China Automotive Systems, Inc.
Annual Report 2013

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FY 2013 ANNUAL REPORT Based in Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China, CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. is a leading supplier of power steering components and systems to the Chinese automotive industry and is exporting into the North American market. The company operates through three wholly-owned subsidiaries in China and America and ten Sino-foreign joint ventures in China. o Henglong USA Corporation  Great Genesis Holdings Limited  Shenyang Jinbei Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd.  Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Co. o o Wuhu Henglong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd. o Wuhan Jielong Steering System Co., Ltd. o Universal Sensor Application, Inc. Beijing Henglong Automotive System Co., Ltd. o o Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd. o CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd.  Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Parts Co. . Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Centre DEAR SHAREHOLDERS, We are pleased to report record sales for the 2013 year as we gained market share in both the passenger and commercial vehicle markets in China. Our overall market share grew in 2013 as our total annual sales growth of 23.6% year-over-year surpassed the 14.0% industry vehicle growth as reported by the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (“CAAM”). Our record annual sales of $415.2 million resulted from higher unit sales in the Chinese and foreign markets in 2013. Export sales to Chrysler in North America continued strong and our new electric power steering ("EPS") products experienced robust domestic sales. Greater economies-of- scale and strict cost controls improved our profit margins. Diluted earnings per share were $0.95 in 2013 compared with $0.70 in 2012. Net cash flow from operating activities was $12.8 million for the 2013 year. At December 31, 2013, working capital increased by 29.2% to $179.3 million. Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments totaled $89.5 million and with no long-term debt. Subsequent to the 2013 year, we used our improved financial strength to declare our first ever cash dividend and make our first acquisition. After reviewing the Company's financial performance, financial condition, cash requirements and cash flows, a special cash dividend of $0.18 per common share was paid in late July 2014 as a non-taxable return of capital. This dividend to our shareholders and demonstrated our confidence in the future. We also acquired a 51.0% equity control position in Fujian Qiaolong Special Purpose Vehicle Co., Ltd., which produces special emergency vehicles. Both transactions were designed to increase value to shareholders. the return increased A number of factors helped vehicle sales rebound in 2013 after two years of lackluster market growth. Chinese government incentives stimulated the purchase of low- emission and fuel-efficient cars to help reduce air pollution. To further reduce air pollution, the Chinese government began implementing the more stringent National IV emission standard in mid-2013 to reduce engine emissions from commercial vehicles. Strict nationwide enforcement of the National IV emission standard is scheduled to begin in January 2015. Before then, the pre-buy of National III commercial vehicles continues, and demand for more- expensive, heavy-duty trucks has been strong. Also, we believe a new 5-year replacement cycle is beginning for the many commercial vehicles sold in the 2009~2010 period. We achieved record sales as our broad line of high- quality steering products continued to strengthen our close relationships with our many OEM customers. Our domestic OEM customer base is over 60 companies including many leading Chinese brands such as Chery Auto, Brilliance, Geely, Great Wall and more. Investments in new product research and advanced manufacturing to meet global standards have been rewarded. We have achieved growing sales to Chrysler in North America as well as the Chinese joint venture operations of General Motors, Volkswagen and Peugeot. Sales growth to Chrysler in North America increased by 17.4% in 2013, and we were named Chrysler 2013 Supplier of the Year Metallic. A key focus is to expand our North American market share with steering products for potential new vehicle models and new customers. investment The high quality and performance demanded by these leading companies required significant in production equipment, quality systems and new product development over the years. We have built low-cost manufacturing operations in China using advanced production equipment, including proprietary machinery. Our research and development has introduced high-quality, high- reliability steering products that enhanced our brand name. Investment in research and development has grown to 5.0% of revenues as innovation will drive our growth and market share gains. In China, we have introduced updated hydraulic steering products and proprietary EPS products to provide more value to customers and enhance our leading market position. EPS systems are relatively new to the Chinese automotive markets. As the first domestically designed and produced EPS system in China, our products are in high demand as they contribute to improved fuel economy. We are building a suite of EPS products to expand our customer base, increase our market penetration, and capture market share from more expensive imported EPS systems. Our innovative steering technologies are solidifying our current customer relationships and opening opportunities with new customers as well. Opportunities in other foreign markets continue to help us achieve our goal of becoming a tier-1 global steering supplier. Our Brazilian operations are positioned to expand as our Chinese customer, Chery Auto, is constructing a new plant to build vehicles there. We remain optimistic on the outlook for the South American automotive markets. We are also exploring other sizeable markets where our products' cost- value proposition will allow us to flourish. increase our We are very encouraged about our growth prospects. We are well positioned with low-cost, high-quality products to leading domestic market share. The replacement cycle for older commercial vehicles is just beginning. Further, the Chinese government's plan to force replacement of high-polluting, older passenger vehicles is expected to generate millions of additional car purchases over the next several years. Our sales to Chrysler in North America have increased each year and we are attracting new potential foreign customers. We continue to focus on building our operations to generate free cash flow and increase shareholder value. Sincerely, /s/Qizhou Wu CEO & Director July 26, 2014 CHINHA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. INDEX PART I ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 ITEM 1. BUSINESS .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 15 ITEM 2. ITEM 3. ITEM 4. PROPERTIES ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15 LEGAL PROCEEDINGS .............................................................................................................................................................................. 15 MINE SAFETY DISCLOURES .................................................................................................................................................................. 16 PART II .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16 ITEM 6. ITEM 7. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA ................................................................................................................................................................ 17 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.17 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK ....................................................................... 30 ITEM 8. ITEM 9. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ........................................................................................................ 30 CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE. 31 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................................................ 31 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION ............................................................................................................................................................................ 33 PART III ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 34 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE .......................................................................... 34 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ............................................................................................................................................................. 36 ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS. ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 38 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE ........................ 39 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES ........................................................................................................................ 39 PART IV ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 40 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM...................................................................................................... 40 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS .............................................................................................................................................................................. 41 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME .............................................................................................................................................................. 42 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ....................................................................................................................... 42 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY .............................................................................................. 43 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS .................................................................................................................................................... 43 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)..................................................................................................................... 44 SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION ...................................................................................................................... 44 SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NON-CASH ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................ 45 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................ 45 CAUTIONARY STATEMENT This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements relate to future events or the Company’s future financial performance. The Company has attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “can,” “continues,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “should” or “will” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Such statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including the matters set forth in this Annual Report or other reports or documents the Company files with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the “SEC,” from time to time, which could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those projected. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, the Company cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Undue reliance should not be placed on these forward-looking statements which speak only as of the date hereof. The Company’s expectations are as of the date this Form 10-K is filed, and the Company does not intend to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date this Annual Report on Form 10-K is filed to confirm these statements to actual results, unless required by law. ITEM 1. BUSINESS COMPANY HISTORY PART I China Automotive Systems, Inc., “China Automotive” or the “Company,” was incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 29, 1999 under the name Visions-In-Glass, Inc. On or around March 5, 2003, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding equity interests of Great Genesis Holdings Limited, “Genesis,” a corporation organized under the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, by issuance of 20,914,250 shares of common stock to certain sellers. After the acquisition, the Company continued the operations of Genesis. On May 19, 2003, the Company changed its name from Visions-In-Glass, Inc. to China Automotive Systems, Inc. Currently, Genesis directly and indirectly owns interests in nine Sino-joint ventures and a wholly owned subsidiary in the People’s Republic of China, “China” or the “PRC,” which manufacture power steering systems and/or related products for different segments of the automobile industry. Genesis also owns interests in a Brazil-based trading company, which engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. Unless the context indicates otherwise, the Company uses the terms “the Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” to refer to Genesis and China Automotive collectively on a consolidated basis. BUSINESS OVERVIEW The Company is a holding company and has no significant business operations or assets other than its interest in Genesis. Genesis mainly engages in the manufacture and sale of automotive systems and components through its controlled subsidiaries and the joint ventures, as described below. Set forth below is an organizational chart as at December 31, 2013. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. [NASDAQ:CAAS] 100% Great Genesis Holdings Limited ↓ 100.00% Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. “Hubei Henglong” 1 ↓ 80% Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Parts Co., Ltd. 81% Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd. 83.34% Universal Sensor Application, Inc. 77.33% Wuhu Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd. 85% Wuhan Jielong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd. “Jiulong”4 “USAI”5 “Wuhu”6 “Jielong”7 “Henglong”3 ↓ 80.00% Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Center “Testing Center” 11 100% Henglong USA Corporation 70% Shenyang Jinbei Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd. “Shenyang”2 50.00% Beijing Henglong Automotive System Co., Ltd. “Beijing Henglong”8 70% Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd. “Chongqing Henglong” 9 80.00% CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd. “Brazil Henglong” 10 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 1 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT 1. On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong (formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd.), its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. The registered capital of Hubei Henglong at the time of establishment was $10 million. On February 10, 2010, the registered capital of Hubei Henglong was increased to $16 million. On October 12, 2011, the board of directors of the Company approved a reorganization of the Company’s subsidiaries operating in China. As a result of the reorganization, all of Genesis’s equity interests of its subsidiaries operating in China, except for Shenyang, were transferred to Hubei Henglong, the Company’s new China-based holding company. The reorganization was completed on January 19, 2012, subsequent to which the registered capital of Hubei Henglong was increased to $39.0 million. As the reorganized entities were under common control of the Company, the reorganization did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations and should not impact the tax treatment of the Company or its subsidiaries in any material respect. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. 2. Shenyang was established in 2002 and focuses on power steering parts for light duty vehicles. 3. Henglong was established in 1997 and mainly engages in the production of rack and pinion power steering gear for cars and light-duty vehicles. 4. Jiulong was established in 1993 and mainly engages in the production of integral power steering gear for heavy-duty vehicles. 5. USAI was established in 2005 and mainly engages in the production and sales of sensor modules. 6. Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems. 7. Jielong was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of electric power steering, “EPS.” 8. Beijing Henglong was established in 2010 and mainly engages in the design, development and manufacture of both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts. According to the joint venture agreement, the Company does not have voting control of Beijing Henglong. Therefore, the Company’s consolidated financial statements do not include Beijing Henglong, and such investment is accounted for by the equity accounting method. 9. On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts. The new joint venture is located in Chongqing City and has a registered capital of RMB60 million, of which RMB42 million, or 70%, is held by Hubei Henglong. The registered capital of Chongqing Henglong was fully contributed by Hubei Henglong in cash of $6.7 million (equivalent to RMB42 million) in January and February 2012 and by SAIC-IVECO in property, plant and equipment with a fair value of $2.8 million (equivalent to RMB18.0 million) in April 2012. 10. On August 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong established a Sino-foreign joint venture company with two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. The joint-venture company is called CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong”. Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. The new joint venture is located in Brazil and has a registered capital of $1.0 million (equivalent to BRL1.6 million), of which $0.8 million (equivalent to BRL1.3 million), or 80%, is held by Hubei Henglong, and of which $0.2 million (equivalent to BRL0.3 million), or 20%, is held by Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove. As of December 31, 2012, Hubei Henglong and Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove have completed their capital contributions. 11. Testing Center was established in 2009 and mainly engages in the research and development of new products. The Company has business relationships with more than sixty vehicle manufacturers, including FAW Group and Dongfeng Auto Group Co., Ltd, two of the five largest automobile manufacturers in China; Shenyang Brilliance Jinbei Co., Ltd., the largest light vehicle manufacturer in China; Chery Automobile Co., Ltd, the largest state owned car manufacturer in China, and BYD Auto Co., Ltd and Zhejiang Geely Automobile Co., Ltd., the largest privately owned car manufacturers in China. The PRC-based joint ventures of General Motors (GM), Volkswagen, Citroen and Chrysler North America are all key customers of the Company. Starting in 2008, the Company has supplied power steering pumps and power steering gear to the Sino-foreign joint ventures established by GM, Citroen and Volkswagen in China. The Company has supplied power steering gear to Chrysler North America since 2009. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Intellectual Property rights, “IP,” are important in helping the Company maintain its competitive position. Currently, the Company owns IP rights, including two trademarks covering automobile parts, “HL” and “JL,” and more than eighty-five patents registered in China covering power steering technology. The Company is in the process of integrating new advanced technologies such as electronic chips in power steering systems into its current production line and is pursuing aggressive strategies in technology to maintain a CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 2 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT competitive edge within the automobile industry. In December 2009, the Company, through Henglong, formed Testing Center to engage in the research and development of new products, such as EPS, integral rack and pinion power steering and high pressure power steering, to optimize current products design and to develop new, cost-saving manufacturing processes. STRATEGIC PLAN The Company’s short to medium term strategic plan is to focus on both domestic and international market expansion. To achieve this goal and higher profitability, the Company focuses on brand recognition, quality control, decreasing costs, research and development and strategic acquisitions. Set forth below are the Company’s programs: ─ Brand Recognition. Under the brands of Henglong and Jiulong, the Company offers four separate series of power steering sets and 310 models of power steering sets, steering columns and steering hoses. ─ Quality Control. The Henglong and Jiulong manufacturing facilities obtained the ISO/TS 16949 System Certification in January 2004, a well-recognized quality control system in the auto industry developed by TUVRheindland of Germany. ─ Decreasing Cost. By improving the Company’s production ability and enhancing equipment management, optimizing the process and products structure, perfecting the supplier system and cutting production cost, the Company’s goal is to achieve a more competitive profit margin. ─ Research and Development. The Company established Testing Center for the research and development of products and, by partnering with Nanyang Ind. Co. Ltd. and Tsinghua University for the development of advanced steering systems, the Company’s objective is to gain increased market share in China. International Expansion. The Company has entered into agreements with several international vehicle manufacturers and auto parts modules suppliers and carried on preliminary negotiations regarding future development projects. ─ ─ Acquisitions. The Company is exploring opportunities to create long-term growth through new ventures or acquisitions of other auto component manufacturers. The Company will seek acquisition targets that meet the following criteria: . . . companies that can be easily integrated into product manufacturing and corporate management; companies that have strong joint venture partners that would become major customers; and companies involved with power steering systems. CUSTOMERS The Company’s ten largest customers represented 71.9% of the Company’s total sales for the year ended December 31, 2013. The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s ten largest customers. Name of Major Customers Chrysler North America SAIC GM Wuling Automobile Co. Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Baoding Great Wall Automobile Holding Co., Ltd. Shenyang Brilliance Jinbei Automobile Co., Ltd. BYD Auto Co., Ltd Beiqi Foton Dongfeng Auto Group Co., Ltd. China FAW Group Corporation Chery Automobile Co., Ltd. Total Percentage of Total Revenue in 2013 11.1 % 8.9 % 7.8 % 7.7 % 7.3 % 6.8 % 6.5 % 6.3 % 4.8 % 4.7 % 71.9 % The Company primarily sells its products to the above-mentioned original equipment manufacturing, “OEM,” customers; it also has excellent relationships with them, including serving as their first-rank supplier and developer for product development for new models. While the Company intends to continue to focus on retaining and winning this business, it cannot ensure that it will succeed in doing so. It is difficult to keep doing business with the above-mentioned OEM customers as a result of severe price competition and customers’ diversification of their supply base. The Company’s business would be materially and adversely affected if it loses one or more of these major customers. SALES AND MARKETING The Company’s sales and marketing team has 106 sales persons, which are divided into an OEM team, a sales service team and a working group dedicated to international business. These sales and marketing teams provide a constant interface with the Company’s key customers. They are located in all major vehicle producing regions to represent more effectively the Company’s customers’ interests within the Company’s organization, to promote their programs and to coordinate their strategies with the goal of enhancing overall CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 3 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT service and satisfaction. The Company’s ability to support its customers is further enhanced by its broad presence in terms of sales offices, manufacturing facilities, engineering technology centers and joint ventures. The Company’s sales and marketing organization and activities are designed to create overall awareness and consideration of, and therefore to increase sales of, the Company’s modular systems and components. To achieve that objective, the Company organized delegations to visit the United States, Korea, India and Japan and has supplied power steering gear to Chrysler North America. Through these activities, the Company has generated potential business interest as a strong base for future development. DISTRIBUTION The Company’s distribution system covers all of China. The Company has established sales and service offices with certain significant customers to deal with matters related to such customers in a timely fashion. The Company also established distribution warehouses close to major customers to ensure timely deliveries. The Company maintains strict control over inventories. Each of these sales and service offices sends back to the Company through e-mail or fax information related to the inventory and customers’ needs. The Company guarantees product delivery in 8 hours for those customers who are located within 200 km from the Company’s distribution warehouses, and 24 hours for customers who are located outside of 200 km from the Company’s distribution warehouses. Delivery time is a very important competitive factor in terms of customer decision making, together with quality, pricing and long-term relationships. EMPLOYEES AND FACILITIES As of December 31, 2013, the Company employed approximately 3,835 persons, including approximately: . 2,566 by Henglong (including Testing Center formed by Henglong) and Jiulong; . 306 by Shenyang; . 28 by USAI; . 143 by Wuhu; . 238 by Jielong; . 412 by Hubei Henglong; . 12 by HLUSA; . 125 by Chongqing Henglong; and . 5 by Brazil Henglong. As of December 31, 2013, each of Henglong and Jiulong (as a whole), Shenyang, Wuhu, Jielong and Hubei Henglong (as a whole), and Chongqing Henglong had a manufacturing and administration area of 150,689 square meters, 35,354 square meters, 83,750 square meters, 170,520 square meters and 17,188 square meters, respectively. The area of manufacturing facilities of Henglong was reduced due to the sale of the land use right of Henglong in the third quarter of 2013 (see Notes 9 and 20 to the consolidated financial statements in this Report). Hubei Province, which is home to Dongfeng, one of the largest automakers in China, provides an ample supply of inexpensive but skilled labor to automotive-related industries. The annual production of one of the Company’s main products, power steering gear, was approximately 4.3 million units and 3.5 million units in 2013 and 2012, respectively. Although the production process continues to rely heavily on manual labor, the Company has invested substantially in high-level production machinery to improve capacity and production quality. Approximately $48.6 million was spent over the last three years to purchase professional-grade equipment and extend workshops, approximately 77.9% of which has been used in the production process as of December 31, 2013. RAW MATERIALS The Company purchases various manufactured components and raw materials for use in its manufacturing processes. The principal components and raw materials the Company purchases include castings, finished sub-components, aluminum, steel, fabricated metal electronic parts and molded plastic parts. The most important raw material is steel. The Company enters into purchase agreements with local suppliers. The annual purchase plans are determined at the beginning of the calendar year but are subject to revision every three months as a result of customers’ orders. A purchase order is made according to monthly production plans. This protects the Company from building up inventory when the orders from customers change. The Company’s purchases from its ten largest suppliers represented in the aggregate 24.0% of all components and raw materials it purchased for the year ended December 31, 2013, and none of them provided more than 10% of total purchases. All components and raw materials are available from numerous sources. The Company has not, in recent years, experienced any significant shortages of manufactured components or raw materials and normally does not carry inventories of these items in excess of what is reasonably required to meet its production and shipping schedules. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 4 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT The Company owns the Testing Center, a Hubei Provincial-Level technical center, which has been approved by the Hubei Economic Commission. The center has a staff of about 306, including 35 senior engineers, 6 foreign experts and 195 engineers, primarily focusing on steering system R&D, tests, production process improvement and new material and production methodology application. In addition, the Company has partnered with Tsinghua University to establish a steering system research center, called Tsinghua Henglong Automobile Steering Research Institute, for the purposes of R&D and experimentation for EPS. The Company believes that its engineering and technical expertise, together with its emphasis on continuing research and development, allow it to use the latest technologies, materials and processes to solve problems for its customers and to bring new, innovative products to market. The Company believes that continued research and development activities, including engineering, are critical to maintaining its pipeline of technologically advanced products. The Company has aggressively managed costs in other portions of its business in order to increase its total expenditures for research and development activities, including engineering, at approximately $20.9 million, $14.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The significant increase in 2013 is mainly due to the large expenditure in EPS R&D, because the Company believes demands for new EPS products will increase significantly in the future. In 2012 and 2013, the sales of such newly developed products accounted for about 13.4% and 9.3%, respectively, of total sales. COMPETITION The automotive components industry is extremely competitive. The Company’s customers consider criteria including quality, price/cost competitiveness, system and product performance, reliability and timeliness of delivery, new product and technology development capability, excellence and flexibility in operations, degree of global and local presence, effectiveness of customer service and overall management capability. The power steering system market is fragmented in China, and the Company has seven major competitors. Of these competitors, two are Sino-foreign joint ventures while the other five are state-owned. Like many competitive industries, there is pressure on downward selling prices. The Company’s major competitors, including Shanghai ZF and First Auto FKS, “FKS,” are component suppliers to specific automobile manufacturers. Shanghai ZF is the joint venture of SAIC and ZF Germany, which is an exclusive supplier to SAIC- Volkswagen and SAIC-GM. FKS is a joint venture between First Auto Group and Japan’s Koyo Company and its main customer is FAW-Volkswagen Company. While the Chinese government limits foreign ownership of auto assemblers to 50%, there is no analogous limitation in the automotive components industry. Thus, opportunities exist for foreign component suppliers to set up factories in China. These overseas competitors employ technology that may be more advanced and may have existing relationships with global automobile assemblers, but they are generally not as competitive as the Company in China in terms of production cost and flexibility in meeting client requirements. CHINESE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY The Company is a supplier of automotive parts and most of its operations are located in China. An increase or decrease in the output and sales of Chinese vehicles could result in an increase or decrease of the Company’s results of operations. According to the latest statistics from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, “CAAM,” in 2013, the output and sales volume of vehicles in China have reached 22.12 million and 21.98 million units, respectively, an increase of 14.8% and 13.9% compared to 2012. The output and sales volume of passenger vehicles in 2013 was 18.09 million and 17.93 million units respectively, an increase of 16.5% and 15.7% compared to 2012. The output and sales volume of commercial vehicles in 2013 was 4.03 million and 4.06 million units, respectively, an increase of 7.6% and 6.4% compared to 2012. Accordingly, in 2013, the Company’s sales of steering gear for passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles increased by 23.9% and 11.0%, respectively, compared to 2012. With the recovery of the overall economy of China and the continued increase in the income of China’s urban and rural residents, the automobile industry had double-digit growth in 2013. Industry analysts expect that market growth will continue in 2014 at an annual rate of about 8% to 10%. Management believes that the continuing development of the highway system will have a significant positive long-term impact on the manufacture and sale of private automobiles in the PRC. Statistics from the Ministry of Transport show that 100,000 kilometers of highway and 8,000 kilometers of expressway were built in 2013. Total highways and expressways in the PRC now amount to 4,242,000 kilometers and 104,000 kilometers, respectively. ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE The Company is subject to the requirements of U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S., including China’s, environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations. These include laws regulating air emissions, water discharge and waste management. The Company has an environmental management structure designed to facilitate and support its compliance with these requirements CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 5 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT globally. Although the Company intends to comply with all such requirements and regulations, it cannot provide assurance that it is at all times in compliance. The Company has made and will continue to make capital and other expenditures to comply with environmental requirements, although such expenditures were not material during the past two years. Environmental requirements are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time. Accordingly, the Company cannot assure that environmental requirements will not change or become more stringent over time or that its eventual environmental cleanup costs and liabilities will not be material. During 2013, the Company did not make any material capital expenditures relating to environmental compliance. FINANCIAL INFORMATION AND GEOGRAPHIC AREAS Financial information about sales and long-term assets by major geographic region can be found in Note 32, “Segment Reporting” to the consolidated financial statements in this report. The following table summarizes the percentage of sales and total assets by major geographic regions: Geographic region: United States China Other foreign countries Total consolidated WEBSITE ACCESS TO SEC FILINGS Net Sales Year Ended December 31, Long-term assets As of December 31 2013 2012 2013 2012 12.11 % 87.65 12.94 % 86.57 0.93 % 99.06 0.24 0.49 0.01 100.00 % 100.00 % 100.00 % 0.81 % 99.17 0.02 100.00 % The Company files electronically with (or furnishes to) the Securities and Exchange Commission, the “SEC,” its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company makes available free of charge on its web site (www.caasauto.com) all such reports as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy information and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is http://www.sec.gov. The materials are also available at the SEC’s Public Reference Room, located at 100 F Street N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information through the public reference room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Any investment in the Company’s securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the information contained elsewhere in this Annual Report, before you make a decision to invest in the Company. The Company’s business, financial conditions and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by many risk factors. Because of these risk factors, actual results might differ significantly from those projected in any forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, among others, the following: RISKS RELATED TO THE COMPANY’S BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY The cyclical nature of automotive production and sales could result in a reduction in automotive sales, which could adversely affect the Company’s business and results of operations. The Company’s business relies on automotive vehicle production and sales by its customers, which are highly cyclical and depend on general economic conditions and other factors, including consumer spending and preferences and the price and availability of gasoline. They also can be affected by labor relations issues, regulatory requirements and other factors. In the last two years, the price of automobiles in China has generally declined. Additionally, the volume of automotive production in China has fluctuated from year to year, which gives rise to fluctuations in the demand for the Company’s products. Therefore, any significant economic decline could result in a reduction in automotive production and sales by the Company’s customers and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. Moreover, if the prices of automobiles keep declining, the selling price of automotive parts also would decrease, which would result in lower revenues and profitability. Increasing costs for manufactured components and raw materials may adversely affect the Company’s profitability. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 6 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT The Company uses a broad range of manufactured components and raw materials in its products, including castings, electronic components, finished sub-components, molded plastic parts, fabricated metal, aluminum and steel and resins. Because it may be difficult to pass increased prices for these items on to the Company’s customers, a significant increase in the prices of the Company’s components and materials could materially increase the Company’s operating costs and adversely affect its profit margins and profitability. Because the Company is a holding company with substantially all of its operations conducted through its subsidiaries, its performance will be affected by the performance of its subsidiaries. The Company almost has no operations independent of those of Genesis and its subsidiaries, and the Company’s principal assets are its investments in Genesis and its subsidiaries and affiliates. As a result, the Company is dependent upon the performance of Genesis and its subsidiaries and will be subject to the financial, business and other factors affecting Genesis as well as general economic and financial conditions. As substantially all of the Company’s operations are and will be conducted through its subsidiaries, the Company will be dependent on the cash flow of its subsidiaries to meet its obligations. Because virtually all of the Company’s assets are and will be held by operating subsidiaries, the claims of the Company’s stockholders will be structurally subordinate to all existing and future liabilities and obligations, and trade payables of such subsidiaries. In the event of the Company’s bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization, its assets and those of its subsidiaries will be available to satisfy the claims of the Company’s stockholders only after all of its and its subsidiaries’ liabilities and obligations have been paid in full. With the automobile parts markets being highly competitive and many of the Company’s competitors having greater resources than it does, the Company may not be able to compete successfully. system and product performance; reliability and timeliness of delivery; The automobile parts industry is a highly competitive business. The Company’s customers consider criteria including: . quality; . price/cost competitiveness; . . . new product and technology development capability; . . degree of global and local presence; . . overall management capability. excellence and flexibility in operations; effectiveness of customer service; and The Company’s competitors include independent suppliers of parts, as well as suppliers formed by spin-offs from the Company’s customers, who are becoming more aggressive in selling parts to other vehicle manufacturers. Depending on the particular product, the number of the Company’s competitors varies significantly. Many of the Company’s competitors have substantially greater revenues and financial resources than it does, as well as stronger brand names, consumer recognition, business relationships with vehicle manufacturers, and geographic presence than it has. The Company may not be able to compete favorably and increased competition may substantially harm its business, business prospects and results of operations. Internationally, the Company faces different market dynamics and competition. The Company may not be as successful as its competitors in generating revenues in international markets due to the lack of recognition of its products or other factors. Developing product recognition overseas is expensive and time-consuming and the Company’s international expansion efforts may be more costly and less profitable than it expects. If the Company is not successful in its target markets, its sales could decline, its margins could be negatively impacted and it could lose market share, any of which could materially harm the Company’s business, results of operations and profitability. Pricing pressure by automobile manufacturers on their suppliers may adversely affect the Company’s business and results of operations. Recently, pricing pressure from automobile manufacturers has been prevalent in the automotive parts industry in China. Virtually all vehicle manufacturers seek price reductions each year. Although the Company has tried to reduce costs and resist price reductions, these reductions have impacted the Company’s sales and profit margins. If the Company cannot offset continued price reductions through improved operating efficiencies and reduced expenditures, price reductions will have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations. The Company’s business, revenues and profitability would be materially and adversely affected if it loses any of its large customers. For the year ended December 31, 2013, approximately 11.1%, 8.9%, 7.8% and 7.7% of the Company’s sales were to Chrysler North America, SAIC GM Wuling Automobile Co., Zhejiang Geely Holding Co., Ltd. and Baoding Great Wall Automobile Holding Co., Ltd., the Company’s four largest customers in 2013, respectively. In total, these four largest customers accounted for 35.5% of total CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 7 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT sales in 2013. For the year ended December 31, 2012, approximately 11.7%, 9.4%, 9.0% and 7.9% of the Company’s sales were to Chrysler North America, Zhejiang Geely Holding Co., Ltd., Chery Automobile Co., Ltd. and Dongfeng Auto Group Co., Ltd., the Company’s four largest customers in 2012, respectively. In total, these four largest customers accounted for 38.0% of the total sales in 2012. The loss of, or significant reduction in purchases by, one or more of these major customers could adversely affect the Company’s business. The Company may not be able to collect receivables incurred by customers. Although the Company currently sells its products on credit, the Company’s ability to receive payment for its products depends on the continued creditworthiness of its customers. The Company’s customer base may change if its sales increase because of the Company’s expanded capacity. If the Company is not able to collect its receivables, its profitability will be adversely affected. The Company may be subject to product liability and warranty and recall claims, which may increase the costs of doing business and adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and liquidity. The Company may be exposed to product liability and warranty claims if its products actually or allegedly fail to perform as expected or the use of its products results, or is alleged to result, in bodily injury and/or property damage. The Company started to pay some of its customers’ increased after-sales service expenses due to consumer rights protection policies of “recall” issued by the Chinese government in 2004, such as the recalling flawed vehicles policy. Beginning in 2004, automobile manufacturers unilaterally required their suppliers to pay a “3-R Guarantees” service charge for repair, replacement and refund in an amount of about 2%~6% of the total amount of parts supplied. Accordingly, the Company has experienced and will continue to experience higher after sales service expenses. Product liability, warranty and recall costs may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition. The Company is subject to environmental and safety regulations, which may increase the Company’s compliance costs and may adversely affect its results of operations. The Company is subject to the requirements of environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations in China. The Company cannot provide assurance that it has been or will be at all times in full compliance with all of these requirements, or that it will not incur material costs or liabilities in connection with these requirements. Additionally, these regulations may change in a manner that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition. The capital requirements and other expenditures that may be necessary to comply with environmental requirements could increase and become a material expense of doing business. Non-performance by the Company’s suppliers may adversely affect its operations by delaying delivery or causing delivery failures, which may negatively affect demand, sales and profitability. The Company purchases various types of equipment, raw materials and manufactured component parts from its suppliers. The Company would be materially and adversely affected by the failure of its suppliers to perform as expected. The Company could experience delivery delays or failures caused by production issues or delivery of non-conforming products if its suppliers fail to perform, and it also faces these risks in the event any of its suppliers becomes insolvent or bankrupt. The Company’s business and growth may suffer if it fails to attract and retain key personnel. The Company’s ability to operate its business and implement its strategies effectively depends on the efforts of its executive officers and other key employees. The Company depends on the continued contributions of its senior management and other key personnel. The Company’s future success also depends on its ability to identify, attract and retain highly skilled technical staff, particularly engineers and other employees with mechanics and electronics expertise, and managerial, finance and marketing personnel. The Company does not maintain a key person life insurance policy on Mr. Hanlin Chen or Mr. Qizhou Wu. The loss of the services of any of the Company’s key employees or the failure to attract or retain other qualified personnel could substantially harm the Company’s business. The Company’s management controls approximately 72.01% of its outstanding common stock and may have conflicts of interest with the Company’s minority stockholders. As of December 31, 2013, members of the Company’s management beneficially own approximately 72.01% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock. As a result, except for the related party transactions that require approval of the audit committee of the board of directors of the Company, these majority stockholders have control over decisions to enter into any corporate transaction, which could result in the approval of transactions that might not maximize overall stockholders’ value. Additionally, these stockholders control the election of members of the Company’s board, have the ability to appoint new members to the Company’s management team and control the outcome of matters submitted to a vote of the holders of the Company’s common stock. The interests of these majority stockholders may at times conflict with the interests of the Company’s other stockholders. The Company regularly engages in CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 8 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT transactions with entities controlled by one or more of its officers and directors, including those controlled by Mr. Hanlin Chen, the chairman of the board of directors of the Company and its controlling stockholder. There is a limited public float of the Company’s common stock, which can result in the Company’s stock price being volatile and prevent the realization of a profit on resale of the Company’s common stock or derivative securities. There is a limited public float of the Company’s common stock. As of December 31, 2013, approximately 27.99% of the Company’s outstanding common stock is considered part of the public float. The term “public float” refers to shares freely and actively tradable on the NASDAQ Capital Market and not owned by officers, directors or affiliates, as such term is defined under the Securities Act. As a result of the limited public float and the limited trading volume on some days, the market price of the Company’s common stock can be volatile, and relatively small changes in the demand for or supply of the Company’s common stock can have a disproportionate effect on the market price for its common stock. This stock price volatility could prevent a security holder seeking to sell the Company’s common stock or derivative securities from being able to sell them at or above the price at which the stock or derivative securities were bought, or at a price which a fully liquid market would report. The Company is subject to penny stock regulations and restrictions. The SEC has adopted regulations which generally define so-called “penny stock” as an equity security that has a market price less than $5.00 per share or an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exemptions. As of December 31, 2013, the closing price for the Company’s common stock was $7.93. If the Company’s stock is a “penny stock”, it may become subject to Rule 15g-9 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the “Penny Stock Rule”. This rule imposes additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers that sell such securities to persons other than established customers and “accredited investors,” generally, individuals with a net worth in excess of $1.0 million or annual incomes exceeding $0.2 million, or $0.3 million together with their spouses. For transactions covered by Rule 15g-9, a broker-dealer must make a special suitability determination for the purchaser and have received the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to sale. As a result, this rule may affect the ability of broker-dealers to sell the Company’s securities and may affect the ability of purchasers to sell any of the Company’s securities in the secondary market. For any transaction involving a penny stock, unless exempt, the rules require delivery, prior to any transaction in a penny stock, of a disclosure schedule prepared by the SEC relating to the penny stock market. Disclosure also is required to be made about sales commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative and current quotations for the securities. Finally, monthly statements are required to be sent disclosing recent price information for the penny stock held in the account and information on the limited market in penny stock. There can be no assurance that the Company’s common stock will qualify for exemption from the Penny Stock Rule. In any event, even if the Company’s common stock were exempt from the Penny Stock Rule, the Company would remain subject to Section 15(b)(6) of the Exchange Act, which gives the SEC the authority to restrict any person from participating in a distribution of penny stock if the SEC finds that such a restriction would be in the public interest. Provisions in the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws and the General Corporation Law of Delaware may discourage a takeover attempt. Provisions in the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws and the General Corporation Law of Delaware, the state in which it is organized, could make it difficult for a third party to acquire the Company, even if doing so might be beneficial to the Company’s stockholders. Provisions of the Company’s certificate of incorporation and bylaws impose various procedural and other requirements, which could make it difficult for stockholders to effect certain corporate actions and possibly prevent transactions that would maximize stockholders’ value. Litigation arising from the need to restate certain previously issued historical financial statements of the Company could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. On March 17, 2011, the Company announced that it had identified historical accounting errors relating to the accounting treatment of the Company’s convertible notes issued on February 15, 2008. The accounting errors resulted in the misstatement of certain charges since the first quarter of 2009. The Company undertook a review to determine the total amount of the errors and the accounting periods in which the errors occurred. The Company’s review was overseen by the audit committee of the board of directors of the Company, the “Audit Committee”, with the assistance of management and accounting consultants engaged by management. The Audit Committee concluded on March 12, 2011 that the Company’s previously issued audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2009, and related auditors’ report, and unaudited interim consolidated financial statements as of and for the quarterly periods ended March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2010 should no longer be relied upon because of these errors in the financial statements. The Company’s board of directors agreed with the Audit Committee’s conclusions. After analyzing the size and timing of the errors, the Company determined that, in the aggregate, the errors were material. The Company restated its previously issued financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008 on June 28, 2011. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 9 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Securities Action - Southern District of New York. On October 25, 2011, a purported securities class action, the “Securities Action,” was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on behalf of all purchasers of the Company’s securities between March 25, 2010 and March 17, 2011. On February 24, 2012, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint, changing the purported class period to between May 12, 2009 and March 17, 2011. The amended complaint alleges that the Company, certain of its present officers and directors, and the Company’s former independent accounting firm violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the rules promulgated thereunder, and seeks unspecified damages. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, which was fully briefed on April 18, 2012. On August 8, 2012, the court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On September 4, 2012, the Company filed an answer to the amended complaint. On January 15, 2013, plaintiffs filed a motion to certify the purported class, which was fully briefed on April 8, 2013. On May 31, 2013, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion to certify the purported class, and, on July 3, 2013, the court issued its order and opinion. On July 17, 2013, plaintiffs filed a petition for permission to appeal the order denying class certification, and, on August 1, 2013, the Company filed an answer in opposition to the petition. On October 23, 2013, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit denied plaintiffs’ petition for permission to appeal. On December 6, 2013, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary approval of a settlement with the Company’s former independent accounting firm and certification of a proposed settlement class. On January 7, 2014, the district court held a status conference. On January 15, 2014, the district court denied plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary approval of settlement and certification of a proposed settlement class. On February 20, 2014, the district court held a telephonic status conference regarding plaintiffs’ remaining individual claims and issued a scheduling order setting deadlines for fact and expert discovery (May 30, 2014 and June 30, 2014, respectively), motions for summary judgment (August 1, 2014), and pretrial materials (September 25, 2014). The Company and plaintiffs have reached a settlement in principle and, on March 28, 2014, entered into a settlement agreement, which includes a dismissal of all claims by plaintiffs against the Company and its current and former officers and directors, with no admission of any wrongdoing or liability. The settlement is not material to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2013. Derivative Action - Delaware Chancery Court. On December 23, 2011, a purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, the “Court of Chancery,” on behalf of the Company. The complaint alleged that certain of the Company’s current officers and directors breached their fiduciary duties to the Company in relation to the Company’s accounting of convertible notes issued in February 2008. On January 25, 2012, a second purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the Court of Chancery on behalf of the Company. On February 3, 2012, the Court of Chancery consolidated the two cases, which were stayed pending the outcome of the motion to dismiss in the Securities Action. On October 23, 2012, the derivative plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint on behalf of the Company, the “Derivative Action.” The consolidated complaint alleged that certain of the Company’s current officers and directors breached their fiduciary duties to the Company in relation to the Company’s accounting of the convertible notes issued in February 2008. The consolidated complaint set forth three causes of action for breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment and insider trading. On January 7, 2013, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Derivative Action. That motion was fully briefed on February 28, 2013, and oral argument was held before the Court of Chancery on May 6, 2013. On August 30, 2013, the Court of Chancery dismissed all of the derivative plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice. The time for the derivative plaintiffs to appeal the Court of Chancery’s decision expired on September 30, 2013 and, accordingly, the Derivative Action has terminated. Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and the trading price of its shares. The Company is subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The Securities and Exchange Commission, the “SEC,” as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, has adopted rules requiring public companies to include a report of management in its annual report that contains an assessment by management of the effectiveness of such company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s management has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting and concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2013. Our management has identified control deficiencies as of December 31, 2013 that constituted a material weakness and resulted in the failure to properly identify and timely disclose certain related party transactions. Although we have implemented measures to address the material weakness, the material weakness identified by management is not fully remediated as of the date of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We cannot assure you that we will not identify additional control deficiencies that may constitute significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal controls in the future. As a result, we may be required to implement further remedial measures and to design enhanced processes and controls to address issues identified through future reviews. If we do not fully remediate the material weakness identified by management or fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls in the future, we will not be able to ensure that we can conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Moreover, effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent fraud. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could harm our business and negatively impact the trading price of our common stock. Furthermore, the Company may need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other requirements going forward. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 10 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT The Company does not pay cash dividends on its common stock. The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its common stock and it does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company currently intends to retain future earnings, if any, to finance operations and the expansion of its business. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors and will be based upon the Company’s financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, plans for expansion, restrictions imposed by any financing arrangements and any other factors that the Company’s board of directors deems relevant. Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of the Company’s common stock. Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s best interests for the price of the stock to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a stock short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market. In the recent past, public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of short selling. Much of the scrutiny and negative publicity has centered around allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financial reporting resulting in financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result, many of these companies are now conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations and, in the interim, are subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions. It is not clear what effect such negative publicity would have on the Company, if any. If the Company were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, the Company could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend itself. While the Company would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, the Company may be constrained in the manner in which it can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming, and could distract the Company’s management from growing the Company. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against the Company could severely impact its business operations and stockholders equity, and any investment in the Company’s stock could be greatly reduced or rendered worthless. The Company’s secured credit facilities contain certain financial covenants that it may not satisfy, which, if not satisfied, could result in the acceleration of the amounts due under the Company’s secured credit facilities and the limitation of the Company’s ability to borrow additional funds in the future. The agreements governing the Company’s secured credit facilities subject it to various financial and other restrictive covenants with which the Company must comply on an ongoing or periodic basis. These covenants include, but are not limited to, restrictions on the utilization of the funds and the maintenance of certain financial ratios. If the Company violate any of these covenants, the Company’s outstanding debt under the Company’s secured credit facilities could become immediately due and payable, the Company’s lenders could proceed against any collateral securing such indebtedness and the Company’s ability to borrow additional funds in the future may be limited. Alternatively, the Company could be forced to refinance or renegotiate the terms and conditions of the Company’s secured credit facilities, including the interest rates, financial and restrictive covenants and security requirements of the secured credit facilities, on terms that may be significantly less favorable to the Company. RISKS RELATED TO DOING BUSINESS IN CHINA AND OTHER COUNTRIES BESIDES THE UNITED STATES The Company may face a severe operating environment during times of economic recession. The sales volume of the Company’s core products is largely influenced by the demand for its customers’ end products which are mostly sold in the Chinese markets. Future economic crises, either within China or without, may lead to a drastic drop in demand for the Company’s products. Inflation in China could negatively affect the Company’s profitability and growth. China’s economy has experienced rapid growth, much of it due to the issuance of debt over the last few years. This debt-fueled economic growth has led to growth in the money supply, causing rising inflation. If prices for the Company’s products rise at a rate that is insufficient to compensate for the rise in the cost of production, it may harm the Company’s profitability. In order to control inflation, the Chinese government has imposed controls on bank credit, limits on loans and other restrictions on economic activities. Such policies have led to a slowing of economic growth. Additional measures could further slow economic activity in China, which could, in turn, materially increase the Company’s costs while also reducing demand for the Company’s products. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 11 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT The Chinese government’s macroeconomic policies could have a negative effect on the Company’s business and results of operations. The Chinese government has implemented various measures from time to time to control the rate of economic growth in the PRC. Some of these measures may have a negative effect on the Company over the short or long term. Recently, to cope with high inflation and economic imbalances, the Chinese government has tightened monetary policy and implemented floating exchange rate policy. In addition, in order to alleviate some of the effects of unbalanced growth and social discontent, the Chinese government has enacted a series of social programs and anti-inflationary measures. These, in turn, have increased the costs on the financial and manufacturing sectors, without having alleviated the effects of high inflation and economic imbalances. The Chinese government’s macroeconomic policies, even if effected properly, may significantly slow down China’s economy or cause great social unrest, all of which would have a negative effect on the Company’s business and results of operations. The economic, political and social conditions in China could affect the Company’s business. Most of the Company’s business, assets and operations are located in China. The economy of China differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. The economy of China has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the Chinese government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry by imposing industrial policies. It also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Therefore, the Chinese government’s involvement in the economy could adversely affect the Company’s business operations, results of operations and/or financial condition. Because the Company’s operations are mostly located outside of the United States and are subject to Chinese laws, any change of Chinese laws may adversely affect its business. Most of the Company’s operations are in the PRC, which exposes it to risks, such as exchange controls and currency restrictions, currency fluctuations and devaluations, changes in local economic conditions, changes in Chinese laws and regulations, exposure to possible expropriation or other PRC government actions, and unsettled political conditions. These factors may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations or on its business, results of operations and financial condition. The Company’s international expansion plans subject it to risks inherent in doing business internationally. The Company’s long-term business strategy relies on the expansion of its international sales outside China by targeting markets, such as the United States and Brazil. Risks affecting the Company’s international expansion include challenges caused by distance, language and cultural differences, conflicting and changing laws and regulations, foreign laws, international import and export legislation, trading and investment policies, foreign currency fluctuations, the burdens of complying with a wide variety of laws and regulations, protectionist laws and business practices that favor local businesses in some countries, foreign tax consequences, higher costs associated with doing business internationally, restrictions on the export or import of technology, difficulties in staffing and managing international operations, trade and tariff restrictions, and variations in tariffs, quotas, taxes and other market barriers. These risks could harm the Company’s international expansion efforts, which could in turn materially and adversely affect its business, operating results and financial condition. On September 17, 2012, the United States filed a trade case with the World Trade Organization, “WTO,” against the PRC with respect to the PRC government’s purported provision of subsidies to the automobile and automobile-parts enterprises in the PRC. If the WTO rules against China in this trade case, the cost of sales of the Company could increase due to the imposition of any tariff and/or the Company’s ability to export products to the United States could be limited, which could affect the Company’s business and operating results. In addition, under Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the SEC has adopted additional disclosure requirements related to the source of certain “conflict minerals” for issuers for which such “conflict minerals” are necessary to the functionality or production of a product manufactured, or contracted to be manufactured, by that issuer. The metals covered by the rules include tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold, commonly referred to as “3TG.” If these materials are necessary to the functionality or production of a product manufactured, or contracted to be manufactured, the rules require a reasonable country of origin inquiry be conducted to determine if an issuer knows, or has reason to believe, that any of the minerals used in the production process may have originated from the Democratic Republic of the Congo or an adjoining country. In such a case, if an issuer were not able to determine that the minerals did not originate from a covered country or conclude that there is no reason to believe that the minerals used CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 12 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT in the production process may have originated in a covered country, that issuer could be required to perform supply chain due diligence on members of its supply chain. Global supply chains can have multiple layers, thus the costs of complying with these new requirements could be substantial. These new requirements may also reduce the number of suppliers that provide conflict-free metals, and may affect a company’s ability to obtain products in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. If the Company was to source such 3TG minerals that are necessary to the functionality or production of a product manufactured, or contracted to be manufactured, compliance costs with these rules and/or the unavailability of raw materials could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. The Company faces risks associated with currency exchange rate fluctuations; any adverse fluctuation may adversely affect its operating margins. Although the Company is incorporated in the State of Delaware, in the United States, the majority of its current revenues are in Chinese currency. Conducting business in currencies other than U.S. dollars subjects the Company to fluctuations in currency exchange rates that could have a negative impact on its reported operating results. Fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies impact the Company’s revenues, cost of revenues and operating margins and result in foreign currency translation gains and losses. Historically, the Company has not engaged in exchange rate hedging activities. Although the Company may implement hedging strategies to mitigate this risk, these strategies may not eliminate its exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations and involve costs and risks of their own, such as ongoing management time and expertise requirements, external costs to implement the strategy and potential accounting implications. If relations between the United States and China worsen, the Company’s stock price may decrease and the Company may have difficulty accessing the U.S. capital markets. At various times during recent years, the United States and China have had disagreements over political and economic issues. Controversies may arise in the future between these two countries. Any political or trade controversies between the United States and China could adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock and its ability to access U.S. capital markets. The Chinese government could change its policies toward private enterprise, which could adversely affect the Company’s business. The Company’s business is subject to political and economic uncertainties in China and may be adversely affected by China’s political, economic and social developments. Over the past several years, the Chinese government has pursued economic reform policies including the encouragement of private economic activity and greater economic decentralization. The Chinese government may not continue to pursue these policies or may alter them to the Company’s detriment from time to time. Changes in policies, laws and regulations, or in their interpretation or the imposition of confiscatory taxation, restrictions on currency conversion, restrictions or prohibitions on dividend payments to stockholders, devaluations of currency or the nationalization or other expropriation of private enterprises could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business. Nationalization or expropriation could result in the total loss of the Company’s investment in China. Government control of currency conversion and future movements in exchange rates may adversely affect the Company’s operations and financial results. The Company receives most of its revenues in Chinese Renminbi (RMB). A portion of such revenues will be converted into other currencies to meet the Company’s foreign currency obligations. Foreign exchange transactions under the Company’s capital account, including principal payments in respect of foreign currency-denominated obligations, continue to be subject to significant foreign exchange controls and require the approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in China. These limitations could affect the Company’s ability to obtain foreign exchange through debt or equity financing, or to obtain foreign exchange for capital expenditures. The Chinese government controls its foreign currency reserves through restrictions on imports and conversion of RMB into foreign currency. In July 2005, the Chinese government has adjusted its exchange rate policy from “Fixed Rate” to “Floating Rate.” From July 2005 to December 2013, the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar appreciated from RMB1.00 to US$0.1205 to RMB 1.00 to US$0.1640. The Company believes that this significant appreciation will continue for the near future. Significant appreciation of the RMB is likely to decrease the income of export products and decrease the Company’s cash flow. Because the Chinese legal system is not fully developed, the Company and its security holders’ legal protections may be limited. The Chinese legal system is based on written statutes and their interpretation by the Supreme People’s Court. Although the Chinese government introduced new laws and regulations to modernize its business, securities and tax systems on January 1, 1994, China does not yet possess a comprehensive body of business law. Because Chinese laws and regulations are relatively new, interpretation, implementation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties and inconsistencies and it may be difficult to enforce contracts. In addition, as the Chinese legal system develops, changes in such laws and regulations, their interpretation or their enforcement may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business operations. Moreover, interpretative case law does not have the same precedential value in China as in the United States, so legal compliance in China may be more difficult or expensive. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 13 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT It may be difficult to serve the Company with legal process or enforce judgments against its management or the Company. Most of the Company’s assets are located in China and twelve of its directors and officers are non-residents of the United States, and all or substantial portions of the assets of such non-residents are located outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible to effect service of process within the United States upon such persons to originate an action in the United States. Moreover, there is uncertainty that the courts of China would enforce judgments of U.S. courts against the Company, its directors or officers based on the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state, or an original action brought in China based upon the securities laws of the United States or any state. The Company may be subject to fines and legal sanctions imposed by State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) or other Chinese government authorities if it or its Chinese directors or employees fail to comply with recent Chinese regulations relating to employee share options or shares granted by offshore listed companies to Chinese domestic individuals. On December 25, 2006, the People’s Bank of China, or PBOC, issued the Administration Measures on Individual Foreign Exchange Control, and the corresponding Implementation Rules were issued by SAFE on January 5, 2007. Both of these regulations became effective on February 1, 2007. According to these regulations, all foreign exchange matters relating to employee stock holding plans, share option plans or similar plans with Chinese domestic individuals’ participation require approval from the SAFE or its authorized branch. On March 28, 2007, the SAFE issued the Application Procedure of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Holding Plan or Stock Option Plan of Overseas-Listed Company, or the Stock Option Rule. Under the Stock Option Rule, Chinese domestic individuals who are granted share options or shares by an offshore listed company are required, through a Chinese agent or Chinese subsidiary of the offshore listed company, to register with the SAFE and complete certain other procedures. As the Company is an offshore listed company, its Chinese domestic directors and employees who may be granted share options or shares shall become subject to the Stock Option Rule. Under the Stock Option Rule, employees stock holding plans, share option plans or similar plans of offshore listed companies with Chinese domestic individuals’ participation must be filed with the SAFE. After the Chinese domestic directors or employees exercise their options, they must apply for the amendment to the registration with the SAFE. As of December 31, 2013, the Company has completed such SAFE registration and other related procedures according to PRC law. If the Company or its Chinese domestic directors or employees fail to comply with these regulations in the future, the Company or its Chinese domestic directors or employees may be subject to fines or other legal sanctions imposed by the SAFE or other Chinese government authorities. Capital outflow policies in China may hamper the Company’s ability to declare and pay dividends to its stockholders. China has adopted currency and capital transfer regulations. These regulations may require the Company to comply with complex regulations for the movement of capital. Although the Company’s management believes that it will be in compliance with these regulations, should these regulations or the interpretation of them by courts or regulatory agencies change, the Company may not be able to pay dividends to its stockholders outside of China. In addition, under current Chinese law, the Company’s joint-ventures and wholly-owned enterprise in China must retain a reserve equal to 10% of its net income after taxes, not to exceed 50% of its registered capital. Accordingly, this reserve will not be available to be distributed as dividends to the Company’s stockholders. The Company presently does not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. The Company’s board of directors intends to follow a policy of retaining all of its earnings to finance the development and execution of its strategy and the expansion of its business. Registered public accounting firms in China, including the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, are not inspected by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, which deprives the Company and its investors of the benefits of such inspection. Auditors of companies whose shares are registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and traded publicly in the United States, including the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, must be registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) and are required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess their compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards applicable to auditors. The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm is located in, and organized under the laws of, the PRC, which is a jurisdiction where the PCAOB, notwithstanding the requirements of U.S. law, is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, which approval has not been granted for auditors such as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm. This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, the Company and investors in its common stock are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in the Company’s stock to lose confidence in its audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of its financial statements. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 14 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT If a recent initial decision rendered by the Administrative Law Judge (the “ALJ”) in administrative proceedings brought by the SEC against the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, becomes final, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In December 2012, the SEC instituted administrative proceedings against the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, alleging that these firms had violated U.S. securities laws and the SEC’s rules and regulations thereunder by failing to provide to the SEC the firms’ audit work papers with respect to certain PRC-based companies that are publicly traded in the United States. On January 22, 2014, the ALJ presiding over the matter rendered an initial decision that each of the firms had violated the SEC’s rules of practice by failing to produce audit workpapers to the SEC. The initial decision censured each of the firms and barred them from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months. The Big Four PRC-based accounting firms recently appealed the ALJ’s initial decision to the SEC. The ALJ’s decision does not take effect unless and until it is endorsed by the SEC. Any SEC endorsement or other determination could be appealed by the accounting firms through the U.S. federal courts. While we cannot predict the outcome of the SEC’s review or that of any subsequent appeal process, if the accounting firms are ultimately temporarily denied the ability to practice before the SEC, our ability to file our financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could be impacted. A determination that we have not timely filed financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could ultimately lead to the delisting of our common stock from NASDAQ or the termination of the registration of our common stock under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our common stock in the United States. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS Not Applicable. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES The Company’s headquarters are located at No. 1 Henglong Road, Yu Qiao Development Zone, Shashi District, Jing Zhou City Hubei Province, the PRC. Set forth below are the manufacturing facilities operated by each joint venture. The Company has forty-five to fifty years long-term rights to use the lands and buildings (in thousands of USD, except for references to area in square meters). Total Area (sq.m.) Building Area (sq.m.) Original Cost of Equipment Site Name of Entity Henglong Product Automotive Parts Jiulong Power Steering Gear 97,818 (1) 13,393 39,478 20,226 $ 13,707 $ 23,728 $ Automotive Steering Gear Steering Pumps Electric Power Steering Sensor Modular Shenyang Chongqing Jielong USAI Hubei Henglong Automotive Steering Gear Wuhu Automotive Steering Gear Total 35,354 17,188 - - 170,520 83,705 457,456 10,425 $ 10,413 $ - $ - $ 65,749 $ 15,273 $ 159,521 $ 51,404 Jingzhou City, Hubei Province - Wuhan City, Hubei Province 34,847 Jingzhou City, Hubei Province Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 5,829 2,245 Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province 3,830 Wuhan City, Hubei Province 960 Wuhan City, Hubei Province 14,804 Jingzhou City, Hubei Province 4,407 Wuhu City, Anhui Province 118,326 (1) The total area of the manufacturing facilities of Henglong was reduced from 225,221 square meters as of December 31, 2012 to 97,818 square meters as of December 31, 2013. The reduction was due to the Company’s sale of an idle land use right, see note 20. The Company is not involved in investments in (i) real estate or interests in real estate, (ii) real estate mortgages, and (iii) securities of or interests in persons primarily engaged in real estate activities, as all of its land rights are used for production purposes. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Securities Action - Southern District of New York. On October 25, 2011, a purported securities class action, the “Securities Action,” was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on behalf of all purchasers of the Company’s securities between March 25, 2010 and March 17, 2011. On February 24, 2012, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint, changing the purported class period to between May 12, 2009 and March 17, 2011. The amended complaint alleges that the Company, certain of its present officers and directors, and the Company’s former independent accounting firm violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the rules promulgated thereunder, and seeks unspecified damages. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, which was fully briefed on April 18, 2012. On August 8, 2012, the court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On September 4, 2012, the Company filed an answer to the amended complaint. On January 15, 2013, plaintiffs filed a motion to certify the purported class, which was fully briefed on April 8, 2013. On May 31, 2013, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion to certify the purported class, and, on July 3, 2013, the court issued its order and opinion. On July 17, 2013, plaintiffs CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 15 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT filed a petition for permission to appeal the order denying class certification, and, on August 1, 2013, the Company filed an answer in opposition to the petition. On October 23, 2013, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit denied plaintiffs’ petition for permission to appeal. On December 6, 2013, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary approval of a settlement with the Company’s former independent accounting firm and certification of a proposed settlement class. On January 7, 2014, the district court held a status conference. On January 15, 2014, the district court denied plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary approval of settlement and certification of a proposed settlement class. On February 20, 2014, the district court held a telephonic status conference regarding plaintiffs’ remaining individual claims and issued a scheduling order setting deadlines for fact and expert discovery (May 30, 2014 and June 30, 2014, respectively), motions for summary judgment (August 1, 2014), and pretrial materials (September 25, 2014). The Company and plaintiffs have reached a settlement in principle and, on March 28, 2014, entered into a settlement agreement, which includes a dismissal of all claims by plaintiffs against the Company and its current and former officers and directors, with no admission of any wrongdoing or liability. The settlement is not material to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2013. Derivative Action - Delaware Chancery Court. On December 23, 2011, a purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, the “Court of Chancery,” on behalf of the Company. The complaint alleged that certain of the Company’s current officers and directors breached their fiduciary duties to the Company in relation to the Company’s accounting of convertible notes issued in February 2008. On January 25, 2012, a second purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the Court of Chancery on behalf of the Company. On February 3, 2012, the Court of Chancery consolidated the two cases, which were stayed pending the outcome of the motion to dismiss in the Securities Action. On October 23, 2012, the derivative plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint on behalf of the Company, the “Derivative Action.” The consolidated complaint alleged that certain of the Company’s current officers and directors breached their fiduciary duties to the Company in relation to the Company’s accounting of the convertible notes issued in February 2008. The consolidated complaint set forth three causes of action for breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment and insider trading. On January 7, 2013, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Derivative Action. That motion was fully briefed on February 28, 2013, and oral argument was held before the Court of Chancery on May 6, 2013. On August 30, 2013, the Court of Chancery dismissed all of the derivative plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice. The time for the derivative plaintiffs to appeal the Court of Chancery’s decision expired on September 30, 2013 and, accordingly, the Derivative Action has terminated. Other than the above, the Company is not a party to any pending or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any threatened legal proceedings. In addition, no director, officer or affiliate of the Company, or owner of record of more than five percent of the securities of the Company, or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to the Company or has a material interest adverse to the Company in reference to pending litigation. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOURES Not applicable. PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES. MARKET PRICES OF COMMON STOCK The Company’s common stock has been traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “CAAS.” The high and low bid intra-day prices of the common stock in 2013 and 2012 were reported on NASDAQ for the time periods indicated on the table below. Accordingly, the table below contains the high and low bid closing prices of the common stock as reported on the NASDAQ for the time periods indicated. First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter STOCKHOLDERS Price Range 2013 2012 High Low High Low $ $ $ $ 5.99 $ 5.53 $ 10.00 $ 8.78 $ 4.50 $ 4.01 $ 5.59 $ 6.32 $ 7.41 $ 7.18 $ 4.40 $ 5.29 $ 3.52 3.80 3.59 3.88 The Company’s common shares are issued in registered form. Securities Transfer Corporation in Frisco, Texas is the registrar and transfer agent for the Company’s common stock. As of December 31, 2013, there were 28,043,019 shares of the Company’s common stock (excluding 217,283 shares of the Company’s treasury stock) issued and outstanding and the Company had approximately 57 stockholders of record. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 16 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT DIVIDENDS The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its common stock and it does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company currently intends to retain future earnings, if any, to finance operations and the expansion of its business. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors and will be based upon the Company’s financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, plans for expansion, restrictions imposed by any financing arrangements and any other factors that the Company’s board of directors deems relevant. SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS The securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans at December 31, 2013 are as follows: Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Plan category Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options 8.78 Number of securities remaining available for future issuance 1,676,150 2,200,000 $ The stock option plan was approved at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on June 28, 2005, and the maximum common shares for issuance under this plan are 2,200,000. The term of the plan is 10 years. ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA Not Applicable. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto and other financial information contained elsewhere in this report. GENERAL OVERVIEW China Automotive Systems, Inc., including, when the context so requires, its subsidiaries and the subsidiaries’ interests in the Sino-foreign joint ventures described below, is referred to herein as the “Company.” The Company, through its Sino-foreign joint ventures, engages in the manufacture and sales of automotive systems and components in the People’s Republic of China, the “PRC” or “China.” Genesis, a company incorporated on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong as a limited liability company, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” which was incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after sales service and research and development support accordingly. Furthermore, the Company owns the following aggregate net interests in the following wholly-owned subsidiaries and joint ventures organized in the PRC as of December 31, 2013 and 2012. Name of Entity Henglong Jiulong Shenyang USAI Wuhu Jielong Hubei Henglong (1) Testing Center Beijing Henglong Chongqing Henglong(2) Brazil Henglong (3) Henglong Aggregate Net Interest December 31, 2013 December 31, 2012 80.00 % 81.00 % 70.00 % 83.34 % 77.33 % 85.00 % 100.00 % 80.00 % 50.00 % 70.00 % 80.00 % 80.00 % 80.00 % 81.00 % 70.00 % 83.34 % 77.33 % 85.00 % 100.00 % 80.00 % 50.00 % 70.00 % 80.00 % 80.00 % (1) On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong (formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd), its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. The registered capital of Hubei Henglong at the time of establishment was $10.0 million. On February 10, 2010, the registered capital of Hubei Henglong was increased to $16.0 million. On October 12, 2011, the board of directors of the Company approved a CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 17 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT reorganization of the Company’s subsidiaries operating in China. As a result of the reorganization, all of Genesis’s equity interests of its subsidiaries operating in China, except for Shenyang, were transferred to Hubei Henglong, the Company’s new China-based holding company. The reorganization was completed on January 19, 2012, subsequent to which the registered capital of Hubei Henglong was increased to $39.0 million. As the reorganized entities were under common control of the Company, the reorganization did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations and should not impact the tax treatment of the Company or its subsidiaries in any material respect. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. (2) (3) On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts. The new joint venture is located in Chongqing City and has a registered capital of RMB60.0 million, of which RMB42.0 million, or 70%, is held by Hubei Henglong. The registered capital of Chongqing Henglong was fully contributed by Hubei Henglong in cash of $6.7 million (equivalent to RMB42.0 million) in January and February 2012 and by SAIC-IVECO in property, plant and equipment with a fair value of $2.8 million (equivalent to RMB18.0 million) in April 2012. On August 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong established a joint venture company with two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. The joint-venture company is Brazil Henglong. Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. The new joint venture is located in Brazil and has a registered capital of $1.0 million (equivalent to BLR1.6 million), of which $0.8 million (equivalent to BLR1.3 million), or 80%, is held by Hubei Henglong, and of which $0.2 million (equivalent to BLR0.3 million), or 20%, is held by Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove. As of December 31, 2013, Hubei Henglong and Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove have completed their capital contributions. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Net Sales and Cost of Sales 2013 VERSUS 2012 COMPARATIVE For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, net sales and cost of sales are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Net Sales Cost of sales Change 2012 2013 $ 260,636 $ 187,051 $ 73,585 77,691 71,120 6,571 41,536 31,068 10,468 26,333 30,687 (4,354) Henglong Jiulong Shenyang Wuhu Hubei Henglong 7,125 48,087 40,962 Other Sectors 36,444 47,202 (10,758) (75,569) (72,085 ) (3,484) Eliminations $ 415,158 $ 336,005 $ 79,153 Total 2013 2012 Change 39.3 % $ 215,481 $ 147,737 $ 67,744 4,539 9,457 (4,291) 9.2 67,989 33.7 36,752 -14.2 24,527 63,450 27,295 28,818 17.4 39,208 -22.8 30,638 35,445 3,763 43,356 (12,718) 4.8 (76,069) (70,847 ) (5,222) 23.6 % $ 338,526 $ 275,254 $ 63,272 45.9 % 7.2 34.6 -14.9 10.6 -29.3 7.4 23.0 % Net Sales Net sales were $415.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $336.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $79.2 million, or 23.6%. The increase was mainly due to the increased sales of newly developed products to North America and the continuing growth of automotive market demand in China. The main market for the Company’s products is China. The Chinese government issued an incentive policy relating to purchase of low-emission cars and fuel-efficient cars in May 2012. Encouraged by such incentive policy, the sales volume of passenger vehicles in the China market increased by 15.7% in 2013 as compared to 2012.The Company’s sales volume of steering gear for passenger vehicles increased by 23.9% as compared to 2012. The Company’s higher rate of increase was mainly due to the introduction of certain new products to the market and improvement in the quality of some of the old products, which resulted in the expansion of the Company’s market share in China, especially among the joint-brands’ auto customers. In the third quarter of 2013, the Chinese government increased investment in infrastructure industries, such as railways and highways, which led to an increase of 6.4% in the sales of commercial vehicles in the China market. The Company’s sales of steering gears for commercial vehicles, one of the main products of the Company, also increased by 11.0%. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 18 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT To compete with joint-brands' cars and address the over-capacity issue, the domestic brands’ car manufacturers, which are the Company's main customers, had to lower their products' price to attract end customers. The price pressure was passed on from the domestic brands’ car manufacturers to the Company, which led to continuing price decreases for the Company’s main products. The Company had an increase in sales volume leading to a sales increase of $78.4 million, a decrease in selling price leading to a sales decrease of $8.1 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a sales increase of $8.9 million. Further analysis is as follows: — Net sales for Henglong were $260.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $187.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $73.5 million, or 39.3%, which was mainly due to an increase in sales volume with a sales increase of $76.6 million to the joint-brands auto companies and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a sales increase of $4.2 million, offset by a decrease in selling prices, which led to a sales decrease of $7.3 million. — Net sales for Jiulong were $77.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $71.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $6.6 million, or 9.2%, which was mainly due to an increase in sales volume with a sales increase of $6.6 million due to an increase in the demand for commercial vehicles in the Chinese market and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, which led to a sales increase of $1.5 million, which was offset by a decrease in selling prices, which led to a sales decrease of $1.5 million. — Net sales for Shenyang were $41.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $31.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $10.4 million, or 33.7%. The net sales increase was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes with a sales increase of $9.5 million, the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, which led to a sales increase of $0.7 million, and an increase in selling price which led to a sales increase of $0.2 million. — Net sales for Wuhu were $26.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $30.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing a decrease of $4.4 million, or 14.2%. Since the majority of the products of Wuhu was sold to local Chinese brand auto distributors, the decreasing demand for local Chinese brand autos from end customers due to the aggressive pricing strategy adopted by Sino-foreign joint venture brands auto manufacturers led to the decrease in sales volumes and prices for Wuhu's products. There was a decrease in sales volumes with a sales decrease of $5.0 million, a decrease in selling prices, which led to a sales decrease of $0.1 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, which led to a sales increase of $0.7 million. — Net sales for Hubei Henglong were $48.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $41.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $7.1 million, or 17.4%. All of Hubei Henglong’s products were sold to the United States. The net sales increase was mainly due to sales of the newly developed products to a United States customer. An increase in sales volumes led to a sales increase of $4.2 million, an increase in selling prices, which led to a sales increase of $2.0 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, which led to a sales increase of $0.9 million. — Net sales for Other Sectors were $36.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $47.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing a decrease of $10.8 million or 22.8%, mainly due to lower sales volume of the new products launched in 2013 as compared to the sales volume of the old products sold in 2012, which led to a sales decrease of $9.1 million. Cost of Sales For the year ended December 31, 2013, the cost of sales was $338.5 million, compared with $275.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase of $63.2 million, or 23.0%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to a net increase in sales volumes with a cost of sales increase of $72.7 million, a decrease in unit cost with a cost of sales decrease of $17.5 million and the appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar with a cost of sales increase of $8.0 million. The decrease in the unit cost of sales was primarily due to a decrease in the costs of raw materials, such as steel. Further analysis is as follows: — Cost of sales for Henglong was $215.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $147.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $67.7 million, or 45.9%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $71.1 million, the adoption of technical innovations in production processes in 2013 and a decrease in unit material costs leading to a cost of sales decrease of $6.7 million, which were offset by the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar with a cost of sales increase of $3.3 million. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 19 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT — — — — — Cost of sales for Jiulong was $68.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $63.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $4.5 million, or 7.2%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $5.5 million, a decrease in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $2.4 million and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales increase of $1.4 million. Cost of sales for Shenyang was $36.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $27.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $9.5 million, or 34.6%. The increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $9.6 million, a decrease in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $0.8 million and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales increase of $0.7 million. Cost of sales for Wuhu was $24.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $28.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing a decrease of $4.3 million, or 14.9%. The decrease in cost of sales was mainly due to a decrease in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $4.7 million and a decrease in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $0.3 million, which were offset by the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales increase of $0.7 million. Cost of sales for Hubei Henglong was $39.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $35.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $3.7 million, or 10.6%. The net increase in cost of sales was mainly due to an increase in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales increase of $4.1 million, a decrease in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $1.2 million and the appreciation of the RMB against U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales increase of $0.8 million. Cost of sales for Other Sectors was $30.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $43.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing a decrease of $12.8 million, or 29.3%. The decrease in cost of sales was mainly due to a decrease in sales volumes resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $7.6 million and a decrease in unit cost resulting in a cost of sales decrease of $6.1 million, which were offset by the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar resulting in a cost of sales increase of $0.9 million. Gross margin was 18.5% for the year ended December 31, 2013, representing a 0.4% increase from 18.1% for the year ended December 31, 2012, which was primarily due to an increase in sales volume of high gross margin products. Gain On Other Sales Gain on other sales mainly consisted of net amount retained from sales of materials and scraps. For the year ended December 31, 2013, gain on other sales amounted to $7.6 million, while it amounted to $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. T he significant increase of $3.2 million, or 72.7%, was mainly due to the Company’s sale of part of its land use rights in the third quarter of 2013, which resulted in a recognition of a gain of $4.1 million (before tax) during the year ended December 31, 2013, representing the difference between the total selling price of $4.6 million and the net book value of the land use rights of $0.5 million. Selling Expenses For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, selling expenses are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Year Ended December 31, 2012 2013 Salaries and wages Office expense Transportation expense Rent expense Other expense Total $ $ 3,919 $ 1,928 5,450 1,883 151 13,331 $ Increase/(Decrease) Percentage 1,423 354 1,197 853 (53) 3,774 57.0 % 22.5 28.1 82.8 -26.2 39.5 % 2,496 $ 1,574 4,253 1,030 204 9,557 $ Selling expenses were $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. As compared to $9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, there was an increase of $3.7 million, or 39.5%, which was mainly due to: . . an increase in salaries and wages for the Company’s salesmen, as a result of higher sales commissions paid for their improved sales performance in 2013; an increase in office expenses (including office supplies, travel expenses and meeting expenses), as a result of an increase in marketing activities; CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 20 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT . . an increase in transportation expenses due to an increase in sales activities and expansion of the Company’s domestic and international markets, which are located farther away from the Company’s production bases; and an increase in rent expense due to the increase of product warehouse rental space for the expansion of sales and commercial networks. General and Administrative Expenses For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, general and administrative expenses are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Salaries and wages Labor insurance expenses Maintenance and repair expenses Property and other taxes Provision/(recovery) for bad debts Office expense Depreciation and amortization expense Listing expenses (1) Others expenses Total Year Ended December 31, 2012 2013 $ $ 4,777 $ 1,854 510 1,490 60 1,330 822 2,387 23 13,253 $ 4.8 % Increase/(Decrease) Percentage 218 305 (217) 231 (14) 60 (117) 88 (237) 317 19.7 -29.9 18.4 -19.2 4.8 -12.5 3.8 -91.2 4,559 $ 1,549 727 1,259 74 1,270 939 2,299 260 12,936 $ 2.5 % (1) Listing expenses consisted of the costs associated with legal, accounting and auditing fees for operating a public company. The expenses also included share-based compensation expense for options granted to members of the audit committee. General and administrative expenses were $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $12.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $0.3 million, or 2.5%. The analysis of expense items with significant fluctuation is as follows: . An increase in salaries and wages mainly due to the increase in management’s performance bonus in 2013 as the Company achieved the performance targets as pre-determined by the board of directors, while the Company did not achieve its performance targets for 2012. . An increase in labor insurance expenses mainly because of the Company’s improvement in welfare benefits for the management and improvement of certain labor protection facilities. . There was a decrease in maintenance and repair expenses in 2013, which was mainly due to the scale down of repair and maintenance projects on the Company’s office facilities in 2013. . There was an increase in property tax and other taxes in 2013, which was mainly due to the Company’s housing property increase in 2013. . There was an increase in office expense which was mainly due to the Company’s replacement of office appliances. . There was a decrease in depreciation and amortization expense, which was mainly due to certain office equipment that continued to be utilized in 2013 having been fully depreciated at the beginning of the year. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses, “R & D” expenses, were $20.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 as compared to $14.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase of $6.0 million, or 40.3%, which was mainly due to the development and trial production of EPS. Expenses for mold improvement increased by $1.0 million, external technical support fees increased by $0.9 million and the salaries and wages expenses of research and development related staff increased by $4.1 million. The global automotive parts industry is highly competitive; winning and maintaining new business requires suppliers to rapidly produce new and innovative products on a cost-competitive basis. In 2013, foreign OEMs significantly increased their demand for EPS, but the related technology in China was still in the research and development and testing stage. In order to expand into the market for EPS, the Company increased its investment in the research and development of EPS in 2013, including assigning the Company’s senior technicians and advanced manufacturing equipment to EPS, establishing the EPS trail-production department, hiring technologists and purchasing advanced technology and testing equipment. At present, the Company has developed several types of EPSs suitable for small-engine cars, and has sold certain quantities of EPS. Income from Operations CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 21 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Income from operations was $36.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 as compared to $27.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase of $8.9 million, or 32.0%, which mainly consisted of an increase of $15.8 million, or 26.0%, in gross profit and an increase of $3.2 million, or 72.7%, in gain on other sales (such as raw materials and property, plant and equipment sales), offset by an increase in operating expenses of $10.1 million, or 27.0%. Other Income, Net Other income, net was $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 as compared to $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase of $0.6 million, or 120.0%, primarily as a result of an increase in the unspecific purpose subsidies being recognized in 2013. The Company’s government subsidies consisted of specific subsidies and other subsidies. Specific subsidies are the subsidies that the Chinese government has specified its purpose for, such as product development and renewal of production facilities. Other subsidies are the subsidies that the Chinese government has not specified its purpose for and are not tied to future trends or performance of the Company; receipt of such subsidy income is not contingent upon any further actions or performance of the Company and the amounts do not have to be refunded under any circumstances. The Company recorded specific purpose subsidies as advances payable when received. For specific purpose subsidies, upon government acceptance of the related project development or asset acquisition, the specific purpose subsidies will be recognized to reduce related R&D expenses or cost of asset acquisition. The unspecific purpose subsidies are recognized as other income upon receipt as future performance by the Company is not required. Financial Income / (Expenses), Net Financial income, net was $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 as compared to financial expenses, net of $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, a decrease of $2.6 million, or 118.2%, primarily as a result of: (a) the redemption of all outstanding convertible notes on May 25, 2012, the “Redemption,” which led to a decrease in financial expenses of $1.6 million; and (b) an increase in interest income of $1.4 million that was generated from the higher balance of time deposits during 2013. Loss on Change in Fair Value of Derivatives Loss on change in fair value of derivatives was $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. Due to the Redemption, there was no gain or loss on change of fair value of derivative associated with convertible notes for the year ended December 31, 2013. Estimating fair values of derivative financial instruments requires the development of significant and subjective estimates that may, and are likely to, change over the duration of the instrument with related changes in internal and external market factors. In addition, option-based techniques are highly volatile and sensitive to changes in the trading market price of the Company's common stock, which has a high estimated volatility. Derivative financial instruments are initially and subsequently carried at fair values and gain or loss on change in fair value of derivative liabilities is equal to the difference between the beginning and ending balances of the Company's derivative liabilities (see Note 23 to the consolidated financial statements in this Report). As of January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2012, the Company calculated the fair value of derivative liabilities at $0.5 million and $0, respectively. Therefore, the Company recorded a loss on change in fair value of derivative of $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. Gain on Redemption of Convertible Notes For the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company recorded a gain of $1.4 million for the Redemption. There was no gain on redemption of convertible notes for the year ended December 31, 2013. Income before Income Tax Expenses and Equity in Earnings of Affiliated Companies Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies was $38.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared with $27.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase of $11.1 million, or 41.0%, including an increase in income from operations of $8.9 million, an increase in gain on other income of $0.6 million, a decrease in financial expense of $2.6 million, a decrease in loss on change in fair value of derivative of $0.5 million and a decrease in gain on redemption of convertible notes of $1.4 million. Income Taxes Income tax expense was $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 compared to $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $1.1 million, or 25.0%, which was mainly due to an increase in income before tax and a decrease in effective tax rate. The effective tax rate decreased from 16.2% for the year ended December 31, 2012 to 14.4% for the year ended December 31, 2013, primarily due to an increase in technological development expenses of the Company in 2013. According to PRC tax regulations, the Company can deduct up to 150% of the technological development expenses when its tax payable was calculated. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 22 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Income from Continuing Operations Income from continuing operations was $33.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $22.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $10.2 million, or 44.7%, mainly due to an increase in income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies of $11.1 million offset by an increase in income tax expense of $1.1 million. Income from Discontinued Operations The Company sold its 51% equity interest in Zhejiang Henglong & Vie Pump-Manu Co., Ltd., “Zhejiang,” in May 2012 (see Note 25 to the consolidated financial statements in this Report). The net income from the discontinued operations was $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, which included a gain on such sale of Zhejiang of $2.5 million (after tax) and net operating income of $0.2 million. Net Income Net income was $33.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with net income of $25.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $7.5 million, or 29.4%, mainly due to an increase in income from continuing operations of $10.2 million offset by a decrease in income from discontinued operations of $2.6 million. Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests The Company recorded net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $1.6 million, or 34.0%. The Company owns different equity interests in ten non-wholly owned subsidiaries established in the PRC and Brazil, through which it conducts its operations. Except for Beijing Henglong, which is accounted for under the equity method, all of the operating results of these non-wholly owned subsidiaries were consolidated in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2013 and 2012. For the year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company recorded $6.3 million and $4.7 million, respectively, for the noncontrolling interests’ share in the earnings of the consolidated non-wholly owned subsidiaries. Net Income Attributable to Parent Company Net income attributable to parent company was $26.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. As compared to $20.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, there was an increase of $5.9 million, due to an increase in net income of $7.6 million, offset by an increase in net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $1.6 million. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Capital Resources and Use of Cash The Company has historically financed its liquidity requirements from a variety of sources, including short-term borrowings under bank credit agreements, bankers’ acceptances, issuances of capital stock and notes and internally generated cash. As of December 31, 2013, the Company had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $89.5 million, compared with $87.6 million as of December 31, 2012, an increase of $1.9 million, or 2.2%. The Company had working capital of $179.3 million as of December 31, 2013, compared with $138.8 million as of December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $40.5 million, or 29.2%. The Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the funds in subsidiaries established in the PRC. The Company believes that, in view of its current cash position as of December 31, 2013, the cash expected to be generated from the operations and funds available from bank borrowings will be sufficient to meet its working capital and capital expenditure requirements (including the repayment of bank loans) for at least twelve months commencing from December 31, 2013. Capital Source The Company’s capital source is multifaceted, such as bank loans and banker’s acceptance facilities. In financing activities and operating activities, the Company’s banks require the Company to sign line of credit agreements and repay such facilities within one year. On the condition that the Company can provide adequate mortgage security and has not violated the terms of the line of credit agreement, such one year facilities can be extended for another year. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 23 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT As of December 31, 2013, the Company had short-term bank loans of $37.4 million and bankers’ acceptances of $78.2 million (see Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements in this Report). The Company currently expects to be able to obtain similar bank loans (i.e., RMB loans) and bankers’ acceptance facilities in the future if it can provide adequate mortgage security following the termination of the above-mentioned agreements (see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information). If the Company is not able to do so, it will have to refinance such debt as it becomes due or repay that debt to the extent it has cash available from operations or from the proceeds of additional issuances of capital stock. Owing to depreciation, the value of the mortgages securing the above-mentioned bank loans and banker's acceptances will be reduced by approximately $14.7 million over the next 12 months. If the Company wishes to obtain the same amount of bank loans and banker's acceptances, it will have to provide additional mortgages of $14.7 million as of the maturity date of such line of credit agreements (see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information). The Company can still obtain a reduced line of credit with a reduction of $9.0 million, which is 61.4% (the mortgage rate) of $14.7 million, if it cannot provide additional mortgages. The Company expects that the reduction in bank loans will not have a material adverse effect on its liquidity. On May 18, 2012, the Company entered into a credit agreement with Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macau) Limited, “ICBC Macau,” to obtain a non-revolving facility of $30 million, the “Credit Facility.” The Credit Facility would have expired on November 3, 2012, unless the Company drew down the line of credit in full prior to such expiration date and the maturity date for the loan drawdown was the earlier of (i) 18 months from the drawdown or (ii) 1 month before the expiry of the Henglong Standby Letter of Credit issued by Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Jingzhou Branch, “ICBC Jingzhou,” as described below. The interest rate of the Credit Facility is calculated based on a three-month LIBOR plus 2.25% per annum, subject to the availability of funds and fluctuation at ICBC Macau’s discretion. The interest is calculated daily on a 360-day basis and is to be fixed one day before the first day of each interest period. The interest period is defined as three months from the date of drawdown. As security for the Credit Facility, the Company was required to provide ICBC Macau with the Henglong Standby Letter of Credit for a total amount of not less than $31.6 million if the Credit Facility were to be fully drawn. On May 22, 2012, the Company drew down the full amount of $30.0 million under the Credit Facility and provided the Henglong Standby Letter of Credit for an amount of $31.6 million in favor of ICBC Macau. The Henglong Standby Letter of Credit issued by ICBC Jingzhou is collateralized by Henglong’s notes receivable of RMB196.3 million (equivalent to approximately $32.2 million). The Company also paid an arrangement fee of $0.1 million to ICBC Macau and $0.1 million to ICBC Jingzhou. The original maturity date of the Credit Facility was May 22, 2013. On May 7, 2013, ICBC Macau agreed to extend the maturity date of the Credit Facility to May 13, 2014. The interest rate of the Credit Facility under the extended term is calculated based on the three-month LIBOR plus 2.0% per annum. Except for the above, all other terms and conditions as stipulated in the ICBC Macau credit agreement remain unchanged. As of December 31, 2013, the interest rate on the Credit Facility was 2.24% per annum. Bank Arrangements As of December 31, 2012, the principal outstanding under the Company’s credit facilities and lines of credit was as follows: Comprehensive credit facilities (7) Bank Bank of China Due Date Mar 2014 $ Available (4) Amount Used 9,787 $ 23,127 $ Amount Assessed Mortgage Value (6) 15,793 Comprehensive credit facilities Comprehensive credit facilities Jingzhou Commercial Bank Jul 2014 China Construction Bank Nov 2014 32,804 26,340 63,087 11,481 1,640 32,210 Comprehensive credit facilities (1)(5) Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Dec 2013 16,402 13,179 12,898 Comprehensive credit facilities (1) China CITIC Bank Nov 2014 20,338 11,398 14,804 Comprehensive credit facilities Comprehensive credit facilities (1) Industrial and Commercial Bank of China China Hua Xia Bank Sep 2014 13,121 3,280 3,280 Sep 2014 26,243 2,839 - CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 24 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Comprehensive credit facilities China Everbright Bank Aug 2014 4,921 4,189 Comprehensive credit facilities ICBC Macau May 2014 30,000 30,000 8,398 32,193 Total $ 178,437 102,652 (2) 182,350 (3) (1) Henglong’s comprehensive credit facility provided by China CITIC Bank and China Hua Xia Bank and each of Henglong and Jielong’s comprehensive credit facilities provided by Shanghai Pudong Development Bank are required to be guaranteed by Jiulong, another subsidiary of the Company, in addition to the above pledged assets. (2) The amount used includes bank loans of $37.4 million and notes payable of $65.3 million as of December 31, 2013. The remainder of $12.9 million of notes payable out of the total notes payable of $78.2 million (see Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements in this Report) was 100% secured by bank notes without utilization of credit lines. (3) As of December 31, 2013, the pledged assets included $51.3 million accounts and notes receivable and other pledged assets with assessed value of $131.1 million. (4) The amount available is used for the drawdown of bank loans and issuance of bank notes. For the drawdown of bank loans, this amount represents the amount that the Company can borrow immediately; for issuance of bank notes, the Company needs to pledge additional collateral in order to utilize these bank facilities. (5) As at the date of this Report, the comprehensive credit facilities with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank have expired. The Company is negotiating the renewal of the credit facilities with the bank and expects to obtain the renewal in early April 2014. As the Company has obtained sufficient comprehensive lines of credit from other banks, the Company does not anticipate any significant adverse impact on its financial position if the Company fails to renew these credit facilities. (6) The pledged cash deposits, which are disclosed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements in this Report, were not included in the assessed mortgage value. (7) As at the date of this Report, the comprehensive credit facilities with Bank of China have expired. The Company is negotiating the renewal of the credit facilities with the bank and expects to obtain the renewal in late April 2014. As the Company has obtained sufficient comprehensive lines of credit from other banks, the Company does not anticipate any significant adverse impact on its financial position if the Company fails to renew these credit facilities. The Company may request the banks to issue notes payable or bank loans within its credit line using a 365-day revolving line (see Notes 12 and 11 to the consolidated financial statements in this Report). The Company renewed its existing short-term bank loans and borrowed new bank loans during 2013 at annual interest rates of 2.24% to 7.20%, and maturity terms of twelve months. Pursuant to the comprehensive credit line arrangement the Company pledged: (1) accounts receivable of $15.8 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with the Bank of China; (2) equipment with an assessed value of approximately $63.1 million as security for its revolving comprehensive credit facility with Jingzhou Commercial Bank; (3) equipment, land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $31.0 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China Construction Bank; (4) land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $13.3 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank; (5) land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $15.3 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China CITIC Bank; (6) accounts receivable of $3.3 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with Industrial and Commercial Bank of China; (7) Henglong’s comprehensive credit facility with China Hua Xia Bank is guaranteed by Jiulong, another subsidiary of the Company; (8) land use rights and buildings with an assessed value of approximately $8.4 million as security for its comprehensive credit facility with China Everbright Bank; and (9) $32.2 million of notes receivable held by Henglong. Cash Requirements The following table summarizes the Company’s expected cash outflows resulting from financial contracts and commitments. The Company has not included information on its recurring purchases of materials for use in its manufacturing operations. These amounts are generally consistent from year to year, closely reflecting the Company’s levels of production, and are not long-term in nature (being less than three months in length). Payment Due Dates ( in thousands of USD) Total < 1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years > 5 Years CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 25 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Short-term loan including interest payable Notes payable (1) Other contractual purchase commitments, including service agreements Total (1) Notes payable do not bear interest. Short-term Bank Loans $ 37,012 $ 37,012 $ 78,217 78,217 - $ - 9,775 9,542 $ 125,004 $ 124,771 $ 233 233 $ - $ - - - $ - - - - The following table summarizes the contract information of short-term borrowings between the banks and the Company as of December 31, 2013 (figures are in thousands of USD). Borrowing Date Bank Purpose ICBC Macau Working Capital 13 May 2013 China CITIC Bank Working Capital 7 Aug 2013 Working Capital 1 Oct 2013 ICBC China Construction Bank Working Capital 18 Jul 2013 Total (1) Such borrowing was duly repaid. Borrowing Term (Months) 12 12 5 12 Annual Percentage Rate Date of Interest Payment 2.24 % Pay quarterly 7.20 % Pay monthly 7 Aug 2014 27 Feb 2014(1) 5.60 % Pay monthly 18 Jul 2014 6.00 % Pay monthly Amount Payable on Due Date Due Date 13 May 2014 $ 30,000 2,460 3,280 1,641 $ 37,381 The Company must use the bank loans for the purpose described in the table. If the Company fails to do so, it will be charged a penalty interest at 100% of the specified loan rate listed in the table above. Except for the loan granted by ICBC Macau as disclosed in the section “Capital Source” above, the Company has to pay interest at the interest rate described in the table on the 20th of each month. If the Company fails to do so, it will be charged compound interest at the specified rate in the above table. The Company has to repay the principal outstanding on the specified date in the table. If it fails, it will be charged a penalty interest at 50% of the specified loan rate. Management believes that the Company had complied with such financial covenants as of December 31, 2013, and will continue to comply with them. Notes Payable The following table summarizes the contract information of issuing notes payable between the banks and the Company as of December 31, 2013 (figures are in thousands of USD): Purpose Working Capital (1) Working Capital (1) Working Capital (1) Working Capital Working Capital Working Capital Total (1) The notes payable were repaid in full on their respective due dates. Term (Month) Due Date Amount Payable on Due Date 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 $ Jan 2014 Feb 2014 Mar 2014 Apr 2014 May 2014 Jun 2014 $ 16,101 12,047 12,428 13,493 11,792 12,356 78,217 The Company must use notes payable for the purpose described in the table. If it fails to do so, the banks will no longer issue the notes payable, and it may have an adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity and capital resources. The Company has to deposit sufficient cash in the designated account of the bank on the due date of notes payable for payment to the suppliers. If the bank has advanced payment for the Company, it will be charged a penalty interest at 50% of the loan rate that is published by the People’s Bank of China in the same period. Management believes that the Company had complied with such financial covenants as of December 31, 2013, and will continue to comply with them. Cash flows (a) Operating activities Net cash provided by operations for the year ended December 31, 2013 was $12.9 million, compared with net cash provided of $16.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing a decrease of $3.3 million. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 26 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT For the year ended December 31, 2013, the decrease in net cash provided by operations was mainly due to the net effect of (1) the increase in net income (excluding non-cash items) by $9.9 million, (2) the change in the balance of accounts and notes receivable which led to a decrease in net cash provided by operations of $35.2 million, which was mainly due to the sales of the Company’s products generally on credit terms which range from 4 to 6 months, and the fact that, during the year ended December 31, 2013, there was a significant increase in sales revenue of the Company’s products which led to an increase in the ending balance of the accounts receivable; (3) the change in the balance of inventories which led to a decrease in net cash provided by operations of $8.9 million, which was mainly due to the increase in inventory as a result of an increase in sales; (4) the change in the balance of accounts and notes payable which led to an increase in net cash provided by operations of $18.9 million, which was mainly due to an increase in purchases of raw materials by the Company for the year ended December 31, 2013. The credit terms for which the Company obtained from its suppliers generally range from 4 to 6 months, and as a result, the ending balance of account payable significantly increased; (5) the change in the balance of accrued expenses and other accounts payable which led to an increase in net cash provided by operations of $10.8 million, which was mainly due to the Redemption and the Company’s payment of the make-whole redemption interest of $8.0 million pursuant thereto, and an increase in sales which led to an increase in warranty expenses of the Company; and (6) the change in the balance of tax payable which led to a decrease in cash provided by operations of $2.2 million. (b) Investing activities The Company used net cash of $43.1 million in investment activities for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared with $6.3 million used during the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $36.8 million, which was mainly due to an increase of $35.1 million in time deposits with banks with original maturities of over three months which are due within one year and a net cash decrease of $7.5 million pursuant to the Company’s sale of its 51% equity interest in Zhejiang in May 2012 (see Note 25), whereas there was no such income in 2013, offset by an increase in receipt of cash from sale of property, plant and equipment of $2.3 million and a decrease in the payment for the acquisition of equipment of $4.3 million. (c) Financing activities During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company used net cash of $5.8 million in financing activities, compared to net cash of $4.6 million provided by financing activities for the same period of 2012, which was mainly due to the net effect of: (1) decreased proceeds of $25.0 million from government loans and bank loans; (2) the decrease in dividends paid to the non-controlling shareholders of joint ventures of $1.5 million; and (3) the Redemption in the year ended December 31, 2012, which resulted in a $23.6 million cash outflow. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company did not have any transactions, obligations or relationships that could be considered off-balance sheet arrangements. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES In addition to bank loans, notes payables and the related interest, the following table summarizes the Company’s irrevocable commitments having initial terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2013 (figures are in thousands of USD): Obligations for service agreements Obligations for purchasing agreements Total SUBSEQUENT EVENTS 2015 2014 $ 374 $ 9,168 9,542 $ $ Payment Obligations by Period 2016 - $ 233 233 $ - $ - - $ 2017 Thereafter Total - $ - - $ 374 - $ - 9,401 - $ 9,2775 The Company and plaintiffs have reached a settlement in principle and, on March 28, 2014, entered into a settlement agreement, which includes a dismissal of all claims by plaintiffs against the Company and its current and former officers and directors, with no admission of any wrongdoing or liability. For more information, please see Item 3 - Legal Proceedings in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. INFLATION AND CURRENCY MATTERS China’s economy has experienced rapid growth recently, mostly through the issuance of debt. Debt-induced economic growth can lead to growth in the money supply and rising inflation. If prices for the Company’s products rise at a rate that is insufficient to compensate for the rise in the cost of supplies, it may harm the Company’s profitability. In order to control inflation in the past, the Chinese government has imposed controls on bank credit, limits on loans for fixed assets and restrictions on state bank lending. Such CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 27 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT policies can lead to a slowing of economic growth. Rises in interest rates by the central bank would likely slow economic activity in China which could, in turn, materially increase the Company’s costs and also reduce demand for the Company’s products. Foreign operations are subject to certain risks inherent in conducting business abroad, including price and currency exchange controls, and fluctuations in the relative value of currencies. During 2013, the Company supplied products to North America and settled in cash in U.S. dollars. As a result, appreciation or currency fluctuation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would increase the cost of export products, and adversely affect the Company’s financial performance. In July 2005, the Chinese government adjusted its exchange rate policy from “Fixed Rate” to “Floating Rate.” During December 2012 to December 2013, the exchange rate between RMB and U.S. dollar appreciated from RMB1.00 to $0.1591 to RMB1.00 to $0.1640. The appreciation of the RMB may continue in the near term, as the Chinese government attempts to slow the rate of inflation in the PRC. Significant appreciation of the RMB is likely to decrease the amount of export products, thus decreasing the Company’s income. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-04, “Obligations Resulting from Joint and Several Liability Arrangements for Which the Total Amount of the Obligation is Fixed at the Reporting Date” . This update provides guidance for the recognition, measurement and disclosure of obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements for which the total amount of the obligation within the scope of this update is fixed at the reporting date, except for obligations addressed within existing guidance in U.S. GAAP. The guidance requires an entity to measure those obligations as the sum of the amount the reporting entity agreed to pay on the basis of its arrangement among its co-obligors and any additional amount the reporting entity expects to pay on behalf of its co-obligors. The guidance in this update also requires an entity to disclose the nature and amount of the obligation as well as other information about those obligations. This update is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. This update should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented for those obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements within this update’s scope that exist at the beginning of an entity’s fiscal year of adoption. An entity may elect to use hindsight for the comparative periods (if it changed its accounting as a result of adopting the amendments in this update) and should disclose that fact. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have any impact on the Company’s financial position. On July 18, 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-11, "Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists” (Income Taxes - Topic 740). This update applies to all entities that have unrecognized tax benefits when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward exists at the reporting date. An unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward, unless otherwise provided in the update. To the extent that a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward is not available at the reporting date under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position or the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction does not require the entity to use, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset for such purpose, the unrecognized tax benefit should be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with deferred tax assets. The assessment of whether a deferred tax asset is available is based on the unrecognized tax benefit and deferred tax asset that exist at the reporting date and should be made presuming disallowance of the tax position at the reporting date. For example, an entity should not evaluate whether the deferred tax asset has expired before the statute of limitations on the tax position or whether the deferred tax asset may be used prior to the unrecognized tax benefit being settled. The amendments in this update do not require new recurring disclosures. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied prospectively to all unrecognized tax benefits that exist at the effective date. Retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this update on its financial statements. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Management periodically evaluates the estimates and judgments made. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates as a result of different assumptions or conditions. The following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company considers an accounting estimate to be critical if: . . it requires the Company to make assumptions about matters that were uncertain at the time it was making the estimate, and changes in the estimate or different estimates that the Company could have selected would have had a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 28 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT The table below presents information about the nature and rationale for the Company critical accounting estimates: Balance Sheet Caption Critical Estimate Item Accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities Warranty obligations Nature of Estimates Required Estimating warranty requires the Assumptions/Approaches Used The Company bases its estimate on Key Factors • VM sourcing Company to forecast the resolution of existing claims and expected future claims on products sold. VMs (Vehicle Manufacturer) are increasingly seeking to hold suppliers responsible for product warranties, which may impact the Company’s exposure to these costs. historical trends of units sold and payment amounts, combined with its current understanding of the status of existing claims and discussions with its customers. • VM policy decisions regarding warranty claims Property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and other long- term assets Valuation of long- lived assets and investments The Company is required from time- to-time to review the recoverability of certain of its assets based on projections of anticipated future cash flows, including future profitability assessments of various product lines. The Company estimates cash flows using • Future production internal budgets based on recent sales data, independent automotive production volume estimates and customer commitments. estimates • Customer preferences and decisions Accounts and notes receivables Provision for Estimating the provision for doubtful The Company grants credit to its • Customers’ credit doubtful accounts and notes receivable accounts and notes receivable requires the Company to analyze and monitor each customer’s credit standing and financial condition regularly. The Company grants credit to its customers, generally on an open account basis. It will impact the Company’s expense disclosure and results of operations if such estimate is improper. customers for three to four months based on each customer’s current credit standing and financial data. The Company assesses allowance on an individual customer basis, under normal circumstances. The Company records provision for bad debts based on specific identification methods. standing and financial condition Deferred income taxes Recoverability of deferred tax assets The Company is required to estimate whether recoverability of its deferred tax assets is more likely than not based on forecasts of taxable earnings in the related tax jurisdiction. The Company uses historical and projected future operating results, based upon approved business plans, including a review of the eligible carry forward period, tax planning opportunities and other relevant considerations. • Tax law changes • Variances in future projected profitability, including by taxing entity Convertible notes payable, warrant liabilities, compound derivative liabilities Warrant liabilities and compound derivative liabilities The Company is required to estimate the fair value of warrant liabilities and compound derivative liabilities at conception and completion of each reporting period. The Company uses Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine fair value of warrant; uses Monte Carlo simulation (“MCS”) valuation techniques to determine fair value of compound derivative liabilities. • Expected volatility • Risk-free rate • interest market risk • Credit risk • Redemption activities before maturity Uncertain tax Uncertain tax positions The Company is required to determine and assess all material positions, including all significant uncertain positions in all tax years that are still subject to assessment or challenge under relevant tax statutes. The Company applies a more likely than not threshold and a two-step approach for tax position measurement and financial statement recognition. For the two-step approach, the first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement. • An allocation or a shift of income between jurisdictions • The characterization of income or a decision to exclude reporting taxable income in a tax return •A decision to classify a transaction, entity, or other position in a tax return as tax exempt In addition, there are other items within the Company’s financial statements that require estimation, but are not as critical as those discussed above. These include the allowance for reserves for excess and obsolete inventory. Although not significant in recent years, changes in estimates used in these and other items could have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 29 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK The Company is exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. For purposes of specific risk analysis, the Company uses sensitivity analysis to determine the effects that market risk exposures may have. FOREIGN CURRENCY RISK The Company’s reporting currency is the U.S. dollar and the majority of its revenues will be settled in RMB and U.S. dollars. The Company’s currency exchange rate risks come primarily from the sales of products to international customers. Most of the Company’s assets are denominated in RMB except for part of cash and accounts receivable. As a result, the Company is exposed to foreign exchange risk as its revenues and results of operations may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the RMB. The value of the RMB fluctuates and is affected by, among other things, changes in China's political and economic conditions. In addition, the RMB is not readily convertible into U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions continue to take place either through the Bank of China or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China. The conversion of RMB into foreign currencies such as the U.S. dollar has been generally based on rates set by the People's Bank of China, which are set daily based on the previous day's interbank foreign exchange market rates and current exchange rates on the world financial markets. On December 31, 2013 and 2012, the exchange rates of RMB against U.S. dollar were RMB1.00 to $0.1591 and RMB1.00 to $0.1640, respectively. This floating exchange rate, and any appreciation of the RMB that may result from such rate, could have various adverse effects on the Company’s business. If the RMB appreciates against foreign currencies, it will make the Company’s sales income increase. In order to mitigate the currency exchange rate risk, the Company has inserted a currency exchange rate fluctuation compensation provision in its sales contracts with its international customers to the effect that both parties will bear 50% of such loss when the fluctuation is over 8% within that contract year. CREDIT RISK Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of trade accounts receivable. The Company does not require collateral or other security to support client receivables since most of its customers are large, well-established companies. The Company's credit risk is also mitigated because its customers are all selected enterprises supported by the local government. One customer, Chrysler North America, accounted for more than 10% (11.1%) of the Company’s consolidated revenues in 2013. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for any potential credit losses related to its trade receivables. The Company does not use foreign exchange contracts to hedge the risk in receivables denominated in foreign currencies and the Company does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. INTEREST RATE RISK The Company’s exposure to changes in interest rates results primarily from its credit facility borrowings. As of December 31, 2013, the Company had $30.0 million of outstanding indebtedness, which is subject to interest rate fluctuations. Based on the amount of such borrowings as of December 31, 2013, it is expected that a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in the then current LIBOR rate would increase the Company’s interest expense by $0.3 million on an annual basis. The Company’s level of outstanding indebtedness fluctuates from time to time and may result in additional payable. ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Selected quarterly financial data for the past two years are summarized in the following table (figures are in thousands of USD, except those for items headed “Basic” and “Diluted”): First Quarterly Results of Operations Third Second Fourth 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 $ 97,164 $ 80,920 $ 97,889 $ 80,379 $ 90,919 $ 73,184 $ 129,187 $ 101,523 19,362 15,378 18,389 15,632 16,525 12,501 22,357 17,240 9,346 6,336 7,814 8,574 10,970 5,463 8,589 7,425 7,526 254 6,206 11,631 10,429 4,400 8,904 6,551 - 31 - 2,620 - - - - Net sales Gross profit Operating income from continuing operations Net income from continuing operations Net income from discontinued operations CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 30 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Net income Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income (loss) attributable to parent company Earnings/(loss) per share attributable to parent company Basic - Income from continuing operations attributable to shareholders Income per share from discontinued operations Basic Diluted- Income from continuing operations attributable to shareholders Income per share from discontinued operations Diluted 7,526 285 6,206 14,251 10,429 4,400 8,904 6,551 1,586 1,054 1,225 1,229 1,805 996 1,659 1,465 5,940 (769 ) 4,981 13,022 8,624 3,404 7,245 5,086 $ 0.21 $ (0.03) $ 0.18 $ 0.35 $ 0.31 $ 0.12 $ 0.26 $ 0.18 $ $ - $ - $ 0.21 $ (0.03) $ - $ 0.18 $ 0.08 $ 0.43 $ - $ 0.31 $ - $ 0.12 $ - $ 0.26 $ - 0.18 $ 0.21 $ (0.03) $ 0.18 $ 0.21 $ 0.31 $ 0.12 $ 0.26 $ 0.18 $ $ - $ - $ 0.21 $ (0.03) $ - $ 0.18 $ 0.08 $ 0.29 $ - $ 0.31 $ - $ 0.12 $ - $ 0.26 $ - 0.18 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE. None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES The Company’s management, under the supervision and with the participation of its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, Messrs. Wu Qizhou and Li Jie, respectively, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2013, the end of the period covered by this Report. The term "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports, such as this Form 10-K, that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on that evaluation, Messrs. Wu and Li concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2013. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of its disclosure control system are met. Because of inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, if any, within a company have been detected. BACKGROUND OF REVIEW In the first quarter of 2014, the Company identified certain loan transactions (the "Transactions") between certain of the Company’s subsidiaries, on the one hand, and various other companies, on the other hand, that occurred during 2013. The Company has determined that the Transactions constituted "related party transactions" and that the Company’s procedures were not followed so as to properly identify the Transactions as related party transactions, submit them in advance to the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the "Audit Committee") for its examination and approval and make timely disclosure of the Transactions in the Company’s quarterly financial statements. Upon learning of the Transactions, the Audit Committee engaged independent legal and accounting consultants and undertook a thorough review of these matters (the "Review") to determine the nature and financial impact of the Transactions, as well as any deficiencies in the internal controls of the Company with respect to the Transactions, and analyze certain additional related party transactions that were identified in the context of the Review. The Company’s management cooperated fully with the Audit Committee and its advisers with respect to the Review. The Audit Committee concluded that the failure to identify the CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 31 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Transactions as related party transactions, submit them in advance to the Audit Committee for its examination and approval and timely disclose the Transactions evidenced a failure of the Company’s controls that management should be directed to address. The Company’s Board of Directors agreed with the Audit Committee’s conclusions. The Transactions, which are detailed in Note 28 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, were short-term loan transactions that were designed to use the Company’s idle cash resulting from the seasonality of its business to generate returns and at the same time to assist the borrowing entities in addressing certain cash flow needs. All of the loans were timely repaid, with interest, if any, at commercially stated rates. Nevertheless, because certain of the borrowers were entities in which certain senior members of the Company’s management held a direct or indirect financial interest, the Transactions were required to be treated as related party transactions for purposes of the Company’s internal policies and procedures and financial reporting. The Review determined that the errors resulted from inconsistent interpretations and application of the Company’s written policies and procedures with respect to related party transactions. These deficiencies represented a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, as more fully described below. The Review concluded that the errors did not result from any fraud or intentional misconduct and that the Transactions did not constitute loans that are prohibited by Section 402 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. INHERENT LIMITATIONS ON EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTROLS A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of controls effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures. MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act, is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the chief executive officer and chief financial officer and effected by the board of directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: a. pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets; b. provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that the Company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with appropriate authorization of the Company’s management and board of directors; and c. provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. In making its assessment of internal control over financial reporting, management, under the supervision and with the participation of the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in "Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992)." Management has assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013 and determined that internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2013. DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL WEAKNESS In connection with the Review, management has identified the following control deficiencies as of December 31, 2013 that constituted a material weakness: CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 32 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Although the Company has a policy requiring that related party transactions be reported and disclosed by the Finance Department and promptly directed to the Audit Committee for its review and approval, and the Company historically has applied that policy and approval process to various transactions, Company personnel failed to adhere to the policy with respect to the Transactions. The Review revealed that this control failure was a result of differing interpretations on the part of individual Company personnel regarding the scope and application of the policy. Further, when certain of the Transactions later were reported to members of the Finance Department, those persons did not promptly report the Transactions to the Audit Committee. The Transactions later were also identified by the Internal Audit Department of the Company as deviations from the Company’s internal control procedures during the normal course of its internal audit procedures. However, Internal Audit personnel did not report the Transactions to the Audit Committee until the Internal Audit Department had completed its broader and regular internal audit procedures and, therefore, they did not timely inform the Audit Committee about the Transactions. The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP (formerly known as PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Limited Company), an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report which is included in Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Other than as described herein, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2013 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. REMEDIATION STEPS TO ADDRESS MATERIAL WEAKNESS In response to the material weakness identified above, the Audit Committee has directed that management consider certain corrective or remedial actions in respect of the relevant internal controls at the Company. Management, under the supervision of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has adopted the recommendations of the Audit Committee and it has begun to implement the measures described below to address the material weakness. This remediation effort is intended both to address the identified material weakness and to enhance the Company’s overall financial control environment. Management believes that the remediation measures described below will remediate the identified control deficiencies. However, management continues to evaluate and work to improve its internal control over financial reporting. It may be determined that additional measures must be taken to address control deficiencies. Pursuant to the Review and the resulting conclusions by management, the Company is taking the following steps to remediate the identified material weakness: (1) the Company’s policies and procedures with respect to related party transactions are being amended to clarify their scope, as well as certain definitions and internal reporting and approval requirements; (2) a training program is being designed and implemented, which will be mandatory for relevant Company personnel and which will focus on the scope and application of the Company’s controls concerning related party transactions, including reporting and approval requirements; (3) policies and procedures will be amended to clarify that any identified errors relating to the reporting and submission for approval of related party transactions should be immediately brought to the attention of the Audit Committee by the Finance Department or the Internal Audit Department; and (4) as directed by the Audit Committee, the Company’s Internal Audit Department will conduct and report to the Audit Committee with respect to a series of special audits designed to assess the implementation of the subject policies and procedures, the Company’s controls regarding related party transactions and relevant staff members’ awareness of the Company’s procedures and controls regarding related party transactions. The material weakness identified by management is not fully remediated as of the date of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company has performed substantive procedures in an effort to ensure that the information reflected in this report is supported and fairly presented as of the date of this report. The Audit Committee has directed management to develop a detailed plan and timetable for the implementation of the above-referenced remediation measures and will monitor their implementation. In addition, under the direction of the Audit Committee, management will continue to review and make necessary changes to the overall design of the system of internal controls and the control environment, as well as policies and procedures to improve the overall effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 33 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The following table and text set forth the names and ages of all directors and executive officers of the Company as of December 31, 2013. The Board of Directors is comprised of only one class. All of the directors will serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until their successors are elected and qualified, or until their earlier death, retirement, resignation or removal. Also provided herein are brief descriptions of the business experience of each director and executive officer during the past five years and an indication of directorships held by each director in other companies subject to the reporting requirements under the federal securities laws. Name Hanlin Chen Robert Tung Guangxun Xu Arthur Wong Qizhou Wu Jie Li Andy Tse Yijun Xia Daming Hu Haimian Cai Age 56 57 63 54 49 44 43 51 55 50 Position(s) Chairman of the Board Director Director Director Chief Executive Officer and Director Chief Financial Officer Senior Vice President Vice President Chief Accounting Officer Vice President BIOGRAPHIES OF DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Directors Hanlin Chen has served as the chairman of the board of directors and an executive officer since March 2003. Since January 2013, Mr. Chen has been a standing committee member of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference CPPCC) and vice president of Foreign Investors Association of Hubei Province. From 1993 to 1997, Mr. Chen was the general manager of Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd. Since 1997, he has been the chairman of the Board of Henglong Automotive Parts, Ltd. Mr. Hanlin Chen is the brother-in-law of the Company’s senior vice president, Mr. Andy Tse. Qizhou Wu has served as a director since March 2003 and as the chief executive officer of the Company since September 2007. He served as chief operating officer from 2003 to 2007. He was the executive general manager of Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd. from 1993 to 1999 and the general manager of Henglong Automotive Parts Co., Ltd. from 1999 to 2002. Mr. Wu graduated from Tsinghua University in Beijing with a Master’s degree in automobile engineering. Arthur Wong has been an independent director of the Company since May 2012 and is the chairman of the audit committee and a member of the compensation and nominating committees of the Board of Directors. Mr. Wong is currently the chief financial officer of Beijing Radio Cultural Transmission Company Limited, a music production and music data management service company, and the independent director of YOU On Demand Holdings, Inc., (NASDAQ:YOD). He also serves as a board member and chairman of the audit committees for VisionChina Media Inc. (NASDAQ:VISN), Daqo New Energy Corp. (NYSE: DQ), Besunyen Holdings Company Limited (HKSE: 926) and Termbray Petroking Oilfield Services Limited (HKSE: 2178). Mr. Wong was formerly the chief financial officer of GreenTree Inns Hotel Management Group, Nobao Renewable Energy, and Asia New-Energy. Prior to that, he worked at Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu from 1982 to 2008, in that firm’s San Jose, Hong Kong and Beijing offices, and most recently as a partner in the Beijing office. Mr. Wong received a Bachelor of Science in Applied Economics degree from the University of San Francisco and was awarded a Higher Diploma of Accountancy from Hong Kong Polytechnic. His professional affiliations include being a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Chartered Association of Certified Accountants. Robert Tung has been an independent director of the Company since September 2003. He is a member of the audit and nominating committees, and the chairman of the compensation committee of the Board of Directors. Mr. Tung is currently the president of Multi-Media Communications, Inc. and vice president of Herbal Blends International, LLC. Mr. Tung holds a Master’s degree in chemical engineering from the University of Virginia. At present, Mr. Tung is the China operation vice president of Iraq Development Company of Canada, a leading North American corporation engaging in oilfield and infrastructure development in the Republic of Iraq. In addition, Mr. Tung holds the Grand China sales representative position of TRI Products, Inc., a well-known North American iron ore and scrap metals supplier. Mr. Tung is also actively involved in minerals, iron ore and petroleum derivatives trading. Guangxun Xu has served as an independent director of the Company since December 2009. He is a member of the audit and compensation committees, and the chairman of the nominating committee of the Board of Directors. Mr. Xu has been the Chief Representative of NASDAQ in China and a managing director of the NASDAQ Stock Market International, Asia for over 10 years. With a professional career in the finance field spanning over 25 years, Mr. Xu’s practice focuses on providing package services on U.S. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 34 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT and U.K. listings, advising on and arranging for private placements, PIPEs, IPOs, pre-IPO restructuring, M&A, corporate and project finance, corporate governance, post-IPOIR compliance, and risk control. Executive Officers Jie Li has served as the chief financial officer since September 2007. Prior to that position he served as the corporate secretary from December 2004. Prior to joining the Company in September 2003, Mr. Li was the assistant president of Jingzhou Jiulong Industrial Inc. from 1999 to 2003 and the general manger of Jingzhou Tianxin Investment Management Co. Ltd. from 2002 to 2003. Mr. Li has a Bachelor's degree from the University of Science and Technology of China. He also completed his graduate studies in economics and business management at the Hubei Administration Institute. Andy Tse has served as a senior vice president of the Company since March 2003. He has also served as chairman of the board of Shenyang. He was the vice GM of Jiulong from 1993 to 1997 and the vice GM of Henglong. Mr. Tse has over 10 years of experience in automotive parts sales and strategic development. Mr. Tse has an MBA from the China People University. He is brother in-law to Hanlin Chen. Yijun Xia has served as a vice president of the Company since December 2009. He also served as the general manager of Henglong from April 2005 to December 2011. Prior to that position he served as the Vice-G.M. of Henglong from December 2002. Mr. Xia graduated from Wuhan University of Water Transportation Engineering with a bachelor degree in Metal Material and Heat Treatment. Haimian Cai was an independent director of the Company from September 2003 to December 2009, and also a member of the Company’s Audit, Compensation and Nominating Committees. Dr. Cai is a technical specialist in the automotive industry. Prior to that, Dr. Cai was a staff engineer in ITT Automotive Inc. Dr. Cai has written more than fifteen technical papers and co-authored a technical book regarding the Powder Metallurgy industry for automotive application. Dr. Cai has more than ten patents including pending patents. Dr. Cai holds a B.S. Degree in Automotive Engineering from Tsinghua University and a M.S. and Ph. D. in manufacturing engineering from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Since December 2009, Mr. Cai has not served as independent director and a member of the Company’s Audit Committee, Compensation and Nominating Committees, because he was nominated as vice president of the Company. Daming Hu has served as the chief accounting officer since September 2007 and had overall charge of the financial report. During March 2003 to August 2007, he served as Chief Financial Officer of the Company. Mr. Hu was the Finance Manager of Jiulong from 1996 to 1999 and Finance Manager of Henglong from 1999 to 2002. Mr. Hu graduated from Zhongnan University of Economics and Law with bachelor’s degree in accounting. BOARD COMPOSITION AND COMMITTEES Audit Committee and Independent Directors The Company has a standing Audit Committee of the Board of Directors established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Exchange Act, as amended. The Audit Committee is operated under a written charter. The Audit Committee consists of the following individuals, all of whom the Company considers to be independent, as defined under the SEC’s rules and regulations and the Nasdaq’s definition of independence: Robert Tung, Guangxun Xu and Arthur Wong. Arthur Wong is the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Board has determined that Mr. Arthur Wong is the audit committee financial expert, as defined in Item 407(d) (5) of Regulation S-K, serving on the Company’s Audit Committee. Compensation Committee The Company has a standing Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The Compensation Committee is responsible for determining compensation for the Company’s executive officers. Three of the Company’s independent directors, as defined under the SEC’s rules and regulations and the Nasdaq’s definition of independence, Robert Tung, Guangxun Xu and Arthur Wong serve on the Compensation Committee. Since July 8, 2010, Mr. Robert Tung has been the Chairman of the Compensation Committee. The Board has determined that all members of the Compensation Committee are independent directors under the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, as applicable. The Compensation Committee administers the Company’s benefit plans, reviews and administers all compensation arrangements for executive officers, and establishes and reviews general policies relating to the compensation and benefits of the Company’s officers and employees. The Compensation Committee operates under a written charter that is made available on the Company’s website, www.caasauto.com. The Company’s Compensation Committee is empowered to review and approve the annual compensation and compensation procedures for the executive officers of the Company. The primary goals of the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors with respect to executive compensation are to attract and retain the most talented and dedicated executives possible and to align executives’ incentives with stockholder value creation. The Compensation Committee evaluates individual executive performance with a goal of setting compensation at levels the committee believes are comparable with executives in other companies of similar size CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 35 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT and stage of development operating in similar industry while taking into account the Company’s relative performance and its strategic goals. The Company has not retained a compensation consultant to review its policies and procedures with respect to executive compensation. The Company conducts an annual review of the aggregate level of its executive compensation, as well as the mix of elements used to compensate its executive officers. The Company compares compensation levels with amounts currently being paid to executives in its industry and most importantly with local practices in China. The Company is satisfied that its compensation levels are competitive with local conditions. Nominating Committee The Company has a standing Nominating Committee of the Board of Directors. Director candidates are nominated by the Nominating Committee. The Nominating Committee will consider candidates based upon their business and financial experience, personal characteristics, and expertise that are complementary to the background and experience of other Board members, willingness to devote the required amount of time to carry out the duties and responsibilities of Board membership, willingness to objectively appraise management performance, and any such other qualifications the Nominating Committee deems necessary to ascertain the candidates’ ability to serve on the Board. The Nominating Committee will not consider nominee recommendations from security holders, other than the recommendations received from a security holder or group of security holders that beneficially owned more than five (5) percent of the Company’s outstanding common stock for at least one year as of the date the recommendation is made. Three of the Company’s independent directors, as defined under the SEC’s rules and regulations and the Nasdaq’s definition of independence, Robert Tung, Guangxun Xu and Arthur Wong, serve on the Nominating Committee. Since December 17, 2009, Mr. Guangxun Xu has been the Chairman of the Nominating Committee. Stockholder Communications Stockholders interested in communicating directly with the Board of Directors, or individual directors, may email the Company’s independent director Mr. Arthur Wong at arthurltwong@yahoo.com. Mr. Wong will review all such correspondence and will regularly forward to the board of directors of the Company copies of all such correspondence that deals with the functions of the Board or committees thereof or that he otherwise determines requires their attention. Directors may at any time review all of the correspondence received that is addressed to members of the board of directors of the Company and request copies of such correspondence. Concerns relating to accounting, internal controls or auditing matters will immediately be brought to the attention of the Audit Committee and handled in accordance with procedures established by the Audit Committee with respect to such matters. Family Relationships Mr. Hanlin Chen and Mr. Yiu Wong Andy Tse are brothers-in-law. Code of Ethics and Conduct The Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Ethics and Conduct which is applicable to all officers, directors and employees. The Code of Ethics and Conduct was filed as an exhibit to the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 25, 2010. Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Compliance Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires the Company’s executive officers and directors and persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of the Company’s equity securities to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission initial statements of beneficial ownership, reports of changes in ownership and annual reports concerning their ownership of common stock and other of the Company’s equity securities, on Forms 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Executive officers, directors and greater than 10% stockholders are required by Commission regulations to furnish the Company with copies of all Section 16(a) reports they file. To the best of the Company’s knowledge, based solely upon a review of the Form 3, 4 and 5 filed, no officer, director or 10% beneficial shareholder failed to file on a timely basis any reports required by Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS In 2003, the Board of Directors established a Compensation Committee consisting only of independent Board members, which is responsible for setting the Company’s policies regarding compensation and benefits and administering the Company’s benefit plans. At the end of fiscal year 2012, the Compensation Committee consisted of Robert Tung, Guangxun Xu and Arthur Wong. The members of CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 36 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT the Compensation Committee approved the amount and form of compensation paid to executive officers of the Company and set the Company’s compensation policies and procedures during these periods. The primary goals of the Company’s compensation committee with respect to executive compensation are to attract and retain highly talented and dedicated executives and to align executives’ incentives with stockholder value creation. The Compensation Committee will conduct an annual review of the aggregate level of the Company’s executive compensation, as well as the mix of elements used to compensate the Company’s executive officers. The Company compares compensation levels with amounts currently being paid to executives at similar companies in the same area and the same industry. Most importantly, the Company compares compensation levels with local practices in China. The Company believes that its compensation levels are competitive with local conditions. Elements of compensation The Company’s executive compensation consists of the following elements: Base Salary Base salaries for the Company’s executives are established to be amounts of compensation that are similar to those paid by other companies to executives in similar positions and with similar responsibilities. Base salaries are adjusted from time to time to realign salaries with market levels after taking into account individual responsibilities, performance and experience. The Compensation Committee established a salary structure to determine base salaries and is responsible for initially setting executive officer compensation in employment arrangements with each individual. The base salary amounts are intended to reflect the Company’s philosophy that the base salary should attract experienced individuals who will contribute to the success of the Company’s business goals and represent cash compensation that is commensurate with the compensation of individuals at similarly situated companies. The Company’s Board of Directors and Compensation Committee have approved the current salaries for executives: RMB1.3 million ($0.2 million) for the Chairman, RMB0.9 million ($0.1 million) for the CEO, and RMB0.5 million ($0.1 million) individ ually for other officers in 2013. Performance Bonus a. Grantees: Hanlin Chen, Qizhou Wu, Andy Tse, Jie Li, Yijun Xia and Daming Hu b. Conditions: (i) based on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the year over year growth rates of net sales, net profits and earnings per share for 2013 must exceed 20%; and (ii) the average growth rate of the foregoing indicators must exceed that of China auto industry in 2013 published by CAAM. c. Bonus: 50% of each officer’s annual salary in 2013. The Company accrued performance bonuses for Named Executive Officers in 2013 as the Company reached the above conditions for awarding performance bonuses. As at December 31, 2013, such bonuses have not been paid. Stock Option Awards The stock options plan proposed by management, which aims to incentivize and retain core employees, to meet employees’ benefits, the Company’s long term operating goals and stockholder benefits, was approved at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on June 28, 2005, and the maximum common shares for issuance under this is 2,200,000. The term of the plan is 10 years. There were no stock options granted to management in 2013. Other Compensation Other than the base salary for the Company’s Named Executive Officers, the performance bonus and the stock option awards referred to above, the Company does not have any other benefits and perquisites for its Named Executive Officers. However, the Compensation Committee in its discretion may provide benefits and perquisites to these executive officers if it deems advisable to do so. Compensation Tables Executive Officers The compensation that Named Executive Officers received for their services for fiscal years ended 2012 and 2011 were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 37 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Name and principal position Hanlin Chen (Chairman) Year 2013 2012 Salary (1) Bonus (2) Option Awards (3) $ $ $ $ $ $ 210 210 - - - - $ $ Total Qizhou Wu (CEO) Haimian Cai (Vice President) 2013 2012 $ $ 2013 2012 $ $ 140 140 150 150 $ $ $ $ - - - - $ $ $ $ - - - - $ $ $ $ 210 210 140 140 150 150 (1) Salary – Please refer to Base Salary disclosed under “Elements of compensation” section above for further details. (2) Bonus – Please refer to Performance Bonus disclosed under “Elements of compensation” section above for further details. (3) Option Awards – Please refer to Stock Option Awards disclosed under “Elements of compensation” section above for further details. For detailed information on option exercises and stock vested, please see Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements in this report. Compensation for Directors Based on the number of the board of directors’ service years, workload and performance, the Company decides on their pay. The management believes that the pay for the members of the Board of Directors was appropriate as of December 31, 2013. The compensation that directors received for serving on the Board of Directors for fiscal year 2013 was as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Name Robert Tung Guangxun Xu Arthur Wong Fees earned or paid in cash Option awards (1) Total 44 $ $ 40 $ $ 50 $ $ 49 $ 49 $ 49 $ 93 89 99 (1) Other than the cash payment based on the number of a director’s service years, workload and performance, the Company grants 7,500 option awards to each director every year. In accordance with ASC Topic 718, the cost of the above mentioned stock options issued to directors was measured on the grant date based on their fair value. The fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and certain assumptions. Please see Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements in this report for more details. The cost of the above-mentioned compensation paid to directors was measured based on investment, operating, technology, and consulting services they provided. All other directors did not receive compensation for their service on the Board of Directors. ITEM 12. STOCKHOLDER MATTERS. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED As used in this section, the term beneficial ownership with respect to a security is defined by Rule 13d-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as consisting of sole or shared voting power, including the power to vote or direct the vote, and/or sole or shared investment power, including the power to dispose of or direct the disposition of, with respect to the security through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, subject to community property laws where applicable. The percentage ownership is based on 28,043,019 shares of common stock outstanding at December 31, 2013 (exclusive of 217,283 treasury stock). Name/Title Total Number of Shares Percentage Ownership Hanlin Chen, Chairman (1) Li Ping Xie (1) Wiselink Holdings Limited, “Wiselink” (1) Qizhou Wu, CEO and Director Robert Tung, Director Haimian Cai, Director Jie Li, CFO Daming Hu, CAO Tse Andy, Sr. VP Yijun Xia, VP All Directors and Executive Officers (8 persons) 17,849,014 17,849,014 17,849,014 1,445,136 7,500 3,750 33,403 26,400 400,204 17,200 19,782,607 63.65 % 63.65 % 63.65 % 5.15 % 0.03 % 0.01 % 0.12 % 0.09 % 1.43 % 0.06 % 70.54 % CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 38 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT (1) These 17,849,014 shares of common stock include: (i) 13,322,547 shares of common stock beneficially owned by Mr. Hanlin Chen; (ii) 1,502,925 shares of common stock beneficially owned by Ms. Liping Xie, Mr. Hanlin Chen’s wife; and (iii) 3,023,542 shares of common stock beneficially owned by Wiselink, a company controlled by Mr. Hanlin Chen. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE For the information required by Item 13 please refer to Note 2 (Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies–Certain Relationships and Related Transactions) and Note 28 (Related Party Transactions) to the consolidated financial statements in this Report. The Company’s Audit Committee’s charter provides that one of its responsibilities is to review and approve related party transactions defined as those transactions required to be disclosed under Item 404 of Regulation S-K of the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act. The Company has a formal written set of policies and procedures for the review, approval or ratification of related party transactions. Where a related party transaction is identified, the Audit Committee reviews and, where appropriate, approves the transaction based on whether it believes that the transaction is at arm’s length and contains terms that are no less favorable than what the Company could have obtained from an unaffiliated third party. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The following table sets forth the aggregate fees for professional audit services rendered by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP (formerly known as PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Limited Company) for the audit of the Company’s annual financial statements, and fees billed for other services for the fiscal years 2013 and 2012. The Audit Committee has approved all of the following fees (figures are in thousands of USD): Audit Fees Audit-Related Fees Tax Fees Total Fees Paid Fiscal Year Ended 2013 2012 $ $ 844 $ - - 844 $ 820 - - 820 At the discretion of the PRC government in accordance with the Scheme for the Localization Restructuring of Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Accounting Firms, PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Limited Company has converted to a new partnership and changed its name to PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP, effective from July 1, 2013. PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP has succeeded PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Limited Company for all purposes and assumed all of the obligations and rights of PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Limited Company with effect from July 1, 2013. AUDIT COMMITTEE’S PRE-APPROVAL POLICY During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors adopted policies and procedures for the pre-approval of all audit and non-audit services to be provided by the Company’s independent auditor and for the prohibition of certain services from being provided by the independent auditor. The Company may not engage the Company’s independent auditor to render any audit or non-audit service unless the service is approved in advance by the Audit Committee or the engagement to render the service is entered into pursuant to the Audit Committee’s pre-approval policies and procedures. On an annual basis, the Audit Committee may pre-approve services that are expected to be provided to the Company by the independent auditor during the fiscal year. At the time such pre-approval is granted, the Audit Committee specifies the pre-approved services and establishes a monetary limit with respect to each particular pre-approved service, which limit may not be exceeded without obtaining further pre- approval under the policy. For any pre-approval, the Audit Committee considers whether such services are consistent with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission on auditor independence. [Internationally left blank] CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 39 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT PART IV REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND STOCKHOLDERS OF CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC.: In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity and cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of China Automotive Systems, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively “the Company”) at December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2013 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company did not maintain, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2013, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) because a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting related to the effectiveness of controls over identification, examination, approval and reporting of related party transactions existed as of that date. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness referred to above is described in Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. We considered this material weakness in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2013 consolidated financial statements, and our opinion regarding the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting does not affect our opinion on those consolidated financial statements. The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in management's report referred to above. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. We do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on management's statements referring to management’s actions and plans of remediation of the identified material weakness included in the Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian CPAs Limited Company PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP Shanghai, People’s Republic of China March 31, 2014 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 40 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets (In thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Pledged cash deposits Short-term investments Accounts and notes receivable, net - unrelated parties Accounts and notes receivable, net - related parties Advance payments and others - unrelated parties Advance payments and others - related parties Inventories Assets held for sale Current deferred tax assets Total current assets Non-current assets: Property, plant and equipment, net Intangible assets, net Other receivables, net - unrelated parties Other receivables, net - related parties Advance payment for property, plant and equipment - unrelated parties Advance payment for property, plant and equipment - related parties Long-term investments Non-current deferred tax assets Total assets $ $ $ LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Bank loans Accounts and notes payable - unrelated parties Accounts and notes payable - related parties Customer deposits Accrued payroll and related costs Accrued expenses and other payables Accrued pension costs Taxes payable Amounts due to shareholders/directors Deferred tax liabilities Total current liabilities Long-term liabilities: Advances payable Total liabilities Commitments and Contingencies (Note 30) Stockholders’ Equity Common stock, $0.0001 par value - Authorized - 80,000,000 shares Issued –28,260,302 and 28,260,302 shares at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings- Appropriated Unappropriated Accumulated other comprehensive income Treasury stock –217,283 and 217,283 shares at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively Total parent company stockholders’ equity Non-controlling interests Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 53,979 $ 33,963 35,510 267,639 17,194 3,156 866 51,392 925 5,783 470,407 80,018 686 252 108 3,488 2,097 4,023 4,528 565,607 $ 37,381 $ 198,419 4,634 1,677 7,052 29,062 4,626 7,792 312 117 291,072 2,764 293,836 3 39,565 10,048 146,023 32,061 (1,000) 226,700 45,071 271,771 565,607 $ 87,649 26,481 - 211,306 12,286 3,127 779 43,542 - 4,392 389,562 81,691 676 849 107 1,001 4,162 3,665 4,112 485,825 40,284 166,380 4,521 870 5,472 23,063 4,255 5,593 332 46 250,816 2,609 253,425 3 39,371 9,953 119,329 25,898 (1,000) 193,554 38,846 232,400 485,825 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 41 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Income (In thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts) $ Net product sales, including $37,453 and $27,442 to related parties for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 Cost of products sold, including $25,916 and $19,990 purchased from related parties for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 Gross profit Net gain on other sales Operating expenses: Selling expenses General and administrative expenses Research and development expenses Total operating expenses Operating income Other income, net Financial income (expenses), net Loss on change in fair value of derivative Gain on redemption of convertible notes Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies Less: Income taxes Add: Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Income from continuing operations Discontinued operations (including after-tax disposition gain of $26) - net of income tax (Note 24) Net income Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income attributable to parent company Allocation to convertible notes holders Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders $ Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders per share – Basic – Income from continuing operations attributable to shareholders Income per share from discontinued operations Basic Diluted– Income from continuing operations attributable to shareholders Income per share from discontinued operations Diluted Weighted average number of common shares outstanding – Basic Diluted $ $ Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 415,158 $ 336,005 338,526 76,632 7,555 13,331 13,253 20,885 47,469 36,718 1,096 427 - - 38,241 5,483 307 33,065 - 33,065 6,276 26,789 - 26,789 0.96 - 0.96 0.95 - 0.95 $ $ $ 275,254 60,751 4,426 9,557 12,936 14,886 37,379 27,798 461 (2,175) (449) 1,420 27,055 4,391 171 22,835 2,651 25,486 4,744 20,742 (934) 19,808 0.61 0.09 0.70 0.61 0.09 0.70 28,043,019 28,056,144 28,213,163 28,215,367 China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated) Net income Other comprehensive income: Foreign currency translation gain - continuing operations Foreign currency translation loss - discontinued operations Comprehensive income Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 $ 33,065 $ 7,411 - 40,476 25,486 751 (75) 26,162 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 42 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest Comprehensive income attributable to parent company $ 7,524 32,952 $ 4,814 21,348 China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (In thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts) Common Stock Balance at January 1, 2013 and 2012 - 28,260,302 and 28,260,302 shares, respectively Balance at December 31, 2013 and 2012 - 28,260,302 and 28,260,302 shares, respectively Additional paid-in capital Balance at January 1 Stock-based compensation Balance at December 31 Retained earnings— Appropriated Balance at January 1 Appropriation of retained earnings Balance at December 31 Unappropriated Balance at January 1 Net income attributable to parent company Appropriation of retained earnings Balance at December 31 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Balance at January 1 Net foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to parent company Balance at December 31 Treasury stock Balance at January 1, 2013 and 2012 - 217,283 and 0 shares, respectively Repurchased stock at December 31, 2013 and 2012 - 0 and 217,283 shares, respectively Balance at December 31, 2013 and 2012 - 217,283 and 217,283 shares, respectively Total parent company stockholders’ equity Non-controlling interest Balance at January 1 Net foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to non-controlling interest Net income attributable to non-controlling interest Capital contribution from noncontrolling interests Distribution of retained earnings Disposal of Zhejiang Balance at December 31 Total stockholders' equity Year Ended December 31, 2012 2013 3 $ 3 $ 3 3 39,371 $ 194 39,565 $ 9,953 $ 95 10,048 $ 39,296 75 39,371 9,026 927 9,953 119,329 26,789 (95) 146,023 $ 99,513 20,742 (926) 119,329 25,898 6,163 32,061 $ 25,291 607 25,898 (1,000) - (1,000) 226,700 $ 38,846 $ 1,248 6,276 - (1,299) - 45,071 $ 271,771 $ - (1,000) (1,000) 193,554 43,028 70 4,744 3,012 (6,846) (5,162) 38,846 232,400 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income $ Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Stock-based compensation 33,065 $ 25,486 194 76 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 43 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 Depreciation and amortization Deferred income taxes Inventory write downs Provision for doubtful accounts Gain on disposal of a subsidiary Equity in earnings of affiliated companies Gain on redemption of convertible notes Loss on change in fair value of derivative Gain on disposal of fixed assets Amortization of debt issue cost Changes in operating assets and liabilities: (Increase) decrease in: Pledged cash deposits Accounts and notes receivable Advance payments and other Inventories Increase (decrease) in: Accounts and notes payable Customer deposits Accrued payroll and related costs Accrued expenses and other payables Accrued pension costs Taxes payable Advances payable Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of short-term investments Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments Dividends from investment under cost method Decrease in other receivables Cash received from property, plant and equipment sales Cash paid to acquire property, plant and equipment Cash paid to acquire intangible assets Proceeds from disposal of a subsidiary Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from government and bank loan Repayment of government and bank loans Debt issuance costs paid for bank loan Capital contribution from noncontrolling interests Dividends paid to the non-controlling interest holders of joint venture companies Decrease in amounts due to shareholders/directors Redemption of convertible notes Repurchase common stock Net cash provided by financing activities Cash and cash equivalents affected by foreign currency Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents Cash and equivalents at beginning of year Cash and equivalents at end of year $ 14,587 (1,471) 2,313 60 - (307) - - (4,282) 57 (6,701) (54,820) 8 (8,716) 26,600 787 1,403 5,335 235 1,994 2,535 12,876 (46,492) 11,330 66 625 6,284 (14,708) (163) - (43,058) 24,017 (28,359) - - (1,433) (35) - - (5,810) 2,322 (33,670) 87,649 53,979 $ 13,910 (1,557) 876 204 (2,848) (171) (1,421) 449 (849) 173 (6,888) (19,551) (1,283) 229 7,745 (52) 514 (5,422) 176 4,170 2,243 16,209 - - - 1,376 3,940 (19,004) (75) 7,471 (6,292) 43,612 (11,389) (230) 166 (2,936) (21) (23,571) (1,000) 4,631 140 14,688 72,961 87,649 China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued) (In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated) SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION Cash paid for interest Cash paid for income taxes Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 1,295 6,043 $ $ 10,874 5,769 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 44 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NON-CASH ACTIVITIES Non-cash investing activities Advance payments for acquiring property, plant and equipment Accounts receivable from sale of property, plant and equipment Government subsidies recorded as a reduction of property, plant and equipment cost $ $ $ Non-cash financing activities Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 5,586 - 2,460 $ $ $ 5,163 1,128 - Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 Noncontrolling interests contribution of capital with property, plant and equipment $ $ Dividend Payable to non-controlling interest shareholders of joint-ventures - 34 $ $ 2,846 162 1. Organization and Business Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements China Automotive Systems, Inc., “China Automotive,” was incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 29, 1999 under the name of Visions-In-Glass, Inc. China Automotive, including, when the context so requires, its subsidiaries and the subsidiaries’ interests in the Sino-foreign joint ventures described below, is referred to herein as the “Company.” The Company is primarily engaged in the manufacture and sale of automotive systems and components, as described below. Great Genesis Holdings Limited, a company incorporated on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong as a limited liability company, “Genesis,” is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” which was incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after-sales service and research and development support accordingly. The Company owns the following aggregate net interests in the following Sino-foreign joint ventures, wholly-owned subsidiary and joint ventures organized in the PRC and Brazil as of December 31, 2013 and 2012. Name of Entity Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., “Henglong” 1 Shashi Jiulong Power Steering Gears Co., Ltd., “Jiulong” 2 Shenyang Jinbei Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Shenyang” 3 Universal Sensor Application Inc., “USAI” 4 Wuhu Henglong Auto Steering System Co., Ltd., “Wuhu” 5 Wuhan Jielong Electric Power Steering Co., Ltd., “Jielong” 6 Jingzhou Hubei Henglong Automotive System Co., Ltd, “Hubei Henglong” 7 Jingzhou Henglong Automotive Technology (Testing) Center, “Testing Center” 8 Beijing Hainachuan Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd, “Beijing Henglong” 9 Chongqing Henglong Hongyan Automotive System Co., Ltd, “Chongqing Henglong” 10 CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong” 11 Aggregate Net Interest 2012 2013 80.00 % 81.00 % 70.00 % 83.34 % 77.33 % 85.00 % 100.00 % 80.00 % 50.00 % 70.00 % 80.00 % 80.00 % 81.00 % 70.00 % 83.34 % 77.33 % 85.00 % 100.00 % 80.00 % 50.00 % 70.00 % 80.00 % 1. Henglong was established in 1997 and mainly engages in the production of rack and pinion power steering gear for cars and light duty vehicles. 2. Jiulong was established in 1993 and mainly engages in the production of integral power steering gear for heavy-duty vehicles. 3. Shenyang was established in 2002 and focuses on power steering parts for light duty vehicles. 4. USAI was established in 2005 and mainly engages in the production and sales of sensor modules. 5. Wuhu was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of automobile steering systems. 6. Jielong was established in 2006 and mainly engages in the production and sales of electric power steering gear, “EPS.” 7. On March 7, 2007, Genesis established Hubei Henglong (formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd.), its wholly-owned subsidiary, to engage in the production and sales of automotive steering systems. The registered capital of Hubei Henglong at the time of establishment was $10 million. On February 10, 2010, the registered capital of Hubei Henglong was increased to $16 million. On October 12, 2011, the board of directors of the Company approved a reorganization of the Company’s subsidiaries operating in China. As a result of the reorganization, all of Genesis’s equity interests of its subsidiaries CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 45 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT operating in China, except for Shenyang and Zhejiang, were transferred to Hubei Henglong, the Company’s new China-based holding company. The reorganization was completed on January 19, 2012, subsequent to which the registered capital of Hubei Henglong was increased to $39.0 million. As the reorganized entities were under common control of the Company, the reorganization did not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations and should not impact the tax treatment of the Company or its subsidiaries in any material respect. On July 8, 2012, Hubei Henglong changed its name to Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd. 8. In December 2009, Henglong, a subsidiary of Genesis, formed the Testing Center, which mainly engages in the research and development of new products. The registered capital of the Testing Center was RMB30.0 million, equivalent to approximately $4.4 million. 9. On January 24, 2010, Genesis entered into a joint venture contract with Beijing Hainachuan Auto Parts Co., Ltd., to establish Beijing Henglong as a joint venture company to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts. On September 16, 2010, with Beijing Hainachuan’s agreement, Genesis transferred its interest in the joint venture to Hubei Henglong, and left the other terms of the joint venture contract unchanged. According to the joint venture agreement, the Company does not have voting control of Beijing Henglong. Therefore, the Company’s consolidated financial statements do not include Beijing Henglong, and such investment is accounted for by the equity method. 10. On February 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong and SAIC-IVECO Hongyan Company, “SAIC-IVECO,” established a Sino-foreign joint venture company, Chongqing Henglong, to design, develop and manufacture both hydraulic and electric power steering systems and parts. The new joint venture is located in Chongqing City and has a registered capital of RMB60 million, of which RMB42 million, or 70%, is held by Hubei Henglong. The registered capital of Chongqing Henglong was fully contributed by Hubei Henglong in cash of $6.7 million (equivalent to RMB42 million) in January and February 2012 and by SAIC-IVECO in property, plant and equipment with a fair value of $2.8 million (equivalent to RMB18 million) in April 2012. 11. On August 21, 2012, Hubei Henglong established a Sino-foreign joint venture company with two Brazilian citizens, Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Ademir Dal’ Evedove. The joint-venture company is called CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong.” Brazil Henglong engages mainly in the import and sales of automotive parts in Brazil. The new joint venture is located in Brazil and has a registered capital of $1.0 million (equivalent to BRL1.6 million), of which $0.8 million (equivalent to BRL1.3 million), or 80%, is held by Hubei Henglong, and of which $0.2 million (equivalent to BRL0.3 million), or 20%, is held by Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove. As of December 31, 2013, Hubei Henglong and Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove have completed their capital contributions. 2. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation - For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and joint ventures, which are described in Note 1. Significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. The Company has no voting control in Beijing Henglong, thus such investment was accounted for using the equity method. Henglong was formed in 1997. The Company increased its shareholdings from 44.5% to 80% in 2008 and the remaining 20% is owned by Jingzhou Jiulong Machinery and Electronic Manufacturing Co., Ltd., “Jiulong Machine.” The highest authority of the joint venture is Henglong’s board of directors, which is comprised of five directors, four of which, 80%, are appointed by the Company, and one of which, 20%, is appointed by Jiulong Machine. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by more than two-thirds of the members of such board of directors, 67%, is required. Both the chairman of such board of directors and the general manager of Henglong are appointed by the Company. Jiulong was formed in 1993, with 81% owned and controlled by the Company, 10% owned by Jiulong Machine, and 9% owned by Jingzhou Tianxin Investment Consulting Co., Ltd., “Tianxin.” The highest authority of the joint venture is Jiulong’s board of directors, which is comprised of five directors, four of which, 80%, are appointed by the Company, and one of whom, 20%, is appointed by Jiulong Machine. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by more than two-thirds of the members of such board of directors, 67%, is required. The chairman of such board of directors is appointed by Jiulong Machine. The general manager of Jiulong is appointed by the Company. Shenyang was formed in 2002, with 70% owned and controlled by the Company, and 30% owned by Shenyang Automotive Industry Investment Corporation, “JB Investment.” The highest authority of the joint venture is Shenyang’s board of directors, which is comprised of seven directors, four of whom, 57%, are appointed by the Company, and three of whom, 43%, are appointed by JB Investment. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by more than two-thirds of the members of such board of directors, 67%, is required. The chairman of the board of directors is appointed by the Company. In March 2003, the Company and Jinbei entered into an act-in-concert agreement, under which the directors appointed by Jinbei agree to act in concert with the directors appointed by the Company. As a result, the Company obtained control of Shenyang in March 2003. The general manager of Shenyang is appointed by the Company. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 46 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT USAI was formed in 2005. At December 31, 2013, 83.34% of USAI was owned by the Company, and 16.66% of USAI was owned by Hubei Wanlong Investment Inc., “Hubei Wanlong.” The highest authority of the joint venture is USAI’s board of directors, which is comprised of three directors, two of whom, 67%, are appointed by the Company, one of whom, 33%, is appointed by Hubei Wanlong. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by at least two-thirds of the members of such board of directors is required. The chairman of such board of directors is appointed by the Company. The general manager of USAI is appointed by the Company. Jielong was formed in April 2006. As at December 31, 2013, 85% of Jielong was owned by the Company, and 15% of Jielong was owned by Hubei Wanlong. The highest authority of the joint venture is Jielong’s board of directors, which is comprised of three directors, two of whom, 67%, are appointed by the Company, and one of whom, 33%, is appointed by Hubei Wanlong. As for day-to- day operating matters, approval by at least two-thirds of the members of such board of directors is required. The chairman of such board of directors is appointed by the Company. The general manager of Jielong is appointed by the Company. Wuhu was formed in May 2006, with 77.33% owned by the Company, and 22.67% owned by Wuhu Chery Technology Co., Ltd., “Chery Technology.” The highest authority of the joint venture is Wuhu’s board of directors, which is comprised of five directors, three of whom, 60%, are appointed by the Company, and two of whom, 40%, are appointed by Chery Technology. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by at least two-thirds of the members of such board of directors is required. The directors of the Company and Chery Technology executed an “Act in Concert” agreement, resulting in the Company having voting control in the joint venture. The chairman of such board of directors is appointed by the Company. The general manager of Wuhu is appointed by the Company. Testing Center was formed in December 2009, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Henglong. The highest authority of the entity is its board of directors, which is comprised of three directors, all of them are appointed by the Company. Chongqing Henglong was formed in 2012, with 70% owned by the Company and 30% owned by SAIC-IVECO. The highest authority of the joint venture is Chongqing Henglong’s board of directors, which is comprised of five directors, three of whom, 60%, are appointed by the Company, and two of whom, 40%, are appointed by SAIC-IVECO. As for day-to-day operating matters, approval by at least two-thirds of the members of such board of directors is required. In February 2012, the Company and SAIC-IVECO signed an “Act in Concert” agreement. According to the agreement, the directors appointed by SAIC-IVECO agreed to execute the “Act in Concert” agreement with the directors designated by the Company. The chairman of such board of directors and the general manager of Chongqing Henglong are both appointed by the Company. Brazil Henglong was formed in 2012, with 80% owned by the Company and 20% owned by Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva and Mr. Ademir Dal’ Evedove. The highest authority of the joint venture is Brazil Henglong’s board of directors. In making operational decision, approval by voting rights representing at least 3/4 of the capital, 75%, is required and 80% of voting rights were owned by the Company. The chairman of such board of directors is appointed by the Company. The general manager is Mr. Ozias Gaia Da Silva. Beijing Henglong was formed in 2010, with 50% owned by the Company and 50% owned by Beijing Hainachuan Auto Parts Co. Ltd., "Hainachuan.” The highest authority of the joint venture is Beijing Henglong’s board of directors, which is comprised of seven directors, four of whom, 57%, are appointed by the Company, and three of whom, 43%, are appointed by Hainachuan. As for day-to- day operating matters, approval by at least two-thirds of the members of such board of directors is required. The chairman of such board of directors is appointed by Hainachuan. The general manager of Beijing Henglong is appointed by the Company. The Company has no voting control in Beijing Henglong, thus such investment was accounted for using the equity method. The minority partners of each of the joint ventures are all private companies not controlled, directly or indirectly, by any PRC municipal government or other similar government entity. Use of Estimates - The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. The Company is of an opinion that the significant estimates related to impairment of long term assets and investment, the realizable value of accounts receivable and inventories, useful lives of property, plant and equipment, and the amounts of accruals, warranty liabilities and deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents - Cash and cash equivalents include all highly-liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase. Pledged Cash Deposits - Pledged as guarantee for the Company's notes payable and restricted to use. The Company regularly pays some of its suppliers by bank notes. The Company has to deposit a cash deposit, equivalent to 30%- 100% of the face value of the relevant bank note, in order to obtain the bank note. Short-term investments - Short-term investments are comprised of time deposits with terms of three months or more which are due within one year. The carrying values of time deposits approximate fair value because of their short maturities. The interest earned is recognized in the consolidated statements of income over the contractual term of the deposits. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 47 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Allowance for doubtful accounts - In order to determine the value of the Company’s accounts receivable, the Company records a provision for doubtful accounts to cover estimated credit losses. Management reviews and adjusts this allowance periodically based on historical experience and its evaluation of the collectability of outstanding accounts receivable. The Company evaluates the credit risk of its customers utilizing historical data and estimates of future performance. Inventories - Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is calculated on the moving-average basis and includes all costs to acquire and other costs to bring the inventories to their present location and condition. The Company evaluates the net realizable value of its inventories on a regular basis and records a provision for loss to reduce the computed moving-average cost if it exceeds the net realizable value. Advance Payments - These amounts represent advances to acquire various assets to be utilized in the future in the Company’s normal business operations, such as machine equipment, raw materials and technology. Such amounts are paid according to their respective contract terms. Advance payment for machinery and equipment is classified as advance payment for property, plant and equipment in the consolidated balance sheet and advance payment of raw materials and technology are classified as advance payments and others in the consolidated balance sheet. Property, Plant and Equipment – Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Major renewals and improvements are capitalized; minor replacements and maintenance and repairs are charged to operations. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets as follows: Category Land use rights Buildings Machinery and equipment Electronic equipment Motor vehicles Estimated Useful Life (Years) 45-50 25 6 4 8 Assets under construction - represent buildings under construction and plant and equipment pending installation— are stated at cost. Cost includes construction and acquisitions, and interest charges arising from borrowings used to finance assets during the period of construction or installation and testing. No provision for depreciation is made on assets under construction until such time as the relevant assets are completed and ready for their intended commercial use. Gains or losses on disposal of property, plant and equipment are determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the relevant asset, and are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income on the date of disposal. Interest Costs Capitalized - Interest costs incurred in connection with specific borrowings for the acquisition, construction or installation of property, plant and equipment are capitalized (if significant) and depreciated as part of the asset’s total cost when the respective asset is placed into service. However, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, interest costs which were incurred as a result of using such specific borrowings for the acquisition, construction or installation of property, plant and equipment were not significant, so the Company did not capitalize interest costs. Intangible Assets - Intangible assets, representing patents and technical know-how acquired, are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment losses. Amortization is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of 5 to 15 years. Long-Lived Assets - The Company has adopted the provisions of ASC Topic 360, “Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets.” Property, plant and equipment and definite life intangible assets are reviewed periodically for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. If required, an impairment loss is recognized as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the assets. In assessing long-lived assets for impairment, management considered the Company’s product line portfolio, customers and related commercial agreements, labor agreements and other factors in grouping assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent. The Company considers projected future undiscounted cash flows, trends and other factors in its assessment of whether impairment conditions exist. Whilst the Company believes that its estimates of future cash flows are reasonable, different assumptions regarding such factors as future automotive production volumes, customer pricing, economics and productivity and cost saving initiatives, could significantly affect its estimates. In determining fair value of long-lived assets, management uses appraisals, management estimates or discounted cash flow calculations. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 48 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Long-Term Investments - Investments in which the Company owns less than 20% of the investee company and does not have the ability to exert significant influence are stated at cost, and are reviewed periodically for realization. Investments in which the Company owns 20% - 50% of the investee company and does have the ability to exert significant influence are accounted for using the equity method. In 2010, the Company set up a joint venture with Beijing Hainachuan, Beijing Henglong. Beijing Henglong is an entity over which the Company has significant influence but it does not control. Investment in Beijing Henglong is accounted for by the equity method of accounting. Under this method, the Company’s income (loss) from investment in Beijing Henglong is recognized in the consolidated statements of income. Unrealized gains on transactions between the Company and Beijing Henglong are eliminated to the extent of the Company’s interest in Beijing Henglong, if any; unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. When the Company’s share of losses in Beijing Henglong equals or exceeds its interest in Beijing Henglong, the Company does not recognize further losses, unless the Company has incurred obligations or made payments on behalf of Beijing Henglong. The Company continually reviews its investment in Beijing Henglong to determine whether a decline in fair value below the carrying value is other than temporary. The primary factors the Company considers in its determination are the length of time that the fair value of the investment is below the Company’s carrying value and the financial condition, operating performance and near term prospects of the investee. In addition, the Company considers the reason for the decline in fair value, including general market conditions, industry-specific or investee-specific reasons, changes in valuation subsequent to the balance sheet date and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for a recovery in fair value. If the decline in fair value is deemed to be other than temporary, the carrying value of the security is written down to fair value. There were no impairment losses for its long- term investment in the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. Revenue from Product Sales Recognition - The Company recognizes revenue when the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the customers including factors such as when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable, sales and value added tax laws have been complied with, and collectability is probable. The Company recognizes product sales generally at the time the product is installed on OEMs’ production line, and a small number of product sales is recognized at the time the product is shipped. Concurrent with the recognition of revenue, the Company reduces revenue for estimated product returns. Revenue is presented net of any sales tax and value added tax. Revenue from Materials and Other Assets Sales Recognition – Normally, the Company purchases materials only for its production. Occasionally, some materials will be sold to other suppliers in case of temporary inventory overage of such materials and to make a profit on any price difference. The Company is essentially the agent in these transactions because it does not have any risk of product return. When there is any quality or quantity loss, the suppliers are obligated to restitution. Income generated from selling materials is recorded as the net amount retained, that is, the amount billed to the customers less the amount paid to suppliers, in the consolidated statement of income in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 350. Revenue from other asset sales represents gains or losses from other assets, for example, unused property, plant and equipment. Income generated from selling other assets is recorded as the net sales amount less the carrying value of the assets. The Company has classified such revenue from materials and other asset sales into gain on other sales in its consolidated statements of income. Government subsidies - the Company’s PRC based subsidiaries received government subsidies according to related policy from local government. The Company’s government subsidies consisted of specific subsidies and other subsidies. Specific subsidies are the subsidies that the Chinese government has specified its purpose for, such as product development and renewal of production facilities. Other subsidies are the subsidies that the Chinese government has not specified its purpose for and are not tied to future trends or performance of the Company; receipt of such subsidy income is not contingent upon any further actions or performance of the Company and the amounts do not have to be refunded under any circumstances. The Company recorded specific purpose subsidies as advances payable when received. For specific purpose subsidies, upon government acceptance of the related project development or asset acquisition, the specific purpose subsidies are recognized to reduce related R &D expenses or cost of asset acquisition. The unspecific purpose subsidies are recognized as other income upon receipt as further performance by the Company is not required. Sales Taxes - The Company is subject to value added tax, “VAT.” The applicable VAT tax rate is 17% for products sold in the PRC. The amount of VAT liability is determined by applying the applicable tax rate to the invoiced amount of goods sold less VAT paid on purchases made with the relevant supporting invoices. VAT is collected from customers by the Company on behalf of the PRC tax authorities and is therefore not charged to the consolidated statements of income. Uncertain Tax Positions - In order to assess uncertain tax positions, the Company applies a more likely than not threshold and a two-step approach for tax position measurement and financial statement recognition. For the two-step approach, the first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 49 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Product Warranties - The Company provides for the estimated cost of product warranties when the products are sold. Such estimates of product warranties were based on, among other things, historical experience, product changes, material expenses, service and transportation expenses arising from the manufactured product. Estimates will be adjusted on the basis of actual claims and circumstances. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the warranties activities were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Balance at the beginning of year Additions during the year Settlement within the year Decrease for warranty related to the subsidiary sold Foreign currency translation Balance at end of year Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 18,081 $ 12,707 (9,244) - 560 22,104 $ 16,809 10,931 (9,264) (436) 41 18,081 Pension - Most of the operations and employees of the Company are located in China. The Company records pension costs and various employment benefits in accordance with the relevant Chinese social security laws, which is approximately at a total of 31% of base salary as required by local governments. Base salary levels are the average salary determined by the local governments. Concentration of Credit Risk - Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of trade accounts receivable. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations with respect to the financial condition of its debtors, but does not require collateral. In order to determine the value of the Company’s accounts receivable, the Company records a provision for doubtful accounts to cover probable credit losses. Management reviews and adjusts this allowance periodically based on historical experience and its evaluation of the collectability of outstanding accounts receivable. Interest Rate Risk - As of December 31, 2013, the Company had bank loans of $30 million which were charged at floating interest rates. The remaining bank loans and convertible notes payable were charged at fixed interest rates. Management is monitoring the change of floating interest rates. The Company plans to repay the bank loans with floating interest rates when the floating interest rates exceed fixed interest rates, because such bank loans are short-term and the Company has sufficient credit lines with fixed interest rates. Income Taxes - The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method whereby deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying statutory tax rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of certain assets and liabilities, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities, if any, include the impact of any tax rate changes enacted during the year. ASC Topic 350 , “Accounting for Income Taxes,” requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on all available evidence, it is considered more likely than not that some portion or all of the recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods. Additionally, the Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes using a two-step approach to recognize and measure uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. The Company classifies the liability for unrecognized tax benefits as current to the extent that the Company anticipates payment (or receipt) of cash within one year. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized in the provision for income taxes. If the amount of the Company’s taxable income or income tax liability is a determinant of the amount of a grant, the grant is treated as a reduction of the income tax provision in the year the grant is realized. Research and Development Costs - Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising, Shipping and Handling Costs – Advertising, shipping and handling costs are expensed as incurred and recorded in selling expenses. Shipping and handling costs relating to sales of $5.5 million and $4.3 million were included in selling expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Income Per Share - Basic income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, net income is allocated between ordinary shares and other participating securities (convertible note holders) based on their participating rights. Diluted income per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to ordinary shareholders, as adjusted for the effects on income of participating securities as if they were dilutive ordinary shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares consist of ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of the convertible notes using the if-converted method, and shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options and warrants CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 50 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT for the purchase of ordinary shares using the treasury stock method. Ordinary equivalent shares are not included in the denominator of the diluted earnings per share calculation when inclusion of such shares would be antidilutive. Comprehensive Income – ASC Topic 220 establishes standards for the reporting and display of comprehensive income, its components and accumulated balances in a full set of general purpose financial statements. ASC Topic 220 defines comprehensive income to include all changes in equity except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners, including adjustments to minimum pension liabilities, accumulated foreign currency translation, and unrealized gains or losses on marketable securities. Fair Value Measurements – For purposes of fair value measurements, the Company applies the applicable provisions of ASC 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures.” Accordingly, fair value for the Company’s financial accounting and reporting purposes represents the estimated price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the designated measurement date. With an objective to increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements and related disclosures, the Financial Accounting Standard Board established the fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. Level 1 Inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. A quoted price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and shall be used to measure fair value whenever available. As at December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company did not have any fair value assets and liabilities classified as Level 1. Level 2 Inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, a Level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. As at December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company did not have any fair value assets and liabilities classified as Level 2. Level 3 Inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date. However, the fair value measurement objective remains the same, that is, an exit price from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability. Therefore, unobservable inputs shall reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk). Accordingly, the compound derivative liabilities are classified as Level 3 as the inputs reflected management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company did not have any fair value assets and liabilities classified as Level 3. For a summary of changes in Level 3 derivative liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, please see Note 23. The Company’s financial instruments consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, pledged cash deposits, short-term investments, accounts and notes receivable, accounts and notes payable, advance payment or payable, other receivable or payable, accrued expenses and bank loans. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the respective carrying values of all financial instruments approximated their fair values based on their short-term maturities. The convertible notes payable and derivative liabilities were settled upon redemption of the convertible notes on May 25, 2012. Stock-Based Compensation - The Company may issue stock options to employees and stock options or warrants to non-employees in non-capital raising transactions for services and for financing costs. The stockholders of the Company approved a stock incentive plan at the Annual Meeting of the Company held on June 28, 2005, and the maximum number of common shares for issuance under this plan is 2,200,000. The term of the plan is 10 years. The stock incentive plan provides for the issuance, to the Company’s officers, directors, management and employees, of options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. Under the stock incentive plan, the Company has issued 523,850 stock options, and 1,676,150 stock options remain to be issuable in the future. As of December 31, 2013, the Company had 105,000 stock options outstanding. The Company has adopted ASC Topic 718, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation,” which establishes a fair value based method of accounting for stock-based compensation plans. In accordance with ASC Topic 718, the cost of stock options and warrants issued to employees and non-employees is measured on the grant date based on the fair value. The fair value is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The resulting amount is charged to expense on the straight-line basis over the period in which the Company expects to receive the benefit, which is generally the vesting period. Registration Payment Arrangements - The Company has entered into registration payment arrangements with certain investors that provide for the payment of damages for failures to register common shares underlying the investor’s financial instruments. ASC Topic 825, Accounting for Registration Payment Arrangements, provides for the exclusion of registration payments, such as the liquidated damages, from the consideration of classification of financial instruments. Rather, such registration payments would CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 51 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT be accounted for pursuant to ASC Topic 450, “Accounting for Contingencies,” which is the Company’s current accounting practice. That is, all registration payments will require recognition when they are both probable and reasonably estimable. The Company does not currently believe that damages are probable. As the investors may sell the convertible notes and underlying shares freely pursuant to Rule 144, there are no liquidated damages. Foreign Currencies - China Automotive, the parent company, and HLUSA maintain their books and records in United States Dollars, “USD,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiaries based in the PRC and Genesis maintain their books and records in Renminbi, “RMB,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiary based in Brazil maintains its books and records in Brazilian reais, “BRL,” its functional currency. In accordance with ASC Topic 830, “FASB Accounting Standards Codification”, foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date for monetary items. Nonmonetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Income and expenses are remeasured at the rate in effect on the transaction dates. Transaction gains and losses, if any, are included in the determination of net income for the period. In translating the financial statements of the Company’s China and Brazil subsidiaries and Genesis from their functional currency into the Company's reporting currency of United States dollars, balance sheet accounts are translated using the closing exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date and income and expense accounts are translated using an average exchange rate prevailing during the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation, if any, are included in cumulative other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions The following are the related parties of the Company. The major shareholders of the Company directly or indirectly have interests in these related parties: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Jingzhou Henglong Fulida Textile Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou” Xiamen Joylon Co., Ltd., “Xiamen Joylon” Shanghai Tianxiang Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., “Shanghai Tianxiang” Shanghai Fenglong Materials Co., Ltd., “Shanghai Fenglong” Changchun Hualong Automotive Technology Co., Ltd., “Changchun Hualong” Jiangling Tongchuang Machining Co., Ltd., “Jiangling Tongchuang” Beijing Hualong Century Digital S&T Development Co., Ltd., “Beijing Hualong” Jingzhou Jiulong Material Co., Ltd., “Jiulong Material” Shanghai Hongxi Investment Inc., “Hongxi” Hubei Wiselink Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd., “Hubei Wiselink” Jingzhou Tongyi Special Parts Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Tongyi” Jingzhou Derun Agricultural S&T Development Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Derun” Jingzhou Tongying Alloys Materials Co., Ltd., “Jingzhou Tongying” Wuhan Dida Information S&T Development Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Dida” Hubei Wanlong Investment Co., Ltd., “Hubei Wanlong” Jiangling Yude Machining Co., Ltd., “Jiangling Yude” Wiselink Holdings Limited, “Wiselink” Beijing Hainachuan Henglong Automotive Steering System Co., Ltd., “Beijing Henglong” Honghu Changrun Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., “Honghu Changrun” Jingzhou Henglong Real Estate Co., Ltd., “Henglong Real Estate” Xiamen Joylon Automotive Parts Co., Ltd., “Xiamen Automotive Parts” Jingzhou Jiulong Machinery and Electronic Manufacturing Co., Ltd., “Jiulong Machine” Wuhan Tongkai Automobile Motor Co., Ltd., “Wuhan Tongkai” Principal policies of the Company in connection with transactions with related parties are as follows: Products sold to related parties – The Company sold products to related parties at fair market prices, and also granted them credit of three to four months on an open account basis. These transactions were consummated under similar terms as the Company's other customers. Materials purchased from related parties – The Company purchased materials from related parties at fair market prices, and also received from them credit of three to four months on an open account basis. These transactions were consummated under similar terms as the Company's other suppliers. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 52 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Equipment and production technology purchased from related parties - The Company purchased equipment and production technology from related parties at fair market prices, or reasonable cost plus pricing if fair market prices are not available and was required to pay in advance based on the purchase agreement between the two parties, because such equipment manufacturing and technology development was required for a long period. These transactions are consummated under similar terms as the Company's other suppliers. Short-term loans extended to related parties - The Company provides short-term loans to related parties and assists the borrowing entities in addressing certain cash flow needs. The contractual period of each loan is three months or less from the date of the extension of the loan. In general, the Company charges interest by referencing to the prevailing borrowing interest rates published by PBOC except for the loans to related parties with repayment terms less than 3 days, which bear no interest rate due to their short-term maturities and are required to be approved by the audit committee of the board of directors of the Company. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-04, “Obligations Resulting from Joint and Several Liability Arrangements for which the total amount of the obligation is fixed at the Reporting Date”. This update provides guidance for the recognition, measurement and disclosure of obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements for which the total amount of the obligation within the scope of this update is fixed at the reporting date, except for obligations addressed within existing guidance in U.S. GAAP. The guidance requires an entity to measure those obligations as the sum of the amount the reporting entity agreed to pay on the basis of its arrangement among its co-obligors and any additional amount the reporting entity expects to pay on behalf of its co-obligors. The guidance in this update also requires an entity to disclose the nature and amount of the obligation as well as other information about those obligations. This update is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. This update should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented for those obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements within this update’s scope that exist at the beginning of an entity’s fiscal year of adoption. An entity may elect to use hindsight for the comparative periods (if it changed its accounting as a result of adopting the amendments in this update) and should disclose that fact. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have any impact on the Company’s financial position. On July 18, 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-11, “Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists” (Income Taxes - Topic 740). This update applies to all entities that have unrecognized tax benefits when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward exists at the reporting date. An unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward, unless otherwise provided in the update. To the extent that a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward is not available at the reporting date under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position or the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction does not require the entity to use, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset for such purpose, the unrecognized tax benefit should be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with deferred tax assets. The assessment of whether a deferred tax asset is available is based on the unrecognized tax benefit and deferred tax asset that exist at the reporting date and should be made presuming disallowance of the tax position at the reporting date. For example, an entity should not evaluate whether the deferred tax asset has expired before the statute of limitations on the tax position or whether the deferred tax asset may be used prior to the unrecognized tax benefit being settled. The amendments in this update do not require new recurring disclosures. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied prospectively to all unrecognized tax benefits that exist at the effective date. Retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this update on its financial statements. 3. Accounts and Notes Receivable The Company’s accounts receivable at December 31, 2013 and 2012, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Accounts receivable - unrelated parties (1) Notes receivable - unrelated parties (2)(3) Less: allowance for doubtful accounts- unrelated parties Accounts and Notes Receivable- unrelated parties Accounts and Notes Receivable - related parties Balance at end of year December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 140,920 $ 128,068 268,988 (1,349) 267,639 17,194 284,833 $ 117,136 95,436 212,572 (1,266) 211,306 12,286 223,592 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 53 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT (1) As of December 31, 2013, the Company has pledged $19.1 million of accounts receivable as security for its comprehensive credit facility with banks in China. (2) Notes receivable represents accounts receivable in the form of bills of exchange whose acceptances and settlements are handled by banks. (3) Henglong collateralized its notes receivable in an amount of RMB 196.3 million (equivalent to approximately $32.2 million) to Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Jingzhou Branch, “ICBC Jingzhou,” for the purpose of obtaining the Henglong Standby Letter of Credit (as defined in Note 11) which is used as security for the non-revolving credit facility in the amount of $30.0 million, the “Credit Facility,” provided by Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Macau) Limited, “ICBC Macau,” to the Company in May 2012. The Credit Facility was drawn down on May 22, 2012 and its original maturity date was May 22, 2013. Such maturity date was extended to May 13, 2014 (see Note 11). The activity in the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts of accounts receivable during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Balance at beginning of year Amounts provided for during the year Amounts reversed of collection during the year Written off during the year Disposition of Zhejiang Foreign currency translation Balance at end of year 4. Other Receivables Year Ended December 31, 2012 2013 $ $ 1,266 $ 183 (48) (92) - 40 1,349 $ 1,191 232 (77) - (83) 3 1,266 The Company’s other receivables at December 31, 2013 and 2012, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Other receivables- unrelated parties Less: allowance for doubtful accounts - unrelated parties Balance at end of year Other receivables - related parties Less: allowance for doubtful accounts - related parties Balance at end of year December 31, 2013 2012 314 $ (62) 252 $ 905 (56 ) 849 December 31, 2013 2012 729 $ (621) 108 $ 715 (608 ) 107 $ $ $ $ Other receivables consist of amounts advanced to both related and unrelated parties, primarily as unsecured demand loans, with no stated interest rate or due date. The activity in the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts of other receivable during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Balance at beginning of year- unrelated parties Amounts provided for during the year- unrelated parties Amounts reversed of collection during the year- unrelated parties Disposition of Zhejiang Foreign currency translation- unrelated parties Balance at end of year Balance at beginning of year- related parties Amounts provided for during the year- related parties Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 56 $ 5 - - 1 62 $ 59 - - (3 ) - 56 Year Ended December 31, 2012 2013 608 $ 9 638 - $ $ $ CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 54 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Amounts reversed of collection during the year- related parties Foreign currency translation- related parties Balance at end of year (15) 19 621 $ (32 ) 2 608 $ 5. Inventories The Company’s inventories at December 31, 2013 and 2012, consisted of the following (figures are in thousands of USD): Raw materials Work in process Finished goods Balance at end of year December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 12,185 $ 8,079 31,128 51,392 $ 11,144 7,094 25,304 43,542 Provision for inventories valuation amounted to $2.3 million and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. 6. Long-term Investments On December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company’s balance of long-term investment was $4.0 million and $3.7 million, respectively. As discussed in Note 2, for the long-term investments that the Company has no voting control, such investments were accounted for using the equity method or the cost method. On January 24, 2010, the Company invested $3.1 million to establish a joint venture company, Beijing Henglong, with Hainachuan. The Company owns 50% equity in Beijing Henglong, as discussed in Note 2. The Company accounted for Beijing Henglong’s operational results with the equity method. On December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company had $3.9 million and $3.6 million, respectively, of net equity in Beijing Henglong, respectively. Summarized statement of balance sheet data of Beijing Henglong as of December 31 is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Assets: Current assets Other assets Total assets Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: Current liabilities Other liabilities Shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ $ $ 13,364 6,510 19,874 $ $ 9,109 2,897 7,868 19,874 $ $ 12,009 4,851 16,860 6,892 2,810 7,158 16,860 Statement of operations data for the years ended December 31 of 2013 and 2012, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Beijing Henglong $ 28,046 $ 20,954 $ 869 $ 646 $ 482 $ 342 Net Sales Gross Margin Net Income(Loss) 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 The Company’s share of net assets and net income is “long-term investments” on the consolidated balance sheets and “equity in earnings of affiliated companies” on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company’s consolidated financial statements contain the net income of non-consolidated affiliates of $0.2 million and $0.2 million at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. 7. Property, Plant and Equipment The Company’s property, plant and equipment at December 31, 2013 and 2012, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): December 31, 2013 2012 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 55 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Costs: Land use rights and buildings Machinery and equipment Electronic equipment Motor vehicles Construction in progress Less: Accumulated depreciation Balance at end of year $ $ 43,849 110,322 7,414 3,195 5,133 169,913 (89,895) 80,018 $ $ 36,881 96,368 6,174 2,942 13,280 155,645 (73,954) 81,691 Depreciation charges for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, were $14.4 million and $13.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, the Company has pledged property, plant and equipment with a net book value of approximately $51.4 million of as security for its comprehensive credit facilities with banks in China. 8. Intangible Assets The Company’s intangible asset at December 31, 2013 and 2012, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Costs: Patent technology Management software license Less: Accumulated amortization Balance at end of the year December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 2,067 699 2,766 (2,080) 686 $ $ 1,901 622 2,523 (1,847) 676 For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, amortization expenses were $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively. The estimated aggregated amortization expense for the five succeeding years is $1.0 million with $0.2 million for each year. 9. Assets Held for Sale Assets held for sale represent the remaining land use rights to be sold within the 12 months following December 31, 2013. According to the agreement signed between the Company and Jingzhou Land Reserve Center, “JLRC,” a local PRC government bureau, the Company agreed to sell the land use rights of Henglong with respect to 136,392 square meters of land located at Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, the PRC, to JLRC for consideration of approximately $13.0 million. The settlement of the consideration is subject to JLRC’s completion of its sale of such land use rights to be tendered in the open market. As of December 31, 2013, the Company recognized and received consideration of $4.6 million upon the completion by JLRC of its sale of a portion of the land use rights, and a related gain of $4.1 million (before tax) for the payment of the sale of partial land use rights was recorded as gain on other sales. The costs of the land use rights for the remaining portion of the land was recorded as assets held for sale. Gain for the consideration of the remaining land use rights to be sold will be recognized upon the completion by JLRC of its sale of such land use rights and the settlement of the related payment to the Company. 10. Deferred Income Tax Assets In accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 740 “Income Taxes,” the Company assesses, on a quarterly basis, its ability to realize its deferred tax assets. Based on the more likely than not standard in the guidance and the weight of available evidence, the Company believes a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets is necessary. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considered the following significant factors: an assessment of recent years’ profitability and losses by tax authorities; the Company’s expectation of profits based on margins and volumes expected to be realized (which are based on current pricing and volume trends); the long period in all significant operating jurisdictions before the expiry of net operating losses, noting further that a portion of the deferred tax asset is composed of deductible temporary differences that are subject to an expiry period until realized under tax law. The Company will continue to evaluate the provision of valuation allowance in future periods. The components of deferred income tax assets at December 31, 2013 and 2012, were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 56 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT December 31, 2013 2012 Losses carryforward (U.S.)( 1) Losses carryforward (PRC) Product warranties and other reserves Property, plant and equipment Share-based compensation Bonus accrual Other accruals Others Total deferred tax assets Less: taxable temporary difference related to revenue recognition Total deferred tax assets, net Less: Valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance(2) $ $ 6,825 $ 1,838 4,207 4,346 296 557 850 1,103 20,022 (793) 19,229 (8,918) 10,311 $ 7,004 1,887 3,253 3,774 240 196 696 839 17,889 (397) 17,492 (8,988) 8,504 (1) The net operating loss carry forwards for the U.S. entity for income tax purposes are available to reduce future years' taxable income. These carry forwards will expire, if not utilized, at varying times over the next 20 years. Net operating loss carryforwards for non-U.S. entities can be carried forward for 5 years to offset taxable income. However, as of December 31, 2013, valuation allowance was $8.9 million, including $7.3 million allowance for the Company’s deferred tax assets in the United States and $1.6 million allowance for the Company’s non-U.S. deferred tax assets. Based on the Company’s current operations in the United States, management believes that the deferred tax assets in the United States are not likely to be realized in the future. For the non-U.S. deferred tax assets, pursuant to certain tax laws and regulations in China, the management believes such amount will not be used to offset future taxable income. (2) Approximately $4.5 million and $4.1 million of deferred income tax asset as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, is included in non-current deferred tax assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The remaining $5.8 million and $4.4 million of deferred income tax asset as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, is included in the current deferred tax assets. The activity in the Company’s valuation allowance for deferred tax assets during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Balance at beginning of year Amounts provided for during the year Amounts recovered during the year Foreign currency translation Balance at end of year 11. Bank Loans Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 8,988 70 (188) 48 8,918 $ $ 8,138 4,111 (3,264) 3 8,988 $ $ Loans consist of the following at December 31, 2013 and 2012 (figures are in thousands of USD): Short-term bank loan (RMB) (1)(2) Short-term bank loan (USD) ( 3) Subtotal Debt issue cost Amortization Balance at end of the year December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 7,381 $ 30,000 37,381 (57) 57 37,381 $ 10,341 30,000 40,341 (230) 173 40,284 (1) These loans are secured by property, plant and equipment of the Company and are repayable within one year. At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the weighted average interest rate was 6.22% and 6.46% per annum, respectively. Interest is to be paid on the twentieth day of each month and the principal repayment is at maturity. (2) On July 18, 2013, 2012, Jiulong entered in to a one-year loan agreement with China Construction Bank Jingzhou branch in the amount of $1.6 million. The agreement contains certain financial and non-financial covenants, including but not limited to restrictions on the utilization of the funds and the maintenance of an assets-liability ratio not exceeding 60%. As of December 31, 2013, the assets-liability ratio of Jiulong was 54.8% and the Company was in compliance with these covenants at December 31, 2013. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 57 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT (3) On May 18, 2012, the Company entered into a credit agreement with ICBC Macau to obtain the Credit Facility of $30.0 million. The Credit Facility would have expired on November 3, 2012, unless the Company drew down the line of credit in full prior to such expiration date and the maturity date for the loan drawdown was the earlier of (i) 18 months from the drawdown or (ii) 1 month before the expiry of the Henglong Standby Letter of Credit issued by Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Jingzhou Branch, “ICBC Jingzhou,” as described below. The interest rate of the Credit Facility is calculated based on a three-month LIBOR plus 2.25% per annum, subject to the availability of funds and fluctuation at ICBC Macau’s discretion. The interest is calculated daily on a 360-day basis and is to be fixed one day before the first day of each interest period. The interest period is defined as three months from the date of drawdown. As security for the Credit Facility, the Company was required to provide ICBC Macau with the Henglong Standby Letter of Credit for a total amount of not less than $31.6 million if the Credit Facility were to be fully drawn. On May 22, 2012, the Company drew down the full amount of $30.0 million under the Credit Facility and provided the Henglong Standby Letter of Credit for an amount of $31.6 million in favor of ICBC Macau. The Henglong Standby Letter of Credit issued by ICBC Jingzhou is collateralized by Henglong’s notes receivable of RMB196.3 million (equivalent to approximately $32.2 million). The Company also paid an arrangement fee of $0.1 million to ICBC Macau and $0.1 million to ICBC Jingzhou. The original maturity date of the Credit Facility was May 22, 2013. On May 7, 2013, ICBC Macau agreed to extend the maturity date of the Credit Facility to May 13, 2014. The interest rate of the Credit Facility under the extended term is calculated based on the three-month LIBOR plus 2.0% per annum. Except for the above, all other terms and conditions as stipulated in the ICBC Macau’s credit agreement remain unchanged. As of December 31, 2013, the interest rate on the Credit Facility was 2.24% per annum. 12. Accounts and Notes Payable The Company’s accounts and notes payable at December 31, 2013 and 2012, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Accounts payable - unrelated parties Notes payable - unrelated parties (1) Accounts and notes payable - unrelated parties Accounts payable - related parties Balance at end of year December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 120,202 $ 78,217 198,419 4,634 203,053 $ 99,100 67,280 166,380 4,521 170,901 (1) Notes payable represent payables in the form of notes issued by the Company. The notes are endorsed by banks to ensure that note holders will be paid after maturity. The Company has pledged cash deposits, notes receivable and certain property, plant and equipment to secure notes payable granted by banks. 13. Accrued Expenses and Other Payables The Company’s accrued expenses and other payables at December 31, 2013 and 2012, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Accrued expenses Accrued interest Other payables Warranty reserves Dividend payable to non-controlling interest shareholders of joint-ventures Balance at end of year 14. Taxes Payable December 31, 2013 2012 4,980 $ 85 1,858 22,104 35 29,062 $ 2,557 87 2,176 18,081 162 23,063 $ $ The Company’s taxes payable at December 31, 2013 and 2012, is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Value-added tax payable Income tax payable Other tax payable CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 58 - $ December 31, 2013 2012 5,494 $ 1,841 457 4,347 878 368 FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Balance at end of year $ 7,792 $ 5,593 15. Amounts Due to Shareholders / Directors The activity in the amounts due to shareholders/directors during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Balance at beginning of the year Increase (decrease) during the year Foreign currency translation Balance at end of year December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 332 $ (35) 15 312 $ 352 (21) 1 332 The amounts due to shareholders/directors were unsecured, interest-free and repayable on demand mainly resulting from expenses paid on behalf of the Company by shareholders/directors. 16. Advances Payable On December 31, 2013 and 2012, advances payable of the Company was $2.8 million and $2.6 million, respectively. The amounts are special subsidies made by the Chinese government to the Company, to offset the cost and charges related to the improvement of production capacities and improvement of the quality of products. For the government subsidies with no further conditions to be met, the amounts are recorded as other income when received; for the amounts with certain operating conditions, the government subsidies are recorded as advances payable when received and will be recorded as a deduction of related expenses and cost when the conditions are met. The balances are unsecured and interest-free and will be repayable to the Chinese government if the usage of such advance does not continue to qualify for the subsidy. 17. Stock Options The stockholders of the Company approved a stock incentive plan at the Annual Meeting of the Company held on June 28, 2005, and the maximum number of common shares for issuance under this plan is 2,200,000. The term of the plan is 10 years. The stock incentive plan provides for the issuance, to the Company’s officers, directors, management and employees who served over three years or have given outstanding performance, of options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. Under the stock incentive plan, the Company has issued 523,850 stock options under this plan, and there remain 1,676,150 stock options issuable in the future as of December 31, 2013. Under the aforementioned plans, the stock options granted will have an exercise price equal to the closing price of the Company’s common stock traded on NASDAQ on the date of grant, and will expire two to five years after the grant date. Except for the 298,850 options granted to management on December 2008, which became exercisable on a ratable basis over the vesting period (3 years), the others were exercisable immediately on the grant date. Stock options will be settled in shares of the Company’s common stock upon exercise and are recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets under the caption “Additional paid-in capital.” As of December 31, 2013, the Company has sufficient unissued registered common stock for settlement of the stock incentive plan mentioned above. The fair value of stock options was determined at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black- Scholes option model requires management to make various estimates and assumptions, including expected term, expected volatility, risk-free rate, and dividend yield. The expected term represents the period of time that stock-based compensation awards granted are expected to be outstanding and is estimated based on considerations including the vesting period, contractual term and anticipated employee exercise patterns. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in relation to the contractual life of stock-based compensation instruments. The dividend yield assumption is based on historical patterns and future expectations for the Company dividends. During 2013 and 2012, assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options on the grant dates are as follows: Issuance Date August 13, 2013 August 15, 2012 Expected volatility 131.5 149.2 % % Risk-free rate 1.49 0.67 % % Expected term (years) Dividend yield 5 5 0.00 0.00 % % CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 59 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT The stock options granted during 2013 and 2012 were exercisable immediately and their fair value on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model were $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expenses of $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The activities of stock options are summarized as follows, including granted, exercised and forfeited. Outstanding - January 1, 2012 Granted Outstanding - December 31, 2012 Granted Cancelled Outstanding - December 31, 2013 Shares 67,500 22,500 90,000 22,500 (7,500) 105,000 Weighted-Average Exercise Price 9.72 3.71 8.22 10.00 5.65 8.78 $ $ $ Weighted-Average Contractual Term (years) 5 5 5 5 5 5 The following is a summary of the range of exercise prices for stock options that are outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2013: Range of Exercise Prices $3.50 - $10.00 $10.01 - $18.00 Outstanding Stock Weighted Average Weighted Average Number of Stock Options 82,500 22,500 105,000 Remaining Life 3.13 1.52 Exercise Price $ $ 6.60 16.80 Options Exercisable 82,500 22,500 105,000 As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the total intrinsic value of the Company’s stock options that were outstanding was $0.2 million and $0.04 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the total intrinsic value of Company’s stock options that were exercisable was $0.2 million and $0.04 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, no Company’s stock options were exercised. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the weighted average fair value of the Company’s stock options that were granted was $8.64 and $3.71, respectively. 18. Retained Earnings Appropriated Pursuant to the relevant PRC laws, the profits distribution of the Company’s Sino-foreign subsidiaries, which are based on their PRC statutory financial statements, other than the financial statement that was prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, are available for distribution in the form of cash dividends after these subsidiaries have paid all relevant PRC tax liabilities, provided for losses in previous years, and made appropriations to statutory surplus at 10%. When the statutory surplus reserve reaches 50% of the registered capital of a company, additional reserve is no longer required. However, the reserve cannot be distributed to joint venture partners. Based on the business licenses of the PRC subsidiaries, the registered capital of Henglong, Jiulong, Shenyang, USAI, Jielong, Wuhu, Hubei Henglong and Chongqing are $10.0 million, $4.2 million (equivalent to RMB35.0 million), $8.1 million (equivalent to RMB67.5 million), $2.6 million, $6.0 million, $3.8 million (equivalent to RMB30.0 million), $39 million and $9.5 million (equivalent to RMB60.0 million), respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the parent company did not declare any dividend or appropriate any statutory reserves, and the subsidiaries appropriated statutory reserves of $0.1 million and $0.9 million, respectively, in respect of the dividends that were declared. 19. Treasury Stock Treasury stock represents share repurchased by the Company that are no longer outstanding and are held by the Company. Treasury stock is accounted for under the cost method. On August 15, 2012, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company may repurchase up to $3 million of its common stock for a period from August 13, 2012 to August 12, 2013. The repurchase program CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 60 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT does not obligate the Company to repurchase a minimum number of shares, and the program may be suspended or canceled without prior notice. As of December 31, 2013, under the repurchase program, which expired on August 12, 2013, the Company had repurchased 217,283 shares of the Company’s common stock for cash consideration of $1.0 million on the open market. The repurchased shares are presented as “treasury stock” on the balance sheet. 20. Gain on Other Sales Gain on other sales mainly consisted of net amount retained from sales of materials, property, plant and equipment and scraps. For the year ended December 31, 2013, gain on other sales amounted to $7.6 million, including $3.3 million of gain on sales of materials and iron scrap and aluminum scrap, and $4.3 million of gain on sales of property, plant and equipment, as compared to $4.4 million for 2012, including $3.5 million of gain on sales of materials and iron scrap and aluminum scrap, and $0.9 million of gain on sales of property, plant and equipment. 21. Other Income, Net The Company recorded government subsidies received with no further condition to be met as other income. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company has received such subsidies in the amounts of $1.1 million and $0.5 million, respectively. The Chinese government provides subsidies to support enterprises in their Research and development, “R&D,” and renewal of equipment. Government subsidies are generally classified as specific purpose subsidies (such as R&D activities and renewal of equipment) and unspecified purpose subsidies. For specific purpose subsidies, accounting by the occurred evidence, subsidies for the R&D activities first offset related R&D expenses that occurred, and subsidies for renewal of equipment offset the cost of related assets. Unspecific purpose subsidies are generally recognized as other income. 22. Financial (Income) Expenses, Net During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company recorded financial (income) expenses which are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Accrual on maturity and make-whole redemption interest and coupon interest Interest expense Interest income Foreign exchange loss, net (Income) loss of note discount, net Bank fees Total financial (income) expenses, net $ $ 23. Loss on Change in Fair Value of Derivative Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 - 1,569 (2,836) 110 31 699 (427) $ $ 1,551 1,564 (1,422) 53 (38) 467 2,175 In February 2008, the Company issued to two accredited institutional investors, namely Lehman Brothers Commercial Corporation Asia Limited, “Lehman Brothers,” and YA Global Investments L.P, “YA Global,” convertible notes in the principal amount of $35.0 million, with a scheduled maturity date of February 15, 2013, the “convertible notes.” The Company and YA Global reached a settlement agreement on April 8, 2009. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, the Company paid on April 15, 2009 a redemption amount of $5.0 million to YA Global and YA Global waived its entitlement to the Other Make Whole Amount (as defined in the convertible notes). On March 1, 2011, the provisional liquidator acting on behalf of Lehman Brothers, the “LBCCA Liquidator,” converted $6.4 million principal amount of the convertible notes at a conversion price of $7.0822 per share, and in turn the Company issued 907,708 shares of its common stock to LBCCA Liquidator. On May 24, 2012, the Company and LBCCA Liquidator reached a settlement agreement. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, the Company redeemed all the remaining convertible notes, the “Redemption,” and paid a redemption amount of $32.4 million to LBCCA Liquidator on May 25, 2012, the “Redemption Date,” including $23.6 million of principal and $8.8 million of interest. On the Redemption Date, the carrying value of the convertible notes was $33.8 million, including $23.6 million of principal, $0.6 million of coupon interest, $8.6 million of make-whole amount payable and $1.0 million of derivative liabilities related to the convertible notes. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 61 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT The Company’s derivative financial instruments (liabilities) consist of the compound embedded derivative that originated in connection with the above-mentioned convertible note payable and financing arrangement. Derivative liabilities are carried at fair value. Changes in the fair value of compound derivative liabilities were recorded as a loss on change in fair value of derivative in the condensed unaudited consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2012. For the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company recorded a loss on change in fair value of derivative of $0.5 million. Due to the Redemption, there was no gain or loss on change in fair value of derivative for the year ended December 31, 2013. The following table summarizes the components of loss on change in fair value of derivative arising from fair value adjustments to compound derivative liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2012 (figures are in thousands of USD): Year Ended Balances at January 1 Decrease due to convertible notes redemption on May 25, 2012 Loss in fair value adjustments Balances at December 31 December 31, 2012 $ 559 (1,008) 449 - $ Estimating fair values of derivative financial instruments requires the development of significant and subjective estimates that may, and are likely to, change over the duration of the instrument with related changes in internal and external market factors. In addition, option-based techniques are highly volatile and sensitive to changes in the trading market price of the Company's common stock, which has a high estimated volatility. As of January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2012, the Company calculated the fair value of derivative liabilities to be $0.6 million and $nil, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2012, there was a change in the balance of the fair value of the Company’s derivative liabilities at the beginning and the end of the period, mainly due to the Redemption. On January 1, 2012 and the Redemption Date, the Company calculated the fair value of derivative liabilities to be $0.6 million and $1.0 million, respectively, mainly due to changes in the price of the Company’s common stock. From January 1 to the Redemption Date, the market price of the Company’s common stock rose to $3.82 from $3.30 on January 1, 2012. Since the Company’s derivative liabilities consisted of a conversion option that was embedded in the convertible notes payable, the intrinsic value of the conversion option was sensitive to changes in the trading market price of the Company’s common stock. Since derivative financial instruments are initially and subsequently carried at fair values, the Company’s income or loss reflects the volatility in these estimate and assumption changes. The Company’s embedded conversion option derivative represents the conversion option, term-extending option, certain redemption and put features in the Company’s convertible notes payable. The features embedded in the convertible notes were combined into one compound embedded derivative that the Company measured at fair value using the Monte Carlo valuation technique. Monte Carlo simulates multiple outcomes over the period to maturity using multiple assumption inputs. The following table sets forth (i) the range of inputs for each significant assumption and (ii) the equivalent, or averages, of each significant assumption as of May 25, 2012, the Redemption Date. May 25, 2012 Assumptions: Volatility Market adjusted interest rates Credit risk adjusted rates Implied expected life (years) Low 65.33 % 5.89 % 16.87 % - Range High Equivalent 102.57 % 17.95 % 16.87 % - 79.02 % 11.97 % 16.87 % 0.73 The Monte Carlo technique requires the use of inputs that range across all levels in the fair value hierarchy. As a result, the technique is a Level 3 valuation technique in its entirety. The calculations of fair value utilized the Company’s trading market values on the calculation dates. The contractual conversion prices were adjusted to give effect to the value associated with the down-round and anti-dilution protection. Expected volatility for each interval in the Monte Carlo process was established based upon the Company’s historical volatility for historical periods consistent with the term of each interval in the calculation. Market adjusted interest rates give effect to expected trends or changes in market interest rates by reference to historical trends in LIBOR. Credit risk adjusted rates, or yields, were developed using bond curves, risk-free rates, market and industry adjustment factors for companies with similar credit standings to the Company’s. 24. Income Taxes The Company’s subsidiaries registered in the PRC are subject to state and local income taxes within the PRC at the applicable tax rate of 25% on the taxable income as reported in their PRC statutory financial statements in accordance with the relevant income tax laws applicable to foreign invested enterprise, unless preferential tax treatment is granted by local tax authorities. If the enterprise meets certain preferential terms according to the China income tax law, such as assessment as an “Advanced Technology Enterprise” by the government, then, the enterprise will be subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15%. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 62 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Pursuant to the New China Income Tax Law and the Implementing Rules, “New CIT,” which become effective as of January 1, 2008, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign-invested enterprise to its foreign investors will be subject to a 10% withholding tax if the foreign investors are considered as non-resident enterprises without any establishment or place within China or if the dividends payable have no connection with the establishment or place of the foreign investors within China, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. Genesis, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary and the direct holder of the equity interests in the Company’s subsidiaries in China, is incorporated in Hong Kong. According to the Mainland and Hong Kong Taxation Arrangement, dividends paid by a foreign- invested enterprise in China to its direct holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to withholding tax at a rate of no more than 5%, if the foreign investor owns directly at least 25% of the shares of the foreign-invested enterprise. Under the New CIT, if Genesis is regarded as a non-resident enterprise and therefore is required to pay an additional 5% withholding tax for any dividends payable to it from the PRC subsidiaries. According to PRC tax regulation, the Company should withhold income taxes for the profit distributed from the PRC subsidiaries to Genesis, the subsidiaries’ holding company incorporated in Hong Kong. The Company accounts for the profit that the PRC subsidiaries intended to distribute to Genesis as deferred tax liabilities. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company recognized deferred tax liabilities of $0.07 million and $0.04 million, respectively, for profit to be distributed to Genesis of $1.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively. For the remaining undistributed profits generated from the PRC subsidiaries, the Company intended to reinvest in subsidiaries in mainland China permanently. As of December 31, 2013, the Company still has undistributed earnings of approximately $158.5 million from investment in the PRC subsidiaries that are considered permanently reinvested. Had the undistributed earnings been distributed to Genesis and not permanently reinvested, the tax provision of approximately $7.9 million would have been recorded. Such undistributed profits would be kept in Genesis (if distributed by PRC subsidiaries) and not further distributed to the United States going forward. During 2008, Jiulong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2008, 2009 and 2010. In 2011, the Company passed the re-assessment by the government based on PRC income tax laws. Accordingly, the Company will continue to be taxed at the 15% tax rate in 2011, 2012 and 2013. During 2008, Henglong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2008, 2009 and 2010. In 2011, the Company passed the re-assessment by the government, based on PRC income tax laws. Accordingly, it will continue to be taxed at the 15% tax rate in 2011, 2012 and 2013. During 2009, Shenyang was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2009, 2010 and 2011. In 2012, the Company passed the re-assessment by the government based on PRC income tax laws. Accordingly, it will continue to be taxed at the 15% tax rate in 2012, 2013 and 2014. According to the New CIT, Wuhu has been subject to income tax at a rate of 11%, 12% and 12.5%, respectively, for 2010, 2011 and 2012. Wuhu was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it will be subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2013 and 2014. According to the New CIT, Jielong has been subject to tax at a rate of 12.5 % in 2010 and 2011, and 25 % in 2012 and 2013. According to the New CIT, Hubei Henglong has been subject to tax at a rate of 12.5 % from 2010 to 2012. In November 2011, Hubei Henglong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise”, based on the PRC income tax law. Accordingly, it will be subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15 % for 2013. According to the New CIT, USAI and Testing Center were exempted from income tax in 2009, and each has been subject to income tax at a rate of 12.5 % in 2010 and 2011, and 25 % in 2012 and 2013. Chongqing Henglong was established in 2012. According to the New CIT, Chongqing Henglong is subject to income tax at a uniform rate of 25%. No provision for Chongqing Henglong is made as it had no assessable income for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. Based on Brazilian income tax laws, Brazil Henglong is subject to income tax at a uniform rate of 15%, and a resident legal person is subject to additional tax at a rate of 10% for the part of taxable income over $0.12 million (equivalent to BRL 0.24 million). The Company had no assessable income in Brazil for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. The profits tax rate of Hong Kong is 16.5%. No provision for Hong Kong tax is made as Genesis is an investment holding company, and had no assessable income in Hong Kong for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 63 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT The enterprise income tax rate of the United States is 35%. No provision for U.S. tax is made as the Company had no assessable income in the United States for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. Income tax expense was $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, representing an increase of $1.1 million, or 25.0%, which was mainly due to an increase in income before tax and a decrease in effective tax rate. The effective tax rate decreased from 16.2% for the year ended December 31, 2012 to 14.3% for the year ended December 31, 2013, primarily due to an increase in technological development expenses of the Company in 2013. According to PRC tax regulations, the Company can deduct 1.5 times the technological development expenses when its tax payable was calculated. The provision for income taxes from continuing operations was calculated as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Tax rate Income before income taxes Federal tax at statutory rate Fair value change in convertible bond Change of income tax rate Tax benefit of double-deductible R&D expense Gain on redemption of convertible notes Effect of differences in foreign tax rate Provision on valuation allowance for deferred income tax – U.S. Provision on valuation allowance for deferred income tax – PRC Other differences Total income tax expense Year Ended December 31, 2013 35 % 2012 35 % $ $ $ 38,241 13,384 - - (2,793) - (6,175) (178) 107 1,138 5,483 $ $ $ 27,055 9,470 157 511 (1,813) (497) (5,427) 406 443 1,141 4,391 The combined effects of the income tax exemption and reduction available to the Company are as follows (figures are in thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated): Tax holiday effect Basic net income per share effect Diluted net income per share effect Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 6,175 0.22 0.22 5,427 0.19 0.19 The Company is subject to examination in the United States and China. The Company's tax years for 2003 through 2013 are still open for examination in China. The Company's tax years for 2005 through 2013 are still open for examination in the United States. Uncertain Tax Positions The Company did not have any uncertain tax positions for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013. 25. Discontinued operations – Zhejiang Zhejiang Henglong & Vie Pump-Manu Co., Ltd., “Zhejiang,” in which the Company owned a 51 % equity interest prior to its disposal in May 2012, was mainly engaged in the production and sales of power steering pumps. Given the power steering pump business has slowly lost its market share in the recent years due to market competition, lower market demand and replacement of hydraulic pressure steering by electric power steering, the Company sold its 51% equity interest in Zhejiang to Vie Group, the non-controlling shareholder of Zhejiang, on May 21, 2012. Pursuant to ASC Topic 205-20, “Presentation of Financial Statements—Discontinued Operations” , the business of Zhejiang, the “Zhejiang business,” is considered as discontinued operations because: (a) the operations and cash flows of Zhejiang will be eliminated from the Company’s operations as the Company will not continue to purchase power steering pumps from Zhejiang starting from August 2012; and (b) the Company would not have the ability to influence the operation or financial policies of Zhejiang subsequent to the sale. Before the sale, Zhejiang was identified as a product sector for the sales of power steering pumps of the Company, please see Note 32 for the details of segment reporting. For the year ended December 31, 2012, the purchases from Zhejiang by the Company amounted to $0.4 million, which were eliminated for the preparation of the consolidated financial statements before the disposal of Zhejiang. There was no purchase from Zhejiang for the year ended December 31, 2013. The following table summarizes the results of the Zhejiang business included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income as discontinued operations (figures are in thousands of USD). CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 64 - Year Ended December 31, 2012 FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Operational profit from component of discontinued operations, net of tax Income from disposing of component of discontinued operations, net of tax Income from discontinued operations, net of tax $ $ 157 2,494 2,651 The following table summarizes the revenue and pretax profit of the Zhejiang business reported as discontinued operations (figures are in thousands of USD). Revenue from component of discontinued operations Pretax profit from component of discontinued operations Year Ended December 31, 2012 $ $ 7,423 165 Summarized assets and liabilities from the discontinued operations as of the disposal date were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Assets of discontinued operations Current assets Non-current assets Total assets of discontinued operations Liabilities of discontinued operations Current liabilities Non-current liabilities Total liabilities of discontinued operations May 21, 2012 $ $ $ 20,735 6,623 27,358 16,823 - 16,823 The Company did not make separate disclosure of the cash flows of Zhejiang in its condensed consolidated statements of cash flows in this Report, as they are considered to be immaterial in the periods presented. 26. Income per Share In periods when the Company generates income, the Company calculates basic earnings per share using the two-class method, pursuant to ASC 260 , “Earnings Per Share.” The two-class method is required as the Company’s convertible notes qualify as participating securities, having the right to receive dividends should dividends be declared on common stock. Under this method, earnings for the period are allocated on a pro-rata basis to the common stockholders and to the holders of convertible notes based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and the number of shares that could be converted. The Company does not use the two-class method in periods when it generates a loss as the holders of the convertible notes do not participate in losses. For diluted earnings per share, the Company uses the more dilutive of the if-converted method or the two-class method for convertible notes and the treasury stock method for options, assuming the issuance of common shares, if dilutive, resulting from the exercise of options and warrants. The calculations of diluted income per share attributable to the parent company were (figures are in thousands of USD): $ Numerator: Net income attributable to parent company Allocation to convertible notes holders Net income attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders – Basic and Diluted Denominator: Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding – Basic Dilutive effects of stock options Denominator for dilutive income per share – Diluted Net income per share attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders Basic Diluted Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 26,789 - $ 26,789 28,043,019 13,125 28,056,144 0.96 0.95 20,742 (934) 19,808 28,213,163 2,204 28,215,367 0.70 0.70 The calculations of diluted income from continuing operations per share attributable to the parent company were (figures are in thousands of USD): Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 65 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Numerator: Net income from continuing operations Net income from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interest Net income from continuing operations attributable to shareholders Allocation to convertible notes holders Net income from continuing operations attributable to the parent company’s common shareholders – Basic and Diluted $ Denominator: Weighted average shares outstanding Dilutive effects of stock options Denominator for dilutive income per share – Diluted $ 33,065 6,276 26,789 - 26,789 22,835 4,667 18,168 (819) 17,349 28,043,019 13,125 28,056,144 28,213,163 2,204 28,215,367 Net income from continuing operations per common share attributable to parent company – Basic Net income from continuing operations per common share attributable to parent company – Diluted $ $ 0.96 0.95 $ $ 0.61 0.61 As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the exercise prices for 52,500 shares and 67,500 shares, respectively, of outstanding stock options were above the weighted average market price of the Company’s common stock during the year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, and these stock options were excluded from the calculation of the diluted income per share for the corresponding periods presented. For the year ended December 31, 2012, 1,331,305 shares issuable upon conversion of convertible notes that were then outstanding have not been included in the computation, because such inclusion would have had an anti-dilutive effect. 27. Significant Concentrations A significant portion of the Company’s business is conducted in China where the currency is the RMB. Regulations in China permit foreign owned entities to freely convert the RMB into foreign currency for transactions that fall under the "current account", which includes trade related receipts and payments, interest and dividends. Accordingly, the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries may use RMB to purchase foreign exchange for settlement of such "current account" transactions without pre-approval. China Automotive, the parent company, may depend on Genesis and HLUSA dividend payments, which are generated from their subsidiaries and their subsidiaries’ interests in the Sino-foreign joint ventures in China, “China-based Subsidiaries,” after they receive payments from the China-based Subsidiaries. Regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends of a PRC company only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. Under PRC law China- based Subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to their general reserves until the cumulative amount reaches 50% of their paid-in capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends, or as loans or advances. These foreign-invested enterprises may also allocate a portion of their after-tax profits, at the discretion of their boards of directors, to their staff welfare and bonus funds. Any amounts so allocated may not be distributed and, accordingly, would not be available for distribution to Genesis and HLUSA. The PRC government also imposes controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currencies out of China, the China-based Subsidiaries may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currencies. If China Automotive is unable to receive dividend payments from its subsidiaries and China-based subsidiaries, China Automotive may be unable to effectively finance its operations or pay dividends on its shares. Transactions other than those that fall under the "current account" and that involve conversion of RMB into foreign currency are classified as "capital account" transactions; examples of "capital account" transactions include repatriations of investment by or loans to foreign owners, or direct equity investments in a foreign entity by a China domiciled entity. "Capital account" transactions require prior approval from China's State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, or its provincial branch to convert a remittance into a foreign currency, such as U.S. Dollars, and transmit the foreign currency outside of China. This system could be changed at any time and any such change may affect the ability of the Company or its subsidiaries in China to repatriate capital or profits, if any, outside China. Furthermore, SAFE has a significant degree of administrative discretion in implementing the laws and has used this discretion to limit convertibility of current account payments out of China. Whether as a result of a deterioration in the Chinese balance of payments, a shift in the Chinese macroeconomic prospects or any number of other reasons, China could impose additional restrictions on capital remittances abroad. As a result of these and other restrictions under the laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China, or the PRC, the Company’s China subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 66 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT portion of their net assets to the parent. The Company has no assurance that the relevant Chinese governmental authorities in the future will not limit further or eliminate the ability of the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries to purchase foreign currencies and transfer such funds to the Company to meet its liquidity or other business needs. Any inability to access funds in China, if and when needed for use by the Company outside of China, could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity and its business. The Company grants credit to its customers including Xiamen Joylon, Shanghai Fenglong, Beijing Henglong and Jiangling Yude that are related parties of the Company. The Company’s customers are mostly located in the PRC except for Chrysler North America, which is in the U.S. In 2013, the Company’s ten largest customers accounted for 71.8% of the Company’s consolidated sales, with 1 customer accounting for more than 10% of consolidated sales (as 11.1% of consolidated sales). In 2012, the Company’s ten largest customers accounted for 73.8% of the Company’s consolidated sales, with 1 customer accounting for more than 10% of consolidated sales (as 11.7% of consolidated sales). At December 31, 2013 and 2012, approximately 3.1% and 4.5% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned customer. 28. Related Party Transactions The Company’s related party transactions include product sales, material purchases and purchases of equipment and technology. These transactions were consummated at fair market price and under similar terms as those with the Company's customers and suppliers. On some occasions, the Company’s related party transactions also include purchase/sale of capital stock of the joint ventures and sale of property, plant and equipment. Related sales and purchases: During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the joint ventures entered into related party transactions with companies with common directors as shown below (figures are in thousands of USD): Merchandise Sold to Related Parties Honghu Changrun Xiamen Joylon Xiamen Automotive Parts Shanghai Fenglong Jiangling Yude Beijing Henglong Other Related Parties Total Technology Sold to Related Parties Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 - 6,152 2,757 406 583 27,283 272 37,453 $ $ 81 7,055 - 377 103 19,826 - 27,442 $ $ Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 Beijing Henglong $ 88 $ 86 Materials Purchased from Related Parties Honghu Changrun Jiangling Tongchuang Jingzhou Tongying Hubei Wiselink Wuhan Tongkai Other Related Parties Total Technology and Services Purchased from Related Parties Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 1,258 9,025 12,622 1,106 1,897 8 25,916 $ $ 1,018 7,653 9,436 1,190 693 - 19,990 Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 67 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Changchun Hualong Jingzhou Derun Honghu Changrun Beijing Hualong Total Equipment Purchased from Related Parties $ $ 422 492 285 432 1,631 365 - 317 137 819 Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 Hubei Wiselink $ 5,373 $ 4,250 Related receivables, advance payments and account payable: As at December 31, 2013 and 2012, accounts receivables, advance payments and account payable between the Company and related parties are as shown below (figures are in thousands of USD): Accounts receivables from Related Parties Xiamen Joylon Xiamen Automotive Parts Shanghai Fenglong Jiangling Yude Jingzhou Tongying Beijing Henglong Other Related Parties Total Other Receivables from Related Parties Wuhan Dida Jiulong Material Other Related Parties Total Less: provisions for bad debts Balance at end of year December 31, 2013 2012 4,076 $ 843 298 2,008 485 9,426 58 17,194 $ 4,182 - 208 903 604 6,389 - 12,286 December 31, 2013 2012 62 $ 621 46 729 (621) 108 $ 78 608 29 715 (608) 107 $ $ $ $ Other receivables from related parties are primarily unsecured demand loans, with no stated interest rate or due date. Accounts payable to Related Parties Shanghai Tianxiang Jiangling Tongchuang Hubei Wiselink Jingzhou Tongying Wuhan Tongkai Honghu Changrun Other Related Parties Total Advanced equipment payments to Related Parties Hubei Wiselink Other advance payments to Related Parties December 31, 2013 2012 341 $ 891 755 1,911 620 94 22 4,634 $ 362 1,791 520 1,508 184 156 - 4,521 $ $ December 31, 2013 2012 $ 2,097 $ 4,162 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 68 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Jiangling Tongchuang Jingzhou Tongying Changchun Hualong Jingzhou Derun Wuhan Tongkai Honghu Changrun Total Loan to Related Parties December 31, 2013 2012 176 $ - 86 - 181 423 866 $ 542 62 159 13 - 3 779 $ $ During the year ended December 31, 2013, certain of the Company’s subsidiaries provided short-term loans to related parties of the Company in the aggregate principal amount of approximately $22.9 million (RMB 140.8 million). The contractual period of each loan was three months or less from the date of the extension of the loan. Out of the total amount, loans of approximately US$ 15.8 million (RMB 97.0 million) bore an interest rate of 5.6% per annum, which were entered into for the purpose of generating returns for the Company’s idle cash resulting from the seasonality of its business and assisting the borrowing entities in addressing certain cash flow needs. For loans of approximately US$ 7.1 million (RMB 43.8 million) to related parties which primarily consisted of loans with repayment terms of less than 3 days, the Company did not charge interest due to their short-term maturity. All of these loans qualify for net reporting in accordance with ASC 230 “Statement of Cash Flows”. As of December 31, 2013, all of these loans have been repaid to the Company. For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company received $0.2 million in interest income from these loans to the related parties. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, the loans to related parties were comprised of the following: Henglong Real Estate(1) Hubei Wiselink(2) Xiamen Joylon(2) Jiulong Machine(3) Total For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 $ $ 18,309 $ 3,253 943 399 22,904 $ - - - - - (1) Mr. Hanlin Chen, Chairman of the Company, Mr. Wu Qizhou, the CEO of the Company, and the spouse of Mr. Andy Tse, Senior Vice President of the Company, collectively own 59.22% of the equity interests of Henglong Real Estate. (2) Hubei Wiselink and Xiamen Joylon are directly and indirectly controlled by Mr. Hanlin Chen, Chairman of the Company. (3) Jiulong Machine is a non-controlling interest shareholder that owns 20% and 10% of the equity interests of Henglong and Jiulong, subsidiaries of the Company, respectively. The Company has no ongoing commitments for the loans to related parties. All of the above loans, including short-term loans entered into with related parties prior to September 30, 2013, were identified as related party transactions subsequent to December 31, 2013. These loans were not disclosed in the Company’s Form 10-Q for each of the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and September 30, 2013. The missing disclosure related to such loans to related parties in the Form 10-Qs is as follows: For the Three Months Ended Henglong Real Estate Hubei Wiselink Xiamen Joylon Jiulong Machine Total March 31, 2013 September 30, 2013 16,669 3,253 - - 19,922 - - 287 399 686 The Company recognized interest income from these loans of $0 and $0.2 million for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2013 and September 30, 2013, respectively. All the short-term loans were entered into and settled within the same quarter. There were no loan activities with related parties for the three-month period ended June 30, 2013. CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 69 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT The Company has evaluated the significance of this disclosure omission in the Form 10-Qs for previous periods and, in the opinion of management, the effect is not material to the Company’s condensed unaudited financial statements for any period previously reported. The Company will include the historical disclosure information in subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q as applicable. The Company's related parties, such as Jingzhou Derun, and Wuhan Dida, pledged certain land use rights and buildings as security for the Company’s comprehensive credit facility. As of March 31, 2014, the date the Company issued the financial statements, Hanlin Chen, Chairman, owns 63.65% of the common stock of the Company and has the effective power to control the vote on substantially all significant matters without the approval of other stockholders. 29. Commitments and Contingencies Legal proceedings Securities Action - Southern District of New York. On October 25, 2011, a purported securities class action, the “Securities Action,” was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on behalf of all purchasers of the Company’s securities between March 25, 2010 and March 17, 2011. On February 24, 2012, the plaintiffs filed an amended complaint, changing the purported class period to between May 12, 2009 and March 17, 2011. The amended complaint alleges that the Company, certain of its present officers and directors, and the Company’s former independent accounting firm violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the rules promulgated thereunder, and seeks unspecified damages. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, which was fully briefed on April 18, 2012. On August 8, 2012, the court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On September 4, 2012, the Company filed an answer to the amended complaint. On January 15, 2013, plaintiffs filed a motion to certify the purported class, which was fully briefed on April 8, 2013. On May 31, 2013, the court denied plaintiffs’ motion to certify the purported class, and, on July 3, 2013, the court issued its order and opinion. On July 17, 2013, plaintiffs filed a petition for permission to appeal the order denying class certification, and, on August 1, 2013, the Company filed an answer in opposition to the petition. On October 23, 2013, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit denied plaintiffs’ petition for permission to appeal. On December 6, 2013, plaintiffs filed a motion for preliminary approval of a settlement with the Company’s former independent accounting firm and certification of a proposed settlement class. On January 7, 2014, the district court held a status conference. On January 15, 2014, the district court denied plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary approval of settlement and certification of a proposed settlement class. On February 20, 2014, the district court held a telephonic status conference regarding plaintiffs’ remaining individual claims and issued a scheduling order setting deadlines for fact and expert discovery (May 30, 2014 and June 30, 2014, respectively), motions for summary judgment (August 1, 2014), and pretrial materials (September 25, 2014). The Company and plaintiffs have reached a settlement in principle and, on March 28, 2014, entered into a settlement agreement, which includes a dismissal of all claims by plaintiffs against the Company and its current and former officers and directors, with no admission of any wrongdoing or liability. The settlement is not material to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2013. Derivative Action - Delaware Chancery Court. On December 23, 2011, a purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, the “Court of Chancery,” on behalf of the Company. The complaint alleged that certain of the Company’s current officers and directors breached their fiduciary duties to the Company in relation to the Company’s accounting of convertible notes issued in February 2008. On January 25, 2012, a second purported shareholder derivative action was filed in the Court of Chancery on behalf of the Company. On February 3, 2012, the Court of Chancery consolidated the two cases, which were stayed pending the outcome of the motion to dismiss in the Securities Action. On October 23, 2012, the derivative plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint on behalf of the Company, the “Derivative Action.” The consolidated complaint alleged that certain of the Company’s current officers and directors breached their fiduciary duties to the Company in relation to the Company’s accounting of the convertible notes issued in February 2008. The consolidated complaint set forth three causes of action for breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment and insider trading. On January 7, 2013, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the Derivative Action. That motion was fully briefed on February 28, 2013, and oral argument was held before the Court of Chancery on May 6, 2013. On August 30, 2013, the Court of Chancery dismissed all of the derivative plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice. The time for the derivative plaintiffs to appeal the Court of Chancery’s decision expired on September 30, 2013 and, accordingly, the Derivative Action has terminated. Other than the above, the Company is not a party to any pending or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any threatened legal proceedings. In addition, no director, officer or affiliate of the Company, or owner of record of more than five percent of the securities of the Company, or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to the Company or has a material interest adverse to the Company in reference to pending litigation. Commitments In addition to bank loans, notes payables and the related interest, the following table summarizes the Company’s noncancelable commitments and having initial terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2013 (figures are in thousands of USD): CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 70 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT 2014 2015 2016 2017 Thereafter Total Payment Obligations by Period Obligations for service agreements Obligations for purchasing agreements Total $ 374 $ - $ $ 9,168 9,542 $ 233 233 $ - $ - - $ - $ - - $ - $ - - $ 374 9,401 9,775 30. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements At December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company did not have any transactions, obligations or relationships that could be considered off-balance sheet arrangements. 31. Subsequent Events The Company and plaintiffs have reached a settlement in principle and, on March 28, 2014, entered into a settlement agreement, which includes a dismissal of all claims by plaintiffs against the Company and its current and former officers and directors, with no admission of any wrongdoing or liability (see Note 29). 32. Segment Reporting The accounting policies of the product sectors are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies except that the disaggregated financial results for the product sectors have been prepared using a management approach, which is consistent with the basis and manner in which management internally disaggregates financial information for the purposes of assisting them in making internal operating decisions. Generally, the Company evaluates performance based on stand-alone product sector operating income and accounts for inter segment sales and transfers as if the sales or transfers were to third parties, at current market prices. As of both December 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company had eleven product sectors, five of which were principal profit makers and were reported as separate sectors and engaged in the production and sales of power steering (namely Henglong, Jiulong, Shenyang, Wuhu and Hubei Henglong). The other six sectors were engaged in the production and sale of sensor modular (namely USAI), EPS (namely Jielong), provision of after sales and R&D services (namely HLUSA), production and sale of power steering (namely Chongqing Henglong), and trade (namely Brazil Henglong), and the holding company (namely Genesis). Since the revenues, net income and net assets of these six sectors are less than 10% of its segment in the condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company incorporated these six sectors into “Other Sectors”. As discussed in Discontinued Operation - Zhejiang above (see Note 25), Zhejiang was identified as a product sector for the sales of power steering pumps of the Group prior to disposal on May 21, 2012. After the Company sold its 51% equity interest in Zhejiang on May 21, 2012 and presented it as a discontinued operation. The Company’s product sector information from continuing operations is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Net Sales Year Ended December 31, Net Income from Continuing Operations Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2013 2012 $ $ Henglong Jiulong Shenyang Wuhu Hubei Henglong Other Sectors Total Segments Corporate Eliminations Total consolidated (1) $5.2 million and $7.0 million included in the respective balances of $8.9 million and $9.2 million were income from investment 187,051 $ 71,120 31,068 30,687 40,962 47,202 408,090 - (72,085) 336,005 $ 22,061 932 863 529 9,188 (1) 1,142 34,715 1,973 (13,853) 22,835 260,636 77,691 41,536 26,333 48,087 36,444 490,727 - (75,569) 415,158 25,686 2,141 1,796 223 8,871 (1) 1,087 39,804 (2,035) (4,704) 33,065 $ $ $ in Henglong in 2013 and 2012, respectively, which have been eliminated at the consolidation level. Inventories Year Ended December 31, Total Assets Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2013 2012 Henglong $ 21,451 $ 18,192 $ 315,309 $ 250,291 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 71 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Jiulong Shenyang Wuhu Hubei Henglong Other Sectors Total Segments Corporate Eliminations Total consolidated 12,186 2,994 2,958 12,054 3,807 55,450 - (4,058) 51,392 $ 9,727 3,462 3,330 9,734 5,969 50,414 - (6,872) 43,542 $ 74,997 43,358 25,528 138,674 44,743 642,609 157,158 (234,160) 565,607 71,190 37,896 25,185 119,342 55,723 559,627 156,007 (229,809) 485,825 Depreciation and Amortization Year Ended December 31, Capital Expenditures Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2013 2012 $ $ Henglong Jiulong Shenyang Wuhu Hubei Henglong Other Sectors Total Segments Zhejiang(1) Corporate Eliminations Total consolidated $ (1) Please refer to Discontinued Operation - Zhejiang above (see Note 25) 5,460 4,546 723 605 2,104 1,384 14,822 - 21 (256) 14,587 $ 4,952 $ 4,655 600 580 1,858 1,318 13,963 569 20 (642) 13,910 $ 8,073 673 451 759 4,239 1,043 15,238 - - (367) 14,871 $ $ 14,470 3,120 576 399 2,075 1,069 21,709 570 - (3,200) 19,079 Financial information segregated by geographic region is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): Net Sales(1) Year Ended December 31, Long-term assets As of December 31 2013 2012 2013 2012 Geographic region: United States China Other foreign countries Total consolidated $ (1) Revenue is attributed to each country based on location of customers. 50,281 363,901 976 415,158 $ $ $ 43,470 $ 290,883 1,652 336,005 $ $ 841 89,818 13 90,672 (2) $ 751 91,380 20 92,151 (2) Pursuant to ASC 280-10-50-41, the non-current deferred tax assets of $4.5 million and $4.1 million were excluded from the long- term assets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. [Internationally left blank] CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. - 72 - FY2013 ANNUAL REPORT Investor Information Annual Meeting The Annual Meeting of China Automotive Systems stockholders will be held on September 16, 2014 (Tuesday) at 10 am local time at Conference Hall, Royal Victoria Hotel, 6699 South Huandao Road, Siming District, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, PRC Independent Public Accountant PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS ZHONG TIAN LLP 11/F PricewaterhouseCoopers Center 2 Corporate Ave., 202 Hu Bin Road Huangpu District, Shanghai, PRC www.pwccn.com Transfer Agent and Registrar SECURITIES TRANSFER CORPORATION 2591 Dallas Parkway Suite102 Frisco, Texas 75034, USA Phone: +1-469-633-0101 www.stctransfer.com Investor Relations GRAYLING 102 Madison Avenue 12th Floor, New York 10016 Phone: +1-646-284-9400 www.grayling.com Corporate Headquarters CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. D8 Henglong Building Optics Valley Software Park No. 1 Guanshan Avenue Wuhan City No. 1 Henglong Road Yu Qiao Development Zone Shashi District, Jingzhou City Hubei Province People’s Republic of China www.caasauto.com Board of Directors HANLIN CHEN Chairman QIZHOU WU Director, Chief Executive Officer ROBERT TUNG Independent Non-executive Director GUANGXUN XU Independent Non-executive Director ARTHUR WONG Independent Non-executive Director Executive Officers QIZHOU WU Chief Executive Officer JIE LI Chief Financial Officer DAMING HU Chief Accountant ANDY YIU WONG TSE Senior Vice President YIJUN XIA Vice President HAIMIAN CAI Vice President CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC. Henglong Building, D8 Optics Valley Software Park No.1 Guanshan Avenue, East Lake Hi-tech Zone Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430073, PR of China Tel: +86(27) 8757 0027 Fax: +86(27) 8757 0088 http://www.caasauto.com

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