China Automotive Systems, Inc.
Annual Report 2012

Plain-text annual report

22001122 AANNNNUUAALL RREEPPOORRTT CCHHIINNAA AAUUTTOOMMOOTTIIVVEE SSYYSSTTEEMMSS,, IINNCC.. Based in Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China, CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. is a leading supplier of power steering components and systems to the Chinese automotive industry and is exporting into the North American market. The company operates through ten Sino-foreign joint ventures in China and three wholly- owned subsidiaries in China and America. o Henglong USA Corporation o Great Genesis Holdings Limited   Shenyang Jinbei Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd. Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd. o Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Co. Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Parts Co. o o Wuhu Henglong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd. o Wuhan Jielong Steering System Co., Ltd. o Universal Sensor Application, Inc. Beijing Henglong Automotive System Co., Ltd. o o Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd. o CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd. . Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Centre DEAR SHAREHOLDERS, We are pleased to report a solid performance in a challenging year. Our annual net sales increased by $6.2 million to $336.0 million in 2012, compared to $329.8 million in 2011, though the vehicle sales in China were flat in 2012 as China’s GDP annual growth was only 7.8 percent in 2012 and represented the slowest growth in the past 13 years. We continued to increase our penetration in North America. Chrysler has become our largest customer in 2012. We remain the largest steering supplier to many Chinese vehicle OEMs, and our domestic sales grew as Chinese-branded vehicles regained market share in 2012. We adopted additional technical innovations to improve our production efficiency to help stabilize our gross margin going forward. In addition, we continue to control costs and streamline our operations. As a result, our operating income remained solid and our cash flow conversion remained strong. Net cash flow from operations was $16.2 million for the 2012 year, and at December 31, 2012, working capital was $138.7 million, and cash and cash equivalents were $87.6 million. As our balance sheet become stronger, in 2012, we redeemed all the outstanding convertible notes for a total redemption price of $32.4 million, which includes all principal, accrued and unpaid interest and the make-whole amounts. The redemption reduced our interest expense, provided greater financial flexibility and lowered our diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding by approximately 3.3 million shares going forward. We used our financial strength to support our shareholders with a $5 million stock repurchase plan in August of 2012 as we believe our share price does not reflect our intrinsic value. We continue to diversify our markets as we design, manufacture and sell steering products to a large number of Chinese commercial and passenger OEMs, supply steering products into the large Chinese aftermarket, and we have a stronger focus on capturing Sino Foreign joint ventures in China. We use strategic joint ventures and partnerships such as the Shanghai Auto-IVECO Hongyan and Beijing Auto joint ventures where our partners also become our customers and we share the risks. We also supply steering products for vehicles made in China by joint ventures created by General Motors, Volkswagen and Peugeot Citron and we expect to expand this customer list in the future. Our strategy is to leverage our leading position in the Chinese steering markets to become a tier 1 supplier to the world's top vehicle manufacturers. In North America, we supply the award-winning Jeep® Wrangler and two Dodge RAM® truck models at Chrysler, the fastest-growing automotive company in the United States in 2012. As knowledge of our products' performance, high quality and cost effectiveness grows, we are receiving increased interest from outside of China. Additionally, we have established a joint venture in Brazil, South America's largest automotive market, as a base to become a supplier to both local brands and Chinese companies' operations in the region. We believe our value-cost proposition is very attractive in the highly competitive global automotive industry. Our market leadership position in China and our growing export prospects begin with our research and development excellence. We enhanced our R&D program with more advanced manufacturing and testing equipment, and we created an incentive program for outstanding innovation. In 2012, R&D expenditures increased by 65.5% to $14.9 million which included funding to enhance our electric power steering products, which we expect will expand rapidly in China. Our Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Test) Center Laboratory recently received the only national accreditation from the China National Accreditation Service among Chinese power steering companies. We continue to focus on developing high quality and performance products to build our brand reputation and capture market share. Our products' contributions were acknowledged with a number of awards for 2012. CAAS´s subsidiary, Hubei Henglong, was named as the "National Excellent Supplier of Steering Systems" in China by the China Automotive News, and we received the 2012 Chrysler China Regional Excellent Supplier award, Chrysler's second place award for 2012 in the Global Metal Product Supplier category and the Chrysler 2013 Supplier of the Year Metallic award. We remain optimistic as the Chinese vehicle market has showed signs of improvement from its cyclical low, and the new central government leadership may offer new growth policies to stimulate the economy. We are committed to increasing our market share in China and globally, and to build free cash flow to enhance shareholder value. Sincerely, Qizhou Wu CEO & Director June 26, 2013 CHINHA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. INDEX CAUTIONARY STATEMENT ........................................................................................................................................................1 PART I ..............................................................................................................................................................................................1 ITEM 1. BUSINESS ................................................................................................................................................................1 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS .............................................................................................................................................6 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS ........................................................................................................15 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES ..........................................................................................................................................................15 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ........................................................................................................................................15 ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOURES ..............................................................................................................................16 PART II ...........................................................................................................................................................................................16 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES. ...........................................................................................................................16 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA ............................................................................................................................17 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS. .......................................................................................................................................................................17 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK .................................30 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ...........................................................................30 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE. ......................................................................................................................................................................31 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES .............................................................................................................31 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION .............................................................................................................................33 PART III .........................................................................................................................................................................................33 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ...............................................33 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION .........................................................................................................................36 ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS. ...............................................................................................................................................38 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE .....38 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES .........................................................................................39 PART IV .........................................................................................................................................................................................39 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES ......................................................................................39 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS ..............................................................................................................................43 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME .................................................................................................................44 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY .......................................................45 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS .......................................................................................................45 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS .............................................................................................46 1 CAUTIONARY STATEMENT This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements relate to future events or the Company’s future financial performance. The Company has attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “can,” “continues,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “should” or “will” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Such statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including the matters set forth in this Annual Report or other reports or documents the Company files with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) from time to time, which could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those projected. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, the Company cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Undue reliance should not be placed on these forward-looking statements which speak only as of the date hereof. The Company’s expectations are as of the date this Form 10-K is filed, and the Company does not intend to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date this Annual Report on Form 10-K is filed to confirm these statements to actual results, unless required by law. ITEM 1. BUSINESS COMPANY HISTORY PART I China Automotive Systems, Inc., “China Automotive” or the “Company,” was incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 29, 1999 under the name Visions-In-Glass, Inc. On or around March 5, 2003, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding equity interests of Great Genesis Holdings Limited, “Genesis,” a corporation organized under the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, by issuance of 20,914,250 shares of common stock to certain sellers. After the acquisition, the Company continued the operations of Genesis. On May 19, 2003, the Company changed its name from Visions-In-Glass, Inc. to China Automotive Systems, Inc. Currently, Genesis directly and indirectly owns interests in nine Sino-joint ventures and a wholly owned subsidiary in the People’s Republic of China, “China” or the “PRC,” which manufacture power steering systems and/or related products for different segments of the automobile industry. Genesis also owns interests in a Brazil-based trading company, which engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. Unless the context indicates otherwise, the Company uses the terms “the Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” to refer to Genesis and China Automotive collectively on a consolidated basis. BUSINESS OVERVIEW The Company is a holding company and has no significant business operations or assets other than its interest in Genesis. Genesis mainly engages in the manufacture and sale of automotive systems and components through its controlled subsidiaries and the joint ventures, as described below. Set forth below is an organizational chart as at December 31, 2012. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. [NASDAQ:CAAS] 100% Great Genesis Holdings Limited ↓ 100.00% Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. “Hubei Henglong” 1 ↓ 80% Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Parts Co., Ltd. 81% Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd. 83.34% Universal Sensor Application, Inc. 77.33% Wuhu Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd. 85% Wuhan Jielong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd. “Jiulong”4 “USAI”5 “Wuhu”6 “Jielong”7 “Henglong”3 ↓ 80.00% Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Center “Testing Center” 11 1 100% Henglong USA Corporation 70% Shenyang Jinbei Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd. “Shenyang”2 50.00% Beijing Henglong Automotive System Co., Ltd. “Beijing Henglong”8 70% Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd. “Chongqing Henglong” 9 80.00% CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd. “Brazil Henglong” 10 1. On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong (formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd.), its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. The registered capital of Hubei Henglong at the time of establishment was $10 million. On February 10, 2010, the registered capital of Hubei Henglong was increased to $16 million. On October 12, 2011, the board of directors of the Company approved a reorganization of the Company’s subsidiaries operating in China. As a result of the reorganization, all of Genesis’s equity interests of its subsidiaries operating in China, except for Shenyang and Zhejiang Henglong & Vie Pump-Manu Co., Ltd., “Zhejiang”, were transferred to Hubei Henglong, the Company’s new China-based holding company. The reorganization was completed on January 19, 2012, subsequent to which the registered capital of Hubei Henglong was increased to $39.0 million. As the reorganized entities were under common control of the Company, the reorganization did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations and should not impact the tax treatment of the Company or its subsidiaries in any material respect. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. Zhejiang was established in 2002 and mainly engaged in the production and sales of power steering pumps. The Company sold its 51% equity interest in Zhejiang on May 21, 2012 and hence Zhejiang is not included in the above organizational chart. Please see Note 26 to the consolidated financial statements in this report. 2. Shenyang was established in 2002 and focuses on power steering parts for light duty vehicles. 3. Henglong was established in 1997 and mainly engages in the production of rack and pinion power steering gear for cars and light-duty vehicles. 4. Jiulong was established in 1993 and mainly engages in the production of integral power steering gear for heavy-duty vehicles. 5. USAI was established in 2005 and mainly engages in the production and sales of sensor modules. 6. Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems. 7. Jielong was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of electric power steering, “EPS.” 8. Beijing Henglong was established in 2010 and mainly engages in the design, development and manufacture of both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts. According to the joint venture agreement, the Company does not have voting control of Beijing Henglong. Therefore, the Company’s consolidated financial statements do not include Beijing Henglong, and such investment is accounted for by the equity accounting method. 9. On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts. The new joint venture is located in Chongqing City and has a registered capital of RMB60 million, of which RMB42 million, or 70%, is held by Hubei Henglong. The registered capital of Chongqing Henglong was fully contributed by Hubei Henglong in cash of $6.7 million (equivalent to RMB42 million) in January and February 2012 and by SAIC-IVECO in property, plant and equipment with a fair value of $2.8 million (equivalent to RMB18.0 million) in April 2012. 10. On August 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong established a Sino-foreign joint venture company with two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. The joint-venture company is called CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong”. Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. The new joint venture is located in Brazil and has a registered capital of $1.0 million (equivalent to BRL1.6 million), of which $0.8 million (equivalent to BRL1.3 million), or 80%, is held by Hubei Henglong, and of which $0.2 million (equivalent to BRL0.3 million), or 20%, is held by Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove. As of December 31, 2012, Hubei Henglong and Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove have completed their capital contributions. 11. Testing Center was established in 2009 and mainly engages in the research and development of new products. The Company has business relationships with more than sixty vehicle manufacturers, including FAW Group and Dongfeng Auto Group Co., Ltd, two of the five largest automobile manufacturers in China; Shenyang Brilliance Jinbei Co., Ltd., the largest light vehicle manufacturer in China; Chery Automobile Co., Ltd, the largest state owned car manufacturer in China, and BYD Auto Co., Ltd and Zhejiang Geely Automobile Co., Ltd., the largest privately owned car manufacturers in China. The PRC-based joint ventures of General Motors (GM), Volkswagen, Citroen and Chrysler North America are all key customers of the Company. Starting in 2008, the Company has supplied power steering pumps and power steering gear to the Sino-foreign joint ventures established by GM, Citroen and Volkswagen in China. The Company has supplied power steering gear to Chrysler North America since 2009. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 2 Intellectual Property rights, “IP,” are important in helping the Company maintain its competitive position. Currently, the Company owns IP rights, including two trademarks covering automobile parts, “HL” and “JL,” and more than eighty-five patents registered in China covering power steering technology. The Company is in the process of integrating new advanced technologies such as electronic chips in power steering systems into its current production line and is pursuing aggressive strategies in technology to maintain a competitive edge within the automobile industry. In 2006, the Company signed a five-year licensing agreement with Bishop Steering Technology Limited, a leader in automotive steering gear technology innovation which offers advanced technology for steering valves within the contract period. On December 20, 2011, the Company has extended that agreement for one year. After expiration of the licensing agreement in December 2012, the Company did not negotiate with Bishop Steering Technology Limited to renew the agreement as the Company has already developed independent R&D capabilities in steering valves. In 2003, the Company signed a Technology Transfer Agreement with Nanyang Ind. Co. Ltd., a leading steering column maker, for the technology necessary for electronic power steering (EPS) systems. In addition, the Company established with Tsinghua University a steering systems research institute to develop EPS and Electronic Hydraulic Power Steering Systems (EHPS). In December 2009, the Company, through Henglong, formed Testing Center to engage in the research and development of new products, such as EPS, integral rack and pinion power steering and high pressure power steering, to optimize current products design and to develop new, cost-saving manufacturing processes. STRATEGIC PLAN The Company’s short to medium term strategic plan is to focus on both domestic and international market expansion. To achieve this goal and higher profitability, the Company focuses on brand recognition, quality control, decreasing costs, research and development and strategic acquisitions. Set forth below are the Company’s programs: ─ Brand Recognition. Under the brands of Henglong and Jiulong, the Company offers four separate series of power steering sets and 310 models of power steering sets, steering columns, steering oil pumps and steering hoses. ─ Quality Control. The Henglong and Jiulong manufacturing facilities obtained the ISO/TS 16949 System Certification in January 2004, a well-recognized quality control system in the auto industry developed by TUVRheindland of Germany. ─ Decreasing Cost. By improving the Company’s production ability and enhancing equipment management, optimizing the process and products structure, perfecting the supplier system and cutting production cost, the Company’s goal is to achieve a more competitive profit margin. ─ Research and Development. The Company established Testing Center for the research and development of products and, by partnering with Nanyang Ind. Co. Ltd. and Tsinghua University for the development of advanced steering systems, the Company’s objective is to gain increased market share in China. International Expansion. The Company has entered into agreements with several international vehicle manufacturers and auto parts modules suppliers and carried on preliminary negotiations regarding future development projects. ─ ─ Acquisitions. The Company is exploring opportunities to create long-term growth through new ventures or acquisitions of other auto component manufacturers. The Company will seek acquisition targets that meet the following criteria: . . . companies that can be easily integrated into product manufacturing and corporate management; companies that have strong joint venture partners that would become major customers; and companies involved with power steering systems. CUSTOMERS The Company’s ten largest customers represented 73.8% of the Company’s total sales for the year ended December 31, 2012. The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s ten largest customers. Name of Major Customers Chrysler North America Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Chery Automobile Co., Ltd. Dongfeng Auto Group Co., Ltd. Baoding Great Wall Automobile Holding Co., Ltd. Shenyang Brilliance Jinbei Automobile Co., Ltd. FAW BYD Auto Co., Ltd Beiqi Foton SAIC GM Wuling Automobile Co. Total Percentage of Total Revenue In 2012 % 11.7 % 9.4 % 9.0 % 7.9 % 7.1 % 6.9 % 6.2 % 6.2 % 5.7 % 3.7 % 73.8 The Company primarily sells its products to the above-mentioned original equipment manufacturing, “OEM,” customers; it also has excellent relationships with them, including serving as their first-rank supplier and developer for product development for new models. While the Company intends to continue to focus on retaining and winning this business, it cannot ensure that it will succeed in 3 doing so. It is difficult to keep doing business with the above-mentioned OEM customers as a result of severe price competition and customers’ diversification of their supply base. The Company’s business would be materially and adversely affected if it loses one or more of these major customers. SALES AND MARKETING The Company’s sales and marketing team has 105 sales persons, which are divided into an OEM team, a sales service team and a working group dedicated to international business. These sales and marketing teams provide a constant interface with the Company’s key customers. They are located in all major vehicle producing regions to represent more effectively the Company’s customers’ interests within the Company’s organization, to promote their programs and to coordinate their strategies with the goal of enhancing overall service and satisfaction. The Company’s ability to support its customers is further enhanced by its broad presence in terms of sales offices, manufacturing facilities, engineering technology centers and joint ventures. The Company’s sales and marketing organization and activities are designed to create overall awareness and consideration of, and therefore to increase sales of, the Company’s modular systems and components. To achieve that objective, the Company organized delegations to visit the United States, Korea, India and Japan and has supplied power steering gear to Chrysler North America. Through these activities, the Company has generated potential business interest as a strong base for future development. DISTRIBUTION The Company’s distribution system covers all of China. The Company has established sales and service offices with certain significant customers to deal with matters related to such customers in a timely fashion. The Company also established distribution warehouses close to major customers to ensure timely deliveries. The Company maintains strict control over inventories. Each of these sales and service offices sends back to the Company through e-mail or fax information related to the inventory and customers’ needs. The Company guarantees product delivery in 8 hours for those customers who are located within 200 km from the Company’s distribution warehouses, and 24 hours for customers who are located outside of 200 km from the Company’s distribution warehouses. Delivery time is a very important competitive factor in terms of customer decision making, together with quality, pricing and long-term relationships. EMPLOYEES AND FACILITIES As of December 31, 2012, the Company employed approximately 3,617 persons, including approximately 2,224 by Henglong (including Testing Center formed by Henglong) and Jiulong, approximately 283 by Shenyang, approximately 27 by USAI, approximately 194 by Wuhu, approximately 401 by Jielong, approximately 374 by Hubei Henglong, approximately 10 by HL USA, approximately 99 by Chongqing Henglong and approximately 5 by Brazil Henglong. As of December 31, 2012, each of Henglong and Jiulong, Shenyang, Wuhu, Jielong, Hubei Henglong and Chongqing has a manufacturing and administration area of 278,092 square meters, 35,354 square meters, 32,000 square meters, 83,700 square meters, 99,580 square meters, 170,520 square meters and 17,188 square meters, respectively. Hubei Province, which is home to Dongfeng, one of the largest automakers in China, provides an ample supply of inexpensive but skilled labor to automotive-related industries. The annual production of one of the Company’s main products, power steering gear, was approximately 3.5 million units and 3.4 million units in 2012 and 2011, respectively. Although the production process continues to rely heavily on manual labor, the Company has invested substantially in high-level production machinery to improve capacity and production quality. Approximately $61.8 million was spent over the last three years to purchase professional-grade equipment and extend workshops, approximately 70.2% of which has been used in the production process as of December 31, 2012. RAW MATERIALS The Company purchases various manufactured components and raw materials for use in its manufacturing processes. The principal components and raw materials the Company purchases include castings, finished sub-components, aluminum, steel, fabricated metal electronic parts and molded plastic parts. The most important raw material is steel. The Company enters into purchase agreements with local suppliers. The annual purchase plans are determined at the beginning of the calendar year but are subject to revision every three months as a result of customers’ orders. A purchase order is made according to monthly production plans. This protects the Company from building up inventory when the orders from customers change. The Company’s purchases from its ten largest suppliers represented in the aggregate 24.4% of all components and raw materials it purchased for the year ended December 31, 2012, and none of them provided more than 10% of total purchases. All components and raw materials are available from numerous sources. The Company has not, in recent years, experienced any significant shortages of manufactured components or raw materials and normally does not carry inventories of these items in excess of what is reasonably required to meet its production and shipping schedules. 4 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT In 2006, the Company signed a five year consulting and licensing agreement with Bishop Steering Technology Ltd, one of the leading design firms in power steering systems. Bishop’s technology in power steering systems is currently used by carmakers such as BMW and Mercedes Benz. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company has implemented the Bishop steering valve technology into the Henglong brand R&P power steering gear. On December 20, 2011, the Company signed a one-year extension of a licensing agreement with Bishop Steering Technology Limited for steering valves technology. After expiration of the licensing agreement in December 2012, the Company did not negotiate with Bishop Steering Technology Limited to renew the agreement as the Company has already developed independent R&D capabilities in steering valves. The Company owns the Testing Center, a Hubei Provincial-Level technical center, which has been approved by the Hubei Economic Commission. The center has a staff of about 345, including 35 senior engineers, 6 foreign experts and 163 engineers, primarily focusing on steering system R&D, tests, production process improvement and new material and production methodology application. In addition, the Company has partnered with Tsinghua University to establish a steering system research center, called Tsinghua Henglong Automobile Steering Research Institute, for the purposes of R&D and experimentation for EPS. The Company believes that its engineering and technical expertise, together with its emphasis on continuing research and development, allow it to use the latest technologies, materials and processes to solve problems for its customers and to bring new, innovative products to market. The Company believes that continued research and development activities, including engineering, are critical to maintaining its pipeline of technologically advanced products. The Company has aggressively managed costs in other portions of its business in order to increase its total expenditures for research and development activities, including engineering, at approximately $14.9 million, $10.0 million and $8.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. The significant increase in 2012 is mainly due to the large expenditure in EPS R&D, because the Company believes demands for new EPS products will increase significantly in the future. In 2012, the sales of newly developed products accounted for about 13.4% of total sales. COMPETITION The automotive components industry is extremely competitive. The Company’s customers consider criteria including quality, price/cost competitiveness, system and product performance, reliability and timeliness of delivery, new product and technology development capability, excellence and flexibility in operations, degree of global and local presence, effectiveness of customer service and overall management capability. The power steering system market is fragmented in China, and the Company has seven major competitors. Of these competitors, two are Sino-foreign joint ventures while the other five are state-owned. Like many competitive industries, there is pressure on downward selling prices. The Company’s major competitors, including Shanghai ZF and First Auto FKS, “FKS,” are component suppliers to specific automobile manufacturers. Shanghai ZF is the joint venture of SAIC and ZF Germany, which is an exclusive supplier to SAIC- Volkswagen and SAIC-GM. FKS is a joint venture between First Auto Group and Japan’s Koyo Company and its main customer is FAW-Volkswagen Company. While the Chinese government limits foreign ownership of auto assemblers to 50%, there is no analogous limitation in the automotive components industry. Thus, opportunities exist for foreign component suppliers to set up factories in China. These overseas competitors employ technology that may be more advanced and may have existing relationships with global automobile assemblers, but they are generally not as competitive as the Company in China in terms of production cost and flexibility in meeting client requirements. CHINESE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY The Company is a supplier of automotive parts and most of its operations are located in China. An increase or decrease in the output and sales of Chinese vehicles could result in an increase or decrease of the Company’s results of operations. According to the latest statistics from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, “CAAM,” in 2012, the output and sales volume of vehicles in China have reached 19.72 million and 19.31 million units, respectively, an increase of 4.6% and 4.3% compared to 2011. The output and sales volume of passenger vehicles have reached 15.53 million and 15.50 million units respectively, with an increase of 7.2% and 7.1% compared to 2011. The output and sales volume of commercial vehicles have reached 3.74 million and 3.81 million units, respectively, a decrease of 4.71% and 5.49% compared to 2011. Accordingly, in 2012, the Company’s sales of steering gear for passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles increased by 3.2% and decreased by 11.5% compared with 2011, respectively. The single-digit growth of the automobile industry continued in the past two years despite the recovery of the overall economy of China in the fourth quarter of 2012 and the continued increase in the income of China’s urban and rural residents. Industry analysts expect that market growth will recover slightly in 2013. 5 Despite these challenges, management believes that the continuing development of the highway system will have a significant positive long-term impact on the manufacture and sale of private automobiles in the PRC. Statistics from the Ministry of Transport show that 87,000 kilometers of highway and 11,000 kilometers of expressway were built in 2012. Total highways and expressways in the PRC now amount to 4,142,000 kilometers and 96,000 kilometers, respectively. ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE The Company is subject to the requirements of U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S., including China’s, environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations. These include laws regulating air emissions, water discharge and waste management. The Company has an environmental management structure designed to facilitate and support its compliance with these requirements globally. Although the Company intends to comply with all such requirements and regulations, it cannot provide assurance that it is at all times in compliance. The Company has made and will continue to make capital and other expenditures to comply with environmental requirements, although such expenditures were not material during the past two years. Environmental requirements are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time. Accordingly, the Company cannot assure that environmental requirements will not change or become more stringent over time or that its eventual environmental cleanup costs and liabilities will not be material. During 2012, the Company did not make any material capital expenditures relating to environmental compliance. FINANCIAL INFORMATION AND GEOGRAPHIC AREAS Financial information about sales and long-term assets by major geographic region can be found in Note 32, “Segment Reporting” to the consolidated financial statements in this report. The following table summarizes the percentage of sales and total assets by major geographic regions: Geographic region: United States China Other foreign countries Total consolidated WEBSITE ACCESS TO SEC FILINGS Net Sales Year Ended December 31, Long-term assets As of December 31 2012 2011 2012 2011 $ $ 12.94 % $ 86.57 0.49 100.00 % $ 6.80 % $ 93.20 - 100.00 % $ 0.81 % $ 99.17 0.02 100.00 % $ 0.03 % 99.97 - 100.00 % The Company files electronically with (or furnishes to) the Securities and Exchange Commission, the “SEC,” its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company makes available free of charge on its web site (www.caasauto.com) all such reports as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy information and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is http://www.sec.gov. The materials are also available at the SEC’s Public Reference Room, located at 100 F Street N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information through the public reference room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Any investment in the Company’s securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the information contained elsewhere in this Annual Report, before you make a decision to invest in the Company. The Company’s business, financial conditions and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by many risk factors. Because of these risk factors, actual results might differ significantly from those projected in any forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, among others, the following: RISKS RELATED TO THE COMPANY’S BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY The cyclical nature of automotive production and sales could result in a reduction in automotive sales, which could adversely affect the Company’s business and results of operations. The Company’s business relies on automotive vehicle production and sales by its customers, which are highly cyclical and depend on general economic conditions and other factors, including consumer spending and preferences and the price and availability of gasoline. They also can be affected by labor relations issues, regulatory requirements and other factors. In the last two years, the price of 6 automobiles in China has generally declined. Additionally, the volume of automotive production in China has fluctuated from year to year, which gives rise to fluctuations in the demand for the Company’s products. Therefore, any significant economic decline could result in a reduction in automotive production and sales by the Company’s customers and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. Moreover, if the prices of automobiles keep declining, the selling price of automotive parts also would decrease, which would result in lower revenues and profitability. Increasing costs for manufactured components and raw materials may adversely affect the Company’s profitability. The Company uses a broad range of manufactured components and raw materials in its products, including castings, electronic components, finished sub-components, molded plastic parts, fabricated metal, aluminum and steel and resins. Because it may be difficult to pass increased prices for these items on to the Company’s customers, a significant increase in the prices of the Company’s components and materials could materially increase the Company’s operating costs and adversely affect its profit margins and profitability. Because the Company is a holding company with substantially all of its operations conducted through its subsidiaries, its performance will be affected by the performance of its subsidiaries. The Company almost has no operations independent of those of Genesis and its subsidiaries, and the Company’s principal assets are its investments in Genesis and its subsidiaries and affiliates. As a result, the Company is dependent upon the performance of Genesis and its subsidiaries and will be subject to the financial, business and other factors affecting Genesis as well as general economic and financial conditions. As substantially all of the Company’s operations are and will be conducted through its subsidiaries, the Company will be dependent on the cash flow of its subsidiaries to meet its obligations. Because virtually all of the Company’s assets are and will be held by operating subsidiaries, the claims of the Company’s stockholders will be structurally subordinate to all existing and future liabilities and obligations, and trade payables of such subsidiaries. In the event of the Company’s bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization, its assets and those of its subsidiaries will be available to satisfy the claims of the Company’s stockholders only after all of its and its subsidiaries’ liabilities and obligations have been paid in full. With the automobile parts markets being highly competitive and many of the Company’s competitors having greater resources than it does, the Company may not be able to compete successfully. system and product performance; reliability and timeliness of delivery; The automobile parts industry is a highly competitive business. The Company’s customers consider criteria including: . quality; . price/cost competitiveness; . . . new product and technology development capability; . . degree of global and local presence; . . overall management capability. excellence and flexibility in operations; effectiveness of customer service; and The Company’s competitors include independent suppliers of parts, as well as suppliers formed by spin-offs from the Company’s customers, who are becoming more aggressive in selling parts to other vehicle manufacturers. Depending on the particular product, the number of the Company’s competitors varies significantly. Many of the Company’s competitors have substantially greater revenues and financial resources than it does, as well as stronger brand names, consumer recognition, business relationships with vehicle manufacturers, and geographic presence than it has. The Company may not be able to compete favorably and increased competition may substantially harm its business, business prospects and results of operations. Internationally, the Company faces different market dynamics and competition. The Company may not be as successful as its competitors in generating revenues in international markets due to the lack of recognition of its products or other factors. Developing product recognition overseas is expensive and time-consuming and the Company’s international expansion efforts may be more costly and less profitable than it expects. If the Company is not successful in its target markets, its sales could decline, its margins could be negatively impacted and it could lose market share, any of which could materially harm the Company’s business, results of operations and profitability. Pricing pressure by automobile manufacturers on their suppliers may adversely affect the Company’s business and results of operations. Recently, pricing pressure from automobile manufacturers has been prevalent in the automotive parts industry in China. Virtually all vehicle manufacturers seek price reductions each year. Although the Company has tried to reduce costs and resist price reductions, these reductions have impacted the Company’s sales and profit margins. If the Company cannot offset continued price reductions through 7 improved operating efficiencies and reduced expenditures, price reductions will have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations. The Company’s business, revenues and profitability would be materially and adversely affected if it loses any of its large customers. For the year ended December 31, 2012, approximately 11.7% of the Company’s sales were to Chrysler North America, approximately 9.4% of the Company’s sales were to Zhejiang Geely Holding Co., Ltd., approximately 9.0% were to Chery Automobile Co., Ltd., and approximately 7.9% were to Dongfeng Auto Group Co., Ltd., the Company’s four largest customers. In total, these four largest customers accounted for 38.0% of total sales in 2012. For the year ended December 31, 2011, approximately 11.7% of the Company’s sales were to Chery Automobile Co., Ltd., approximately 9.7% were to Dongfeng Auto Group Co., Ltd, approximately 7.8% were to Zhejiang Geely Holding Co., Ltd, and approximately 6.9% were to China FAW Group Corporation, the Company’s four largest customers. In total, these four largest customers accounted for 36.1% of the total sales in 2011. The loss of, or significant reduction in purchases by, one or more of these major customers could adversely affect the Company’s business. The Company may not be able to collect receivables incurred by customers. Although the Company currently sells its products on credit, the Company’s ability to receive payment for its products depends on the continued creditworthiness of its customers. The Company’s customer base may change if its sales increase because of the Company’s expanded capacity. If the Company is not able to collect its receivables, its profitability will be adversely affected. The Company may be subject to product liability and warranty and recall claims, which may increase the costs of doing business and adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and liquidity. The Company may be exposed to product liability and warranty claims if its products actually or allegedly fail to perform as expected or the use of its products results, or is alleged to result, in bodily injury and/or property damage. The Company started to pay some of its customers’ increased after-sales service expenses due to consumer rights protection policies of “recall” issued by the Chinese government in 2004, such as the recalling flawed vehicles policy. Beginning in 2004, automobile manufacturers unilaterally required their suppliers to pay a “3-R Guarantees” service charge for repair, replacement and refund in an amount of about 2%–6% of the total amount of parts supplied. Accordingly, the Company has experienced and will continue to experience higher after sales service expenses. Product liability, warranty and recall costs may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition. The Company is subject to environmental and safety regulations, which may increase the Company’s compliance costs and may adversely affect its results of operations. The Company is subject to the requirements of environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations in China. The Company cannot provide assurance that it has been or will be at all times in full compliance with all of these requirements, or that it will not incur material costs or liabilities in connection with these requirements. Additionally, these regulations may change in a manner that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition. The capital requirements and other expenditures that may be necessary to comply with environmental requirements could increase and become a material expense of doing business. Non-performance by the Company’s suppliers may adversely affect its operations by delaying delivery or causing delivery failures, which may negatively affect demand, sales and profitability. The Company purchases various types of equipment, raw materials and manufactured component parts from its suppliers. The Company would be materially and adversely affected by the failure of its suppliers to perform as expected. The Company could experience delivery delays or failures caused by production issues or delivery of non-conforming products if its suppliers fail to perform, and it also faces these risks in the event any of its suppliers becomes insolvent or bankrupt. The Company’s business and growth may suffer if it fails to attract and retain key personnel. The Company’s ability to operate its business and implement its strategies effectively depends on the efforts of its executive officers and other key employees. The Company depends on the continued contributions of its senior management and other key personnel. The Company’s future success also depends on its ability to identify, attract and retain highly skilled technical staff, particularly engineers and other employees with mechanics and electronics expertise, and managerial, finance and marketing personnel. The Company does not maintain a key person life insurance policy on Mr. Hanlin Chen or Mr. Qizhou Wu. The loss of the services of any of the Company’s key employees or the failure to attract or retain other qualified personnel could substantially harm the Company’s business. The Company’s management controls approximately 71.46% of its outstanding common stock and may have conflicts of interest with the Company’s minority stockholders. 8 As of December 31, 2012, members of the Company’s management beneficially own approximately 71.46% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock. As a result, except for the related party transactions that require approval of the audit committee of the board of directors of the Company, these majority stockholders have control over decisions to enter into any corporate transaction, which could result in the approval of transactions that might not maximize overall stockholders’ value. Additionally, these stockholders control the election of members of the Company’s board, have the ability to appoint new members to the Company’s management team and control the outcome of matters submitted to a vote of the holders of the Company’s common stock. The interests of these majority stockholders may at times conflict with the interests of the Company’s other stockholders. The Company regularly engages in transactions with entities controlled by one or more of its officers and directors, including those controlled by Mr. Hanlin Chen, the chairman of the board of directors of the Company and its controlling stockholder. There is a limited public float of the Company’s common stock, which can result in the Company’s stock price being volatile and prevent the realization of a profit on resale of the Company’s common stock or derivative securities. There is a limited public float of the Company’s common stock. As of December 31, 2012, approximately 28.54% of the Company’s outstanding common stock is considered part of the public float. The term “public float” refers to shares freely and actively tradable on the NASDAQ Capital Market and not owned by officers, directors or affiliates, as such term is defined under the Securities Act. As a result of the limited public float and the limited trading volume on some days, the market price of the Company’s common stock can be volatile, and relatively small changes in the demand for or supply of the Company’s common stock can have a disproportionate effect on the market price for its common stock. This stock price volatility could prevent a security holder seeking to sell the Company’s common stock or derivative securities from being able to sell them at or above the price at which the stock or derivative securities were bought, or at a price which a fully liquid market would report. The Company is subject to penny stock regulations and restrictions. The SEC has adopted regulations which generally define so-called “penny stock” as an equity security that has a market price less than $5.00 per share or an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exemptions. As of December 31, 2012, the closing price for the Company’s common stock was $4.78. If the Company’s stock is a “penny stock,” it may become subject to Rule 15g-9 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Penny Stock Rule”). This rule imposes additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers that sell such securities to persons other than established customers and “accredited investors,” generally, individuals with a net worth in excess of $1.0 million or annual incomes exceeding $0.2 million, or $0.3 million together with their spouses. For transactions covered by Rule 15g-9, a broker-dealer must make a special suitability determination for the purchaser and have received the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to sale. As a result, this rule may affect the ability of broker-dealers to sell the Company’s securities and may affect the ability of purchasers to sell any of the Company’s securities in the secondary market. For any transaction involving a penny stock, unless exempt, the rules require delivery, prior to any transaction in a penny stock, of a disclosure schedule prepared by the SEC relating to the penny stock market. Disclosure also is required to be made about sales commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative and current quotations for the securities. Finally, monthly statements are required to be sent disclosing recent price information for the penny stock held in the account and information on the limited market in penny stock. There can be no assurance that the Company’s common stock will qualify for exemption from the Penny Stock Rule. In any event, even if the Company’s common stock were exempt from the Penny Stock Rule, the Company would remain subject to Section 15(b) (6) of the Exchange Act, which gives the SEC the authority to restrict any person from participating in a distribution of penny stock if the SEC finds that such a restriction would be in the public interest. Provisions in the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws and the General Corporation Law of Delaware may discourage a takeover attempt. Provisions in the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws and the General Corporation Law of Delaware, the state in which it is organized, could make it difficult for a third party to acquire the Company, even if doing so might be beneficial to the Company’s stockholders. Provisions of the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws impose various procedural and other requirements, which could make it difficult for stockholders to effect certain corporate actions and possibly prevent transactions that would maximize stockholders’ value. Litigation arising from the need to restate certain previously issued historical financial statements of the Company could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. On March 17, 2011, the Company announced that it had identified historical accounting errors relating to the accounting treatment of the Company’s convertible notes issued on February 15, 2008. The accounting errors resulted in the misstatement of certain charges since the first quarter of 2009. The Company undertook a review to determine the total amount of the errors and the accounting periods in which the errors occurred. The Company’s review was overseen by the audit committee of the board of directors of the Company, 9 the “Audit Committee”, with the assistance of management and accounting consultants engaged by management. The Audit Committee concluded on March 12, 2011 that the Company’s previously issued audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2009, and related auditors’ report, and unaudited interim consolidated financial statements as of and for the quarterly periods ended March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2010 should no longer be relied upon because of these errors in the financial statements. The Company’s board of directors agreed with the Audit Committee’s conclusions. After analyzing the size and timing of the errors, the Company determined that, in the aggregate, the errors were material. The Company restated its previously issued financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008 on June 28, 2011. On October 25, 2011, a purported securities class action (the “Securities Action”) was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on behalf of all purchasers of the Company’s securities between March 25, 2010 and March 17, 2011. On February 24, 2012, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint, changing the purported class period to between May 12, 2009 and March 17, 2011. The amended complaint alleges that the Company, certain of its present officers and directors and the Company’s former independent accounting firm violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the rules promulgated thereunder, and seeks unspecified damages. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, which was fully briefed on April 18, 2012. On August 8, 2012, the court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On September 4, 2012, the Company filed an answer to the amended complaint. On January 15, 2013, Plaintiffs filed a motion to certify the purported class. That motion is currently pending as the parties engage in discovery. The Court, on October 12, 2012, issued an order scheduling a starting date of October 25, 2013 for a trial. The Company continues to believe that the allegations in the complaint are without merit and intends to defend itself vigorously against the claims. On December 23, 2011, a purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (the “Court of Chancery”) on behalf of the Company. The complaint alleges that certain of the Company’s current officers and directors breached their fiduciary duties to the Company in relation to the Company’s accounting of convertible notes issued in February 2008. On January 25, 2012, a second purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the Court of Chancery on behalf of the Company. On February 3, 2012, the Court of Chancery consolidated the two cases, which were stayed pending the outcome of the motion to dismiss in the Securities Action. On October 23, 2012, the derivative plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint on behalf of the Company (the “Derivative Action”). The consolidated complaint alleges that certain of the Company’s current officers and directors breached their fiduciary duties to the Company in relation to the Company’s accounting of the convertible notes issued in February 2008. The consolidated complaint sets forth three causes of action for breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment and insider trading. On January 7, 2013, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Derivative Action. That motion was fully briefed on February 28, 2013, and is currently pending before the Court of Chancery. The Company believes the allegations in the shareholder suit are without merit, and intends to defend itself vigorously against the claims. The above-referenced actions do not specify an amount of damages that the plaintiffs seek. Moreover, because these matters are in early stages, the Company cannot determine whether an adverse outcome is probable, nor can it provide a reasonable estimate of potential losses related to these matters. Although the Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to each of these actions and intends to defend them vigorously, an adverse outcome in one or more of these matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and the trading price of its shares. The Company is subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The Securities and Exchange Commission, the “SEC,” as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, has adopted rules requiring public companies to include a report of management in its annual report that contains an assessment by management of the effectiveness of such company’s internal control over financial reporting. As of December 31, 2011, a material weakness was noted because the Company did not have sufficient personnel with appropriate levels of accounting knowledge and experience to address complex U.S. GAAP accounting issues and to prepare and review financial statements and related disclosures under U.S. GAAP. Specifically, the Company's controls did not operate effectively to ensure the appropriate and timely analysis of and accounting for unusual and non-routine transactions and certain financial statement accounts, including, but not limited to, accounting and disclosure for the convertible notes and accounting for deferred taxes. Accordingly, the Company’s management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2011. The Company has since implemented measures that have remediated such material weakness. The Company’s management has conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012 and concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of such date. Effective internal controls are necessary for the Company to produce reliable financial reports. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of the Company’s financial statements, which in turn could negatively impact the trading price of the Company’s shares. Furthermore, the Company may need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other requirements going forward. 10 The Company does not pay cash dividends on its common stock. The Company has never paid common stock cash dividends and does not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future. Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of the Company’s common stock. Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s best interests for the price of the stock to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a stock short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market. In the recent past, public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of short selling. Much of the scrutiny and negative publicity has centered around allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financial reporting resulting in financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result, many of these companies are now conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations and, in the interim, are subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions. It is not clear what effect such negative publicity would have on the Company, if any. If the Company were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, the Company could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend itself. While the Company would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, the Company may be constrained in the manner in which it can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming, and could distract the Company’s management from growing the Company. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against the Company could severely impact its business operations and stockholders equity, and any investment in the Company’s stock could be greatly reduced or rendered worthless. The Company’s secured credit facilities contain certain financial covenants that it may not satisfy, which, if not satisfied, could result in the acceleration of the amounts due under the Company’s secured credit facilities and the limitation of the Company’s ability to borrow additional funds in the future. The agreements governing the Company’s secured credit facilities subject it to various financial and other restrictive covenants with which the Company must comply on an ongoing or periodic basis. These covenants include, but are not limited to, restrictions on the utilization of the funds and the maintenance of certain financial ratios. If the Company violate any of these covenants, the Company’s outstanding debt under the Company’s secured credit facilities could become immediately due and payable, the Company’s lenders could proceed against any collateral securing such indebtedness and the Company’s ability to borrow additional funds in the future may be limited. Alternatively, the Company could be forced to refinance or renegotiate the terms and conditions of the Company’s secured credit facilities, including the interest rates, financial and restrictive covenants and security requirements of the secured credit facilities, on terms that may be significantly less favorable to the Company. RISKS RELATED TO DOING BUSINESS IN CHINA AND OTHER COUNTRIES BESIDES THE UNITED STATES The Company may face a severe operating environment during times of economic recession. The sales volume of the Company’s core products is largely influenced by the demand for its customers’ end products which are mostly sold in the Chinese markets. Future economic crises, either within China or without, may lead to a drastic drop in demand for the Company’s products. Inflation in China could negatively affect the Company’s profitability and growth. China’s economy has experienced rapid growth, much of it due to the issuance of debt over the last few years. This debt-fueled economic growth has led to growth in the money supply, causing rising inflation. If prices for the Company’s products rise at a rate that is insufficient to compensate for the rise in the cost of production, it may harm the Company’s profitability. In order to control inflation, the Chinese government has imposed controls on bank credit, limits on loans and other restrictions on economic activities. Such policies have led to a slowing of economic growth. Additional measures could further slow economic activity in China, which could, in turn, materially increase the Company’s costs while also reducing demand for the Company’s products. The Chinese government’s macroeconomic policies could have a negative effect on the Company’s business and results of operations. 11 The Chinese government has implemented various measures from time to time to control the rate of economic growth in the PRC. Some of these measures may have a negative effect on the Company over the short or long term. Recently, to cope with high inflation and economic imbalances, the Chinese government has tightened monetary policy and implemented floating exchange rate policy. In addition, in order to alleviate some of the effects of unbalanced growth and social discontent, the Chinese government has enacted a series of social programs and anti-inflationary measures. These, in turn, have increased the costs on the financial and manufacturing sectors, without having alleviated the effects of high inflation and economic imbalances. The Chinese government’s macroeconomic policies, even if effected properly, may significantly slow down China’s economy or cause great social unrest, all of which would have a negative effect on the Company’s business and results of operations. The economic, political and social conditions in China could affect the Company’s business. Most of the Company’s business, assets and operations are located in China. The economy of China differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. The economy of China has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the Chinese government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry by imposing industrial policies. It also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Therefore, the Chinese government’s involvement in the economy could adversely affect the Company’s business operations, results of operations and/or financial condition. Because the Company’s operations are mostly located outside of the United States and are subject to Chinese laws, any change of Chinese laws may adversely affect its business. Most of the Company’s operations are in the PRC, which exposes it to risks, such as exchange controls and currency restrictions, currency fluctuations and devaluations, changes in local economic conditions, changes in Chinese laws and regulations, exposure to possible expropriation or other PRC government actions, and unsettled political conditions. These factors may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations or on its business, results of operations and financial condition. The Company’s international expansion plans subject it to risks inherent in doing business internationally. The Company’s long-term business strategy relies on the expansion of its international sales outside China by targeting markets, such as the United States and Brazil. Risks affecting the Company’s international expansion include challenges caused by distance, language and cultural differences, conflicting and changing laws and regulations, foreign laws, international import and export legislation, trading and investment policies, foreign currency fluctuations, the burdens of complying with a wide variety of laws and regulations, protectionist laws and business practices that favor local businesses in some countries, foreign tax consequences, higher costs associated with doing business internationally, restrictions on the export or import of technology, difficulties in staffing and managing international operations, trade and tariff restrictions, and variations in tariffs, quotas, taxes and other market barriers. These risks could harm the Company’s international expansion efforts, which could in turn materially and adversely affect its business, operating results and financial condition. On September 17, 2012, the United States filed a trade case with the World Trade Organization, “WTO,” against the PRC with respect to the PRC government’s purported provision of subsidies to the automobile and automobile-parts enterprises in the PRC. If the WTO rules against China in this trade case, the cost of sales of the Company could increase due to the imposition of any tariff and/or the Company’s ability to export products to the United States could be limited, which could affect the Company’s business and operating results. In addition, under Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the SEC has adopted additional disclosure requirements related to the source of certain “conflict minerals” for issuers for which such “conflict minerals” are necessary to the functionality or production of a product manufactured, or contracted to be manufactured, by that issuer. The metals covered by the rules include tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold, commonly referred to as “3TG.” If these materials are necessary to the functionality or production of a product manufactured, or contracted to be manufactured, the rules require a reasonable country of origin inquiry be conducted to determine if an issuer knows, or has reason to believe, that any of the minerals used in the production process may have originated from the Democratic Republic of the Congo or an adjoining country. In such a case, if an issuer were not able to determine that the minerals did not originate from a covered country or conclude that there is no reason to believe that the minerals used in the production process may have originated in a covered country, that issuer could be required to perform supply chain due diligence on members of its supply chain. Global supply chains can have multiple layers, thus the costs of complying with these new requirements could be substantial. These new requirements may also reduce the number of suppliers that provide conflict-free metals, and may affect 12 a company’s ability to obtain products in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. If the Company was to source such 3TG minerals that are necessary to the functionality or production of a product manufactured, or contracted to be manufactured, compliance costs with these rules and/or the unavailability of raw materials could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. The Company faces risks associated with currency exchange rate fluctuations; any adverse fluctuation may adversely affect its operating margins. Although the Company is incorporated in the State of Delaware, in the United States, the majority of its current revenues are in Chinese currency. Conducting business in currencies other than U.S. dollars subjects the Company to fluctuations in currency exchange rates that could have a negative impact on its reported operating results. Fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies impact the Company’s revenues, cost of revenues and operating margins and result in foreign currency translation gains and losses. Historically, the Company has not engaged in exchange rate hedging activities. Although the Company may implement hedging strategies to mitigate this risk, these strategies may not eliminate its exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations and involve costs and risks of their own, such as ongoing management time and expertise requirements, external costs to implement the strategy and potential accounting implications. If relations between the United States and China worsen, the Company’s stock price may decrease and the Company may have difficulty accessing the U.S. capital markets. At various times during recent years, the United States and China have had disagreements over political and economic issues. Controversies may arise in the future between these two countries. Any political or trade controversies between the United States and China could adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock and its ability to access U.S. capital markets. The Chinese government could change its policies toward private enterprise, which could adversely affect the Company’s business. The Company’s business is subject to political and economic uncertainties in China and may be adversely affected by China’s political, economic and social developments. Over the past several years, the Chinese government has pursued economic reform policies including the encouragement of private economic activity and greater economic decentralization. The Chinese government may not continue to pursue these policies or may alter them to the Company’s detriment from time to time. Changes in policies, laws and regulations, or in their interpretation or the imposition of confiscatory taxation, restrictions on currency conversion, restrictions or prohibitions on dividend payments to stockholders, devaluations of currency or the nationalization or other expropriation of private enterprises could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business. Nationalization or expropriation could result in the total loss of the Company’s investment in China. Government control of currency conversion and future movements in exchange rates may adversely affect the Company’s operations and financial results. The Company receives most of its revenues in Chinese Renminbi (RMB). A portion of such revenues will be converted into other currencies to meet the Company’s foreign currency obligations. Foreign exchange transactions under the Company’s capital account, including principal payments in respect of foreign currency-denominated obligations, continue to be subject to significant foreign exchange controls and require the approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in China. These limitations could affect the Company’s ability to obtain foreign exchange through debt or equity financing, or to obtain foreign exchange for capital expenditures. The Chinese government controls its foreign currency reserves through restrictions on imports and conversion of RMB into foreign currency. In July 2005, the Chinese government has adjusted its exchange rate policy from “Fixed Rate” to “Floating Rate.” From July 2005 to December 2012, the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar appreciated from RMB1.00 to US$0.1205 to RMB 1.00 to US$0.1591. The Company believes that this significant appreciation will continue for the near future. Significant appreciation of the RMB is likely to decrease the income of export products and decrease the Company’s cash flow. Because the Chinese legal system is not fully developed, the Company and its security holders’ legal protections may be limited. The Chinese legal system is based on written statutes and their interpretation by the Supreme People’s Court. Although the Chinese government introduced new laws and regulations to modernize its business, securities and tax systems on January 1, 1994, China does not yet possess a comprehensive body of business law. Because Chinese laws and regulations are relatively new, interpretation, implementation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties and inconsistencies and it may be difficult to enforce contracts. In addition, as the Chinese legal system develops, changes in such laws and regulations, their interpretation or their enforcement may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business operations. Moreover, interpretative case law does not have the same precedential value in China as in the United States, so legal compliance in China may be more difficult or expensive. It may be difficult to serve the Company with legal process or enforce judgments against its management or the Company. 13 Most of the Company’s assets are located in China and twelve of its directors and officers are non-residents of the United States, and all or substantial portions of the assets of such non-residents are located outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible to effect service of process within the United States upon such persons to originate an action in the United States. Moreover, there is uncertainty that the courts of China would enforce judgments of U.S. courts against the Company, its directors or officers based on the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state, or an original action brought in China based upon the securities laws of the United States or any state. The Company may be subject to fines and legal sanctions imposed by State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) or other Chinese government authorities if it or its Chinese directors or employees fail to comply with recent Chinese regulations relating to employee share options or shares granted by offshore listed companies to Chinese domestic individuals. On December 25, 2006, the People’s Bank of China, or PBOC, issued the Administration Measures on Individual Foreign Exchange Control, and the corresponding Implementation Rules were issued by SAFE on January 5, 2007. Both of these regulations became effective on February 1, 2007. According to these regulations, all foreign exchange matters relating to employee stock holding plans, share option plans or similar plans with Chinese domestic individuals’ participation require approval from the SAFE or its authorized branch. On March 28, 2007, the SAFE issued the Application Procedure of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Holding Plan or Stock Option Plan of Overseas-Listed Company, or the Stock Option Rule. Under the Stock Option Rule, Chinese domestic individuals who are granted share options or shares by an offshore listed company are required, through a Chinese agent or Chinese subsidiary of the offshore listed company, to register with the SAFE and complete certain other procedures. As the Company is an offshore listed company, its Chinese domestic directors and employees who may be granted share options or shares shall become subject to the Stock Option Rule. Under the Stock Option Rule, employees stock holding plans, share option plans or similar plans of offshore listed companies with Chinese domestic individuals’ participation must be filed with the SAFE. After the Chinese domestic directors or employees exercise their options, they must apply for the amendment to the registration with the SAFE. As of December 31, 2012, the Company has completed such SAFE registration and other related procedures according to PRC law. If the Company or its Chinese domestic directors or employees fail to comply with these regulations in the future, the Company or its Chinese domestic directors or employees may be subject to fines or other legal sanctions imposed by the SAFE or other Chinese government authorities. Capital outflow policies in China may hamper the Company’s ability to declare and pay dividends to its stockholders. China has adopted currency and capital transfer regulations. These regulations may require the Company to comply with complex regulations for the movement of capital. Although the Company’s management believes that it will be in compliance with these regulations, should these regulations or the interpretation of them by courts or regulatory agencies change, the Company may not be able to pay dividends to its stockholders outside of China. In addition, under current Chinese law, the Company’s joint-ventures and wholly-owned enterprise in China must retain a reserve equal to 10% of its net income after taxes, not to exceed 50% of its registered capital. Accordingly, this reserve will not be available to be distributed as dividends to the Company’s stockholders. The Company presently does not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. The Company’s board of directors intends to follow a policy of retaining all of its earnings to finance the development and execution of its strategy and the expansion of its business. Registered public accounting firms in China, including the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, are not inspected by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, which deprives the Company and its investors of the benefits of such inspection. Auditors of companies whose shares are registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and traded publicly in the United States, including the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, must be registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) and are required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess their compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards applicable to auditors. The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm is located in, and organized under the laws of, the PRC, which is a jurisdiction where the PCAOB, notwithstanding the requirements of U.S. law, is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, which approval has not been granted for auditors such as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm. This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, the Company and investors in its common stock are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in the Company’s stock to lose confidence in its audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of its financial statements. Proceedings instituted recently by the SEC against five PRC-based accounting firms, including the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 14 In December 2012, the SEC instituted proceedings under Rule 102(e)(1)(iii) of the SEC’s Rules of Practice against five PRC- based accounting firms, including the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, alleging that these firms had violated U.S. securities laws and the SEC’s rules and regulations thereunder by failing to provide to the SEC the firms’ work papers related to their audits of certain PRC-based companies that are publicly traded in the United States. Rule 102(e)(1)(iii) grants to the SEC the authority to deny to any person, temporarily or permanently, the ability to practice before the SEC who is found by the SEC, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, to have willfully violated any such laws or rules and regulations. While the Company cannot predict the outcome of the SEC’s proceedings, if the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm were denied, temporarily or permanently, the ability to practice before the SEC, and the Company is unable to find timely another independent registered public accounting firm which can audit and issue a report on its financial statements, the Company’s financial statements could be determined to not be in compliance with the requirements for financial statements of public companies with a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of the Company’s common stock from the NASDAQ Global Select Market, which event would effectively terminate the trading market for the Company’s common stock in the United States, and/or to the SEC’s revoking the registration of the Company’s common stock under the Exchange Act pursuant to Section 12(j) thereof, in which event broker-dealers thereafter would be prohibited from effecting transactions in, or inducing the purchase or sale of, our common stock in the United States. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS Not Applicable. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES The Company’s headquarters are located at No. 1 Henglong Road, Yu Qiao Development Zone, Shashi District, Jing Zhou City Hubei Province, PRC. Set forth below are the manufacturing facilities operated by each joint venture. The Company has forty-five to fifty years long-term rights to use the lands and buildings (in thousands of USD, except for references to area in square meters). Name of Entity Product Total Area (sq.m.) Building Area (sq.m.) Original Cost of Equipment Site Henglong Automotive Parts Jiulong Shenyang Chongqing Jielong USAI Hubei Henglong Wuhu Total Power Steering Gear Automotive Steering Gear Steering Pumps Electric Power Steering Sensor Modular Automotive Steering Gear Automotive Steering Gear 225,221 13,393 20,226 $ 13,707 $ 39,478 23,728 $ 35,354 5,625 $ 17,188 10,413 $ 42,081 Jingzhou City, Hubei Province - Wuhan City, Hubei Province 34,372 5,688 1,678 Jingzhou City, Hubei Province Shenyang City, Liaoning Province Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province - - - $ - $ 3,750 Wuhan City, Hubei Province 962 Wuhan City, Hubei Province 170,520 39,920 $ 83,705 584,859 15,273 $ 128,892 $ 13,663 Jingzhou City, Hubei Province 4,437 Wuhu City, Anhui Province 106,631 The Company is not involved in investments in (i) real estate or interests in real estate, (ii) real estate mortgages, and (iii) securities of or interests in persons primarily engaged in real estate activities, as all of its land rights are used for production purposes. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Securities Action - Southern District of New York. On October 25, 2011, a purported securities class action (the “Securities Action”) was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on behalf of all purchasers of the Company’s securities between March 25, 2010 and March 17, 2011. On February 24, 2012, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint, changing the purported class period to between May 12, 2009 and March 17, 2011. The amended complaint alleges that the Company, certain of its present officers and directors and the Company’s former independent accounting firm violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the rules promulgated thereunder, and seeks unspecified damages. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, which was fully briefed on April 18, 2012. On August 8, 2012, the court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On September 4, 2012, the Company filed an answer to the amended complaint. On January 15, 2013, Plaintiffs filed a motion to certify the purported class. That motion is currently pending as the parties engage in discovery. The Court, 15 on October 12, 2012, issued an order scheduling a starting date of October 25, 2013 for a trial. The Company continues to believe that the allegations in the complaint are without merit and intends to defend itself vigorously against the claims. Derivative Action - Delaware Chancery Court. On December 23, 2011, a purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (the “Court of Chancery”) on behalf of the Company. The complaint alleges that certain of the Company’s current officers and directors breached their fiduciary duties to the Company in relation to the Company’s accounting of convertible notes issued in February 2008. On January 25, 2012, a second purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the Court of Chancery on behalf of the Company. On February 3, 2012, the Court of Chancery consolidated the two cases, which were stayed pending the outcome of the motion to dismiss in the Securities Action. On October 23, 2012, the derivative plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint on behalf of the Company (the “Derivative Action”). The consolidated complaint alleges that certain of the Company’s current officers and directors breached their fiduciary duties to the Company in relation to the Company’s accounting of the convertible notes issued in February 2008. The consolidated complaint sets forth three causes of action for breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment and insider trading. On January 7, 2013, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Derivative Action. That motion was fully briefed on February 28, 2013, and is currently pending before the Court of Chancery. The Company believes the allegations in the shareholder suit are without merit, and intends to defend itself vigorously against the claims. The above-referenced actions do not specify an amount of damages that the plaintiffs seek. Moreover, because these matters are in early stages, the Company cannot determine whether an adverse outcome is probable, nor can it provide a reasonable estimate of potential losses related to these matters. Although the Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to each of these actions and intends to defend them vigorously, an adverse outcome in one or more of these matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. Other than the above, the Company is not a party to any pending or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any threatened legal proceedings. In addition, no director, officer or affiliate of the Company, or owner of record of more than five percent of the securities of the Company, or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to the Company or has a material interest adverse to the Company in reference to pending litigation. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOURES Not applicable. PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES. MARKET PRICES OF COMMON STOCK The Company’s common stock has been traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “CAAS.” The high and low bid intra-day prices of the common stock in 2012 and 2011 were reported on NASDAQ for the time periods indicated on the table below. Accordingly, the table below contains the high and low bid closing prices of the common stock as reported on the NASDAQ for the time periods indicated. First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter STOCKHOLDERS Price Range 2012 2011 High Low High Low $ $ $ $ 7.41 $ 7.18 $ 4.40 $ 5.29 $ 3.52 $ 3.80 $ 3.59 $ 3.88 $ 15.02 $ 11.59 $ 9.29 $ 5.65 $ 7.40 6.30 4.03 3.23 The Company’s common shares are issued in registered form. Securities Transfer Corporation in Frisco, Texas is the registrar and transfer agent for the Company’s common stock. As of December 31, 2012, there were 28,043,019 shares of the Company’s common stock (excluding 217,283 shares of the Company’s treasury stock) issued and outstanding and the Company had approximately 57 stockholders of record. DIVIDENDS 16 The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its common stock and it does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company currently intends to retain future earnings, if any, to finance operations and the expansion of its business. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors and will be based upon the Company’s financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, plans for expansion, restrictions imposed by any financing arrangements and any other factors that the Company’s board of directors deems relevant. SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS The securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans at December 31, 2012 are as follows: Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Plan category Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options 8.22 Number of securities remaining available for future issuance 1,698,650 2,200,000 $ The stock option plan was approved at the 2004 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and the maximum common shares for issuance under this plan are 2,200,000 with a term of 10 years. ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA Not Applicable. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto and other financial information contained elsewhere in this report. This information excludes Zhejiang as discontinued operations (see Note 26 to the consolidated financial statements in this report) unless otherwise noted. GENERAL OVERVIEW China Automotive Systems, Inc., including, when the context so requires, its subsidiaries and the subsidiaries’ interests in the Sino-foreign joint ventures described below, is referred to herein as the “Company.” The Company, through its Sino-foreign joint ventures, engages in the manufacture and sales of automotive systems and components in the People’s Republic of China, the “PRC” or “China.” Genesis, a company incorporated on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong as a limited liability company, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” which was incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after sales service and research and development support accordingly. Furthermore, the Company owns the following aggregate net interests in the following wholly-owned subsidiaries and joint ventures organized in the PRC as of December 31, 2012 and 2011. Name of Entity Henglong Jiulong Shenyang Zhejiang (1) USAI Wuhu Jielong Hubei Henglong (2) Testing Center Beijing Henglong Chongqing Henglong ( 3) Brazil Henglong ( 4) Aggregate Net Interest December 31, 2012 December 31, 2011 80.00 % 81.00 % 70.00 % - % 83.34 % 77.33 % 85.00 % 100.00 % 80.00 % 50.00 % 70.00 % 80.00 % 80.00 % 81.00 % 70.00 % 51.00 % 83.34 % 77.33 % 85.00 % 100.00 % 80.00 % 50.00 % - % - % (1) Zhejiang was established in 2002 and mainly engaged in the production and sales of power steering pumps. The Company sold its 51% equity interest in Zhejiang on May 21, 2012. Please refer to Note 26 to the consolidated financial statements in this report. 17 (2) On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong (formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd, its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. The registered capital of Hubei Henglong at the time of establishment was $10 million. On February 10, 2010, the registered capital of Hubei Henglong was increased to $16.0 million. On October 12, 2011, the board of directors of the Company approved a reorganization of the Company’s subsidiaries operating in China. As a result of the reorganization, all of Genesis’s equity interests of its subsidiaries operating in China, except for Shenyang and Zhejiang, were transferred to Hubei Henglong, the Company’s new China-based holding company. The reorganization was completed on January 19, 2012, subsequent to which the registered capital of Hubei Henglong was increased to $39.0 million. As the reorganized entities were under common control of the Company, the reorganization did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations and should not impact the tax treatment of the Company or its subsidiaries in any material respect. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. (3) On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts. The new joint venture is located in Chongqing City and has a registered capital of RMB60.0 million, of which RMB42.0 million, or 70%, is held by Hubei Henglong. The registered capital of Chongqing Henglong was fully contributed by Hubei Henglong in cash of $6.7 million (equivalent to RMB42.0 million) in January and February 2012 and by SAIC-IVECO in property, plant and equipment with a fair value of $2.8 million (equivalent to RMB18.0 million) in April 2012. (4) On August 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong established a joint venture company with two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. The joint-venture company is called CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong.” Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. The new joint venture is located in Brazil and has a registered capital of $1.0 million (equivalent to BLR1.6 million), of which $0.8 million (equivalent to BLR1.3 million), or 80%, is held by Hubei Henglong, and of which $0.2 million (equivalent to BLR0.3 million), or 20%, is held by Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove. As of December 31, 2012, Hubei Henglong and Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove have completed their capital contributions. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS 2012 VERSUS 2011 COMPARATIVE The Company disposed of its 51% equity interest in Zhejiang in May 2012. Pursuant to ASC Topic 205-20, the business of Zhejiang is considered as discontinued operations. Previously reported consolidated statements of operations for 2011 presented have been adjusted to reflect the discontinued operations. Please refer to Note 26 to the consolidated financial statements in this report. Net Sales and Cost of Sales For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, net sales and cost of sales are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Net Sales Cost of sales Henglong Jiulong Shenyang Wuhu Hubei Henglong Other Sectors Eliminations Total 2011 2012 $ 187,051 $ 196,297 $ 69,518 30,290 35,271 71,120 31,068 30,687 40,962 47,202 (72,085 ) 22,313 43,358 (67,199 ) $ 336,005 $ 329,848 $ Change 2012 2011 Change (9,246 ) 1,602 778 (4,584 ) 18,649 3,844 (4,886 ) 6,157 -4.7 % $ 147,737 $ 154,856 $ 60,387 2.3 26,239 2.6 33,531 -13.0 63,450 27,295 28,818 (7,119 ) 3,063 1,056 (4,713 ) 17,656 83.6 41,730 8.9 7.3 (67,917 ) 1.9 % $ 275,254 $ 266,482 $ 35,445 43,356 (70,847 ) 17,789 1,626 (2,930 ) 8,772 -4.6 % 5.1 4.0 -14.1 100.8 3.9 4.3 3.3 % Net Sales Net sales were $336.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $329.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing an increase of $6.2 million, or 1.9%. The increase was mainly due to the increased sales of newly developed products to North America and the continuing growth of automotive market demand in China. The main market for the Company’s products is China. The Chinese government issued an incentive policy relating to purchase of low-emission cars and fuel-efficient cars in May 2012. Encouraged by such incentive policy, the sales volume of passenger vehicles in the China market increased by 7.1% in 2012 as compared to 2011. However, the Company’s sales volume of steering gear for 18 passenger vehicles only increased by 3.2% as compared to 2011. The gap in the rate of increase was mainly because the increase of sales of passenger vehicles in the China market was mostly due to the sale of cars by Sino-foreign joint brands, while the Company’s sales were mainly due to from the sale of cars by local Chinese brand. Further, in 2012, the Chinese government implemented macro-control policies on infrastructure industries, and real estate, which led to a decrease of 5.5% in the sales of commercial vehicles in China as compared to 2011. The Company’s sales of steering gears for commercial vehicles, one of the main products of the Company, decreased by 11.5%, because the Company’s sales were mostly attributable to the sale of steering gears for heavy duty vehicles, which are affected more seriously by the macro-control policies. Under the pressure of over-production, the competition among various auto sellers and manufacturers in China has intensified, which resulted in a decrease in the sale price of cars by 2% in China in 2012. The decrease of sale price for single-brands’ cars was even more significant than joint-brand’s cars. In order to preserve the market share of the Company among its single-brands’ cars customers, the Company correspondingly lowered the sale price of its main products, the steering gears. In summary, the Company had an increase in sales volume leading to a sales increase of $29.8 million, a decrease in selling price leading to a sales decrease of $30.8 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulted in a sales increase of $7.2 million. Further analysis is as follows: ─ Net sales for Henglong were $187.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $196.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing a decrease of $9.2 million, or 4.7%, which was mainly due to an increase in sales volume with a sales increase of $19.3 million brought about by an increase in purchases of the Company’s products by the joint-brands auto companies and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a sales increase of $3.6 million, offset by a decrease in selling prices, which led to a sales decrease of $32.1 million. ─ Net sales for Jiulong were $71.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $69.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing an increase of $1.6 million, or 2.3%, which was mainly due to an increase in sales volume with a sales increase of $2.2 million due to an increase in the demand for commercial vehicles in the Chinese market and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, which led to a sales increase of $1.3 million, which was offset by a decrease in selling prices, which led to a sales decrease of $1.9 million. ─ Net sales for Shenyang were $31.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $30.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing an increase of $0.8 million, or 2.6%. The net sales increase was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes with a sales increase of $3.5 million, the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, which led to a sales increase of $0.5 million, and a decrease in selling price which led to a sales decrease of $3.2 million. ─ Net sales for Wuhu were $30.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $35.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing a decrease of $4.6 million, or 13.0%. Since the majority of the products of Wuhu were sold to local Chinese brand auto distributors, the decreasing demand for local Chinese brand autos from end customers due to the aggressive pricing strategy adopted by Sino-foreign joint venture brands auto manufacturers led to the decrease in sales volumes and prices for Wuhu's products. There was a decrease in sales volumes with a sales decrease of $1.4 million, a decrease in selling prices, which led to a sales decrease of $3.8 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, which led to a sales increase of $0.6 million. ─ Net sales for Hubei Henglong were $41.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $22.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing an increase of $18.7 million, or 83.6%. All of Hubei Henglong’s products were sold to the United States. The net sales increase was mainly due to sales of the newly developed products to a United States customer. An increase in sales volumes led to a sales increase of $11.8 million, an increase in selling prices, which led to a sales increase of $6.5 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, which led to a sales increase of $0.4 million. ─ Net sales for Other Sectors were $47.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $43.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing an increase of $3.8 million or 8.9%. In March, 2012, the Company introduced new steering products to the auto market to replace some of its old products. As the introduction of these new products was still at a very early stage, the total sales volume of Other Sectors in 2012 declined compared to the year ended December 31, 2011. The decrease in sales volume led to a decrease in sales by $0.6 million, an increase in selling prices resulting from the sale of newly developed steering gear models that have a higher selling price than those of older models, which resulted in a sales increase of $3.6 million and the appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, which led to a sales increase of $0.8 million. Cost of Sales 19 For the year ended December 31, 2012, the cost of sales was $275.3 million, compared with $266.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, an increase of $8.8 million, or 3.3%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to a net increase in sales volumes with a cost of sales increase of $30.2 million, a decrease in unit cost with a cost of sales decrease of $27.5 million and the appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar with a cost of sales increase of $6.1 million. The decrease in the unit cost of sales was primarily due to a decrease in the costs of raw materials, such as steel. Further analysis is as follows: ─ Cost of sales for Henglong was $147.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $154.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing a decrease of $7.1 million, or 4.6%. The decrease in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $21.1 million, the adoption of technical innovations in production processes in 2012 and a decrease in unit material costs leading to a cost of sales decrease of $31.0 million, which were offset by the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar with a cost of sales increase of $2.8 million. ─ Cost of sales for Jiulong was $63.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $60.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing an increase of $3.1 million, or 5.1%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $3.7 million, a decrease in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $1.7 million and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales increase of $1.1 million. ─ Cost of sales for Shenyang was $27.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $26.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing an increase of $1.1 million, or 4.0%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $3.5 million, a decrease in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $2.9 million and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales increase of $0.5 million. ─ Cost of sales for Wuhu was $28.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $33.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing a decrease of $4.7 million, or 14.1%. The decrease in cost of sales was mainly due to a decrease in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $2.0 million and a decrease in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $3.3 million, which were offset by the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales increase of $0.6 million. ─ Cost of sales for Hubei Henglong was $35.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $17.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing an increase of $17.8 million, or 100.8%. The net increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $9.1 million, an increase in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales increase of $8.4 million and the appreciation of the RMB against U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales increase of $0.3 million. ─ Cost of sales for Other Sectors was $43.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $41.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing an increase of $1.6 million, or 3.9%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in cost of supplies for production resulting in a cost of sales increase of $3.0 million, the appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales increase of $0.8 million, and a decrease in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $2.2 million. Other Sectors are mainly engaged in the production of electrical power steering, “EPS,” and, given that the Company’s market share of EPS sales in the PRC market is relatively low and the Company has not yet reached a production level which meets the economies of scale, the Company could not purchase relevant materials from suppliers with a lower price. Gross margin was 18.1% for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing a 1.1% decrease from 19.2% for the year ended December 31, 2011, which was primarily due to a decrease in the average selling price and an increase in sales volumes of low gross margin products. Gain On Other Sales Gain on other sales mainly consisted of net amount retained from sales of materials and scraps. For the year ended December 31, 2012, gain on other sales amounted to $4.4 million, while it amounted to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. The increase of $2.8 million, or 201.3%, was mainly due to an increase in sales of materials, properties, plants and equipment. For the year ended December 31, 2012, gain on sales of materials and scrap iron and aluminum scraps amounted to $3.5 million, gain on disposal of properties, plants and equipment amounted to $0.9 million, while the amounts were $1.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2011. Selling Expenses For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, selling expenses are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): 20  Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 Salaries and wages Office expense Transportation expense Rent expense Other expense Total $ $ 2,496 $ 1,574 4,253 1,030 204 9,557 $ Increase/(Decrease) Percentage 253 123 97 -144 5 334 11.3 % 8.5 2.3 -12.3 2.5 3.6 % 2,243 $ 1,451 4,156 1,174 199 9,223 $ Selling expenses were $9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. As compared to $9.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, there was an increase of $0.3 million, or 3.6%, which was mainly due to: . . an increase in salaries and wages and office expenses (including office supplies, travel expenses and meeting expenses), as a result of an increase in marketing activities; and a decrease in rent expense due to optimization of commercial networks, which led to decreases in the amount of product warehouse rental space. General and Administrative Expenses For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, general and administrative expenses are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Salaries and wages Labor insurance expenses Maintenance and repair expenses Property and other taxes Provision/(recovery) for bad debts Office expense Depreciation and amortization expense Listing expenses (1) Others expenses Total Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 $ $ 4,559 $ 1,549 727 1,259 74 1,270 939 2,299 260 12,936 $ -9.2 % Increase/(Decrease) Percentage (463 ) (1,355 ) (366 ) (175 ) 152 (250 ) 96 (72 ) (150 ) (2,583 ) -46.7 -33.5 -12.2 -194.9 -16.4 11.4 -3.0 -36.6 -16.6 % 5,022 $ 2,904 1,093 1,434 (78 ) 1,520 843 2,371 410 15,519 $ (1) Listing expenses consisted of the costs associated with legal, accounting and auditing fees for operating a public company. The expenses also included share-based compensation expense for options granted to members of the audit committee. General and administrative expenses were $12.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $15.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing a decrease of $2.6 million, or 16.6%. The analysis of expense items with significant fluctuation is as follows: . For the year ended December 31, 2012, there was a decrease in salaries and wages and labor insurance expenses, mainly because the Company paid lower performance bonuses to management as the Company did not achieve the performance targets as pre-determined by the board of directors. . There was decrease in maintenance and repair expenses in 2012, which was mainly due to the decrease in repair and maintenance projects on the Company’s office facilities in 2012, while in 2011 the Company had more office repair and maintenance projects. . There was a decrease in office expense which was mainly due to the Company’s efforts to control its daily spending. . There was an increase of depreciation and amortization expense, which was mainly due to the increase in the number of land and buildings, office equipment and software as a result of operation expansion. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses, “R & D” expenses, were $14.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. As compared to $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, there was an increase of $5.9 million, or 65.5%, which was mainly due to the development and trial production of EPS. Expenses for mold improvement increased by $2.8 million, external technical support fees decreased by $0.8 million, the salaries and wages expenses of research and development related staff increased by $2.5 million and other development expenses increased by $0.2 million. 21 The global automotive parts industry is highly competitive; winning and maintaining new business requires suppliers to rapidly produce new and innovative products on a cost-competitive basis. In 2012, foreign OEMs significantly increased their demand for EPS, but the related technology in China was still in the research and development and testing stage. In order to expand into the market for EPS, the Company increased its investment in the research and development of EPS in 2012, including assigning the Company’s senior technicians and advanced manufacturing equipment to EPS, establishing the EPS trail-production department, hiring technologists and purchasing advanced technology and testing equipment. At present, the Company has developed several types of EPSs suitable for small-engine cars, and has sold certain quantities of EPS. Income from Operations Income from operations was $27.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. As compared to $31.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, there was a decrease of $3.3 million, or 10.6%, which mainly consisted of a decrease of $2.6 million, or 4.0%, in gross profit, an increase of $2.9 million, or 194.0%, in gain on other sales (such as raw materials and property, plant and equipment sales) and an increase in operating expenses of $3.6 million, or 10.8%. Other Income, Net Other income was $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. As compared to $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, there was an increase of $0.3 million, or 150.0%, primarily as a result of an increase in the unspecific purpose subsidies being recognized in 2012. The Company’s government subsidies consisted of specific subsidies and other subsidies. Specific subsidies are the subsidies that the Chinese government has specified its purpose for, such as product development and renewal of production facilities. Other subsidies are the subsidies that the Chinese government has not specified its purpose for and are not tied to future trends or performance of the Company; receipt of such subsidy income is not contingent upon any further actions or performance of the Company and the amounts do not have to be refunded under any circumstances. The Company recorded specific purpose subsidies as advances payable when received. For specific purpose subsidies, upon government acceptance of the related project development or asset acquisition, the specific purpose subsidies will be recognized to reduce related R &D expenses or cost of asset acquisition. The unspecific purpose subsidies are recognized as other income upon receipt as future performance by the Company is not required. Financial Expenses Financial expenses were $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. As compared to financial expenses of $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, there was a decrease of $1.8 million, or 45.2%, primarily as a result of: (a) the redemption of convertible notes which led to a decrease in interest expenses of convertible notes by $2.1 million; (b) an increase in credit lines which led to an increase in interest expense and handling charges by $1.6 million; and (c) an increase in interest income and a decrease in foreign exchange loss of $1.3 million. Gain (Loss) on Change in Fair Value of Derivatives During the year ended December 31, 2012, the loss on change in fair value of the derivatives embedded in the convertible notes was $0.5 million. As compared to $21.0 million gain for the year ended December 31, 2011, there was a decrease of $21.5 million. The derivative liability was marked to market each period. The Company’s stock price rose to $3.82 on May 25, 2012, the redemption date of all the convertible notes by the Company, “Redemption Date,” from $3.30 at the beginning of 2012. Thus, the intrinsic value of the embedded conversion feature in financial instruments increased, which led to an increase in the fair value of compound derivative liabilities. This resulted in a loss on change in fair value of derivatives for the year ended December 31, 2012 (see Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements in this report). Gain on Convertible Notes Conversion No convertible note was converted in 2012, while in the year ended December 31, 2011, the Company recognized a gain of $1.6 million for the convertible notes conversion that occurred in March 2011. Gain on Redemption of Convertible Notes On the Redemption Date, the Company redeemed all convertible notes issued to Lehman Brothers Commercial Corporation Asia Limited, “LBCCA Liquidator.” The Company recorded a gain of $1.4 million for the redemption of the convertible notes, whereas there was no convertible note redeemed in 2011 (see Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements in this report). Income before Income Tax Expenses and Equity in Earnings of Affiliated Companies 22 Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies was $27.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. Compared with $49.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, there was a decrease of $22.8 million, or 45.7%, including a decrease in income from operations of $3.3 million, an increase in gain on other income of $0.3 million, a decrease in financial expense of $1.8 million, a decrease in gain on change in fair value of derivative of $21.4 million, a decrease in gain on convertible notes conversion of $1.6 million and an increase in gain on redemption of convertible notes of $1.4 million. Income Taxes Income tax expense was $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing an increase of $0.3 million, or 6.3%, which was mainly due to an increase in effective tax rate. The effective tax rate increased from 8.3% for the year ended December 31, 2011 to 16.2% for the year ended December 31, 2012, primarily because the gain on changes in fair value of derivatives of $21.0 million, which was recognized in 2011, was not taxable. Income from Continuing Operations Income from continuing operations was $22.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $45.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, a decrease of $23.1 million, or 50.2%. Income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2011 was higher mainly due to the one-time gain on changes in fair value of derivatives of $21.0 million that was recognized in 2011. The equity in earnings of affiliated companies was consistent with the prior years. Discontinued Operations The Company sold its 51% equity interest in Zhejiang in May 2012 (see Note 26 to the consolidated financial statements in this report). The net income from discontinued operations was $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, which included a gain on such disposal of $2.5 million (after tax) and the net operational income of $0.2 million. For the year ended December 31, 2011, net income from discontinued operations was $2.0 million. Net Income Net income was $25.5 million for the year ended 31, 2012, compared with net income of $47.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, a decrease of $22.4 million, or 46.8%, mainly due to a decrease in income from continuing operations of $23.1 million offset by an increase in income from discontinued operations of $0.7 million. Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests The Company recorded net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $7.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, a decrease of $2.4 million, or 33.8%. Taking into account the Zhejiang Sale, the Company owns different equity interests in ten non-wholly owned subsidiaries established in the PRC and Brazil, through which it conducts its operations. Except for Beijing Henglong, which is accounted for under the equity method, all of the operating results of these non-wholly owned subsidiaries were consolidated in the Company’s financial statements as of December 31, 2012 and 2011. For the year ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company recorded $4.7 million and $7.1 million, respectively, for the noncontrolling interests’ share in the earnings of the consolidated non-wholly owned subsidiaries. Net Income Attributable to Parent Company Net income attributable to parent company was $20.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. As compared to $40.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, there was a decrease of $20.0 million, due to a decrease in net income of $22.4 million, offset by a decrease in net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $2.4 million. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Capital Resources and Use of Cash The Company has historically financed its liquidity requirements from a variety of sources, including short-term borrowings under bank credit agreements, bankers’ acceptances, issuances of capital stock and notes and internally generated cash. As of December 31, 2012, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $87.6 million, compared with $73.0 million as of December 31, 2011, an increase of $14.6 million, or 20.0%. The Company had working capital of $138.7 million as of December 31, 2012, compared with $147.8 million as of December 31, 2011, representing a decrease of $9.1 million, or 6.2%. According to the terms of the convertible notes, convertible notes payable, compound derivative liabilities and accrued make-whole redemption interest expense for the convertible notes were recorded as non- 23 current liabilities as of December 31, 2011. On the Redemption Date, the Company redeemed all the convertible notes, including principal, coupon interest and make-whole amount payable, and an increased short-term bank loan of $32.2 million (see Notes 10, 12, 13 and 15 to the consolidated financial statements in this report). The working capital of the Company therefore decreased. The Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the funds in subsidiaries established in the PRC. The Company believes that, in view of its current cash position as of December 31, 2012, the cash expected to be generated from the operations and funds available from bank borrowings will be sufficient to meet its working capital and capital expenditure requirements (including the repayment of bank loans) for at least twelve months commencing from December 31, 2012. Capital Source The Company’s capital source is multifaceted, such as bank loans and banker’s acceptance facilities. In financing activities and operating activities, the Company’s banks require the Company to sign line of credit agreements and repay such facilities within one year. On the condition that the Company can provide adequate mortgage security and has not violated the terms of the line of credit agreement, such one year facilities can be extended for another year. As of December 31, 2012, the Company had short-term bank loans of $40.3 million (see Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements in this report), and bankers’ acceptances of $67.3 million (see Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements in this report). The Company currently expects to be able to obtain similar bank loans (i.e., RMB loans) and bankers’ acceptance facilities in the future if it can provide adequate mortgage security following the termination of the above-mentioned agreements (see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information). If the Company is not able to do so, it will have to refinance such debt as it becomes due or repay that debt to the extent it has cash available from operations or from the proceeds of additional issuances of capital stock. Owing to depreciation, the value of the mortgages securing the above-mentioned bank loans and banker's acceptances will be devalued by approximately $14.6 million over the next 12 months. If the Company wishes to obtain the same amount of bank loans and banker's acceptances, it will have to provide $14.6 million additional mortgages as of the maturity date of such agreements (see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information). The Company can still obtain a reduced line of credit with a reduction of $8.2 million, which is 56.4% (the mortgage rates) of $14.6 million, if it cannot provide additional mortgages. The Company expects that the reduction of bank loans will not have a material adverse effect on its liquidity. On May 18, 2012, the Company entered into a credit facility agreement, the “Credit Agreement,” with Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macau) Limited, “ICBC Macau,” to obtain a non-revolving credit facility in the amount of $30.0 million, the “Credit Facility”. The Credit Facility would have expired on November 3, 2012, unless the Company drew down the line of credit in full prior to such expiration date, and the maturity date for the loan drawdown was the earlier of (i) 18 months from the drawdown or (ii) 1 month before the expiry of the standby letter of credit obtained by Henglong from ICBC Jingzhou as security for the Credit Facility, the “Henglong Standby Letter of Credit”. The interest rate of the Credit Facility is calculated based on a three-month LIBOR plus 2.25% per annum, subject to the availability of funds and fluctuation at ICBC Macau’s discretion. The interest is calculated daily on a 360-day basis and it is to be fixed one day before the first day of each interest period. The interest period is defined as three months from the date of drawdown. As of December 31, 2012, the interest rate was 2.56% per annum. As security for the Credit Facility, the Company is required to provide ICBC Macau the Henglong Standby Letter of Credit for a total amount of not less than $31.6 million if the Credit Facility is fully drawn. On May 22, 2012, the Company drew down the full amount of $30.0 million under the Credit Facility and provided the Henglong Standby Letter of Credit for the amount of $31.6 million in favor of ICBC Macau. The loan drawdown will expire on May 15, 2013. The Henglong Standby Letter of Credit issued by ICBC Jingzhou with the collateralization of Henglong’s notes receivable of RMB 173.3 million (equivalent to approximately $27.6 million) will expire on June 15, 2013. The Company also paid an arrangement fee of $0.1 million and $0.1 million to ICBC Macau and ICBC Jingzhou. The arrangement fees are amortized over the period of the loan drawdown, and $0.2 million was amortized for the twelve months ended December 31, 2012. Please refer to Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements in this report. On the Redemption Date, the Company redeemed all of the outstanding convertible notes, including $23.6 million of principal and $8.8 million of interest. Bank Arrangements As of December 31, 2012, the principal outstanding under the Company’s credit facilities and lines of credit was as follows: 24 Bank Due Date Available (4) Amount Used Amount Assessed Mortgage Value Comprehensive credit facilities (5) Bank of China Mar 2013 $ 22,433 $ 4,773 $ 6,945 Comprehensive credit facilities Comprehensive credit facilities Jingzhou Commercial Bank Jun 2013 China Construction Bank Sep 2013 31,819 17,293 61,194 11,137 4,840 32,210 Comprehensive credit facilities (1) Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Dec 2013 15,910 9,810 12,898 Comprehensive credit facilities (1) China CITIC Bank Nov 2013 16,546 14,895 14,804 Comprehensive credit facilities Comprehensive credit facilities (1) Comprehensive credit facilities Industrial and Commercial Bank of China China Hua Xia Bank China Everbright Bank Jul 2013 12,728 7,086 8,858 Mar 2013 25,455 4,026 33,115 Aug 2014 4,773 4,517 8,146 Comprehensive credit facilities ICBC Macau May 2013 30,000 30,000 27,573 $ 170,801 97,240 (2) 205,743 (3) (1) Each of Henglong’s comprehensive credit facility with China CITIC Bank, Henglong and Jielong's comprehensive credit facility with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, and Henglong's comprehensive credit facility with China Hua Xia Bank, needs to be guaranteed by Jiulong, another subsidiary of the Company, in addition to the above pledged assets. (2) The amount used includes bank loans of $40.3 million and notes payable of $56.9 million as of December 31, 2012. The remainder of $10.4 million of notes payable were 100% secured by bank notes without utilization of credit lines. (3) As at December 31, 2012, the pledged assets included $76.5 million accounts and notes receivable and other pledged assets with assessed value of $129.2 million. (4) The amount available is used for the drawdown of bank loans and issuance of bank notes. For the drawdown of bank loans, this amount represents the amount that the Company can borrow immediately; for issuance of bank notes, the Company needs to pledge additional collateral in order to utilize these bank facilities. (5) As at the date of this report, the comprehensive credit line arrangements with the Bank of China have expired. The Company is negotiating with the Bank of China to renew the credit line arrangements. The Company does not anticipate that there will be any material adverse impact if the Company fails to renew such credit line arrangements as the Company has obtained sufficient comprehensive credit lines from other banks. The Company may request the banks to issue notes payable or bank loans within its credit line using a 365-day revolving line (see note 10 and note 11). The Company renewed its existing short-term debt and borrowed new debt during 2012 at annual interest rates of 6.00% to 7.57 %, and maturity terms of twelve months. Pursuant to the comprehensive credit line arrangement the Company pledged: (1) notes receivable with an assessed value of $6.9 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with the Bank of China; (2) equipment with an assessed value of approximately $61.2 million as security for its revolving comprehensive credit facility with Jingzhou Commercial Bank; (3) equipment, land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $32.2 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China Construction Bank; (4) land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $12.9 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank; (5) land use rights and buildings 25 with an assessed value of approximately $14.8 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China CITIC Bank; (6) accounts receivable with an assessed value of approximately $8.9 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with Industrial and Commercial Bank of China; (7) accounts receivable with an assessed value of approximately $33.1 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China Hua Xia Bank; (8) land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $8.1 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China Everbright Bank; and (9) $27.6 million of notes receivable held by Henglong. Cash Requirements The following table summarizes the Company’s expected cash outflows resulting from financial contracts and commitments. The Company has not included information on its recurring purchases of materials for use in its manufacturing operations. These amounts are generally consistent from year to year, closely reflecting the Company’s levels of production, and are not long-term in nature (being less than three months in length). Payment Due Dates ( in thousands of USD) Short-term loan including interest payable Notes payable (1) Other contractual purchase commitments, including service agreements Total (1) Notes payable do not bear interest. Short-term Bank Loans Less than 1 year Total $ 41,192 $ 41,192 $ 67,280 1-3 years 3-5 years - $ - 67,280 - $ - More than 5 Years 9,256 7,883 $ 117,728 $ 116,355 $ 1,373 1,373 $ - - $ - - - - The following table summarizes the contract information of short-term borrowings between the banks and the Company as of December 31, 2012 (figures are in thousands of USD). Borrowing Date Bank Purpose China Construction Bank Working Capital 26 Jun 2012 Working Capital 4 Jul 2012 China CITIC Bank Working Capital 22 May 2012 ICBC Macau Bank of China Working Capital 1 Nov 2012 Total Borrowing Term (Months) 12 12 12 12 Annual Percentage Rate Date of Interest Payment Amount Payable on Due Date 3,182 6.31 % Pay monthly 2,386 7.57 % Pay monthly 2.74 % Pay quarterly 15 May 2013 30,000 4,773 6.00 % Pay quarterly 15 Nov 2013 $ 40,341 Due Date 25 Jun 2013 $ 4 Jul 2013 The Company must use the loans for the purpose described in the table. If the Company fails to do so, it will be charged a penalty interest at 100% of the specified loan rate listed in the table above. The Company has to pay interest at the interest rate described in the table on the 20th of each month. If the Company fails, it will be charged a compounded interest at the specified rate in the above table. The Company has to repay the principal outstanding on the specified date in the table. If it fails, it will be charged a penalty interest at 50% of the specified loan rate. Management believes that the Company had complied with such financial covenants as of December 31, 2012, and will continue to comply with them. Notes Payable The following table summarizes the contract information of issuing notes payable between the banks and the Company as of December 31, 2012 (figures are in thousands of USD): Purpose Term (Month) Due Date Amount Payable on Due Date Working Capital (1) Working Capital (1) Working Capital (1) Working Capital Working Capital Working Capital Total 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 $ Jan 2013 Feb 2013 Mar 2013 Apr 2013 May 2013 Jun 2013 $ 11,176 11,918 9,456 11,267 13,240 10,223 67,280 (1) The notes payable were settled in January, February and March 2013, respectively. 26 The Company must use notes payable for the purpose described in the table. If it fails, the banks will no longer issue the notes payable, and it may have an adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity and capital resources. The Company has to deposit sufficient cash in the designated account of the bank on the due date of notes payable for payment to the suppliers. If the bank has advanced payment for the Company, it will be charged a penalty interest at 50% of the loan rate that is published by the People’s Bank of China in the same period. Management believes that the Company had complied with such financial covenants as of December 31, 2012, and will continue to comply with them. Cash flows (a) Operating activities Net cash provided by operations for the year ended December 31, 2012 was $16.2 million, compared with net cash provided of $34.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2011, representing a decrease of $17.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2012, the decrease in net cash provided by operations was mainly due to the net effect of (1) the decrease in net income (excluding non-cash items) by $3.6 million, (2) the change in the balance of pledged deposits which led to a decrease in net cash provided by operations of $7.1 million, (3) the change in the balance of accounts and notes receivable which led to a decrease in net cash provided by operations of $13.4 million, (4) the change in the balance of inventories which led to an increase in net cash provided by operations of $12.7 million, (5) the change in the balance of accounts and notes payable which led to a decrease in net cash provided by operations of $7.3 million, (6) the change in the balance of accrued expenses and other accounts payable which led to a decrease in net cash provided by operation of $7.48 million, (7) the change in the balance of tax payable which led to an increase in cash provided by operations of $9.3 million, and (8) the change in the balance of advance payable which led to an increase in net cash provided by operations of $1.9 million. (b) Investing activities The Company used net cash of $6.3 million in investment activities for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared with $14.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2011, representing a decrease of $7.7 million, which was mainly due to (1) a net cash increase of $7.5 million pursuant to the Company’s sale of its 51% equity interest in Zhejiang (see Note 26 to the consolidated financial statements in this report) in May 2012, (2) compared to the same period of last year, the expenses to acquire equipment increased by $4.1 million to improve the Company’s production capacity, and (3) the Company’s sale of idle land resulting in net cash of $3.2 million. (c) Financing activities For the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company obtained net cash of $4.6 million from financing activities, compared with net cash of $0.9 million provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2011, mainly due to (1) the Company obtaining bank loans of $30.0 million form ICBC Macau, (2) the Company’s payment of $23.6 million of principal and interest for redemption of the convertible notes, and (3) the Company’s payment of $1.0 million of net cash for repurchase of the Company’s common stock as of December 31, 2012, while the Company obtained net cash of $0.5 million for issuance of common stock in 2011. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company did not have any transactions, obligations or relationships that could be considered off-balance sheet arrangements. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES In addition to bank loans, notes payables and the related interest, the following table summarizes the Company’s major commitments and contingencies as of December 31, 2012 (figures are in thousands of USD): 2014 2013 $ 207 $ 7,676 7,883 $ $ Payment Obligations by Period 2015 - $ 1,373 1,373 $ 2016 - $ - - $ Thereafter Total - $ - - $ - $ - - $ 207 9,049 9,256 Obligations for service agreements Obligations for purchasing agreements Total SUBSEQUENT EVENTS None. INFLATION AND CURRENCY MATTERS 27 China’s economy has experienced rapid growth recently, mostly through the issuance of debt. Debt-induced economic growth can lead to growth in the money supply and rising inflation. If prices for the Company’s products rise at a rate that is insufficient to compensate for the rise in the cost of supplies, it may harm the Company’s profitability. In order to control inflation in the past, the Chinese government has imposed controls on bank credit, limits on loans for fixed assets and restrictions on state bank lending. Such policies can lead to a slowing of economic growth. Rises in interest rates by the central bank would likely slow economic activity in China which could, in turn, materially increase the Company’s costs and also reduce demand for the Company’s products. Foreign operations are subject to certain risks inherent in conducting business abroad, including price and currency exchange controls, and fluctuations in the relative value of currencies. During 2012, the Company supplied products to North America and settled in cash in U.S. dollars. As a result, appreciation or currency fluctuation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would increase the cost of export products, and adversely affect the Company’s financial performance. In July 2005, the Chinese government adjusted its exchange rate policy from “Fixed Rate” to “Floating Rate.” During December 2011 to December 2012, the exchange rate between RMB and U.S. dollar appreciated from RMB1.00 to US$0.1587 to RMB 1.00 to US$0.1591. The appreciation of the RMB may continue in the near term, as the Chinese government attempts to slow the rate of inflation in the PRC. Significant appreciation of the RMB is likely to decrease the amount of export products, thus decreasing the Company’s income. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS In December 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-11, “Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities”. The update under ASU 2011-11 requires an entity to disclose both gross and net information about instruments and transactions eligible for offset in the statements of financial position as well as instruments and transactions executed under a master netting or similar arrangement and was issued to enable users of financial statements to understand the effects or potential effects of those arrangements on their financial position. The update under ASU 2011-11 is required to be applied retrospectively and is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning on or after January 1, 2013. In January 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-01, “Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities”. The amendments clarify that the scope of ASU 2011-11 applies to derivatives accounted for in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, including bifurcated embedded derivatives, repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements, and securities borrowing and securities lending transactions that are either offset in accordance with ASC 210-20-45 or ASC 815-10-45 or subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement. The effective date is the same as the effective date of ASU 2011-11. The adoption of the update under ASU 2011-11 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-02, “Comprehensive Income: Reporting of Amounts Reclassified out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income”. This update does not change the current requirements for reporting net income or other comprehensive income in financial statements. However, this update requires an entity to provide information about the amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by component. In addition, an entity is required to present, either on the face of the statement where net income is presented or in the notes, significant amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by the respective line items of net income but only if the amount reclassified is required under U.S. GAAP to be reclassified to net income in its entirety in the same reporting period. For other amounts that are not required under U.S. GAAP to be reclassified in their entirety to net income, an entity is required to cross-reference to other disclosures required under U.S. GAAP that provide additional detail about those amounts. This update is effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2012 for public entities. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its financial statements of adopting this update under ASU 2013-02. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Management periodically evaluates the estimates and judgments made. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates as a result of different assumptions or conditions. The following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company considers an accounting estimate to be critical if: . . Changes in the estimate or different estimates that the Company could have selected would have had a material impact on It requires the Company to make assumptions about matters that were uncertain at the time it was making the estimate, and the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. 28 The table below presents information about the nature and rationale for the Company critical accounting estimates: Critical Estimate Item Warranty obligations Balance Sheet Caption Accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities Assumptions/Approaches Used The Company bases its estimate on historical trends of units sold and payment amounts, combined with its current understanding of the status of existing claims and discussions with its customers. Nature of Estimates Required Estimating warranty requires the Company to forecast the resolution of existing claims and expected future claims on products sold. VMs (Vehicle Manufacturer) are increasingly seeking to hold suppliers responsible for product warranties, which may impact the Company’s exposure to these costs. Key Factors • VM sourcing • VM policy decisions regarding warranty claims Valuation of long- lived assets and investments Property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and other long-term assets The Company is required from The Company estimates cash flows • Future production time-to-time to review the recoverability of certain of its assets based on projections of anticipated future cash flows, including future profitability assessments of various product lines. using internal budgets based on recent sales data, independent automotive production volume estimates and customer commitments. estimates • Customer preferences and decisions Accounts and notes receivables Provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable Estimating the provision for doubtful accounts and notes receivable requires the Company to analyze and monitor each customer’s credit standing and financial condition regularly. The Company grants credit to its customers, generally on an open account basis. It will impact the Company’s expense disclosure and results of operations if such estimate is improper. The Company grants credit to its customers for three to four months based on each customer’s current credit standing and financial data. The Company assesses allowance on an individual customer basis, under normal circumstances. The Company records provision for bad debts based on specific identification methods. •Customers’ credit standing and financial condition Deferred income taxes Recoverability of deferred tax assets The Company is required to estimate whether recoverability of its deferred tax assets is more likely than not based on forecasts of taxable earnings in the related tax jurisdiction. The Company uses historical and projected future operating results, based upon approved business plans, including a review of the eligible carry forward period, tax planning opportunities and other relevant considerations. • Tax law changes • Variances in future projected profitability, including by taxing entity Convertible notes payable, warrant liabilities, compound derivative liabilities Warrant The Company is required to liabilities and compound derivative liabilities estimate the fair value of warrant liabilities and compound derivative liabilities at conception and completion of each reporting period. The Company uses Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine fair value of warrant; uses Monte Carlo simulation (“MCS”) valuation techniques to determine fair value of compound derivative liabilities. • Expected volatility • Risk-free rate •interest market risk •Credit risk • Redemption activities before maturity Uncertain tax Uncertain tax The Company is required to positions determine and assess all material positions, including all significant uncertain positions in all tax years that are still subject to assessment or challenge under relevant tax statutes. 29 The Company applies a more likely than not threshold and a two-step approach for tax position measurement and financial statement recognition. For the two-step approach, the first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the • An allocation or a shift of income between jurisdictions • The characterization of income or a decision to exclude reporting taxable income in a tax weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement. return •A decision to classify a transaction, entity, or other position in a tax return as tax exempt In addition, there are other items within the Company’s financial statements that require estimation, but are not as critical as those discussed above. These include the allowance for reserves for excess and obsolete inventory. Although not significant in recent years, changes in estimates used in these and other items could have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK The Company is exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. For purposes of specific risk analysis, the Company uses sensitivity analysis to determine the effects that market risk exposures may have. FOREIGN CURRENCY RISK The Company’s reporting currency is the U.S. dollar and the majority of its revenues will be settled in RMB and U.S. dollars. The Company’s currency exchange rate risks come primarily from the sales of products to international customers. Most of the Company’s assets are denominated in RMB except for part of cash and accounts receivable. As a result, the Company is exposed to foreign exchange risk as its revenues and results of operations may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the RMB. The value of the RMB fluctuates and is affected by, among other things, changes in China's political and economic conditions. In addition, the RMB is not readily convertible into U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions continue to take place either through the Bank of China or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China. The conversion of RMB into foreign currencies such as the U.S. dollar has been generally based on rates set by the People's Bank of China, which are set daily based on the previous day's interbank foreign exchange market rates and current exchange rates on the world financial markets. On December 31, 2012 and 2011, the exchange rates of RMB against U.S. dollar were RMB1.00 to US$0.1591 and RMB1.00 to US$0.1587, respectively. This floating exchange rate, and any appreciation of the RMB that may result from such rate, could have various adverse effects on the Company’s business. If the RMB appreciates against foreign currencies, it will make the Company’s sales income increase. In order to mitigate the currency exchange rate risk, the Company has inserted a currency exchange rate fluctuation compensation provision in its sales contracts with its international customers to the effect that both parties will bear 50% of such loss when the fluctuation is over 8% within that contract year. CREDIT RISK Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of trade accounts receivable. The Company does not require collateral or other security to support client receivables since most of its customers are large, well-established companies. The Company's credit risk is also mitigated because its customers are all selected enterprises supported by the local government. One customer, Chrysler North America, accounted for more than 10% (12.1%) of the Company’s consolidated revenues in 2012. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for any potential credit losses related to its trade receivables. The Company does not use foreign exchange contracts to hedge the risk in receivables denominated in foreign currencies and the Company does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. INTEREST RATE RISK The Company’s exposure to changes in interest rates results primarily from its credit facility borrowings. As of December 31, 2012, the Company had $30.0 million of outstanding indebtedness, which is subject to interest rate fluctuations. Based on the amount of such borrowings as of December 31, 2012, it is expected that a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in the then current LIBOR rate would increase the Company’s interest expense by $0.3 million on an annual basis. The Company’s level of outstanding indebtedness fluctuates from time to time and may result in additional payable. ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA (1) The financial statements required by this item begin on page 43. 30 (2) Selected quarterly financial data for the past two years are summarized in the following table (figures are in thousands of USD, except those for items headed “Basic” and “Diluted”): First Quarterly Results of Operations Third Second Fourth 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 $ 80,920 $ 86,426 $ 80,379 $ 78,157 $ 73,184 $ 70,914 $ 101,523 $ 94,351 15,378 18,642 15,632 13,837 12,501 12,588 17,240 18,300 6,336 10,883 8,574 7,179 5,463 5,450 7,425 7,587 254 21,311 11,631 5,432 4,400 11,057 6,551 8,061 31 2,620 769 285 22,080 14,251 332 5,764 - 434 4,400 11,491 - 6,551 507 8,568 1,054 2,438 1,229 1,420 996 1,382 1,465 1,870 (769 ) 19,642 13,022 4,344 3404 10,109 5,086 6,697 $ (0.03 ) $ 0.62 $ 0.35 $ 0.13 $ 0.12 $ 0.31 $ 0.18 $ 0.20 $ $ - $ (0.03 ) $ 0.01 $ 0.63 $ 0.08 $ 0.43 $ 0.01 $ 0.14 $ - $ 0.12 $ 0.01 $ 0.32 $ - $ 0.18 $ 0.01 0.21 $ (0.03 ) $ 0.22 $ 0.21 $ 0.13 $ 0.12 $ 0.09 $ 0.18 $ 0.18 $ $ - $ (0.03 ) $ 0.01 $ 0.23 $ 0.08 $ 0.29 $ 0.01 $ 0.14 $ - $ 0.12 $ 0.01 $ 0.10 $ - $ 0.18 $ 0.01 0.19 Net sales Gross profit Operating income from continuing operations Net income from continuing operations Net income from discontinued operations Net income Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income (loss) attributable to parent company Earnings/(loss) per share attributable to parent company Basic - Income from continuing operations attributable to shareholders Income per share from discontinued operations Basic Diluted- Income from continuing operations attributable to shareholders Income per share from discontinued operations Diluted ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE. None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES (A) DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES The Company’s management, under the supervision and with the participation of its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, Messrs. Wu Qizhou and Li Jie, respectively, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2012, the end of the period covered by this Report. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports, such as this Form 10-K, that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on that evaluation, Messrs. Wu and Li concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2012. 31 The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of its disclosure control system are met. Because of inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within a company have been detected. (B) MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act, is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the chief executive officer and chief financial officer and effected by the board of directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: a. pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets; b. provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that the Company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with appropriate authorization of the Company’s management and board of directors; and c. provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. In making its assessment of internal control over financial reporting, management, under the supervision and with the participation of the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in “Internal Control-Integrated Framework.” Management has assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012 and determined that internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2012. The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Limited Company, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included in Item 15 of this report. (C) REMEDIATION MEASURES As previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, the Company determined that the following material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting existed as of December 31, 2011: The Company did not have sufficient personnel with appropriate levels of accounting knowledge and experience to address complex U.S. GAAP accounting issues and to prepare and review financial statements and related disclosures under U.S. GAAP. Specifically, the Company's controls did not operate effectively to ensure the appropriate and timely analysis of and accounting for unusual and non-routine transactions and certain financial statement accounts, including, but not limited to, accounting and disclosure for the convertible notes and accounting for deferred taxes. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The above material weakness could result in misstatements of accounting for unusual and non-routine transactions and certain financial statement accounts, including, but not limited to the aforementioned accounts and disclosures that would result in a material misstatement in the Company’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected in a timely manner. The Company’s remediation efforts were under the direction of its chief executive officer, chief financial officer and chief accounting officer. The status of the remediation was reviewed by the audit committee of the board of directors of the Company, who were advised of issues encountered and key decisions reached by the management. In order to address the material weakness identified as of December 31, 2011, the Company has taken the following remedial measures. 1. The Company engaged external experts in corporate accounting with in-depth knowledge of U.S. GAAP and regulatory compliance that have, since the first quarter of 2012, advised the Company on, and reviewed the accounting treatment of, the 32 disposal of a subsidiary by the Company in May 2012. The experts also provided advice on the Company’s preparation of its quarterly reports for the first and second quarters of 2012. 2. The Company engaged external experts to enhance its internal control over financial reporting and related disclosures. They have provided consulting services to the Company since November 2011 and will be retained again in 2013. 3. In September 2012, the Company hired an assistant to the chief financial officer, a licensed certified public accountant (CPA) in the state of Colorado, with extensive audit experience in public accounting firms and knowledge of both U.S. GAAP and SEC filings, who is competent for preparation and review of financial statements under the requirements of U.S. GAAP and SEC rules. 4. During 2012, the Company organized five comprehensive training programs on U.S. GAAP for its accounting team. Such programs included an online course provided by the Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, lectures held by the Company’s chief accounting officer, the chairman of the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors and the newly hired assistant to the chief financial officer discussed above, and self-education programs to enhance their knowledge of the relevant U.S. GAAP interpretations and application. 5. The Company has enhanced its accounting manual to provide the accounting team with more comprehensive guidelines on the policies and controls over financial reporting under the requirements of U.S. GAAP and SEC rules. The Company will continue to update the accounting manual annually to ensure that it is up-to-date. Management believes that the measures described above have effectively remediated the referenced material weakness as of December 31, 2012. Under the direction of the Audit Committee, management will continue to review and make any necessary changes to the system of internal controls and the control environment, as well as policies and procedures to improve the overall effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. (D) CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Other than as described above, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2012 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The following table and text set forth the names and ages of all directors and executive officers of the Company as of December 31, 2012. The Board of Directors is comprised of only one class. All of the directors will serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until their successors are elected and qualified, or until their earlier death, retirement, resignation or removal. Also provided herein are brief descriptions of the business experience of each director and executive officer during the past five years and an indication of directorships held by each director in other companies subject to the reporting requirements under the federal securities laws. Name Hanlin Chen Robert Tung Guangxun Xu Arthur Wong Qizhou Wu Jie Li Andy Tse Shengbin Yu Shaobo Wang Yijun Xia Daming Hu Haimian Cai Age 55 56 62 53 48 43 42 59 50 50 54 49 Position(s) Chairman of the Board Director Director Director Chief Executive Officer and Director Chief Financial Officer Senior Vice President Senior Vice President Senior Vice President Vice President Chief Accounting Officer Vice President BIOGRAPHIES OF DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS 33 Directors Hanlin Chen has served as the chairman of the board of directors and an executive officer since March 2003. Since January 2013, Mr. Chen has become a standing committee member of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and vice president of Foreign Investors Association of Hubei Province. From 1993 to 1997, Mr. Chen was the general manager of Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd. Since 1997, he has been the chairman of the board of Henglong Automotive Parts, Ltd. Mr. Hanlin Chen is the brother-in-law of the Company’s senior vice president, Mr. Andy Yiu Wong Tse. Qizhou Wu has served as a director and an executive officer since September 2003, and the chief executive officer since September 2007. Prior to that position he served as the chief operating officer since March 2003. He was the executive general manager of Jiulong from 1993 to 1999 and general manager of Henglong Automotive Parts, Ltd. from 1999 to 2002. Mr. Wu graduated from Tsinghua University in Beijing with a Master’s degree in Automobile Engineering. Arthur Wong has been an independent director of the Company since May 2012 and is the chairman of the audit committee and member of the compensation and nominating committees. Mr. Wong is currently the chief financial officer of Beijing Radio Cultural Transmission Company Limited, a music production and music data management service company. He also serves as a board member and chairman of the audit committees for VisionChina Media Inc. (NASDAQ:VISN), Daqo New Energy Corp. (NYSE: DQ), Besunyen Holdings Company Limited (HKG: 926), and Tembray Petro-king Oilfield Services (BVI) Limited (HKG: 2178). Mr. Wong was formerly the chief financial officer of GreenTree Inns Hotel Management Group, Nobao Renewable Energy, and Asia New-Energy. Prior to that, he worked at Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu from 1982 to 2008, in that firm’s San Jose, Hong Kong and Beijing offices, and most recently as a partner in the Beijing office. Mr. Wong received a Bachelor of Science in Applied Economics degree from the University of San Francisco and was awarded a Higher Diploma of Accountancy from Hong Kong Polytechnic. His professional affiliations include being a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Chartered Association of Certified Accountants. Robert Tung has been an independent director of the Company since September 2003, and is a member of the Company’s audit, compensation (for which he serves as chairman) and nominating committees. Mr. Tung is currently the president of Multi-Media Communications, Inc., and vice president of Herbal Blends International, LLC. Mr. Tung holds a M.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Virginia. Currently, Mr. Tung is the China operation vice president of Iraq Development Company of Canada, a leading North American corporation engaging in oil field and infrastructure development in the Republic of Iraq. In addition, Mr. Tung holds the Grand China sales representative position of TRI Products, Inc., a well-known North American iron ores and scrap metals supplier. Mr. Tung is also actively involved in minerals, iron ore and petroleum derivatives purchase and trading. Guangxun Xu has served as an independent director of the Company since December 2009, and is a member of the Company’s audit, compensation and nominating (for which he serves as chairman) committees. Mr. Xu has been the chief representative of NASDAQ in China and a managing director of the NASDAQ Stock Market International, Asia for over 10 years. With a professional career in the finance field spanning over 25 years, Mr. Xu’s practice focuses on providing package services on U.S. and U.K. listings, advising on and arranging for private placements, PIPEs, IPOs, pre-IPO restructuring, M&A, corporate and project finance, corporate governance, post-IPOIR compliance, and risk control. Executive Officers Jie Li has served as the chief financial officer since September 2007. Prior to that position he served as the corporate secretary from December 2004. Prior to joining the Company in September 2003, Mr. Li was the assistant president of Jingzhou Jiulong Industrial Inc. from 1999 to 2003 and the general manger of Jingzhou Tianxin Investment Management Co. Ltd. from 2002 to 2003. Mr. Li has a Bachelor's degree from the University of Science and Technology of China. He also completed his graduate studies in economics and business management at the Hubei Administration Institute. Andy Tse has served as a senior vice president of the Company since March 2003. He has also served as chairman of the board of Shenyang. He was the vice GM of Jiulong from 1993 to 1997 and the vice GM of Henglong. Mr. Tse has over 10 years of experience in automotive parts sales and strategic development. Mr. Tse has an MBA from the China People University. He is brother in-law to Hanlin Chen. Shengbin Yu has served as a senior vice president of the Company and had overall charge of the production since March 2003. Mr. Yu was the Vice-G.M. of Jiulong from 1993 to 1996 and Executive Vice-G.M. of Henglong from 1997 to 2003. Shaobo Wang has served as a senior vice president of the Company and had overall charge of the technology since March 2003. He was the Vice-G.M. of Jiulong from 1993 to 2003. Mr. Wang graduated from Tsinghua University in Beijing with a bachelor degree in Automobile Engineering. 34 Yijun Xia has served as a vice president of the Company since December 2009. He has also served as the general manager of Henglong since April 2005. Prior to that position he served as the Vice-G.M. of Henglong from December 2002. Mr. Xia graduated from Wuhan University of Water Transportation Engineering with a bachelor degree in Metal Material and Heat Treatment. Haimian Cai was an independent director of the Company from September 2003 to December 2009, and also a member of the Company’s audit, compensation and nominating committees. Dr. Cai is a technical specialist in the automotive industry. Prior to that, Dr. Cai was a staff engineer in ITT Automotive Inc. Dr. Cai has written more than fifteen technical papers and co-authored a technical book regarding the Powder Metallurgy industry for automotive application. Dr. Cai has more than ten patents including pending patents. Dr. Cai holds a B.S. Degree in Automotive Engineering from Tsinghua University and a M.S. and Ph. D. in manufacturing engineering from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Since December 2009, Mr. Cai has not served as independent director and a member of the Company’s audit committee, compensation and nominating committees, because he was nominated as vice president of the Company. Daming Hu has served as the chief accounting officer since September 2007 and had overall charge of the financial report. During March 2003 to August 2007, he served as chief financial officer of the Company. Mr. Hu was the finance manager of Jiulong from 1996 to 1999 and finance manager of Henglong from 1999 to 2002. Mr. Hu graduated from Zhongnan University of Economics and Law with bachelor’s degree in accounting. BOARD COMPOSITION AND COMMITTEES Audit Committee and Independent Directors The Company has a standing Audit Committee of the Board of Directors established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Exchange Act, as amended. The Audit Committee is operated under a written charter. The Audit Committee consists of the following individuals, all of whom the Company considers to be independent, as defined under the SEC’s rules and regulations and the Nasdaq’s definition of independence: Robert Tung, Guangxun Xu and Arthur Wong. Arthur Wong is the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Board has determined that Mr. Arthur Wong is the audit committee financial expert, as defined in Item 407(d) (5) of Regulation S-K, serving on the Company’s Audit Committee. Compensation Committee The Company has a standing Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The Compensation Committee is responsible for determining compensation for the Company’s executive officers. Three of the Company’s independent directors, as defined under the SEC’s rules and regulations and the Nasdaq’s definition of independence, Robert Tung, Guangxun Xu and Arthur Wong serve on the Compensation Committee. Since July 8, 2010, Mr. Robert Tung has been the Chairman of the Compensation Committee. The Board has determined that all members of the Compensation Committee are independent directors under the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, as applicable. The Compensation Committee administers the Company’s benefit plans, reviews and administers all compensation arrangements for executive officers, and establishes and reviews general policies relating to the compensation and benefits of the Company’s officers and employees. The Compensation Committee operates under a written charter that is made available on the Company’s website, www.caasauto.com. The Company’s Compensation Committee is empowered to review and approve the annual compensation and compensation procedures for the executive officers of the Company. The primary goals of the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors with respect to executive compensation are to attract and retain the most talented and dedicated executives possible and to align executives’ incentives with stockholder value creation. The Compensation Committee evaluates individual executive performance with a goal of setting compensation at levels the committee believes are comparable with executives in other companies of similar size and stage of development operating in similar industry while taking into account the Company’s relative performance and its strategic goals. The Company has not retained a compensation consultant to review its policies and procedures with respect to executive compensation. The Company conducts an annual review of the aggregate level of its executive compensation, as well as the mix of elements used to compensate its executive officers. The Company compares compensation levels with amounts currently being paid to executives in its industry and most importantly with local practices in China. The Company is satisfied that its compensation levels are competitive with local conditions. Nominating Committee The Company has a standing Nominating Committee of the Board of Directors. Director candidates are nominated by the Nominating Committee. The Nominating Committee will consider candidates based upon their business and financial experience, personal characteristics, and expertise that are complementary to the background and experience of other Board members, willingness to devote the required amount of time to carry out the duties and responsibilities of Board membership, willingness to objectively appraise management performance, and any such other qualifications the Nominating Committee deems necessary to ascertain the candidates’ ability to serve on the Board. The Nominating Committee will not consider nominee recommendations from security holders, 35 other than the recommendations received from a security holder or group of security holders that beneficially owned more than five (5) percent of the Company’s outstanding common stock for at least one year as of the date the recommendation is made. Three of the Company’s independent directors, as defined under the SEC’s rules and regulations and the Nasdaq’s definition of independence, Robert Tung, Guangxun Xu and Arthur Wong, serve on the Nominating Committee. Since December 17, 2009, Mr. Guangxun Xu has been the Chairman of the Nominating Committee. Stockholder Communications Stockholders interested in communicating directly with the Board of Directors, or individual directors, may email the Company’s independent director Mr. Arthur Wong at arthurltwong@yahoo.com. Mr. Wong will review all such correspondence and will regularly forward to the board of directors of the Company copies of all such correspondence that deals with the functions of the Board or committees thereof or that he otherwise determines requires their attention. Directors may at any time review all of the correspondence received that is addressed to members of the board of directors of the Company and request copies of such correspondence. Concerns relating to accounting, internal controls or auditing matters will immediately be brought to the attention of the Audit Committee and handled in accordance with procedures established by the Audit Committee with respect to such matters. Family Relationships Mr. Hanlin Chen and Mr. Yiu Wong Andy Tse are brothers-in-law. Code of Ethics and Conduct The Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Ethics and Conduct which is applicable to all officers, directors and employees. The Code of Ethics and Conduct was filed as an exhibit to the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 25, 2010. Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Compliance Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires the Company’s executive officers and directors and persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of the Company’s equity securities to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission initial statements of beneficial ownership, reports of changes in ownership and annual reports concerning their ownership of common stock and other of the Company’s equity securities, on Forms 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Executive officers, directors and greater than 10% stockholders are required by Commission regulations to furnish the Company with copies of all Section 16(a) reports they file. To the best of the Company’s knowledge, based solely upon a review of the Form 3, 4 and 5 filed, no officer, director or 10% beneficial shareholder failed to file on a timely basis any reports required by Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS In 2003, the Board of Directors established a Compensation Committee consisting only of independent Board members, which is responsible for setting the Company’s policies regarding compensation and benefits and administering the Company’s benefit plans. At the end of fiscal year 2012, the Compensation Committee consisted of Robert Tung, Guangxun Xu and Arthur Wong. The members of the Compensation Committee approved the amount and form of compensation paid to executive officers of the Company and set the Company’s compensation policies and procedures during these periods. The primary goals of the Company’s compensation committee with respect to executive compensation are to attract and retain highly talented and dedicated executives and to align executives’ incentives with stockholder value creation. The Compensation Committee will conduct an annual review of the aggregate level of the Company’s executive compensation, as well as the mix of elements used to compensate the Company’s executive officers. The Company compares compensation levels with amounts currently being paid to executives at similar companies in the same area and the same industry. Most importantly, the Company compares compensation levels with local practices in China. The Company believes that its compensation levels are competitive with local conditions. Elements of compensation The Company’s executive compensation consists of the following elements: Base Salary 36 Base salaries for the Company’s executives are established to be amounts of compensation that are similar to those paid by other companies to executives in similar positions and with similar responsibilities. Base salaries are adjusted from time to time to realign salaries with market levels after taking into account individual responsibilities, performance and experience. The Compensation Committee established a salary structure to determine base salaries and is responsible for initially setting executive officer compensation in employment arrangements with each individual. The base salary amounts are intended to reflect the Company’s philosophy that the base salary should attract experienced individuals who will contribute to the success of the Company’s business goals and represent cash compensation that is commensurate with the compensation of individuals at similarly situated companies. The Company’s Board of Directors and Compensation Committee have approved the current salaries for executives: RMB1.3 million ($0.2 million) for the Chairman, RMB0.9 million ($0.1 million) for the CEO, and RMB0.5 million ($0.1 million) individ ually for other officers in 2012. Performance Bonus a. Grantees: Hanlin Chen, Qizhou Wu, Shengbin Yu, Shaobo Wang, Andy Tse, Jie Li, Yijun Xia,and Daming Hu. b. Conditions: (i) based on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the year over year growth rates of net sales, net profits and earnings per share for 2012 must exceed 20%; and (ii) the average growth rate of the foregoing indicators must exceed that of China auto industry in 2012 published by CAAM. c. Bonus: 50% of each officer’s annual salary in 2012. There are no accrued performance bonuses for Named Executive Officers in 2012 as the Company did not reach either of the above conditions for awarding performance bonuses. Stock Option Awards The stock options plan proposed by management, which aims to incentivize and retain core employees, to meet employees’ benefits, the Company’s long term operating goals and stockholder benefits, was approved at the 2004 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, and the maximum common shares for issuance under this plan is 2,200,000 with a period of 10 years. There were no stock options granted to management in 2012. Other Compensation Other than the base salary for the Company’s Named Executive Officers, the performance bonus and the stock option awards referred to above, the Company does not have any other benefits and perquisites for its Named Executive Officers. However, the Compensation Committee in its discretion may provide benefits and perquisites to these executive officers if it deems advisable to do so. Compensation Tables Executive Officers The compensation that Named Executive Officers received for their services for fiscal years ended 2012 and 2011 were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Name and principal position Hanlin Chen (Chairman) Qizhou Wu (CEO) Haimian Cai (Vice President) Year 2012 2011 Salary (1) Bonus (2) Option Awards (3) $ $ 210 $ 165 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ Total 210 165 2012 2011 $ $ 2012 2011 $ $ 140 $ 110 $ 150 $ 96 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 140 110 150 96 (1) Salary – Please refer to Base Salary disclosed under “Elements of compensation” section above for further details. (2) Bonus – Please refer to Performance Bonus disclosed under “Elements of compensation” section above for further details (3) Option Awards – Please refer to Stock Option Awards disclosed under “Elements of compensation” section above for further details. For detailed information on option exercises and stock vested, please see Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements in this report. 37 Compensation for Directors Based on the number of the board of directors’ service years, workload and performance, the Company decides on their pay. The management believes that the pay for the members of the Board of Directors was appropriate as of December 31, 2012. The compensation that directors received for serving on the Board of Directors for fiscal year 2012 was as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Name Robert Tung Guangxun Xu Arthur Wong Bruce C. Richardson (2) Fees earned or paid in cash Option awards (1) Total 44 $ $ 36 $ $ 31 $ $ 11 $ $ 25 $ 25 $ 25 $ - $ 69 61 56 11 (1) Other than the cash payment based on the number of a director’s service years, workload and performance, the Company grants 7,500 option awards to each director every year. In accordance with ASC Topic 718, the cost of the above mentioned stock options issued to directors was measured on the grant date based on their fair value. The fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and certain assumptions. Please see Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements in this report for more details. (2) Mr. Bruce C. Richardson resigned as a director of the Company on May 15, 2012. The cost of the above-mentioned compensation paid to directors was measured based on investment, operating, technology, and consulting services they provided. All other directors did not receive compensation for their service on the Board of Directors. ITEM 12. STOCKHOLDER MATTERS. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED As used in this section, the term beneficial ownership with respect to a security is defined by Rule 13d-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as consisting of sole or shared voting power, including the power to vote or direct the vote, and/or sole or shared investment power, including the power to dispose of or direct the disposition of, with respect to the security through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, subject to community property laws where applicable. The percentage ownership is based on 28,043,019 shares of common stock outstanding at December 31, 2012 (exclusive of 217,283 treasury stock). Name/Title Total Number of Shares Percentage Ownership Hanlin Chen, Chairman {1) Qizhou Wu, CEO and Director Jie Li, CFO Li Ping Xie {2} Tse, Yiu Wong Andy, Sr. VP, Director Shaobo Wang, Sr. VP Shengbin Yu, Sr. VP Yijun Xia, VP Daming Hu, CAO Robert Tung, Director Haimian Cai, Director Wiselink Holdings Limited {3} All Directors and Executive Officers (12 persons) 17,849,014 1,445,136 33,403 17,849,014 400,204 165,104 246,429 17,200 26,400 7,500 3,750 17,849,014 20,194,140 63.65 % 5.15 % 0.12 % 63.65 % 1.43 % 0.59 % 0.88 % 0.06 % 0.09 % 0.03 % 0.01 % 63.65 % 72.01 % (1) Includes 1,502,925 shares of common stock beneficially owned by Mr. Hanlin Chen’s wife, Ms. Li Ping Xie, and 3,023,542 shares beneficially held through Wiselink Holdings Limited. (2) Includes 13,322,547 shares of common stock beneficially owned by Ms. Li Ping Xie’s husband, Mr. Hanlin Chen, and 3,023,542 beneficially held in Wiselink Holdings Limited. (3) Includes 13,322,547 shares of common stock beneficially owned by Mr. Hanlin Chen and 1,502,925 shares of common stock beneficially owned by Mr. Hanlin Chen’s wife, Ms. Li Ping Xie. Wiselink Holdings Limited is a company controlled by Mr. Hanlin Chen. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE For the information required by Item 13 please refer to Note 2 (Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies–Certain Relationships and Related Transactions) and Note 29 (Related Party Transactions) to the consolidated financial statements in this report. 38 The Company’s Audit Committee’s charter provides that one of its responsibilities is to review and approve related party transactions defined as those transactions required to be disclosed under Item 404 of Regulation S-K of the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act. Although the Company does not currently have a formal written set of policies and procedures for the review, approval or ratification of related person transactions, the Company does have written procedures in place to identify related party transactions that may require Audit Committee approval. These procedures include submission of a forecast summary of transactions with related parties annually. Where a related party transaction is identified, the Audit Committee reviews and, where appropriate, approves the transaction based on whether it believes that the transaction is at arm’s length and contains terms that are no less favorable than what the Company could have obtained from an unaffiliated third party. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The following table sets forth the aggregate fees for professional audit services rendered by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Limited Company for the audit of the Company’s annual financial statements, and fees billed for other services for the fiscal years 2012 and 2011. The Audit Committee has approved all of the following fees (figures are in thousands of USD). Audit Fees Audit-Related Fees Tax Fees Total Fees Paid Fiscal Year Ended 2012 2011 $ $ 820 $ - - 820 $ 870 - - 870 AUDIT COMMITTEE’S PRE-APPROVAL POLICY During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors adopted policies and procedures for the pre-approval of all audit and non-audit services to be provided by the Company’s independent auditor and for the prohibition of certain services from being provided by the independent auditor. The Company may not engage the Company’s independent auditor to render any audit or non-audit service unless the service is approved in advance by the Audit Committee or the engagement to render the service is entered into pursuant to the Audit Committee’s pre-approval policies and procedures. On an annual basis, the Audit Committee may pre-approve services that are expected to be provided to the Company by the independent auditor during the fiscal year. At the time such pre-approval is granted, the Audit Committee specifies the pre-approved services and establishes a monetary limit with respect to each particular pre-approved service, which limit may not be exceeded without obtaining further pre- approval under the policy. For any pre-approval, the Audit Committee considers whether such services are consistent with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission on auditor independence. ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS PART IV 1. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, PricewatershouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Limited Company 2. Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 3. Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 4. Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 5. Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 6. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 7. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (b) EXHIBITS The following is a list of exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Where so indicated by footnote, exhibits that were previously filed are incorporated by reference. Exhibit Number Description 3.1(i) Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference from the filing on Form 10KSB File No. 000-33123) 3.1(ii) Bylaws (incorporated by reference from the Form 10KSB for the year ended December 31, 2002) 39 10.5 10.6 Joint-venture Agreement, dated March 31, 2006, as amended on May 2, 2006, between Great Genesis Holdings Limited and Wuhu Chery Technology Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to the exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Form 10-Q Quarterly Report on May 10, 2006) Securities Purchase Agreement dated February 1, 2008 among us, Lehman Brothers Commercial Corporation Asia Limited, and YA Global Investments, L.P. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) 10.7 Securities Purchase Agreement dated February 15, 2008 between the Company and the investors. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 Escrow Agreement dated February 15, 2008 among us, U.S. Bank National Association, Lehman Brothers Commercial Corporation Asia Limited, and YA Global Investments, L.P. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) Registration Rights Agreement dated February 15, 2008 among us, Lehman Brothers Commercial Corporation Asia Limited, and YA Global Investments, L.P. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) Convertible note dated February 15, 2008 in the original principal amount of $8,571,429 issued by the Company in favor of TFINN & CO. as nominee for Lehman Brothers Commercial Corporation Asia Limited. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) Convertible note dated February 15, 2008 in the original principal amount of $6,428,571 issued by the Company in favor of TFINN & CO. as nominee for Lehman Brothers Commercial Corporation Asia Limited. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) Convertible note dated February 15, 2008 in the original principal amount of $15,000,000 issued by the Company in favor of TFINN & CO. as nominee for Lehman Brothers Commercial Corporation Asia Limited. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) Closing Warrant to purchase 564,799 shares of common stock at $8.8527 per share, dated February 15, 2008, issued by the Company in favor of TFINN & CO. as nominee for Lehman Brothers Commercial Corporation Asia Limited. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) Escrow Warrant to purchase 564,799 shares of common stock at $8.8527 per share, dated February 15, 2008, issued by the Company in favor of TFINN & CO. as nominee for Lehman Brothers Commercial Corporation Asia Limited. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) Convertible note dated February 15, 2008 in the original principal amount of $1,428,571 issued by the Company in favor of YA Global Investments, L.P. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) Convertible note dated February 15, 2008 in the original principal amount of $1,071,429 issued by the Company in favor of YA Global Investments, L.P. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) Convertible note dated February 15, 2008 in the original principal amount of $2,500,000 issued by the Company in favor of YA Global Investments, L.P. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) Closing Warrant to purchase 94,133 shares of common stock at $8.8527 per share, dated February 15, 2008, issued by the Company in favor of YA Global Investments, L.P. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) Escrow Warrant to purchase 94,133 shares of common stock at $8.8527 per share, dated February 15, 2008, issued by the Company in favor of YA Global Investments, L.P. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) 10.20 Translation of the Equity Transfer Agreement dated March 31, 2008 in English (incorporated by reference to exhibit 99.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 2, 2008) 40 10.21 English Translation of the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Contract dated January 24, 2010 between Great Genesis Holdings Limited and Beijing Hainachuan Auto Parts Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 10- K for the year ended December 31, 2010 filed on March 25, 2010) 21 Schedule of Subsidiaries (incorporated by reference to Note 1 of the consolidated financial statements of the Company in this Annual Report on Form 10-K) 23.1 Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Limited Company* 31.1 Rule 13a-14(a) Certification* 31.2 Rule 13a-14(a) Certification* 32.1 Section 1350 Certification* 32.2 Section 1350 Certification* 101 + The following materials from the China Automotive Systems, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, filed on March 27, 2013, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (vi) Related notes * Filed herewith. SIGNATURES In accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company duly caused this Annual Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Dated: March 27, 2013 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. /s/ Qizhou Wu Name: Qizhou Wu Title: Chief Executive Officer and President POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Qizhou Wu his attorney-in-fact and agent, with the power of substitution, for him in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact, or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. In accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Company and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Dated: March 27, 2013 Dated: March 27, 2013 Dated: March 27, 2013 Name: Title: Name: Title: Name: Title: /s/ Hanlin Chen Hanlin Chen Chairman and Director /s/ Qizhou Wu Qizhou Wu Chief Executive Officer, President and Director /s/ Jie Li Jie Li Chief Financial Officer 41 Dated: March 27, 2013 Dated: March 27, 2013 Dated: March 27, 2013 Dated: March 27, 2013 Name: Title: Name: Title: Name: Title: Name: Title: /s/ Daming Hu Daming Hu Chief Accounting Officer /s/ Robert Tung Robert Tung Director /s/ Guangxun Xu Guangxun Xu Director /s/ Arthur Wong Arthur Wong Director REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND STOCKHOLDERS OF CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC.: In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity and cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of China Automotive Systems, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“the Company”) at December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2012 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Limited Company PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Limited Company Shanghai, People’s Republic of China March 27, 2013 42 China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts) ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Pledged cash deposits Accounts and notes receivable, net - unrelated parties Accounts and notes receivable, net - related parties Advance payments and others - unrelated parties Advance payments and others - related parties Inventories Current deferred tax assets Total current assets Non-current assets: Property, plant and equipment, net Intangible assets, net Other receivables, net - unrelated parties Other receivables, net - related parties Advance payment for property, plant and equipment - unrelated parties Advance payment for property, plant and equipment - related parties Long-term investments Non-current deferred tax assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Bank loans Accounts and notes payable - unrelated parties Accounts and notes payable - related parties Customer deposits Accrued payroll and related costs Accrued expenses and other payables Accrued pension costs Taxes payable Amounts due to shareholders/directors Deferred tax liabilities Total current liabilities Long-term liabilities: Convertible notes payable Compound derivative liabilities Accrued make-whole redemption interest expense of convertible notes Advances payable Total liabilities Commitments and Contingencies Stockholders’ Equity Common stock, $0.0001 par value - Authorized - 80,000,000 shares Issued - 28,260,302 and 28,260,302 shares at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings- Appropriated Unappropriated Accumulated other comprehensive income Treasury stock - 217,283 and 0 shares at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively Total parent company stockholders’ equity Non-controlling interests Total stockholders’ equity 43 $ $ $ December 31, 2012 2011 87,649 $ 26,481 211,306 12,286 3,127 779 43,542 4,392 389,562 81,691 676 849 107 1,001 4,162 3,665 4,112 485,825 $ 40,284 $ 166,380 4,521 870 5,472 23,063 4,255 5,593 332 46 250,816 - - - 2,609 253,425 72,961 21,821 200,940 11,519 2,215 630 51,607 3,687 365,380 84,843 837 1,877 500 1,472 3,712 3,485 4,341 466,447 10,316 169,456 2,053 1,181 5,177 22,618 4,067 2,029 352 311 217,560 23,571 559 7,616 984 250,290 3 39,371 3 39,296 9,953 119,329 25,898 (1,000 ) 193,554 38,846 232,400 9,026 99,513 25,291 - 173,129 43,028 216,157 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 485,825 $ 466,447 China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Income (In thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts) Net product sales Unrelated parties Related parties (Note 29) Cost of product sold Unrelated parties Related parties (Note 29) Gross profit Net gain on other sales Operating expenses: Selling expenses General and administrative expenses R&D expenses Total operating expenses Operating income Other income, net Financial expenses, net Gain (loss) on change in fair value of derivative Gain on redemption of convertible notes Gain on convertible notes conversion Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies Less: Income taxes Add: Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Income from continuing operations Discontinued operations (including after-tax disposition gain of $2,494) - net of income tax (Note 26) Net income Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to parent company Allocation to convertible notes holders Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders per share – Basic – Income from continuing operations attributable to shareholders Income per share from discontinued operations Basic Diluted– Income from continuing operations attributable to shareholders Income per share from discontinued operations Diluted Weighted average number of common shares outstanding – Basic Diluted 44 Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 $ 308,563 $ 27,442 336,005 286,674 43,174 329,848 255,264 19,990 275,254 60,751 4,426 245,793 20,689 266,482 63,366 1,469 9,557 12,936 14,886 37,379 27,798 461 (2,175 ) (449 ) 1,420 - 27,055 4,391 171 22,835 2,651 25,486 4,744 20,742 $ (934 ) 19,808 0.61 0.09 0.70 $ 0.61 0.09 0.70 $ 9,223 15,519 8,993 33,735 31,100 169 (3,969 ) 20,971 - 1,564 49,835 4,131 158 45,862 2,041 47,903 7,111 40,792 (4,519 ) 36,273 1.27 0.03 1.30 0.66 0.03 0.69 $ $ $ 28,213,163 27,930,668 28,215,367 31,511,685 China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (In thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts) Common Stock Balance at January 1 - 28,260,302 and 27,175,826 shares at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively Issuance of common shares for the conversion of convertible notes - 0 and 907,708 shares at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively Exercise of stock option - 0 and 176,768 shares at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively Balance at December 31 - 28,260,302 and 28,260,302 shares at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively Additional paid-in capital Balance at January 1 Issuance of common shares for the conversion of convertible notes Stock-based compensation Exercise of stock option Balance at December 31 Retained earnings— Appropriated Balance at January 1 Appropriation of retained earnings Balance at December 31 Unappropriated Balance at January 1 Net income attributable to parent company Appropriation of retained earnings Balance at December 31 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Balance at January 1 Net foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to parent company Balance at December 31 Treasury stock Balance at January 1 Repurchase stock - 217,283 and 0 shares at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively Balance at December 31 Total parent company stockholders’ equity Non-controlling interest Balance at January 1 Net foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to non-controlling interest Net income attributable to non-controlling interest Capital contribution from noncontrolling interests Distribution of retained earnings Disposition of Zhejiang Balance at December 31 Total stockholders' equity 2012 2011 $ 3 $ - - $ 3 $ 3 - - 3 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 39,296 $ - 75 - 39,371 $ 28,565 10,112 101 518 39,296 9,026 $ 927 9,953 $ 8,768 258 9,026 99,513 20,742 (926 ) 119,329 $ 58,980 40,792 (259 ) 99,513 25,291 607 25,898 $ 15,958 9,333 25,291 - (1,000 ) (1,000 ) 193,554 $ - - - 173,129 43,028 $ 70 4,744 3,012 (6,846 ) (5,162 ) 38,846 $ 232,400 $ 35,967 1,951 7,111 - (2,001 ) - 43,028 216,157 China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated) 45 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Stock-based compensation Depreciation and amortization Deferred income taxes Inventory write downs Provision (reversal) for doubtful accounts Gain on disposition of a subsidiary Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Gain on convertible notes conversion Gain on redemption of convertible notes (Gain) loss on change in fair value of derivative (Gain) loss on disposal of fixed assets Amortization of debt issue cost Changes in operating assets and liabilities: (Increase) decrease in: Pledged cash deposits Accounts and notes receivable Advance payments and other Inventories Increase (decrease) in: Accounts and notes payable Customer deposits Accrued payroll and related costs Accrued expenses and other payables Accrued pension costs Taxes payable Advances payable Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: (Increase) decrease in other receivables Cash received from property, plant and equipment sales Cash paid to acquire property, plant and equipment Cash paid to acquire intangible assets Proceeds from disposition of a subsidiary Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Bank loans borrowed Repayment of bank loans Paid debt issue cost for bank loan Capital contribution from noncontrolling interests Dividends paid to the non-controlling interest holders of joint venture companies Decrease in amounts due to shareholders/directors Exercise of stock option Redemption of convertible notes Repurchase common stock Net cash provided by financing activities Cash and cash equivalents affected by foreign currency Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and equivalents at beginning of year Cash and equivalents at end of year Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 1. Organization and Business 46 Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 $ 25,486 $ 47,903 76 13,910 (1,557 ) 876 204 (2,848 ) (171 ) - (1,421 ) 449 (849 ) 173 101 13,501 (915 ) (23 ) (76 ) - (158 ) (1,565 ) - (20,971 ) 105 - (6,888 ) (19,551 ) (1,283 ) 229 182 (6,201 ) 1,577 (12,459 ) 7,745 (52 ) 514 (5,422 ) 176 4,170 2,243 16,209 1,376 3,940 (19,004 ) (75 ) 7,471 (6,292 ) 43,612 (11,389 ) (230 ) 166 (2,936 ) (21 ) - (23,571 ) (1,000 ) 4,631 140 14,688 72,961 87,649 $ 15,014 409 20 2,355 26 (5,108 ) 346 34,063 564 575 (14,857 ) (324 ) - (14,042 ) 10,200 (6,995 ) - - (2,823 ) (28 ) 518 - - 872 2,643 23,536 49,425 72,961 $ China Automotive Systems, Inc., “China Automotive,” was incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 29, 1999 under the name of Visions-In-Glass, Inc. China Automotive, including, when the context so requires, its subsidiaries and the subsidiaries’ interests in the Sino-foreign joint ventures described below, is referred to herein as the “Company.” The Company is primarily engaged in the manufacture and sale of automotive systems and components, as described below. Great Genesis Holdings Limited, a company incorporated on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong as a limited liability company, “Genesis,” is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” which was incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after-sales service and research and development support accordingly. The Company owns the following aggregate net interests in the following Sino-foreign joint ventures, wholly-owned subsidiary and joint ventures organized in the PRC and Brazil as of December 31, 2012 and 2011. Name of Entity Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., “Henglong” 1 Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd., “Jiulong” 2 Shenyang Jinbei Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Shenyang” 3 Zhejiang Henglong & Vie Pump-Manu Co., Ltd., “Zhejiang” 4 Universal Sensor Application Inc., “USAI” 5 Wuhu HengLong Auto Steering System Co., Ltd., “Wuhu” 6 Wuhan Jielong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd., “Jielong” 7 Jingzhou Hubei Henglong Automotive System Co., Ltd, “Hubei Henglong” 8 Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Center, “Testing Center” 9 Beijing Hainachun HengLong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd, “Beijing HengLong” 10 Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd, “Chongqing Henglong” 11 CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong” 12 Aggregate Net Interest 2011 2012 80.00 % 81.00 % 70.00 % - % 83.34 % 77.33 % 85.00 % 100.00 % 80.00 % 50.00 % 70.00 % 80.00 % 80.00 % 81.00 % 70.00 % 51.00 % 83.34 % 77.33 % 85.00 % 100.00 % 80.00 % 50.00 % - % - % 1. Henglong was established in 1997 and mainly engages in the production of rack and pinion power steering gear for cars and light duty vehicles. 2. Jiulong was established in 1993 and mainly engages in the production of integral power steering gear for heavy-duty vehicles. 3. Shenyang was established in 2002 and focuses on power steering parts for light duty vehicles. 4. Zhejiang was established in 2002 to focus on power steering pumps. The Company sold its 51% equity interest in Zhejiang on May 21, 2012. Please see Note 26. 5. USAI was established in 2005 and mainly engages in the production and sales of sensor modules. 6. Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems. 7. Jielong was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of electric power steering gear, “EPS.” 8. On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong (formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd.), its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. The registered capital of Hubei Henglong at the time of establishment was $10 million. On February 10, 2010, the registered capital of Hubei Henglong was increased to $16 million. On October 12, 2011, the board of directors of the Company approved a reorganization of the Company’s subsidiaries operating in China. As a result of the reorganization, all of Genesis’s equity interests of its subsidiaries operating in China, except for Shenyang and Zhejiang, were transferred to Hubei Henglong, the Company’s new China-based holding company. The reorganization was completed on January 19, 2012, subsequent to which the registered capital of Hubei Henglong was increased to $39.0 million. As the reorganized entities were under common control of the Company, the reorganization did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations and should not impact the tax treatment of the Company or its subsidiaries in any material respect. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. 9. In December 2009, Henglong, a subsidiary of Genesis, formed the Testing Center, which mainly engages in the research and development of new products. The registered capital of the Testing Center was RMB30.0 million, equivalent to approximately $4.4 million. 10. On January 24, 2010, Genesis entered into a joint venture contract with Beijing Hainachuan Auto Parts Co., Ltd., to establish Beijing Henglong as a joint venture company to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts. On September 16, 2010, with Beijing Hainchuan’s agreement, Genesis transferred its interest in the joint venture to Hubei Henglong, and left the other terms of the joint venture contract unchanged. According to the joint venture agreement, the Company does not have voting control of Beijing Henglong. Therefore, the Company’s consolidated financial statements do not include Beijing Henglong, and such investment is accounted for by the equity method. 11. On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts. The new joint venture is located in Chongqing City and has a registered capital of RMB60 million, of which RMB42 million, or 70%, is held by Hubei Henglong. The registered capital of Chongqing Henglong was fully contributed by 47 Hubei Henglong in cash of $6.7 million (equivalent to RMB42 million) in January and February 2012 and by SAIC-IVECO in property, plant and equipment with a fair value of $2.8 million (equivalent to RMB18 million) in April 2012. 12. On August 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong established a Sino-foreign joint venture company with two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. The joint-venture company is called CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong.” Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. The new joint venture is located in Brazil and has a registered capital of $1.0 million (equivalent to BRL1.6 million), of which $0.8 million (equivalent to BRL1.3 million), or 80%, is held by Hubei Henglong, and of which $0.2 million (equivalent to BRL0.3 million), or 20%, is held by Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove. As of December 31, 2012, Hubei Henglong and Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove have completed their capital contributions. 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation - For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and joint ventures, which are described in Note 1. Significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. The Company has no voting control in Beijing Henglong, thus such investment was accounted for using the equity method. During early 2003, the Directors of the Company and the other joint venture partners in the Company’s Sino-foreign joint ventures executed “Act in Concert” agreements, resulting in the Company’s ownership of voting control in such Sino-foreign joint ventures. Consequently, effective January 1, 2003, the Company changed from equity accounting to consolidation accounting for its investments in Sino-foreign joint ventures for the year ended December 31, 2003. Prior to January 1, 2003, the Company used the equity method pursuant to the provision in ASC Topic 810. Henglong was formed in 1997. The Company increased its shareholdings from 44.5% to 80% in 2008 and the remaining 20% is owned by Jingzhou Jiulong Machinery and Electronic Manufacturing Co., Ltd., “JLME.” The highest authority of the joint venture is Henglong’s board of directors, which is comprised of five directors, four of which, 80%, are appointed by the Company, and one of which, 20%, is appointed by JLME. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by more than two-thirds of the members of such board of directors, 67%, is required. Both the chairman of such board of directors and the general manager of Henglong are appointed by the Company. Jiulong was formed in 1993, with 81% owned and controlled by the Company, 10% owned by JLME, and 9% owned by Jingzhou Tianxin Investment Consulting Co., Ltd., “Tianxin.” The highest authority of the joint venture is Jiulong’s board of directors, which is comprised of five directors, four of which, 80%, are appointed by the Company, and one of whom, 20%, is appointed by JLME. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by more than two-thirds of the members of such board of directors, 67%, is required. The chairman of such board of directors is appointed by JLME. The general manager of Jiulong is appointed by the Company. Shenyang was formed in 2002, with 70% owned and controlled by the Company, and 30% owned by Shenyang Automotive Industry Investment Corporation, “JB Investment.” The highest authority of the joint venture is Shenyang’s board of directors, which is comprised of seven directors, four of whom, 57%, are appointed by the Company, and three of whom, 43%, are appointed by JB Investment. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by more than two-thirds of the members of such board of directors, 67%, is required. The chairman of the board of directors is appointed by the Company. In March 2003, the Company and Jinbei entered into an act-in-concert agreement, under which the directors appointed by Jinbei agree to act in concert with the directors appointed by the Company. As a result, the Company obtained control of Shenyang in March 2003. The general manager of Shenyang is appointed by the Company. Zhejiang was formed in 2002, with 51% owned by Genesis, which is wholly-owned and controlled by the Company, and 49% owned by Zhejiang Vie Group, “ZVG.” The highest authority of the joint venture was Zhejiang’s board of directors, which was comprised of seven directors, four of whom, 57%, were appointed by the Company and three of whom, 43%, were appointed by ZVG. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by more than two-thirds of the members of such board of directors, 67%, is required. In March 2003, the Company and ZVG entered into an act-in-concert agreement, under which the directors appointed by ZVG agreed to act in concert with the directors appointed by the Company. As a result, the Company obtained control of Zhejiang in March 2003. The chairman of such board of directors was appointed by ZVG. The general manager of Zhejiang was appointed by the Company. The Company sold its 51% equity interest in Zhejiang on May 21, 2012. Please see Note 26. USAI was formed in 2005. At December 31, 2008, 83.34% was owned by the Company and 16.66% owned by Shanghai Hongxi Investment Inc., “Hongxi.” The highest authority of the joint venture is USAI’s board of directors, which is comprised of three directors, two of whom, 67%, are appointed by the Company, one of whom, 33%, is appointed by Hongxi. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by more than two-thirds of the members of such board of directors, 67%, is required. The chairman of such board of directors is appointed by the Company. The general manager of USAI is appointed by the Company. 48 Jielong was formed in April 2006, with 85% owned by the Company, and 15% owned by Hong Kong Tongda, “Tongda.” The highest authority of the joint venture is Jielong’s board of directors, which is comprised of three directors, two of whom, 67%, are appointed by the Company, and one of whom, 33%, is appointed by Tongda. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by more than two-thirds of the members of such board of directors, 67%, is required. The chairman of such board of directors is appointed by the Company. The general manager of Jielong is appointed by the Company. Wuhu was formed in May 2006, with 77.33% owned by the Company, and 22.67% owned by Wuhu Chery Technology Co., Ltd., “Chery Technology.” The highest authority of the joint venture is Wuhu’s board of directors, which is comprised of five directors, three of whom, 60%, are appointed by the Company, and two of whom, 40%, are appointed by Chery Technology. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by more than two-thirds of the members of such board of directors, 67%, is required. The directors of the Company and Chery Technology executed an “Act in Concert” agreement, resulting in the Company having voting control in the joint venture. The chairman of such board of directors is appointed by the Company. The general manager of Wuhu is appointed by the Company. Testing Center was formed in December 2009, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Henglong. The highest authority of the entity is its board of directors, which is comprised of three directors, all of them are appointed by the Company. Chongqing Henglong was formed in 2012, with 70% owned by the Company and 30% owned by SAIC-IVECO. The highest authority of the joint venture is Chongqing Henglong’s board of directors, which is comprised of five directors, three of whom, 60%, are appointed by the Company, and two of whom, 40%, are appointed by SAIC-IVECO. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by more than two-thirds of the members of such board of directors, 67%, is required. In February 2012, the Company and SAIC-IVECO signed an “Act in Concert” agreement. According to the agreement, the directors appointed by SAIC-IVECO agreed to execute the “Act in Concert” agreement with the directors designated by the Company. The chairman of such board of directors and the general manager of Chongqing Henglong are both appointed by the Company. Brazil Henglong was formed in 2012, with 80% owned by the Company and 20% owned by Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove. The highest authority of the joint venture is Brazil Henglong’s board of directors. In making operational decision, approval by voting rights representing at least 3/4 of the capital, 75%, is required and 80% of voting rights were owned by the Company. The chairman of such board of directors is appointed by the Company. The general manager is Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva. Beijing Henglong was formed in 2010, with 50% owned by the Company and 50% owned by Beijing Hainachuan Auto Parts Co. Ltd., "Hainachuan.” The highest authority of the joint venture is Beijing Henglong’s board of directors, which is comprised of seven directors, four of whom, 57%, are appointed by the Company, and three of whom, 43%, are appointed by Hainachuan. As for day-to- day operating matters, approval by more than two-thirds of the members of such board of directors, 67%, is required. The chairman of such board of directors is appointed by Hainachuan. The general manager of Beijing Henglong is appointed by the Company. The Company has no voting control in Beijing Henglong, thus such investment was accounted for using the equity method. The minority partners of each of the joint ventures are all private companies not controlled, directly or indirectly, by any PRC municipal government or other similar government entity. Use of Estimates - The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. The Company is of an opinion that the significant estimates related to impairment of long term assets and investment, the realizable value of accounts receivable and inventories, useful lives of property, plant and equipment, and the amounts of accruals, warranty liabilities and deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents - Cash and cash equivalents include all highly-liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase. Pledged Cash Deposits - Pledged as guarantee for the Company's notes payable and restricted to use. The Company regularly pays some of its suppliers by bank notes. The Company (the drawer) has to deposit a cash deposit, equivalent to 30%- 40% of the face value of the relevant bank note, in a bank (the drawer) in order to obtain the bank note. Allowance for doubtful accounts - In order to determine the value of the Company’s accounts receivable, the Company records a provision for doubtful accounts to cover estimated credit losses. Management reviews and adjusts this allowance periodically based on historical experience and its evaluation of the collectability of outstanding accounts receivable. The Company evaluates the credit risk of its customers utilizing historical data and estimates of future performance. Inventories - Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is calculated on the moving-average basis and includes all costs to acquire and other costs to bring the inventories to their present location and condition. The Company evaluates the net realizable value of its inventories on a regular basis and records a provision for loss to reduce the computed moving-average cost if it exceeds the net realizable value. 49 Advance Payments - These amounts represent advances to acquire various assets to be utilized in the future in the Company’s normal business operations, such as machine equipment, raw materials and technology. Such amounts are paid according to their respective contract terms. Advance payment for machinery and equipment is classified as advance payment for property, plant and equipment in the consolidated balance sheet and advance payment of raw materials and technology are classified as advance payments and others in the consolidated balance sheet. Property, Plant and Equipment – Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Major renewals and improvements are capitalized; minor replacements and maintenance and repairs are charged to operations. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets as follows: Category Land use rights and buildings: Land use rights Buildings Machinery and equipment Electronic equipment Motor vehicles Estimated Useful Life (Years) 45-50 25 6 4 8 Assets under construction - represent buildings under construction and plant and equipment pending installation— are stated at cost. Cost includes construction and acquisitions, and interest charges arising from borrowings used to finance assets during the period of construction or installation and testing. No provision for depreciation is made on assets under construction until such time as the relevant assets are completed and ready for their intended commercial use. Gains or losses on disposal of property, plant and equipment are determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the relevant asset, and are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income on the date of disposal. Interest Costs Capitalized - Interest costs incurred in connection with specific borrowings for the acquisition, construction or installation of property, plant and equipment are capitalized (if significant) and depreciated as part of the asset’s total cost when the respective asset is placed into service. However, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, interest costs which were incurred as a result of using such specific borrowings for the acquisition, construction or installation of property, plant and equipment were not significant, so the Company did not capitalize interest costs. Intangible Assets - Intangible assets, representing patents and technical know-how acquired, are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment losses. Amortization is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of 5 to 15 years. Long-Lived Assets - The Company has adopted the provisions of ASC Topic 360, “Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets.” Property, plant and equipment and definite life intangible assets are reviewed periodically for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. If required, an impairment loss is recognized as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the assets. In assessing long-lived assets for impairment, management considered the Company’s product line portfolio, customers and related commercial agreements, labor agreements and other factors in grouping assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent. The Company considers projected future undiscounted cash flows, trends and other factors in its assessment of whether impairment conditions exist. Whilst the Company believes that its estimates of future cash flows are reasonable, different assumptions regarding such factors as future automotive production volumes, customer pricing, economics and productivity and cost saving initiatives, could significantly affect its estimates. In determining fair value of long-lived assets, management uses appraisals, management estimates or discounted cash flow calculations. Long-Term Investments - Investments in which the Company owns less than 20% of the investee company and does not have the ability to exert significant influence are stated at cost, and are reviewed periodically for realization. Investments in which the Company owns 20% - 50% of the investee company and does have the ability to exert significant influence are accounted for using the equity method. In 2010, the Company set up a joint venture with Beijing Hainachuan, Beijing Henglong. Beijing Henglong is an entity over which the Company has significant influence but it does not control. Investment in Beijing Henglong is accounted for by the equity method of accounting. Under this method, the Company’s income (loss) from investment in Beijing Henglong is recognized in the consolidated statements of income. Unrealized gains on transactions between the Company and Beijing Henglong are eliminated to the extent of the Company’s interest in Beijing Henglong, if any; unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an 50 impairment of the asset transferred. When the Company’s share of losses in Beijing Henglong equals or exceeds its interest in Beijing Henglong, the Company does not recognize further losses, unless the Company has incurred obligations or made payments on behalf of Beijing Henglong. The Company continually reviews its investment in Beijing Henglong to determine whether a decline in fair value below the carrying value is other than temporary. The primary factors the Company considers in its determination are the length of time that the fair value of the investment is below the Company’s carrying value and the financial condition, operating performance and near term prospects of the investee. In addition, the Company considers the reason for the decline in fair value, including general market conditions, industry-specific or investee-specific reasons, changes in valuation subsequent to the balance sheet date and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for a recovery in fair value. If the decline in fair value is deemed to be other than temporary, the carrying value of the security is written down to fair value. There were no impairment losses for its long- term investment in the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. Revenue from Product Sales Recognition - The Company recognizes revenue when the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the customers including factors such as when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable, sales and value added tax laws have been complied with, and collectability is probable. The Company recognizes product sales generally at the time the product is installed on OEMs’ production line, and a small number of product sales is recognized at the time the product is shipped. Concurrent with the recognition of revenue, the Company reduces revenue for estimated product returns. Revenue is presented net of any sales tax and value added tax. Revenue from Materials and Other Assets Sales Recognition – Normally, the Company purchases materials only for its production. Occasionally, some materials will be sold to other suppliers in case of temporary inventory overage of such materials and to make a profit on any price difference. The Company is essentially the agent in these transactions because it does not have any risk of product return. When there is any quality or quantity loss, the suppliers are obligated to restitution. Income generated from selling materials is recorded as the net amount retained, that is, the amount billed to the customers less the amount paid to suppliers, in the consolidated statement of income in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 350. Revenue from other asset sales represents gains or losses from other assets, for example, unused property, plant and equipment. Income generated from selling other assets is recorded as the net sales amount less the carrying value of the assets. The Company has classified such revenue from materials and other asset sales into gain on other sales in its consolidated statements of income. For the year ended December 31, 2012, gain on sales of materials and scrap iron and aluminum scraps amounted to $3.5 million and gain on disposal of properties, plants and equipment amounted to $0.9 million, while the amounts were $1.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2011. Government subsidies - the Company’s PRC based subsidiaries received government subsidies according to related policy from local government. The Company’s government subsidies consisted of specific subsidies and other subsidies. Specific subsidies are the subsidies that the Chinese government has specified its purpose for, such as product development and renewal of production facilities. Other subsidies are the subsidies that the Chinese government has not specified its purpose for and are not tied to future trends or performance of the Company; receipt of such subsidy income is not contingent upon any further actions or performance of the Company and the amounts do not have to be refunded under any circumstances. The Company recorded specific purpose subsidies as advances payable when received. For specific purpose subsidies, upon government acceptance of the related project development or asset acquisition, the specific purpose subsidies are recognized to reduce related R &D expenses or cost of asset acquisition. The unspecific purpose subsidies are recognized as other income upon receipt as further performance by the Company is not required. Sales Taxes - The Company is subject to value added tax, “VAT.” The applicable VAT tax rate is 17% for products sold in the PRC. The amount of VAT liability is determined by applying the applicable tax rate to the invoiced amount of goods sold less VAT paid on purchases made with the relevant supporting invoices. VAT is collected from customers by the Company on behalf of the PRC tax authorities and is therefore not charged to the consolidated statements of income. Uncertain Tax Positions - In order to assess uncertain tax positions, the Company applies a more likely than not threshold and a two-step approach for tax position measurement and financial statement recognition. For the two-step approach, the first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement. Product Warranties - The Company provides for the estimated cost of product warranties when the products are sold. Such estimates of product warranties were based on, among other things, historical experience, product changes, material expenses, service and transportation expenses arising from the manufactured product. Estimates will be adjusted on the basis of actual claims and circumstances. For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the warranties activities were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): 51 Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 Balance at the beginning of year Additions during the year Settlement within the year Decrease for warranty related to the subsidiary sold Foreign currency translation Balance at end of year $ $ 16,809 $ 10,931 (9,264 ) (436 ) 41 18,081 $ 13,944 11,485 (9,332 ) - 712 16,809 Pension - Most of the operations and employees of the Company are located in China. The Company records pension costs and various employment benefits in accordance with the relevant Chinese social security laws, which is approximately at a total of 31% of base salary as required by local governments. Base salary levels are the average salary determined by the local governments. Concentration of Credit Risk - Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of trade accounts receivable. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations with respect to the financial condition of its debtors, but does not require collateral. In order to determine the value of the Company’s accounts receivable, the Company records a provision for doubtful accounts to cover probable credit losses. Management reviews and adjusts this allowance periodically based on historical experience and its evaluation of the collectability of outstanding accounts receivable. Interest Rate Risk - As of December 31, 2012, the Company had bank loans of $30.0 million which were charged at floating interest rates. The remaining bank loans and convertible notes payable were charged at fixed interest rates. Management is monitoring the change of floating interest rates. The Company plans to repay the bank loans with floating interest rates when the floating interest rates exceed fixed interest rates, because such bank loans are short-term and the Company has sufficient credit lines with fixed interest rates. Income Taxes - The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method whereby deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying statutory tax rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of certain assets and liabilities, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities, if any, include the impact of any tax rate changes enacted during the year. ASC Topic 350 , “Accounting for Income Taxes,” requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on all available evidence, it is considered more likely than not that some portion or all of the recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods.. Additionally, the Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes using a two-step approach to recognize and measure uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. The Company classifies the liability for unrecognized tax benefits as current to the extent that the Company anticipates payment (or receipt) of cash within one year. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized in the provision for income taxes. If the amount of the Company’s taxable income or income tax liability is a determinant of the amount of a grant, the grant is treated as a reduction of the income tax provision in the year the grant is realized. Research and Development Costs - Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising, Shipping and Handling Costs – Advertising, shipping and handling costs are expensed as incurred and recorded in selling expenses. Shipping and handling costs relating to sales of $4.3 million and $4.2 million were included in selling expenses for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Income Per Share - Basic income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, net income is allocated between ordinary shares and other participating securities (convertible note holders) based on their participating rights. Diluted income per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to ordinary shareholders, as adjusted for the effects on income of participating securities as if they were dilutive ordinary shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares consist of ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of the convertible notes using the if-converted method, and shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options and warrants for the purchase of ordinary shares using the treasury stock method. Ordinary equivalent shares are not included in the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation when inclusion of such shares would be antidilutive. Comprehensive Income – ASC Topic 220 establishes standards for the reporting and display of comprehensive income, its components and accumulated balances in a full set of general purpose financial statements. ASC Topic 220 defines comprehensive income to include all changes in equity except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners, including adjustments to minimum pension liabilities, accumulated foreign currency translation, and unrealized gains or losses on marketable securities. 52 Financial Instruments – Financial instruments consist of cash, evidence of ownership in an entity, and contracts that both (i) impose on one entity a contractual obligation to deliver cash or another financial instrument to a second entity, or to exchange other financial instruments on potentially unfavorable terms with the second entity, and (ii) conveys to that second entity a contractual right (a) to receive cash or another financial instrument from the first entity, or (b) to exchange other financial instruments on potentially favorable terms with the first entity. Inputs to the valuation methodology for Level 1 are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Effective on January 1, 2009, the Company adopted the provisions of ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging Activities that address the determination of whether an instrument meets the definition of a derivative being indexed to a company’s own stock for purposes of applying the scope exception as provided for in accordance with ASC 815-15. Upon adoption of the standard on the effective date, the embedded conversion option that is embedded in the Company’s convertible notes payable no longer met the definition of being indexed to its own stock because it embodied certain anti-dilution protections that are not based on input to the fair value of a fixed-for-fixed option. As a result, the embedded conversion feature required bifurcation, classification in liabilities and measurement at fair value at each reporting period, with changes reflected in earnings, until the convertible notes are settled. The Company has accounted for this change in accounting principle by reflecting the cumulative effect as an adjustment to its beginning retained earnings during the year ended December 31, 2009. Fair Value Measurements – For purposes of fair value measurements, the Company applies the applicable provisions of ASC 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures.” Accordingly, fair value for the Company’s financial accounting and reporting purposes represents the estimated price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the designated measurement date. With an objective to increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements and related disclosures, the Financial Accounting Standard Board established the fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. Level 1 Inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. A quoted price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and shall be used to measure fair value whenever available. As at December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company did not have any fair value assets and liabilities classified as Level 1. Level 2 Inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, a Level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. As at December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company did not have any fair value assets and liabilities classified as Level 2. Level 3 Inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date. However, the fair value measurement objective remains the same, that is, an exit price from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability. Therefore, unobservable inputs shall reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk). Accordingly, the compound derivative liabilities are classified as Level 3 as the inputs reflected management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The Company’s financial instruments consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, pledged cash deposits, accounts and notes receivable, accounts and notes payable, advance payment or payable, other receivable or payable, accrued expenses, bank loans, convertible notes payable and derivative liabilities. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, except for derivative liabilities, the respective carrying values of all other financial instruments approximated their fair values based on their short-term maturities. The convertible notes payable and derivative liabilities were settled upon redemption of the convertible notes on May 25, 2012. The derivative liabilities were classified as Level 3 financial instruments as of December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011(figures are in thousands of USD): Derivative liability, current $ - $ - $ - $ - Carrying Value Balance as of December 31, 2012 Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Hierarchy Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Carrying Value Balance as of December 31, 2011 Fair Value Measurements Using Fair Value Hierarchy Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Derivative liability, non-current $ 559 $ - $ - $ 559 53 For a summary of changes in Level 3 derivative liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, and assumptions used for the fair value measurement of the Level 3 derivative liabilities, please see Note 13. Stock-Based Compensation - The Company may issue stock options to employees and stock options or warrants to non-employees in non-capital raising transactions for services and for financing costs. In July 2004, the Company adopted a stock incentive plan. The maximum number of common shares for issuance under this plan is 2,200,000 with a period of 10 years. The stock incentive plan provides for the issuance, to the Company’s officers, directors, management and employees, of options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. Since the adoption of the stock incentive plan, the Company has issued 501,350 stock options and 1,698,650 stock options remain to be issuable in the future. As of December 31, 2012, the Company had 90,000 stock options outstanding. The Company has adopted ASC Topic 718, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation,” which establishes a fair value based method of accounting for stock-based compensation plans. In accordance with ASC Topic 718, the cost of stock options and warrants issued to employees and non-employees is measured on the grant date based on the fair value. The fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The resulting amount is charged to expense on the straight-line basis over the period in which the Company expects to receive the benefit, which is generally the vesting period. Registration Payment Arrangements - The Company has entered into registration payment arrangements with certain investors that provide for the payment of damages for failures to register common shares underlying the investor’s financial instruments. ASC Topic 825, Accounting for Registration Payment Arrangements, provides for the exclusion of registration payments, such as the liquidated damages, from the consideration of classification of financial instruments. Rather, such registration payments would be accounted for pursuant to ASC Topic 450, “Accounting for Contingencies,” which is the Company’s current accounting practice. That is, all registration payments will require recognition when they are both probable and reasonably estimable. The Company does not currently believe that damages are probable. As the investors may sell the convertible notes and underlying shares freely pursuant to Rule 144, there are no liquidated damages. Foreign Currencies - China Automotive, the parent company, and HLUSA maintain their books and records in United States Dollars, “USD,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiaries based in the PRC and Genesis maintain their books and records in Renminbi, “RMB,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiary based in Brazil maintains its books and records in Brazilian reais, “BRL,” its functional currency. In accordance with ASC Topic 830, “FASB Accounting Standards Codification”, foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date for monetary items. Nonmonetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Income and expenses are remeasured at the rate in effect on the transaction dates. Transaction gains and losses, if any, are included in the determination of net income for the period. In translating the financial statements of the Company’s China and Brazil subsidiaries and Genesis from their functional currency into the Company's reporting currency of United States dollars, balance sheet accounts are translated using the closing exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date and income and expense accounts are translated using an average exchange rate prevailing during the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation, if any, are included in cumulative other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions The following are the related parties of the Company. The major shareholders of the Company directly or indirectly have interests in these related parties: Jingzhou Henglong Fulida Textile Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou” Xiamen Joylon Co., Ltd., “Xiamen Joylon” Shanghai Tianxiang Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., “Shanghai Tianxiang” Shanghai Fenglong Materials Co., Ltd., “Shanghai Fenglong” Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong” Jiangling Tongchuang Machining Co., Ltd., “Jiangling Tongchuang” Beijing Hualong Century Digital S&T Development Co., Ltd., “Beijing Hualong” Jingzhou Jiulong Material Co., Ltd., “Jiulong Material” Shanghai Hongxi Investment Inc., “Hongxi” Hubei Wiselink Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd., “Hubei Wiselink” Jingzhou Tongyi Special Parts Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Tongyi” Jingzhou Derun Agricultural S&T Development Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Derun” Jingzhou Tongying Alloys Materials Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Tongying” 54 WuHan Dida Information S&T Development Co., Ltd., “WuHan Dida” Hubei Wanlong Investment Co., Ltd., “Hubei Wanlong” Jiangling Yude Machining Co., Ltd., “Jiangling Yude” Wiselink Holdings Limited, “Wiselink” Beijing Henglong Automotive System Co., Ltd., “Beijing Henglong” Honghu Changrun Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., “Honghu Changrun” Principal policies of the Company in connection with transactions with related parties are as follows: Products sold to related parties – The Company sold products to related parties at fair market prices, and also granted them credit of three to four months on an open account basis. These transactions were consummated under similar terms as the Company's other customers. Materials purchased from related parties – The Company purchased materials from related parties at fair market prices, and also received from them credit of three to four months on an open account basis. These transactions were consummated under similar terms as the Company's other suppliers. Equipment and production technology purchased from related parties - The Company purchased equipment and production technology from related parties at fair market prices, or reasonable cost plus pricing if fair market prices are not available and was required to pay in advance based on the purchase agreement between the two parties, because such equipment manufacturing and technology development was required for a long period. These transactions were consummated under similar terms as the Company's other suppliers. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In December 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-11, “Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities”. The update under ASU 2011-11 requires an entity to disclose both gross and net information about instruments and transactions eligible for offset in the statements of financial position as well as instruments and transactions executed under a master netting or similar arrangement and was issued to enable users of financial statements to understand the effects or potential effects of those arrangements on their financial position. The update under ASU 2011-11 is required to be applied retrospectively and is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning on or after January 1, 2013. In January 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-01, “Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities”. The amendments clarify that the scope of ASU 2011-11 applies to derivatives accounted for in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, including bifurcated embedded derivatives, repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements, and securities borrowing and securities lending transactions that are either offset in accordance with ASC 210-20-45 or ASC 815-10-45 or subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or similar agreement. The effective date is the same as the effective date of ASU 2011-11. The adoption of the update under ASU 2011-11 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-02, “Comprehensive Income: Reporting of Amounts Reclassified out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income”. This update does not change the current requirements for reporting net income or other comprehensive income in financial statements. However, this update requires an entity to provide information about the amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by component. In addition, an entity is required to present, either on the face of the statement where net income is presented or in the notes, significant amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income by the respective line items of net income but only if the amount reclassified is required under U.S. GAAP to be reclassified to net income in its entirety in the same reporting period. For other amounts that are not required under U.S. GAAP to be reclassified in their entirety to net income, an entity is required to cross-reference to other disclosures required under U.S. GAAP that provide additional detail about those amounts. This update is effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2012 for public entities. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its financial statements of adopting this update under ASU 2013-02. 3. Accounts and Notes Receivable The Company’s accounts receivable at December 31, 2012 and 2011, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Accounts receivable - unrelated parties (1) Notes receivable - unrelated parties (2)(3) Less: allowance for doubtful accounts- unrelated parties Accounts and Notes Receivable- unrelated parties 55 $ December 31, 2012 2011 117,136 $ 95,436 212,572 (1,266 ) 211,306 109,326 92,805 202,131 (1,191 ) 200,940 Accounts and Notes Receivable - related parties Balance at end of year $ 12,286 223,592 $ 11,519 212,459 (1) As of December 31, 2012, the Company has pledged $42.0 million of accounts receivable as security for its comprehensive credit facility with banks in China. (2) Notes receivable represents accounts receivable in the form of bills of exchange whose acceptances and settlements are handled by banks. (3) Henglong’s collateralization of RMB 217.0 million (equivalent to approximately $34.5 million) as security for the credit facility with banks in China, including RMB 173.3 million (equivalent to approximately $27.6 million) in favor of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Jingzhou Branch (“ICBC Jingzhou”) for the purpose of obtaining the Henglong Standby Letter of Credit (as defined in Note 10 below) as security for the non-revolving credit facility in the amount of $30.0 million provided by ICBC Macau (as defined in Note 10 below) to the Company in May 2012, and RMB 43.7 million (equivalent to approximately $6.9 million) in favor of Bank of China as security for the revolving credit facility. The activity in the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts of accounts receivable during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Balance at beginning of year Amounts provided for during the year Amounts reversed of collection during the year Written off during the year Disposition of Zhejiang Foreign currency translation Balance at end of year 4. Other Receivables Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 $ $ 1,191 $ 232 (77 ) - (83 ) 3 1,266 $ 2,929 10 (168 ) (1,729 ) - 149 1,191 The Company’s other receivables at December 31, 2012 and 2011, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Other receivables- unrelated parties Less: allowance for doubtful accounts - unrelated parties Balance at end of year Other receivables - related parties Less: allowance for doubtful accounts - related parties Balance at end of year December 31, 2012 2011 905 $ (56 ) 849 $ 1,936 (59 ) 1,877 December 31, 2012 2011 715 $ (608 ) 107 $ 1,138 (638 ) 500 $ $ $ $ Other receivables consist of amounts advanced to both related and unrelated parties, primarily as unsecured demand loans, with no stated interest rate or due date. The activity in the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts of other receivable during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Balance at beginning of year- unrelated parties Amounts provided for during the year- unrelated parties Amounts reversed of collection during the year- unrelated parties Disposition of Zhejiang Foreign currency translation- unrelated parties Balance at end of year 56 Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 $ $ 59 $ - - (3 ) - 56 $ 136 1 (85 ) - 7 59 Year Ended December 31, Balance at beginning of year- related parties Amounts provided for during the year- related parties Amounts reversed of collection during the year- related parties Foreign currency translation- related parties Balance at end of year 5. Inventories 2012 2011 $ $ 638 $ - (32 ) 2 608 $ 564 57 (12 ) 29 638 The Company’s inventories at December 31, 2012 and 2011, consisted of the following (figures are in thousands of USD): Raw materials Work in process Finished goods Balance at end of year December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 11,144 $ 7,094 25,304 43,542 $ 15,604 7,344 28,659 51,607 Provision for inventories valuation amounted to $0.9 million and $0.02 million for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. 6. Long-term Investments On December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company’s balance of long-term investment was $3.7 million and $3.5 million, respectively. As discussed in note 2, for the long-term investments that the Company has no voting control, such investments were accounted for using the equity method or the cost method. On January 24, 2010, the Company invested $3.1 million to establish a joint venture company with the other shareholder, Beijing Hainachuan Henglong Steering System Co., Ltd., “Beijing Henglong,” in which the Company owns 50% equity, as discussed in Note 2. The Company accounted for its operation results with the equity method. On December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company had $3.6 million and $3.4 million, respectively, of net equity in Beijing Henglong, respectively. Summarized statement of balance sheet data of Beijing Henglong as of December 31 is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Current assets Other assets Total assets Current liabilities Other liabilities Shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ $ $ 12,009 $ 4,851 16,860 $ 6,892 $ 2,810 7,158 16,860 $ 10,114 4,861 14,975 5,691 2,485 6,799 14,975 Statement of operations data for the years ended December 31 of 2012 and 2011, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Beijing Henglong $ 20,954 $ 25,052 $ 646 $ 734 $ 342 $ 317 Net Sales Gross Margin Net Income(Loss) 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 The Company’s share of net assets and net income is reported in the consolidated financial statements as “long-term investments” on the consolidated balance sheets and “equity in earnings of affiliated companies” on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The Company’s consolidated financial statement contains the net income of non-consolidated affiliates of $0.2 million and $0.2 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. 7. Property, Plant and Equipment 57 The Company’s property, plant and equipment at December 31, 2012 and 2011, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Costs: Land use rights and buildings Machinery and equipment Electronic equipment Motor vehicles Construction in progress Less: Accumulated depreciation Balance at end of year December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 36,881 $ 96,368 6,174 2,942 13,280 155,645 (73,954 ) 81,691 $ 39,528 100,327 6,354 2,956 6,547 155,712 (70,869 ) 84,843 Depreciation charges for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, were $13.7 million and $13.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2012, the Company has pledged approximately $58.3 million of properties, plants and equipment as security for its comprehensive credit facilities with banks in China. 8. Intangible Assets The Company’s intangible asset at December 31, 2012 and 2011 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Costs: Patent technology Management software license Less: Accumulated amortization Balance at end of the year December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 1,901 $ 622 2,523 (1,847 ) 676 $ 1,896 579 2,475 (1,638 ) 837 For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, amortization expenses were $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The estimated aggregated amortization expense for the five succeeding years is $0.6 million with $0.1 million for each year. 9. Deferred Income Tax Assets In accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 740 “Income Taxes”, the Company assesses, on a quarterly basis, its ability to realize its deferred tax assets. Based on the more likely than not standard in the guidance and the weight of available evidence, the Company believes a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets is necessary. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considered the following significant factors: an assessment of recent years’ profitability and losses by tax authorities; the Company’s expectation of profits based on margins and volumes expected to be realized (which are based on current pricing and volume trends); the long period in all significant operating jurisdictions before the expiry of net operating losses, noting further that a portion of the deferred tax asset is composed of deductible temporary differences that are subject to an expiry period until realized under tax law. The Company will continue to evaluate the provision of valuation allowance in future periods. The components of deferred income tax assets at December 31, 2012 and 2011, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Losses carryforward (U.S.) ( 1) Losses carryforward (PRC) Product warranties and other reserves Property, plant and equipment Accrued make-whole interest expense for convertible notes Share-based compensation Bonus accrual Other accruals Others 58 $ December 31, 2012 2011 7,004 $ 1,887 3,253 3,774 - 240 196 696 839 4,012 1,351 3,513 4,095 2,665 213 206 791 137 Total deferred tax assets Less: taxable temporary difference related to revenue recognition Total deferred tax assets, net Less: Valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance (2) 17,889 (397 ) 17,492 (8,988 ) 8,504 $ 16,983 (817 ) 16,166 (8,138 ) 8,028 $ (1) The net operating loss carry forwards for the U.S. entity for income tax purposes are available to reduce future years' taxable income. These carry forwards will expire, if not utilized, at varying times over the next 20 years. Net operating loss carryforwards for non-U.S. entities can be carried forward for 5 years to offset taxable income. However, as of December 31, 2012, valuation allowance was $9.0 million, including $7.0 million allowance for the Company’s deferred tax assets in the United States and $2.0 million allowance for the Company’s non-U.S. deferred tax assets. Based on the Company’s current operations in the United States, management believes that the deferred tax assets in the United States are not likely to be realized in the future. For the non- U.S. deferred tax assets, pursuant to certain tax laws and regulations in China, the management believes such amount will not be used to offset future taxable income. (2) Approximately $4.1 million and $4.3 million of deferred income tax asset as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, is included in non-current deferred tax assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The remaining $4.4 million and $3.7 million of deferred income tax asset as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, is included in the current deferred tax assets. The activity in the Company’s valuation allowance for deferred tax assets during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Balance at beginning of year Amounts provided for during the year Amounts recovered during the year Foreign currency translation Balance at end of year 10. Bank Loans Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 $ $ 8,138 $ 4,111 (3,264 ) 3 8,988 $ 5,914 2,337 (154 ) 41 8,138 Loans consist of the following at December 31, 2012 and 2011 (figures are in thousands of USD): Short-term bank loan (RMB) ( 1) ( 2) Short-term bank loan (USD) ( 3) Subtotal Debt issue cost Amortization Balance at end of the year December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 10,341 $ 30,000 40,341 (230 ) 173 40,284 $ 10,316 - 10,316 - - 10,316 (1) These loans are secured by property, plant and equipment of the Company and are repayable within one year. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the weighted average interest rate was 6.46 % and 6.72% per annum, respectively. Interest is to be paid on the twentieth day of each month and the principal repayment is at maturity. (2) On June 30, 2012, Jiulong entered in to a one-year loan agreement with China Construction Bank Jingzhou branch in the amount of $3.2 million. The agreement contains certain financial and non-financial covenants, including but not limited to restrictions on the utilization of the funds and the maintenance of an assets-liability ratio not exceeding 60%. As of December 31, 2012, the assets- liability ratio of Jiulong was 56.3% and the Company was in compliance with these covenants at December 31, 2012. (3) On May 18, 2012, the Company entered into a credit facility agreement, the “Credit Agreement,” with Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macau) Limited, “ICBC Macau,” to obtain a non-revolving credit facility in the amount of $30.0 million, the “Credit Facility”. The Credit Facility would have expired on November 3, 2012, unless the Company drew down the line of credit in full prior to such expiration date, and the maturity date for the loan drawdown was the earlier of (i) 18 months from the drawdown or (ii) 1 month before the expiry of the standby letter of credit obtained by Henglong from ICBC Jingzhou as security for the Credit Facility, the “Henglong Standby Letter of Credit”. The interest rate of the Credit Facility is calculated based on a three-month LIBOR plus 2.25% per annum, subject to the availability of funds and fluctuation at ICBC Macau’s discretion. The interest is calculated daily based on a 360-day year and is to be fixed one day before the first day of each interest period. The interest period 59 is defined as three months from the date of drawdown. As of December 31, 2012, the interest rate was 2.56% per annum. As security for the Credit Facility, the Company was required to provide ICBC Macau the Henglong Standby Letter of Credit for a total amount not less than $31.6 million if the Credit Facility is fully drawn. On May 22, 2012, the Company drew down the full amount of $30.0 million under the Credit Facility and provided the Henglong Standby Letter of Credit for an amount of $31.6 million in favor of ICBC Macau. The loan drawdown will expire on May 15, 2013. The Henglong Standby Letter of Credit issued by ICBC Jingzhou with the collateralization of Henglong’s notes receivable of RMB173.3 million (equivalent to approximately $27.6 million) will expire on June 15, 2013. The Company also paid an arrangement fee of $0.1 million to ICBC Macau and $0.1 million to ICBC Jingzhou. The arrangement fees are amortized over the period of loan drawdown, and $0.2 million was amortized for the year ended December 31, 2012. 11. Accounts and Notes Payable The Company’s accounts and notes payable at December 31, 2012 and 2011, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Accounts payable - unrelated parties Notes payable - unrelated parties ( 1) Accounts and notes payable - unrelated parties Accounts payable- related parties Balance at end of year December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 99,100 $ 67,280 166,380 4,521 170,901 $ 112,149 57,307 169,456 2,053 171,509 (1) Notes payable represent payables in the form of notes issued by the Company. The notes are endorsed by banks to ensure that noteholders will be paid after maturity. The Company has pledged cash deposits, notes receivable and certain property, plant and equipment to secure notes payable granted by banks. 12. Convertible Notes Payable In February 2008, the Company issued to two accredited institutional investors, namely Lehman Brothers Commercial Corporation Asia Limited (“LBCCA Liquidator”) and YA Global Investments L.P (“YA Global”), convertible notes in the principal amount of $35.0 million, with a scheduled maturity date of February 15, 2013. The convertible notes bore annual interest rates of 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5% and 5% for each year of 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. The interest on the convertible notes was to be computed commencing from the issuance date and will be payable in cash in arrears semi-annually on January 15, and July 15 of each year with the first interest payable date on July 15, 2008. The Company and YA Global reached a settlement agreement on April 8, 2009. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, the Company paid on April 15, 2009 a redemption amount of $5.0 million to YA Global and YA Global waived its entitlement to the Other Make Whole Amount (as defined in the convertible notes). The amount waived was accounted for as a gain on redemption of the convertible notes. On March 1, 2011, the provisional liquidator acting on behalf of LBCCA Liquidator, converted $6.4 million principal amount of the convertible notes at a conversion price of $7.0822 per share, and in turn the Company issued 907,708 shares of its common stock to LBCCA Liquidator. On such conversion date, the market price of the common shares issued was $10.1 million ($11.14 per share) and the value of the conversion consideration was $11.7 million, including $6.4 million of principal, $1.5 million of coupon interest and make-whole amount payable and $3.7 million of derivative liabilities under such principal. The amount of coupon interest, make-whole and derivative liabilities included in the value of the conversion consideration were determined by pro-rating the accrued coupon interest, accrued make-whole amount and the fair value of the derivative liabilities based on the principal amount of the convertible notes converted as a percentage of the outstanding balance prior to their conversion. The Company recorded a gain on the convertible notes conversion of $1.6 million, which is the difference between the market price of the common stock and the conversion consideration. On May 24, 2012, the Company and LBCCA Liquidator reached a settlement agreement. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, the Company redeemed all the remaining convertible notes and paid a redemption amount of $32.4 million to LBCCA Liquidator on May 25, 2012, the “Redemption Date,” including $23.6 million of principal and $8.8 million of interest. On the Redemption Date, the carrying value of the convertible notes was $33.8 million, including $23.6 million of principal, $0.6 million of coupon interest, $8.6 million of make-whole amount payable and $1.0 million of derivative liabilities related to the convertible notes. The Company recorded a gain on redemption of convertible notes of $1.4 million, which is the difference between the redemption amount and the carrying value of the convertible notes. 13. Compound Derivative Liabilities 60 The Company’s derivative financial instruments (liabilities) consisted of a compound embedded derivative that originated in connection with the Company’s convertible note payable. Derivative liabilities are carried at fair value. As discussed above, the Company redeemed the remaining convertible notes on the Redemption Date. Therefore, the fair value of the derivative liabilities related to all the convertible notes as of the Redemption Date was included in the carrying value of the convertible notes for the calculation of gain on redemption in May 2012. The following table summarizes the compound derivative liabilities as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 (figures are in thousands of USD, except for shares): Financial instrument Derivative liability Common shares to which the derivative liability is linked December 31, 2012 2011 $ - $ - 559 3,328,264 Changes in the fair value of compound derivative liabilities are recorded in loss (gain) on change in fair value of derivative in the income statement. The following table summarizes the components of loss (gain) on change in fair value of derivative arising from fair value adjustments and other changes to compound derivative liabilities as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 (figures are in thousands of USD): Balances at January 1 Decrease due to convertible notes conversion on March 1, 2011 Decrease due to convertible notes redemption on May 25, 2012 Loss (gain) in fair value adjustments (1) Balances at December 31 Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 $ $ 559 $ - (1,008 ) 449 - $ 25,272 (3,742 ) - (20,971 ) 559 (1) Recorded in loss (gain) on change in fair value of derivative in consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The Company’s embedded conversion option derivative represents the conversion option, term-extending option, certain redemption and put features in the Company’s convertible notes payable. See Note 12 for additional information about the Company’s convertible notes payable. The features embedded in the convertible notes were combined into one compound embedded derivative that the Company measured at fair value using the Monte Carlo valuation technique. Monte Carlo simulates multiple outcomes over the period to maturity using multiple assumption inputs. The following table sets forth (i) the range of inputs for each significant assumption and (ii) the equivalent, or averages, of each significant assumption as of May 25, 2012, being the Redemption Date, and December 31, 2011. May 25, 2012 Assumptions: Volatility Market adjusted interest rates Credit risk adjusted rates Implied expected life (years) December 31, 2011 Assumptions: Volatility Market adjusted interest rates Credit risk adjusted rates Implied expected life (years) 14. Accrued Expenses and Other Payables Range Low High Equivalent 65.33 % 5.89 % 16.87 % - Range 102.57 % 17.95 % 16.87 % - 79.02 % 11.97 % 16.87 % 0.73 Low High Equivalent 51.63 % 15.38 % 17.17 % - 69.66 % 21.87 % 17.17 % - 60.40 % 18.52 % 17.17 % 1.13 The Company’s accrued expenses and other payables at December 31, 2012 and 2011, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Accrued expenses Accrued interest (1) Other payables Warranty reserves $ December 31, 2012 2011 2,557 $ 87 2,176 18,081 2,802 626 1,573 16,809 61 Dividend payable to non-controlling interest shareholders of joint-ventures Balance at end of year $ 162 23,063 $ 808 22,618 (1) The accrued interest of $0.1 million as of December 31, 2012 represented the credit facility interest on the date of drawdown. The accrued interest of $0.6 million as of December 31, 2011 represented coupon interest on convertible notes to be paid every six months (see Note 12). 15. Accrued Maturity and Make-Whole Redemption Interest Expense for Convertible Notes In February 2008, the Company sold to two accredited institutional investors the convertible notes, with a scheduled maturity date of February 15, 2013. Pursuant to the terms of the convertible notes, on each of February 15, 2010 and February 15, 2011, the convertible note holders had the right, in their sole discretion, to require that the Company redeem the convertible notes in whole but not in part, by delivering written notice thereof to the Company. The portion of the convertible note subject to redemption pursuant to such annual redemption right would have been redeemed by the Company in cash at a price equal to the sum of the conversion amount being redeemed and the Annual Redemption Make Whole Amount. The “Annual Redemption Make Whole Amount” means a premium to the conversion amount such that the total amount received by the convertible notes holder upon any annual redemption represents a gross yield on the original principal amount of eleven percent (11%), with interest computed on the basis of the actual number of days elapsed over a 360-day year. On February 15, 2011, the remaining convertible notes holder did not exercise its annual redemption right. Subsequently, the Company redeemed all the convertible notes and paid a redemption amount of $32.4 million to LBCCA Liquidator on the Redemption Date. For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the activities of accrued provision on make-whole redemption interest pursuant to the terms of convertible notes were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Balance at beginning of year Amounts provided for during the year Decrease due to redemption of convertible notes (Note 12) Decrease due to convertible notes conversion (Note 12) Balance at end of year 16. Taxes Payable Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 $ $ 7,616 $ 1,073 (8,689 ) - - $ 6,631 2,487 - (1,502 ) 7,616 The Company’s taxes payable at December 31, 2012 and 2011, is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Value-added tax payable Income tax payable Other tax payable Balance at end of year 17. Amounts Due to Shareholders/Directors December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 4,347 $ 878 368 5,593 $ 1,514 423 92 2,029 The activity in the amounts due to shareholders/directors during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Balance at beginning of the year Increase (decrease) during the year Foreign currency translation Balance at end of year December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 352 $ (21 ) 1 332 $ 354 (28 ) 26 352 The amounts due to shareholders/directors were unsecured, interest-free and repayable on demand mainly resulting from expenses paid on behalf of the Company by shareholders/directors. 18. Advances Payable 62 On December 31, 2012 and 2011, advances payable of the Company was $2.6 million and $1.0 million, respectively. The amounts are special subsidies made by the Chinese government to the Company, to offset the cost and charges related to the improvement of production capacities and improvement of the quality of products. For the government subsidies with no further conditions to be met, the amounts are recorded as other income when received; for the amounts with certain operating conditions, the government subsidies are recorded as advances payable when received and will be recorded as a deduction of related expenses and cost when the conditions are met. The balances are unsecured and interest-free and will be repayable to the Chinese government if the usage of such advance does not continue to qualify for the subsidy. 19. Stock Options In July 2004, the Company adopted a stock incentive plan. The maximum number of common shares for issuance under this plan is 2,200,000 with a term of 10 years. The stock incentive plan provides for the issuance, to the Company’s officers, directors, management and employees who served over three years or have given outstanding performance, of options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. Since the adoption of the stock incentive plan, the Company has issued 501,350 stock options under this plan, and there remain 1,698,650 stock options issuable in the future as of December 31, 2012. Under the aforementioned plans, the stock options granted will have an exercise price equal to the closing price of the Company’s common stock traded on NASDAQ on the date of grant, and will expire two to five years after the grant date. Except for the 298,850 options granted to management on December 2008, which became exercisable on a ratable basis over the vesting period (3 years), the others were exercisable immediately on the grant date. Stock options will be settled in shares of the Company’s common stock upon exercise and are recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets under the caption “Additional paid-in capital.” As of December 31, 2012, the Company has sufficient unissued registered common stock for settlement of the stock incentive plan mentioned above. The fair value of stock options was determined at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black- Scholes option model requires management to make various estimates and assumptions, including expected term, expected volatility, risk-free rate, and dividend yield. The expected term represents the period of time that stock-based compensation awards granted are expected to be outstanding and is estimated based on considerations including the vesting period, contractual term and anticipated employee exercise patterns. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in relation to the contractual life of stock-based compensation instruments. The dividend yield assumption is based on historical patterns and future expectations for the Company dividends. Assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options on the grant dates are as follows: Issuance Date Expected volatility Risk-free rate Expected term (years) Dividend yield August 15, 2012 October 12, 2011 July 8, 2010 September 10, 2009 149.2 % 157.0 % 151.6 % 153.6 % 0.67 % 0.96 % 1.79 % 2.38 % 5 5 5 5 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % The stock options granted during 2012 and 2011 were exercisable immediately and their fair value on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model both were $0.1 million. For each of the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expenses of $0.1 million. The activities of stock options are summarized as follows, including granted, exercised and forfeited. Weighted-Average Outstanding - January 1, 2011 Granted Exercised Cancelled Outstanding - December 31, 2011 Granted Outstanding - December 31, 2012 Shares Weighted-Average Contractual Exercise Price Term (years) 4.97 4.84 2.93 7.48 9.72 3.71 8.22 236,768 $ 22,500 (176,768 ) (15,000 ) 67,500 $ 22,500 90,000 $ 3.5 5 3 4.5 5 5 5 The following is a summary of the range of exercise prices for stock options that are outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2012: 63 Range of Exercise Prices $3.50 - $10.00 $10.01 - $18.00 Outstanding Stock Weighted Average Weighted Average Number of Stock Remaining Life Exercise Price Options Exercisable Options 67,500 25,000 90,000 67,500 22,500 90,000 5.36 16.80 3.23 $ 2.52 $ As of each of December 31, 2012 and 2011, the total intrinsic value of the Company’s stock options that were outstanding was $0. As of each of December 31, 2012 and 2011, the total intrinsic value of Company’s stock options that were exercisable was $0. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, the total intrinsic value of Company’s stock options that were exercised was $0 and $0.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, the weighted average fair value of the Company’s stock options that were granted was $3.71 and $4.47, respectively. 20. Retained Earnings Appropriated Pursuant to the relevant PRC laws, the profits distribution of the Company’s Sino-foreign subsidiaries, which are based on their PRC statutory financial statements, other than the financial statement that was prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, are available for distribution in the form of cash dividends after these subsidiaries have paid all relevant PRC tax liabilities, provided for losses in previous years, and made appropriations to statutory surplus at 10%. When the statutory surplus reserve reaches 50% of the registered capital of a company, additional reserve is no longer required. However, the reserve cannot be distributed to joint venture partners. Based on the business licenses of the PRC subsidiaries, the registered capital of Henglong, Jiulong, Shenyang, Zhejiang, USAI, Jielong, Wuhu, Hubei Henglong and Chongqing are $10.0 million, $4.2 million (equivalent to RMB35.0 million), $8.1 million (equivalent to RMB67.5 million), $7.0 million, $2.6 million, $6.0 million, $3.8 million (equivalent to RMB30.0 million), $39 million and $9.5 million (equivalent to RMB60.0 million), respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the parent company did not declare any dividend or appropriate any statutory reserves, and the subsidiaries appropriated statutory reserves of $0.9 million and $0.3 million, respectively, in respect of the dividends declared. 21. Treasury Stock Treasury stock represents share repurchased by the Company that are no longer outstanding and are held by the Company. Treasury stock is accounted for under the cost method. On August 15, 2012, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $3 million of its common stock for a period from August 13, 2012 to August 12, 2013. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to repurchase a minimum number of shares, and the program may be suspended or canceled without prior notice. As of December 31, 2012, under the repurchase program, the Company had repurchased 217,283 shares of the Company’s common stock for cash consideration of $1 million on the open market. The repurchased shares are presented as “treasury stock” on the balance sheet. 22. Other Income, Net The Company recorded government subsidies received with no further condition to be met as other income. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company has received such subsidies in the amounts of $0.5 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The Chinese government provides subsidies to support enterprises in their R&D and renewal of equipment. Government subsidies are generally classified as specific purpose subsidies (such as R&D activities and renewal of equipment) and unspecified purpose subsidies. For specific purpose subsidies, accounting by the occurred evidence, subsidies for the R&D activities first offset related R&D expenses that occurred, and subsidies for renewal of equipment offset the cost of related assets. Unspecific purpose subsidies are generally recognized as other income. 23. Financial Expenses, Net 64 During the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company recorded financial (income) expenses which are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Accrual on maturity and make-whole redemption interest and coupon interest Interest expense Interest income Foreign exchange loss, net (Income) loss of note discount, net Bank fees Total financial expenses, net 24. Gain (Loss) on Change in Fair Value of Derivative Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 $ $ 1,551 $ 1,564 (1,422 ) 53 (38 ) 467 2,175 $ 3,610 333 (720 ) 567 10 169 3,969 As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, following is the summary of Company’s recorded gain (loss) on change in fair value of derivatives (figures are in thousands of USD): Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 Income (loss) from changes in the fair value of compound derivative liabilities Total $ (449 ) (449 ) $ 20,971 20,971 For a discussion of the gain (loss) on the change of the fair value of compound derivative liabilities mentioned above, see Notes 12 and 13. 25. Income Taxes The Company’s subsidiaries registered in the PRC are subject to state and local income taxes within the PRC at the applicable tax rate of 25% on the taxable income as reported in their PRC statutory financial statements in accordance with the relevant income tax laws applicable to foreign invested enterprise, unless preferential tax treatment is granted by local tax authorities. If the enterprise meets certain preferential terms according to the China income tax law, such as assessment as an “Advanced Technology Enterprise” by the government, then, the enterprise will be subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15%. Pursuant to the New China Income Tax Law and the Implementing Rules (“New CIT”) which become effective as of January 1, 2008, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign-invested enterprise to its foreign investors will be subject to a 10% withholding tax if the foreign investors are considered as non-resident enterprises without any establishment or place within China or if the dividends payable have no connection with the establishment or place of the foreign investors within China, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. Genesis, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary and the direct holder of the equity interests in the Company’s subsidiaries in China, is incorporated in Hong Kong. According to the Mainland and Hong Kong Taxation Arrangement, dividends paid by a foreign- invested enterprise in China to its direct holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to withholding tax at a rate of no more than 5%, if the foreign investor owns directly at least 25% of the shares of the foreign-invested enterprise. Under the New CIT, if Genesis is regarded as a non-resident enterprise and therefore is required to pay an additional 5% withholding tax for any dividends payable to it from the PRC subsidiaries. According to PRC tax regulation, the Company should withhold income taxes for the profit distributed from the PRC subsidiaries to Genesis, the subsidiaries’ holding company incorporated in Hong Kong. The Company accounts for the profit that the PRC subsidiaries intended to distribute to Genesis as deferred tax liabilities. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized deferred tax liabilities of $0.04 million and $0.1 million for profit to be distributed to Genesis of $0.8 million and $2.0 million, respectively. For the remaining undistributed profits generated from the PRC subsidiaries, the Company intended to reinvest in subsidiaries in mainland China permanently. As of December 31, 2012, the Company still has undistributed earnings of approximately $124.8 million from investment in the PRC subsidiaries that are considered permanently reinvested. Had the undistributed earnings been distributed to Genesis and not permanently reinvested, the tax provision of approximately $6.2 million would have been recorded. Such undistributed profits will be kept in Genesis and not further distributed to the United States going forward. During 2008, Jiulong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2008, 2009 and 2010. In 2011, the Company passed the re-assessment by the 65 government based on PRC income tax laws. Accordingly, the Company will continue to be taxed at the 15% tax rate in 2011, 2012 and 2013. During 2008, Henglong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2008, 2009 and 2010. In 2011, the Company passed the re-assessment by the government, based on PRC income tax laws. Accordingly, it will continue to be taxed at the 15% tax rate in 2011, 2012 and 2013. During 2009, Shenyang was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2009, 2010 and 2011. In 2012, the Company passed the re-assessment by the government based on PRC income tax laws. Accordingly, it will continue to be taxed at the 15% tax rate in 2012, 2013 and 2014. According to the New CIT, Wuhu has been subject to income tax at a rate of 11%, 12% and 12.5%, respectively, for 2010, 2011 and 2012. Wuhu was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it will be subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2013 and 2014. According to the New CIT, each of Jielong has been subject to tax at a rate of 12.5% in 2010 and 2011, and 25% in 2012. Hubei Henglong has been subject to tax at a rate of 12.5% from 2010 to 2012. USAI and Testing Center were exempted from income tax in 2009, and each has been subject to income tax at a rate of 12.5% in 2010 and 2011, and 25% in 2012. Chongqing Henglong was established in 2012. According to the New CIT, Chongqing Henglong is subject to income tax at a uniform rate of 25%. No provision for Chongqing Henglong is made as it had no assessable income for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. Based on Brazilian income tax laws, Brazil Henglong is subject to income tax at a uniform rate of 15%, and a resident legal person is subject to additional tax at a rate of 10% for the part of taxable income over $0.12 million (equivalent to BRL 0.24 million). The Company had no assessable income in Brazil for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. The profits tax rate of Hong Kong is 16.5%. No provision for Hong Kong tax is made as Genesis is an investment holding company, and had no assessable income in Hong Kong for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. The enterprise income tax rate of the United States is 35%. No provision for U.S. tax is made as the Company had no assessable income in the United States for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011. The effective tax rate increased to 16.2% for the year ended December 31, 2012 from 8.3% for the year ended December 31, 2011, which was primarily due to the permanent difference of gain on change in the fair value of derivative recorded in 2011. Since the derivative has been settled in the second quarter of 2012 pursuant to the redemption of convertible notes, there was no similar permanent difference in the third and fourth quarter of 2012. The provision for income taxes from continuing operations was calculated as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Tax rate Income before income taxes Federal tax at statutory rate Fair value change in convertible bond Change of income tax rate Gain on convertible notes conversion Gain on redemption of convertible notes Effect of differences in foreign tax rate Provision on valuation allowance for deferred income tax – U.S. Provision on valuation allowance for deferred income tax – PRC Other differences Total income tax expense Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 $ $ $ 35 % 27,055 $ 9,470 $ 157 511 - (497 ) (5,427 ) 406 443 (672 ) 4,391 $ 35 % 49,835 17,442 (7,340 ) (841 ) (548 ) - (6,052 ) 1,923 260 (713 ) 4,131 The combined effects of the income tax exemption and reduction available to the Company are as follows (figures are in thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated): 66 Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 Tax holiday effect Basic net income per share effect Diluted net income per share effect $ 5,427 $ 0.19 0.19 6,052 0.22 0.19 The Company is subject to examination in the United States and China. The Company's tax years for 2003 through 2013 are still open for examination in China. The Company's tax years for 2005 through 2013 are still open for examination in the United States. Uncertain Tax Positions The Company did not have any uncertain tax positions for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012. 26. Discontinued Operations – Zhejiang Zhejiang is mainly engaged in the production and sale of power steering pumps. The power steering pump business has slowly lost its market share in the recent years due to market competition, lower market demand and replacement of hydraulic pressure steering by electric power steering. Therefore, the Company sold its 51% equity interest in Zhejiang to Vie Group, the non-controlling shareholder of Zhejiang, on May 21, 2012, the “Zhejiang Sale”. Pursuant to ASC Topic 205-20 , Presentation of Financial Statements-Discontinued Operations, the business of Zhejiang, the “Zhejiang business,” is considered as a discontinued operation because: (a) the operations and cash flows of Zhejiang will be eliminated from the Company’s operations as the Company will not continue to purchase power steering pumps from Zhejiang starting from August 2012; and (b) the Company would not have the ability to influence the operation or financial policies of Zhejiang subsequent to the sale. Before the sale, Zhejiang was identified as a product sector for the sales of power steering pumps of the Company, please see Note 32 for the details of segment reporting. For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the purchases from Zhejiang by the Company amounted to $0.5 million and $2.2 million, respectively, which were eliminated for the preparation in the consolidated financial statements before the disposition of Zhejiang. The consolidated statements of operations of the Company have been adjusted as follows to reflect the discontinued Zhejiang business for the periods presented (figures are in thousands of USD). Year Ended December 31, 2011 Adjustment for discontinued operations (b) Adjusted amount (c)=(a)-(b) Prior reported amount (a) Net product sales Unrelated parties Related parties Cost of product sold Unrelated parties Related parties $ Gross profit Net gain on other sales Operating expenses: Selling expenses General and administrative expenses R&D expenses Total operating expenses Operating income Other income, net Financial expenses, net Gain on change in fair value of derivative Gain on convertible notes conversion Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies Less: Income taxes Add: Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Income from continuing operations Discontinued operations - net of income tax Net income 67 303,986 $ 43,989 347,975 259,097 20,779 279,876 68,099 1,481 9,972 16,224 10,006 36,202 33,378 169 (3,983 ) 20,971 1,564 52,099 4,354 158 47,903 - 47,903 17,312 $ 815 18,127 13,304 90 13,394 4,733 12 749 705 1,013 2,467 2,278 - (14 ) - - 2,264 223 - 2,041 (2,041 ) - 286,674 43,174 329,848 245,793 20,689 266,482 63,366 1,469 9,223 15,519 8,993 33,735 31,100 169 (3,969 ) 20,971 1,564 49,835 4,131 158 45,862 2,041 47,903 Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to parent company Allocation to convertible notes holders Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders $ 7,111 40,792 (4,519 ) 36,273 $ - - - - $ 7,111 40,792 (4,519 ) 36,273 Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders per share – Basic– Income from continuing operations attributable to shareholders Income per share from discontinued operations Basic $ $ $ Diluted– Income from continuing operations attributable to shareholders Income per share from discontinued operations Diluted $ $ $ 1.30 - 1.30 0.69 - $ 0.69 0.03 $ (0.03 ) $ - $ 0.03 $ (0.03 ) $ - $ 1.27 0.03 1.30 0.66 0.03 0.69 The following table summarizes the results of the Zhejiang business included in the consolidated statements of operations as discontinued operations (figures are in thousands of USD). Operational profit from component of discontinued operations, net of tax Income from disposing component of discontinued operations, net of tax Income from discontinued operations, net of tax Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 $ $ 157 $ 2,494 2,651 $ 2,041 - 2,041 The following table summarizes the revenue and pretax profit of the Zhejiang business reported as discontinued operations (figures are in thousands of USD). Revenue from component of discontinued operations Pretax profit from component of discontinued operations Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 $ $ 7,423 $ 165 $ 20,288 2,264 Summarized assets and liabilities from the discontinued operations as of the disposal date were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Assets of discontinued operations Current assets Non-current assets Total assets of discontinued operations Liabilities of discontinued operations Current liabilities Non-current liabilities Total liabilities of discontinued operations May 21, 2012 $ $ $ 20,735 6,623 27,358 16,823 - 16,823 For the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company recognized income of $2.8 million (before tax) on the Zhejiang Sale, which represents the difference between the total proceeds of $8.2 million and the Company’s share of Zhejiang’s net assets of $5.4 million, which approximates the fair value at the date of disposal. The Company did not make separate disclosure of the cash flows of Zhejiang in its condensed consolidated statements of cash flows in this Report, as they are considered to be immaterial for the periods presented. 27. Income Per Share In periods when the Company generates income, the Company calculates basic earnings per share (“EPS”) using the two-class method, pursuant to ASC 260, “Earnings Per Share”. The two-class method is required as the Company’s convertible notes qualify as participating securities, having the right to receive dividends should dividends be declared on common stock. Under this method, earnings for the period are allocated on a pro-rata basis to the common stockholders and to the holders of convertible notes based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and the number of shares that could be converted. The Company does not use the two-class method in periods when it generates a loss as the holders of the convertible notes do not participate in losses. 68 For diluted earnings per share, the Company uses the more dilutive of the if-converted method or the two-class method for convertible notes and the treasury stock method for options, assuming the issuance of common shares, if dilutive, resulting from the exercise of options and warrants. The calculations of diluted income per share attributable to the parent company were (figures are in thousands of USD): Numerator: Net income attributable to parent company Allocation to convertible notes holders Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders – Basic Dilutive effect of: Add back allocation to convertible notes holders Interest expenses of convertible notes payable Gain on change in fair value of derivative Gain on convertible notes conversion Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders – Diluted Denominator: Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding – Basic Dilutive effects of stock options Dilutive effect of convertible notes Denominator for dilutive income per share – Diluted Net income per share attributable to parent company’s common shareholders Basic Diluted Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 20,742 $ (934 ) 19,808 - - - - 19,808 $ 40,792 (4,519 ) 36,273 4,519 3,610 (20,971 ) (1,564 ) 21,867 28,213,163 27,930,668 101,469 - 3,479,548 28,215,367 31,511,685 2,204 0.70 0.70 1.30 0.69 The calculations of diluted income from continuing operations per share attributable to the parent company were (figures are in thousands of USD): Numerator: Net income from continuing operations Net income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income from continuing operations attributable to shareholders Allocation to convertible notes holders Net income from continuing operations attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders – Basic Dilutive effect of: Add: Allocation to convertible notes holders Add: Interest expenses of convertible notes payable Less: Gain on change in fair value of derivative Less: Gain on convertible notes conversion Net income from continuing operations attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders – Diluted Denominator: Weighted average shares outstanding Dilutive effects of stock options Dilutive effect of convertible notes Denominator for dilutive income per share – Diluted Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 $ 22,835 $ 4,667 18,168 (819 ) 45,862 6,111 39,751 (4,404 ) 17,349 35,347 - - - - 4,404 3,610 (20,971 ) (1,564 ) $ 17,349 $ 20,826 28,213,163 27,930,668 101,469 - 3,479,548 28,215,367 31,511,685 2,204 Net income from continuing operations per common share attributable to parent company – Basic $ Net income from continuing operations per common share attributable to parent company – Diluted $ 0.61 $ 0.61 $ 1.27 0.66 The following table summarizes potential common shares outstanding excluded from the calculation of diluted income per share for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, because such inclusion would have an anti-dilutive effect. 69 Shares issuable under stock options Shares issuable upon conversion of convertible notes Total 28. Significant Concentrations Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 67,500 1,331,305 1,398,805 67,500 - 67,500 A significant portion of the Company’s business is conducted in China where the currency is the RMB. Regulations in China permit foreign owned entities to freely convert the RMB into foreign currency for transactions that fall under the "current account," which includes trade related receipts and payments, interest and dividends. Accordingly, the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries may use RMB to purchase foreign exchange for settlement of such "current account" transactions without pre-approval. China Automotive, the parent company, may depend on Genesis and HLUSA dividend payments, which are generated from their subsidiaries and their subsidiaries’ interests in the Sino-foreign joint ventures in China (“China-based Subsidiaries”) after they receive payments from the China-based Subsidiaries. Regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends of a PRC company only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. Under PRC law China- based Subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to their general reserves until the cumulative amount reaches 50% of their paid-in capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends, or as loans or advances. These foreign-invested enterprises may also allocate a portion of their after-tax profits, at the discretion of their boards of directors, to their staff welfare and bonus funds. Any amounts so allocated may not be distributed and, accordingly, would not be available for distribution to Genesis and HLUSA. The PRC government also imposes controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currencies out of China, the China-based Subsidiaries may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currencies. If China Automotive is unable to receive dividend payments from its subsidiaries and China-based subsidiaries, China Automotive may be unable to effectively finance its operations or pay dividends on its shares. Transactions other than those that fall under the "current account" and that involve conversion of RMB into foreign currency are classified as "capital account" transactions; examples of "capital account" transactions include repatriations of investment by or loans to foreign owners, or direct equity investments in a foreign entity by a China domiciled entity. "Capital account" transactions require prior approval from China's State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, or its provincial branch to convert a remittance into a foreign currency, such as U.S. Dollars, and transmit the foreign currency outside of China. This system could be changed at any time and any such change may affect the ability of the Company or its subsidiaries in China to repatriate capital or profits, if any, outside China. Furthermore, SAFE has a significant degree of administrative discretion in implementing the laws and has used this discretion to limit convertibility of current account payments out of China. Whether as a result of a deterioration in the Chinese balance of payments, a shift in the Chinese macroeconomic prospects or any number of other reasons, China could impose additional restrictions on capital remittances abroad. As a result of these and other restrictions under the laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China, or the PRC, the Company’s China subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the parent. The Company has no assurance that the relevant Chinese governmental authorities in the future will not limit further or eliminate the ability of the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries to purchase foreign currencies and transfer such funds to the Company to meet its liquidity or other business needs. Any inability to access funds in China, if and when needed for use by the Company outside of China, could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity and its business. The Company grants credit to its customers including Xiamen Joylon, Shanghai Fenglong, Beijing Henglong and Jiangling Yude that are related parties of the Company. The Company’s customers are mostly located in the PRC except for Chrysler North America, which is in the U.S. In 2012, the Company’s ten largest customers accounted for 73.8% of the Company’s consolidated sales, with 1 customer accounting for more than 10% of consolidated sales (as 11.7% of consolidated sales). In 2011, the Company’s ten largest customers accounted for 71.7% of the Company’s consolidated sales, with 1 customers each accounting for more than 10% of consolidated sales (as 11.7% of consolidated sales). At December 31, 2012 and 2011, approximately 4.46% and 7.1% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned customers. 29. Related Party Transactions 70 The Company’s related party transactions include product sales, material purchases and purchases of equipment and technology. These transactions were consummated at fair market price and under similar terms as those with the Company's customers and suppliers. On some occasions, the Company’s related party transactions also include purchase/sale of capital stock of the joint ventures and sale of property, plant and equipment. Related sales and purchases: During the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the joint ventures entered into related party transactions with companies with common directors as shown below (figures are in thousands of USD): Merchandise Sold to Related Parties Honghu Changrun Xiamen Joylon Shanghai Fenglong Hubei Wiselink Jiangling Yude Beijing Henglong Total Technology sold to Related Parties Beijing Henglong Total Materials Purchased from Related Parties Honghu Changrun Jiangling Tongchuang Jingzhou Tongying Hubei Wiselink Wuhan Tongkai Total Technology Purchased from Related Parties Changchun Hualong Honghu Changrun Beijing Hualong Total Equipment Purchased from Related Parties Hubei Wiselink Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 81 $ 7,055 377 - 103 19,826 27,442 $ - 16,166 519 1,413 1,018 24,058 43,174 Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 86 $ 86 $ - - Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 1,018 $ 7,653 9,436 1,190 693 19,990 $ 1,104 8,858 9,153 923 651 20,689 Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 $ 365 $ 317 137 819 218 - - 218 Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 $ 4,250 $ 4,724 Related receivables, advance payments and account payable: As at December 31, 2012 and 2011, accounts receivables, advance payments and account payable between the Company and related parties are as shown below (figures are in thousands of USD): Accounts receivables from Related Parties Xiamen Joylon Shanghai Fenglong 71 December 31, 2012 2011 $ 4,182 $ 208 5,999 104 Jiangling Yude Jingzhou Tongying Beijing Henglong Total Other Receivables from Related Parties WuHan Dida Jiulong Material Jiangling Yude Jingzhou Derun Jiangling Tongchuang Honghu Changrun Wuhan Tongkai Total Less: provisions for bad debts Balance at end of year 903 604 6,389 12,286 $ 22 - 5,394 11,519 December 31, 2012 2011 78 $ 608 - 3 5 6 15 715 (608 ) 107 $ 64 638 436 - - - - 1,138 (638 ) 500 $ $ $ Other receivables from related parties are primarily unsecured demand loans, with no stated interest rate or due date. Accounts payable to Related Parties Shanghai Tianxiang Jiangling Tongchuang Hubei Wiselink Jingzhou Tongyi Jingzhou Tongying Wuhan Tongkai Honghu Changrun Total Advanced equipment payments to Related Parties Hubei Wiselink Other advance payments to Related Parties Jiangling Tongchuang Jingzhou Tongyi Jingzhou Tongying Changchun Hualong Jingzhou Derun Honghu Changrun Total December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 362 $ 1,791 520 - 1,508 184 156 4,521 $ 661 259 695 7 362 - 69 2,053 December 31, 2012 2011 $ 4,162 $ 3,712 December 31, 2012 2011 $ $ 542 $ - 62 159 13 3 779 $ 509 2 72 - - 47 630 The Company's related parties, such as Jingzhou Derun, and Wuhan Dida, pledged certain land use rights and buildings as security for the Company’s comprehensive credit facility. As of March 27, 2013, the date the Company issued the financial statements, Hanlin Chen, Chairman, owns 63.65% of the common stock of the Company and has the effective power to control the vote on substantially all significant matters without the approval of other stockholders. 30. Commitments and Contingencies 72  a. Legal proceedings Securities Action - Southern District of New York. On October 25, 2011, a purported securities class action (the “Securities Action”) was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on behalf of all purchasers of the Company’s securities between March 25, 2010 and March 17, 2011. On February 24, 2012, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint, changing the purported class period to between May 12, 2009 and March 17, 2011. The amended complaint alleges that the Company, certain of its present officers and directors and the Company’s former independent accounting firm violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the rules promulgated thereunder, and seeks unspecified damages. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, which was fully briefed on April 18, 2012. On August 8, 2012, the court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On September 4, 2012, the Company filed an answer to the amended complaint. On January 15, 2013, Plaintiffs filed a motion to certify the purported class. That motion is currently pending as the parties engage in discovery. The Court, on October 12, 2012 issued an order scheduling a starting date of October 25, 2013 for a trial. The Company continues to believe that the allegations in the complaint are without merit and intends to defend itself vigorously against the claims. Derivative Action - Delaware Chancery Court. On December 23, 2011, a purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (the “Court of Chancery”) on behalf of the Company. The complaint alleges that certain of the Company’s current officers and directors breached their fiduciary duties to the Company in relation to the Company’s accounting of convertible notes issued in February 2008. On January 25, 2012, a second purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the Court of Chancery on behalf of the Company. On February 3, 2012, the Court of Chancery consolidated the two cases, which were stayed pending the outcome of the motion to dismiss in the Securities Action. On October 23, 2012, the derivative plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint on behalf of the Company (the “Derivative Action”). The consolidated complaint alleges that certain of the Company’s current officers and directors breached their fiduciary duties to the Company in relation to the Company’s accounting of the convertible notes issued in February 2008. The consolidated complaint sets forth three causes of action for breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment and insider trading. On January 7, 2013, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Derivative Action. That motion was fully briefed on February 28, 2013, and is currently pending before the Court of Chancery. The Company believes the allegations in the shareholder suit are without merit, and intends to defend itself vigorously against the claims. The above-referenced actions do not specify an amount of damages that the plaintiffs seek. Moreover, because these matters are in early stages, the Company cannot determine whether an adverse outcome is probable, nor can it provide a reasonable estimate of potential losses related to these matters. Although the Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to each of these actions and intends to defend them vigorously, an adverse outcome in one or more of these matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. Other than the above, the Company is not a party to any pending or to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any threatened legal proceedings. In addition, no director, officer or affiliate of the Company, or owner of record of more than five percent of the securities of the Company, or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to the Company or has a material interest adverse to the Company in reference to pending litigation. b. Commitments In addition to bank loans, notes payables and the related interest, the following table summarizes the Company’s major commitments and contingencies as of December 31, 2012 (figures are in thousands of USD): Obligations for service agreements Obligations for purchasing agreements Total 31. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements Payment Obligations by Period 2013 2014 2015 2016 Thereafter Total - $ 207 $ - $ 9,049 - - - $ 9,256 - $ - $ 1,373 $ 7,883 $ 1,373 $ 207 $ 7,676 - $ - - $ At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company did not have any transactions, obligations or relationships that could be considered off-balance sheet arrangements. 32. Segment Reporting The accounting policies of the product sectors are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies except that the disaggregated financial results for the product sectors have been prepared using a management approach, which is consistent with the basis and manner in which management internally disaggregates financial information for the purposes of assisting them in making internal operating decisions. Generally, the Company evaluates performance based on stand-alone product sector 73 operating income and accounts for inter segment sales and transfers as if the sales or transfers were to third parties, at current market prices. As of both December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company had eleven product sectors, five of which were principal profit makers and were reported as separate sectors and engaged in the production and sales of power steering (namely Henglong, Jiulong, Shenyang, Wuhu and Hubei Henglong). The other six sectors were engaged in the production and sale of sensor modular (namely USAI), EPS (namely Jielong), provision of after sales and R&D services (namely HLUSA), production and sale of power steering (namely Chongqing Henglong, established in 2012), and trade (namely Brazil Henglong, established in 2012), and the holding company (namely Genesis). Since the revenues, net income and net assets of these six sectors are less than 10% of its segment in the condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company incorporated these six sectors into “Other Sectors.” As discussed in Discontinued Operation - Zhejiang above (see Note 26), Zhejiang was identified as a product sector for the sales of power steering pumps of the Group prior to disposal on May 21, 2012. After the Company sold its 51% equity interest in Zhejiang on May 21, 2012 and presented it as a discontinued operation, the Company has adjusted the information for Zhejiang’s business in segment reporting for the same period in 2011. The Company’s product sector information from continuing operations is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Net Sales Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 Net Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 Henglong Jiulong Shenyang Wuhu Hubei Henglong Other Sectors Total Segments Corporate Eliminations Total consolidated 71,120 31,068 30,687 40,962 47,202 $ 187,051 $ 196,297 $ 69,518 30,290 35,271 22,313 43,358 408,090 397,047 - - (67,199 ) (72,085 ) $ 336,005 329,848 $ 22,061 $ 932 863 529 9,188 (1) 1,142 34,715 1,973 (13,853 ) 22,835 $ 25,571 2,043 1,547 499 1,647 (2,101 ) 29,206 22,279 (5,623 ) 45,862 (1) $7 million included in the balance was income from investment of Henglong, which has been eliminated at the consolidation level. Henglong Jiulong Shenyang Wuhu Hubei Henglong Other Sectors Total Segments Zhejiang Corporate Eliminations Total consolidated Henglong Jiulong Shenyang Wuhu Inventories Total Assets Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 2012 2011 2012 2011 $ $ 18,192 $ 9,727 3,462 3,330 9,734 5,969 50,414 - - (6,872 ) 43,542 14,277 $ 12,472 3,386 3,952 9,679 5,472 49,238 6,398 - (4,029 ) 51,607 $ 250,291 $ 71,190 37,896 25,185 119,342 55,723 559,627 - 156,007 (229,809 ) 485,825 215,885 72,345 35,863 26,806 40,661 40,938 432,498 31,073 189,517 (186,641 ) 466,447 Depreciation and Amortization Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, Capital Expenditures 2012 2011 2012 2011 4,952 $ 4,655 600 580 6,243 $ 4,874 574 523 14,470 $ 3,120 576 399 8,459 6,971 1,869 1,118 $ 74 Hubei Henglong Other Sectors Total Segments Zhejiang Corporate Eliminations Total consolidated 1,858 1,318 13,963 569 20 (642 ) 13,910 $ 2,070 875 15,159 1,462 20 (3,140 ) 13,501 $ 2,075 1,069 21,709 570 - (3,200 ) 19,079 $ 599 1,013 20,029 949 - (5,797 ) 15,181 $ Financial information segregated by geographic region is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Geographic region: United States China Other foreign countries Total consolidated Net Sales (1) Year Ended December 31, Long-term assets As of December 31 2012 2011 2012 2011 $ $ 43,470 $ 290,883 1,652 336,005 $ 22,313 $ 307,535 - 329,848 $ 751 $ 91,380 20 92,151 (2) $ 25 96,702 - 96,727 (2) (1) Revenue is attributed to each country based on location of customers. (2) Pursuant to ASC 280-10-50-41, the non-current deferred tax assets of $4.1 million and $4.3 million were excluding from the long- term assets as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. 75 [This page internationally left blank.] 76 Investor Information Annual Meeting The Annual Meeting of China Automotive Systems stockholders will be held on August 20, 2013 (Tuesday) at 10:00 am local time at the Henglong Conference Hall, No. 1 Henglong Road, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, PRC Independent Public Accountant PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Ltd., Co. 11/F PricewaterhouseCoopers Center 2 Corporate Ave., 202 Hu Bin Road Huangpu District, Shanghai, PRC www.pwccn.com Transfer Agent and Registrar Securities Transfer Corporation 2591 Dallas Parkway Ste102 Frisco, Texas 75034, USA Phone: 469-633-0101 www.stctransfer.com Investor Relations Grayling 405 Lexington Avenue, 7th Floor New York, New York 10174 T: +1-646-284-9400 www.grayling.com Corporate Headquarters China Automotive Systems, Inc. Henglong Building Optics Valley Software Park No. 1 Guanshan Avenue Wuhan City, Hubei Province People’s Republic of China Phone: (86) 27-8757-0027 www.caasauto.com Board of Directors Hanlin Chen Chairman Qizhou Wu Director, Chief Executive Officer Robert Tung Independent Non-executive Director Guangxun Xu Independent Non-executive Director Arthur Wong Independent Non-executive Director Executive Officers Qizhou Wu Chief Executive Officer Jie Li Chief Financial Officer Daming Hu Chief Accountant Tse Yiu Wong Andy Senior Vice President Shengbin Yu Senior Vice President Shaobo Wang Senior Vice President Yijun Xia Vice President Haimian Cai Vice President CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. Henglong Building, D8 Optics Valley Software Park No.1 Guanshan Avenue, East Lake Hi-tech Zone Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430073, PR of China Tel: +86(27) 8757 0027 Fax: +86(27) 8757 0088 http://www.caasauto.com 

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