. If our product candidates are approved for commercialization, we may enter into agreements with third parties to market those product candidates outside theUnited States, including brincidofovir. We expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including: •different regulatory requirements for drug approvals in foreign countries;•reduced protection for intellectual property rights;•unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory and labor requirements;•economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;•compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;•foreign taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes;•foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues, and other obligations incident to doingbusiness in another country;•workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;•production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and•business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons, floodsand fires.We have limited experience in these areas. In addition, there are complex regulatory, tax, labor and other legal requirements imposed by both the European Unionand many of the individual countries in Europe with which we will need to comply. Many U.S.-based biopharmaceutical companies have found the process ofmarketing their own products outside the United States to be very challenging. 33We face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive. We have competitors both in the United States and internationally, including majormultinational pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies and universities and other research institutions.Based on market research, competing products that are currently used, or being developed for use, to treat AdV include and are not limited to: •Vistide® (cidofovir for injection), marketed by Gilead Sciences, Inc. and generic manufacturers;•oral and intravenous ganciclovir, a drug that is sold by generic manufacturers;•Valcyte® (valganciclovir), a prodrug of ganciclovir that is marketed by Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. and generic manufacturers;•Foscavir® (foscarnet sodium for injection), marketed by Clinigen Group plc and generic manufacturers,•acyclovir, a drug that is sold by generic manufacturers, andpatient-specific T-cell therapies.Other product candidates currently in development may compete against brincidofovir for the prevention or mitigation of CMV infection in a variety of settings,including: •letermovir, an anti-CMV drug being developed pursuant to an exclusive worldwide license agreement between AiCuris GmbH & Co. KG and Merck;•ASP0113 (TransVax), a CMV prevention vaccine, licensed to Astellas Pharma Inc. from Vical Incorporated and in development by Astellas andVical; and•patient-specific T-cell therapies directed at antigens of CMV and other dsDNA viruses.Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, commercial and other resources, such as larger research and development staff, strongerintellectual property portfolios and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Additional mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology andpharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated in our competitors.Competition may increase further as a result of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in theseindustries. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing, on an exclusive basis, drug products that are more effective or less costly thanbrincidofovir or any other drug candidate that we are currently developing or that we may develop.We will face competition from other drugs currently approved or that will be approved in the future for the same indications. Therefore, our ability to competesuccessfully will depend largely on our ability to: •discover and develop medicines that are superior to other products in the market;•demonstrate through our clinical trials that our product candidates, including brincidofovir, are differentiated from existing and future therapies;•evaluate new potential indications across the lifecycle of brincidofovir;•attract qualified scientific, product development and commercial personnel;•obtain and successfully defend and enforce patent and/or other proprietary protection for our medicines and technologies;•obtain required regulatory approvals;•successfully collaborate with pharmaceutical companies in the discovery, development and commercialization of new medicines; and•negotiate competitive pricing and reimbursement with third-party payers.The availability of our competitors’ products could limit the demand, and the price we are able to charge, for brincidofovir and any other product candidate wedevelop. We will not achieve our business plan if the acceptance of brincidofovir is inhibited by price competition or reimbursement issues or the reluctance ofphysicians to switch from existing drug products to brincidofovir, or if physicians switch to other new drug products or choose to reserve brincidofovir for use inlimited circumstances. The inability to compete with existing or subsequently introduced drug products would have a material adverse impact on our business,financial condition and prospects. Established pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds thatcould make our product candidates, including brincidofovir, less competitive. In addition, any new34product that competes with an approved product must demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, convenience, tolerability and safety in order to overcomeprice competition and to be commercially successful. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection, receiving FDA approval ordiscovering, developing and commercializing medicines before we do, which would have a material adverse impact on our business.New technologies or procedures could be developed that would change or restrict the number of patients undergoing hematopoietic cell or solid organ transplants.A reduction in the number of transplants could negatively impact our commercial business by decreasing sales of our products and limiting peak sales potential. Hospital formulary approval and reimbursement may not be available for brincidofovir and our other product candidates, which could make it difficult for usto sell our products profitably. Obtaining hospital formulary approval can be an expensive and time-consuming process. We cannot be certain if and when we will obtain formulary approval toallow us to sell our product candidates, including brincidofovir, into our target markets. Failure to obtain timely formulary approval will limit our commercialsuccess.Furthermore, market acceptance and sales of brincidofovir, or any other product candidates that we develop, will depend in part on the extent to whichreimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and otherorganizations. Government authorities and third-party payers, such as private health insurers, hospitals and health maintenance organizations, decide which drugsthey will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authoritiesand these third-party payers have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Obtainingreimbursement for our products may be particularly difficult because of the higher prices often associated with products administered under the supervision of aphysician. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for brincidofovir, or any other product candidates.Also, reimbursement amounts may reduce the demand for, or the price of, our products. If reimbursement is not available, or is available only to limited levels, wemay not be able to successfully commercialize brincidofovir, or any other product candidates that we develop.There have been a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in the United States and in some foreign jurisdictions that couldaffect our ability to sell any future products profitably. These legislative and regulatory changes may negatively impact the reimbursement for any future products,following approval. The availability of generic treatments may also substantially reduce the likelihood of reimbursement for any future products, includingbrincidofovir. The application of user fees to generic drug products will likely expedite the approval of additional generic drug treatments. We expect to experiencepricing pressures in connection with the sale of brincidofovir and any other product candidate that we develop, due to the trend toward managed healthcare, theincreasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative changes. In addition, there may be significant delays in obtainingreimbursement for approved products, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the product is approved by the FDA or regulatory authoritiesin other countries. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, includingresearch, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim payments for new products, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and maynot be made permanent. Payment rates may vary according to the use of the product and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on payments allowedfor lower cost products that are already reimbursed, and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for products may be reduced bymandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payers and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports ofproducts from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Third-party payers often rely upon Medicare coverage policy andpayment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies.Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government funded and private payers for any of our product candidates,including brincidofovir, could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overallfinancial condition. We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications thatmay be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success. The success of our business depends primarily upon our ability to identify, develop and commercialize product candidates. Because we have limited financial andmanagerial resources, we focus on research programs and product candidates for specific indications. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunitieswith other product candidates or other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential.35Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates, yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for anumber of reasons, including: •our research methodology or that of our collaboration partners may be unsuccessful in identifying potential product candidates;•our potential product candidates may be shown to have harmful side effects or may have other characteristics that may make the productsunmarketable or unlikely to receive marketing approval; and•our collaboration partners may change their development profiles for potential product candidates or abandon a therapeutic area.If any of these events occur, we may be forced to abandon our development efforts for a program or programs, which would have a material adverse effect on ourbusiness and could potentially cause us to cease operations. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial andhuman resources. We may focus our research efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that productcandidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been advantageous for us to retain sole development andcommercialization rights. Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property If we are unable to obtain or protect intellectual property rights related to our products and product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively inour market. We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our products andproduct candidates. The strength of patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. Thepatent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover the products in the United States or in other countries. If thiswere to occur, early generic competition could be expected against brincidofovir and any other product candidates in development. There is no assurance that all ofthe potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing basedon a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability, scope or ownership, which mayresult in such patents, or our rights to such patents, being narrowed or invalidated.Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property or prevent others fromdesigning around our claims. If the patent applications we hold or license with respect to brincidofovir fail to issue or if their breadth or strength of protection isthreatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop, and threaten our ability to commercialize, our products. We cannot offer anyassurances about which, if any, patents will issue or whether any issued patents will be found not invalid and not unenforceable, will go unthreatened by thirdparties or will adequately protect our products and product candidates. Further, if we encounter delays in regulatory approvals, the period of time during which wecould market brincidofovir under patent protection could be reduced. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for aperiod of time after filing, and some remain so until issued, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to file any patent application related tobrincidofovir or our other product candidates. Furthermore, if third parties have filed such patent applications, an interference proceeding in the United States canbe provoked by a third party or instituted by us to determine who was the first to invent any of the subject matter covered by the patent claims of our applications.An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license it from the prevailing party, which may not be possible. Inaddition to the protection afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is notpatentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and other elements of our drug discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. Although we expect all of our employees to assign their inventions to us, and all of our employees,consultants, advisors and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, wecannot provide any assurances that all such agreements have been duly executed, that such agreements provide adequate protection and will not be breached, thatour trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not otherwise be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our tradesecrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. If we are unable to prevent material disclosure of the non-patentedintellectual property related to our technologies to third parties, and there is no guarantee that we will have any such enforceable trade secret protection, we maynot be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financialcondition.36Further, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect patents and other proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the UnitedStates. As a result, we may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property abroad. We may also fail to pursue or obtainpatents and other intellectual property protection relating to our products and product candidates in all foreign countries.Finally, certain of our activities and our licensors’ activities have been funded, and may in the future be funded, by the U.S. federal government. When newtechnologies are developed with U.S. federal government funding, the government obtains certain rights in any resulting patents, including a nonexclusive licenseauthorizing the government to use the invention for non-commercial purposes. These rights may permit the government to disclose our confidential information tothird parties and to exercise “march-in” rights to use or allow third parties to use our patented technology. The government can exercise its march-in rights if itdetermines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve practical application of the U.S. government-funded technology, because action is necessary toalleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations or to give preference to U.S. industry. In addition, U.S. government-funded inventionsmust be reported to the government, U.S. government funding must be disclosed in any resulting patent applications, and our rights in such inventions may besubject to certain requirements to manufacture products in the United States. Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts or otherwise affect our business. Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement and other violations of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. There is asubstantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology andpharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions and inter party reexamination proceedings before the United StatesPatent and Trademark Office (U.S. PTO) and its foreign counterparts. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are ownedby third parties, exist in the fields in which we and our collaborators are developing product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industriesexpand and more patents are issued, and as we gain greater visibility and market exposure as a public company, the risk increases that our product candidates orother business activities may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent and other proprietary rights of third parties. Third parties may assert that we areemploying their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations,methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of brincidofovir and/or our other product candidates. Because patentapplications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications which may later result in issued patents that our product candidatesmay infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents. If any third-partypatents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing process of any of our product candidates, any molecules formed during themanufacturing process or any final product itself, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize such product candidate unlesswe obtained a license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire.Similarly, if any third-party patent were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for manufacture or methods ofuse, including combination therapy, the holders of any such patent may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product candidateunless we obtained a license or until such patent expires. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. In addition,we may be subject to claims that we are infringing other intellectual property rights, such as trademarks or copyrights, or misappropriating the trade secrets ofothers, and to the extent that our employees, consultants or contractors use intellectual property or proprietary information owned by others in their work for us,disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize oneor more of our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantialdiversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful infringement or other intellectual property claim against us, we may have to paysubstantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, obtain one or more licenses from third parties, pay royalties or redesignour affected products, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure. We cannot predict whether any such license would beavailable at all or whether it would be available on commercially reasonable terms. Furthermore, even in the absence of litigation, we may need to obtain licensesfrom third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our product candidates, and we have done so from time to time. We may fail to obtain anyof these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize one or more of ourproduct candidates, which could harm our business significantly. We cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not exist which might be enforcedagainst our products or product candidates, resulting in either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to payroyalties and/or other forms of compensation to third parties. 37We license certain key intellectual property from third parties, and the loss of our license rights could have a materially adverse effect on our business. We are a party to a number of technology licenses that are important to our business and expect to enter into additional licenses in the future. For example, we relyon an exclusive license to certain patents, proprietary technology and know-how from The Regents of the University of California (UC), which we believe coverbrincidofovir. If we fail to comply with our obligations under our agreement with UC or our other license agreements, or we are subject to a bankruptcy, thelicensor may have the right to terminate the license, in which event we would not be able to develop or market products covered by the license, including in thecase of the UC license, brincidofovir, which would have a materially adverse effect on our business. We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, the patents of our licensors or our other intellectual property rights, which could beexpensive, time consuming and unsuccessful. Competitors may infringe or otherwise violate our patents, the patents of our licensors or our other intellectual property rights. To counter infringement orunauthorized use, we may be required to file legal claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court maydecide that a patent of ours or our licensors is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the groundsthat our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk ofbeing invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing. The initiation of a claim against a third party may also causethe third party to bring counter-claims against us.We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may notprotect those rights as fully as in the United States. Our business could be harmed if in a litigation the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commerciallyreasonable terms. Any litigation or other proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights may fail, and even if successful, may result in substantial costs anddistract our management and other employees.Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidentialinformation could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions orother interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on theprice of our common stock. Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirementsimposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements. Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the U.S. PTO and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. TheU.S. PTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similarprovisions during the patent application process.While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations inwhich noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevantjurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond toofficial actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we or our licensors that controlthe prosecution and maintenance of our licensed patents fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our product candidates, we may lose our rightsand our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.Risks Related to Our United States Government Contracts and GrantsAll of our immediately foreseeable future revenues to support the development of brincidofovir for the treatment of smallpox are dependent upon our contractwith the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), and if we do not receive all of the funds under the BARDA contract weanticipate that we will suspend or terminate our smallpox program.Substantially all of our revenues that support the development of brincidofovir for the treatment of smallpox have been derived from prior government grants andour current contract with BARDA. Our contract with BARDA is for the development of brincidofovir for the treatment of smallpox. It is divided into a basesegment and four option segments. We substantially completed performance under the first option segment of the contract in August 2014 and are currentlyperforming under the second and third option segments of the contract which are scheduled to end in June 2016 and October 2016, respectively. Subsequent option38segments are not subject to automatic renewal and are not exercisable at our discretion. There can be no assurance that we will reach agreement with BARDA onthe most appropriate development pathway or that the FDA will ultimately agree with the experiments which we perform or the appropriateness of the results ofthese experiments for approval of brincidofovir for smallpox. In addition, there can be no assurance that any of the subsequent option segments will be exercised orthat we will continue to receive revenues under this contract once the current option segment is completed. We do not anticipate continuing this program withoutongoing support from BARDA.Additionally, the contract provides for reimbursement of the costs of the development of brincidofovir for the treatment of smallpox that are allowable under theFederal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), plus the payment of a fixed fee. It does not include the manufacture of brincidofovir for the Strategic National Stockpile.There can be no assurances that this contract will continue, that BARDA will extend the contract for additional option segments, that any such extension would beon favorable terms, or that we will be able to enter into new contracts with the United States government to support our smallpox program. Changes in governmentbudgets and agendas may result in a decreased and de-prioritized emphasis on supporting the discovery and development of brincidofovir for the treatment ofsmallpox. In such event, BARDA is not required to continue funding our existing contract. Any such reduction in our revenues from BARDA or any othergovernment contract could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we do not receive all of the funds under theBARDA contract, we anticipate that we will suspend or terminate our program for the development of brincidofovir for the treatment of smallpox.There can be no assurances that we will be able to enter into a contract with BARDA to act as the sole supplier for the procurement of brincidofovir for thetreatment of smallpox.In April 2015, BARDA posted a notice of intent to use other than full and open competition to award a sole source contract to us for the procurement ofbrincidofovir for the treatment of smallpox. In May 2015, BARDA posted an approved justification for the use of other than full and open competition for thecontract. In July 2015, BARDA issued a related request for proposal (RFP) to us entitled “2015 Procurement of a Second Smallpox Antiviral Drug for theStrategic National Stockpile." Notwithstanding the issuance of the RFP, there can be no assurances that we will enter into a contract with BARDA to act as thesole supplier for the procurement of brincidofovir for the treatment of smallpox.Before we can enter into the contract we must negotiate its terms, including the price and delivery schedule. In addition, as a governmental agency, BARDA’sability to enter into a contract is subject to continued funding for this purpose, which can change at any time. In August 2015, we submitted a response to the RFPand we subsequently engaged in discussions with BARDA regarding our response. We understand that BARDA had intended to make a contract award on orprior to September 30, 2015, the end of the U.S. government's fiscal year, but the contract award was postponed due to a delay in Congressional approval for thenecessary appropriations. The recent approval of a federal budget for fiscal year 2016 may allow negotiations to resume with respect to the RFP.Unfavorable provisions in government contracts, including our contract with BARDA, may harm our business, financial condition and operating results. United States government contracts typically contain unfavorable provisions and are subject to audit and modification by the government at its sole discretion,which will subject us to additional risks. For example, under our contract with BARDA, the U.S. government has the power to unilaterally:•audit and object to any BARDA contract-related costs and fees on grounds that they are not allowable under the FAR, and require us to reimburse allsuch costs and fees;•suspend or prevent us for a set period of time from receiving new contracts or extending our existing contract based on violations or suspectedviolations of laws or regulations;•claim nonexclusive, nontransferable rights to product manufactured and intellectual property developed under the BARDA contract and may, undercertain circumstances, such as circumstances involving public health and safety, license such inventions to third parties without our consent;•cancel, terminate or suspend our BARDA contract based on violations or suspected violations of laws or regulations;•terminate our BARDA contract in whole or in part for the convenience of the government for any reason or no reason, including if funds becomeunavailable to the applicable governmental agency;•reduce the scope and value of our BARDA contract;•decline to exercise an option to continue the BARDA contract;•direct the course of a development program in a manner not chosen by the government contractor;•require us to perform the option segments even if doing so may cause us to forego or delay the pursuit of other opportunities with greater commercialpotential;•take actions that result in a longer development timeline than expected; and•change certain terms and conditions in our BARDA contract.39The U.S. government also has the right to terminate the BARDA contract if termination is in the government’s interest, or if we default by failing to perform inaccordance with the milestones set forth in the contract. Termination-for-convenience provisions generally enable us to recover only our costs incurred orcommitted (plus a portion of the agreed fee) and settlement expenses on the work completed prior to termination. Except for the amount of services received by thegovernment, termination-for-default provisions do not permit recovery of fees. In addition, we must comply with numerous laws and regulations that affect how we conduct business with the United States government. Among the mostsignificant government contracting regulations that affect our business are: •FAR, and agency-specific regulations supplements to the FAR, which comprehensively regulate the procurement, formation, administration andperformance of government contracts and implement federal procurement policy in numerous areas, such as employment practices, protection of theenvironment, accuracy and retention periods of records, recording and charging of costs, treatment of laboratory animals and human subject research;•business ethics and public integrity obligations, which govern conflicts of interest and the hiring of former government employees, restrict thegranting of gratuities and funding of lobbying activities and incorporate other requirements such as the Anti-Kickback Act and the Foreign CorruptPractices Act;•export and import control laws and regulations; and•laws, regulations and executive orders restricting the use and dissemination of information classified for national security purposes and theexportation of certain products and technical data.Furthermore, we may be required to enter into agreements and subcontracts with third parties, including suppliers, consultants and other third-party contractors, inorder to satisfy our contractual obligations pursuant to our agreements with the U.S. government. Negotiating and entering into such arrangements can be time-consuming and we may not be able to reach agreement with such third parties. Any such agreement must also be compliant with the terms of our governmentcontract. Any delay or inability to enter into such arrangements or entering into such arrangements in a manner that is non-compliant with the terms of our contract,may result in violations of our contract.As a result of these unfavorable provisions, we must undertake significant compliance activities. The diversion of resources from commercial programs to thesecompliance activities, as well as the exercise by the U.S. government of any rights under these provisions, could materially harm our business. Our business is subject to audit by the U.S. government, including under our contract with BARDA, and a negative audit could adversely affect our business. United States government agencies, such as the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), routinely audit and investigate government contractors andrecipients of federal grants, including our contract with BARDA. These agencies review a contractor’s performance under its contracts, cost structure andcompliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards. The DHHS can also review the adequacy of, and a contractor’s compliance with, its internal control systems and policies, including the contractor’s purchasing,property, estimating, compensation and management information systems. Any costs found to be improperly allocated to a specific contract will not be reimbursed,while such costs already reimbursed must be refunded. If an audit uncovers improper or illegal activities, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties andadministrative sanctions, including: •termination of contracts;•forfeiture of profits;•suspension of payments;•fines; and•suspension or prohibition from conducting business with the U.S. government.In addition, we could suffer serious reputational harm if allegations of impropriety were made against us by the U.S. government, which could adversely affect ourbusiness.Agreements with government agencies may lead to claims against us under the Federal False Claims Act, and these claims could result in substantial fines andother penalties. The biopharmaceutical industry is, and in recent years has been, under heightened scrutiny as the subject of government investigations and enforcement actions.Our BARDA contract is subject to substantial financial penalties under the Federal Civil Monetary Penalties Act and the Federal Civil False Claims Act (FalseClaims Act). The False Claims Act imposes liability on any40person who, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim paid or approvedby the government. Under the False Claims Act’s “whistleblower” provisions, private enforcement of fraud claims against businesses on behalf of the U.S.government has increased due in part to amendments to the False Claims Act that encourage private individuals to sue on behalf of the government. Thesewhistleblower suits, known as qui tam actions, may be filed by private individuals, including present and former employees. The False Claims Act provides fortreble damages and up to $11,000 per false claim. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws, or any other governmental regulations thatapply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, and thecurtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, exclusions, curtailment, or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect ourability to operate our business and our financial results.Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Industry Increasing demand for compassionate use of our unapproved therapies could result in losses.We are developing brincidofovir for life-threatening illness for which there are currently limited to no available therapeutic options. During 2014, we were thetarget of an active and disruptive social media campaign related to a request for access to our unapproved drug, brincidofovir. If we experience similar social mediacampaigns in the future, we may experience significant disruption to our business which could result in losses.Recent media attention to individual patients' expanded access requests has resulted in the introduction of legislation at the local and national level referred to as"Right to Try" laws which are intended to give patients access to unapproved therapies. New and emerging legislation regarding expanded access to unapproveddrugs for life-threatening illnesses could negatively impact our business in the future.A possible consequence of both activism and legislation in this area is the need for us to initiate an unanticipated expanded access program or to makebrincidofovir more widely available sooner than anticipated. We are a small company with limited resources and unanticipated trials or access programs couldresult in diversion of resources from our primary goals.In addition, patients who receive access to unapproved drugs through compassionate use or expanded access programs have life-threatening illnesses and haveexhausted all other available therapies. The risk for serious adverse events in this patient population is high which could have a negative impact on the safetyprofile of brincidofovir, which could cause significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize brincidofovir, which would materially harm ourbusiness.If we fail to comply with the extensive legal and regulatory requirements affecting the health care industry, we could face increased costs, delays in thedevelopment of our product candidates, penalties and a loss of business.Our activities, and the activities of our collaborators, partners and third-party providers, are subject to extensive government regulation and oversight both in theUnited States and in foreign jurisdictions. The FDA and comparable agencies in other jurisdictions directly regulate many of our most critical business activities,including the conduct of preclinical and clinical studies, product manufacturing, advertising and promotion, product distribution, adverse event reporting andproduct risk management. States increasingly have been placing greater restrictions on the marketing practices of healthcare companies. In addition,pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have been the target of lawsuits and investigations alleging violations of government regulations, including claimsasserting submission of incorrect pricing information, impermissible off-label promotion of pharmaceutical products, payments intended to influence the referral offederal or state healthcare business, submission of false claims for government reimbursement, antitrust violations, violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act,or violations related to environmental matters. Violations of governmental regulation may be punishable by criminal and civil sanctions, including fines and civilmonetary penalties and exclusion from participation in government programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. In addition to penalties for violation of laws andregulations, we could be required to delay or terminate the development of our product candidates, or we could be required to repay amounts we received fromgovernment payers, or pay additional rebates and interest if we are found to have miscalculated the pricing information we have submitted to the government.Whether or not we have complied with the law, an investigation into alleged unlawful conduct could increase our expenses, damage our reputation, divertmanagement time and attention and adversely affect our business.Our future success depends on our ability to retain key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel. We are highly dependent on the principal members of our executive team. While we have entered into employment agreements or offer letters with each of ourexecutive officers, any of them could leave our employment at any time, as all of our employees are “at will” employees. We do not maintain “key person”insurance for any of our executives or other employees. Recruiting and retaining other qualified employees for our business, including scientific and technicalpersonnel, will also be critical to our success.41There is currently a shortage of appropriately skilled executives in our industry, which is likely to continue. We also experience competition for the hiring ofscientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. As a result, competition for skilled personnel is intense and the turnover rate can behigh. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companiesfor similar personnel. In addition, failure of any of our clinical studies may make it more challenging to recruit and retain qualified personnel. The inability torecruit or loss of the services of any executive or key employee may adversely affect the progress of our research, development and commercialization objectives.In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development andcommercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisorycontracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us, which could also adversely affect the progress of our research, development andcommercialization objectives. Potential product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop. The use of our product candidates, including brincidofovir, in clinical studies and the sale of any products for which we obtain marketing approval exposes us tothe risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by consumers, health care providers, pharmaceutical companies or othersselling or otherwise coming into contact with our products. On occasion, large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that hadunanticipated adverse effects. If we cannot successfully defend against product liability claims, we could incur substantial liability and costs. In addition, regardlessof merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:•impairment of our business reputation and significant negative media attention;•withdrawal of participants from our clinical studies;•significant costs to defend the related litigation and related litigation;•distraction of management’s attention from our primary business;•substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants;•inability to commercialize our product candidates, including brincidofovir; and•decreased demand for our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale.We currently carry $15 million in product liability insurance covering our clinical trials. Our current product liability insurance coverage may not be sufficient toreimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and in the future we may not be able tomaintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability. If and when we obtain marketing approval forour product candidates, we intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products; however, we may be unable to obtain productliability insurance on commercially reasonable terms or in adequate amounts. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us couldcause our stock price to decline and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could adversely affect our results of operations and business.Risks associated with expanding our operations to Europe could adversely affect our business.We currently have limited operations in Europe and plan to expand the scope of development activities taking place there. We have limited experience withconducting activities outside of the United States. International operations and business expansion plans are subject to numerous additional risks, including:•multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as tax laws, privacy regulations, export and import restrictions, employment,immigration and labor laws, regulatory requirements, and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses;•difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations;•risks associated with obtaining and maintaining, or the failure to obtain or maintain, regulatory approvals for the sale or use of our products in variouscountries;•complexities associated with managing government payer systems, multiple payer-reimbursement regimes or patient self-pay systems;•financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty enforcing contracts and collecting accounts receivable and exposure to foreign currencyexchange rate fluctuations;•general political and economic conditions in the countries in operate, including terrorism and political unrest, curtailment of trade and other businessrestrictions;42•regulatory and compliance risks that relate to maintaining accurate information and control over activities that may fall within the purview of the U.S.Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, its books and records provisions or its anti-bribery provisions, or similar anti-bribery or anti-corruption laws andregulations.Any of these risks, if encountered, could significantly increase our costs of operating internationally, prevent us from operating in certain jurisdictions, orotherwise significantly harm our future international expansion and operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition andresults of operations.Risks Related To Our Common Stock The market price of our common stock is likely to be volatile, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above your purchase price. Prior to our initial public offering (IPO) in 2013, there was no public market for our common stock. The trading price of our common stock has been volatile, andis likely to continue to be volatile for the foreseeable future. Our stock price is subject to wide fluctuations in response to a variety of factors, including thefollowing:•results of clinical trials of our product candidates or those of our competitors;•any delay in filing an application for any of our product candidates and any adverse development or perceived adverse development with respect toregulatory review of that application;•failure to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates, including brincidofovir;•termination of any of our license or collaboration agreements;•any agency or judicial enforcement actions against us;•inability to obtain additional funding;•regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries applicable to our product candidates;•adverse regulatory decisions;•changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;•inability to obtain adequate product supply for our product candidates, or the inability to do so at acceptable prices;•introduction of new products, services or technologies by our competitors;•failure to meet or exceed financial projections we provide to the public;•failure to meet or exceed the estimates and projections of the investment community;•changes in the market valuations of similar companies;•market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors, and the issuance of new or changed securities analysts’ reports orrecommendations;•announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by us or our competitors;•significant lawsuits (including patent or stockholder litigation), and disputes or other developments relating to proprietary rights (including patents,litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies);•additions or departures of key scientific or management personnel;•sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders in the future;•trading volume of our common stock;•general economic, industry and market conditions; and•the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section.In addition, the stock market in general, and The Nasdaq Global Market in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often beenunrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of ourcommon stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject tostockholder approval. Based upon shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2015 , our executive officers, directors, 5 percent stockholders (known to us through availableinformation) and their affiliates beneficially owned approximately 66.7% of our voting stock. Therefore, these stockholders have the ability to substantiallyinfluence us through this ownership position. For example, these stockholders, if they choose to act together, may be able to influence the election of directors,amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This concentration of voting powercould delay or prevent an acquisition of our company on terms that other stockholders may desire. 43Failure to establish and maintain adequate finance infrastructure and accounting systems and controls could impair our ability to comply with the financialreporting and internal controls requirements for publicly traded companies.As a public company, we operate in an increasingly demanding regulatory environment, which requires us to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and therelated rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, expanded disclosure requirements, accelerated reporting requirements and more complexaccounting rules. Company responsibilities required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act include establishing and maintaining corporate oversight and adequate internalcontrol over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and areimportant to help prevent financial fraud.Our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has required and will continue to require that we incur substantial accounting expense and expendsignificant management efforts. In this or future years, our testing, or the subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, may revealdeficiencies in our internal controls that we would be required to remediate in a timely manner so as to be able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 ofthe Sarbanes-Oxley Act each year. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner each year, wecould be subject to sanctions or investigations by the Securities and Exchange Commission, the NASDAQ Stock Market or other regulatory authorities whichwould require additional financial and management resources and could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Furthermore, if we cannot providereliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business and results of operations could be harmed and investors could lose confidence in our reported financialinformation. Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, could result inadditional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall. We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuingequity securities, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or moretransactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than onetransaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investorscould gain rights superior to our existing stockholders.Pursuant to our 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2013 Plan), our management is authorized to grant stock options to our employees, directors and consultants. Thenumber of shares available for future grant under our 2013 Plan will automatically increase on January 1st each year, through January 1, 2023, by an amount equalto 4.0 percent of all shares of our capital stock outstanding as of December 31st of the preceding calendar year, subject to the ability of our board of directors totake action to reduce the size of such increase in any given year. In addition, our board of directors may grant or provide for the grant of rights to purchase sharesof our common stock pursuant to the terms of our 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). The number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuanceunder our ESPP will automatically increase on January 1st each year, through January 1, 2023, by an amount equal to the lesser of 422,535 shares or one percent ofall shares of our capital stock outstanding as of December 31st of the preceding calendar year, subject to the ability of our board of directors to take action toreduce the size of such increase in any given year. Unless our board of directors elects not to increase the number of shares underlying our 2013 Plan and ESPPeach year, our stockholders may experience additional dilution, which could cause our stock price to fall. We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from our financing transactions and may not use them effectively. Our management has broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from our financing transactions. Because of the number and variability of factors thatwill determine our use of the net proceeds from our financing transactions, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. The failureby our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, cause the price of ourcommon stock to decline and delay the development of our product candidates. Pending their use, we have invested the net proceeds from our financingtransactions in short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing securities. These investments may not yield a favorable return to our stockholders. Volatility in our stock price could subject us to securities class action litigation. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especiallyrelevant for us because pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years, and also because our stock price recentlydecreased significantly following announcement of results from our Phase 3 SUPPRESS trial. If we face such litigation, it could result in substantial costs and adiversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business.44 Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited. Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50percent change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and otherpre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income may be limited. We have determined that a Section 382 ownership changeoccurred in 2002 and 2007 resulting in limitations of at least $64,000 and $762,000, respectively, of losses incurred prior to the respective ownership change dates.In addition, we have determined that another Section 382 ownership change occurred in 2013 with our IPO, our most recent private placement and othertransactions that have occurred since 2007, resulting in a limitation of at least $6.7 million of losses incurred prior to the ownership change date. We may alsoexperience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use ourpre-change net operating loss carryforwards to offset United States federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increasedfuture tax liability. Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, would be your sole sourceof gain. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development,operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. As a result, capital appreciation, ifany, of our common stock would be your sole source of gain on an investment in our common stock for the foreseeable future. Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or increase the cost ofacquiring us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management. Some provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if anacquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management. These provisionsinclude: •authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued withoutstockholder approval which could be used to institute a “poison pill” that would work to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer,effectively preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our board of directors;•allowing the authorized number of our directors to be changed only by resolution of our board of directors;•limiting the removal of directors;•creating a staggered board of directors;•requiring that stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called stockholder meeting and prohibiting stockholder actions by written consent;•eliminating the ability of stockholders to call a special meeting of stockholders; and•establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at dulycalled stockholder meetings.The amendment of any of these provisions, with the exception of the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock and designate any rights,preferences and privileges thereto, would require the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 2/3 percent of the voting power of all of our then outstandingcommon stock. These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult forstockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, we are subject toSection 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of businesscombinations with an interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless suchtransactions are approved by our board of directors. This provision could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control, whether or not it is desiredby or beneficial to our stockholders. Further, other provisions of Delaware law may also discourage, delay or prevent someone from acquiring us or merging withus.45Risks Related to Information TechnologySignificant disruptions of information technology systems or breaches of data security could adversely affect our business.Our business is increasingly dependent on critical, complex, and interdependent information technology (IT) systems, including Internet-based systems, to supportbusiness processes as well as internal and external communications. The size and complexity of our IT systems make us potentially vulnerable to IT systembreakdowns, malicious intrusion, and computer viruses, which may result in the impairment of our ability to operate our business effectively.In addition, our systems are potentially vulnerable to data security breaches-whether by employees or others-which may expose sensitive data to unauthorizedpersons. Such data security breaches could lead to the loss of trade secrets or other intellectual property, or could lead to the public exposure of personalinformation (including sensitive personal information) of our employees, clinical trial patients, customers, business partners and others.Any such disruption or security breach could result in legal proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, regulatory penalties,disruptions to our operations and collaborations, and damage to our reputation, which could harm our business and results of operations.Increasing use of social media could give rise to liability, breaches of data security, or reputational damage.We and our employees are increasingly utilizing social media tools as a means of communication both internally and externally. Despite our efforts to monitorevolving social media communication guidelines and comply with applicable rules, there is risk that the use of social media by us or our employees tocommunicate about our products or business may cause us to be found in violation of applicable requirements. In addition, our employees may knowingly orinadvertently make use of social media in ways that may not comply with our social media policy or other legal or contractual requirements, which may give rise toliability, lead to the loss of trade secrets or other intellectual property, or result in public exposure of personal information of our employees, clinical trial patients,customers, and others. Furthermore, negative posts or comments about us or our products in social media could seriously damage our reputation, brand image, andgoodwill. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTSNone.ITEM 2. PROPERTIESOur corporate headquarters are located at 2505 Meridian Parkway, Suite 100, Durham, North Carolina 27713 in a facility we lease encompassing approximately29,053 square feet of office space. The leases for this facility expire in February 2021. We separately lease an additional 7,925 square feet of laboratory space inDurham, North Carolina. The lease for this facility expires in June 2018.ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGSNone.ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURESNot applicable.46PART IIITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OFEQUITY SECURITIES Market InformationOur common stock began trading on The NASDAQ Global Market on April 11, 2013 under the symbol “CMRX.” Prior to such time, there was no public marketfor our common stock. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices per share of our common stock as reported on The NASDAQ Global Market forthe periods indicated. Such quotations represent inter-dealer prices without retail markup, markdown or commission and may not necessarily represent actualtransactions. Year Ended December 31, 2015 High LowFirst Quarter$43.41 $34.51Second Quarter$47.46 $33.37Third Quarter$58.04 $35.62Fourth Quarter$43.37 $6.43 Year Ended December 31, 2014 High LowFirst Quarter$27.69 $14.65Second Quarter$23.72 $14.02Third Quarter$30.99 $19.06Fourth Quarter$41.89 $27.45Stock Performance Graph (1) The following graph shows a comparison from April 11, 2013 through December 31, 2015 of the cumulative total return for our common stock, the NASDAQBiotechnology Index (NBI) and the NASDAQ Composite Index (CCMP). The graph assumes as initial investment of $100 on April 11, 2013. The comparisons inthe graph are not intended to forecast or be indicative of possible future performance of our common stock. Comparison of Cumulative Total Return*Among Chimerix, Inc., the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index and the NASDAQ Composite Index(1) This section is not “soliciting material,” is not deemed “filed” with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference in any of our filings under the SecuritiesAct or the Exchange Act whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing.* $100 invested on 4/11/2013 in stock or index. 47StockholdersAs of December 31, 2015 , there were 34 stockholders of record of our common stock, which excludes stockholders whose shares were held in nominee or streetname by brokers. The actual number of common stockholders is greater than the number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners,but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may beheld in trust by other entities. Dividend PolicyWe have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to support ouroperations and finance the growth and development of our business. We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Anyfuture determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other factors, our results ofoperations, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, business prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant. Recent Sales of Unregistered SecuritiesNone. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation PlansInformation about our equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated PurchasersWe did not purchase any of our securities during the period covered by this Annual Report. ITEM 6. SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected consolidated financial data should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and “Management’sDiscussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. The selected financial data in this sectionare not intended to replace our consolidated financial statements and the related notes. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may beexpected in the future. We derived the following selected Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss Data for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 , and 2013and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes appearingelsewhere in this Annual Report. 48 Years Ended December 31,Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive LossData2015 2014 2013 2012 2011Revenues: Contract revenue$9,214 $4,040 $4,370 $16,275 $12,046 Collaboration and licensing revenue1,548 — — 17,445 55 Total revenues10,762 4,040 4,370 33,720 12,101Operating expenses: Research and development97,190 45,379 24,662 30,106 27,695 General and administrative31,823 17,527 8,327 6,397 9,398 Total operating expenses129,013 62,906 32,989 36,503 37,093 Loss from operations(118,251) (58,866) (28,619) (2,783) (24,992)Other income (expense): Interest income (expense), net879 (445) (1,232) (776) (212) Fair value adjustments to preferred stock warrant liability— — (6,590) (847) (385) Loss on disposition of assets— (1) (4) — — Net loss(117,372) (59,312) (36,445) (4,406) (25,589)Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock— — (34,108) (4,357) (9,565)Net loss attributable to common shareholders$(117,372) $(59,312) $(70,553) $(8,763) $(35,154)Net loss per share, basic and diluted$(2.67) $(1.80) $(3.65) $(5.75) $(23.49)Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted43,878,326 33,003,714 19,307,422 1,524,628 1,496,262 Years Ended December 31,Consolidated Balance Sheet Data2015 2014 2013 2012 2011Cash and cash equivalents$20,605 $128,462 $109,976 $19,906 $13,607Short-term investments, available-for-sale (1)199,729 106,114 — 9,849 5,918Working capital208,658 220,390 102,802 23,931 18,010Long-term investments (1)124,040 52,973 — — —Total assets355,992 291,878 113,387 32,031 25,432Loan payable, net, current portion (2)— 4,296 5,573 4,753 160Loan payable, net, less current portion (2)— — 4,294 9,867 2,441Redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant liability— — — 7,512 6,491Redeemable convertible preferred stock— — — 107,723 103,366Accumulated deficit(339,414) (222,042) (162,730) (101,032) (93,678)Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)$335,459 $274,636 $98,539 $(101,031) $(93,680) (1)Further details of investments is available in "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1. Fair Value of Financial Instruments" in Item 8 of thisAnnual Report.(2) Loan payable is net of debt discount.ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with “Selected Financial Data” and our financial statements and related notes includedelsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion and analysis and other parts of this Annual Report contain forward-looking statements based upon currentbeliefs, plans and expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, such as statements regarding our plans, objectives, expectations, intentions andprojections. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result ofseveral factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report. You should carefully read the “Risk Factors” section of thisAnnual Report to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements. Pleasealso see the section entitled “Forward-Looking Statements.”49 Overview Chimerix, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to discovering, developing and commercializing novel, oral antivirals in areas of high unmet medicalneeds. We were founded in 2000 based on the promise of our proprietary lipid conjugate technology to unlock the potential of some of the most broad-spectrumantivirals by enhancing their antiviral activity and safety profiles in convenient, orally administered dosing regimens. Based on our proprietary lipid conjugatetechnology, our lead compound, brincidofovir (BCV, CMX001), is in Phase 3 clinical development. In addition, we have an active discovery program focusing onviral targets for which limited or no therapies are currently available.Recent DevelopmentsCytomegalovirus (CMV) in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant (HCT) RecipientsIn late December 2015, we reported top line results from our Phase 3 SUPPRESS trial, which evaluated the safety and efficacy of brincidofovir in the prevention ofCMV infection through the first 24 weeks following an allogeneic HCT. In February 2016, we presented an analysis of the SUPPRESS trial results at the BMTTandem Meetings.The SUPPRESS trial enrolled 452 adult allogeneic (non-self) HCT recipients who were at high risk of CMV infection in the post-transplant period based onantibody evidence of a prior infection with CMV, referred to as “CMV seropositive” or “recipient (R+) seropositive.” Because there is no approved antiviral for theprevention of CMV reactivation in this patient population, patients were randomized 2:1 to receive brincidofovir 100 mg twice weekly (BIW, n=300) or placeboBIW (n=150); all enrolled subjects were monitored weekly during the first 14 weeks and once every three weeks during the post-treatment period from Week 14 toWeek 24 for evidence of CMV reactivation in the blood. If CMV was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at 1000 c/mL or two consecutivemeasurements of >150 c/mL and increasing for subjects identified at enrollment as at increased risk of progression to CMV disease, “preemptive” antiviral therapywas initiated. Subjects who died or had missing data at Week 24 were also considered failures for the primary endpoint. Dosing of blinded study drug began assoon after the transplant as the patient could swallow a tablet, but mandated within the first four weeks, and continued through Week 14 following the transplant.These first 14 weeks or ~100 days after a transplant is the period of greatest risk for viral infections. Subjects were followed in the trial for an additional 10 weeksafter the last dose of study drug, for a total of 24 weeks after transplant. Because allogeneic HCT recipients are at increased risk for other DNA viral infectionsincluding HHV-6, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), adenoviruses (AdV) and BK virus (BKV), against which BCV has in vitro antiviral activity, key secondary endpointsin SUPPRESS included clinical events associated with DNA viruses such as encephalitis, respiratory infections, graft failure and measures of kidney function.In the SUPPRESS trial, brincidofovir did not prevent clinically significant CMV infection through Week 24 after transplant to a greater extent than occurred onplacebo, the primary endpoint of the trial. During the on-treatment period through Week 14 after HCT, fewer patients in the BCV arm had a CMV infection(p=0.002). However, during the 10 weeks off-treatment from Week 14 to Week 24, there was an increase in subjects in the brincidofovir arm who met the primaryendpoint through CMV infection, death, or missing data compared to the control arm, such that at Week 24 there was no benefit demonstrated for BCV treatment.In the SUPPRESS trial, diarrhea in brincidofovir-treated patients was more frequent and often presumed to be gut graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) and treatedwith corticosteroids, rather than temporarily interrupting study drug according to the Safety Monitoring and Management Plan (SMMP). Among patients who weremanaged according to the SMMP, significantly fewer CMV infections and lower mortality were observed.There was an eight-fold increase in the use of corticosteroids through Week 14 in the brincidofovir arm (median cumulative 26 mg/kg prednisone equivalent)compared to the placebo arm (median cumulative 3 mg/kg prednisone equivalent). The use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapies for thetreatment of GVHD is known to increase the risk of infections, including CMV infections that occur when patients discontinue antiviral therapy. The rate of CMVinfections thus was higher in the brincidofovir arm between Weeks 14 and 24 (22 percent versus 11 percent on placebo), when patients were no longer on studydrug.Of note, among patients who either underwent T-cell depletion or received alemtuzumab/ATG (approaches that decrease the risk of GVHD), those who wererandomized to receive brincidofovir showed a lower incidence of CMV when compared to placebo, at a rate consistent with what was observed in the Phase 2study of brincidofovir in the HCT setting.Among the secondary efficacy endpoints, brincidofovir was not shown to have a positive effect on BKV hemorrhagic cystitis, though preliminary analysis of BKreactivation over the first eight weeks of randomized therapy showed a trend towards lower incidence of BK viremia on the BCV arm when compared to theplacebo arm (12% vs. 20%, Fisher’s exact p=0.08). There were50no statistically significant differences in all-cause mortality in the trial (15.5 percent in the brincidofovir arm, 10.1 percent in the placebo arm, p=0.12); thenumerical differences appear to be driven by higher use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapies in the subjects who received brincidofovir.From a safety perspective, the most common adverse events reported for subjects randomized to brincidofovir were acute GVHD (presumed on the basis ofsymptoms or with biopsy), gastrointestinal (GI) events (predominantly diarrhea), and liver enzyme abnormalities. Although the rate of reported gut GVHD in thePhase 2 study of brincidofovir was higher than that in the placebo cohort, the excess was driven by the over diagnosis of GVHD based on diarrhea alone.Incorporation of the SMMP in the final cohort of the Phase 2 study of brincidofovir 100 mg twice-weekly allowed 90 percent of subjects to successfully resumebrincidofovir dosing. As seen in Phase 2, there was no evidence of bone marrow toxicity, kidney toxicity, or viral resistance to brincidofovir observed in theSUPPRESS trial.Interim Results from AdViseIn August of 2015, we completed enrollment of the Phase 3 AdVise trial, which is evaluating brincidofovir for the treatment of AdV infections in pediatric andadult patients. Patients who have undergone allogeneic HCT are at especially high risk for developing AdV disease due to profound and persistentimmunodeficiency. In this susceptible population, the development of AdV infection associated with viremia is much more prevalent, severe, and rapidly fatalwithout treatment. In the medical literature, mortality rates of up to 50-80% are reported for allogeneic HCT recipients with disseminated disease.In December 2015, we provided an update of the on-going analysis of data from the AdVise study. At the time of the report, for the full Cohort B population ofHCT recipients with disseminated adenovirus infection, all-cause mortality at day 90 remained less than 40%. Full analyses including AE and relapse rates will bereported in 2016.We will continue to prepare data from the AdVise trial and the historical matched controls to review with the FDA and foreign regulators to determine theregulatory pathway for the treatment of adenovirus. We tentatively expect meetings with the FDA and foreign regulators to review data from the AdVise trial in thesecond half of 2016. Until we have agreement with FDA and/or foreign regulators for the regulatory pathway for brincidofovir for the treatment of adenovirusinfection, we cannot provide details on the timeline for a New Drug Application or foreign equivalent, but anticipate that treatment of adenovirus infection is likelyto be the first potential indication in a brincidofovir submission.CMV in Kidney Transplant RecipientsIn October 2015, we initiated dosing in our Phase 3 SUSTAIN and SURPASS trials of brincidofovir for prevention of CMV disease in kidney transplant recipients.SUSTAIN was designed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of brincidofovir for the prevention of CMV disease in kidney transplant recipients at high risk ofCMV disease. It was a blinded, non-inferiority study of brincidofovir versus valganciclovir in kidney transplant recipients who have not been previously infectedwith CMV (CMV seronegative recipient, or “R-“) and who therefore have no immunity to CMV, but who received a kidney from a CMV seropositive donor (D+).SURPASS was a blinded study of brincidofovir versus valganciclovir in kidney transplant recipients who are CMV seropositive ("R+"). Following a review of the results from the SUPPRESS trial and discussions with the FDA regarding our clinical development plan for brincidofovir, we haveelected to close the Phase 3 SUSTAIN and SURPASS trials. We are currently evaluating opportunities to confirm brincidofovir's benefit in solid organ transplantrecipients before embarking on a large-scale Phase 3 program.SmallpoxWe are currently collaborating with Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) for the development of brincidofovir as a potentialmedical countermeasure for smallpox.In July 2015, we reported positive topline results from the pivotal smallpox study that was conducted under the FDA’s Animal Efficacy Rule, which allows fortesting of investigational drugs in animal models to support effectiveness in diseases which are not ethical or feasible to study in humans. In this well-characterizedmodel of smallpox, animals were administered a lethal inoculum of rabbitpox virus, and monitored for clinical signs of disease. Following the onset of fever,animals were randomized to receive placebo, immediate brincidofovir, or brincidofovir after a delay of 24, 48, or 72 hours. In this study, brincidofoviradministered immediately following the first clinical evidence of infection (fever) demonstrated 100% survival. Animals treated with brincidofovir 24 or 48 hoursfollowing confirmation of infection demonstrated a 68% statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in mortality compared to animals that received placebo whichhad a less than 50% survival. The brincidofovir doses51used in this animal study were scaled to equivalent doses used in the Phase 3 clinical trials of brincidofovir for CMV and adenovirus in humans, the SUPPRESSand AdVise trials, respectively.Reduction in Force (RIF)In early 2016, as a consequence of the failure of SUPPRESS to meet its primary endpoint, we initiated a reduction to our workforce. Personnel reductions wereinitiated across our entire organization that have resulted in an elimination of 25 positions. The principal objective of the RIF was to enable us to focus ourfinancial resources on the continued clinical development of brincidofovir. In connection with the RIF, we expect to record an aggregate charge related to one-timetermination benefits of approximately $1.4 million in 2016.Financial OverviewRevenuesTo date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales. All of our revenue to date has been derived from government grants and contracts and the receiptof up-front proceeds under our collaboration and license agreement.In February 2011, we entered into a contract with BARDA, a U.S. governmental agency that supports the advanced research and development, manufacturing,acquisition, and stockpiling of medical countermeasures. The contract originally consisted of an initial performance period, referred to as the base performancesegment, which ended on May 31, 2013, plus up to four extension periods of approximately one year each, referred to as option segments. Subsequent optionsegments to the contract are not subject to automatic renewal and are not exercisable at Chimerix’s discretion. The contract is a cost plus fixed fee developmentcontract. Under the contract as currently in effect, we may receive up to $75.8 million in expense reimbursement and $5.3 million in fees if all remaining optionsegments are exercised. We are currently performing under the second and third option segments of the contract during which we may receive up to a total of $17million and $13 million in expense reimbursement and fees, respectively. The second option segment is scheduled to end on June 30, 2016 and the third optionsegment is scheduled to end on October 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2015 , we had recognized revenue in aggregate of $ 46.0 million with respect to the baseperformance segment and the first three extension periods.In July 2012, we entered into a collaboration and licensing agreement with Merck, Sharp & Dohme Corporation (Merck). The agreement provided for varioustypes of payments, including a $17.5 million non-refundable upfront license fee, contingent event-based milestone payments and future royalties on net productsales. We recognized the upfront license fee payment from Merck as revenue for the year ended December 31, 2012, as our remaining performance obligationsunder the contract were not considered substantive. We did not recognize any revenue under this agreement for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014. Thelicense agreement with Merck was terminated in May 2014.On December 17, 2014, we entered into a collaboration and licensing agreement with ContraVir Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: CTRV). In exchange for the licenseto CMX157 rights, we received an upfront payment consisting of 120,000 shares of ContraVir Series B Convertible Preferred Stock with a stated value of $1.2million. In addition, we are eligible to receive clinical, regulatory and initial commercial milestones in the United States and Europe, as well as royalties andadditional milestones based on commercial sales in those territories. We recognized the upfront license fee payment from ContraVir as deferred revenue for theyear ended December 31, 2014, and during the second quarter of 2015 we completed our performance obligations and recorded $1.5 million in revenue.In the future, we may generate revenue from a combination of product sales, license fees, milestone payments and royalties from the sales of products developedunder licenses of our intellectual property. We expect that any revenue we generate will fluctuate from quarter to quarter as a result of the timing and amount oflicense fees, milestone and other payments, and the amount and timing of payments that we receive upon the sale of our products, to the extent any are successfullycommercialized. If we fail to complete the development of our product candidates in a timely manner or obtain regulatory approval for them, our ability to generatefuture revenue, and our results of operations and financial position, would be materially adversely affected. 52Research and Development ExpensesSince our inception, we have focused our resources on our research and development activities, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials,manufacturing development efforts and activities related to regulatory filings for our product candidates. We recognize research and development expenses as theyare incurred. Costs for certain development activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information anddata provided to us by our vendors. We cannot determine with certainty the duration and completion costs of the current or future clinical studies of our productcandidates. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of:•fees paid to consultants and contract research organizations (CROs), including in connection with our preclinical and clinical trials, and other relatedclinical trial fees, such as for investigator grants, patient screening, laboratory work, clinical trial database management, clinical trial materialmanagement and statistical compilation and analysis;•salaries and related overhead expenses, which include stock option and employee stock purchase program compensation and benefits, for personnelin research and development functions;•payments to third-party manufacturers, which produce, test and package our drug substance and drug product (including continued testing of processvalidation and stability);•costs related to legal and compliance with regulatory requirements; and•license fees for and milestone payments related to licensed products and technologies.From our inception through December 31, 2015 , we have incurred approximately $ 296.2 million in research and development expenses, of which $ 259.6 millionrelates to our development of brincidofovir. These costs were largely related to the conduct of our clinical trials, including most recently our two clinical trials ofbrincidofovir. Because we have recently concluded our Phase 3 SUPPRESS trial and are closing our Phase 3 SUSTAIN and SURPASS studies, we currentlyexpect our research and development expenses to temporarily trend lower. However, following finalization of our revised development plan in 2016, we expect toincrease our research and development expenses. The table below summarizes our research and development expenses for the periods indicated (in thousands). Our direct research and development expensesconsist primarily of external costs, such as fees paid to investigators, consultants, central laboratories and CROs, in connection with our clinical trials, preclinicaldevelopment, and payments to third-party manufacturers of drug substance and drug product. We typically use our employee and infrastructure resources acrossmultiple research and development programs. Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013Direct research and development expenses$70,348 $31,392 $13,184Research and development personnel costs22,269 11,235 9,344Indirect research and development expenses4,573 2,752 2,134 Total research and development expenses$97,190 $45,379 $24,662 The successful development of our clinical and preclinical product candidates is highly uncertain. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate the nature, timing orcosts of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the remainder of the development of any of our clinical or preclinical product candidates or the period, if any,in which material net cash inflows from these product candidates may commence. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with thedevelopment of our product candidates, including: •the uncertainty of the scope, rate of progress and expense of our ongoing, as well as any additional, clinical trials and other research and developmentactivities;•the potential benefits of our candidates over other therapies;•the ability to market, commercialize and achieve market acceptance for any of our product candidates that we are developing or may develop in thefuture;•the results of ongoing or future clinical trials;•the timing and receipt of any regulatory approvals; and•the filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing of patent claims and other intellectual property rights, and the expense of doing so.A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of a product candidate could mean a significant change in the costs and timingassociated with the development of that product candidate. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trialsbeyond those that we currently anticipate will be required for the53completion of clinical development of a product candidate in the United States or in Europe, or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of ourclinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time with respect to the development of that product candidate. BrincidofovirThe majority of our research and development resources has been focused on completing our Phase 3 trial of brincidofovir for prevention of CMV in HCTrecipients (SUPPRESS), our trial of brincidofovir as a treatment for AdV (AdVise), and our other clinical and preclinical studies and other work needed to providesufficient data supporting the safety, tolerability and efficacy of brincidofovir for approval in the United States and equivalent health authority approval outside theUnited States.We have recently concluded our Phase 3 SUPPRESS trial and have completed enrollment of our AdVise study. In addition, we are closing our Phase 3 SUSTAINand SURPASS trials. As a result, we expect our research and development expenses to temporarily trend lower. However, following finalization of our reviseddevelopment plan in 2016, we expect to increase our research and development expenses.In addition, pursuant to our contract with BARDA, we are evaluating brincidofovir for the treatment of smallpox. During the base performance segment of thecontract, we incurred significant expense in connection with the development of orthopox virus animal models, the demonstration of efficacy and pharmacokineticsof brincidofovir in the animal models, the conduct of an open label clinical safety study for subjects with DNA viral infections, and the manufacture and processvalidation of bulk drug substance and brincidofovir 100 mg tablets. During the first option segment of the contract, we performed additional animal testing ofbrincidofovir. In September 2014, we initiated performance under the second option segment of the contract with BARDA and performed additional animal testingof brincidofovir. In September 2015, we initiated performance under the third option segment which focuses on brincidofovir chemistry, manufacturing andcontrols at large scale.General and Administrative ExpensesGeneral and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs for employees in executive, finance, marketing, investor relations, informationtechnology, legal, human resources and administrative support functions, including share-based compensation expenses and benefits. Other significant general andadministrative expenses include the pre-launch activities for brincidofovir, accounting and legal services, cost of various consultants, director and officer liabilityinsurance, occupancy costs and information systems.We expect our general and administrative expenses to trend downward during 2016, driven primarily by a reduction in expenses related to commercialpreparations. Interest Income (Expense), NetInterest income consists of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments.Interest expense consists primarily of interest accrued or paid on amounts outstanding under our Loan and Security Agreement (LSA) with Silicon Valley Bank(SVB) and MidCap Financial SBIC, LP (MidCap). In January 2012, we borrowed $3.0 million under the LSA, and in September 2012, we borrowed an additional$12.0 million. In October 2015, the loan was paid in full. Revaluation of WarrantsIn conjunction with various financing transactions, we issued warrants to purchase shares of our preferred and common stock. The underlying security of thewarrants related to the Series F financing and to our term loan was redeemable at the option of the security holder. As a result, these warrants were classified as aliability and were marked-to-market at each reporting date. The fair value estimates of these warrants were determined using a Black-Scholes option-pricing modeland are based, in part, on subjective assumptions. Non-cash changes in the fair value of the warrant liability were recorded as fair value adjustments to warrantliability. The final revaluation of the warrants occurred just prior to our April 2013 initial public offering of common stock (IPO). Upon the IPO these warrantsconverted into warrants for common stock and therefore no longer require revaluation. 54Share-based CompensationThe Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) authoritative guidance requires that share-based payment transactions with employees be recognized in thefinancial statements based on their fair value and recognized as compensation expense over the vesting period. Total consolidated share-based compensationexpense of $13.0 million , $4.4 million and $3.1 million was recognized in the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , respectively. The share-basedcompensation expense recognized included expense for stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and our employee stock purchase plan purchase rights. We estimate the fair value of our share-based awards to employees and directors using the Black-Scholes pricing model. This estimate is affected by our stockprice as well as assumptions including the expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate, expected dividend yield, expected rate of forfeiture and the fairvalue of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. For performance-based stock options and performance-based RSUs, we begin to recognize the expense when it is deemed probable that the performance-basedgoal will be met. We evaluate the probability of achieving performance-based goals on a quarterly basis. Equity instruments issued to non-employees are periodically revalued as the equity instruments vest and are recognized as expense over the related service period. Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our audited consolidated financial statements, which havebeen prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP). The preparation of these consolidatedfinancial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an ongoing basis,we evaluate these estimates and judgments. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under thecircumstances. These estimates and assumptions form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording ofrevenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results and experiences may differ materially from these estimates. In addition, ourreported financial condition and results of operations could vary if new accounting standards are enacted that are applicable to our business. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015 included in thisAnnual Report. We believe that our accounting policies relating to revenue recognition, research and development prepaids and accruals, investments and share-based compensation are the most critical to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. We have identified these policies as critical because theyboth are important to the presentation of our financial condition and results of operations and require us to make judgments and estimates on matters that areinherently uncertain and may change in future periods. For more information regarding these policies, you should refer to Note 1 to our audited consolidatedfinancial statements included in this Annual Report. Revenue RecognitionWe derive our revenues from two sources: contracts and grants, and collaborations and licensing. Contract and grant revenue is revenue generated pursuant tofederal contracts and other awarded grants. Collaboration and licensing revenue is revenue related to license and collaboration agreements. We recognize revenuein accordance with the criteria outlined in the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)’s Topic 13 and Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 605-25 andby the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Following these accounting pronouncements, revenue is recognized when all four of the following criteria are met:(i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (ii) delivery of the products and/or services has occurred and risk of loss has passed; (iii) the selling price is fixedor determinable; and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. For arrangements that involve the delivery of more than one element, each product, service and/or right to use assets is evaluated to determine whether it qualifiesas a separate unit of accounting. This determination is based on whether the deliverable has “stand-alone value” to the customer. The consideration that is fixed ordeterminable is then allocated to each separate unit of accounting based on the relative selling prices of each deliverable. The consideration allocated to each unitof accounting is recognized as the related goods and services are delivered, limited to the consideration that is not contingent upon future deliverables. If thearrangement constitutes a single unit of accounting, the revenue recognition policy must be determined for the entire arrangement and the consideration received isrecognized over the period of inception through the date the last deliverable within the single unit of accounting is expected to be delivered. Revisions to theestimated period of recognition are reflected in revenue prospectively.55Non-refundable upfront fees are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized into revenue as license fees from collaborations on a straight-line basis over theestimated period of our substantive performance obligations. If we do not have substantive performance obligations, we recognize non-refundable upfront fees intorevenue through the date the deliverable is satisfied. Analyzing the arrangement to identify deliverables requires the use of judgment, and each deliverable may bean obligation to deliver services, a right or license to use an asset, or another performance obligation. Milestone payments are recognized when earned, provided that (i) the milestone event is substantive, (ii) there is no ongoing performance obligation related to theachievement of the milestone earned, and (iii) it would result in additional payments. Milestone payments are considered substantive if all of the followingconditions are met: the milestone payment is non-refundable; achievement of the milestone was not reasonably assured at the inception of the arrangement;substantive effort is involved to achieve the milestone; and the amount of the milestone appears reasonable in relation to the effort expended, the other milestonesin the arrangement and the related risk associated with the achievement of the milestone. Contingent based event payments we may receive under a license orcollaboration agreement will be recognized when received. From our inception through December 31, 2015 , we have not generated any revenue from product sales. For the same period, we have generated $83.4 million ingrant and contract revenue. We recognize revenue under government grants and contracts as qualifying research activities are conducted based on invoicesreceived from company vendors. Any amounts received in advance of performance are recorded as deferred revenue until earned. In July 2012, we entered into a collaboration and licensing agreement with Merck, Sharp & Dohme Corporation (Merck). The agreement provided for varioustypes of payments, including a $17.5 million non-refundable upfront license fee, contingent event-based milestone payments and future royalties on net productsales. We recognized the upfront license fee payment from Merck as revenue for the year ended December 31, 2012, as our remaining performance obligationsunder the contract were not considered substantive. The contingent event-based payments pursuant to our agreement with Merck did not meet the definition of amilestone as achievement of the triggering event for such payments was based on the performance of Merck and not our performance. Therefore the milestonemethod was not applied to any such payments. We did not recognize any revenue under this agreement for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. Thelicense agreement with Merck was terminated in May 2014.On December 17, 2014, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with ContraVir Pharmaceuticals. In exchange for the license to CMX157 rights, wereceived an upfront payment consisting of 120,000 shares of ContraVir Series B Convertible Preferred Stock with a stated value of $1.2 million. In addition, we areeligible to receive up to approximately $20 million in clinical, regulatory and initial commercial milestones in the United States and Europe, as well as royaltiesand additional milestones based on commercial sales in those territories. The upfront payment of 120,000 shares of ContraVir Series B Convertible Preferred Stockwas valued at $1.5 million at the time of the agreement. We recorded this amount as a long-term investment and deferred revenue. Upon completion of the transferof the IND and technical know-how related to CMX157 in April 2015, we recognized the $1.5 million upfront payment as revenue.Research and Development Prepaids and AccrualsAs part of the process of preparing financial statements, we are required to estimate our expenses resulting from our obligation under contracts with vendors andconsultants and clinical site agreements in connection with our research and development efforts. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiationswhich vary contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided to us under suchcontracts.Our objective is to reflect the appropriate research and development expenses in our financial statements by matching those expenses with the period in whichservices and efforts are expended. We account for these expenses according to the progress of our research and development efforts. We determine prepaid andaccrual estimates through discussion with applicable personnel and outside service providers as to the progress or state of communication of clinical trials, or otherservices completed. We adjust our rate of research and development expense recognition if actual results differ from our estimates. We make estimates of ourprepaid and accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known at that time. Although we do notexpect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of status and timing of services performed relative to the actualstatus and timing of services performed may vary and may result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low for any particular period. ThroughDecember 31, 2015 , there had been no material adjustments to our prior period estimates of prepaid and accruals for research and development expenses. Ourresearch and development prepaids and accruals are dependent upon the timely and accurate reporting of contract research organizations and other third-partyvendors.56InvestmentsInvestments consist primarily of corporate bonds, brokered certificates of deposit, U.S. Treasury securities, commercial paper, and preferred stock of anunconsolidated affiliate. We invest in high-credit quality investments in accordance with our investment policy which minimizes the probability of loss. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value as determined by quoted market prices, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported as a separatecomponent of stockholders deficit. Realized gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method and transactions are recorded on a settlementdate basis in interest income or expense, net. Investments with original maturities beyond three months at the date of purchase and which mature on, or less thantwelve months from, the balance sheet date are classified as short-term. Investments with a maturity beyond twelve months from the balance sheet date areclassified as long-term. We periodically review available-for-sale securities for other-than-temporary declines in fair value below the cost basis and wheneverevents or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. We evaluate, among other things, the duration and extentto which the fair value of a security is less than its cost; the financial condition of the issuer and any changes thereto; and our intent to sell, or whether we will morelikely than not be required to sell, the security before recovery of our amortized cost basis. Any such declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary onavailable-for-sale securities are reported in interest income or expense, net. There were no such declines in value for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and2013 .We also analyze our investments in unconsolidated affiliates for impairment. This analysis consists of determining whether an expected loss in market value of aninvestment is other than temporary by evaluating the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been less than cost, the financial condition andnear-term prospects of the unconsolidated affiliate, and our intent and ability to retain our investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipatedrecovery in market value. As the factors used in this analysis are difficult to predict and are subject to future events that may alter the assumptions, we may berequired to recognize future impairment losses on our investments in unconsolidated affiliates.Valuation of Share-Based CompensationWe record the fair value of stock options issued to employees as of the grant date as compensation expense. We recognize compensation expense over the requisiteservice period, which is equal to the vesting period. For non-employees, we also record the fair value of stock options as of the grant date as compensationexpense. We then periodically re-measure the awards to reflect the current fair value at each reporting period until the non-employee completes the performanceobligation or the date on which a performance commitment is reached. Expense is recognized over the related service period. Share-based compensation expense includes stock options and RSUs granted to employees, stock options granted to non-employees and employee stock purchaseplan purchase rights and has been reported in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013Income Statement Classification: Research and development expense: Employee$5,578 $1,085 $1,905 Non-employee— — 67General and administrative expense: Employee7,381 3,326 1,017 Non-employee— — 82 Total stock-based compensation expense$12,959 $4,411 $3,071 We calculate the fair value of RSU based compensation based on the closing price of our common stock on the date the RSU vests.57We calculate the fair value of share-based compensation awards using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requiresthe use of subjective assumptions, including volatility of our common stock, the expected term of our stock options, the risk free interest rate for a period thatapproximates the expected term of our stock options and the fair value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. In applying these assumptions, weconsidered the following factors: •We have limited operating history to estimate the volatility of our common stock price. We calculate expected volatility based on a blend ofcompany specific historical data and a group of similar publicly traded companies for which the historical information is available. For the purposeof identifying peer companies, we consider characteristics such as industry, length of trading history, similar vesting terms and in-the-money optionstatus. We plan to continue to use the guideline peer group volatility information until the historical volatility of our common stock is relevant tomeasure expected volatility for future option grants.•Prior to our IPO, we determined the average expected life of stock options based on the simplified method in accordance with SEC Staff AccountingBulletin Nos. 107 and 110. We expect to use the simplified method until we have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basisupon which to estimate expected term.•We determine the risk-free interest rate by reference to implied yields available from U.S. Treasury securities with a remaining term equal to theexpected life assumed at the date of grant.•The assumed dividend yield is based on our expectation of not paying dividends for the foreseeable future.•We estimate forfeitures based on our historical analysis of actual stock option forfeitures.The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 , and 2013 are set forth below:Stock Options Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013Expected volatility66.89% 71.47% 77.55%Expected term (in years)6.0 6.0 6.1Weighted-average risk-free interest rate1.53% 1.91% 1.42%Expected dividend yield—% —% —%Weighted-average fair value per option$25.18 $14.01 $6.99Employee Stock Purchase Plan Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013Expected volatility57.77% 74.24% 51.22%Expected term (in years)1.1 0.8 1.3Weighted-average risk-free interest rate0.43% 0.09% 0.25%Expected dividend yield—% —% —%Weighted-average option value per share$22.10 $9.93 $—*Employee stock purchase plan initiated in 2013.Common Stock Fair ValuePrior to our IPO, the fair value of our common stock for purposes of determining the exercise price for stock option grants was determined on each grant date byour board of directors, or by a committee of our board of directors acting under delegated authority, with input from management. All options to purchase shares ofour common stock were intended to be granted with an exercise price per share no less than the fair value per share of our common stock underlying those optionson the date of grant, determined in good faith and based on the information known to us on the date of grant. In the absence of a public trading market for ourcommon stock prior to our IPO, on each grant date, our board of directors, or a committee of our board of directors acting under delegated authority, consideredvarious objective and subjective factors, along with input from management, to determine the fair value of our common stock, including:•external market conditions affecting the biotechnology industry;58•trends within the biotechnology industry;•the prices at which we sold shares of preferred stock to third-party investors;•the superior rights and preferences of the preferred stock relative to our common stock at the time of each grant;•our results of operations, financial position, status of our research and development efforts, stage of development and business strategy;•the lack of an active public market for our common and our preferred stock; and•the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event in light of prevailing market conditions, such as an initial public offering or sale of our company.Our board of directors, or a committee of our board of directors acting under delegated authority, also considered and relied upon appraisals of the value of ourstock from an independent third-party valuation specialist who conducted a thorough analysis using methodologies, approaches and assumptions consistent withthe American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Audit and Accounting Practice Aid Series: Valuation of Privately Held Company EquitySecurities Issued as Compensation (AICPA Practice Guide). The independent third-party valuation specialist provided appraisals containing the valuation analysesto the fair value of our common stock. For all grants of stock options made following the completion of our IPO in April 2013, we have determined, and will determine in the future, fair value based onthe closing price of our common stock on The NASDAQ Global Market on the date of determination. Fair Value Adjustments to Warrant LiabilityWe issued warrants to purchase shares of our Series F preferred stock in connection with (i) a loan and security agreement entered into with SVB and MidCap inJanuary 2012, and (ii) an equity financing agreement with certain investors for the sale of Series F preferred stock, which occurred in February 2011. As discussedin Note 6 to our audited financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2015 included in this Annual Report, the warrants to purchase shares of our Series Fpreferred stock were classified as a liability and were required to be measured at fair value for the year ending December 31, 2012. Upon completion of our IPO inApril 2013, these warrants were adjusted to a fair value of $14.1 million. The warrant liability was reclassified as common stock warrants and therefore no longerrequired revaluation. The adjustment to the fair valuation of the warrants resulted in other expense of $6.6 million for the year ended 2013 . The warrants were valued using a two stageprocess. Using a contingent claims model, the fair value of total equity and all components of our capital structure, including the warrants, was determined as of thetime of our sale of Series F preferred stock. Using this value as a starting point, a series of equity values and associated probabilities were calculated usingsimulation methodologies that incorporated both Monte Carlo and risk neutral frameworks. Using a contingent claims framework, each equity value in the arraywas allocated to the various components of the capital structure including the warrants. Each warrant value was weighted by its respective probability to determinethe final fair value of the warrants as of December 31, 2012 and 2011. Upon completion of our IPO, all outstanding warrants to purchase redeemable convertiblepreferred stock were converted into common stock warrants and no longer required to be remeasured. Utilization of Net Operating Loss CarryforwardsAt December 31, 2015 , we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state tax purposes of approximately $296.6 million and $233.9 million ,respectively. At December 31, 2014 , we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state tax purposes of approximately $192.6 million and $156.9million , respectively. In addition, we had tax credit carryforwards for federal tax purposes of approximately $11.9 million as of December 31, 2015 , which beginto expire in 2022. The future utilization of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may be limited due to changes in ownership. In general, if we experiencea greater than 50 percent aggregate change in ownership of certain significant stockholders or groups over a three-year period (a Section 382 ownership change),utilization of our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards is subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Code (and similar state laws). The annuallimitation generally is determined by multiplying the value of our stock at the time of such ownership change (subject to certain adjustments) by the applicablelong-term tax-exempt rate. Such limitations may result in expiration of a portion of the pre-change net operating loss carryforwards before utilization and may besubstantial. We have determined that a Section 382 ownership change occurred in 2002 and 2007 resulting in limitations of at least $64,000 and $762,000,respectively, of losses incurred prior to the respective ownership change dates. In addition, we have determined that another Section 382 ownership changeoccurred in 2013 with our initial public offering, our private placement and other transactions that have occurred since 2007, resulting in a limitation of at least$6.7 million of losses incurred prior to the ownership change date. We may also experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in ourstock ownership. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards to offset United States federaltaxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us.59RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 , together with the changes in those itemsin dollars and percentage (in thousands, except percentages): Years Ended December 31, Dollar Change % Change 2015 2014 Increase/(Decrease)Revenues: Contract revenue$9,214 $4,040 $5,174 128.1 % Collaboration and licensing revenue1,548 — 1,548 * Total revenues10,762 4,040 6,722 166.4 %Operating expenses: Research and development97,190 45,379 51,811 114.2 % General and administrative31,823 17,527 14,296 81.6 % Total operating expenses129,013 62,906 66,107 105.1 % Loss from operations(118,251) (58,866) (59,385) 100.9 %Other income (expense): Interest income (expense), net879 (445) 1,324 (297.5)% Loss on disposition of assets— (1) 1 (100.0)% Net loss$(117,372) $(59,312) $(58,060) 97.9 %* Not meaningful or not calculableContract RevenueFor the year ended December 31, 2015 , contract revenue increased to $9.2 million compared to $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 . The increaseof $5.2 million , or 128.1% , was related to an increase in reimbursable expenses related to our contract with BARDA.Collaboration and Licensing Revenue For the year ended December 31, 2015 , total collaboration and licensing revenue was $1.5 million. In December 2014, we entered into a collaboration andlicensing agreement with ContraVir Pharmaceuticals. We recognized the upfront license fee payment as deferred revenue in 2014. During the second quarter of2015, we completed our performance obligations related to this agreement and recognized $1.5 million of collaboration and licensing revenue.Research and Development ExpensesFor the year ended December 31, 2015 , our research and development expenses increased to $97.2 million compared to $45.4 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2014 . The increase of $51.8 million , or 114.2% , was primarily related to the following:•an increase in clinical trial expenses of $30.9 million primarily related to our Phase 3 SUPPRESS and AdVise studies, as well as the costs ofinitiating our Phase 3 SUSTAIN and SURPASS studies, which we are now closing;•an increase in compensation and other employee related costs of $11.0 million, consisting of $6.5 million of compensation and benefit expenserelated to the addition of new employees to our clinical, regulatory, development and manufacturing departments and $4.5 million of share-basedcompensation;•an increase in drug manufacturing costs of $5.7 million for raw materials as we began primary and secondary brincidofovir manufacturingcampaigns;•an increase of $2.9 million in legal and consulting expenses mainly related to the preparation of regulatory filings; and•an increase in animal studies of $1.0 million related to work under the BARDA contract and preclinical CMX669 development.60General and Administrative ExpensesFor the year ended December 31, 2015 , our general and administrative expenses increased to $31.8 million compared to $17.5 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2014 . The increase of $14.3 million , or 81.6% , was primarily related to the following:•an increase in compensation and other employee related costs of $5.9 million, consisting of an increase of $4.1 million of share-based compensationand $1.8 million of compensation and benefits related to the addition of new employees;•an increase in other costs of $4.9 million as we expanded our commercialization preparations for brincidofovir; and•an increase of $1.8 million in legal, accounting and consulting costs.Interest Income (Expense), NetFor the year ended December 31, 2015 , our interest income, net was $0.9 million compared to interest expense, net of $0.4 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2014 . The change of $1.3 million was attributable to increased interest earned on higher cash and investment balances over prior year and areduction in interest expense as our debt was paid in full in October 2015. Comparison of the Years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013The following table summarizes the results of our operations for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 , together with the year-over-year changes in thoseitems in dollars (in thousands, except for percentages): Years Ended December 31, Dollar Change % Change 2014 2013 Increase/(Decrease)Revenues: Contract revenue$4,040 $4,370 $(330) (7.6)% Collaboration and licensing revenue— — — * Total revenues4,040 4,370 (330) (7.6)%Operating expenses: Research and development45,379 24,662 20,717 84.0 % General and administrative17,527 8,327 9,200 110.5 % Total operating expenses62,906 32,989 29,917 90.7 % Loss from operations(58,866) (28,619) (30,247) 105.7 %Other income (expense): Interest expense, net(445) (1,232) 787 (63.9)% Fair value adjustments to preferred stock warrant liability— (6,590) 6,590 (100.0)% Loss on disposition of assets(1) (4) 3 (75.0)% Net loss$(59,312) $(36,445) $(22,867) 62.7 % * Not meaningful or not calculable Contract RevenueContract revenue for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 , was $4.0 million and $4.4 million , respectively. The decrease of $0.3 million , or 7.6% , wasrelated to a decline in reimbursable expenses related to our contract with BARDA. Research and Development ExpensesFor the year ended December 31, 2014 , our research and development expenses increased to $45.4 million compared to $24.7 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2013 . The increase of $20.7 million , or 84.0% , was primarily related to the following:•an increase in clinical trial expenses of $14.9 million primarily related to the Phase 3 SUPPRESS trial, which was in start-up mode in 2013, and theinitiation of the AdVise study;61•an increase in drug manufacturing costs of $1.6 million due to ongoing commercial process validation for brincidofovir and CMX669manufacturing development;•an increase in animal studies of $1.4 million related to work under the BARDA contract and preclinical CMX669 development; and•an increase in cash compensation expense of $2.3 million due to the addition of 23 employees in 2014, partially offset by the reduction in non-cashshare-based compensation of $0.9 million primarily related to the effect of an out of period adjustment in 2014 to properly state additional paid incapital related to RSUs.General and Administrative ExpensesFor the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 , our general and administrative expenses were $17.5 million and $8.3 million , respectively, representing anincrease of $9.2 million , or 110.5% . The increase was primarily related to the following:•an increase of $4.7 million in compensation costs, consisting of an increase in cash compensation expense of $1.9 million primarily related to theaddition of 6 new employees in 2014, a $0.6 million one-time severance charge in 2014 for our former Chief Executive Officer, and an increase innon-cash share-based compensation of $2.2 million;•an increase of $3.2 million of expenses related to commercialization preparation for brincidofovir; and•an increase of $0.6 million of external service costs and $0.5 million of insurance and taxes attributable to the growth of our business. Interest Expense, NetFor the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 , our interest expense, net was $0.4 million and $1.2 million , respectively, The decrease of $0.8 million wasattributable to a $0.6 million decrease in interest expense as we continued to make principal payments on our existing debt with no additional borrowing in 2014and a $0.2 million increase in interest income related to the increased cash and investment balances we held in 2014. Fair Value of Warrant AdjustmentOur outstanding Series F preferred warrants were deemed to be derivative instruments that require liability classification and mark-to-market accounting. As such,the applicable fair value of the warrants was determined using a two-stage, contingent claims model, resulting in the recognition of additional losses of $6.6 millionfor the year ended December 31, 2013 . This expense was primarily due to the increased likelihood of the occurrence of a liquidity event as well as the underlyingstock price. Upon the completion of our IPO in April 2013, these warrants converted to common stock warrants and were no longer considered to be a derivativeinstrument and no further expense was incurred. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCESWe have incurred losses since our inception in 2000 and, as of December 31, 2015 , we had an accumulated deficit of $339.4 million . We anticipate that we willcontinue to incur losses for at least the next several years. In connection with the closing of our active clinical trials for brincidofovir, we have seen a reduction inexpenses. However, as we finalize our revised development plan in 2016, our research and development and general and administrative expenses are likely toincrease and, as a result, we will need additional capital to fund our operations, which we may obtain through one or more of equity offerings, debt financings,government or other third-party funding, strategic alliances and licensing or collaboration arrangements.On May 27, 2014, we completed an underwritten public offering of 8,395,000 shares of common stock, including 1,095,000 shares sold pursuant to the fullexercise of an option previously granted to the underwriters to purchase additional shares of common stock. All of the shares were offered by us at a price to thepublic of $14.22 per share. The net proceeds from this offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable byus, were approximately $111.8 million. The securities described above were offered by us pursuant to a shelf registration statement declared effective by the SECon May 16, 2014. The shelf registration statement allows us to issue shares of our common stock and preferred stock, various series of debt securities and warrantsto purchase any of such securities, up to a total aggregate offering price of $200.0 million from time to time in one or more offerings. As of December 31, 2015 ,we had sold approximately $119.4 million of our common stock under this shelf registration statement.On November 5, 2014, we completed an underwritten public offering of 4,197,500 shares of common stock, including 547,500 shares sold pursuant to the fullexercise of an option previously granted to the underwriters to purchase additional shares of common stock. All of the shares were offered by us at a price to thepublic of $29.00 per share. The net proceeds from this offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable byus, were approximately $114.0 million.62The securities described above were offered by the Company pursuant to an automatic shelf registration statement which immediately became effective by rule ofthe SEC on October 29, 2014.On June 16, 2015, we completed an underwritten public offering of 4,341,250 shares of common stock, including 566,250 shares sold pursuant to the full exerciseof an option granted to the underwriters to purchase additional shares of common stock. All of the shares were offered by us at a price to the public of $39.75 pershare. The net proceeds from this offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable by us, were approximately$161.9 million. The securities described above were offered by us pursuant to a shelf registration statement which immediately became effective by rule ofthe SEC on June 9, 2015.We cannot assure you that adequate funding will be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Any additional equity financings will be dilutive to ourstockholders and any additional debt may involve operating covenants that may restrict our business. If adequate funds are not available through these means, wemay be required to curtail significantly one or more of our research or development programs, our pre-launch expenses, and any launch and othercommercialization expenses for any of our products that may receive marketing approval. We cannot assure you that we will successfully develop orcommercialize our products under development or that our products, if successfully developed, will generate revenues sufficient to enable us to earn a profit.We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and long-term investments will enable us to fund our current operating expenses andcapital requirements for at least the next 12 months. Such operating and capital requirements do not contemplate incremental expenses associated with a full scalecommercial launch of brincidofovir. However, changing circumstances beyond our control may cause us to consume capital more rapidly than we currentlyanticipate.Since our inception through December 31, 2015 , we have funded our operations principally with $595.5 million (net of issuance costs of $23.9 million ) from thesale of common stock and preferred stock, $37.4 million of research funding from our various National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases awards, $46.0million in revenue from our BARDA contract, debt financings totaling $21.0 million , $17.5 million of licensing revenue, and $12.7 million from stock option andwarrant exercises and purchases under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). As of December 31, 2015 , we had capital available to fund operations ofapproximately $342.9 million . Cash in excess of immediate requirements is invested in accordance with our investment policy, primarily with a view to liquidityand capital preservation.During 2012, we entered into a loan and security agreement with SVB and MidCap allowing for borrowing up to $15 million. In January 2012, we borrowed $3million under this agreement which had an interest only period for twelve months, followed by a thirty month principal and interest period at a rate of 8.25%. InSeptember 2012, we borrowed an additional $12 million under this agreement which had an interest only period of six months, followed with a thirty-two monthprincipal interest period at a rate of 8.25%. As of October 14, 2015, the principal balance of the loan was paid in full and no amounts remain outstanding.Cash FlowsThe following table sets forth the significant sources and uses of cash for the periods (in thousands): Years Ended December 31,Cash sources and uses:2015 2014 2013 Net cash used in operating activities$(99,890) $(47,077) $(25,559) Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities(169,314) (159,700) 9,462 Net cash provided by financing activities161,347 225,263 106,167 Net increase in cash and cash equivalents$(107,857) $18,486 $90,070Operating ActivitiesNet cash used in operating activities of $99.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily the result of our $117.4 million net loss, offset by theadd-back of non-cash expenses of $13.0 million for stock based compensation and $1.6 million of amortization of discounts on investments. The change inoperating assets and liabilities includes an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $7.7 million primarily related to increased research anddevelopment activities for our Phase 3 SUPPRESS clinical trial, offset by an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $3.2 million and an increase of $2.4million in accounts receivable due to an increase in reimbursable expenses related to our contract with BARDA.Net cash used in operating activities of $47.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily the result of our $59.3 million net loss, offset by theadd-back of non-cash expenses of $4.4 million for stock based compensation and $1.2 million of63amortization of discounts on investments. The change in operating assets and liabilities includes an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $6.2million primarily related to increased research and development activities for our Phase 3 SUPPRESS clinical trial, and a decrease of $0.1 million in accountsreceivable due to a decrease in reimbursable expenses related to our contract with BARDA, offset by an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $0.1million .Net cash used in operating activities of $25.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2013 was primarily the result of our $36.4 million net loss, offset by theadd-back of non-cash expenses of $6.6 million related to the revaluation of our warrant liability and $3.1 million for stock based compensation. The change inoperating assets and liabilities includes an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $1.8 million primarily related to start-up activities of our Phase 3SUPPRESS clinical trial, offset by a decrease of $0.5 million in accounts receivable due to a decrease in reimbursable expenses related to our contract withBARDA and an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $1.8 million .Investing ActivitiesNet cash used in investing activities of $169.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily the result of purchases of short-term and long-terminvestments, offset by sales and maturities of short-term and long-term investments. Net cash used in investing activities of $159.7 million during the year endedDecember 31, 2014 was primarily the result of purchases of short-term and long-term investments, offset by sales and maturities of short-term investments. Netcash provided by investing activities of $9.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2013 was primarily the result of purchases of short-term investments,offset by sales and maturities of short-term investments.Financing ActivitiesNet cash provided by financing activities of $161.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily the result of approximately $161.9 million in netproceeds from the completion of a public offering and $4.2 million from the exercise of stock options, warrants and purchases under the ESPP, offset by $4.7million in debt repayment and fees. Net cash provided by financing activities of $225.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily the result ofapproximately $225.9 million in net proceeds from the completion of two public offerings and $5.0 million from the exercise of stock options, warrants andpurchases under the ESPP, offset by $5.7 million in debt repayment. Net cash provided by financing activities of $106.2 million during the year endedDecember 31, 2013 was primarily the result of approximately $107.6 million in net proceeds from the completion of our IPO and $3.5 million from the exercise ofstock options and warrants, offset by $5.0 million in debt repayment.On April 16, 2013, we completed our IPO of common stock pursuant to a registration statement that was declared effective on April 10, 2013. We sold 7,320,000shares of our common stock at a price of $14.00 per share. The underwriters exercised their over-allotment option on April 16, 2013, selling an additional1,098,000 shares at $14.00 per share. As a result of the IPO, we raised a total of $107.6 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts andcommissions of $8.2 million and offering expenses of $2.1 million. Costs directly associated with our IPO were capitalized and recorded as deferred IPO costsprior to the completion of the IPO. These costs have been recorded as a reduction of the proceeds received in arriving at the amount to be recorded in additionalpaid-in capital. Upon completion of the IPO, all outstanding shares of our preferred stock were converted into 14,480,088 shares of common stock. In addition, weissued 1,076,002 shares of common stock related to the accrued accumulated Series F dividends.On October 23, 2013, we completed an underwritten offering of shares of our common stock held by existing shareholders. In connection with the offering,existing stockholders sold 2,476,995 shares of our common stock at $16.50 per share; the offering did not result in proceeds to the company.On May 27, 2014, we completed an underwritten public offering of 8,395,000 shares of common stock, including 1,095,000 shares sold pursuant to the fullexercise of an option previously granted to the underwriters to purchase additional shares of common stock. All of the shares were offered by us at a price to thepublic of $14.22 per share. The net proceeds from this offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable byus, were approximately $111.8 million. The securities described above were offered by us pursuant to a shelf registration statement declared effective by the SECon May 16, 2014. The shelf registration statement allows us to issue shares of our common stock and preferred stock, various series of debt securities and warrantsto purchase any of such securities, up to a total aggregate offering price of $200.0 million from time to time in one or more offerings. As of December 31, 2015 ,we had sold approximately $119.4 million of our common stock under this shelf registration statement.On November 5, 2014, we completed an underwritten public offering of 4,197,500 shares of common stock, including 547,500 shares sold pursuant to the fullexercise of an option previously granted to the underwriters to purchase additional shares of common stock. All of the shares were offered by us at a price to thepublic of $29.00 per share. The net proceeds from this offering, after64deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable by us, were approximately $114.0 million. The securities described abovewere offered by the Company pursuant to an automatic shelf registration statement which immediately became effective by rule of the SEC on October 29, 2014.On June 16, 2015, we completed an underwritten public offering of 4,341,250 shares of common stock, including 566,250 shares sold pursuant to the full exerciseof an option granted to the underwriters to purchase additional shares of common stock. All of the shares were offered by us at a price to the public of $39.75 pershare. The net proceeds from this offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable by us, were approximately$161.9 million. The securities described above were offered by us pursuant to a shelf registration statement which immediately became effective by rule ofthe SEC on June 9, 2015.Future Funding RequirementsTo date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales. We do not know when, or if, we will generate any revenue from product sales. We do not expect togenerate significant revenue from product sales unless and until we obtain regulatory approval of and commercialize brincidofovir or any of our other productcandidates. At the same time, we expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing development activities, particularly as we continue the research,development and clinical trials of, and seek regulatory approval for, our product candidates. Additionally, we expect to continue to incur additional costs associatedwith operating as a public company. Furthermore, subject to obtaining regulatory approval of any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significantcommercialization expenses for product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution. We anticipate that we will need substantial additional funding inconnection with our continuing operations. Based upon our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments,will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital requirements for at least the next 12 months. At present, we expect our research and developmentexpenses to temporarily trend lower, as we are not actively treating patients in connection with any experimental clinical trials of brincidofovir. However,following finalization of our revised development plan in 2016, we expect to increase our research and development expenses. We have based our estimates onassumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Because of the numerous risks anduncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of our product candidates, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlaysand operating expenditures necessary to complete the development of our product candidates.Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:•the willingness of the FDA and/or foreign regulators to accept the results from AdVise, as well as our other completed and planned clinical andpreclinical studies and other work, as the basis for review and approval of brincidofovir for the treatment of adenovirus infection;•the progress, costs, results and timing of future clinical trials of brincidofovir for other potential indications, including CMV and/or SOT;•the willingness of the FDA and/or foreign regulators to accept clinical and preclinical studies and other work, as the basis for review andapproval of brincidofovir for other potential indications;•the outcome, costs and timing of seeking and obtaining FDA and any other regulatory approvals;•the ability to continue to receive government funding;•the achievement of milestones under our agreement with ContraVir;•the number and characteristics of product candidates that we pursue, including our product candidates in preclinical development;•the ability of our product candidates to progress through clinical development successfully;•our need to expand our research and development activities;•the costs associated with securing, establishing and maintaining commercialization and manufacturing capabilities;•the costs of acquiring, licensing or investing in businesses, products, product candidates and technologies;•our ability to maintain, expand and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments wemay be required to make, or that we may receive, in connection with the licensing, filing, prosecution, defense and enforcement of any patents orother intellectual property rights;•our need and ability to hire additional management and scientific and medical personnel;•the effect of competing technological and market developments;•our need to implement additional internal systems and infrastructure, including financial and reporting systems; and•the economic and other terms, timing and success of our existing licensing arrangements and any collaboration, licensing or other arrangementsinto which we may enter in the future.65Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenue from product sales, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings,debt financings, government or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements, or other collaborations, strategic alliances or licensingarrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our commonstockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our commonstockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such asincurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through government or other third-party funding,marketing and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquishvaluable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND COMMITMENTSThe following table summarizes our contractual obligations at December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Total Less Than 1Year 1 – 3 Years 3 – 5 Years More Than 5 YearsOperating leases (1)$3,613 $729 $1,446 $1,326 $112Minimum royalties (2)1,550 50 500 400 600Other (3)1,389 1,389 — — —Total$6,552 $2,168 $1,946 $1,726 $712(1)Consists of our corporate headquarters leases encompassing 29,053 square feet of office space that expire in February 2021, and our laboratory leaseencompassing 7,925 square feet that expires in June 2018, both of which are located in Durham, North Carolina.(2)Consists of amounts payable under a license agreement with the University of Michigan for certain intellectual property related to the Chimerix ChemicalLibrary.(3)Consists of severance payable to former employees.In addition to the amounts set forth in the table above, we have payment obligations under license agreements that are contingent upon future events such as ourachievement of specified development, regulatory and commercial milestones. Under our license agreement with UCSD, we made milestone and sublicensepayments totaling approximately $1.2 million through December 31, 2015 . We will be required to make additional payments when certain milestones are achievedand we are obligated to pay royalties based on future product sales. As of December 31, 2015 , we were unable to estimate the timing or likelihood of achieving themilestones or making future product sales and, therefore, any related payments are not included in the table above. In connection with the development andcommercialization of brincidofovir and CMX157 (which we have licensed to ContraVir Pharmaceuticals), in addition to royalties on product sales, we could berequired to pay UC up to an aggregate of $3.4 million in milestone payments, assuming the achievement of all applicable milestone events under the licenseagreement. Under our license agreement with the University of Michigan, we are required to pay minimum royalties from 2016 through the expiration of the lastlicensed patent (which we estimate will occur in 2024) which are included in the table above, but any additional royalties that may be payable under the Universityof Michigan agreement are not estimable and therefore not included in the table above. Additionally, we enter into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs for clinical trials and clinical supply manufacturing and with vendors forpreclinical research studies and other services and products for operating purposes, which generally provide for termination or cancellation within 30 days ofnotice, and therefore are not included in the table above. We also have agreements with our executive officers that require the funding of specific payments, ifcertain events occur, such as a change in control or the termination of employment without cause. These potential payment obligations are not included in the tableabove.Off-Balance Sheet ArrangementsDuring the periods presented, we did not have, nor do we currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined under SEC rules. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKOur primary exposure to market risk is interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. Due to the short-termduration of our investment portfolio and the low risk profile of our investments, an immediate 10.0% change in interest rates would not have a material effect onthe fair market value of our portfolio. Accordingly, we would not expect our operating results or cash flows to be affected to any significant degree by the effect ofa sudden change in market interest rates on our investment portfolio.We do not believe that our cash, cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments have significant risk of default or illiquidity. While we believe our cash andcash equivalents and certificates of deposit do not contain excessive risk, we cannot provide absolute assurance that in the future our investments will not besubject to adverse changes in market value. In addition, we maintain significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents at one or more financial institutions that arein excess of federally insured limits.Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor and clinical trial costs. We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our results ofoperations for the years ended December 31, 2015 or 2014 .ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATAINDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS PageReports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm67Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 201469Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 201370Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the Years Ended December 31, 2015,2014 and 201371Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 201372Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements7366REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMThe Board of Directors and Shareholders of Chimerix, Inc.We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Chimerix, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , and the related consolidated statements ofoperations and comprehensive loss, redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three years in theperiod ended December 31, 2015 . These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion onthese financial statements based on our audits.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that weplan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining,on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used andsignificant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basisfor our opinion.In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Chimerix, Inc. atDecember 31, 2015 and 2014 , and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 ,in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Chimerix, Inc.’s internal control overfinancial reporting as of December 31, 2015 , based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of SponsoringOrganizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 29, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ Ernst & Young LLPRaleigh, North CarolinaFebruary 29, 201667REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMThe Board of Directors and Shareholders of Chimerix, Inc.We have audited Chimerix, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 , based on criteria established in Internal Control-IntegratedFramework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). Chimerix, Inc.’smanagement is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control overfinancial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express anopinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that weplan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluatingthe design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in thecircumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and thepreparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financialreporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect thetransactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation offinancial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only inaccordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection ofunauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation ofeffectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance withthe policies or procedures may deteriorate.In our opinion, Chimerix, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 , based on the COSOcriteria .We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets ofChimerix, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, redeemable convertible preferredstock and stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 of Chimerix, Inc. and our report datedFebruary 29, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ Ernst & Young LLPRaleigh, North CarolinaFebruary 29, 201668CHIMERIX, INC.CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS(in thousands, except share and per share data) December 31, 2015 2014ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents$20,605 $128,462 Short-term investments, available-for-sale199,729 106,114 Accounts receivable2,432 106 Prepaid expenses and other current assets6,071 2,775 Total current assets228,837 237,457Long-term investments124,040 52,973Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation3,045 1,310Other long-term assets70 138 Total assets$355,992 $291,878LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable$10,458 $5,938 Accrued liabilities9,721 6,833 Loan payable, net, current portion— 4,296 Total current liabilities20,179 17,067Other long-term liabilities354 175 Total liabilities20,533 17,242Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2015 and 2014; no shares issued andoutstanding as of December 31, 2015 and 2014— —Common stock, $0.001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2015 and 2014; 46,162,525 and41,031,770 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively46 41 Additional paid-in capital675,591 496,602 Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) gain(764) 35 Accumulated deficit(339,414) (222,042) Total stockholders’ equity335,459 274,636 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$355,992 $291,878The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.69CHIMERIX, INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS(in thousands, except share and per share data) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013Revenues: Contract revenue$9,214 $4,040 $4,370 Collaboration and licensing revenue1,548 — — Total revenues10,762 4,040 4,370Operating expenses: Research and development97,190 45,379 24,662 General and administrative31,823 17,527 8,327 Total operating expenses129,013 62,906 32,989 Loss from operations(118,251) (58,866) (28,619)Other income (expense): Interest income (expense), net879 (445) (1,232) Fair value adjustments to preferred stock warrant liability— — (6,590) Loss on disposition of assets— (1) (4) Net loss(117,372) (59,312) (36,445)Other comprehensive loss: Unrealized (loss) gain on investments, net(799) 35 2 Comprehensive loss$(118,171) $(59,277) $(36,443) Net loss$(117,372) $(59,312) $(36,445)Accretion of redeemable convertible preferred stock— — (34,108)Net loss attributable to common stockholders$(117,372) $(59,312) $(70,553)Per share information: Net loss, basic and diluted$(2.67) $(1.80) $(3.65) Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted43,878,326 33,003,714 19,307,422The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.70CHIMERIX, INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)(in thousands, except share and per share data) Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Gain (Loss) Accumulated Deficit Total Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)Balance, December 31, 2012$107,723 $3 $— $(2) $(101,032) $(101,031)Share-based compensation— — 3,071 — — 3,071Exercise of stock options— — 1,946 — — 1,946Dividends on redeemable preferred stock976 — (349) — (627) (976)Adjustment of redeemable preferred stock to redemptionvalue33,132 — (8,506) — (24,626) (33,132)Exercise of warrants— — 1,537 — — 1,537Issuance of 8,418,000 shares of common stock at $14.00per share, net of issuance costs of $10,218— 23 107,611 — — 107,634Conversion of redeemable preferred stock into commonstock(141,831) — 141,831 — — 141,831Reclassification of redeemable preferred stock warrantliability to additional paid in capital— — 14,102 — — 14,102Comprehensive loss: Unrealized gain on investments, net— — — 2 — 2Net loss— — — — (36,445) (36,445)Total comprehensive loss (36,443)Balance, December 31, 2013— 26 261,243 — (162,730) 98,539Share-based compensation— — 4,411 — — 4,411Exercise of stock options— 2 4,591 — — 4,593Exercise of warrants— — 6 — — 6Employee stock purchase plan purchases— 1 425 — — 426Issuance of 8,395,000 shares of common stock at $14.22per share, net of issuance costs of $7,531— 8 111,837 — — 111,845Issuance of 4,197,500 shares of common stock at $29.00per share, net of issuance costs of $7,634— 4 114,089 — — 114,093Comprehensive loss: Unrealized gain on investments, net— — — 35 — 35Net loss— — — — (59,312) (59,312)Total comprehensive loss (59,277)Balance, December 31, 2014— 41 496,602 35 (222,042) 274,636Share-based compensation— — 12,959 — — 12,959Exercise of stock options— — 2,107 — — 2,107Exercise of warrants— 1 1,000 — — 1,001Employee stock purchase plan purchases— — 1,048 — — 1,048Issuance of 4,341,250 shares of common stock at $39.75per share, net of issuance cost of $10,685— 4 161,875 — — 161,879Comprehensive loss: Unrealized loss on investments, net— — — (799) — (799)Net loss— — — — (117,372) (117,372)Total comprehensive loss (118,171)Balance, December 31, 2015$— $46 $675,591 $(764) $(339,414) $335,459The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.71CHIMERIX, INC .CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS(in thousands) Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss$(117,372) $(59,312) $(36,445) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation of property and equipment657 283 258 Amortization of debt costs64 148 248 Amortization of premium/discount on investments1,622 1,175 196 Loss on disposition of assets— 1 4 Share-based compensation12,959 4,411 3,071 Amortization of deferred lease obligations19 (19) 10 Fair value adjustments to preferred stock warrant liability — — 6,590 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable(2,354) 142 535 Prepaid expenses and other assets(3,210) (108) (1,790) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities7,725 6,202 1,764 Net cash used in operating activities(99,890) (47,077) (25,559)Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of property and equipment(2,211) (1,018) (193) Purchases of short-term investments(60,297) (155,433) (1,852) Purchases of long-term investments(234,791) (55,337) — Sales of short-term investments1,003 3,499 750 Maturities of short-term investments126,742 48,589 10,757 Maturities of long-term investments240 — — Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities(169,314) (159,700) 9,462Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from exercise of stock options2,107 4,593 1,946 Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan stock purchases1,048 426 — Proceeds from exercise of warrants1,001 6 1,537 Proceeds from public offerings, net of offering costs161,879 225,938 107,634 Payments for deferred financing costs(338) — — Repayments of debt(4,350) (5,700) (4,950) Net cash provided by financing activities161,347 225,263 106,167Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents(107,857) 18,486 90,070 Cash and cash equivalents: Beginning of period128,462 109,976 19,906 End of period$20,605 $128,462 $109,976Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Cash paid for interest$158 $614 $1,092 Non-cash acquisition of investment in U.S. corporation$— $1,545 $—The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.72CHIMERIX, INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSNote 1. The Business and Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesDescription of BusinessChimerix, Inc. (the Company) is a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to discovering, developing and commercializing novel, oral antivirals in areas of highunmet medical needs. The Company was founded in 2000 based on the promise of its proprietary lipid technology to unlock the potential of some of the mostbroad-spectrum antivirals by enhancing their antiviral activity and safety profiles in convenient, orally administered dosing regimens. Based on the Company’slipid conjugate technology, its lead compound, brincidofovir (BCV, CMX001), is in Phase 3 clinical development. In addition, the Company has an activediscovery program focusing on viral targets for which limited or no therapies are currently available.Basis of PresentationThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The accompanying consolidated financialstatements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). The preparation of theCompany’s consolidated financial statements requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, andthe disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although these estimates are based onknowledge of current events and actions the Company may undertake in the future, actual results may ultimately differ from these estimates and assumptions.ReclassificationsCertain prior period amounts in the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Thesereclassifications had no effect on previously reported net income or stockholders' equity (deficit).Cash and Cash EquivalentsThe Company considers any highly liquid instrument with an original maturity of three months or less at acquisition to be a cash equivalent. Cash equivalentsconsist of money market accounts.InvestmentsInvestments consist primarily of corporate bonds, brokered certificates of deposit, U.S. Treasury securities, commercial paper, and preferred stock of a U.S.corporation. The Company invests in high-credit quality investments in accordance with its investment policy which minimizes the probability of loss.Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value as determined by quoted market prices, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported as a separatecomponent of stockholders equity. Realized gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method and transactions are recorded on a settlementdate basis in interest income or expense, net. Investments with original maturities beyond three months at the date of purchase and which mature on, or less thantwelve months from, the balance sheet date are classified as short-term. Investments with a maturity beyond twelve months from the balance sheet date areclassified as long-term. The Company periodically reviews available-for-sale securities for other-than-temporary declines in fair value below the cost basis andwhenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates, among other things,the duration and extent to which the fair value of a security is less than its cost; the financial condition of the issuer and any changes thereto; and the Company’sintent to sell, or whether it will more likely than not be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. The Company does not intend tosell, and is not more likely than not to be required to sell, the available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of the amortized cost basesof the securities, which may be maturity. Any such declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary on available-for-sale securities are reported in interestincome or expense, net. There were no such declines in value for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 .73Concentration of Credit RiskFinancial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, long-terminvestments and accounts receivable. The Company is exposed to credit risk, subject to federal deposit insurance, in the event of default by the financialinstitutions holding its cash and cash equivalents to the extent of amounts recorded on the balance sheets. Accounts receivable represent amounts due from anagency of the federal government.Accounts ReceivableAccounts receivable at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 consisted of amounts billed under the Company’s contract with the Biomedical AdvancedResearch and Development Authority (BARDA). Receivables under the BARDA contract are recorded as qualifying research activities are conducted and invoicesfrom the Company’s vendors are received. The Company carries its accounts receivable at cost less an allowance for doubtful accounts. On a periodic basis, theCompany evaluates its accounts receivable and establishes an allowance based on its history of collections and write-offs and the current status of all receivables.The Company does not accrue interest on trade receivables. If accounts become uncollectible, they will be written off through a charge to the allowance fordoubtful accounts. The Company has not recorded a charge to allowance for doubtful accounts as management believes all receivables are fully collectible.Fair Value of Financial InstrumentsThe carrying amounts of certain financial instruments, including accounts receivable, notes receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate theirfair values due to the short-term nature of such instruments. The carrying amount of borrowings under loans payable approximates its fair value based on thedetermination that the stated rate on such loans payable is consistent with current interest rates for similar borrowing arrangements available to the Company.For assets and liabilities recorded at fair value, it is the Company’s policy to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputswhen developing fair value measurements, in accordance with the fair value hierarchy. Fair value measurements for assets and liabilities where there exists limitedor no observable market data are based primarily upon estimates and are often calculated based on the economic and competitive environment, the characteristicsof the asset or liability and other factors. Therefore, fair value measurements cannot be determined with precision and may not be realized in an actual sale orimmediate settlement of the asset or liability. Additionally, there may be inherent weaknesses in any calculation technique and changes in the underlyingassumptions used, including discount rates and estimates of future cash flows, could significantly affect the calculated current or future fair values. The Companyutilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures.The Company groups assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of theassumptions used to determine fair value. An adjustment to the pricing method used within either Level 1 or Level 2 inputs could generate a fair valuemeasurement that effectively falls in a lower level in the hierarchy. These levels are:•Level 1 — Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability toaccess.•Level 2 — Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets orliabilities in markets that are not active, and models for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.•Level 3 — Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.The determination of where an asset or liability falls in the hierarchy requires significant judgment. The Company evaluates hierarchy disclosures and, based onvarious factors, it is possible that an asset or liability may be classified differently from period to period. However, the Company expects that changes inclassification between levels will be rare. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 . There wereno transfers to or from Level 3 during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 .At December 31, 2015 and 2014 , the Company had cash equivalents, consisting of money market accounts, and short-term and long-term investments consistingof U.S. Treasury securities, whose value is based on using quoted market prices. Accordingly, these securities are classified as Level 1.74At December 31, 2015 and 2014 , the Company had cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments comprised of brokered certificates ofdeposit and at December 31, 2014 , the Company had corporate bonds and commercial paper, for which quoted prices are not available that are valued usingindependent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating,prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. Accordingly, these securities are classified as Level 2. The warrants issued for Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock included in the Company’s 2012 consolidated financial statements are categorized asLevel 3 as there are significant unobservable inputs. The valuation of the warrants at December 31, 2012 reflected a two stage process. Using a contingent claimsmodel in combination with the Company’s Series F financing, which occurred in February 2011, the fair value of total equity and all components of theCompany’s capital structure, including the warrants, was determined as of the time of the financing event. Using this value as a starting point, a series of equityvalues and associated probabilities were calculated using simulation methodologies that incorporate both Monte Carlo and risk neutral frameworks. Based onassessments of expected returns and volatilities consistent with market practice, a distribution of equity values was produced which covered the range of values thatan informed market participant might expect. These outcomes were organized into ranges and a probability calculated based on the percent of the total falling intoeach range. This process created a range of equity values. Using a contingent claims framework, each equity value was allocated to the various components of thecapital structure including the warrants. Each warrant value was weighted by its respective probability to determine the final fair value of the warrants as ofDecember 31, 2012. The key unobservable inputs used in the determination of the fair value were (i) volatility – 79% , (ii) range of implied fair value of the SeriesF redeemable convertible preferred stock – $2.19 to $2.85 , (iii) time to liquidity – 8 months to 5 years , and (iv) range of probabilities of liquidity eventoutcomes – 2% to 31% . The warrants were valued again at April 10, 2013, just prior to the Company’s IPO, using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The keyunobservable inputs used in determination of the fair value at that time were (i) volatility – 79% , (ii) fair value of the Series F redeemable convertible preferredstock – $3.94 , (iii) expected life – 2.5 years , (iv) risk-free interest rate – 0.24% , and (v) dividend yield – 0% . As the warrants for Series F redeemableconvertible preferred stock converted to warrants for common stock upon the IPO, no future valuations are necessary.The Company’s preferred stock investment in ContraVir Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: CTRV) (ContraVir) is categorized as Level 3 as there are significantunobservable inputs. The valuation of the investment at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was calculated on an as if converted to common share basis with a discountfor lack of marketability applied due to the 18 month restriction from the date of the investment on selling the converted common shares. An option pricing modelwas used to determine the discount for lack of marketability of 10% and 25% at December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively. The key unobservable inputs used inthe option pricing model at December 31, 2015 were (i) exercise price - $1.54 , (ii) dividend yield - 0% , (iii) expected holding period - 0.46 years , (iv) risk-freerate - 0.44% , and (v) volatility - 75% . The key unobservable inputs used in the option pricing model at December 31, 2014 were (i) exercise price - $2.22 , (ii)dividend yield - 0% , (iii) expected holding period - 1.5 years , (iv) risk-free rate - 0.44% , and (v) volatility - 65% . The change in valuation of the preferred stockfor the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was recorded as an unrealized (loss) gain on investments, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations andComprehensive Loss. A significant change in unobservable inputs would not result in a significant impact to the fair value of the Company's investment inContraVir preferred stock.There was no material re-measurement to fair value of financial assets and liabilities that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis.75Below is a table that presents information about certain assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands): Fair Value Measurements December 31, 2015 Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)Cash equivalents Money market funds$19,795 $19,795 $— $— Total cash equivalents19,795 19,795 — —Short-term investments Certificates of deposit23,030 — 23,030 — U.S. Treasury securities175,214 175,214 — — Preferred stock of U.S. corporation1,485 — — 1,485 Total short-term investments199,729 175,214 23,030 1,485Long-term investments Certificates of deposit7,668 — 7,668 — U.S. Treasury securities116,372 116,372 — — Total long-term investments124,040 116,372 7,668 — Total assets$343,564 $311,381 $30,698 $1,485 Fair Value Measurements December 31, 2014 Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)Cash equivalents Money market funds$125,606 $125,606 $— $— Certificates of deposit480 — 480 — Total cash equivalents126,086 125,606 480 —Short-term investments Certificates of deposit16,981 — 16,981 — Corporate bonds69,892 — 69,892 — Commercial paper11,240 — 11,240 — U.S. Treasury securities8,000 8,000 — — Total short-term investments106,114 8,000 98,114 —Long-term investments Certificates of deposit10,996 — 10,996 — U.S. Treasury securities40,197 40,197 — — Preferred stock of U.S. corporation1,781 — — 1,781 Total long-term investments52,973 40,197 10,996 1,781 Total assets$285,173 $173,803 $109,590 $1,78176Below is a table that presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis usingsignificant unobservable inputs (Level 3) (in thousands): Fair ValueMeasurements(Level 3)Redeemable convertible preferred stock warrant liability: Fair value at January 1, 2013$7,512 Fair value increase recorded in other expense6,590 Reclassification of warrant liability to additional paid-in capital(14,102)Fair value at December 31, 2013$— Preferred stock of U.S. corporation: Fair value at January 1, 2014$— Investment acquired1,545 Fair value increase recorded in other comprehensive loss236Fair value at December 31, 20141,781 Fair value decrease recorded in other comprehensive loss(296)Fair value at December 31, 2015$1,485Prepaid Expenses and Other Current AssetsPrepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014Prepaid research and development expenses$4,165 $1,685Interest receivable670 553Prepaid insurance385 342Other prepaid expenses and current assets851 195 Total prepaid expenses and other current assets$6,071 $2,775Property and EquipmentProperty and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is determined on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of theassets, which generally range from three to five years . Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the useful life of the asset or the term of therelated lease . Maintenance and repairs are charged against expense as incurred.Impairment of Long-Lived AssetsThe Company evaluates long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not berecoverable. If the estimated future cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) from the use of an asset are less than the carrying value, a write-downwould be recorded to reduce the related asset to its estimated fair value. To date, no such write-downs have occurred.Deferred Lease ObligationsThe Company recognizes rent expense on a straight-line basis over the non-cancelable term of its operating lease and records the difference between cash rentpayments and the recognition of rent expense as a deferred rent liability. The Company also records landlord-funded lease incentives, such as reimbursableleasehold improvements, as a deferred rent liability, which is amortized as a reduction of rent expense over the non-cancelable term of its operating lease.77Accrued LiabilitiesAccrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014Accrued research and development expenses$3,596 $1,116Accrued compensation2,939 3,057Deferred revenue— 1,545Other accrued liabilities3,186 1,115 Total accrued liabilities$9,721 $6,833Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock Warrant LiabilityFreestanding warrants for shares that are either putable or redeemable are classified as liabilities on the balance sheet at fair value. As further discussed in Note 6,the preferred stock underlying certain warrants was redeemable in certain circumstances, and as such the freestanding warrants that are related to the purchase ofthe Company’s Series F preferred stock were liabilities that should be recorded at the estimated fair value. At the end of each reporting period, changes in theestimated fair value during the period are recorded in other income.Redeemable Convertible Preferred StockThe Company classified its redeemable convertible preferred stock, for which the Company did not control the redemption, outside of permanent equity. TheCompany recorded redeemable convertible preferred stock at fair value upon issuance, net of any offering costs, and the carrying value was adjusted to theredemption value at the end of each reporting period. These adjustments were effected through charges against additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit.Revenue RecognitionThe Company’s revenues generally consist of (i) contract and grant revenue – revenue generated under federal contracts and other awarded grants, and (ii)collaboration and licensing revenue – revenue related to non-refundable upfront fees, royalties and milestone payments earned under license agreements. Revenueis recognized in accordance with the criteria outlined in the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)’s Topic 13 and Accounting Standards Codification (ASC)605-25 and by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Following these accounting pronouncements, revenue is recognized when all four of the followingcriteria are met: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (ii) delivery of the products and/or services has occurred and risk of loss has passed; (iii) theselling price is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured.For arrangements that involve the delivery of more than one element, each product, service and/or right to use assets is evaluated to determine whether it qualifiesas a separate unit of accounting. This determination is based on whether the deliverable has “stand-alone value” to the customer. The consideration that is fixed ordeterminable is then allocated to each separate unit of accounting based on the relative selling prices of each deliverable. The consideration allocated to each unitof accounting is recognized as the related goods and services are delivered, limited to the consideration that is not contingent upon future deliverables. If thearrangement constitutes a single unit of accounting, the revenue recognition policy must be determined for the entire arrangement and the consideration received isrecognized over the period of inception through the date the last deliverable within the single unit of accounting is expected to be delivered. Revisions to theestimated period of recognition are reflected in revenue prospectively.Non-refundable upfront fees are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized into revenue as license fees from collaborations on a straight-line basis over theestimated period of the Company’s substantive performance obligations. If the Company does not have substantive performance obligations, the Companyrecognizes non-refundable upfront fees into revenue through the date the deliverable is satisfied. Analyzing the arrangement to identify deliverables requires theuse of judgment and each deliverable may be an obligation to deliver services, a right or license to use an asset, or another performance obligation.Milestone payments are recognized when earned, provided that (i) the milestone event is substantive; (ii) there is no ongoing performance obligation related to theachievement of the milestone earned; and (iii) it would result in additional payments. Milestone payments are considered substantive if all of the followingconditions are met: the milestone payment is non-refundable; achievement of the milestone was not reasonably assured at the inception of the arrangement;substantive effort is involved to78achieve the milestone; and the amount of the milestone appears reasonable in relation to the effort expended, the other milestones in the arrangement; and therelated risk associated with the achievement of the milestone. Contingent based event payments the Company may receive under a license or collaborationagreement will be recognized when received.For the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , contract and grant revenue consisted only of revenue from the BARDA contract as there was no grantrevenue. The Company recognizes contract and grant revenue as qualifying research activities are conducted based on invoices received from the Company’svendors. Changes in fringe and indirect rates are recognized as a change in estimate in the period such rate changes are approved by BARDA. For the year endedDecember 31, 2015 , collaboration and licensing revenue primarily consisted of the upfront license fee payment from ContraVir recognized when we completedour performance obligations.Research and Development Prepaids and AccrualsAs part of the process of preparing financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its expenses resulting from its obligation under contracts with vendorsand consultants and clinical site agreements in connection with its research and development efforts. The financial terms of these contracts are subject tonegotiations which vary contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided to theCompany under such contracts.The Company’s objective is to reflect the appropriate research and development expenses in its financial statements by matching those expenses with the period inwhich services and efforts are expended. The Company accounts for these expenses according to the progress of its research and development efforts. TheCompany determines prepaid and accrual estimates through discussion with applicable personnel and outside service providers as to the progress or state ofcommunication of clinical trials, or other services completed. The Company adjusts its rate of research and development expense recognition if actual results differfrom its estimates. The Company makes estimates of its prepaid and accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in its financial statements based on facts andcircumstances known at that time. Although the Company does not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, its understandingof status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in the Company reportingamounts that are too high or too low for any particular period. Through December 31, 2015 , there had been no material adjustments to the Company’s prior periodestimates of prepaid and accruals for research and development expenses. The Company’s research and development prepaids and accruals are dependent upon thetimely and accurate reporting of contract research organizations and other third-party vendors.Research and Development ExpensesMajor components of research and development costs include cash compensation, stock based compensation, pre-clinical studies, clinical trial and related clinicalmanufacturing, drug development, materials and supplies, legal, regulatory compliance, and fees paid to consultants and other entities that conduct certain researchand development activities on the Company’s behalf. Research and development costs, including upfront fees and milestones paid to contract researchorganizations, are expensed as goods as received or services rendered. Costs incurred in connection with clinical trial activities for which the underlying nature ofthe activities themselves do not directly relate to active research and development, such as costs incurred for market research and focus groups linked to clinicalstrategy as well as costs to build the Company’s brand, are not included in research and development costs but are reflected as general and administrative costs.Interest Income (Expense), NetInterest income (expense), net primarily includes interest earned on short-term and long-term investments, interest incurred on loans payable, the amortization ofdeferred financing costs related to fees paid to attorneys and other non-lender entities in order to acquire debt, and the amortization of debt discount related to feespaid to the lender in order to acquire debt.Income TaxesDeferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial and tax reporting bases of assets and liabilities and are measured usingenacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established when the Companydetermines that it is more likely than not that some portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company has incurred operating losses from April 7,2000 (inception) through December 31, 2015 , and therefore has not recorded any current provision for income taxes.Additionally, the Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained onexamination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit79recognized in the financial statements for a particular tax position is based on the largest benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement.Accordingly, the Company establishes reserves for uncertain tax positions.Share-Based CompensationThe Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to employees and directors, including employee stockoptions, restricted stock units and the employee stock purchase plan purchase rights, based on estimated fair values. The fair value of share-based awards isestimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recorded asexpense over the requisite service periods.The Company also accounts for equity instruments issued to non-employees using a fair value approach. The Company values equity instruments, stock optionsand warrants granted to lenders and consultants using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The measurement of non-employee share-based compensation is subjectto periodic adjustments as the underlying equity instruments vest and is recognized as an expense over the term of the related financing or the period over whichservices are received.401(k) PlanThe Company maintains a defined contribution employee retirement plan (“401(k) plan”). Historically, the Company has not made contributions into the 401(k)plan on behalf of participants. In March 2015, the Company began making matching contributions into the 401(k) plan on behalf of participants. For the year endedDecember 31, 2015 , the Company recognized expenses for matching contributions of $0.3 million .Basic and Dilutive Net Loss Per Share of Common StockBasic net loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during theperiod, excluding the dilutive effects of converting redeemable convertible preferred stock, warrants to purchase redeemable convertible preferred stock andcommon stock, non-vested restricted stock, stock options, and employee stock purchase plan purchase rights. Diluted net loss per share of common stock iscomputed by dividing net loss by the sum of the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period plus the potential dilutiveeffects of redeemable convertible preferred stock and warrants to purchase redeemable convertible preferred stock and common stock, non-vested restricted stock,stock options, and employee stock purchase plan purchase rights outstanding during the period calculated in accordance with the treasury stock method, but areexcluded if their effect is anti-dilutive. Because the impact of these items is anti-dilutive during the periods of net loss, there was no difference between basic anddiluted loss per share of common stock at December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 .The calculation of weighted-average diluted shares outstanding excludes the dilutive effect of converting redeemable convertible preferred stock, warrants topurchase convertible preferred stock and common stock, non-vested restricted stock, stock options to purchase common stock, and employee stock purchase planpurchase rights as the impact of such items are anti-dilutive during periods of net loss. Potential common shares excluded from the calculations were 1,202,887 ,2,170,660 and 7,550,950 for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , respectively.SegmentsThe Company operates in only one segment. The chief operating decision-maker, who is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and management use cash flowsas the primary measure to manage the business and do not segment the business for internal reporting or decision making.Impact of Recently Issued Accounting StandardsIn June 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-12, “Compensation — StockCompensation (Topic 718): Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after theRequisite Service Period.” The amendments in this update require that a performance target that affects vesting and that could be achieved after the requisiteservice period should be treated as a performance condition. A reporting entity should apply existing guidance in Topic 718 as it relates to awards withperformance conditions that affect vesting to account for such awards. As such, the performance target should not be reflected in estimating the grant-date fairvalue of the award. ASU 2014-12 is effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. Earlieradoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2014-12 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.80In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” The ASU establishes a principles-based approach foraccounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The ASU provides that an entity should applya five-step approach for recognizing revenue, including (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3)determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when, or as, the entitysatisfies a performance obligation. Also, the entity must provide various disclosures concerning the nature, amount and timing of revenue and cash flows arisingfrom contracts with customers. ASU 2014-09, as amended in ASU No. 2015-14, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)-Deferral of the EffectiveDate", is effective for public business entities' annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Earlier adoptionis permitted for public business entities as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reportingperiod. The Company is currently analyzing the impact of the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 on its consolidated financial statements.In June 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-10, “Technical Corrections and Improvements.” The amendments in ASU 2015-10 will clarify and correct some of thedifference that arose between original guidance from FASB, EITF and other sources, and the translation into the new Codification. ASU 2015-10 is effective forannual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2015-10to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes.” The new standard requiresthat deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The guidance is effective for financial statementsissued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. Earlier application is permitted for all entities as ofthe beginning of an interim or annual report period. The amendments in this ASU may be applied either prospectively to all deferred tax assets and liabilities orretrospectively to all periods presented. The Company adopted this standard as of December 31, 2015 with prospective application. As a result, the Companyreclassified its deferred tax assets classified as current to noncurrent and our deferred tax liabilities classified as current to noncurrent in our December 31, 2015consolidated balance sheet. Prior balance sheets were not retrospectively adjusted. The adoption of ASU 2015-17 did not have a material impact on the Company'sconsolidated financial statements.In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10)-Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets andFinancial Liabilities.” The new standard enhances reporting for financial instruments. The guidance is effective for financial statements issued for annual periodsbeginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. Earlier adoption is permitted for interim and annual reporting periods as ofthe beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2016-01 to have a material impact on its consolidated financialstatements.Note 2. Investments The following tables summarize the Company's short-term and long-term investments (in thousands): December 31, 2015 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains GrossUnrealized Losses Estimated Fair ValueCertificates of deposit$30,724 $2 $(28) $30,698U.S. Treasury securities292,264 — (678) 291,586Preferred stock of U.S. corporation1,545 — (60) 1,485 Total investments$324,533 $2 $(766) $323,76981 December 31, 2014 Amortized Cost Gross UnrealizedGains Gross UnrealizedLosses Estimated Fair ValueCertificates of deposit$28,039 $1 $(62) $27,978Corporate bonds69,947 — (56) 69,891Commercial paper11,242 — (2) 11,240U.S. Treasury securities48,279 — (82) 48,197Preferred stock of U.S. corporation1,545 236 — 1,781 Total investments$159,052 $237 $(202) $159,087The following tables summarize the Company's investments with unrealized losses, aggregated by investment type and the length of time that individualinvestments have been in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands, except number of securities): December 31, 2015 Less than 12 Months Greater than 12 Months Total Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized LossCertificates of deposit $24,450 $(28) $— $— $24,450 $(28)U.S. Treasury securities 291,586 (678) — — 291,586 (678)Preferred stock of U.S. corporation 1,485 (60) — — 1,485 (60)Total $317,521 $(766) $— $— $317,521 $(766)Number of securities with unrealizedlosses 180 — 180 December 31, 2014 Less than 12 Months Greater than 12 Months Total Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized Loss Fair Value Unrealized LossCertificates of deposit $26,778 $(62) $— $— $26,778 $(62)Corporate bonds 68,891 (56) — — 68,891 (56)Commercial paper 8,740 (2) — — 8,740 (2)U.S. Treasury securities 48,196 (82) — — 48,196 (82)Total $152,605 $(202) $— $— $152,605 $(202)Number of securities with unrealizedlosses 176 — 176The following table summarizes the scheduled maturity for the Company's investments at December 31, 2015 (in thousands): December 31, 2015Maturing in one year or less$198,244Maturing after one year through two years124,040Total debt investments$322,284Preferred stock of U.S. corporation1,485Total investments$323,76982Note 3. Property and EquipmentProperty and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014Lab equipment$1,946 $1,049Leasehold improvements1,463 777Computer equipment1,063 512Office furniture and equipment536 343 Property and equipment5,008 2,681 Less accumulated depreciation(1,963) (1,371) Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation$3,045 $1,310Note 4. Loan PayableOn January 27, 2012, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (LSA) with Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) and MidCap Financial SBIC, LP(MidCap) allowing for borrowings up to $15.0 million , split between a first tranche of $3.0 million borrowed at the time of the agreement, and a second tranche ofup to $12.0 million that was available to be drawn by December 31, 2012 upon meeting one of three stated financial and/or operational goals. The borrowingsunder the LSA were collateralized by a security interest in all of the Company's assets, excluding its intellectual property.Concurrently with entering into the LSA, the Company also granted SVB a warrant to purchase shares of Series F preferred stock at a price of $2.045 per shareequal to 2% of the aggregate amount of the advances made to the Company pursuant to the LSA, divided by the exercise price. In relation to the first tranche, thewarrant became exercisable to purchase an aggregate of 29,340 shares of Series F preferred stock, and in relation to the second tranche, the warrant becameexercisable to purchase an additional 117,360 shares of Series F preferred stock. As discussed in Note 1, the warrant was classified as a liability and measured atfair value. Therefore, the warrant was recorded as a debt discount at its fair value at the time of grant and accreted over the life of the LSA using the effectiveinterest method. Upon the completion of the Company’s IPO, this warrant was converted into a warrant to purchase 41,323 shares of common stock at an exerciseprice equal to $7.26 . In May 2013, SVB exercised the warrant in full and it is no longer outstanding.The first tranche, which was paid in full as of June 30, 2015, had an interest-only period of twelve months followed by a principal and interest amortization periodof 30 months with interest being charged at 8.25% per year. The second tranche, which was paid in full as of December 31, 2015, had an interest-only period of sixmonths followed by a principal and interest amortization period of 32 months with interest being charged at 8.25% . There were certain fees in accordance with theLSA which were recorded as discounts or short-term liabilities depending on the nature of the fees and accreted through interest expense over the life of the loans.As of October 14, 2015, the LSA was paid in full and no amounts remain outstanding.83Note 5. Commitments and ContingenciesLeasesThe Company leases its facilities and certain office equipment under long-term non-cancelable operating leases that expire at various dates through 2021. TheCompany has the following minimum rental payments under noncancelable operating lease obligations that existed at December 31, 2015 (in thousands):Years Ending December 31,Minimal RentalPayment2016$72920177452018701201965520206712021112 Total future minimum rental payments$3,613Rent expense under non-cancelable operating leases and other month-to-month equipment rental agreements, including common area maintenance fees, totaledapproximately $0.6 million , $0.4 million , and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , respectively.Significance of Revenue SourceThe Company is the recipient of federal research contract funds from BARDA. Periodic audits are required under the grant and contract agreements and certaincosts may be questioned as appropriate under the agreements. Management believes that such amounts in the current year, if any, are not significant. Accordingly,no provision for refundable amounts under the agreements has been made as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 .Note 6. Redeemable Convertible Preferred StockIn February 2011, the Company issued 22,004,895 shares of $0.001 par value Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock at $2.045 per share and warrants topurchase an aggregate of 5,501,215 shares of Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock at an exercise price of $2.045 per share for proceeds of $45.0 million, less issuance costs of $0.2 million . Upon the completion of the Company’s IPO in April 2013, these warrants were converted into warrants to purchase anaggregate of 1,549,628 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $7.26 per share. The warrants are exercisable at any time and expire on February 4, 2018 .In January 2012, the Company issued a warrant to SVB to purchase a number of shares of Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock at an exercise price of$2.045 per share equal to 2% of the aggregate amount of the advances made to the Company pursuant to the LSA, divided by the exercise price. Following the firstand second tranches of the LSA, the warrant was exercisable to purchase an aggregate of 146,700 shares of Series F redeemable convertible preferred stock. Uponthe completion of the Company’s IPO in April 2013, this warrant was converted into a warrant to purchase 41,323 shares of common stock at an exercise price of$7.26 per share. In May 2013, SVB exercised the warrant in full and it is no longer outstanding.Upon the completion of the Company’s IPO in April 2013, the Company’s outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock and dividends accrued onSeries F redeemable convertible preferred stock were automatically converted into an aggregate of 15,556,091 shares of common stock.WarrantsAs discussed in Note 1, the warrants exercisable for the Company’s Series F preferred stock were classified as a liability and were required to be measured at fairvalue. Therefore, such warrants were recorded at the full fair value with the Company’s Series F preferred stock being recorded at the residual value at the time ofissuance. At each reporting date prior to the Company’s IPO, the warrants exercisable for the Company’s Series F preferred stock were recorded to fair valuewhich was charged to other income. For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company recorded expense of $6.6 million related to the valuation of the warrants.84This amount is stated as a fair value adjustment to warrant liability on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.Upon the completion of the Company’s IPO, all outstanding warrants to purchase redeemable convertible preferred stock were converted into warrants to purchase1,613,395 shares of common stock and are no longer required to be measured at fair value.Warrants for the purchase of common stock of 227,794 and 726,601 were issued, outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively.Note 7. Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)Common StockThe Company’s common stock consists of 200 million authorized shares at December 31, 2015 and 2014 , and 46.2 million and 41.0 million shares issued andoutstanding at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 , respectively.On March 25, 2013, the Company’s board of directors approved and implemented a 3.55 -for-1 reverse stock split of the Company’s outstanding common stock.The reverse stock split resulted in an adjustment to the preferred stock conversion price to reflect a proportional decrease in the number of shares of common stockto be issued upon conversion. The accompanying financial statements and notes to the financial statements give retroactive effect to the reverse stock split for allperiods presented.On April 10, 2013, the Company completed the initial public offering (IPO) of its common stock pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1. In the IPO, theCompany sold an aggregate of 7,320,000 shares of common stock under the registration statement at a public offering price of $14.00 per share. Net proceeds wereapproximately $93.3 million , after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $7.1 million and offering expenses of $2.1 million . Upon the completionof the IPO, all outstanding shares of the Company’s redeemable convertible preferred stock and dividends accrued on Series F redeemable convertible preferredstock were converted into 15,556,091 shares of common stock and all outstanding warrants to purchase redeemable convertible preferred stock were converted intowarrants to purchase 1,613,395 shares of common stock. On April 16, 2013, the underwriters exercised the full over-allotment option pursuant to which theCompany sold an additional 1,098,000 shares at $14.00 per share. Net proceeds from the over-allotment shares were approximately $14.3 million after deductingunderwriting discounts and commissions of $1.1 million .On October 23, 2013, the Company completed an underwritten secondary public offering of 2,476,995 shares of common stock held by certain of the Company’sexisting stockholders. The Company did not issue any shares of common stock and received no proceeds in connection with such offering. The principal purposesof the offering were to facilitate an orderly distribution of shares and to increase the Company’s public float.On May 27, 2014, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 8,395,000 shares of common stock, including 1,095,000 shares sold pursuant to thefull exercise of an over-allotment option previously granted to the underwriters. All of the shares were offered by the Company at a price to the public of $14.22per share. Net proceeds to the Company from this offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable by theCompany, were approximately $111.8 million .On November 5, 2014, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 4,197,500 shares of common stock, including 547,500 shares sold pursuant tothe full exercise of an option previously granted to the underwriters to purchase additional shares of common stock. All of the shares were offered by the Companyat a price to the public of $29.00 per share. The net proceeds from this offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offeringexpenses payable by us, were approximately $114.0 million .On June 16, 2015, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 4,341,250 shares of common stock, including 566,250 shares sold pursuant to thefull exercise of an option granted to the underwriters to purchase additional shares of common stock. All of the shares were offered by the Company at a price tothe public of $39.75 per share. The net proceeds from this offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payableby the Company, were approximately $161.9 million .85Shares Reserved for Future IssuanceThe Company has reserved shares of common stock for future issuances as follows: December 31, 2015 2014For exercise of common stock warrants227,794 726,601For exercise of outstanding common stock options2,746,395 1,859,970For future equity awards under the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan1,609,791 1,147,526For future purchases under the 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan1,298,333 944,599 Total shares of common stock reserved for future issuances5,882,313 4,678,696Stock OptionsIn connection with the Company’s IPO, the Company adopted the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2013 Plan). The 2013 Plan provides for the grant of incentivestock options (ISOs), nonstatutory stock options (NSOs), stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit (RSU) awards, performance-basedstock awards, and other forms of equity compensation (collectively, stock awards), all of which may be granted to employees, including officers, non-employeedirectors and consultants of the Company and its affiliates. Additionally, the 2013 Plan provides for the grant of performance cash awards. ISOs may be grantedonly to employees. All other awards may be granted to employees, including officers, and to non-employee directors and consultants. Initially, the aggregatenumber of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to stock awards under the 2013 Plan is the sum of (i) 1,408,450 shares, plus (ii) 244,717 shares,which was the number of shares reserved for issuance under the Company’s 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2012 Plan) at the time the 2013 Plan became effective,plus (iii) any shares subject to outstanding stock options or other stock awards that would have otherwise returned to the 2012 Plan (such as upon the expiration ortermination of a stock award prior to vesting). Additionally, the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2013 Plan will automaticallyincrease on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2014 and continuing through and including January 1, 2023, by 2.5% of the total number of shares ofcapital stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, or a lesser number of shares determined by the Company’s board of directors. Themaximum number of shares that may be issued upon the exercise of ISOs under the 2013 Plan is 2,816,901 shares. Following the effectiveness of the 2013 Plan inApril 2013, no further grants were made under the 2012 Plan. At the Company's annual meeting held on June 20, 2014, shareholders approved a change to theannual automatic increase in the number of common shares to be reserved for issuance under the 2013 Plan by changing the percentage increase to 4.0% , or alesser number of shares determined by the Company's board of directors.The Company estimates the fair value of its share-based awards to employees, directors and consultants using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes model requires the input of highly complex and subjective assumptions, including (a) the expected stock price volatility, (b) the calculation of expectedterm of the award, (c) the risk-free interest rate and (d) expected dividends. Due to the Company’s limited operating history and historical and implied volatilitydata, the Company has based its estimates of expected volatility on a blend of Company specific historical data and a group of similar public traded companies.When selecting these public companies on which it has based its expected stock price volatility, the Company selected companies with comparable characteristicsto it, including enterprise value, risk profiles, positions within the industry, and with historical share price information sufficient to meet the expected life of itsstock options. For employee stock options the Company uses the “simplified” method for estimating expected life, whereby, the expected life equals the arithmeticaverage of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the option due to its lack of sufficient historical data. The expected term for share-basedcompensation granted to non-employees is the contractual life. The risk-free interest rates for the periods within the expected life of the option are based on theU.S. Treasury instrument with a life that is similar to the expected life of the option grant. The Company has never paid, and does not expect to pay, dividends inthe foreseeable future.86The following table illustrates the assumptions for the Black-Scholes model used in determining the fair value of the stock options granted: Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013Expected volatility66.89% 71.47% 77.55%Expected term (in years)6.0 6.0 6.1Weighted-average risk-free interest rate1.53% 1.91% 1.42%Expected dividend yield—% —% —%Weighted-average fair value per option$25.18 $14.01 $6.99The Company is also required to estimate forfeitures at the time of grant, and revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from itsestimates. The Company uses historical data to estimate pre-vesting option forfeitures and record share-based compensation expense only for those awards that areexpected to vest. To the extent that actual forfeitures differ from the Company’s estimates, the difference is recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period theestimates were revised. For the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 and 2013 , the Company applied a forfeiture rate based on the Company’s historicalforfeitures.A summary of activity related to the Company’s stock options is as follows: Number ofOptions Outstanding Weighted-Average Exercise Price Weighted-AverageRemainingContractual Life (in Years) Total IntrinsicValueBalance, January 1, 20141,946,823 $3.54 7.03 Granted1,385,370 21.57 — Exercised(1,287,883) 3.57 — Expired or Canceled— — — Forfeited(184,340) 15.30 — Balance, December 31, 20141,859,970 $15.79 8.46 Granted1,249,683 41.80 — Exercised(292,581) 7.22 — Expired or Canceled— — — Forfeited(70,677) 30.78 — Balance, December 31, 20152,746,395 $28.19 8.41 $1,964,237Exercisable at December 31, 20151,035,166 $21.13 7.79 $1,588,756Vested or expected to vest at December 31, 20152,691,231 $28.05 8.40 $1,952,766As of December 31, 2015 , there was approximately $31.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensationarrangements granted under the 2013 Plan. That compensation cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.86 years .Other information regarding the Company’s stock options is as follows (in thousands, except per share data): Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013Weighted average grant date fair value per share of options granted $25.18 $14.01 $6.99Total intrinsic value of options exercised $10,139 $30,438 $12,395Total fair value of shares vested $11,498 $4,696 $97487The following table summarizes, at December 31, 2015 , by price range: (1) for stock option awards outstanding under the 2013 Plan, the number of stock optionawards outstanding, their weighted-average remaining life and their weighted average exercise price; and (2) for stock option awards exercisable under the Plan,the number of stock option awards exercisable and their weighted-average exercise price: Outstanding ExercisableRange Number Weighted-AverageRemainingContractualLife (in years) Weighted-AverageExercise Price Number Weighted-AverageExercise Price$1.42 to 3.71 213,995 5.19 $2.36 206,996 $2.363.72 to 18.93 691,537 7.79 14.82 309,616 14.8118.94 to 36.75 622,913 8.52 25.12 273,152 24.4736.76 to 39.41 825,681 9.13 39.30 187,278 39.3639.42 to 53.74 392,269 9.52 47.34 58,124 47.23$1.42 to 53.74 2,746,395 8.41 $28.19 1,035,166 $21.13Employee Stock Purchase PlanIn February 2013, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), which was subsequently ratified by stockholders andbecame effective in April 2013. The purpose of the ESPP is to retain the services of new employees and secure the services of new and existing employees whileproviding incentives for such individuals to exert maximum efforts toward the Company’s success and that of its affiliates. The ESPP initially authorized theissuance of 704,225 shares of common stock pursuant to purchase rights granted to the Company’s employees or to employees of any of its designated affiliates.The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year, from January 1, 2014 through January1, 2023 by the least of (a) 1% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, (b) 422,535 shares, or (c)a number determined by the Company’s board of directors that is less than (a) and (b). The ESPP is intended to qualify as an “employee stock purchase plan”within the meaning of Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. On January 1, 2014 and 2015, the common stock reserved for future issuance under theESPP was automatically increased by an additional 266,649 and 410,317 shares, respectively, bringing the total number of shares of common stock that may bepurchased under the ESPP to 970,874 and 1,381,191 , respectively.The Company has reserved a total of 1,381,191 shares of common stock to be purchased under the ESPP, of which 1,298,333 and 944,599 shares remainedavailable for purchase at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Eligible employees may authorize an amount up to 15% of their salary to purchase commonstock at the lower of a 15% discount to the beginning price of their offering period or a 15% discount to the ending price of each six-month purchase interval. TheESPP also provides for an automatic reset feature to start participants on a new twenty-four month participation period in the event that the common stock marketvalue on a purchase date is less than the common stock value on the first day of the twenty-four month offering period. The Company issued 56,583 and 26,275shares of common stock pursuant to the ESPP for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Compensation expense for purchase rights under theESPP related to the purchase discount and the “look-back” option were determined using a Black-Scholes option pricing model.The following table illustrates the assumptions for the Black-Scholes model used in determining the fair value of the ESPP purchase rights: Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013Expected volatility57.77% 74.24% 51.22%Expected term (in years)1.15 0.8 1.3Weighted-average risk-free interest rate0.43% 0.09% 0.25%Expected dividend yield—% —% —%Weighted-average option value per share$22.10 $9.93 $4.20As of December 31, 2015 , the Company had a liability of $0.5 million representing employees' contributions to the ESPP.88Restricted Stock UnitsIn 2012 and 2013, the Company issued Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) to certain employees which vest based on specific performance criteria. By their terms, theRSUs became immediately vested upon the effective date of the registration statement for the Company’s common stock in connection with the IPO, subject to thecontinuous service with the Company at the vesting event. When vested, the RSU represented the right to be issued the number of shares of the Company’scommon stock that is equal to the number of RSUs granted.A summary of activity related to the Company’s RSUs is as follows: Number ofRestricted Stock UnitsOutstandingBalance, December 31, 201243,199 Granted59,348 Share issuance(102,547)Balance, December 31, 2013—Stock-based CompensationFor awards with only service conditions and graded-vesting features, the Company recognizes compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisiteservice period. Total stock-based compensation expense was as follows (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013Income Statement Classification: Research and development expense: Employee$5,578 $1,085 $1,905 Non-employee— — 67General and administrative expense: Employee7,381 3,326 1,017 Non-employee— — 82 Total stock-based compensation expense$12,959 $4,411 $3,071Cash received from exercises under all share-based payment arrangements for 2015 , 2014 and 2013 was $3.2 million , $5.0 million and $1.9 million , respectively.There was no actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from exercises of the share-based payment arrangements during 2015 , 2014 or 2013 .The Company continues to account for stock options issued to non-employees using a fair value approach. The compensation costs of these arrangements aresubject to re-measurement over the vesting terms as earned. Compensation cost for performance-based awards is recognized when it is probable that theperformance criteria will be met.Note 8. Income TaxesNo income tax expense or benefit has been recorded for the years ended December 31, 2015 , 2014 or 2013 . This is due to the establishment of a valuationallowance against the deferred tax assets generated during those periods. At December 31, 2015 , the Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that theCompany may not realize the benefit of its deferred tax assets due to its history of losses. Accordingly, the net deferred tax assets have been fully reserved.89A reconciliation of the difference between the benefit for income taxes and income taxes at the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate is as follows for the yearsended December 31, 2015 , 2014 , and 2013 (in thousands, except percentages): 2015 2014 2013 Amount % of Pretax Earnings Amount % of Pretax Earnings Amount % of Pretax EarningsIncome tax benefit at statutory rate$(39,907) 34.0 % $(20,166) 34.0 % $(12,392) 34.0 %State income taxes(2,176) 1.9 % (1,343) 2.3 % (852) 2.3 %Research and development credits(5,698) 4.9 % (2,577) 4.3 % (2,265) 6.2 %Foreign rate differential2 — % — — % — — %Permanent items3,687 (3.1)% 1,525 (2.6)% 3,060 (8.4)%Provision to return adjustments(426) 0.2 % 64 (0.1)% 320 (0.9)%Effect of change in state tax rate932 (0.8)% 2 — % (1) — %Increase in unrecognized tax benefits950 (0.8)% 425 (0.7)% 566 (1.5)%Change in valuation allowance42,636 (36.3)% 22,070 (37.2)% 11,564 (31.7)%Net benefit$— — % $— — % $— — %The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2015 2014Deferred tax assets: Domestic net operating loss carryforwards$93,923 $59,312 Foreign net operating loss carryforwards2 — Research and development expenses1,289 405 Capitalized Section 174 expenses51 57 Research and development credits8,889 4,572 Accrued bonuses822 1,066 Share-based compensation3,671 1,045 Other604 135 Total gross deferred tax assets109,251 66,592 Valuation allowance(109,111) (66,475) Total deferred tax assets140 117Deferred tax liabilities: Other(140) (117) Total deferred tax liabilities(140) (117) Total deferred tax assets and liabilities, net$— $—At December 31, 2015 , the Company has net operating loss carryforwards for federal, state and foreign tax purposes of approximately $296.6 million , $233.9million and $11 thousand respectively. At December 31, 2014 , the Company has net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state purposes of approximately$192.6 million and $156.9 million , respectively. The federal losses begin to expire in 2020 and the state losses begin to expire in 2018 . The Company’s federaland state net operating loss carryforwards include approximately $36.6 million of excess tax benefits related to deductions from the exercise of stock options. Thetax benefit of these deductions has not been recognized in deferred tax assets. If utilized, the benefits from these deductions will be recorded as adjustments toadditional paid-in capital. In addition, the Company has tax credit carryforwards for federal tax purposes of approximately $11.9 million as of December 31, 2015 ,which begin to expire in 2022 . The future utilization of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may be limited due to changes in ownership. Managementhas recorded a valuation allowance for all of the deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of future taxable income.The Company incorporated a subsidiary in the United Kingdom in 2014. However, the subsidiary has minimal activity which resulted in a net loss for the yearended December 31, 2015 and as such, has no undistributed earnings.90In general, if the Company experiences a greater than 50% aggregate change in ownership of certain significant stockholders over a three-year period (a Section382 ownership change), utilization of its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards is subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal RevenueCode (and similar state laws). The annual limitation generally is determined by multiplying the value of the Company’s stock at the time of such ownership change(subject to certain adjustments) by the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate. Such limitations may result in expiration of a portion of the net operating losscarryforwards before utilization and may be substantial. The ability of the Company to use its net operating loss carryforwards may be limited or lost if theCompany experiences a Section 382 ownership change in connection with offerings or as a result of future changes in its stock ownership. Losses from a specificperiod may be subject to multiple limitations, and would generally be limited by the lowest of those limitations.The Company has determined that a Section 382 ownership change occurred in 2002, and as such, losses incurred prior to that date are subject to an annuallimitation of at least $64,000 . Additionally, the Company has determined that a Section 382 ownership change occurred in 2007, and as such, losses incurred priorto that date are subject to an annual limitation of at least $762,000 . The Company evaluated Section 382 ownership changes subsequent to 2007 throughSeptember 30, 2015 and concluded that a Section 382 ownership change occurred in 2013 as a result of the initial public offering. As such, losses incurred prior tothat date are subject to an annual limitation of at least $6.7 million .As of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , the total unrecognized tax benefits were approximately $2.0 million and $1.0 million , respectively, and of this total, nonewould reduce the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized. The Company does not anticipate a significant change in total unrecognized tax benefits or theCompany’s effective tax rate due to the settlement of audits or the expiration of statutes of limitations within the next twelve months. Furthermore, the Companydoes not expect any cash settlement with the taxing authorities as a result of these unrecognized tax benefits as the Company has sufficient unutilized carryforwardattributes to offset the tax impact of these adjustments.The Company has determined that there may be a future limitation on the Company’s ability to utilize its entire federal R&D credit carryover. Therefore, theCompany recognized an uncertain tax benefit associated with the federal R&D credit carryover during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 , as follows(in thousands):Balance at December 31, 2013$581 Increases related to 2014425 Increases related to prior periods—Balance at December 31, 20141,006 Increases related to 2015940 Increases related to prior periods10Balance at December 31, 2015$1,956The Company has determined that it had no other material uncertain tax benefits for the year ended December 31, 2015 . As of January 1, 2016, due to the carryforward of unutilized net operating losses and research and development credits, the Company is subject to U.S. Federal and state income tax examinations for thetax years 2000 through 2015 . The Company recognizes accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in operating expense.No amounts were accrued for the payment of interest and penalties at December 31, 2015 .Note 9. Significant AgreementsThe Regents of the University of CaliforniaIn May 2002, the Company entered into a license agreement with The Regents of the University of California (UC) under which the Company obtained anexclusive, worldwide license to UC’s patent rights in certain inventions (the UC Patent Rights) related to lipid-conjugated antiviral compounds and their use,including certain patents relating to brincidofovir . The license agreement was amended in September 2002 in order to expand the scope of the license and again inDecember 2010 in order to modify certain financial terms. The agreement was amended a third time in September 2011 to add additional patents related to certainmetabolically stable lipid-conjugate compounds. A fourth amendment was executed in July 2012 to alter the rights and obligations of the parties in light of theCompany’s current business plans. As partial consideration for the rights granted to the Company under the license agreement, the Company is required to paycertain cash milestone payments in connection with the development and commercialization of compounds that are covered by the UC Patent Rights. In connectionwith the development and commercialization of brincidofovir and CMX157, the Company could be required to pay UC up to an aggregate of $3.4 million inmilestone payments, assuming the achievement of all applicable milestone events under the license agreement.91Under the license agreement, the Company is permitted to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize products utilizing the UC Patent Rights for all humanand veterinary uses, and to sublicense such rights. UC retained the right, on behalf of itself and other non-profit institutions, to use the UC Patent Rights foreducational and research purposes and to publish information about the UC Patent Rights.In consideration for the rights granted under the license agreement, the Company has issued UC an aggregate of 64,788 shares of common stock. As additionalconsideration, the Company is required to pay certain cash milestone payments in connection with the development and commercialization of compounds that arecovered by the UC Patent Rights, plus certain annual fees to maintain such patents until the Company commercializes a product utilizing UC Patent Rights. Inconnection with the development and commercialization of brincidofovir, the Company could be required to pay UC up to an aggregate of $3.4 million inmilestone payments, assuming the achievement of all applicable milestone events under the license agreement. In addition, upon commercialization of any productutilizing the UC Patent Rights (which would include the commercialization of brincidofovir), the Company will be required to pay low single digit royalties on netsales of such product.In the event the Company sublicenses a UC Patent Right (including UC Patent Rights relating to brincidofovir or CMX157) the Company is obligated to pay to UCa fee, which amount will vary depending upon the amount of any payments the Company receives and the clinical development stage of the compound beingsublicensed, but which could be up to approximately 50% of the sublicense fee in certain circumstances. With respect to brincidofovir, the fee payable to UC willnot exceed 5% of the sublicense fee. In addition, the Company will also be required to pay to UC a low single digit sublicense royalty on net sales of products thatuse the sublicensed UC Patent Rights, but in no event will the Company be required to pay more than 50% of the royalties it receives in connection with therelevant sublicense. Any such royalty payment will be reduced by other payments the Company is required to make to third parties until a minimum royalty hasbeen reached.As a result of meeting certain milestones and sublicense fees related to this license agreement, the Company recognized expenses of $0.06 million for the yearended December 31, 2014 .Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)In February 2011, the Company entered into a contract with BARDA for the advanced development of brincidofovir as a medical countermeasure in the event of asmallpox release. Under the contract, BARDA will reimburse the Company, plus pay a fixed fee, for the research and development of brincidofovir as a broad-spectrum therapeutic antiviral for the treatment of smallpox infections. The contract consists of an initial performance period, referred to as the base performancesegment, plus up to four extension periods of approximately one year each, referred to as option segments, each of which may be exercised at BARDA’s solediscretion. The Company must complete the agreed upon milestones and deliverables in each discrete work segment before the next option segment is eligible tobe exercised. Under the contract as currently in effect, the Company may receive up to $75.8 million in expense reimbursement and $5.3 million in fees.The Company is currently performing under the second and third option segments of the contract during which the Company may receive up to a total of $17million and $13 million in expense reimbursement and fees, respectively. The second option segment is expected to end on June 30, 2016 and the third optionsegment is scheduled to end on October 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2015 , the Company has recognized revenue in aggregate of $46.0 million with respect tothe base performance segment and the first three extension periods.ContraVir PharmaceuticalsOn December 17, 2014, the Company entered into a license agreement with ContraVir Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: CTRV) for the development andcommercialization of CMX157 for certain antiviral indications. Under the terms of the agreement, ContraVir has sole responsibility with respect to the control ofthe development and commercialization of CMX157.In exchange for the license to CMX157 rights, the Company received an upfront payment consisting of 120,000 shares of ContraVir Series B Convertible PreferredStock with a stated value of $1.2 million . In addition, the Company is eligible to receive up to approximately $20 million in clinical, regulatory and initialcommercial milestones in the United States and Europe, as well as royalties and additional milestones based on commercial sales in those territories. Either partymay terminate the license agreement upon the occurrence of a material breach by the other party (subject to standard cure periods), or upon certain eventsinvolving the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party. ContraVir may also terminate the license agreement without cause on a country-by-country basis uponsixty ( 60 ) days’ prior written notice.The upfront payment of 120,000 shares of ContraVir Series B Convertible Preferred Stock was valued at $1.5 million at the time of the agreement. The Companyrecorded this amount as a long-term investment and deferred revenue, which is included in92accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Upon completion of the transfer of the IND and technical know-how related to CMX157 in April 2015, theCompany recognized the $1.5 million upfront payment as revenue. As of December 31, 2015 , the fair value of the investment was $1.5 million .Note 10. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)The following financial information reflects all normal recurring adjustments, which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the resultsof the interim periods. Summarized quarterly data for 2015 and 2014 are as follows (in thousands, except share and per share data): 2015 Quarters Fourth Third Second FirstTotal revenues$3,110 $2,271 $4,143 $1,238Operating loss(38,223) (32,748) (24,951) (22,329)Net loss(37,842) (32,449) (24,815) (22,266)Net loss per share, basic and diluted$(0.82) $(0.70) $(0.59) $(0.54)Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted46,151,384 46,059,112 42,079,716 41,220,989 2014 Quarters Fourth Third Second FirstTotal revenues$1,156 $1,185 $919 $780Operating loss(20,226) (16,860) (11,596) (10,184)Net loss(20,247) (16,951) (11,734) (10,380)Net loss per share, basic and diluted$(0.52) $(0.47) $(0.39) $(0.39)Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted39,128,297 35,845,792 30,111,380 26,762,264Net loss per share is computed independently for each of the quarters presented. Therefore, the sum of the quarterly per share calculations will not necessarilyequal the annual per share calculation. Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding are identical to basic weighted-average shares outstanding and diluted net lossper share is identical to basic net loss per share for all quarters of 2015 and 2014 .Note 11. Subsequent EventsThe Company has evaluated subsequent events through the issuance date of these financial statements to ensure that this filing includes appropriate disclosure ofevents both recognized in the financial statements as of December 31, 2015 , and events which occurred subsequently but were not recognized in the financialstatements.ITEM. 9 CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURESEvaluation of Disclosure Controls and ProceduresOur principal executive officer and principal financial officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2015 , have concluded that, based on suchevaluation, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under theExchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and is accumulated andcommunicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate toallow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.93Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial ReportingOur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and Board of Directors regarding thepreparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:i.pertain to the maintenance of records, that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;ii.provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparations of financial statements in accordance with generallyaccepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management anddirectors; andiii.provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have amaterial effect on the financial statements.All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide onlyreasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. In making the assessment of internal controls over financial reporting, ourmanagement used the criteria issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-IntegratedFramework. Based on that assessment and those criteria, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as ofDecember 31, 2015 .Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our financial statements included in this Annual Report, has issued anattestation report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting, a copy of which appears in Item 8 of this annual report.Changes in Internal Control Over Financial ReportingNo change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the last fiscalquarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATIONNot applicable.94PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCEThe information required by this item and not set forth below will be set forth in the section headed “Election of Directors” and “Executive Officers” in our ProxyStatement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (Proxy Statement), to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year endedDecember 31, 2015 , and is incorporated herein by reference.We have adopted a code of ethics for directors, officers (including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer) andemployees, known as the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available on our website at http://www.chimerix.comunder the Corporate Governance section of our Investor Relations page. We will promptly disclose on our website (i) the nature of any amendment to the policythat applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions and(ii) the nature of any waiver, including an implicit waiver, from a provision of the policy that is granted to one of these specified individuals that is required to bedisclosed pursuant to SEC rules and regulations, the name of such person who is granted the waiver and the date of the waiver.ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATIONThe information required by this item will be set forth in the section headed “Executive Compensation” in our Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein byreference.ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERSThe information required by this item will be set forth in the section headed “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in our ProxyStatement and is incorporated herein by reference.The information required by Item 201(d) of Regulation S-K will be set forth in the section headed “Executive Compensation” in our Proxy Statement and isincorporated herein by reference.ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCEThe information required by this item will be set forth in the section headed “Transactions With Related Persons” in our Proxy Statement and is incorporatedherein by reference.ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICESThe information required by this item will be set forth in the section headed “Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in ourProxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.95PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES1. Financial Statements. The financial statements and reports of independent registered public accounting firm are filed as part of this Annual Report (see "Index toConsolidated Financial Statements" at Item 8).2. Financial Statement Schedules. No financial statement schedules are included because the information is either provided in the consolidated financialstatements, is not required under the instructions or is immaterial, and such schedules, therefore have been omitted.3. Exhibits. The following exhibits have been or are being filed herewith and are numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K:EXHIBIT INDEXExhibit Number Description of Document 3.1 (1) Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. 3.2 (1) Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant. 4.1 (1) Form of Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant. 4.2 (1) Form of Warrant to Purchase Stock issued to participants in the Registrant's Series F Preferred Stock financing dated February 7, 2011. 4.3 (1) Amended and Restated Investor Rights Agreement dated February 7, 2011 by and among the Registrant and certain of its stockholders. 4.4 (2) Amendment to Amended and Restated Investor Rights Agreement dated October 29, 2014 by and among the Registrant and certain of itsstockholders.10.1+ (1) Form of Indemnity Agreement by and between the Registrant and its directors and officers.10.2+ (1) Chimerix, Inc. 2002 Equity Incentive Plan and Form of Stock Option Agreement, Notice of Exercise and Form of Stock Option GrantNotice thereunder.10.3+ (1) Chimerix, Inc. 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and Form of Stock Option Agreement, Notice of Exercise and Form of Stock Option GrantNotice and Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement and Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice thereunder.10.4+ (1) Form of Stock Option Agreement, Notice of Exercise and Form of Stock Option Grant Notice.10.5+ (3) Chimerix, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended.10.6+ (1) Chimerix, Inc. 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.10.7+ (10) Chimerix, Inc. Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy.10.8+ (10) Chimerix, Inc. Officer Change in Control Severance Benefit Plan, as amended.10.9+ (1) Employment Offer Letter to Timothy W. Trost dated March 16, 2011.10.10+ (1) Employment Offer Letter to M. Michelle Berrey, M.D., M.P.H. dated November 7, 2012.10.11+ (1) Employment Offer Letter to Michael D. Rogers, Ph.D. dated March 4, 2013.10.12+ (8) Employment Offer Letter to Linda M. Richardson dated December 13, 201310.13 (4) Employment Offer Letter to William Garret Nichols, M.D., M.S., dated August 19, 2014.10.14+ (1) Directorship Offer Letter to Ernest Mario, Ph.D. dated January 31, 2013.10.15 (5) Directorship Offer Letter to Lisa Ricciardi dated March 27, 2014.10.16+ (14) Directorship Offer Letter to James M. Daly dated June 6, 2014.10.17+ (14) Directorship Offer Letter to Catherine L. Gilliss dated June 13, 2014.10.18+ (14) Directorship Offer Letter to Patrick Machado dated May 30, 2014.10.19+ (14) Directorship Offer Letter to Ronald C. Renaud, Jr. dated December 12, 2014.10.20 (1) Office Lease by and between the Registrant and ACP 2505 Meridian LLC dated September 1, 2007, as amended.10.21 (7) Lease Agreement by and between the Registrant and Northwood RTC LLC dated March 10, 2014.10.22 (6) Fifth Amendment to Office Lease dated July 2, 2014 by and between the Registrant and AREP Meridian I LLC.9610.23 (11) Sixth Amendment to Office Lease dated April 28, 2015 by and between the Registrant and IVC Meridian TT O, LLC.10.24* (1) Contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority of the United StatesDepartment of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, as amended.10.25* (9) Contract modification No. 14, dated May 30, 2013, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical Advanced Researchand Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, as amended.10.26* (10) Contract modification No. 15, dated August 28, 2013, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical AdvancedResearch and Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, asamended.10.27* (10) Contract modification No. 16, dated December 10, 2013, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical AdvancedResearch and Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, asamended.10.28 (5) Contract modification No. 17, dated April 14, 2014, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical Advanced Researchand Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, as amended.10.29 (14) Contract modification No. 18, dated May 6, 2014, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical Advanced Researchand Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, as amended.10.30* (6) Contract modification No. 19, dated August 27, 2014, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical AdvancedResearch and Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, asamended.10.31 (6) Contract modification No. 20, dated October 27, 2014, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical AdvancedResearch and Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, asamended.10.32* (14) Contract modification No. 21, dated November 7, 2014, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical AdvancedResearch and Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, asamended.10.33 (14) Contract modification No. 22, dated December 11, 2014, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical AdvancedResearch and Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, asamended.10.34 (14) Contract modification No. 23, dated December 22, 2014, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical AdvancedResearch and Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, asamended.10.35 (14) Contract modification No. 24, dated February 19, 2015, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical AdvancedResearch and Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, asamended.10.36 (11) Contract modification No. 25, dated March 26, 2015, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical Advanced Researchand Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, as amended.10.37 (12) Contract modification No. 26, dated June 18, 2015, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical Advanced Researchand Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, as amended.10.38 (12) Contract modification No. 27, dated July 14, 2015, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical Advanced Researchand Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, as amended.10.39* (13) Contract modification No. 28, dated September 1, 2015, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical AdvancedResearch and Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, asamended.10.40* (13) Contract modification No. 29, dated September 11, 2015, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical AdvancedResearch and Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, asamended.10.41** Contract modification No. 30, dated November 12, 2015, to the contract by and between the Registrant and the Biomedical AdvancedResearch and Development Authority of the United States Department of Health and Human Services dated February 16, 2011, asamended.10.42* (1) License Agreement by and between the Registrant and The Regents of the University of California dated May 13, 2002, as amended.10.43 (1) Loan and Security Agreement by and among the Registrant, Midcap Financial SBIC, LP and Silicon Valley Bank dated January 27, 2012,as amended.9710.44 (10) First Loan Modification Agreement, dated December 18, 2013, to the Loan and Security Agreement by and among the Registrant, MidcapFinancial SBIC, LP and Silicon Valley Bank dated January 27, 2012, as amended.10.45 (5) Severance Agreement and Release by and between the Registrant and Kenneth I. Moch dated May 5, 2014.10.46 (6) Amendment No. 1 to Severance Agreement and Release by and between the Registrant and Kenneth I. Moch dated July 1, 2014.23.1 Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, an Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.24.1 Power of Attorney. Reference is made to the signature page hereto.31.1 Certification of Principal Executive Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, asadopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.31.2 Certification of Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, asadopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.32.1 Certification of Principal Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-OxleyAct of 2002.32.2 Certification of Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-OxleyAct of 2002.101.INS XBRL Instance Document.101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.+ Indicates management contract or compensatory plan. * Confidential treatment has been granted with respect to certain portions of this exhibit. Omitted portions have been filed separately with theSEC.** Confidential treatment has been requested with respect to certain portions of this exhibit. Omitted portions have been filed separately withthe SEC.(1) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-187145), as amended.(2) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-35867) filed with the SEC on October 29, 2014.(3) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-35867) filed with the SEC on June 23, 2014.(4) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-35867) filed with the SEC on September 4, 2014.(5) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-35867) filed with the SEC on May 9, 2014.(6) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-35867) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2014.(7) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-35867) filed with the SEC on March 14, 2014.(8) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-35867) filed with the SEC on December 18, 2013.(9) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-35867) filed with the SEC on August 14, 2013.(10) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (No. 001-35867) filed with the SEC on March 7, 2014.(11) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-35867) filed with the SEC on May 11, 2015.(12) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-35867) filed with the SEC on August 6, 2015.(13) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-35867) filed with the SEC on November 5, 2015.(14) Incorporated by reference to Chimerix, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (No. 001-35867) filed with the SEC on March 6, 2015.98SIGNATURESPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to besigned on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Chimerix, Inc. Date:February 29, 2016 By: /s/ M. Michelle Berrey M. Michelle Berrey, MD, MPH President & Chief Executive OfficerPOWER OF ATTORNEYKNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints M. Michelle Berrey and Timothy W. Trost,and each of them, his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact, each with full power of substitution, for him in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to thisAnnual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and ExchangeCommission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact or their substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.99Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalfof the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.Signature Title Date /s/ M. Michelle Berrey President, Chief Executive Officer and Director February 29, 2016M. Michelle Berrey, MD, MPH (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Timothy W. Trost Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer February 29, 2016Timothy W. Trost and Corporate Secretary (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) /s/ Ernest Mario Ernest Mario, PhD Chairman of the Board of Directors February 29, 2016 /s/ James M. Daly James M. Daly Member of the Board of Directors February 29, 2016 /s/ Martha J. Demski Martha J. Demski Member of the Board of Directors February 29, 2016 /s/ Catherine L. Gilliss Catherine L. Gilliss, PhD, RN, FAAN Member of the Board of Directors February 29, 2016 /s/ John M. Leonard John M. Leonard, MD Member of the Board of Directors February 29, 2016 /s/ C. Patrick Machado C. Patrick Machado Member of the Board of Directors February 29, 2016 /s/ James Niedel James Niedel, MD, PhD Member of the Board of Directors February 29, 2016 /s/ Ronald C. Renaud. Jr Ronald C. Renaud, Jr Member of the Board of Directors February 29, 2016 /s/ Lisa Ricciardi Lisa Ricciardi Member of the Board of Directors February 29, 2016 /s/ Timothy J. Wollaeger Timothy J. Wollaeger Member of the Board of Directors February 29, 2016100AMENDMENT OF SOLICITATION/MODIFICATION OF CONTRACT1. CONTRACT ID CODE PAGE OF PAGES12 2. AMENDMENT/MODIFICATION NO.3. EFFECTIVE DATE4. REQUISITION/PURCHASE REQ. NO. 5. PROJECT NO. (if applicable)30See Block 16CN/A 6. ISSUED BYCODEASPR-BARDA7. ADMINISTERED BY (If other than Item 6)CODEASPR-BARDA02ASPR-BARDA200 Independence Ave., S.W.Room 640-GWashington DC 20201ASPR-BARDA330 Independence Ave, SW, Rm G640Washington DC 202018. NAME AND ADDRESS OF CONTRACTOR (No., street, county, State and ZIP Code)(x)9A. AMENDMENT OF SOLICITATION NO.CHIMERIX, INC. 1377270CHIMERIX, INC. 2505 MERIDIAN P2505 MERIDIAN PKWY STE 340DURHAM NC 277135246 9B. DATED (SEE ITEM 11) x 10A. MODIFICATION OF CONTRACT/ORDER NO. HHSO100201100013C 10B. DATED (SEE ITEM 13)02/16/2011CODE 1377270FACILITY CODE 11. THIS ITEM ONLY APPLIES TO AMENDMENTS OF SOLICITATIONSo The above numbered solicitation is amended as set forth in Item 14. The hour and date specified for receipt of Offers o is extended. o is not extendedOffers must acknowledge receipt of this amendment prior to the hour and date specified in the solicitation or as amended, by one of the following methods: (a) By completing Items 8 and 15, and returning___________ copies of the amendment; (b) By acknowledging receipt of this amendment on each copy of the offer submitted; or (c) By separate letter or telegram which includes a reference to the solicitationand amendment numbers. FAILURE OF YOUR ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO BE RECEIVED AT THE PLACE DESIGNATED FOR THE RECEIPT OF OFFERS PRIOR TO THE HOUR AND DATE SPECIFIED MAY RESULT IN REJECTION OF YOUR OFFER. If by virtue of this amendment you desire to change an offer already submitted, such change may be made by telegram or letter, provided each telegram or letter makes reference to the solicitation and this amendment, and is received prior to the opening hour and date specified.12. ACCOUNTING AND APPROPRIATION DATA (if required)N/A13. THIS ITEM ONLY APPLIES TO MODIFICATION OF CONTRACTS/ORDERS. IT MODIFIES THE CONTRACT/ORDER NO. AS DESCRIBED IN ITEM 14.CHECK ONEA. THIS CHANGE ORDER IS ISSUED PURSUANT TO: (Specify authority) THE CHANGES SET FORTH IN ITEM 14 ARE MADE IN THE CONTRACT ORDER NO. IN ITEM 10A. B. THE ABOVE NUMBERED CONTRACT/ORDER IS MODIFIED TO REFLECT THE ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES ( such as changes in paying office, appropriation date, etc. ) SET FORTHIN ITEM 14, PURSUANT TO THE AUTHORITY OF FAR 43.103(b). C. THIS SUPPLEMENTAL AGREEMENT IS ENTERED INTO PURSUANT TO AUTHORITY OF:XD. OTHER ( Specify type of modification and authority )Bilateral: Mutual Agreement of the Parties.E. IMPORTANT: Contractor o is not. x is required to sign this document and return 0 copies to the issuing office.14. DESCRIPTION OF AMENDMENT/MODIFICATION (Organized by UCF section headings, including solicitation/contract subject matter where feasible.)Tax ID Number: 33-0903395DUNS Number: 121785997A. The purpose of this modification is to incorporate the following changes into the contract:1. The first and second sentences in Article G.7. INDIRECT COST RATES of the contract are replaced with the following:The following rates will be utilized for billing purposes during both the base period/CLIN 0001, Option 1/CLIN 0002, Option 2/CLIN 0003 and CLIN 0004 ONLY.Continued ...Except as provided herein, all terms and conditions of the document referenced in Item 9A or 10A, as heretofore changed, remains unchanged and in full force and effect.15A. NAME AND TITLE OF SIGNER (Type or print) 16A. NAME AND TITLE OF CONTRACTING OFFICER (Type or print)MICHAEL D. ROGERS, CHIEF DEVELOPMENT OFFICERETHAN J. MUELLER15B. CONTRACTOR/OFFEROR15C. DATE SIGNED16B. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA16C. DATE SIGNED /s/ Michael D. Rogers (Signature of person authorized to sign)11/10/2015 /s/ Ethan J. Mueller (Signature of Contracting Officer)11/12/2015NSN 7540-01-152-8070 STANDARD FORM 30 (REV. 10-83)Previous edition unusable Prescribed by GSAFAR (48 CFR) 53.243CONTINUATION SHEETREFERENCE NO. OF DOCUMENT BEING CONTINUEDHHSO100201100013C/0030PAGE OF22NAME OF OFFEROR OR CONTACTORCHIMERIX, INC. 1377270ITEM NO.(A)SUPPLIES/SERVICES(B)QUANTITY(C)UNIT(D)UNIT PRICE(E)AMOUNT(F) FY 11 (Retroactive Adjustment base period/CLIN 0001 ONLY) - Fringe Benefits at [...***...]% and Indirect at [...***...]%.FY 12 and 13 (Retroactive Adjustment and Billing, base period/CLIN 0001 ONLY and Billing, Option 1/CLIN 0002 and Option 2/CLIN 0003 Only) - FringeBenefits at [...***...]% and Indirect at [...***...]%.1/1/2015 through 6/30/2016 (Retroactive Adjustment Only, Option 1/CLIN 0002, Retroactive Adjustment and Billing, Option 2/CLIN 0003 and billing OnlyCLIN 0004) - Fringe Benefits at [...***...]% and Indirect at [...***...]%.2. The total amount, scope and period of performance of all other CLIN(s) that are currently being performed under the contract remain unchanged. Thismodification does not exercise any unexercised Option CLINs under the contract and does not authorize any performance of efforts under any unexercised OptionCLINs under the contract. In addition, the total amount, scope and period of performance of all unexercised Option CLINs under the contract remain unchanged.B. This is a no cost bilateral modification. The total amount, scope and all other terms and conditions of the contract remain unchanged.Period of Performance: 02/16/2011 to 10/31/2016NSN 7540-01-152-8067 OPTIONAL FORM 336 (4-86)Sponsored by GSAFAR (48 CFR) 53.110Exhibit 23.1 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMWe consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:1.Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-195626) of Chimerix, Inc.,2.Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-187860) pertaining to the 2002 Equity Incentive Plan, 2012 Equity Incentive Plan, 2013 Equity Incentive Planand 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of Chimerix, Inc.,3.Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-194408) pertaining to the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan and 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of Chimerix,Inc., and4.Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-202582) pertaining to the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan and 2013 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of Chimerix,Inc.;of our reports dated February 29, 2016 with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Chimerix, Inc. and the effectiveness of internal control overfinancial reporting of Chimerix, Inc. included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Chimerix, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2015 . /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Raleigh, North Carolina February 29, 2016 Exhibit 31.1 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, M. Michelle Berrey, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 of Chimerix, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statementsmade, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financialcondition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange ActRules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant andhave: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure thatmaterial information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during theperiod in which this report is being prepared;b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, toprovide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance withgenerally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of thedisclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscalquarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’sinternal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely toadversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control overfinancial reporting. Date:February 29, 2016 /s/ M. Michelle Berrey M. Michelle Berrey, MD, MPH President & Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31.2 CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Timothy W. Trost, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 of Chimerix, Inc.; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statementsmade, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financialcondition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange ActRules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant andhave: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure thatmaterial information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during theperiod in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, toprovide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance withgenerally accepted accounting principles;c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of thedisclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscalquarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’sinternal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely toadversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control overfinancial reporting. Date:February 29, 2016 /s/ Timothy W. Trost Timothy W. TrostSenior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and CorporateSecretary Exhibit 32.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TOSECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Chimerix, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended December 31, 2015 , as filed with the Securities andExchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, M. Michelle Berrey, as Principal Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C.Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge: 1. the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and 2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date:February 29, 2016 /s/ M. Michelle Berrey M. Michelle Berrey, MD, MPH President & Chief Executive Officer The foregoing certification is being furnished solely to accompany the Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the datehereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing. A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to theCompany and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. Exhibit 32.2 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TOSECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Chimerix, Inc. (the “Company”) for the period ended December 31, 2015 , as filed with the Securities andExchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Timothy W. Trost, as Principal Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C.Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge: 1. the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and 2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date:February 29, 2016 /s/ Timothy W. Trost Timothy W. TrostSenior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and CorporateSecretary The foregoing certification is being furnished solely to accompany the Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the datehereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing. A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to theCompany and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.
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