Chubb
Annual Report 2019

Plain-text annual report

Chubb Limited Bärengasse 32 CH—8001 Zurich Switzerland chubb.com Chubb Limited Annual Report 2019 C h u b b L i m i t e d A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 1 9 002CSNA958 Financial Summary Chairman and CEO Letter to Shareholders Elevating the Customer Experience Review of Operations Citizenship at Chubb Chubb Group Corporate Officers and Other Executives Chubb Limited Board of Directors Shareholder Information Non–GAAP Financial Measures Form 10–K Swiss Statutory Financial Statements Swiss Statutory Compensation Report Environmental Statement 1 2 20 24 44 46 48 49 50 Financial Summary In millions of U.S. dollars except per share data and ratios Year Ended Dec. 31, 2019 Year Ended Dec. 31, 2018 Percentage Change Gross premiums written $40,124 $37,968 Net premiums written Net premiums earned P&C combined ratio Current accident year P&C combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses Net income Core operating income Diluted earnings per share — net income Diluted earnings per share — core operating income Total investments Total assets Shareholders’ equity Book value per share Tangible book value per share Return on equity Core operating return on equity 32,275 30,579 31,290 30,064 90.6% 90.6% 89.2% 4,454 4,641 9.71 10.11 88.0% 3,962 4,407 8.49 9.44 109,234 100,968 176,943 167,771 55,331 122.42 78.14 8.4% 9.0% 50,312 109.56 65.89 7.8% 8.7% Core operating return on tangible equity 14.6% 14.6% 5.7% 5.5% 4.1% NM NM 12.4% 5.3% 14.4% 7.1% 8.2% 5.5% 10.0% 11.7% 18.6% NM NM NM This document contains non–GAAP financial measures. Refer to pages 50–52 for reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP measures. NM—not meaningful Percentage Change Constant Dollars 7.0% 7.0% 5.5% 6.8% 8.6% 1 Evan G. Greenberg Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Chubb Group 2 To My Fellow Shareholders As this letter goes to press, the U.S. and many other nations of the world are shutting down much of their social and economic activity in response to the spread and threat of the coronavirus. We simply don’t know at this time how fast or far it will spread, or how effective we will be in slowing the spread, treating victims and dealing with the consequences. For Chubb, we are clear about our priorities and resolute in our response: To the extent possible, we will take care of our people and keep them safe; we will remain consistent in how we take care of our customers and business partners, doing everything in our power to serve their needs with minimal disruption; and we will be a responsible citizen in our community, heeding the advice of government and health authorities, and as a solid contributor to recovery. Chubb had a very good year in 2019. We produced strong financial results, including per share growth in earnings, book value and tangible book value. We capitalized on opportunity, benefiting from improved commercial property and casualty (P&C) pricing and underwriting conditions globally and generating our best organic premium revenue growth in over five years. We achieved another year of excellent underwriting profitability — a direct result of our time–tested discipline in underwriting and managing risk. Driven by growth in our invested assets, we generated record investment income despite low interest rates. Throughout the year, Chubb professionals distinguished themselves through their actions serving customers and business partners, contributing to our admired brand and reputation for quality service. We made progress in our efforts to advance our many longer–term strategies that will position us for future growth, including our presence in China with an increased ownership stake in Huatai Insurance Group. We demonstrated leadership in environmental sustainability by announcing a progressive policy curtailing our underwriting and investments in coal. We concluded the year in excellent financial, operational and competitive shape and have real momentum going into ’20 for future growth and profitability. In my judgment, all successful companies have a clearly articulated view of who they are and why they exist, so let me begin by describing in a few words our unique and distinctive company. Chubb is the largest publicly traded P&C insurer and the fifth largest insurer in the world as measured by market capitalization. (Fifteen years ago, we were #5 and #26, respectively — we are patient and persistent.) We are a truly global commercial and consumer insurer — one of only a few in the world. With substantial local operations in 54 countries and territories, we compete for local business while serving the needs of multinationals. We have an enviable long–term track record of financial performance including growth in earnings, book and tangible book value and market capitalization, underpinned by distinguished underwriting performance. In the United States, which represents about 30% of the global insurance market, we are a top–two commercial P&C insurer that serves all sizes of companies — from global to middle market to small businesses — with hundreds of traditional and specialty coverages, including a leading position in the wholesale market for excess and surplus (E&S) or difficult to place risks, and we are the #1 crop insurer. On the consumer side, Chubb is by far the leading personal lines insurer protecting America’s affluent individuals and families. Our Combined Insurance affiliate serves middle– income households with a variety of personal accident and supplemental health insurance products. About 40% of our business originates outside the United States and it’s growing faster than our U.S. business. Our extensive local operations throughout Europe and the United Kingdom, which represent about half of our international portfolio, in 2019 had their best growth in a decade. The balance is equally split between the developed and developing markets of Asia and Latin America, both of which are growing at high–single or double–digit rates. Our international insurance businesses are essentially split 50/50 in terms of their commercial and consumer focus. In addition to our retail commercial P&C businesses present in just about every major market around the globe, we also have significant E&S wholesale market operations in London and Bermuda. We serve consumers in international markets through our large global accident and health (A&H) business, which writes personal accident and 3 supplemental health insurance, and our international personal lines business, which underwrites everything from cell phones to autos to homes and their contents. As the first company to convert a domestic Chinese financial services holding company to a foreign–invested joint venture, we are on a path, subject to regulatory and shareholder approvals, to achieve majority ownership of China’s Huatai Insurance Group, the holding company of P&C, life and asset management subsidiaries with over 600 offices. We also have a growing Asia–based life insurance business that is becoming a more important contributor to earnings. Taken together, Chubb has a thoughtfully constructed and managed global portfolio of simply outstanding businesses. Most are top–performing multibillion–dollar businesses, with substantial scale and scope for growth, and the envy of the industry. We have a well–balanced mix of business — 66% commercial lines, 34% consumer lines — and our product breadth and balance are a real strength. We sell our products globally through an extensive range of distribution channels: over 50,000 brokers and independent agents, more than 85,000 exclusive life and health agents, and hundreds of direct–to–consumer partnerships that give us access to tens of millions of potential customers through digital, phone and face–to–face marketing tools and techniques — another strength. At the same time, in aggregate, we are not overly dependent on any one channel. For the year, total gross premiums written for the company were $40.1 billion while net premiums written, which are the premiums we retain on our balance sheet, were $32.3 billion, both up 7% before the impact of foreign exchange. Our balance sheet is exceptionally strong, with $70 billion in total capital and over $55 billion in equity at December 31, and our company is rated AA by S&P and A++ by AM Best. With a good balance of underwriting and investment income, last year we produced core operating income of $4.6 billion, or $10.11 per share, up 7.1% on a per share basis from 2018. The macro environment in 2019 I would have characterized the external operating environment in ’19 and as we began to move into ’20 as marked by great opportunity, risk and complexity. That is until the coronavirus outbreak, which began in China and subsequently spread to the rest of the world. Now, with the specter of a true pandemic upon us, and the substantial damage to be inflicted on society, economies and commerce alike, markets are severely stressed and signaling global recession. As of this writing, to what degree and how long it will last is simply unknowable — it depends on the rate and severity of infection. We lack visibility. However, the coronavirus has already had a real impact on China economically and politically, as well as the global economy, including the U.S. Beneath the shadow of the coronavirus, U.S. economic performance has remained the strongest in the world among large economies, while the global economy has slowed from trade– related headwinds, poor government policy in many countries, and geopolitical events. Business thrives in an environment of certainty, and business confidence has suffered, and that has impacted business investment. 2019 concluded on a more encouraging note with the signing of the USMCA trade agreement and a phase one U.S.–China trade pact, both a net positive given where we were, as well as increased political certainty surrounding Brexit. By themselves, these developments may provide moderately improved business confidence and, in turn, increased investment, although we still face considerable uncertainty: • Tariffs with China remain in place, as do tariffs with others at year–end. Manufacturing globally is in recession. The phase one agreement, while a good start, doesn’t address many of the fundamental trade issues with China — in that regard, it kicks the can down the road. • More broadly, protectionist sentiments persist. The rules–based trading system is under attack from the world’s two largest economies with the U.S. unilateral approach using tariffs and a strong–arm approach (and by the way the EU is on deck later this year) and China, with its predatory behavior, gaming the global system to its advantage. We are evolving from a unipolar to a multipolar world — China is emerging and the U.S. is more unilateral and inward–looking, both sources of increased tension. • U.S.–China relations are headed in the wrong direction, marked by lack of trust and cooperation, and increasing confrontation. • We have numerous geopolitical hot spots including North Korea and Iran. 4 Industry conditions last year: improving commercial P&C pricing The insurance industry is experiencing improved commercial P&C underwriting conditions in the U.S. and a number of major international locations. After years of slower growth and shrinking some of our important businesses as we maintained discipline around inadequate terms, market conditions have improved and are spreading to more classes of risk and more countries, which means a time for growth. We built our company to capitalize on conditions such as these and have patiently waited. Today we are achieving rate above loss cost trend in many lines and territories, particularly in those classes where margins have been under pressure. Given the current environment and our longer–term secular growth strategies, this bodes well for future growth in revenue and earnings. I expect the positive market conditions to continue throughout ’20 and beyond, and Chubb will benefit. For perspective, prices in a number of important classes continue to remain below what is adequate to earn a reasonable return for the risk taken. Prices in others have achieved sufficiency, and in those cases we are growing. P&C insurance is a cyclical business. Generally speaking, with few exceptions, loss costs rise every year, and when rates don’t keep pace, margins naturally decline, disappear or worse. Companies that in the past pursued market share at inadequate pricing and terms are suffering and will experience margin and potentially reserve pressure. Many in the industry are not earning their cost of capital. On top of that, there is volatility in the loss environment in certain casualty– and property–related classes. It’s no surprise, therefore, that we have seen a pull–back and retrenchment by those insurers that took on too much underpriced and poorly underwritten exposures. That’s what creates cycles. The industry’s insured natural catastrophe (CAT) losses last year are estimated at $50 billion to $55 billion, down substantially from the previous two years. We continued to observe a rise in weather–related volatility, including increased frequency of large events ($1 billion or greater in losses); more extreme conditions linked to temperature and moisture producing bigger tornadoes, larger floods, wildfires and hurricanes with more moisture; and changing seasonality. This volatility, which is driven by climate change and urbanization resulting in a greater concentration of exposures in coastal and inland locations, we expect to continue. For Chubb, pre–tax net CAT losses were $1.2 billion, down from $1.6 billion in 2018 — an improvement but about $220 million more than we planned for when calculating our “expected” CATs for the year. Given its concentration of risk exposed to temperature and moisture, crop insurance is a business with CAT– like features. There is a fair degree of volatility and season–to–season variability to growing conditions and commodity prices. Adverse weather in parts of the United States last year impacted growing conditions. After three exceptional years from ’16 to ’18, last year was below–average. Even so, we recorded a calendar year combined ratio of 95.1%. Crop insurance has been a very good business for Chubb. We are the national leader with the most experienced people and deepest knowledge based on decades of data on over 3 million farm fields, which improves risk selection. Notably, both the CAT and crop losses in 2019 were “ Taken together, Chubb has a thoughtfully constructed and managed global portfolio of simply outstanding businesses. Most are top– performing multibillion– dollar businesses, with substantial scale and scope for growth, and the envy of the industry.” 5 comfortably within our risk tolerance. We purposely take these risks and have no regrets as long as our underwriting is good and we are properly paid. Craftsmanship: the art and science of underwriting Chubb is an underwriting company — everything starts with underwriting and assuming risk is at the heart of our business. Our company is led by underwriters and our culture is centered on the art and science of taking risk. We practice our craft better than any company of size and we have an enduring track record of outperformance to prove it. Over the past 15 years, Chubb’s P&C combined ratio has outperformed our peers by an average of seven percentage points over any time period. Last year we produced $2.7 billion of pre–tax P&C underwriting income, an increase of nearly 7% in constant dollars, and a 2019 calendar year P&C combined ratio of 90.6%, which was flat with prior year. Our underwriting performance for the results of the current in–force business is measured by the current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses, a preferred industry measure, which was 89.2% compared with 88.0% prior year, and including anticipated or expected CAT losses, which I believe is a better measure, it was 92.6% compared with 91.4%. At Chubb, accountability for underwriting discipline starts at the top — management owns it and is deeply engaged at every level and in all parts of the organization around the world. We have operationalized our underwriting culture with a balance between local capability and autonomy and global command and control, which enables us to move nimbly between offense and defense, conditions depending. When we see market opportunity, we strive to quickly seize it. On the other hand, our willingness to trade market share for underwriting profitability, along with relentless expense management and efficiency, contributes to our competitive profile. By the way, expense discipline doesn’t mean failing to invest in our people and technology — these are investments. As I have observed to you previously, generally speaking, loss costs rise every year. For our company, loss costs in aggregate across all P&C lines of business rose 4.5% last year. If pricing doesn’t rise at the same rate, all things being equal, loss ratios rise. In our industry, rates have not kept pace with rising loss costs for a number of years now. Separately, the loss trend for certain casualty and property–related lines has worsened due to a changing loss environment, both weather and man–made related. This has stressed insurers’ margins and created greater volatility and uncertainty that together have impacted their confidence in taking risk. In the U.S. and a few international locations, severity and frequency in “first–dollar” layers for casualty classes of business have been relatively steady. However, in the excess layers of certain classes, overall frequency and frequency of severity of large individual claims have been increasing and putting pressure on results for a number of reasons. The most benign reason is casualty attachment points (the level of loss where coverage P&C Combined Ratio versus Peers The company’s underwriting results have outperformed the average of its peers over the last 10 years. 105% 100% 95% 90% 85% 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 1 Includes AIG, Allianz, AXA, CNA, HIG, QBE, RSA, TRV, XL, Zurich. XL’s 2018 and 2019 results are for the AXA–XL division of AXA. Source: SNL and company disclosures Peers1 Chubb Averages: 1 year 3 year 5 year 10 year 97.4% 99.3% 98.5% 98.3% 90.6% 92.0% 90.4% 90.7% 6 begins) have not moved for years — a $1 million attachment point for casualty excess 10 years ago is worth a fraction of the amount today. highest recorded level since 2012 and was 25% higher than the median for the previous three years. Contributing to frequency and frequency of severity is so–called social inflation, resulting in increased litigation activity and size of awards primarily driven by (a) increased litigation financing — a new asset class; (b) populist sentiment, including growing distrust of large corporations, expressed in jury attitudes; (c) growing jury insensitivities to large dollar verdicts; (d) erosion of previous tort reform remedies; (e) changing definition or interpretation of corporate responsibility (if something went wrong, someone is strictly liable); and (f ) changing social norms in terms of tolerance and definition of gender bias and sexual abuse. This increased litigation is apparent in class actions from securities and anti–trust related cases to science–based: chemical, pharma and physical trauma–related. One–off casualty CAT–type events reflecting society’s increasing abhorrence and zero–tolerance with sexual abuse and harassment are leading to legislative actions such as reviver statutes, where it’s simply too early to know the ultimate financial impact. One class of business where costs continue to rise is coverage for directors and officers, or D&O, as the frequency and severity of litigation from securities class actions and M&A objections have worsened. Last year was no exception. Securities class action filings remained at an all–time high — the third consecutive year with more than 400 cases filed and 9% of U.S. publicly traded companies the target of a class action. Meanwhile, severity, as measured by the median settlement value, climbed to the Litigation is a necessary process to decide disputes that cannot otherwise be resolved, and the legal profession is a profit–making industry like any other. But our inefficient system benefits lawyers at the expense of shareholders. Excessive litigation is a tax on society and business, enriching the trial bar with little benefit in most cases going to the supposed aggrieved. According to a NERA Economic Consulting study, more than two–thirds of the cases in 2019 resolved in favor of the defendant with no payment made to plaintiffs but plenty to their lawyers. Nearly 90% of M&A objection suits are dismissed. Based on our data, in the last seven years, about half of the money paid in securities claims, including legal expenses and settlements, has gone to the lawyers, both plaintiff and defense, and in the case of M&A objections, it’s over 70%. Federal and state legislation will be required to remedy abuses. Reforms should include requiring fees paid to plaintiffs’ attorneys be proportional, barring fees for frivolous disclosure suits, and requiring disclosure of all relationships between plaintiffs and their lawyers and third– party funders. Litigation funding is a new investment asset class in which investors who have suffered no harm pay litigation costs for the sole purpose of sharing in the proceeds of a favorable judgment or settlement. This is a growing problem in the U.S. and a number of other countries, including the U.K. and Australia. It is linked to approximately 75% of all class actions and, in the U.S., more than $7 billion of funding “ Our company is led by underwriters and our culture is centered on the art and science of taking risk. We practice our craft better than any company of size and we have an enduring track record of outperformance to prove it.” 7 is waiting to be invested in lawsuits. Enriching a few, litigation funding is an investment activity that in the main hardly benefits society. Working with the U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s Institute for Legal Reform and other organizations, we are educating regulators and members of the judiciary in the U.S. and abroad about the consequences of unrestricted financial speculation in our civil justice system and the need for adequate disclosure and other reasonable regulation. We continue to seek like– minded allies who want to join our coalition. Growth in invested assets supports growth in investment income The other source of our earnings is investment income, and in 2019 we generated pre–tax adjusted net investment income of $3.6 billion, up only 1%. During the year, in response to a slowing global economy and trade– related headwinds, the U.S. Federal Reserve reversed course and lowered interest rates again to historically low levels. Our strong operating cash flow of $6.3 billion helped to mitigate the impact and will continue to support investment income as we grow our invested assets, which stood at $109 billion at December 31. Nevertheless, growth in investment income will remain relatively low as long as interest rates remain so. We will continue to maintain a conservative approach to the management of our invested assets by seeking adequate risk–adjusted returns and not reaching for yield. For the year, the portfolio generated an average book yield of 3.5% versus average new money rates of about 3%. We expect the current low interest rate environment will continue for the foreseeable future, especially Long–Term Operational & Financial Outperformance (10 Years) Chubb has delivered on its financial goals and outperformed its peers across most metrics Long–Term Operational & Financial Outperformance (10 Years) Chubb has delivered on its financial goals and outperformed its peers across most metrics Premium & Earnings Growth Under– writing Profit Book Value Growth Average Return on Equity & Return on Tangible Equity Valua– tion Outperformance Since Merger 3 Years Post Merger Outperformance Since Merger 3 Years Post Merger Valua– Average Return tion on Equity & Return on Tangible Equity Book Value Growth Under– writing Profit Premium & Earnings Growth Net Premiums Written (’09–’19) Operating Earnings (’09–’19)1 P&C Combined Ratio (’10–’19 Avg.) Book Value per Share (12/09–12/19)2 Tangible Book Value per Share (12/09–12/19)2 Average Return on Equity (’10–’19) Average Return on Tangible Equity (’10–’19) Market Cap Growth (12/09– 12/19)3 Tangible Book Value per Share (12/16–12/19) Average Return on Tangible Equity (’17–’19) Average Return on Tangible Equity (’17–’19) Book Value per Share (12/16–12/19) Growth (12/09– 12/19)3 Average Return on Tangible Equity (’10–’19) Tangible Market Cap Average Tangible Book Value Return on Book Value per Share Combined Equity (’10–’19) (12/09–12/19)2 per Share (12/09–12/19)2 (’10–’19 Avg.) P&C Ratio Operating Earnings (’09–’19)1 Net Premiums Written (’09–’19) 143% 68% 90.7% 109% 67% 10.6% 14.6% 315% 29% 14.2% 14.2% 29% 10.6%14.6%315% 67% 109% 90.7% 68% 143% 1% 40% 98.9% 42% 53% 8.9% 11.3% 77% 6% 11.7% 11.7% 6% 77% 11.3% 8.9% 53% 42% 89.9% 40% 1% Chubb Avg. Peers4 Chubb Avg. Peers4 1 AIG excluded due to negative earnings in 2009 2 AIG adjusted for U.S. Treasury Equity Investment in 2009 3 AIG excluded due to impact from government intervention 4 Peers include AIG, Allianz, AXA, CNA, Hartford, Travelers, Zurich Annual metrics through full year 2019 actuals: Net premiums written, Operating earnings, P&C combined ratio, Average return on equity and Average return on tangible equity. Point-in-time metrics (Book value per share, Tangible book value per share and Market Cap) through December 2019 actuals 8 1 AIG excluded due to negative earnings in 2009 2 AIG adjusted for U.S. Treasury Equity Investment in 2009 3 AIG excluded due to impact from government intervention 4 Peers include AIG, Allianz, AXA, CNA, Hartford, Travelers, Zurich Annual metrics through full year 2019 actuals: Net premiums written, Operating earnings, P&C combined ratio, Average return on equity and Average return on tangible equity. Point-in-time metrics (Book value per share, Tangible book value per share and Market Cap) through December 2019 actuals given the potential consequences of the coronavirus. The combination of generally sluggish global growth and low inflation encourages exceptionally accommodative central bank monetary policies. These have become a poor substitute for better government economic and fiscal policies. Approximately $15 trillion globally is now invested at negative yields and some political leaders think that’s acceptable. However, in my judgment, these conditions won’t last. Overreliance on monetary policy is misguided — it hurts savers of all kinds, including pension funds and insurers, and encourages overly aggressive investment behavior that inflates asset values while failing to materially stimulate growth. Many investors are chasing absolute yield instead of risk– adjusted returns, and that never ends well. Given inflated balance sheets and exceptionally low interest rates, central banks have limited room to move in the next economic downturn. Book and tangible book value growth Chubb is a growth company. We define that as growth in book and tangible book value over time. Our priority is to grow shareholder value by first growing our company, both revenue and earnings, while deploying capital efficiently. As the chart nearby illustrates, we grew our company faster than the average of our peers over the past 10 years. Premiums increased 143% and core operating income grew 68%. Book value growth of 181% followed, with per share book value up 109%. As a result of our performance, our market capitalization is up over 300%. The second–highest of our peers rose 145% during that period, and most were below 100%. The scale we have today is a strategic advantage for future value creation. For investor clarity, let me share my thoughts regarding two important metrics — return on equity (ROE) and return on tangible equity (ROTE). ROE is an accounting concept and an inexact measure of returns. If all of the capital we used to acquire The Chubb Corporation in 2016 was used instead to repurchase shares, the denominator of the ROE equation would be reduced, resulting in a higher ROE. But would that have increased the franchise value of our company, and would the returns on deployed capital be higher and more sustainable than they are for Chubb today? Hardly — and what would our future value creation look like if we had done so? Our core operating ROE currently stands at 9%, well in excess of our cost of equity of approximately 7%. The ROE is impacted by goodwill, which we incurred as a result of acquiring several excellent businesses, Chubb in particular. In my judgment, goodwill is an income producer and an appreciating — not depreciating — asset over time. Look at what that goodwill has created: It has helped transform our company into the franchise that we are today — a leading brand with substantial scale, a portfolio of market– leading businesses and earning power and, critically important, optionality for future growth globally. Our ROE will increase over time as we continue to grow the company and further leverage the scale and capabilities we have built. The goodwill has opened a path for us that we could not have pursued without it. We are in the risk business. We are a balance sheet business. The most important value–creating measures, in my judgment, are growth in tangible book value and core operating return on tangible equity, or ROTE, which was 14.6% last year. Tangible equity is the most constraining measure to value creation. It is the most fundamental measure that governs our ability to take “ We are in the risk business. We are a balance sheet business. The most important value–creating measures, in my judgment, are growth in tangible book value and core operating return on tangible equity, or ROTE, which was 14.6% last year.” 9 risk and to grow the company, and it shows how our underlying business intrinsically performs. Everything we do is measured against it: We can only pay claims from tangible; premium growth is governed by tangible because exposure is leveraged against tangible; and M&A and debt leverage are dependent on tangible equity. us membership in the rare “dividend aristocrats” club — and a target payout ratio of approximately 30%. In 2019, we returned to shareholders about $1.4 billion in dividends and over $1.5 billion in share repurchases. We repurchased our shares at an average price of $147, which equals a price–to–book of 1.2 — cheap. Strategic growth priorities: cyclical and secular We are builders at Chubb, executing on multi–year plans that take advantage of both cyclical and longer–term secular growth trends taking place around the world. Earlier I said capitalizing on the current commercial P&C market conditions is a major strategic priority right now for a growing number of our businesses. About 45% of our portfolio, representing many short– and long–tail classes, is now benefiting from the improved market conditions — and I expect that percentage to increase. Beyond the cyclical, our company is focused on important long–term secular trends. There is so much opportunity in so many places, not least in the U.S., which remains a major growth market given its vibrant economy and its wellspring of entrepreneurial spirit, risk–taking and innovation. Here are four others: • The growth of small and mid–sized businesses in many parts of the globe, particularly Asia and Latin America. As nations in these regions develop, economic growth comes predominantly from small and mid–sized business creation. We have an extensive range of commercial insurance offerings and distribution channels to serve them. Our average ROTE over the 10–year period is 14.6%, with growth in tangible book value of 124%. Both are quite strong, but ROTE was impacted by the 2016 Chubb acquisition. We paid a price to build this franchise, and that dilution impacted both tangible book value per share and average ROTE. It took us approximately 3.5 years to recover the dilution, which speaks to the franchise earning power. By the way, when measured over the three–year period following the Chubb acquisition, our average ROTE is over 14%, which is top class, and our tangible book value per share growth leads all peers at 29%. Our stock price increased 21% last year and produced a total return of 23%, a decent performance but not superior to the S&P 500’s 32% or our peers, some of which benefited from a steeper rise from lower price–to–book valuations. The Chubb share price remains a bargain in my judgment. Insurance is a long–term business and attractive long– term shareholder returns are simply a derivative of doing our job well. In that regard, our 10–year total return is 288% and compares well to the S&P 500 (257%) and the S&P 500/Financials (218%) and is equal to the S&P 500/P&C Insurance (289%). Beyond what we need for risk and growth including M&A, we return surplus capital to shareholders. We have a 25+ year track record of annual dividend increases — earning 10 • The rising middle class in many of the developing economies of Asia and Latin America. We have significant future growth opportunity serving these consumers, who need the basic savings and protection products our company provides. • China looms large as a potential long–term growth opportunity, and our presence there is expanding. • Digitization is sweeping through society globally, including the business of insurance, offering ways to improve or transform so much of what we do. Let me take a little time and describe these cyclical and secular growth opportunities in the context of our businesses and tell you how they performed last year and how they are positioned for future growth. Chubb’s North America Commercial P&C Insurance operation, excluding agriculture, produced good growth in 2019 with net premiums written overall increasing over 7%. Momentum built steadily as the year progressed with first half growth of 5.6%, second half growth of 8.6%, and fourth quarter accelerating to 9.4%. Our $8 billion Major Accounts division serves the insurance needs of large domestic and multinational corporations, and Chubb is the leader not only in terms of size but capability, presence and know–how. Even though 90% of the Fortune 1000 are clients, there’s still billions of dollars of opportunity available by writing more coverage for each customer. For instance, out of a universe of approximately 5,000 of the largest companies in the U.S., there are about 2,000 accounts where we write fewer than three lines of coverage. This business is benefiting from favorable underwriting conditions and a flight to quality, and it grew over 5% last year and is currently growing even faster. Our North America middle–market and small business commercial P&C franchise, at $6 billion, is next in size. This business addresses an incredibly large segment of the U.S. economy. With an extensive field organization and the broadest array of traditional and specialty products, we provide coverage and service to businesses ranging from multinational publicly traded mid–sized organizations to single–location private companies. Our two dozen industry practices advise and provide coverage to industries ranging from life sciences and healthcare to CleanTech and advanced manufacturing. Our fast– growing small business division offers a highly automated digital experience — nearly 85% of the more than 50,000 submissions we receive each quarter are not touched by human hands after they leave the agent’s office. We have 4,500 agencies in the U.S. using our Chubb Marketplace platform to digitally quote and issue policies and service their clients. Our middle–market and small commercial division benefited from more favorable underwriting conditions as the year progressed, growing 5.5% in the first half and 6.6% in the second. We expect the positive growth trend to continue in ’20. Westchester is our E&S wholesale business in the United States and writes about $2.8 billion in gross premiums. E&S insurers specialize in hard–to– place or unusual risks that require tailored coverages standard companies cannot or won’t write. We have a broad product line–up — from specialty property and liability offerings to product recall and railroad liability, as examples. After years of shrinking due to soft underwriting conditions, Westchester took advantage of a rapidly improving marketplace in 2019 and grew over 9%. Chubb Bermuda, our original insurance company founded in 1985, is our other E&S business in North America and specializes in high excess, low frequency coverage for casualty, property, financial lines and political risks. This business experienced some of the fastest price and terms improvement as the year progressed, leading to growth of over 30%. For both Westchester and Chubb Bermuda, good growth should continue in ’20 as more E&S risks move toward adequate pricing. Chubb Personal Risk Services serves the personal lines insurance needs of affluent individuals and families in the U.S. and Canada. We lead this sector with an estimated market share of nearly 60%. In 2019, we more tightly focused the portfolio of this $5.5 billion business on clients who value the richness of Chubb’s coverage and service and are willing to pay the price for it. We are constantly adding new coverages and services to respond to the risk management needs of these discerning customers. We continue to refine our risk selection and pricing capabilities through improved analytics and our wealth of data. In this business, customer experience is truly the product and we continued to distinguish ourselves with the industry’s most admired claims service while enhancing our clients’ digital experience with us. Our clients truly love Chubb — we retain 90% of our customers and 97% of the premium annually — and so it’s no wonder that this business is a wellhead of our brand in America. As for growth, net premiums written were up about 2.5% for the year, but 4.6% in the fourth quarter on an adjusted basis. Chubb Overseas General is our $11.3 billion international P&C business. We have operations in 51 countries and territories outside North America including significant presence and “ We are builders at Chubb, executing on multi–year plans that take advantage of both cyclical and longer–term secular growth trends taking place around the world.” 11 capabilities in Europe, Asia Pacific and Latin America. This division serves large corporates, middle–market and small commercial companies, or SMEs, and individual consumers with a wide range of products and services. We experienced some of our best growth last year, with net premiums up more than 8.5% in constant dollars. Over the years we have built extraordinary local capabilities around the globe to take advantage of local opportunity, including cyclical market conditions wherever they happen. For example, after years of shrinking our Lloyd’s London–based wholesale division by almost half when the pricing for risk was inadequate, we experienced four consecutive quarters of serious double– digit growth ranging from 15% to 29%. In Australia, after years of relatively low growth due to overly competitive conditions, our quarterly premium revenue growth hasn’t dipped below 16% for the last two years. A key driver of future growth for Chubb in both the U.S. and internationally is our consumer lines operations, which consists of two large businesses: our global accident and health division and our international personal lines division. Together, this $7 billion operation grew about 5.5% in 2019 in constant dollars and employs multiple distribution methods including telemarketing, agency, broker and digital partners. For example, in North America, Chubb Workplace Benefits, which we built from scratch in our Combined Insurance affiliate, provides voluntary employee benefits for mid– to–large companies in North America. The business leverages our nationwide P&C broker and agent relationships and sales were up 40% last year. In Europe, our cell phone replacement insurance product is offered by 23 mobile network operators in 13 countries. In Mexico, where we now insure almost 2 million consumers, our auto and residential products business grew 22% last year. Distribution partnerships enable us to reach tens of millions of potential new customers, both individual consumers and businesses. We have more than 150 of these partnerships with banks, retailers, airlines and mobile network operators. In Mexico, for example, after our first year of an exclusive long– term relationship with Citibanamex, we are selling more than 30,000 new policies per month to their 12 million customers through branches, telesales and digital platforms. In Chile, we are selling nearly 50,000 policies each month with Banco de Chile, which generated about $400 million in insurance revenue in 2018 with other insurers before becoming our exclusive distribution partner. On the other side of the world, through our partnership with DBS, the largest and most respected bank in Southeast Asia, we are selling a variety of products — from travel insurance online to Geographic Sources of Premium 2019 gross premiums written Latin America 7% Asia 11% Europe/Eurasia & Africa 13% Bermuda/Canada 6% United States 63% Premium Growth by Geography Percentage change in gross premiums written in 2019 versus 2018 in constant dollars United States 5.6% Latin America 10.1% Europe/Eurasia & Africa 7.3% Bermuda/Canada 13.5% Asia 9.2% 12 home contents coverage to business insurance for SMEs — to more than 11 million of their customers in five countries and revenue is growing briskly. China: on the path to increased ownership of Huatai Group Early in 2019, we received support from the Chinese government to increase our ownership in Huatai Insurance Group, which has life, P&C and asset management subsidiaries, and more than 600 branches and 11 million customers. We were granted permission to convert Huatai from a domestic Chinese financial services holding company to a Sino–foreign joint venture — an historic first. The change of status created a path to increased ownership. Later in the year, we announced agreements to make significant additional purchases which, if approved, will take our ownership position to over 50%. Our investment in Huatai, which we have worked on over the course of 20 years, is another great example of Chubb as a long–term builder. China is currently the world’s second–largest economy and is on its way to becoming the largest. Its financial services industry, including insurance, remains underdeveloped. China represents a significant opportunity for Chubb to build an important Chinese insurance and asset management company that will meet the growing savings and protection needs of its consumers and businesses. The country’s continued growth and influence will also impact the growth of Asia and enhance other opportunities for Chubb across the region. Over the coming decade or so, I can imagine Huatai becoming a major contributor to Chubb’s revenue and earnings, but it’s not without risk. Nothing is guaranteed. Our Asia–focused life insurance business, which has 49,000 captive agents in six countries, now generates $2.4 billion in premium and deposits. International life revenue grew 13% last year in constant dollars and we earned over $150 million of income, up from about $25 million three years ago. These numbers exclude Huatai Life, which we do not consolidate. We expect Huatai Life, which has 35,000 agents, to become over time the centerpiece of our life operation. Life insurance is today a relatively modest business for Chubb, but it has a lot of long–term potential. Digital begins with the customer experience Chubb must be vital and compelling in a digital age if we want to remain relevant. This is central to both our short– and long–term strategies, and we are making good progress. Digital begins with the customer experience and cuts across our distribution channels with both our traditional and non–traditional partners. At the same time, we are redefining or modernizing what insurance does and how it does it. Through the use of data and analytics, robotics and machine learning, digital is improving our risk selection and pricing, our underwriting and ability to service and pay claims, our customer experience and our efficiency. It represents a sea change for our business. Our digital strategy from a customer perspective is focused primarily but not exclusively on consumers and small businesses. The strategy is global in scale, with particular emphasis on the U.S., Asia and Latin America. We “ Distribution partnerships enable us to reach tens of millions of potential new customers, both individual consumers and businesses. We have more than 150 of these partnerships with banks, retailers, airlines and mobile network operators.” 13 are creating new products, enhancing service response and experience, and forming new distribution partnerships with digitally native platforms and financial institutions. We are now generating revenue that wouldn’t have been possible without our growing digital capability. and manage risk using analysis that is data–driven and apolitical. Applying this approach to the perils of climate change, we recognize a growing global risk that requires action from government, the private sector and, in fact, society at large to manage and mitigate the growing threat. New technologies are beginning to help us engineer the risk environment in a real way so clients can manage their exposures. Deploying Internet of Things technologies helps us to predict and prevent losses for both commercial and consumer insureds. For example, we are monitoring temperature, water/humidity and vibration in environments that are vulnerable to loss — from helping hospitals keep safe their high–value medical equipment and supplies to ensuring the proper storage of a family wine collection. Digital offers us significant potential to reduce our cost structure. Straight– through processing, robotics and machine learning are eliminating low– value activities to reduce expense and enhance efficiencies. We’re digitizing and improving the effectiveness and efficiency of our traditional agent and broker distribution channels to help our business partners remain relevant in a digital age. Climate change and sustainability: reality and responsibility We and our industry have an opportunity and responsibility to do our part to support society in managing a risk environment that is both volatile and changing due to global climate change. Our response is guided by our core business competencies and values, and our perspective begins with the obvious: We are an insurance company and our job as underwriters is to assess 14 As an insurer, our first responsibility is to use our expertise in risk management to provide products and services that protect individuals, businesses and communities against the effects of climate change. We manage risk — that’s our business. We employ sophisticated modeling and have considerable data that identify the physical and economic impact of climate–related risk on individuals, businesses and communities, and this is reflected in the prices we charge for insurance protection. We essentially serve as a market signal of the rising costs of climate change — as the risk increases, insurance prices increase, or availability becomes more limited. Importantly, climate change is a long– dated risk but for insurers, such as Chubb, it’s generally a short–dated liability. Our insurance contracts are typically limited to a single year, and we can quickly respond to changes we see in the risk environment by adjusting our pricing or by restricting our exposure (e.g., limiting our property risk exposure in coastal regions). As modeling and data around specific perils, i.e., flood and wildfire, get better, we have the ability to take more risk, particularly for clients that adapt to changing conditions by mitigating their risk. Lastly, as we do with all other risks, we can only assume climate–related risk to the extent of our balance sheet wherewithal. Chubb is a leading provider of insurance for renewable energy project construction and operation, and clean tech companies that are creating new technology to reduce CO2 emissions. Complementing our insurance coverage, Chubb risk engineers work with our commercial and consumer clients to moderate the risks from climate change perils and make them more resilient. We bring deep technical knowledge to this work, from providing guidance on construction standards, wildfire land management and coastal protection to the development of lithium battery storage systems. On the investment side, we apply the same risk management rigor to our broadly diversified fixed income portfolio. For example, asset concentrations are carefully managed in hurricane– and flood–exposed areas. The impact of climate risk on underlying credits will naturally be an increased factor in our investment decision–making over time given the future impact on certain long–dated asset classes, such as mortgages and municipal bonds. Our portfolio is relatively short–dated with an average duration of less than four years. We are realistic about what a single company can achieve in limiting the effects of global warming and advancing sustainability goals. At the same time, it is hard to be optimistic about the likelihood of timely and effective government action. Most governments are focused on the short– term, both political and economic. Despite a plethora of multilateral organizations, we live in a nation– state world generally incapable of addressing a global problem due to the nature of nation–state self–interest. Yet, only government can raise the cost of carbon use by putting a price on carbon, through tax, cap and trade or other measures. Measures should recognize the cost to the planet of carbon and provide economic incentives to move to less carbon– intensive fuels as well as carbon–free alternative sources of energy. Last year, Chubb implemented a new policy restricting our underwriting of thermal coal businesses and precluding our investment in companies that generate more than 30% of their revenues from coal–related mining or energy production. Finally, as part of good corporate citizenship, we have a responsibility to take actions to reduce Chubb’s environmental footprint and, through our philanthropy and public advocacy, to support efforts that strengthen the resilience of communities and protect biodiversity against the effects of climate change. Most recently, we made a commitment in 2019 to reduce our GHG emissions on an absolute basis by another 20% in five years — a goal we already achieved by year–end — and 40% by 2035. These science–based goals are aligned with the two–degree Celsius limit outlined in the Paris Climate Agreement. While we can’t push back sea level rise, we are engaged in projects such as with The Nature Conservancy to support a resilience project in Miami to increase flood protection and serve as a model for replication in other threatened coastal cities. And while we can’t stop storm surge, we supported the expansion of a reef restoration project on Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula that included transplanting 10,000 new coral colonies as a natural barrier to help protect the critical tourist economy — a great example of the sustainable economy. We have supported for many years the Conservation Fund’s efforts to enhance and protect biodiversity through the preservation of more than 8 million acres of threatened land and water habitats, as well as extensive forest restoration projects across the U.S. and Canada. As our work and philanthropy demonstrate, we are serious about understanding and responding to climate change. We are committed to undertaking responsible actions to do our part to provide insurance protection for people, businesses and society from the impact of global temperature increases, develop effective mitigation strategies and support the collective action necessary to address this existential threat. The case for America and the democratization of capitalism In America today, the media and many in the political establishment dwell endlessly on what’s wrong with our country. For sure, as a nation, we have many challenges: • A civil society where behavior is now more tribal, less inclusive and no longer so civil; • A deeply polarized political system incapable of solving tough problems, particularly at the federal level, including insufficient education and skills training, issues of healthcare access and affordability for many, and aging or obsolete infrastructure; • Senior political leadership that fails to lead with the values and principles that have defined American exceptionalism; • Rising populism, born in part from the financial crisis, fueled by inequality of wealth and opportunity; • Growing distrust in our basic institutions including big business and government, with an increasing number of younger people questioning the efficacy of democracy and capitalism; and “ Our open society and values make America a magnet for talented individuals all over the world. But to secure our future and maintain our leadership position, we must recognize and lead with our advantages and strengths while correcting things that hold us back. We need to run a better race.” 15 • Insecurity and anger from the feeling that our way of life, our communities and our well–being are somehow threatened by “foreigners,” particularly those south of the border. Our failure to address problems makes them begin to appear intractable, and because we focus predominantly on what’s wrong, we lose perspective and that causes us to lose confidence in our country and what has made us great. As Americans, we have many reasons to be optimistic. Just look at everything we have: basic natural resource security such as food, energy and water; physical security from two oceans and two neighbors bordering us that are our allies; a society built on values that protect the sanctity of the individual and private property; a democracy supported by an active civil society, the rule of law and independent institutions to safeguard and administer them; an economic and political system with the flexibility and tolerance to embrace creative destruction, a basis for the fostering of innovation and economic dynamism; finally, the English language is the global lingua franca of business, science and diplomacy around the world. Our open society and values make America a magnet for talented individuals all over the world. I have confidence in America. But to secure our future and maintain our leadership position, we must recognize and lead with our advantages and strengths while correcting things that hold us back. We need to run a better race. Our global system of alliances is a force multiplier. Size matters on the world stage. Just add the number of citizens and economic output of our long–term allies to our own influence and strength and you have over a billion people and tens of trillions in GDP aligned around common value and goals. All alliances require trade–offs and are bound by national self–interest — you give to get. Our brand of America First nationalism, however, fails to account for this trade–off. We should be working together with our allies to defend and improve the rules–based, market–oriented trading system that has contributed enormously to our mutual prosperity. America has been and should remain the model for other nations to follow. After all, the liberal world order that we constructed and have supported for over 70 years was built around this. In this regard, we were the motivating force behind globalization. Through our alliances, we should share the burden of global security. With a clearer sense of our own national security interests and priorities, while recognizing the limits of our own resources, we should strengthen our security alliances, leading efforts in some cases and supporting in others. For example, our government is giving increasing priority to developments in Asia Pacific. After nearly 20 years of war in the Middle East, and supported by our own energy self–sufficiency, we can now concentrate our national focus on other priorities. We should double down on capitalism. No other system on the planet is more efficient at allocating resources than an open market– oriented system. Governments cannot solve all of our problems and they create distortions. No other system has improved the quality of life for the largest and broadest number of people in history than capitalism. However, it is not perfect. We should do a better job spreading its benefits to all by further democratizing capitalism and creating greater equality of opportunity and access to capital. Our frontier nation was created by bold and driven explorers and entrepreneurs willing Premium Distribution by Product 2019 net premiums written Global Reinsurance 2% Agriculture 5% Global A&H and Life 17% Personal Lines 21% 16 Large Corporate Commercial P&C 19% Middle-Market/ Small Commercial P&C 26% Wholesale Specialty Commercial P&C 10% to take risks to build something out of nothing. We need to focus on creating the conditions for more builders to flourish in our country while, at the same time, care for the millions who are marginalized or displaced by technological advancements or by globalization. Closing the opportunity gap will require massive investment in people. For this, the private and the public sectors must develop partnerships at scale for skills–based training. We must work together to reform our education system to be able to prepare and accompany individuals from early childhood to career or late career. The business community needs to do a better job of telling leaders of our community colleges and universities what skills we will need and what jobs will be available in the future. Colleges and universities will adapt their educational programs if they receive stronger and clearer market signals from the business world. We need immigration at scale. In order to remain competitive, we need to increase the size of our population. If we want to grow the size of our economy, and grow much faster, we need many millions more of young people working and paying taxes. For this, we need a pragmatic immigration policy that satisfies America’s economic needs while, at the same time, recognizes and preserves the fundamental values of our society and secures our borders. We need to attract the best and brightest by the millions from all over the world. And we welcome those who want to improve their lives and can contribute in productive ways at all levels of our society. In the process they strengthen our culture and values of personal opportunity, responsibility and hard work. We should borrow to invest in our future. Our public debt exceeds 18 trillion dollars and represents 80% of our GDP. Moreover, nearly 70% of government spending is committed to debt service and entitlements. This level of indebtedness and the health of our public finances put us at risk. The rest of the world will not endlessly lend to us at current low rates. And, we need to reform our entitlement programs, especially Social Security and Medicare. More young migrants will lower the average population age and will translate into a bigger workforce. That will improve worker–retiree ratios and reduce the pressure of entitlements on our government finances. As a nation, we should basically borrow to invest in our future prosperity — to improve our competitiveness — and in our security. Otherwise, we are mortgaging the future of our kids. With more fiscal discipline and more revenue, the government will be able to invest in people, infrastructure, security and R&D. It will also be able to support and nurture key industries that will be crucial to sustain our economic and military preeminence in the 21st century. In sum, America is the most productive, creative and innovative nation on the planet, and we should be more optimistic but more disciplined about our future. If we run a better race and have more confidence in ourselves, we will have more strategic patience in imagining and guiding the geopolitical future, including our relationship with a rising China. The U.S.–China relationship Without a doubt, the U.S.–China relationship is the most important bilateral relationship in the world. However, over the last decade, we have seen it deteriorate. Our relationship is marked by increasing tension and “ We strive to be an inclusive meritocracy, where all employees regardless of gender or background can thrive, and we develop citizens of our culture with our values, work ethic and discipline.” 17 a growing distrust. We have a clash of national interests, values and political systems. We are in strategic drift, failing to define a strategic vision that recognizes each of our priorities and current realities. We need a framework for cooperation in key areas, and rules or understandings for competition and rivalry in others. Today, constituents in both countries see each other as a threat or even as an enemy. Many advocate for disengagement or economic and technological decoupling, and this may form an element of our strategy to defend, but it’s hardly the entire answer. In the absence of strategic purpose and sustained diplomatic engagement, we will continue to move in the wrong direction and increase the risk of conflict. The relationship is broad with many issues of mutual interest and concern. These include, but are not limited to, global warming, terrorism, nuclear proliferation and protection of the commons. We should work together in areas where our interests are aligned and create a framework for dialogue and hopefully clear rules of engagement in the areas where we compete or are at odds. Technology and cybersecurity come to mind. China is an old civilization with highly talented people, an admirable work ethic and an ambition to be number one in the world. New technologies are seen as their opportunity to reach economic and military primacy. While it is true they have the advantage of size and scale (which is important when it comes to economic and political influence), they are not a juggernaut — and we should not view them as such. influence. We should recognize this fact. If we run our own race well, and have confidence in who we are and our ability, we will sustain our leadership advantages. Attracting, developing and retaining top talent Foundational to Chubb’s long–term success is our disciplined approach to attracting, developing and retaining the next generation of insurance professionals and leaders. We strive to be an inclusive meritocracy, where all employees regardless of gender or background can thrive, and we develop citizens of our culture with our values, work ethic and discipline. We recognize and reward responsibility, ambition and results with opportunity for individuals to achieve their full potential and advance through our organization. We offer colleagues opportunities to continuously learn, gain valuable new experiences and prove themselves — to grow as individuals. We strive to get to know our people, and we are constantly on the lookout for top performers and those who have the aspiration and commitment to succeed. We begin by attracting and nurturing early career talent. Hundreds of college grads join us every year on a two– year development journey primarily in the basic core competencies of underwriting and claims, IT and other functional areas. We have been doing this for years now and our success rate has been quite good, with high levels of engagement and rates of promotion. Our talent development efforts are for all employee levels, including China, too, has many weaknesses and vulnerabilities. First of all, and as opposed to America, they are not resource self–sufficient. They depend on other countries to supply the natural resources they need to survive and grow. They do not have enough food, raw materials or energy, and they are surrounded by distrustful or hostile neighbors, a number of which are nuclear–armed. Their political system is a one–party–controlled techno–authoritarian state that values social stability above all else — a system less conducive to innovation. China’s centrally directed economy allocates capital inefficiently, led by Chinese state–owned enterprises (SOEs) whose return on capital is in the low single digits. China substantially lacks the rule of law and the independent institutions to administer it, and this creates uncertainty. Private entrepreneurs are slowing investment as the uncertainty about the future of China’s market economy rises. And the Chinese language and a more–closed society are less conducive to attracting outside talent and ideas. The trade agreement announced at the end of 2019, although modest, created a temporary floor under our trade relationship. The American business community does not support tariffs as a strategy. However, we advocate for fair rules–based competition and a level playing field. We need agreements that address China’s predatory policies and practices intended to dominate markets and technologies. We need the same level of access to their markets and opportunities as they find abroad. China is a huge beneficiary of the global trading system, yet their markets remain closed and protected in important ways. Make no mistake, China is and will be a formidable rival and, in the future, we will share global leadership and 18 mid–career and senior managers. Our Craftsmanship curriculum includes on–the–job and formal training, and opportunities to continuously broaden skills, achieve technical proficiency and hone leadership effectiveness. We give talented employees opportunity to experience a new country and culture, and to bring their skills and knowledge from one market to another, which is so important for a global company. For more seasoned employees, we provide education on new technologies and new areas of insurance. All employees have access to a mix of traditional and virtual classes and team–based projects, which we encourage in their individual development plans. The development of our leadership and talent pipelines is a focus of senior management, starting with me. We spend several days each year on succession plans including development priorities, talent gaps and ways to further strengthen our bench. In 2019, we promoted from within to fill 100% of all senior executive roles that became open due to retirement or resignations. This resulted in seamless transitions and continuity of service that benefited both Chubb and our customers and business partners. Just as we measure results in other areas of our business, we set clear goals for ourselves concerning our people and we track our progress. Our retention of employees at all levels is at or above external benchmarks and we are achieving improved representation of employees as measured by gender, nationality and experience, including at middle and senior levels of management. We can continue to improve our ability to attract, develop, recognize and retain our employees as we strive to create a company where all who choose to achieve their full potential can do so. As the company grows bigger and we compete for talent, it’s mission critical. A decade of growth and accomplishment I have many to thank for a gratifying 2019 and a decade of tremendous growth and accomplishment for our company, beginning with my fellow employees and senior management team. I’m surrounded by dedicated, engaged and supportive professionals — amazing people who care so much about our company and their customers. We are a company of builders, and builders want to win. Without their personal and collective sacrifice, our achievements, and the mission we are on to create greatness, simply would not have been possible. I also want to thank Chubb’s active and supportive board of directors, whose commitment and counsel have been essential to our company’s success. This year marks the retirement of our lead director, Robert Hernandez. Bob was here at the beginning — he joined the board of ACE when the company was founded in 1985, and for over three and a half decades he actively supported and helped govern the company. As lead director he helped to lead the board in independent governance and deliberation. Bob has been a partner to me for over 15 years. Always supportive yet independent, he exemplifies model governance and represented the interests of shareholders while counseling management — a clear example why rigid term limits are an unnecessary crutch. Bob is a model of wisdom, duty of care and loyalty, and I will miss him. Bob’s successor as lead director will be Michael Connors, who has been on our board since 2011. I and my fellow directors look forward to working with Mike and benefiting from his years of experience and counsel in this critical role. Lastly, I want to thank Kimberly Ross, who served as a director from 2014 to 2019, for her contributions and service. Chubb is a compelling long–term shareholder value creation story. We have a unique, highly competitive global franchise featuring a well– diversified portfolio of market– leading businesses with substantial capabilities, including presence and scale, backed by a world–class service quality reputation and a sterling brand. We have clarity of strategy, purpose and opportunity. Our product and distribution capabilities are well integrated with a disciplined, well– tested execution–oriented culture. Add to that our balance sheet strength and long–term revenue growth and earning power. As we close out one decade and enter an exciting new one with great anticipation, we are confident that our best days are in front of us, and that we will outperform and deliver exceptional value to you, our shareholders, long into the future. On behalf of the entire organization, thank you for your investment and trust in us. Sincerely, Evan G. Greenberg Chairman and Chief Executive Officer 19 Elevating the Customer Experience Consumer and commercial customers have long recognized Chubb for its finely crafted coverage and superior service. We also aspire to create a truly differentiated customer experience. This begins with empathy, is fueled by inspiration and innovation, and brought to life through commitment and resources. We’re focused on meeting the insurance needs of customers in ways that provide greater value, ease, speed, convenience and peace of mind. Elevating the customer experience means being there during the moments that matter with relevant capabilities and products that match each customer’s lifestyle and life stage. Using digital technology to enhance the customer experience In Mexico, where Chubb is the third–largest auto insurer, the company uses technology to get customers back on the road faster after an accident. To expedite the claims process and accelerate car repairs, Chubb insureds use an app to take photos of their damaged auto and digitally select a body shop while a remote adjuster evaluates the claim instantly. When a field adjuster is needed, in–app technology uses a geospatial algorithm to locate the closest adjusters and automatically dispatches one of them for assistance. In most cases — more than 75% of the time in 2019 — a Chubb adjuster arrives at the scene of an accident within 15 minutes of notification, drastically reducing the customer’s on–site wait time after an accident. In the U.S., Chubb Personal Risk Services customers can use Chubb at the Wheel, a new mobile app for family members such as teen drivers and their parents who choose to improve driving safety through monitoring and education. When a teen logs into the app, it records their driving habits, including acceleration and braking, and distracting behaviors, such as texting or calling. The app compiles data to provide a driving score at the end of each ride. New and inexperienced drivers can use app feedback to hone their driving skills. Parents and teens both feel safer knowing that roadside assistance and vehicle location are easily accessible, providing a sense of security in the event of an accident. 20 Moving from “repair and replace” to “predict and prevent” For policyholders, the experience that matters most is what happens when they have a claim. But what is the value of an insurer — armed with risk engineering expertise, technology, data and analytics — that can prevent a claim from happening in the first place? Chubb is helping to answer that question by installing sensors that alert consumer and commercial customers to risks from water, failing equipment and other exposures that can damage property and displace people from their home or workplace for weeks or even months. For homeowners, sensors installed in wine cellars track temperature and humidity data to diagnose issues before they can cause spoilage of a valuable collection. Chubb– installed sensors can help ensure a stable cellar environment, allowing customers to know their collection is safe. For commercial customers, Chubb is installing sensors that monitor water, temperature and humidity changes in hospitals and other large, complex properties. Chubb has the expertise to know where large interior water loss damage is likely to occur, and places sensors in the right locations. Avoiding a loss provides real value beyond just the claim payment. It’s about avoiding the disruption to the customer that comes with getting damaged assets repaired or replaced. When the experience is the product Making it easier to do business with Chubb Insurance companies often talk about the coverages they offer as “products.” As digital capabilities advance, and opportunities to create tailored and frictionless experiences for customers increase, the experience itself — fast, customized, simple and mobile — can be the product. That vision stands behind a growing number of innovations at Chubb featuring a digital service and experience. Through its exclusive distribution partnership with Grab, the leading ride–hailing and mobile payments company in Southeast Asia, Chubb offers Singapore–based customers an affordable daily travel product, called Travel Cover. Using the Grab app, customers get an instant quote to purchase travel insurance right up to the time of departure. Available for travel to any destination globally, the per day cost begins at less than $2. Customers can also save their travel profiles on the Grab app, making future purchases easy and convenient. Beginning in 2019, travel insurance customers in Singapore benefited from a completely automated experience for certain frequent travel-related claims, including overseas medical expense reimbursement, and baggage and travel inconvenience claims. Using their smart phone, computer or tablet, customers complete the claims process in minutes and without the need to download an app or create an account. A decade ago, Chubb introduced Worldview®, an award–winning web–based application that provides real–time access to Chubb’s systems and expertise in one application. Worldview® transformed program management for the complex insurance needs of multinational clients and their brokers, and it remains the most powerful, effective and transparent tool of its kind in the industry. Today, more than 10,000 Chubb clients and brokers utilize the system. The application has been expanded to include additional product lines and capabilities, including a seamless user experience bolstered by an interactive dashboard. With Worldview®, clients and brokers can also request and upload translations of policies from a local language to English. Adoption and use of Worldview continues to grow, with the number of active users increasing 14% in 2019. A growing number of small business owners in the U.S. and globally are using the Chubb Commercial Client Center, an intuitive self–service platform that allows insureds to view their billing history and recent statements, pay bills, submit claims, access policy documents and request an endorsement or a certificate of insurance (COI). In addition to bringing greater convenience to customers, Client Center reduces administrative overhead for independent agents. Chubb’s investments in the Client Center customer experience are paying off: since its launch, an average of 1,000 new users per month have been added. 21 A Global Leader in Property and Casualty Insurance Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bermuda Brazil Canada Chile China Colombia Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Gibraltar Japan Korea Pakistan Panama Macau SAR Peru Hong Kong SAR Malaysia Philippines Hungary Mexico Indonesia Myanmar Poland Portugal Ireland Italy Netherlands Puerto Rico New Zealand Russia Norway Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Vietnam A local presence in 54 countries and territories around the world Chubb has operations in the countries and territories listed here and can help clients manage their risks anywhere in the world. 22 Chubb Senior Operating Leaders John Lupica John Keogh Paul J. Krump Juan Luis Ortega Vice Chairman, Chubb Group; President, North America Major Accounts and Specialty Insurance Executive Vice Chairman, Chubb Group; Chief Operating Officer Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; President, North America Commercial and Personal Insurance Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; President, Overseas General Insurance Chubb’s senior operating leadership includes the company’s Chief Operating Officer and the leaders of North America and Overseas General insurance operations. 23 North America Insurance Chubb’s insurance businesses in North America serve clients ranging from the largest multinationals, middle–market companies and small businesses to successful individuals and families, and the agriculture community. For commercial property and casualty insurers in North America, the major theme of 2019 was the improving operating environment. For Chubb, a market with firming pricing and conditions created an opportunity to bring the company’s signature capabilities to more clients in more lines of business at risk–adjusted rates in line with rising loss costs. “The quality of Chubb stood out in 2019,” said John Keogh, Executive Vice Chairman, Chubb Group and Chief Operating Officer. “In a market that was sometimes chaotic, Chubb demonstrated that we are professional, stable, consistent and a reliable partner. As a result, we further burnished the Chubb brand and reinforced our industry leadership.” Three North American businesses — Major Accounts, Westchester and Chubb Bermuda — were best positioned to benefit as headwinds were replaced by tailwinds. The operating environment for Chubb’s Commercial Insurance retail P&C business serving middle–market companies began to turn bullish mid–year and accelerated in the second half. Chubb core strengths, along with its investments in people and digital technology, have also positioned the company’s other North American businesses for secular growth opportunities, including the Commercial Insurance segment serving small businesses, Chubb Personal Risk Services and the company’s agricultural insurance business. Total net premiums written for the company’s North America P&C insurance businesses were $20.0 billion, up 6.6% from 2018. Chubb reported a world–class combined ratio of 87.8% for its North American P&C insurance operations. Excluding catastrophe losses, the current accident year combined ratio was 87.1%. “Our combination of products, claims and risk engineering services, expertise and underwriting excellence is a powerful differentiator for Chubb, particularly in a firming P&C market cycle,” said Paul Krump, Executive Vice President, Chubb Group and President, North America Commercial and Personal Insurance. “When others are reducing capacity and appetite, Chubb’s consistency and quality make us a go–to source for agents and brokers to serve their customers.” John Lupica, Vice Chairman of Chubb Group and President, North America Major Accounts & Specialty Insurance, pointed to another Chubb strength: the North American field operation with 49 branches across the U.S. and Canada. “The field plays a critical role in managing the flow of business, cross–sell opportunities and the Key Financial Results Dollars in millions Total North America P&C Insurance 2019 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Combined ratio P&C current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses $25,480 $19,972 87.8% 87.1% North America Commercial P&C Insurance 2019 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Combined ratio P&C current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses Segment income $17,604 $13,375 85.6% 87.4% $3,942 North America Personal P&C Insurance 2019 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Combined ratio P&C current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses Segment income $5,461 $4,787 91.1% 81.4% $660 North America Agricultural Insurance 2019 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Combined ratio P&C current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses Segment income $2,415 $1,810 95.1% 99.1% $90 24 Chubb’s North America Insurance Business Units Commercial P&C insurance products Major Accounts Major Accounts for the large corporate market sold by retail brokers Commercial P&C insurance products for middle market and small businesses sold by independent agents and retail brokers Personal lines coverage, including home, auto, valuables, umbrella and recreational marine insurance, for successful individuals and families sold by independent agents and brokers Commercial P&C excess and surplus lines sold through wholesale brokers coverage and captive programs sold by large international brokers Crop insurance from Rain and Hail and farm and other P&C coverages sold by agents and brokers Commercial Insurance Personal Risk Services Commercial Insurance Personal Risk Services Westchester Westchester Liability, property, political risk Chubb Bermuda Chubb Bermuda Agriculture Agriculture Commercial P&C insurance products for the large corporate market sold by retail brokers Commercial P&C insurance products for middle market and small businesses sold by independent agents and retail brokers Personal lines coverage, including home, auto, valuables, umbrella and recreational marine insurance, for successful individuals and families sold by independent agents and brokers Commercial P&C excess and surplus lines sold through wholesale brokers Liability, property, political risk coverage and captive programs sold by large international brokers Crop insurance from Rain and Hail and farm and other P&C coverages sold by agents and brokers introduction of new products,” he said. “The market environment in 2019 really put a spotlight on the strength and value of our field operation. With our local presence, agents know we’re there for them and, at the same time, we can educate clients on the need for adequate pricing.” North America Commercial P&C Insurance Chubb is one of the largest commercial P&C insurers in the U.S., offering a full range of traditional and specialty products for businesses of all sizes. Net premiums written for North America Commercial P&C Insurance increased 7.1% from 2018. The combined ratio for the segment was 85.6%. Underwriting income was $1.9 billion, and segment income was $3.9 billion. Major Accounts, Chubb’s P&C business unit that serves large companies, is recognized for the breadth and depth of its product and service offerings, technical underwriting experience, superior client service, and a global platform built to service complex, bespoke insurance programs in many countries around the world. It’s a high–touch business where Chubb, with its strong client– and broker–centric culture, has developed long–term, enduring relationships. Chubb serves more than 90% of the Fortune 1000. 25 North America Insurance “ In a market that was sometimes chaotic, Chubb demonstrated that we are professional, stable, consistent and a reliable partner. As a result, we further burnished the Chubb brand and reinforced our industry leadership.” — John Keogh 26 “Over the past two decades we’ve built a franchise that is second to none and very difficult to replicate,” said Mr. Lupica. “With our proven reputation as a thoughtful underwriter and a partner known for service excellence, we were able to benefit from the ‘flight to quality’ in 2019. We knew it was important to lead the market by communicating with clients and brokers, expressing the need for rate adequacy in lines where premiums have not kept up with loss costs. A healthier market, where insurers are able to be paid more appropriately for the risk they assume, is good for Chubb because clients value our consistency, services and the relationships we have built over time.” In 2019, the retention rate for Major Accounts was more than 95%, a record. Cross–selling services to existing customers accounted for more than 81% of new business. Among Major Accounts’ distinguishing capabilities are its industry practices, including transportation, private equity, real estate and construction. Multiline clients also have access to a Global Client Executive, who knows the insured and serves as a single point of contact to navigate the Chubb network across the globe. For claims handling, customers also have access to a Claims Client Executive. Worldview®, Chubb’s award–winning proprietary portal, enables client risk managers and brokers to manage and track all aspects of their insurance program in real time. More than 10,000 clients and brokers utilize the system. For the year, Major Accounts and the excess and surplus (E&S) wholesale businesses generated 7.9% growth in net written premiums. In the E&S lines market, Westchester specializes in hard–to–place casualty, property catastrophe and specialty lines for large corporate, middle– market and small businesses. Wholesale brokers distribute these products, including specialty classes such as financial lines, product recall and cyber. Traditional brokerage accounts for about 60% of Westchester’s premiums, with the balance from its binding and programs divisions. In recent years, Chubb has pointed to Westchester as a proof point for the underwriting discipline that defines the entire company: We will trade market share for profitability. From 2015 to 2018, Westchester’s net premiums written shrunk an average of 2.6% per year. Yet over the past 13 years, the business produced an average combined ratio of 92.8%. In the current environment, Westchester demonstrates Chubb’s ability to react quickly to market changes, and outperform the broader market, which began to turn in late 2018 and accelerated throughout 2019. For the year, the business grew 9.1%. Westchester’s ability to seize opportunities in a changing market is due to investments made to broaden the product set, retain experienced talent, develop the next generation of underwriters, reward experienced underwriters for remaining disciplined, and deploy technology that enables the business to scale efficiently. Investments in digital capabilities, for example, allowed Westchester to make a record number of API connections with E&S agents in the binding division. North American Business Unit Leaders (From left) Scott Arnold Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Chubb Agriculture; President, Rain and Hail Judy Gonsalves Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Chubb Bermuda Christopher A. Maleno Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Field Operations Bruce L. Kessler Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Westchester Chubb Bermuda provides excess coverage in three product areas: casualty, property and financial lines. It also houses the company’s political risk group. Operating with a high severity/low frequency business model and offering broad coverage and sizable capacity to clients and brokers around the world, the business produced strong results across all products in 2019. “Our property business produced record results for the year. Because brokers have been trading with our property team for years — or even decades — they knew where to find access to quality capacity at the right price,” said Mr. Lupica. Commercial Insurance is Chubb’s division that provides P&C coverages to middle–market companies with revenues up to $1 billion and small businesses. In the middle–market segment, Chubb is distinguished by its more than 25 industry practices, each handled by teams of experienced underwriting, claims and risk engineering professionals who understand the particular exposures of that industry. The business’s core package product is complemented by the industry’s largest offering of standard and specialty coverages, including auto, workers compensation, marine, cyber, environmental, multinational, directors and officers (D&O) and errors and omissions (E&O) coverages. Chubb’s commercial P&C offering for small businesses includes a core package product as well as an expanding range of specialty products. This segment is growing rapidly, drawing strength from the company’s middle–market expertise as well as capabilities from Marketplace, Chubb’s fully automated digital platform that makes it easy for agents to quote, issue and service all of their small business accounts. In 2019, net premiums written in Chubb’s middle market and small business division grew 6.1%. Together, the addressable market for Commercial Insurance includes businesses from sole proprietorships, 27 North America Insurance “ A healthier market, where insurers are able to be paid more appropriately for the risk they assume, is good for Chubb because clients value our consistency, services and the relationships we have built over time.” — John Lupica 28 In 2019, Chubb’s middle–market business continued to deepen its product offering, developing and launching 15 enhancements to its package coverage, including expanded flood and earthquake coverage. Chubb has invested in the success of its agents, including developing online resource centers and providing research and marketing and prospecting resources to help them fuel their own business growth. In 2019, Chubb introduced The Cyber COPE Insurance CertificationSM program, an eight–month program for Chubb brokers and agents to learn best practices in cybersecurity risk management, governance and operations. Chubb also sponsors the National Center for the Middle Market (NCMM) at The Ohio State University. Along with NCMM, Chubb is publishing the Middle Market Indicator, a quarterly survey of 1,000 C–suite middle market company executives across all industries. For Chubb’s small business segment, which had its beginnings just four years ago, 2019 was a year of strong growth and progress. Net written premiums were up 35%, with new business growth approaching 35%. Transactions on Marketplace were up 55% from 2018. The business unit ended 2019 with an annual run rate of $400 million of gross written premium. family businesses and single–location private companies to publicly traded entities with a multinational footprint. Chubb’s commercial P&C business has the expertise and appetite to address about 85% of this important growth sector of the economy. “In the middle market we were able to capitalize on the market shift and seek more opportunities,” said Mr. Krump. “This was a direct result of our continued focus on underwriting discipline, delivering exceptional service to our customers and producers, and writing new business in the industries where we have distinct expertise and appetite.” Chubb’s North American middle– market and small commercial businesses are at the nexus of several important company initiatives. They serve as the model for Chubb to export and expand its ability to serve these market segments in other regions of the world. The growing technical capabilities of the Marketplace platform, which originally focused on small businesses, are increasingly relevant to companies at the lower end of the middle market. The branch network is also a key channel to distribute Chubb’s specialty insurance products to middle–market customers. Cross–selling is an important part of the Chubb middle–market story. In 2019, nearly 50% of new business written was sold to existing clients. “For mid–market companies, we are an account solution. Our account retention is high — 92% in 2019 — and our average time on a risk is 15 years,” said Mr. Krump. “We grow with clients, and work with them to manage through market cycles.” North American Business Unit Leaders (From left) Matthew Merna Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Major Accounts Frances D. O’Brien Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Personal Risk Services Benjamin Rockwell Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Middle Market James Williamson Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Small Business Adoption of Marketplace continued to grow. By year–end 2019, the platform was deployed to more than 40,000 users at more than 4,500 agencies. Each day, an average of 1,000 agents log in to the platform to transact business. Nearly 85% of submissions for the core package product are processed on a “straight–through” basis, where the agent receives a fast answer from the system without having to interact with an underwriter. In this high–volume, low–touch segment, the ability to offer a digital experience for agents is paramount. Marketplace was built to scale, and Chubb regularly adds new products, industry segments and services to better serve small businesses as they grow and move into the lower middle market. In 2020, Marketplace is on track to begin offering personal accident and supplemental health products from Chubb’s North American A&H business. Chubb is making other investments to make it easier for customers and agents to do business with the company while driving superior risk selection across the portfolio. By harnessing data and analytics, Chubb is on a path to reduce average quote times for less complex risks to less than three minutes, predict risk classification for the majority of submissions and, ultimately, reduce the number of underwriting questions that must be asked to just two. Digital investments are also strengthening the company’s ability to serve affinity group partners. For example, in 2019 Chubb announced a partnership with the National Association of Women Business Owners (NAWBO), an organization representing nearly 12 million women–owned businesses. NAWBO members now have access to an industry–leading resource for small business insurance needs and education along with access to insurance products and services generally reserved for the larger corporations, including Chubb’s cyber enterprise risk management policy. “We’re positioned in a way to bring more product to more types of insurance through our agents than anybody else. It’s happening now,” said Mr. Krump. 29 North America Insurance “ Our combination of products, claims and risk engineering services, expertise and underwriting excellence is a powerful differentiator for Chubb, particularly in a firming P&C market cycle.” — Paul Krump 30 North America Agricultural Insurance Chubb’s Rain and Hail subsidiary is the leading crop insurance managing general agency in North America. The business serves approximately 125,000 farmers, insuring more than 100 different crops on 80 million acres. With distribution through 5,600 independent agents, Rain and Hail has the largest agency footprint in this sector. In addition, Chubb’s North America agriculture segment includes farm, ranch and P&C commercial agriculture coverages. Crop insurance is a public–private partnership that operates with a proven model. While the results of the business are not typically correlated with the P&C insurance market cycle, crop insurance is a business with CAT–like risks. In 2019, poor growing conditions in agricultural regions in the U.S. led to crop yield shortfalls and elevated prevented planting claims. For the year, the segment produced a combined ratio of 95.1%. Segment income was $90 million on net written premiums of $1.8 billion. In a challenging year for farmers, Chubb distinguished itself by delivering superior service and getting claims payments into the hands of farmers quickly. “Chubb is committed to the crop insurance business, and it’s in times of stress that Rain and Hail’s service and claims–handling capabilities make a real difference,” said Mr. Lupica. “We saw it in 2012, a year of record drought. We saw it again in 2019, when the peril was excessive rain. We responded when our customers needed us, paying all prevented planting claims in record time. Rain and Hail shined in 2019, making it a year when we extended the value of the brand.” North America Personal P&C Insurance Chubb is the leading provider of personal lines insurance for successful individuals and families in the U.S. and Canada. It’s been 40 years since Chubb pioneered insurance solutions crafted for this discerning market segment. Over the years, the company has built and maintained its leadership by continuing to raise the bar for the coverage and services it offers customers, including a broad product offering, superior claims and risk consulting services, and access to Chubb’s extensive branch network in the U.S. and Canada. Clients of Chubb Personal Risk Services also benefit from the company’s global presence, which offers protection for their assets around the world. Net premiums written for the North America Personal P&C Insurance segment were $4.8 billion. The 2019 combined ratio was 91.1%. The current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses was 81.4%. Segment income was $660 million. As the risk environment evolves, Chubb continues to find innovative ways to help protect clients from the everyday risks of owning a home and automobile as well as the unique risks that come with achieving considerable success in their lives and professions. “Our clients are becoming increasingly aware of the risks they may be facing from severe weather events, distracted drivers texting and using social media, social movements like #MeToo, and the need to protect their data and their privacy,” said Mr. Krump. “As a result, customers want to engage with us at a much higher level in order to understand what they can do to mitigate their potential for a loss.” Chubb’s investments in digital capabilities are making it easier for customers, agents and brokers to interact with us on their preferred terms, from the web and mobile app to phone and in–person. Two years ago, Chubb Personal Risk Services significantly expanded the capabilities of its web portal. By the end of 2019, more than half of all customers were actively using it. Adoption of the mobile app, with features that include biometric login, voice commands, text and email alerts, has been accelerating: An average of 3,000 clients per month downloaded the app in 2019. Customers are using the web portal and app to quickly access their auto identification information, file a first notice of loss digitally or to find a trusted service provider, such as a fine–art transit service or home alarm company. Chubb Personal Risk Services has continued to expand and deepen the services available to clients. In 2019, the company introduced a first–of– its–kind solution to protect personally identifiable information when an auto is totaled. Chubb’s service, available at no additional cost to auto clients who experience an insured total loss, will wipe all sensitive information stored on the vehicle’s electronics system, such as mobile contacts, text messages, GPS data and garage and gate opening codes. Chubb Property ManagerSM provides policyholders with assistance for second homes that suffer damage from hurricane–force winds. Once an area is safely accessible, Chubb will dispatch a representative to inspect the home and provide a detailed report on its condition. For policyholders in states prone to wildfires, Chubb offers Wildfire Defense Services to monitor and protect homes threatened by this peril. Wildfire Defense Services will take actions such as clearing of hazardous objects and material around the home to create a more defensible space, installing sprinklers, addressing hot spots and, as a last line of defense in home protection, applying fire retardant gel to the home. Tens of thousands of policyholders in 18 states are enrolled in this complimentary service. Chubb also engages with clients to raise awareness about risks such as flooding and internal water leaks. Water damage from burst pipes, frayed hoses and other plumbing failures remains the number one loss a homeowner is likely to face. Through awareness and education campaigns directed at both customers and agents, Chubb encourages policyholders to install water leak detection devices or to turn off their main water valve when they leave their home for extended periods of time. In 2019, Chubb Personal Risk Services launched a pilot program for clients with wine collections to install sensors to monitor temperature and humidity. When a change that could lead to damage is detected, the homeowner is alerted via an app to take preventative action before damage or a claim occurs. Chubb’s risk consultants also visit customers’ homes to identify potential exposures and advise clients on actions that could prevent a loss. Thermographic scans, for example, can detect moisture and hot spots behind walls that could indicate threats from water damage or electrical fires. Benefiting from decades of experience, a broad dataset and increasingly sophisticated analytics capabilities, Chubb identifies clients that have a higher propensity for a loss, and is working with them and their agents proactively to mitigate or prevent a loss from happening in the first place. “We’re very optimistic about the opportunities for Personal Risk Services,” said Mr. Krump. “With clients increasingly aware of the risks they face, they are looking for a company that can provide products and services to help them manage those risks. With our deep history and capabilities across the Chubb organization, we have so much to offer them.” “Chubb is well positioned to serve our customers and distribution partners across all of our North American businesses because of the investments we’ve made in technology, product and distribution,” said Mr. Keogh. “But our most important investments are in our people — training, developing and growing the men and women who are the future of this company.” 31 Overseas General Insurance Chubb’s international general insurance operation is comprised of two main businesses: one with retail operations in five regions of the world and the other an excess and surplus (E&S) lines operation in the London wholesale market and a presence at Lloyd’s. As in North America, the major theme in 2019 for Chubb’s international general insurance operations was the operating environment. When the year began, firming conditions were already underway in a few select locations including the London wholesale market and the commercial P&C market in Australia. The trend gained momentum during the year, and extended to the U.K. retail market and Continental Europe. “The market momentum in 2019 was notable, but it is only part of the story,” said Juan Luis Ortega, Executive Vice President, Chubb Group and President, Overseas General Insurance. “Our progress and performance also reflect the investments we have made in recent years to advance our market segmentation strategies for commercial P&C, digital initiatives to enhance the customer experience, and distribution partnerships that give us access to millions of customers for both our consumer and commercial product offerings.” “Chubb’s capabilities — our diversity in geography, products and distribution — have taken years to build,” said Mr. Keogh. “They are a sustainable competitive advantage that is getting stronger by the day.” Overseas General Insurance generated net premiums written of $9.3 billion in 2019, up 8.4% in constant dollars. The combined ratio for the year was 91.6%. The current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses was 90.9%, and segment income was $1.3 billion. Commercial P&C insurance represents about 60% of Chubb’s international business. In 2019, Chubb’s retail commercial P&C segments — Major Accounts and middle market and small businesses — benefited from a more favorable operating environment as well as initiatives to further build out the company’s capabilities. Highlights for Major Accounts included strong growth across Asia Pacific, the U.K. and Ireland, as well as Continental Europe. In the middle market, Chubb’s focus on key markets and on expanding industry practices helped to drive results. Double–digit growth in the small commercial segment was highlighted by strong results in Australia. By the end of 2019, small commercial represented 21% of international commercial P&C premiums. Alongside P&C insurance, Chubb offers accident and health and personal lines coverage globally. These two businesses meet the protection needs of consumers against accidents, hospitalization, critical illness and protect things that consumers own, such as their home, car and even their phone. Chubb’s ever–expanding digital capabilities, along with product breadth and claims service, have positioned the company as the distribution partner of choice for banks, retailers, airlines and mobile network operators that want to be able to offer best–in–class protection to their customers. Four major partnerships established in the past two years alone — with Citibanamex, Banco de Chile, DBS and Grab — provide access to over 60 million customers. Worldwide, Chubb has more than 150 distribution partnerships. Key Financial Results Dollars in millions Overseas General Insurance 2019 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Combined ratio P&C current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses Segment income $11,408 $9,262 91.6% 90.9% $1,273 “ Chubb is able to transport best practices from one strategic distribution partnership to another, enabling us to create unique customer experiences that match our partners’ digital assets.” — Juan Luis Ortega 32 Chubb’s Overseas General Insurance Business Units International International International Operations in the U.K. and 18 other Europe Europe Europe Operations in 14 countries and territories Asia Pacific Asia Pacific Asia Pacific Operations in nine countries serving Latin America Latin America Latin America Operations in Japan serving commercial Far East Far East Far East Operations in eight countries serving Eurasia & Africa Eurasia & Africa Eurasia & Africa Commercial P&C excess and surplus Chubb Global Markets Chubb Global Markets Chubb Global Markets Commercial P&C, A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines sold by retail brokers, agents and other channels in five regions: countries comprised of P&C commercial lines and consumer lines, including A&H and specialty personal lines serving commercial customers and consumers with P&C, A&H and personal lines commercial customers with P&C products and consumers through A&H and personal lines customers with P&C products and consumers through A&H and personal lines commercial customers with P&C products and consumers through A&H and personal lines lines and A&H sold by wholesale brokers in the London market and through Lloyd’s Commercial P&C, A&H and traditional Commercial P&C, A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines sold by and specialty personal lines sold by retail brokers, agents and other channels retail brokers, agents and other channels in five regions: in five regions: Operations in the U.K. and 18 other Operations in the U.K. and 18 other countries comprised of P&C commercial countries comprised of P&C commercial lines and consumer lines, including lines and consumer lines, including A&H and specialty personal lines A&H and specialty personal lines Operations in 14 countries and territories Operations in 14 countries and territories serving commercial customers serving commercial customers and consumers with P&C, A&H and and consumers with P&C, A&H and personal lines personal lines Operations in nine countries serving Operations in nine countries serving commercial customers with P&C commercial customers with P&C products and consumers through A&H products and consumers through A&H and personal lines and personal lines Operations in Japan serving commercial Operations in Japan serving commercial customers with P&C products customers with P&C products and consumers through A&H and and consumers through A&H and personal lines personal lines Operations in eight countries serving Operations in eight countries serving commercial customers with P&C commercial customers with P&C products and consumers through A&H products and consumers through A&H and personal lines and personal lines Commercial P&C excess and surplus Commercial P&C excess and surplus lines and A&H sold by wholesale lines and A&H sold by wholesale brokers in the London market and brokers in the London market and through Lloyd’s through Lloyd’s “With our consistency in local delivery, Chubb is able to transport best practices from one strategic distribution partnership to another, enabling us to create unique customer experiences that match our partners’ digital assets,” said Mr. Ortega. “In 2019, we gained real traction on digital distribution of consumer insurance across Asia and Latin America.” In Chubb’s core direct marketing business, Korea was a standout, achieving a new milestone of 2 million policyholders. During the year, Chubb closed 20 new direct marketing sponsorships. In Chubb’s travel insurance business, a new partnership with Aeromexico announced in early 2020 was one of 25 new relationships secured in the past year. Other highlights in Chubb’s international A&H insurance business include Europe and Japan, which both generated the highest growth in several years. Personal lines generated strong growth in 2019, particularly in the emerging markets of Asia and Latin America. Highlights included the company’s motor insurance business in Mexico, which is recognized for its top–tier sales and service capabilities. Another highlight is specialty personal lines, where Chubb has a market–leading position in the distribution of cell phone insurance to customers of mobile network operators across Europe. This business, which had a strong year in 2019, is a showcase for the company’s claims handling and service — customers want their phones fixed or replaced quickly — as well as evolving digital capabilities. Today, most cell phone replacement claims are handled with straight–through processing without any human intervention. 33 Overseas General Insurance Chubb’s international general insurance operations benefit from the movement of people within the organization. One of the principal ways the company develops talent is by promoting intra– and inter–regional mobility that exposes employees to different markets and cultures. In the past three years, nearly 300 colleagues have undertaken international assignments. Every year, more than 1,200 colleagues are promoted into a new job or granted expanded responsibilities. These career progression opportunities recognize the performance of colleagues and create an environment for continuous learning. Chubb’s Asia Pacific region generated gross premiums written of $2.9 billion, up 9% in constant dollars from prior year, which represents 7% of the company total. In its partnership with Grab, the leading ride–hailing and mobile payments company in Southeast Asia, Chubb introduced an affordable daily travel product, called Travel Cover, which offers a simple and convenient way for Singapore–based customers to purchase travel insurance on the Grab app right up to the time of departure. Six other new products were launched in 2019 on Grab’s passenger and driver apps in Singapore and Malaysia. Premium growth from Chubb’s partnership with DBS, the largest financial services group in Southeast Asia, was driven by A&H products for retail customers in Singapore and by P&C coverages for businesses in Hong Kong. Chubb was also a partner in the 2019 launch of DBS Travel Marketplace, the first one–stop integrated travel 34 marketplace in Singapore. Through this platform, consumers can find airfares and hotel rates for more than 25,000 global destinations, as well as free travel insurance coverage underwritten by Chubb. small commercial customer segment. The platform leverages the capabilities of Marketplace, which was introduced in North America in 2017. In Australia, the initial product focus is business package and cyber ERM products. In China, the largest economy in Asia and the second–largest in the world, Chubb focused on building and deepening its presence. The company has a significant and increasing ownership stake in Huatai Insurance Group, a holding company with P&C, life and asset management subsidiaries. When pending transactions and agreements are completed, Chubb is expected to own a majority of Huatai Insurance Group. The group’s insurance operations have more than 600 branches and 11 million customers. Chubb also operates a fully licensed, 100% Chubb–owned subsidiary with branch offices in Shanghai, Beijing, Jiangsu and Guangdong. Chubb China offers one of the largest commercial P&C product portfolios in the Chinese insurance market. It also offers a series of protection products such as personal accident, homeowners, travel and personal devices insurance via the rapidly growing internet channel to Chinese families and individuals across the country. Chubb’s Latin America region generated gross premiums written of $2.9 billion, up 11% in constant dollars from 2018, representing 7% of the company total. Continuing execution of its growth strategies contributed to strong premium revenue in the company’s personal lines and commercial P&C businesses. Digital capabilities, including API technology, are enabling these and other partnerships, which offer consumers and businesses innovative products and an enhanced customer experience. Chubb’s partnership with Grab, for example, has produced the first end–to–end API–integrated insurance product that covers policy issuance, administration and claims investigation in a single app. The growth of the A&H business in Korea reflects several Chubb strengths in direct marketing, including a sponsor base comprised of every major credit card issuer in the country; a diverse range of products; multiple distribution channels, including outbound telemarketing and home shopping; and advanced data and analytical capabilities. In retail commercial P&C, Chubb continued to develop its Major Accounts practice serving large corporations in Asia, Australia and New Zealand, including establishing Client Advisory Boards in each sub– region of Asia Pacific. Another major focus in Australia was navigating customers through market disruptions stemming from the operating environment for property and directors and officers insurance. Chubb’s middle–market and small business segments in Australia generated double–digit premium growth. During the year, Chubb launched an online broker platform in this market that is designed to improve efficiency in the quote, bind and policy fulfillment process for the Overseas General Business Unit Leaders (From left) Darryl Page Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Personal Insurance John Thompson Division President, International Accident & Health Timothy O’Donnell Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Commercial Property and Casualty Chubb’s business across Latin America is well balanced. In Brazil, the company has the second–largest commercial P&C business, which is distinguished by its track record of superior technical ability and multiple affinity distribution partnerships. In Mexico, the company is a leading provider of personal lines insurance, large corporate P&C, as well as surety. Chubb also has a strong presence in the Andean region — Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina and Chile — that accounts for about 30% of the total region, and where the company operates in all segments of commercial P&C through brokers and affinity partners. In the Caribbean and Central America, Chubb operates through wholly owned subsidiaries in Puerto Rico and Panama as well as corporate P&C insurance and bancassurance partnerships in other locations. Like Asia, Latin America has favorable long–term growth characteristics, including GDP, a growing middle class and new small business creation. Through its strategies, investments and local presence, Chubb is positioned to further grow in these developing markets. A decade ago, Asia and Latin America represented about one–third of Chubb’s international general insurance premium revenue. Today, those regions account for more than half of premium revenue. In 2019, Chubb made good progress developing its distribution partnerships with leading banks in Mexico and Chile. With Banco de Chile, a major focus was building out the product offering. During the year, the team launched dedicated campaigns for residential, personal lines and commercial P&C coverages across multiple channels, including branches, ATMs, telemarketing and digital. With Citibanamex in Mexico, Chubb introduced a dozen new products in 2019 and has plans to introduce a dozen more in 2020. These market– driven products are designed in part based on an analysis of purchasing behavior. By the end of 2019, Chubb was selling more than 30,000 policies per month through digital platforms, branches and telesales. Other highlights in the region included another year of strong results in Mexico personal lines, driven by the auto insurance business. In A&H lines, Chubb’s partnership with LATAM airlines contributed to strong premium growth in travel insurance. Chubb has long–term distribution agreements with many of the top airlines based in the region. 35 Overseas General Insurance Europe is Chubb’s second largest region behind North America, operating in 19 countries, with $3.7 billion of gross premiums written, representing 9% of the company total. In 2019, Chubb achieved its best growth in many years and underwriting profitability in an improving operating environment. Chubb European Group’s first order of business in 2019 was completing the redomicile of its EU business from London to Paris as planned on January 1 related to Brexit. Throughout the year, the business remained focused on delivering clarity, continuity of service and certainty for customers, brokers and other partners to ensure continuous, uninterrupted service as Brexit deadlines approached. Highlights included growth in Major Accounts across the U.K., Ireland and Continental Europe. In Germany and the Netherlands, the upper middle– market segment also performed well. Chubb’s global presence, servicing capability, broad product range, financial strength and underwriting leadership contributed to this success. Other 2019 initiatives included the launch of a new media industry practice for the U.K. and Ireland. The practice offers a range of bespoke coverages for media liability, cyber, property and casualty as well as personal accident and travel coverages for middle market and multinational advertising, public relations, branding and publishing companies. This industry practice also provides value– added services, including a free legal advice helpline staffed by senior media lawyers. 36 Beginning in 2019, commercial customers of all sizes across Europe had access to Chubb’s Environmental Incident Alert, a free service that helps clients identify qualified incident– response contractors, monitor clean–up costs and mitigate potential liabilities associated with environmental releases. The Environmental Incident Alert service uses customized alerts via email and/or text message and also provides response coordination assistance and incident documentation. It is available 24/7 and is now operational in more than 50 countries. In Germany, the company launched a new digital partnership, called Quick Cargo Insurance, with Hapag–Lloyd AG, one of the world’s largest cargo container carriers. The partnership is facilitated through a bespoke online system that quotes and binds single–shipment coverage for small commercial clients of Hapag–Lloyd when they place business orders for marine cargo online. This capability embodies Chubb’s drive to offer a superior customer experience by engaging directly with partners and delivering an offering that benefits the partner, their client and Chubb. During the year, Chubb also launched Easy Solutions Vin in France, which includes a range of property and casualty insurance coverages for wine producers. Chubb’s international A&H business introduced an extended range of new eLearning modules as part of its Chubb Travel Smart app for business travelers, including pre–travel eLearning, direct access to medical and security assistance and live location– based alerts to help avoid trouble and stay safe. Chubb Travel Smart is the company’s duty of care solution designed specifically for employers to help manage and mitigate travel risks of their employees. In specialty personal lines, Chubb entered into several large relationships with European mobile network operators, strengthening its leadership in this market. Chubb’s Far East region, which encompasses Japan, had a record year, with growth in premium revenue significantly outpacing the overall market. The business benefited from both an improving operating environment and continued focus on executing its growth strategies. All product lines and distribution channels contributed to the strong results. Highlights included double–digit growth in property, casualty, financial lines and surety. In the large commercial segment, Chubb’s strong underwriting and risk engineering capabilities were strengths in a firming market. For small and middle–market businesses, the company expanded its industry practices, including entertainment, infotech and life sciences. A&H remains a significant growth engine in Japan with Chubb further building out its multi–channel distribution with agents, brokers, direct marketing and online. Chubb is focused on adding direct marketing partners through customer–segmented campaigns as well as new online travel partners by seamlessly integrating insurance products into their digital purchase path. Relevant and flexible products, such as personal accident and trip cancellation coverages, helped to differentiate Chubb in the marketplace. Each channel is supported by continuous enhancements to product offerings within personal accident, supplemental medical and travel categories. Overseas General Regional Leaders (From left) David Furby Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, European Group Paul McNamee Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, Asia Pacific Marcos Gunn Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, Latin America In 2020, Chubb celebrates a century of doing business in Japan. Eurasia and Africa also experienced a changing market environment in 2019, with pricing moving closer to the realities of risk in the region, especially in energy and financial lines. The region generated strong premium revenue growth and posted solid underwriting results, recording a combined ratio of 88%. Investment in new IT infrastructure and refinements of the operating model again contributed to an improved expense ratio and will enable future efficiencies. Chubb Global Markets Chubb Global Markets, the company’s London market wholesale and international excess and surplus business, provides global access to specialist underwriters in aviation, energy, financial lines, marine, political risk and credit, property, and accident and health. For several years, pricing for risk in the P&C E&S insurance too often failed to meet the company’s targets to maintain an adequate underwriting profit. In response, Chubb shrank the business. The overall London market, however, continued to grow, even as Chubb’s share of it fell. The rate environment began to change in 2018, and accelerated throughout 2019, as many carriers narrowed their risk appetites or withdrew from certain classes. The stress was most evident in property and marine lines, but increasingly moved into casualty and professional lines. “Because we had kept our powder dry, we had the ability to deploy capacity when pricing became adequate again,” said Mr. Ortega. “That time came in 2019, and our patience and discipline were rewarded with four consecutive quarters of double–digit growth.” “Overseas General is a big and important contributor to Chubb’s success, and our company has never been better positioned to take advantage of the vast opportunities outside North America,” said Mr. Keogh. “It’s an expanding and profitable organization with plenty of runway for future growth in the years ahead. We will continue to be on our front foot to meet the evolving needs of our customers and distribution partners while creating opportunities for our employees.” 37 Life Insurance Chubb’s Life Insurance segment comprises two businesses. Chubb Life is an international life insurer, primarily focused on Asia, that provides protection and savings–oriented life insurance products to individuals and groups. Combined Insurance provides personal accident and supplemental health insurance coverages to consumers in North America. For the year, the Life segment generated net premiums written of $2.4 billion, up 5.3%, or 6.4% in constant dollars, from prior year. Segment income was $366 million, up 18.6%. Chubb Life Chubb Life serves the needs of consumers through a variety of distribution channels including primarily captive agents, but also through banks, retailers, brokers, independent agents and direct marketing. Chubb Life has operations in seven Asian markets — Hong Kong, Indonesia, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam and, beginning in 2019, Myanmar. In China, the company is also a joint venture partner in Huatai Life, a fast–growing life insurer that serves more than 1.3 million customers with a broad portfolio of savings and protection products. Together, Chubb Life and Huatai Life have nearly 630 offices, 5,000 employees and 85,000 agents. Life insurance is a long–term business, and Chubb has been pursuing a consistent strategy to build Chubb Life primarily through organic growth. With its growing scale, Chubb’s international life business has begun to emerge as a meaningful contributor to the company’s growth and profitability. In 2018, international life earnings reached $100 million for the first time. In 2019, earnings rose 48% to $152 million. International life insurance net premiums written were up 12.6% in constant dollars. “In 2019, we continued to diversify and expand our captive agency force across several countries, opened new offices and looked for ways to do more for our external distribution partners, including banks and affinity groups,” said Russell Bundschuh, Senior Vice President, Chubb Group and President of Chubb Life. “We made good progress advancing our digital initiatives focused on enhancing the customer experience, launching new digitally enabled products and making it easier for agents and distribution partners to interact with us and serve customers.” In an environment of continuing low interest rates, the business kept its sales focus on protection–oriented products. At the same time, Chubb Life increased its emphasis on developing and launching health and wellness products. One of the business’s milestones in 2019 was establishing a 100% owned life insurance subsidiary in Myanmar, a nation of more than 54 million people. Following a competitive review process, Chubb was one of five foreign companies awarded a license for a wholly owned life insurance business by the Myanmar Ministry of Planning and Finance. Chubb is committed to working with the Myanmar government, regulators and local organizations to help build and strengthen the nation’s life insurance sector. The headquarters in Yangon is up and running, and the business has already recruited hundreds of agents. Key Financial Results Dollars in millions Life Insurance 2019 Net premiums written Segment income International life insurance segment income $2,392 $366 $152 “ The progress we have made building this business in recent years is gaining momentum. We are well positioned to continue to build the breadth and depth of our life business across Asia.” — Russell Bundschuh 38 Global A&H, Life Insurance and Reinsurance Business Unit Leaders (From left) Joe Vasquez Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Accident & Health; President, Combined Insurance Russell Bundschuh Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; President, Chubb Life James E. Wixtead Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; President, Chubb Tempest Re Group Cunqiang Li Chief Operating Officer, Chubb Life In 2019, Chubb Life Thailand experienced double–digit growth in total premium. The agency business benefited from its focus on productivity, supported by new health and critical illness riders launched with whole life. In the group business, growth was driven by expanding existing client relationships as well as the addition of two new partners. Vietnam also delivered double–digit growth with an agency force that has now surpassed 40,000 agents. In early 2019, Chubb Life Vietnam launched an e–submission app that enables agents to prepare and submit insurance applications online via their tablet or laptop. By the end of 2019, 94% of all insurance applications submitted to the company were via the new app. Vietnam plans to eliminate the use of printed insurance application forms in 2020. In Hong Kong SAR, Chubb Life introduced a new digital platform for agents to engage with and serve their customers. With Chubb LinkSM, each agent has a unique URL, enabling them to highlight their own individual experience, product knowledge, and professional awards and achievements. Customers can contact individual agents directly through the hub as well as find news and information about promotions and products. Currently, nearly two–thirds of agents are using the new tool. While protests in Hong Kong SAR in 2019 made it more challenging for agents to meet with their clients, the broker channel continued to perform well. Across the region, Chubb Life has been developing strategies to expand sales through brokers, an effective channel to market protection–oriented products, as well as banks. In 2019, Chubb Life forged 44 new brokerage partnerships. In China, Huatai Life had a strong year in 2019, with its rate of growth again outpacing the overall market. Huatai Life now operates in 20 provinces and has approximately 35,000 agents. Chubb has a significant and increasing ownership stake in Huatai Life’s parent, Huatai Insurance Group, a financial services holding company that has property and casualty, asset management and other subsidiaries. In Korea, Chubb Life launched a new initiative offering life products to non–life customers by leveraging the multi–product telemarketing sales channel of the company’s international A&H business. This approach generates synergies coupled with a superior product value proposition and enhanced customer purchase experience. Term life and new critical illness products were launched. 39 Life Insurance Early in 2020, the business launched a new health and well–being initiative in the form of a new mobile app, called Chubb LifeBalance, in Hong Kong SAR and Thailand. Chubb LifeBalance better engages customers by providing support and guidance to live a healthier, more balanced life. It gives personalized AI–powered coaching following a 360–degree approach to a user’s health and well–being. While Chubb Life is focused on Asia, it has operations in other parts of the world. In 2019, Chubb Life expanded its presence in Chile with the acquisition of Banchile Seguros de Vida (Banchile Life), a Santiago–based life insurance company with a long– standing insurance relationship with Banco de Chile, the largest bank based in Chile. Banchile Life, which offers a broad range of life, personal accident and supplemental health insurance products, generated over $200 million of gross premiums written in 2018. The addition of Banchile Life, along with Chubb’s exclusive distribution partnership with Banco de Chile for P&C and A&H products, significantly extends Chubb’s distribution and presence in Chile, enabling the company to reach and serve millions of new customers, including in digitally advanced ways. “The progress we have made building this business in recent years is gaining momentum,” said Mr. Bundschuh. “We are well positioned to continue to build the breadth and depth of our life business across Asia.” 40 Combined Insurance Combined Insurance generated solid results in 2019, driven by double–digit growth in Chubb Workplace Benefits, which serves large and middle–market companies by partnering with benefit brokers, agents and consultants to offer a line of supplemental insurance products, including accident, critical illness, hospital indemnity, life and disability income. Chubb has been investing in this business, which brings together the strengths of Combined Insurance’s workplace products, Chubb’s extensive branch network and the company’s substantial relationships with national and regional insurance brokerage firms. Combined Insurance is focused on building out its capabilities, sales organization and distribution to be fully aligned with Chubb’s North American field organization, and to better serve commercial clients of all sizes — large, middle market and small businesses. As enrollment in voluntary benefits programs has moved online, the company is making investments to enhance customer–facing and back– office systems as the business grows. “Since it was launched in 2016, Chubb Workplace Benefits has made significant progress, and we’re committed to building this business with the people, products, technology and capabilities to keep pace with our growth,” said Joe Vasquez, Senior Vice President, Chubb Group, Global Accident & Health and President of Combined Insurance. “The continued expansion of our workplace benefits business shows the breadth of our A&H offerings as well as the power of the Chubb branch network in the U.S.” The Combined Insurance core agency force — which now numbers more than 3,300 agents in the U.S. and Canada — has historically focused on distributing personal accident, life and supplemental health insurance coverages directly to consumers. Now, Combined Insurance is putting more emphasis on tapping the small commercial market. Proprietors and employers of Main Street businesses, as well as the individuals who work for them, fit the customer profile for the company’s affordable A&H products. Combined Insurance is supporting this initiative with learning and development programs to help agents adapt to selling in a small business workplace instead of over a kitchen table. In building its agency force, Combined Insurance continues to focus on Spanish–speaking agents, who bring the company’s insurance offering to the underserved Latino market in the U.S., as well as build on its signature success recruiting veterans looking to re–enter the workforce. In 2019, Combined Insurance again was recognized for its military– friendly hiring practices. For example, VIQTORY named the company the number one Military Friendly® Employer in the over $1 billion revenue category — the eighth consecutive year on the top 10 list and fifth consecutive year in the top five. “We truly value the service veterans have provided to our country, and in return, we give them the tools they need to help them be successful in their career here,” Mr. Vasquez said. Key Financial Results Dollars in millions Global Reinsurance 2019 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Combined ratio P&C current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses Segment income $719 $649 85.0% 82.1% $376 “ The market took a turn in 2019, making it an interesting year. We quoted a lot more business in 2019 than we had in recent years.” — James Wixtead Global Reinsurance Chubb’s reinsurance business, which operates under the Chubb Tempest Re brand, offers a broad range of products to a diverse group of primary property and casualty insurers worldwide. Doing business globally with offices in Bermuda, Stamford, London, Montreal and Zurich, the business has deep underwriting, actuarial and claims expertise. Chubb Tempest Re’s position as a subsidiary of a leading global P&C insurer sets it apart from many other reinsurance companies: The business can be patient and deploy capital only when there are opportunities to achieve rate adequacy. Reinsurance is a cyclical business, and the operating environment for reinsurers has been challenging. Chubb Tempest Re has consistently demonstrated underwriting discipline, which has enabled it to perform in the top quartile of reinsurers in terms of profitability as measured by combined ratio. In 2019, Chubb’s Global Reinsurance segment posted net written premiums of $649 million, down 3.2% from prior year. The combined ratio was 85.0%, and the current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses was 82.1%. Segment income was $376 million, up 35.7% from 2018. In 2019, there were signs that the market was transitioning and the trading environment becoming more attractive. The shift could be seen in reduced limits and increases in pricing in many lines and jurisdictions that accelerated throughout the year. “The market took a turn in 2019, making it an interesting year. We quoted a lot more business in 2019 than we had in recent years,” said James Wixtead, Senior Vice President, Chubb Group and President of Chubb Tempest Re Group. “But while improving, the market needs to move a bit more in order to match our appetite for deploying significantly more capital.” As the market continues to transition, Chubb Tempest Re will be looking for more opportunities, including more emphasis on higher–margin long–tail lines, a part of the overall portfolio that was significantly reduced in recent years. “Our view of risk is very consistent,” said Mr. Wixtead. “Many members of our team have been with us for 20 years or more. They understand how we fit into the Chubb organization, and where we can add value to our client and broker partners. This team, along with our systems, infrastructure and the financial strength of Chubb, position us well as we look to the trading environment for Chubb Tempest Re to improve in 2020.” 41 Corporate and Global Functional Leaders 42 (From left) Joseph Wayland Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; General Counsel Ivy Kusinga Chief Culture Officer, Chubb Group Sean Ringsted Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Risk Officer and Chief Digital Officer Michael W. Smith Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Claims Officer (From left) Timothy Boroughs Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Investment Officer Philip Bancroft Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Financial Officer Paul Medini Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Accounting Officer Julie Dillman Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Head of Operations (From left) Paul O’Connell Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Actuary Rainer Kirchgaessner Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Corporate Development Officer Jo Ann Rabitz Global Human Resources Officer, Chubb Group 43 Citizenship at Chubb Our Mission Protecting the Present and Building a Better Future Philanthropy Chubb recognizes its responsibility to assist less fortunate individuals and communities in achieving and sustaining productive and healthy lives in geographic areas where the company operates. The company’s philanthropy is funded principally through the Chubb Charitable Foundation and the Chubb Rule of Law Fund. The Chubb Charitable Foundation addresses actionable problems and contributes to helping alleviate poverty, improve the health of at– risk populations, provide access to quality education and protect the environment. In the last 10 years, the company has contributed more than $100 million to the Foundation. For many years, for example, the Foundation has supported the International Rescue Committee, including its efforts to help refugees get settled and establish productive lives. The Foundation has helped build schools in China and Vietnam, fund micro–finance projects in Mexico and Colombia, and serve as a major partner for Teach for America and Teach for All programs in the United States and around the globe. Good corporate citizenship lies at our core — how we practice our craft of insurance, how we work together to serve our customers, how we treat each other, and how we work to help make a better world for our communities and our planet. Citizenship is about responsibility — and we express that responsibility in a way that reflects our core values and our mission to protect the present and build a better future. We accomplish our mission by providing the security from risk that allows people and businesses to grow and prosper. Our mission is realized by sustaining a culture that values and rewards excellence, integrity, inclusion and opportunity; by working to protect our planet and assisting less fortunate individuals and communities in achieving and sustaining productive and healthy lives; and by promoting the rule of law. From our roots in 18th century Philadelphia, we have built Chubb to be a dynamic, forward–looking global enterprise with a commitment to responsible citizenship. We act on this promise of responsibility through a wide range of activities that include our contributions of time and money. 44 Environment Diversity and Inclusion Chubb Rule of Law Fund Chubb recognizes the reality of climate change and the substantial impact of human activity on our planet. Our environmental initiatives reflect our desire to take actions that reduce Chubb’s environmental footprint and, through our philanthropy, strengthen the resilience of communities and protect biodiversity against the effects of climate change. At Chubb, we recognize our responsibility to ensure opportunity within our own organization, where we foster a diverse and inclusive meritocracy. We can’t succeed unless we give everyone the opportunity to thrive and advance in our company, and we hold our leaders accountable for achieving a diverse mix of talent, regardless of creed or background. The company’s extensive efforts in this area include mentorships, affinity groups, diversity awareness training, management development programs, and mandating diverse slates in recruiting and promotion. Examples of initiatives include the company’s Business Roundtables and Regional Inclusion Councils, which promote dynamic networking across the business and engage hundreds of employees in constructive dialogue. Other initiatives include Chubb Start, a program that supports the continuous professional development of early career women, and Chubb Signatures, a global and regional lecture series for successful senior women, diverse men and inclusion champions to share their unique backgrounds, experiences and hard–earned lessons in business. The Chubb Charitable Foundation and the company’s employees support a range of environmental philanthropies, including The Nature Conservancy and the Conservation Fund, as well as volunteer activities in local communities around the world. Chubb Charitable Foundation grants have helped preserve sensitive lands and habitats, finance green business entrepreneurs, and support educational programs that promote a healthy and sustainable environment in the U.S. and around the world. In 2019, Chubb adopted a new policy concerning coal-related underwriting and investment and established new science–based greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction goals using 2016 as the baseline. By year-end, the company achieved its first goal to reduce absolute GHG emissions by 20%. These goals are being achieved through a combination of real estate portfolio optimization, energy efficiency projects and the purchase of renewable electricity. In 2019, the company earned a score of B on the CDP’s climate change program ranking. As a corporate citizen, Chubb recognizes the rule of law as the foundation of a liberal world order that the company embraces as essential to the proper functioning of markets and the protection of personal freedoms. Through the Chubb Rule of Law Fund, a unique corporate initiative, we support projects around the world that promote the preservation and advancement of the rule of law. Since it was founded in 2008, the Fund has supported 55 projects in countries around the world focused on improving access to justice, strengthening courts, fighting corruption and creating the conditions of security and freedom in which our customers, employees and fellow citizens can thrive. The Chubb Rule of Law Fund is funded by the Chubb Charitable Foundation and contributions from 15 of Chubb’s partner law firms. In 2019, 10 new projects were funded. Among them were initiatives to strengthen the independence of the judiciary in Guatemala; litigation support for juveniles facing life imprisonment without parole in the U.S.; supporting administrative law in Vietnam; and protecting the rights of children in mental health units in England and Wales. 45 Officers and Executives Chubb Group Corporate Officers Evan G. Greenberg* Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Chubb Group John Keogh* Executive Vice Chairman, Chubb Group; Chief Operating Officer John Lupica** Vice Chairman, Chubb Group; President, North America Major Accounts and Specialty Insurance Paul J. Krump** Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; President, North America Commercial and Personal Insurance Juan Luis Ortega** Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; President, Overseas General Insurance Philip Bancroft* Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Financial Officer Timothy Boroughs** Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Investment Officer Rainer Kirchgaessner Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Corporate Development Officer Sean Ringsted** Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Risk Officer and Chief Digital Officer Joseph Wayland* Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; General Counsel Brad Bennett Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, Far East Russell Bundschuh Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; President, Chubb Life Julie Dillman Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Head of Operations David Furby Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, European Group Marcos Gunn Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, Latin America Bruce L. Kessler Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Westchester Ken Koreyva Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Finance Christopher A. Maleno Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Field Operations Patrick McGovern Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Communications Officer Paul McNamee Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, Asia Pacific Paul Medini Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Accounting Officer Matthew Merna Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Major Accounts Scott A. Meyer Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Financial Lines Frances D. O’Brien Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Personal Risk Services Paul O’Connell Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Actuary Michael W. Smith Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Claims Officer Derek Talbott Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Property Joe Vasquez Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Accident & Health; President, Combined Insurance *Chubb Limited Executive Management and Executive Officer for SEC reporting purposes **Executive Officer for SEC reporting purposes 46 James E. Wixtead Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; President, Chubb Tempest Re Group Scott Arnold Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Chubb Agriculture; President, Rain and Hail Ross Bertossi Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Underwriting Joseph S. Clabby Vice President, Chubb Group; Chairman, Chubb Bermuda; Executive Vice President, North America Field Operations Sean Corridon Vice President, Chubb Group; Deputy Chief Investment Officer Judy Gonsalves Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Chubb Bermuda Stephen M. Haney Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Surety; Chief Underwriting Officer, Global Surety Michael Kessler Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Reinsurance Officer Timothy O’Donnell Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Commercial Property and Casualty Overseas General Insurance Darryl Page Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Personal Insurance Overseas General Insurance Benjamin Rockwell Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Middle Market James Williamson Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Small Business Other Executives Adam Clifford Division President, Continental Europe Samantha Froud Chief Administration Officer, Bermuda Operations Mark Hammond Treasurer, Chubb Group Jason Keen Division President, Chubb Global Markets Ivy Kusinga Chief Culture Officer, Chubb Group Eric Larson Chief Compliance Officer, Chubb Group Cunqiang Li Chief Operating Officer, Chubb Life David Lupica Chief Operating & Distribution Management Officer Westchester Timothy Mardon Division President, Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda Sara Mitchell Division President, U.K and Ireland Michael O’Donnell Division President, Chubb Tempest Re USA George Ohsiek Chief Auditor, Chubb Group Jo Ann Rabitz Global Human Resources Officer, Chubb Group Steve Roberts Division President, Chubb Tempest Re International John Thompson Division President, International Accident & Health Overseas General Insurance Giles Ward Regional President, Eurasia & Africa 47 Chubb Limited Board of Directors Evan G. Greenberg Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Chubb Limited Michael G. Atieh Retired Chief Financial and Business Officer Ophthotech Corporation Sheila P. Burke Faculty Research Fellow John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University James I. Cash Emeritus Professor of Business Administration Harvard University Mary Cirillo Retired Executive Vice President and Managing Director Deutsche Bank Michael P. Connors Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Information Services Group, Inc. John A. Edwardson Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer CDW Corporation Board Committees Audit Committee Robert W. Scully, Chair James I. Cash Kimberly A. Ross Theodore E. Shasta David H. Sidwell Compensation Committee Michael P. Connors, Chair Mary Cirillo John A. Edwardson Robert M. Hernandez Nominating & Governance Committee Mary Cirillo, Chair Michael P. Connors John A. Edwardson Robert M. Hernandez Risk & Finance Committee Olivier Steimer, Chair Michael G. Atieh Sheila P. Burke Eugene B. Shanks, Jr. Executive Committee Evan G. Greenberg, Chair Mary Cirillo Michael P. Connors Robert M. Hernandez Robert W. Scully Olivier Steimer Robert M. Hernandez Lead Director Chubb Limited Retired Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer USX Corporation Kimberly A. Ross Chief Financial Officer WeWork Robert W. Scully Retired Co–President Morgan Stanley Eugene B. Shanks, Jr. Retired President Bankers Trust Company Theodore E. Shasta Retired Partner Wellington Management Company David H. Sidwell Retired Chief Financial Officer Morgan Stanley Olivier Steimer Former Chairman Banque Cantonale Vaudoise 48 Shareholder Information Visit investors.chubb.com, write to the Investor Relations Department at Chubb Limited or e–mail investorrelations@chubb.com for copies of the company’s reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 10–K, Form 10–Q or Form 8–K, all of which are available without charge. Address Investor Relations Inquiries to: Investor Relations Chubb Limited 1133 Avenue of the Americas 11th Floor New York, NY 10036 Tel: 212 827 4445 E–mail: investorrelations@chubb.com Transfer Agent & Registrar Independent Auditors PricewaterhouseCoopers AG Birchstrasse 160 8050 Zurich Switzerland Tel: 41 58 792 44 00 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Two Commerce Square, Suite 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA Tel: 267 330 3000 New York Stock Exchange Symbol CB Chubb Common Shares CUSIP Number H1467J 104 Computershare 462 South 4th Street Louisville, KY 40202 USA U.S.: 877 522 3752 Outside the U.S.: 201 680 6898 Address Shareholder Inquiries to: By regular mail: Computershare P.O. Box 505000 Louisville, KY 40233–5000 USA By overnight delivery: Computershare 462 South 4th Street Louisville, KY 40202 USA Website: www–us.computershare.com/Investor Send Certificates for Transfer and Address Changes to: Computershare P.O. Box 505000 Louisville, KY 40233–5000 USA Price Range of Common Shares and Dividends As of February 13, 2020, the company had 451,907,796 Common Shares outstanding with 6,902 registered holders of Common Shares. The accompanying table sets forth the cash dividends and the high/low closing sales prices of the company’s Common Shares, as reported on the NYSE Composite Tape for the periods indicated. We have paid dividends each quarter since we became a public company in 1993. The method of payment of our dividend approved at our May 2019 and May 2018 annual general meetings was a distribution from capital contribution reserves (additional paid–in capital). 2019 2018 Dividends Dividends Quarter Ending High Low USD CHF High Low USD CHF March 31 $140.08 $124.67 $0.73 0.72 $156.15 $134.57 $0.71 0.66 June 30 $150.94 $136.57 $0.75 0.75 $138.29 $124.57 $0.73 0.73 September 30 $161.44 $146.74 $0.75 0.73 $140.12 $126.81 $0.73 0.72 December 31 $162.06 $147.72 $0.75 0.74 $136.59 $120.19 $0.73 0.73 This annual report contains trademarks, trade names and service marks owned by Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries, including Chubb®, Chubb logo®, Chubb. Insured®. and Craftsmanship®. In addition, this report contains trademarks, trade names or service marks of companies other than Chubb, which belong to their respective owners. This report is printed on paper containing 10% post–consumer recycled content. These papers are certified to the international standards of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), which promotes responsible management of the world’s forests. 49 Non–GAAP Financial Measures Non–GAAP Financial Measures This document contains non–GAAP financial measures. The below non–GAAP financial measures, which may be defined differently by other companies, are important for an understanding of our overall results of operations and financial condition. However, these measures should not be viewed as a substitute for measures determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). We provide certain financial measures on a constant–dollar basis (i.e., excluding the impact of foreign exchange). We believe it is useful to evaluate the trends in our results exclusive of the effect of fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies in which our international business is transacted, as these exchange rates could fluctuate significantly between periods and distort the analysis of trends. The impact is determined by assuming constant foreign exchange rates between periods by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period. Core operating income, net of tax, excludes from net income the after–tax impact of adjusted net realized gains (losses), Chubb integration expenses, and the amortization of fair value adjustment of acquired invested assets and long–term debt related to the Chubb Corp acquisition. We believe this presentation enhances the understanding of our results of operations by highlighting the underlying profitability of our insurance business. We exclude adjusted net realized gains (losses) because the amount of these gains (losses) are heavily influenced by, and fluctuate in part according to, the availability of market opportunities. We exclude the amortization of the fair value adjustments related to purchased invested assets and long–term debt and Chubb integration expenses due to the size and complexity of this acquisition. These integration expenses are distortive to our results and are not indicative of our underlying profitability. We believe that excluding these integration expenses facilitates the comparison of our financial results to our historical operating results. References to core operating income measures mean net of tax, whether or not noted. 50 The following table presents the reconciliation of Net income to Core operating income: (in millions of U.S. dollars except share and per share data) Net income, as reported Amortization of fair value adjustment of acquired invested assets and long–term debt, pre–tax Tax benefit on amortization adjustment Chubb integration expenses, pre–tax Tax benefit on Chubb integration expenses Adjusted realized gains (losses), pre–tax(1) Net realized gains (losses) related to unconsolidated entities, pre–tax(2) Tax (expense) benefit on adjusted net realized gains (losses) Full Year 2019 $4,454 Full Year 2018 $3,962 (140) (215) 26 (23) 4 40 (59) 12 (522) (649) 483 (15) 431 (5) Core operating income $4,641 $4,407 Denominator 458,914,663 466,802,348 Diluted earnings per share Net income Amortization of fair value adjustment of acquired invested assets and long– term debt, net of tax Chubb integration expenses, net of tax Adjusted net realized gains (losses), net of tax Core operating income % Change from prior year $9.71 $8.49 (0.25) (0.37) (0.04) (0.10) (0.11) $10.11 7.1% (0.48) $9.44 (1) Excludes realized losses on crop derivatives of $8 million and $3 million for 2019 and 2018, respectively. (2) Realized gains (losses) on partially owned entities, which are investments where we hold more than an insignificant percentage of the investee’s shares. The net income or loss is included in other income (expense). Core operating return on equity (ROE) and Core operating return on tangible equity (ROTE) are annualized non–GAAP financial measures. The numerator includes core operating income, net of tax. The denominator includes the average shareholders’ equity for the period adjusted to exclude unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of tax. For the ROTE calculation, the denominator is also adjusted to exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, net of tax. These measures enhance the understanding of the return on shareholders’ equity by highlighting the underlying profitability relative to shareholders’ equity and tangible equity excluding the effect of unrealized gains and losses on our investments. (in millions of U.S. dollars except ratios) Net income Core operating income Full Year 2019 Full Year 2018 $4,454 $4,641 $3,962 $4,407 Equity — beginning of period as reported (1) $50,300 $51,172 Less: unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of deferred tax (545) 1,154 Equity — beginning of period, as adjusted $50,845 $50,018 Combined ratio Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives P&C combined ratio Less: Catastrophe losses Less: Prior period development CAY P&C combined ratio excluding CATs Add: Expected level of CATs Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of tax $20,054 $20,621 CAY P&C combined ratio with expected level of CATs Full Year 2019 Full Year 2018 90.6% 90.6% 0.0% 90.6% 4.1% –2.7% 89.2% 3.4% 0.0% 90.6% 5.9% –3.3% 88.0% 3.4% 92.6% 91.4% Equity — beginning of period, as adjusted, excluding goodwill and other intangible assets $30,791 $29,397 The following table presents the reconciliation of Catastrophe losses, pre–tax, to Catastrophe losses above expected levels, pre–tax: Equity — end of period, as reported $55,331 $50,312 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Less: unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of deferred tax 2,543 (545) Catastrophe losses, pre–tax Less: Expected levels of CATs, pre–tax Catastrophe losses above expected levels, pre–tax Full Year 2019 $1,187 969 $218 Equity — beginning of period, as adjusted $52,788 $50,857 Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of tax $20,012 $20,054 Equity — end of period, as adjusted, excluding goodwill and other intangible assets $32,776 $30,803 Weighted average equity, as reported $52,816 $50,742 Weighted average equity, as adjusted $51,817 $50,438 Weighted average equity, as adjusted, excluding goodwill and other intangible assets $31,784 $30,100 Tangible book value per common share is shareholders’ equity less goodwill and other intangible assets, net of tax, divided by the shares outstanding. We believe that goodwill and other intangible assets are not indicative of our underlying insurance results or trends and make book value comparisons to less acquisitive peer companies less meaningful. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) December 31 2019 December 31 2018 % Change $55,331 $50,312 20,012 20,054 ROE Core operating ROE Core operating ROTE 8.4% 9.0% 14.6% 7.8% 8.7% 14.6% Shareholders’ equity Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of tax (1) January 1, 2019 included a $12 million after–tax reduction to beginning equity related to the adoption of new accounting guidance on premium amortization of purchased callable debt securities. Numerator for tangible book value per share $35,319 $30,258 Shares outstanding 451,971,567 459,203,378 Book value per common share Tangible book value per common share $122.42 $109.56 11.7% $78.14 $65.89 18.6% Combined ratio measures the underwriting profitability of our property and casualty business. P&C combined ratio and Current accident year (CAY) P&C combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses (CATs) are non–GAAP financial measures. Refer to the Non–GAAP Reconciliation section in the 2019 Form 10–K, on pages 70–73 for the definition of these non–GAAP financial measures and reconciliation to the Combined ratio. CAY P&C combined ratio with expected level of CATs is a non–GAAP financial measure which excludes CATs above or below managements’ view of expected CATs for that period. For this purpose, the normalized level of CATs, or expected level of CATs, is not intended to represent a probability weighted expectation for the company but rather to represent management’s view of what might be more typical for a given period based on various factors, including historical experience, seasonal patterns, and consideration of both modeled CATs (e.g., windstorm and earthquake) as well as non–modeled CATs (e.g., wildfires, floods and freeze). 51 Adjusted net investment income is net investment income excluding the amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets. We believe this measure is meaningful as it highlights the underlying performance of our invested assets and portfolio management in support of our lines of business. The following table presents a reconciliation of net investment income to adjusted net investment income: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net investment income Less: Amortization expense of fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets Full Year 2019 Full Year 2018 $3,426 $3,305 (161) (248) Adjusted net investment income $3,587 $3,553 % Change from prior year 1.0% Net premiums written on an adjusted basis is net premiums written in the company’s North America Personal P&C Insurance segment adjusted to exclude the year–over–year net impact for the quarter of additional reinsurance and reinstatement premiums. We believe this measure is meaningful to evaluate trends in the underlying business on a comparable basis. The following table presents a reconciliation of North America Personal P&C Insurance net premiums written change versus prior year to change versus prior year on an adjusted basis: Net premiums written Net premiums written adjustments Net premiums written on an adjusted basis % Change 4Q-19 vs. 4Q-18 9.2% -4.6% 4.6% Non–GAAP Financial Measures (continued) P&C underwriting income is a non–GAAP financial measure which excludes the Life Insurance segment. P&C underwriting income is used to monitor results of operations without the impact of certain factors as detailed below. We believe that P&C underwriting income is a useful measure as it enhances the understanding of our results of operations by highlighting the underlying profitability of our P&C insurance business. The following table presents a reconciliation of Net income to P&C underwriting income: (In millions of U.S. dollars) Net income Less: Income tax (expense) benefit Chubb integration expenses Amortization expense of purchased intangibles Other income (expense) Interest expense Net investment income Net realized gains (losses) Life Insurance underwriting loss (1) Add: Realized losses on crop derivatives Full Year 2019 Full Year 2018 $4,454 $3,962 (795) (23) (305) 596 (552) 3,426 (530) (97) (8) (695) (59) (339) 434 (641) 3,305 (652) (5) (3) P&C underwriting income $2,726 $2,611 (1) Excludes gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets of $44 million in 2019 and $(38) million in 2018 and Life Insurance net investment income of $373 million in 2019 and $341 million in 2018. International life insurance net premiums written and deposits is a non–GAAP financial measure which includes International life insurance net premiums written and deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts. Deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts (life deposits) are not reflected as revenues in our consolidated statements of operations in accordance with GAAP. However, new life deposits are an important component of production and key to our efforts to grow our business. (in millions of U.S. dollars) International life insurance net premiums written International life insurance deposits Total international life insurance net premiums written and deposits (1) Full Year 2019 $981 1,463 $2,444 (1) Excludes Combined North America and Life reinsurance businesses. 52 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Transition Period from to Commission File No. 1-11778 CHUBB LIMITED (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Switzerland (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 98-0091805 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) Baerengasse 32 Zurich, Switzerland CH-8001 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) +41 (0)43 456 76 00 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Common Shares, par value CHF 24.15 per share Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings Inc. 0.30% Senior Notes due 2024 Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings Inc. 0.875% Senior Notes due 2027 Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings Inc. 1.55% Senior Notes due 2028 Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings Inc. 0.875% Senior Notes due 2029 Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings Inc. 1.40% Senior Notes due 2031 Guarantee of Chubb INA Holdings Inc. 2.50% Senior Notes due 2038 CB CB/24A CB/27 CB/28 CB/29A CB/31 CB/38A Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” "smaller reporting company," and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. No No No No Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates as of June 28, 2019 (the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter), was approximately $67 billion. For the purposes of this computation, shares held by directors and officers of the registrant have been excluded. Such exclusion is not intended, nor shall it be deemed, to be an admission that such persons are affiliates of the registrant. As of February 13, 2020 there were 451,907,796 Common Shares par value CHF 24.15 of the registrant outstanding. No Documents Incorporated by Reference Certain portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to its 2020 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report. CHUBB LIMITED INDEX TO 10-K PART I ITEM 1. Business ITEM 1A. Risk Factors ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments ITEM 2. Properties ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures PART II ITEM 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases ITEM 6. of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures ITEM 9B. Other Information PART III ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance ITEM 11. Executive Compensation ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services PART IV ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements Schedules ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary Page 2 19 31 31 31 31 32 34 35 90 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 97 97 98 106 1 PART I ITEM 1. Business General Chubb Limited is the Swiss-incorporated holding company of the Chubb Group of Companies. Chubb Limited, which is headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the Chubb Group of Companies, Chubb, we, us, or our) are a global insurance and reinsurance organization, serving the needs of a diverse group of clients worldwide. At December 31, 2019, we had total assets of $177 billion and shareholders’ equity of $55 billion. Chubb was incorporated in 1985 at which time it opened its first business office in Bermuda and continues to maintain operations in Bermuda. We have grown our business through increased premium volume, expansion of product offerings and geographic reach, and the acquisition of other companies to become a global property and casualty (P&C) leader. With operations in 54 countries and territories, Chubb provides commercial and personal property and casualty insurance, personal accident and supplemental health insurance (A&H), reinsurance, and life insurance to a diverse group of clients. We offer commercial insurance products and service offerings such as risk management programs, loss control, and engineering and complex claims management. We provide specialized insurance products ranging from Directors & Officers (D&O) and professional liability to various specialty-casualty and umbrella and excess casualty lines to niche areas such as aviation and energy. We also offer personal lines insurance coverage including homeowners, automobile, valuables, umbrella liability, and recreational marine products. In addition, we supply personal accident, supplemental health, and life insurance to individuals in select countries. We serve multinational corporations, mid-size and small businesses with property and casualty insurance and risk engineering services; affluent and high net worth individuals with substantial assets to protect; individuals purchasing life, personal accident, supplemental health, homeowners, automobile, and specialty personal insurance coverage; companies and affinity groups providing or offering accident and health insurance programs and life insurance to their employees or members; and insurers managing exposures with reinsurance coverage. At December 31, 2019, we employed approximately 33,000 people. We believe that employee relations are satisfactory. We make available free of charge through our website (investors.chubb.com, under Financials) our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, if any, filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been electronically filed with or furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Also available through our website (under Investor Relations / Corporate Governance) are our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Conduct, and Charters for the Committees of the Board of Directors (the Board). Printed documents are available by contacting our Investor Relations Department (Telephone: +1 (212) 827-4445, E-mail: investorrelations@chubb.com). We also use our website as a means of disclosing material, non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under SEC Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure). Accordingly, investors should monitor the Investor Relations portion of our website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this report. The SEC maintains an Internet site (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file with the SEC. Customers For most commercial and personal lines of business we offer, insureds typically use the services of an insurance broker or agent. An insurance broker acts as an agent for the insureds, offering advice on the types and amount of insurance to purchase, and assists in the negotiation of price and terms and conditions. We obtain business from the local and major international insurance brokers and typically pay a commission to brokers for any business accepted and bound. Loss of all or a substantial portion of the business provided by one or more of these brokers could have a material adverse effect on our business. In our opinion, no material part of our business is dependent upon a single insured or group of insureds. We do not believe that the loss of any one insured would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations, and no one insured or group of affiliated insureds account for as much as 10 percent of our total revenues. 2 Competition Competition in the insurance and reinsurance marketplace is substantial. We compete on an international and regional basis with major U.S., Bermuda, European, and other international insurers and reinsurers and with underwriting syndicates, some of which have greater financial, technological, marketing, distribution and management resources than we do. In addition, capital market participants have created alternative products that are intended to compete with reinsurance products. We also compete with new companies and existing companies that move into the insurance and reinsurance markets. Competitors include other stock companies, mutual companies, alternative risk sharing groups (such as group captives and catastrophe pools), and other underwriting organizations. Competitors sell through various distribution channels and business models, across a broad array of product lines, and with a high level of variation regarding geographic, marketing, and customer segmentation. We compete for business not only on the basis of price but also on the basis of availability of coverage desired by customers and quality of service. The insurance industry is changing rapidly. Our ability to compete is dependent on a number of factors, particularly our ability to maintain the appropriate financial strength ratings as assigned by independent rating agencies and effectively utilize new technology in our business. Our broad market capabilities in personal, commercial, specialty, and A&H lines made available by our underwriting expertise, business infrastructure, and global presence, help define our competitive advantage. Our strong balance sheet is attractive to businesses, and our strong capital position and global platform affords us opportunities for growth not available to smaller, less diversified insurance companies. Refer to “Segment Information” for competitive environment by segment. Trademarks and Trade Names Various trademarks and trade names we use protect names of certain products and services we offer and are important to the extent they provide goodwill and name recognition in the insurance industry. We use commercially reasonable efforts to protect these proprietary rights, including various trade secret and trademark laws. We intend to retain material trademark rights in perpetuity, so long as it satisfies the use and registration requirements of applicable countries. One or more of the trademarks and trade names could be material to our ability to sell our products and services. We have taken appropriate steps to protect our ownership of key names, and we believe it is unlikely that anyone would be able to prevent us from using names in places or circumstances material to our operations. Segment Information Chubb operates through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. In 2019, consolidated net premiums earned was $31,290 million. Additional financial information about our segments, including net premiums earned by geographic region, is included in Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. North America Commercial P&C Insurance (41 percent of 2019 Consolidated NPE) Overview The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide P&C insurance and services to large, middle market, and small commercial businesses in the U.S., Canada, and Bermuda. This segment includes: • Major Accounts, the retail division focused on large institutional organizations and corporate companies • Commercial Insurance, which includes the retail division focused on middle market customers and small businesses • Westchester and Chubb Bermuda, our wholesale and specialty divisions Products and Distribution Major Accounts provides a broad array of traditional and specialty P&C, A&H, and risk management products and services to large U.S. and Canadian-based institutional organizations and corporate companies. Major Accounts distributes its insurance products primarily through a limited number of retail brokers. In addition to using brokers, certain products are also distributed through general agents, independent agents, managing general agents (MGA), managing general underwriters, alliances, affinity groups, and direct marketing operations. Products and services offered include property, professional liability, cyber risk, excess casualty, workers’ compensation, general liability, automobile liability, commercial marine, surety, environmental, construction, medical risk, inland marine, A&H coverages, as well as claims and risk management products and services. 3 The Major Accounts operations, which represented approximately 40 percent of North America Commercial P&C Insurance’s net premiums earned in 2019, are organized into the following distinct business units, each offering specialized products and services targeted at specific markets: • Chubb Global Casualty offers a range of customized risk management primary casualty products designed to help large insureds, including national accounts, address the significant costs of financing and managing risk for workers’ compensation, general liability and automobile liability coverages as well as offering casualty insurance solutions for commercial real estate. Chubb Global Casualty also provides products which insure specific global operating risks of U.S.- based multinational companies and include deductible programs, captive programs, and paid or incurred loss retrospective plans. Within Chubb Global Casualty, Chubb Alternative Risk Solutions Group underwrites contractual indemnification policies which provides prospective coverage for loss events within the insured’s policy retention levels and underwrites assumed loss portfolio transfer (LPT) contracts in which insured loss events have occurred prior to the inception of the contract. • Property provides products and services including primary, quota share and excess all-risk insurance, risk management programs and services, commercial, inland marine, and aerospace products. • Casualty Risk provides coverages including umbrella and excess liability, environmental risk, casualty programs for commercial construction related projects for companies and institutions, and medical risk specialty liability products for the healthcare industry. • Surety offers a wide variety of surety products and specializes in underwriting both commercial and contract bonds and has the capacity for bond issuance on an international basis. • Accident & Health (A&H) products include employee benefit plans, occupational accident, student accident, and worldwide travel accident and global medical programs. With respect to products that include supplemental medical and hospital indemnity coverages, we typically pay fixed amounts for claims and are therefore insulated from rising healthcare costs. A&H also provides specialty personal lines products, including credit card enhancement programs (identity theft, rental car collision damage waiver, trip travel, and purchase protection benefits) distributed through affinity groups. • Financial Lines provides management liability and professional liability (D&O and E&O), transactional risk and cyber risk products to public companies as well as to private and not for profit organizations. • ESIS Inc. (ESIS) is an in-house third-party claims administrator that performs claims management and risk control services for domestic and international organizations as well as for the North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment. ESIS services include comprehensive medical managed care; integrated disability services; pre-loss control and risk management; health, safety and environmental consulting; salvage and subrogation; and healthcare recovery services. The net results for ESIS are included in North America Commercial P&C Insurance’s administrative expenses. The Commercial Insurance operations, which include Small Commercial, represented approximately 40 percent of North America Commercial P&C Insurance’s net premiums earned in 2019. Commercial Insurance provides a broad range of P&C, financial lines, and A&H products targeted to U.S and Canadian-based middle market customers in a variety of industries, while the Small Commercial operations provide a broad range of property and casualty, workers' compensation, small commercial management and professional liability for small businesses based in the U.S. • Commercial Insurance products and services offered include traditional property and casualty lines of business, including Package, which combines property and general liability, workers' compensation, automobile, umbrella; financial lines of business, including professional liability, management liability and cyber risk coverage; and other lines including environmental, A&H, and international coverages. Commercial Insurance distributes its insurance products through a North American network of independent retail agents, and regional, multinational and digital brokers. Generally, our customers purchase insurance through a single retail agent or broker, do not employ a risk management department, and do not retain significant risk through self-insured retentions. The majority of our customers purchase a Package product or a portfolio of products, which is a collection of insurance offerings designed to cover various needs. • Small Commercial Insurance products and services offered include property and casualty lines of business, including a business owner policy which contains property and general liability; financial lines, including professional liability, management liability, cyber risk; and other lines including workers’ compensation, automobile liability, and international coverages. Products are generally offered through a North American network of independent agents and brokers, as well as eTraditional, which are digital platforms where we electronically quote, bind, and issue for agents and brokers. An example of this is the Chubb Marketplace. 4 Wholesale and Specialty, which represented approximately 20 percent of North America Commercial P&C Insurance’s net premiums earned in 2019, comprises Westchester and Chubb Bermuda. • Westchester serves the market for business risks that tend to be hard to place or not easily covered by traditional policies due to unique or complex exposures and provides specialty products for property, casualty, environmental, professional liability, inland marine, product recall, small business, binding and program coverages in the U.S., Canada, and Bermuda. Products are offered through the wholesale distribution channel. • Chubb Bermuda provides commercial insurance products on an excess basis including excess liability, D&O, professional liability, property, and political risk, the latter being written by Sovereign Risk Insurance Ltd., a wholly-owned managing agent. Chubb Bermuda focuses on Fortune 1000 companies and targets risks that are generally low in frequency and high in severity. Products are offered primarily through the Bermuda offices of major, internationally recognized insurance brokers. Competitive Environment Major Accounts competes against a number of large, global carriers as well as regional competitors and other entities offering risk alternatives such as self-insured retentions and captive programs. The markets in which we compete are subject to significant cycles of fluctuating capacity and wide disparities in price adequacy. We pursue a specialist strategy and focus on market opportunities where we can compete effectively based on service levels and product design, while still achieving an adequate level of profitability. We also achieve a competitive advantage through Major Accounts’ innovative product offerings and our ability to provide multiple products to a single client due to our nationwide local presence. In addition, all our domestic commercial units are able to deliver global products and coverage to customers in concert with our Overseas General Insurance segment. The Commercial Insurance operations compete against numerous insurance companies ranging from large national carriers to small and mid-size insurers who provide specialty coverages and standard P&C products. Recent competitive developments include the growth of new digital-based distribution models. Westchester competes against a number of large, national carriers as well as regional competitors and other entities offering risk alternatives such as self-insured retentions and captive programs. Chubb Bermuda competes against international commercial carriers writing business on an excess of loss basis. North America Personal P&C Insurance (15 percent of 2019 Consolidated NPE) Overview The North America Personal P&C Insurance segment includes the business written by Chubb Personal Risk Services division, which includes high net worth personal lines business, with operations in the U.S. and Canada. This segment provides affluent and high net worth individuals and families with homeowners, automobile and collector cars, valuable articles (including fine arts), personal and excess liability, travel insurance, and recreational marine insurance and services. Our homeowners business, including valuable articles, represented 68 percent of North America Personal P&C Insurance’s net premiums earned in 2019. Products and Distribution Chubb Personal Risk Services offers comprehensive personal insurance products and services to meet the evolving needs of high net worth families and individuals. Our seamless customer experience and superior coverage protect not only our clients’ most valuable possessions, but also their standard of living. Our target customers consist of high net worth consumers with insurance needs that typically extend beyond what mass market carriers can offer. These coverages are offered solely through independent regional agents and brokers. Competitive Environment Chubb Personal Risk Services competes against insurance companies of varying sizes that sell personal lines products through various distribution channels, including retail agents as well as online distribution channels. We achieve a competitive advantage through our ability to address the specific needs of high net worth families and individuals, to provide superior service to our customers, and to develop and deploy digital production and processes. 5 North America Agricultural Insurance (6 percent of 2019 Consolidated NPE) Overview The North America Agricultural Insurance segment comprises our U.S. and Canadian-based businesses that provide a variety of coverages including crop insurance, primarily Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail insurance through Rain and Hail Insurance Service, Inc. (Rain and Hail) as well as farm and ranch and specialty P&C commercial insurance products and services through our Chubb Agribusiness unit. Products and Distribution Rain and Hail provides comprehensive MPCI and crop-hail insurance coverages. • MPCI is federally subsidized crop protection from numerous causes of loss, including drought, excessive moisture, freeze, disease and more. The MPCI program is offered in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. MPCI products include revenue protection (defined as providing both commodity price and yield coverages), yield protection, margin protection, prevented planting coverage and replant coverage. For additional information on our MPCI program, refer to “Crop Insurance” under Item 7. • Crop-Hail coverage provides crop protection from damage caused by hail and/or fire, with options in some markets for other perils such as wind or theft. Coverage is provided on an acre-by-acre basis and is available in the U.S. and in some parts of Canada. Crop-Hail can be used in conjunction with MPCI or other comprehensive coverages to offset the deductible and provide protection up to the actual cash value of the crop. Chubb Agribusiness comprises Commercial Agribusiness and Farm and Ranch Agribusiness. • Commercial Agribusiness offers specialty P&C coverages for commercial companies that manufacture, process and distribute agricultural products. Commercial products and services include property, general liability for premises/operations and product liability, commercial automobile, workers' compensation, employment practices liability coverage, built-in coverage for premises pollution, cyber and information security, and product withdrawal. • Farm and Ranch Agribusiness offers an extensive line of coverages for farming operations from Hobby/Gentleman farms to complex corporate farms and equine services including personal use, boarding, and training. Coverages include farm and ranch structures, machinery and other equipment, automobile and other vehicle coverages, and livestock. Competitive Environment Rain and Hail primarily operates in a federally regulated program where all approved providers offer the same product forms and rates through independent and/or captive agents. We seek a competitive advantage through our ability to provide superior service to our customers, including the development of digital solutions. Chubb Agribusiness competes against both national and regional competitors offering specialty P&C insurance coverages to companies that manufacture, process, and distribute agricultural products. Overseas General Insurance (28 percent of 2019 Consolidated NPE) Overview The Overseas General Insurance segment comprises Chubb International and Chubb Global Markets (CGM). CGM, our London- based international specialty and excess and surplus lines business, includes Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) Syndicate 2488, a wholly-owned Chubb syndicate supported by funds at Lloyd’s provided by Chubb Corporate Members. Syndicate 2488 has an underwriting capacity of £480 million for the Lloyd’s 2020 account year. The syndicate is managed by Chubb’s Lloyd’s managing agency, Chubb Underwriting Agencies Limited. Products and Distribution Chubb International maintains a presence in every major insurance market in the world and is organized geographically along product lines as follows: Europe, Asia Pacific and Far East, Eurasia and Africa, and Latin America. Products offered include P&C, A&H, specialty coverages, and personal lines insurance products and services. Chubb International's P&C business is generally written, on both a direct and assumed basis, through major international, regional, and local brokers and agents. Certain European branded products are also offered via an eTraditional digital-commerce platform, Chubb Online, that allows brokers to quote, bind, and issue specialty policies online. Asia Pacific also utilizes similar eTraditional platforms to quote, bind, 6 and issue policies. Property insurance products include traditional commercial fire coverage as well as energy industry-related, marine, construction, and other technical coverages. Principal casualty products are commercial primary and excess casualty, environmental, and general liability. A&H and other consumer lines products are distributed through brokers, agents, direct marketing programs, including thousands of telemarketers, and sponsor relationships. The A&H operations primarily offer personal accident and supplemental medical coverages including accidental death, business/holiday travel, specified disease, disability, medical and hospital indemnity, and income protection. We are not in the primary healthcare business. With respect to our supplemental medical and hospital indemnity products, we typically pay fixed amounts for claims and are therefore largely insulated from the direct impact of rising healthcare costs. Chubb International specialty coverages include D&O, professional indemnity, energy, aviation, political risk, and specialty personal lines products. Chubb International's personal lines operations provide specialty products and services designed to meet the needs of specific target markets and include property damage, automobile, homeowners, and personal liability. Chubb International’s presence in China also includes its 30.9 percent ownership interest in Huatai Insurance Group Company Limited (Huatai Group). Huatai Group wholly owns Huatai Property & Casualty Insurance Co., Ltd. (Huatai P&C). Therefore, Chubb owns an approximately 30.9 percent indirect ownership interest in Huatai P&C, which provides a range of commercial and personal P&C products in China, including property, professional liability, product liability, employer liability, business interruption, marine cargo, personal accident and specialty risk. These products are marketed through a variety of distribution channels including over 200 licensed sales locations in 28 Chinese provinces. Chubb is in the process of increasing its ownership interest in Huatai Group. CGM offers products through its parallel distribution network via two legal entities, Chubb European Group SE (CEG) and Chubb Underwriting Agencies Limited, managing agent of Syndicate 2488. CGM uses the Syndicate to underwrite P&C business on a global basis through Lloyd's worldwide licenses. CGM uses CEG to underwrite similar classes of business through its network of U.K. and European licenses, and in the U.S. where it is eligible to write excess and surplus lines business. Factors influencing the decision to place business with the Syndicate or CEG include licensing eligibilities, capitalization requirements, and client/ broker preference. All business underwritten by CGM is accessed through registered brokers. The main lines of business include aviation, property, energy, professional lines, marine, financial lines, political risk, and A&H. Competitive Environment Chubb International's primary competitors include U.S.-based companies with global operations, as well as non-U.S. global carriers and indigenous companies in regional and local markets. For the A&H lines of business, locally based competitors also include financial institutions and bank owned insurance subsidiaries. Our international operations have the distinct advantage of being part of one of the few international insurance groups with a global network of licensed companies able to write policies on a locally admitted basis. The principal competitive factors that affect the international operations are underwriting expertise and pricing, relative operating efficiency, product differentiation, producer relations, and the quality of policyholder services. A competitive strength of our international operations is our global network and breadth of insurance programs, which assist individuals and business organizations to meet their risk management objectives, while also having a significant presence in all of the countries in which we operate, giving us the advantage of accessing local technical expertise and regulatory environments, understanding local markets and culture, accomplishing a spread of risk, and offering a global network to service multinational accounts. CGM is one of the preeminent international specialty insurers in London and is an established lead underwriter on a significant portion of the risks it underwrites for all lines of business. All lines of business face competition, depending on the business class, from Lloyd's syndicates, the London market, and other major international insurers and reinsurers. Competition for international risks is also seen from domestic insurers in the country of origin of the insured. CGM differentiates itself from competitors through long standing experience in its product lines, its multiple insurance entities (Syndicate 2488 and CEG), and the quality of its underwriting and claims service. Global Reinsurance (2 percent of 2019 Consolidated NPE) Overview The Global Reinsurance segment represents Chubb's reinsurance operations comprising Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda, Chubb Tempest Re USA, Chubb Tempest Re International, and Chubb Tempest Re Canada. Global Reinsurance markets reinsurance products worldwide under the Chubb Tempest Re brand name and provides solutions for small to mid-sized clients and multinational ceding companies. Global Re offers a broad array of traditional and non-traditional (e.g., loss portfolio transfer) property and casualty products. 7 Products and Distribution Global Reinsurance services clients globally through its major units. Major international brokers submit business to one or more of these units' underwriting teams who have built strong relationships with both key brokers and clients by providing a responsive, client-focused approach to risk assessment and pricing. Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda principally provides property catastrophe reinsurance globally to insurers of commercial and personal property. Property catastrophe reinsurance is on an occurrence or aggregate basis and protects a ceding company against an accumulation of losses covered by its issued insurance policies, arising from a common event or occurrence. Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda underwrites reinsurance principally on an excess of loss basis, meaning that its exposure only arises after the ceding company's accumulated losses have exceeded the attachment point of the reinsurance policy. Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda also writes other types of reinsurance on a limited basis for selected clients. Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda's business is produced through reinsurance intermediaries. Chubb Tempest Re USA writes all lines of traditional and specialty P&C reinsurance for the North American market, principally on a treaty basis, with a focus on writing property per risk and casualty reinsurance. Chubb Tempest Re USA underwrites reinsurance on both a proportional and excess of loss basis. This unit's diversified portfolio is produced through reinsurance intermediaries. Chubb Tempest Re International provides traditional and specialty P&C reinsurance to insurance companies worldwide, with emphasis on non-U.S. and Canadian risks. Chubb Tempest Re International writes all lines of traditional and specialty reinsurance including property risk, property catastrophe, casualty, marine, aviation, and specialty through our London- and Zurich-based offices. The London-based office of Chubb Tempest Re International focuses on the development of business sourced through London market brokers. The Zurich-based office focuses on providing reinsurance to continental European insurers via continental European brokers while also serving Asian and Latin American markets. The London- and Zurich-based offices write a diverse book of international business using Syndicate 2488, CEG, and Chubb Insurance (Switzerland) Limited. Chubb Tempest Re International underwrites reinsurance on both a proportional and excess of loss basis. Chubb Tempest Re Canada offers a full array of traditional and specialty P&C, and reinsurance to the Canadian market, including casualty, property risk, property catastrophe, surety, and crop hail. Chubb Tempest Re Canada provides coverage through its Canadian company platform and also offers clients access to Syndicate 2488. Chubb Tempest Re Canada underwrites reinsurance on both a proportional and excess of loss basis. Competitive Environment The Global Reinsurance segment competes worldwide with major U.S. and non-U.S. reinsurers as well as reinsurance departments of numerous multi-line insurance organizations. In addition, capital markets participants have developed alternative capital sources intended to compete with traditional reinsurance. Additionally, government sponsored or backed catastrophe funds can affect demand for reinsurance. Global Reinsurance is considered a lead reinsurer and is typically involved in the negotiation and quotation of the terms and conditions of the majority of the contracts in which it participates. Global Reinsurance competes effectively in P&C markets worldwide because of its strong capital position, analytical capabilities and quality customer service. The key competitors in our markets vary by geographic region and product line. An advantage of our international platform is that we can change our mix of business in response to changes in competitive conditions in the territories in which we operate. Our geographic reach is also sought by multinational ceding companies since our offices, except for Bermuda, provide local reinsurance license capabilities which benefit our clients in dealing with country regulators. Life Insurance (8 percent of 2019 Consolidated NPE) Overview The Life Insurance segment comprises Chubb's international life operations (Chubb Life), Chubb Tempest Life Re (Chubb Life Re), and the North American supplemental A&H and life business of Combined Insurance. Products and Distribution Chubb Life provides individual life and group benefit insurance primarily in Asia, including Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam; throughout Latin America; selectively in Europe; Egypt; and in China through a non- consolidated joint venture insurance company. Chubb Life offers a broad portfolio of protection and savings products including whole life, endowment plans, individual term life, group term life, medical and health, personal accident, credit life, universal life, Group Employee benefits, unit linked contracts, and credit protection insurance for automobile, motorcycle and home loans. 8 The policies written by Chubb Life generally provide funds to beneficiaries of insureds after death and/or protection and/or savings benefits while the contract owner is living. Chubb Life sells to consumers through a variety of distribution channels including captive and independent agencies, bancassurance, worksite marketing, retailers, brokers, telemarketing, mobilassurance, and direct to consumer marketing. We continue to expand Chubb Life with a focus on opportunities in developing markets that we believe will result in strong and sustainable operating profits as well as a favorable return on capital commitments over time. Our dedicated captive agency distribution channel, whereby agents sell Chubb Life products exclusively, enables us to maintain direct contact with the individual consumer, promote quality sales practices, and exercise greater control over the future of the business. We have developed a substantial sales force of agents principally located in our Asia-Pacific countries. As of December 31, 2019, Chubb had a 45 percent direct and indirect ownership interest in Huatai Life Insurance Co., Ltd. (Huatai Life), comprising a 20 percent direct ownership interest as well as a 25 percent indirect ownership interest through Huatai Group, the parent company of Huatai Life. Huatai Life commenced operations in 2005 and has since grown to become one of the larger life insurance foreign joint ventures in China. Huatai Life offers a broad portfolio of insurance products including whole life, universal life, medical and health, personal accident and disability. These products are marketed through a variety of distribution channels including approximately 454 licensed sales locations in 20 Chinese provinces. Chubb is in the process of increasing its ownership interest in Huatai Group. Chubb Life Re's core business is a Bermuda-based operation which provides reinsurance to primary life insurers, focusing on guarantees included in certain variable annuity products and also on more traditional mortality reinsurance protection. Chubb Life Re's U.S.-based traditional life reinsurance operation was discontinued for new business in January 2010. Since 2007, Chubb Life Re has not quoted on new opportunities in the variable annuity reinsurance marketplace and our focus has been on managing the current portfolio of risk, both in the aggregate and on a contract basis. This business is managed with a long-term perspective and short-term earnings volatility is expected. Combined Insurance distributes specialty supplemental A&H and life insurance products targeted to middle income consumers and businesses in the U.S. and Canada. Combined Insurance's substantial North American sales force distributes a wide range of supplemental accident and sickness insurance products, including personal accident, short-term disability, critical illness, Medicare supplement products, and hospital confinement/recovery. Most of these products are primarily fixed-indemnity benefit obligations and are not directly subject to escalating medical cost inflation. Competitive Environment Chubb Life's competition differs by location but generally includes multinational insurers, and in some locations, local insurers, joint ventures, or state-owned insurers. Chubb's financial strength and reputation as an entrepreneurial organization with a global presence gives Chubb Life a strong base from which to compete. While Chubb Life Re is not currently quoting on new opportunities in the variable annuity reinsurance marketplace, we continue to monitor developments in this market. Combined Insurance competes for A&H business in the U.S. against numerous A&H and life insurance companies across various industry segments. Corporate Corporate results primarily include results of all run-off asbestos and environmental (A&E) exposures, the results of our run-off Brandywine business, the results of Westchester specialty operations for 1996 and prior years, certain other run-off exposures, and income and expenses not attributable to reportable segments and the results of our non-insurance companies. The run-off operations do not actively sell insurance products, but are responsible for the management of existing policies and settlement of related claims. Our exposure to A&E claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when we purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998, CIGNA’s P&C business in 1999, and The Chubb Corporation in 2016. The A&E liabilities principally relate to claims arising from bodily- injury claims related to asbestos products and remediation costs associated with hazardous waste sites. 9 Underwriting Chubb is an underwriting company and we strive to emphasize quality of underwriting rather than volume of business or market share. Our underwriting strategy is to manage risk by employing consistent, disciplined pricing and risk selection. This, coupled with writing a number of less cyclical product lines, has helped us develop flexibility and stability of our business, and has allowed us to maintain a profitable book of business throughout market cycles. Clearly defined underwriting authorities, standards, and guidelines coupled with a strong underwriting audit function are in place in each of our local operations and global profit centers. Global product boards ensure consistency of approach and the establishment of best practices throughout the world. Our priority is to help ensure adherence to criteria for risk selection by maintaining high levels of experience and expertise in our underwriting staff. In addition, we employ a business review structure that helps ensure control of risk quality and appropriate use of policy limits and terms and conditions. Underwriting discipline is at the heart of our operating philosophy. Actuaries in each region work closely with the underwriting teams to provide additional expertise in the underwriting process. We use internal and external data together with sophisticated analytical, catastrophe loss and risk modeling techniques to ensure an appropriate understanding of risk, including diversification and correlation effects, across different product lines and territories. We recognize that climate changes and weather patterns are integral to our underwriting process and we continually adjust our process to address these changes. This is intended to help ensure that losses are contained within our risk tolerance and appetite for individual product lines, businesses, and Chubb as a whole. Our use of such tools and data also reflects an understanding of their inherent limitations and uncertainties. We also purchase protection from third parties, including, but not limited to, reinsurance as a tool to diversify risk and limit the net loss potential of catastrophes and large or unusually hazardous risks. For additional information refer to "Risk Factors" under Item 1A, “Reinsurance Protection”, below, “Catastrophe Management” and “Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program”, under Item 7, and Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8. Reinsurance Protection As part of our risk management strategy, we purchase reinsurance protection to mitigate our exposure to losses, including certain catastrophes, to a level consistent with our risk appetite. Although reinsurance agreements contractually obligate our reinsurers to reimburse us for an agreed-upon portion of our gross paid losses, reinsurance does not discharge our primary liability to our insureds and, thus, we ultimately remain liable for the gross direct losses. In certain countries, reinsurer selection is limited by local laws or regulations. In most countries there is more freedom of choice, and the counterparty is selected based upon its financial strength, claims settlement record, management, line of business expertise, and its price for assuming the risk transferred. In support of this process, we maintain a Chubb authorized reinsurer list that stratifies these authorized reinsurers by classes of business and acceptable limits. This list is maintained by our Reinsurance Security Committee (RSC), a committee comprising senior management personnel and a dedicated reinsurer security team. Changes to the list are authorized by the RSC and recommended to the Chair of the Risk and Underwriting Committee. The reinsurers on the authorized list and potential new markets are regularly reviewed and the list may be modified following these reviews. In addition to the authorized list, there is a formal exception process that allows authorized reinsurance buyers to use reinsurers already on the authorized list for higher limits or different lines of business, for example, or other reinsurers not on the authorized list if their use is supported by compelling business reasons for a particular reinsurance program. A separate policy and process exists for captive reinsurance companies. Generally, these reinsurance companies are established by our clients or our clients have an interest in them. It is generally our policy to obtain collateral equal to the expected losses that may be ceded to the captive. Where appropriate, exceptions to the collateral requirement are granted but only after senior management review. Specific collateral guidelines and an exception process are in place for the North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, and Overseas General Insurance segments, all of which have credit management units evaluating the captive's credit quality and that of their parent company. The credit management units, working with actuaries, determine reasonable exposure estimates (collateral calculations), ensure receipt of collateral in an acceptable form, and coordinate collateral adjustments as and when needed. Financial reviews and expected loss evaluations are performed annually for active captive accounts and as needed for run-off exposures. In addition to collateral, parental guarantees are often used to enhance the credit quality of the captive. In general, we seek to place our reinsurance with highly rated companies with which we have a strong trading relationship. For additional information refer to “Catastrophe Management” and “Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program” under Item 7, and Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8. 10 Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses We establish reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses, which are estimates of future payments on reported and unreported claims for losses and related expenses, with respect to insured events that have occurred. These reserves are recorded in Unpaid losses and loss expenses in the Consolidated balance sheets. The process of establishing loss and loss expense reserves for P&C claims can be complex and is subject to considerable uncertainty as it requires the use of informed estimates and judgments based on circumstances known at the date of accrual. These estimates and judgments are based on numerous factors, and may be revised as additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, as new or improved methodologies are developed, or as laws change. Internal actuaries regularly analyze the levels of loss and loss expense reserves, taking into consideration factors that may impact the ultimate settlement value of the unpaid losses and loss expenses. These analyses could result in future changes in the estimates of loss and loss expense reserves or reinsurance recoverables and any such changes would be reflected in our results of operations in the period in which the estimates are changed. Losses and loss expenses are charged to income as incurred. The reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses represents the estimated ultimate losses and loss expenses less paid losses and loss expenses, and comprises case reserves and incurred but not reported (IBNR) reserves. With the exception of certain structured settlements, for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable, and certain reserves for unsettled claims, our loss reserves are not discounted for the time value of money. In connection with such structured settlements and certain reserves for unsettled claims, we carried net discounted reserves of $74 million at December 31, 2019. For each product line, management, after consultation with internal actuaries, develops a “best estimate” of the ultimate settlement value of the unpaid losses and loss expenses that it believes provides a reasonable estimate of the required reserve. We evaluate our estimates of reserves quarterly in light of developing information. While we are unable at this time to determine whether additional reserves may be necessary in the future, we believe that our reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses are adequate at December 31, 2019. Future additions to reserves, if needed, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. For additional information refer to “Critical Accounting Estimates – Unpaid losses and loss expenses”, under Item 7, and Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8. Investments Our objective is to maximize investment income and total return while ensuring an appropriate level of liquidity, investment quality, and diversification. As such, Chubb's investment portfolio is invested primarily in investment-grade fixed-income securities as measured by the major rating agencies. We do not allow leverage in our investment portfolio. The critical aspects of the investment process are controlled by Chubb Asset Management, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Chubb. These aspects include asset allocation, portfolio and guideline design, risk management, and oversight of external asset managers. In this regard, Chubb Asset Management: • conducts formal asset allocation modeling for each of the Chubb subsidiaries, providing formal recommendations for the portfolio's structure; • establishes recommended investment guidelines that are appropriate to the prescribed asset allocation targets; • provides the analysis, evaluation, and selection of our external investment advisors; • establishes and develops investment-related analytics to enhance portfolio engineering and risk control; • monitors and aggregates the correlated risk of the overall investment portfolio; and • provides governance over the investment process for each of our operating companies to ensure consistency of approach and adherence to investment guidelines. Under our guidance and direction, external asset managers conduct security and sector selection and transaction execution. Use of multiple managers benefits Chubb in several ways – it provides us with operational and cost efficiencies, diversity of styles and approaches, innovations in investment research and credit and risk management, all of which enhance the risk adjusted returns of our portfolios. Chubb Asset Management determines the investment portfolio's allowable, targeted asset allocation and ranges for each of the segments. These asset allocation targets are derived from sophisticated asset and liability modeling that measures correlated histories of returns and volatility of returns. Allowable investment classes are further refined through analysis of our operating environment including expected volatility of cash flows, potential impact on our capital position, and regulatory and rating agency considerations. 11 The Board has established a Risk & Finance Committee which helps execute the Board's supervisory responsibilities pertaining to enterprise risk management including investment risk. Under the overall supervision of the Risk & Finance Committee, Chubb's governance over investment management is rigorous and ongoing. Among its responsibilities, the Risk & Finance Committee of the Board: • • • reviews and approves asset allocation targets and investment policy to ensure that it is consistent with our overall goals, strategies, and objectives; reviews and approves investment guidelines to ensure that appropriate levels of portfolio liquidity, credit quality, diversification, and volatility are maintained; and systematically reviews the portfolio's exposures including any potential violations of investment guidelines. We have long-standing global credit limits for our entire portfolio across the organization and for individual obligors. Exposures are aggregated, monitored, and actively managed by our Global Credit Committee, comprising senior executives, including our Chief Financial Officer, our Chief Risk Officer, our Chief Investment Officer, and our Treasurer. Within the guidelines and asset allocation parameters established by the Risk & Finance Committee, individual investment committees of the segments determine tactical asset allocation. Additionally, these committees review all investment-related activity that affects their operating company, including the selection of outside investment advisors, proposed asset allocation changes, and the systematic review of investment guidelines. For additional information regarding the investment portfolio, including breakdowns of the sector and maturity distributions, refer to Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8. Regulation Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries conduct business globally, including in all 50 states of the United States and the District of Columbia. Our business is subject to varying degrees of regulation and supervision in each of the jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are domiciled and on a group basis. The laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are domiciled require among other things that these subsidiaries maintain minimum levels of statutory capital, surplus, and liquidity, meet solvency standards, and submit to periodic examinations of their financial condition. The complex regulatory environments in which Chubb operates are subject to change and are regularly monitored. Group Supervision In 2012, the Pennsylvania Insurance Department (Department), in consultation with other insurance regulatory bodies that oversee Chubb's insurance activities, convened the first Chubb Supervisory College (College). Regulators from approximately ten jurisdictions attended the College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during which the supervisors reviewed information on Chubb. The Department, in cooperation with the other supervisory college regulators, published a notice of its determination that it is the appropriate group-wide supervisor for Chubb. Since 2012, the College has convened bi-annually in-person; and, in July 2017, the College convened its first interim College teleconference, with the most recent teleconference held in September 2019. During these meetings, the College reviewed extensive information about Chubb, without material adverse comment. The next in-person College is scheduled for September 2020 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The following is an overview of regulations for our operations in Switzerland, the U.S., Bermuda, and other international locations. Swiss Operations The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) has the discretion to supervise Chubb on a group-wide basis. However, FINMA acknowledges the Department's assumption of group supervision over us. In 2008, we formed Chubb Insurance (Switzerland) Limited which offers property and casualty insurance to Swiss companies, A&H insurance for individuals of Swiss Corporations as well as reinsurance predominantly in Continental Europe. We have also formed a reinsurance subsidiary named Chubb Reinsurance (Switzerland) Limited, which we operate as primarily a provider of reinsurance to Chubb entities. Both companies are licensed and governed by FINMA. 12 U.S. Operations Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are subject to extensive regulation and supervision by the states in which they do business. The laws of the various states establish departments of insurance with broad authority to regulate, among other things: the standards of solvency that must be met and maintained, the licensing of insurers and their producers, approval of policy forms and rates, the nature of and limitations on investments, restrictions on the size of the risks which may be insured under a single policy, deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders, requirements for the acceptability of reinsurers, periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies, the form and content of reports of financial condition required to be filed, and the adequacy of reserves for unearned premiums, losses, and other exposures. Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are required to file detailed annual and quarterly reports with state insurance regulators. In addition, our U.S. insurance subsidiaries' operations and financial records are subject to examination at regular intervals by state regulators. All states have enacted legislation that regulates insurance holding companies. This legislation provides that each insurance company in the insurance holding company system (system) is required to register with the insurance department of its state of domicile and furnish information concerning the operations of companies within the system that may materially affect the operations, management, or financial condition of the insurers within the system. We are required to file an annual enterprise risk report with the Department, identifying the material risks within our system that could pose enterprise risk to the insurance subsidiaries in the system. All transactions within a system must be fair and equitable. Notice to the insurance departments is required prior to the consummation of transactions affecting the ownership or control of an insurer and of certain material transactions between an insurer and an entity in its system. In addition, certain transactions may not be consummated without the department's prior approval. We are also required to file an annual report with the Department, reflecting our internal assessment of material risks associated with our current business plan and the sufficiency of our capital resources to support those risks. Statutory surplus is an important measure used by the regulators and rating agencies to assess our U.S. insurance subsidiaries' ability to support business operations and provide dividend capacity. Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are subject to various state statutory and regulatory restrictions that limit the amount of dividends that may be paid without prior approval from regulatory authorities. These restrictions differ by state, but are generally based on calculations incorporating statutory surplus, statutory net income, and/or investment income. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) has a risk-based capital requirement for P&C insurance companies. This risk-based capital formula is used by many state regulatory authorities to identify insurance companies that may be undercapitalized and which merit further regulatory attention. These requirements are designed to monitor capital adequacy using a formula that prescribes a series of risk measurements to determine a minimum capital amount for an insurance company, based on the profile of the individual company. The ratio of a company's actual policyholder surplus to its minimum capital requirement will determine whether any state regulatory action is required. There are progressive risk-based capital failure levels that trigger more stringent regulatory action. If an insurer's policyholders' surplus falls below the Mandatory Control Level (70 percent of the Authorized Control Level, as defined by the NAIC), the relevant insurance commissioner is required to place the insurer under regulatory control. However, an insurance regulator may allow a P&C company operating below the Mandatory Control Level that is writing no business and is running off its existing business to continue its run-off. Brandywine is running off its liabilities consistent with the terms of an order issued by the Insurance Commissioner of Pennsylvania. This includes periodic reporting obligations to the Department. Government intervention continued in the insurance and reinsurance markets in relation to terrorism coverage in the U.S. (and through industry initiatives in other countries). The U.S. Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA), which was enacted in 2002 to ensure the availability of insurance coverage for certain types of terrorist acts in the U.S., was extended in December 2019 through December 31, 2027, and applies to certain of our operations. From time to time, Chubb and its subsidiaries and affiliates receive inquiries from state agencies and attorneys general, with which we generally comply, seeking information concerning business practices, such as underwriting and non-traditional or loss mitigation insurance products. Moreover, many recent factors, such as consequences of and reactions to industry and economic conditions and focus on domestic issues, have contributed to the potential for change in the legal and regulatory framework 13 applicable to Chubb's U.S. operations and businesses. We cannot assure that changes in laws or investigative or enforcement activities in the various states in the U.S. will not have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or business practices. We are subject to numerous U.S. federal and state laws governing the protection of personal and confidential information of our clients or employees. These laws and regulations are increasing in complexity, and the requirements are extensive and detailed. Numerous states require us to certify our compliance with their data protection laws. We are subject to the New York Department of Financial Services’ Cybersecurity Regulation (the NYDFS Cybersecurity Regulation) which mandates detailed cybersecurity standards for all institutions, including insurance entities, authorized by the NYDFS to operate in New York. Among the requirements are the maintenance of a cybersecurity program with governance controls, risk-based minimum data security standards for technology systems, cyber breach preparedness and response requirements, including reporting obligations, vendor oversight, training, and program record keeping and certification obligations. Because our North America systems are integrated, our companies domiciled in other states may also be impacted by this requirement. Additionally, the NAIC adopted an Insurance Data Security Model Law, which require licensed insurance entities to comply with detailed information security requirements. The NAIC model law is similar in many respects to the NYDFS Cybersecurity Regulation. Bermuda Operations The Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda and related regulations, as amended (the Insurance Act), regulates the insurance business of our Bermuda domiciled (re)insurance subsidiaries (Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries) and provides that no person may carry on any insurance business in or from within Bermuda unless registered as an insurer by the Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA). The Insurance Act imposes solvency and liquidity standards and auditing and reporting requirements on Bermuda insurance companies and grants the BMA powers to supervise, investigate, and intervene in the affairs of insurance companies. Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries must prepare and file with the BMA, audited annual statutory financial statements and audited annual financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP), International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), or any such other generally accepted accounting principles as the BMA may recognize. These audited financial statements are made public by the BMA. The Insurance Act prescribes rules for the preparation and content of the statutory financial statements that require Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries to give detailed information and analyses regarding premiums, claims, reinsurance, and investments. In addition, the Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries are required to prepare and publish a Financial Condition Report (FCR). The FCR provides details of measures governing the business operations, corporate governance framework, solvency and financial performance. The FCR must be filed with the BMA and requires Bermuda insurance companies to make the FCR publicly available. Bermuda’s regulatory regime provides a risk-based capital model, termed the Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement (BSCR), as a tool to assist the BMA both in measuring risk and in determining appropriate levels of capitalization. The BSCR employs a standard mathematical model that correlates the risk underwritten by Bermuda insurers to their capital. The BSCR framework applies a standard measurement format to the risk associated with an insurer's assets, liabilities, and premiums, including a formula to take into account catastrophe risk exposure. The BMA established risk-based regulatory capital adequacy and solvency margin requirements for Bermuda insurers that mandate that a Bermuda domiciled subsidiary’s Enhanced Capital Requirement (ECR) be calculated by either (a) BSCR, or (b) an internal capital model which the BMA has approved for use for this purpose. The Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries use the BSCR in calculating their solvency requirements. Bermuda statutory reporting rules include an Economic Balance Sheet (EBS) framework. The EBS framework is embedded as part of the BSCR and forms the basis of our ECR. In order to minimize the risk of a shortfall in capital arising from an unexpected adverse deviation and in moving towards the implementation of a risk based capital approach, the BMA has established a threshold capital level, (termed the Target Capital Level (TCL)), set at 120 percent of ECR, that serves as an early warning tool for the BMA. Failure to maintain statutory capital at least equal to the TCL would likely result in increased BMA regulatory oversight. Under the Insurance Act, Chubb's Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries are prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends of more than 25 percent of total statutory capital and surplus, as shown in its previous financial year unconsolidated statutory balance sheet, unless at least seven days before payment of the dividends, it files with the BMA an affidavit that it will continue 14 to meet its required solvency margins. Furthermore, Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries may only declare and pay a dividend from retained earnings and a dividend or distribution from contributed surplus if it has no reasonable grounds for believing that it is, or would after the payment be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due, or if the realizable value of its assets would be less than the aggregate of its liabilities and its issued share capital and share premium accounts. In addition, Chubb's Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries must obtain the BMA's prior approval before reducing total statutory capital, as shown in its previous financial year statutory balance sheet, by 15 percent or more. Other International Operations The extent of insurance regulation varies significantly among the countries in which non-U.S. Chubb operations conduct business. While each country imposes licensing, solvency, auditing, and financial reporting requirements, the type and extent of the requirements differ substantially. For example: • • in some countries, insurers are required to prepare and file monthly and/or quarterly financial reports, and in others, only annual reports; some regulators require intermediaries to be involved in the sale of insurance products, whereas other regulators permit direct sales contact between the insurer and the customer; • the extent of restrictions imposed upon an insurer's use of local and offshore reinsurance vary; • policy form filing and rate regulation vary by country; • • the frequency of contact and periodic on-site examinations by insurance authorities differ by country; and regulatory requirements relating to insurer dividend policies vary by country. Significant variations can also be found in the size, structure, and resources of the local regulatory departments that oversee insurance activities. Certain regulators prefer close relationships with all subject insurers and others operate a risk-based approach. Chubb operates in some countries through subsidiaries and in some countries through branches of subsidiaries. Local capital requirements applicable to a subsidiary generally include its branches. Certain Chubb companies are jointly owned with local companies to comply with legal requirements for local ownership. Other legal requirements include discretionary licensing procedures, compulsory cessions of reinsurance, local retention of funds and records, data privacy and protection program requirements, and foreign exchange controls. Chubb's international companies are also subject to multinational application of certain U.S. laws. There are various regulatory bodies and initiatives that impact Chubb in multiple international jurisdictions and the potential for significant impact on Chubb could be heightened as a result of recent industry and economic developments. In 2016, the United Kingdom (UK) voted in a national referendum to withdraw from the EU. In anticipation of the UK leaving the EU, effective January 1, 2019, we redomiciled the headquarters of our European carriers to Paris, France, which is also the principal office for our Continental European operations. Chubb continues to have a substantial presence in London in addition to its offices and operations across the UK and EU. In 2018, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into effect. The GDPR is a privacy regulation with protection for the personal data of EU residents on a global basis. Enterprise Risk Management As an insurer, Chubb is in the business of profitably managing risk for its customers. Since risk management must permeate an organization conducting a global insurance business, we have an established Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) framework that is integrated into management of our businesses and is led by Chubb's senior management. As a result, ERM is a part of the day-to-day management of Chubb and its operations. Our global ERM framework is broadly multi-disciplinary and its strategic objectives include: • External Risks: identify, analyze, quantify, and where possible, mitigate significant external risks that could materially hamper the financial condition of Chubb and/or the achievement of corporate business objectives over the next 36 months; 15 • Exposure Accumulations: identify and quantify the accumulation of exposure to individual counterparties, products or industry sectors, particularly those that materially extend across or correlate between business units or divisions and/or the balance sheet; • Risk Modeling: develop and use various data-sets, analytical tools, metrics and processes (including economic capital models and advanced analytics, including catastrophe models to quantify natural catastrophe risk for product pricing, risk management, capital allocation and to simulate and estimate hurricane losses) that help business and corporate leaders make informed underwriting, portfolio management and risk management decisions within a consistent risk/reward framework; • Governance: establish and coordinate risk guidelines that reflect the corporate appetite for risk; monitor exposure accumulations relative to established guidelines; and ensure effective internal risk management communication up to management and the Board, (including our Risk & Finance Committee and our Nominating & Governance Committee), down to the various business units and legal entities, and across the firm; and • Disclosure: develop protocols and processes for risk-related disclosure internally as well as externally to rating agencies, regulators, shareholders and analysts. Chubb Group's Risk and Underwriting Committee (RUC) reports to and assists the Chief Executive Officer in the oversight and review of the ERM framework which covers the processes and guidelines used to manage insurance risk, financial risk, strategic risk, and operational risk. The RUC is chaired by Chubb Group’s Chief Risk Officer. The RUC meets at least monthly, and is comprised of Chubb Group's most senior executives, in addition to the Chair, including the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Investment Officer, Chief Actuary, Chief Claims Officer, General Counsel, President – North America Commercial and Personal Insurance, President – North America Major Accounts and Specialty Insurance, President – Overseas General Insurance, and Chief Underwriting Officer. The RUC is assisted in its activities by Chubb's Enterprise Risk Unit (ERU) and Product Boards. The ERU is responsible for the collation and analysis of risk insight in two key areas. First, external information that provides insight to the RUC on existing or emerging risks that might significantly impact Chubb's key objectives and second, internal risk aggregations arising from Chubb's business writings and other activities such as investments and operations. The ERU is independent of the operating units and reports to our Chief Risk Officer. The Product Boards exist to provide oversight for products that we offer globally. A Product Board currently exists for each of Chubb's major product areas. Each Product Board is responsible for ensuring consistency in underwriting and pricing standards, identification of emerging issues, and guidelines for relevant accumulations. Chubb's Chief Risk Officer also reports to the Board's Risk & Finance Committee, which helps execute the Board's supervisory responsibilities pertaining to ERM. The role of the Risk & Finance Committee includes evaluation of the integrity and effectiveness of our ERM procedures, systems, and information; governance on major policy decisions pertaining to risk aggregation and minimization; and assessment of our major decisions and preparedness levels pertaining to perceived material risks. The Audit Committee meets annually and on an as-needed basis with the Risk & Finance Committee in order to exercise its duties under New York Stock Exchange Rules. Others within the ERM structure contribute toward accomplishing Chubb's ERM objectives, including regional management, Corporate Underwriting, Internal Audit, Compliance, external consultants, and managers of our internal control processes and procedures. Tax Matters Refer to “Risk Factors”, under Item 1A and Note 1 o) and Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8. 16 Information about our Executive Officers Name Evan G. Greenberg John W. Keogh Philip V. Bancroft John J. Lupica Joseph F. Wayland Sean Ringsted Timothy A. Boroughs Paul J. Krump Juan Luis Ortega Age 65 55 60 54 62 57 70 60 45 Position Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director Executive Vice Chairman and Chief Operating Officer Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Vice Chairman; President, North America Major Accounts & Specialty Insurance Executive Vice President and General Counsel Executive Vice President, Chief Digital Officer, and Chief Risk Officer Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer Executive Vice President; President, North America Commercial and Personal Insurance Executive Vice President; President, Overseas General Insurance Evan G. Greenberg has been a director of Chubb Limited since August 2002. Mr. Greenberg was elected Chairman of the Board of Directors in May 2007. Mr. Greenberg was a director of The Coca-Cola Company from February 2011 until his resignation in October 2016. Mr. Greenberg was appointed to the position of President and Chief Executive Officer of Chubb Limited in May 2004, and in June 2003, was appointed President and Chief Operating Officer of Chubb Limited. Mr. Greenberg was appointed to the position of Chief Executive Officer of Chubb Overseas General in April 2002. He joined Chubb as Vice Chairman, Chubb Limited, and Chief Executive Officer of Chubb Tempest Re in November 2001. Prior to joining Chubb, Mr. Greenberg was most recently President and Chief Operating Officer of American International Group (AIG), a position he held from 1997 until 2000. John W. Keogh was appointed Executive Vice Chairman of Chubb Limited in November 2015. Mr. Keogh has served as Chief Operating Officer of Chubb Limited since July 2011 and Vice Chairman of Chubb Limited and Chubb Group Holdings since August 2010. Mr. Keogh joined Chubb as Chief Executive Officer of Overseas General Insurance in April 2006 and became Chairman of Overseas General Insurance in August 2010. Prior to joining Chubb, Mr. Keogh served as Senior Vice President, Domestic General Insurance of AIG, and President and Chief Executive Officer of National Union Fire Insurance Company, AIG's member company that specializes in D&O and fiduciary liability coverages. Mr. Keogh joined AIG in 1986. He served in a number of other senior positions there including as Executive Vice President of AIG's Domestic Brokerage Group and as President and Chief Operating Officer of AIG's Lexington Insurance Company unit. Philip V. Bancroft was appointed Chief Financial Officer of Chubb Limited in January 2002. For nearly 20 years, Mr. Bancroft worked for PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Prior to joining Chubb, he served as partner-in-charge of the New York Regional Insurance Practice. Mr. Bancroft had been a partner with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP for ten years. John J. Lupica was appointed President, North America Major Accounts & Specialty Insurance in January 2016, Vice Chairman of Chubb Limited and Chubb Group Holdings in November 2013 and Chairman, Insurance - North America, in July 2011. Mr. Lupica had been Chief Operating Officer, Insurance - North America, since 2010 and President of ACE USA since 2006. He also previously served as Division President of U.S. Professional Risk business and U.S. Regional Operations. Mr. Lupica joined Chubb as Executive Vice President of Professional Risk in 2000. Prior to joining Chubb, he served as Senior Vice President for Munich-American Risk Partners, Inc. He also held various management positions at AIG. Joseph F. Wayland was appointed Executive Vice President of Chubb Limited in January 2016, General Counsel and Secretary of Chubb Limited in July 2013. Mr. Wayland joined Chubb from the law firm of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, where he was a partner since 1994. From 2010 to 2012, he served in the United States Department of Justice, first as Deputy Assistant Attorney General of the Antitrust Division, and was later appointed as the Acting Assistant Attorney General in charge of that division. Sean Ringsted was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Digital Officer in February 2017 and Chief Risk Officer in November 2008. Mr. Ringsted previously served as Chief Actuary of Chubb Limited from November 2008 to January 2017. Mr. Ringsted’s previous roles at Chubb also include Chief Actuary for Chubb Group from 2004 to 2008, Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer for Chubb Tempest Re from 2002 to 2004, and Senior Vice President and Chief Actuary for Chubb Tempest Re from 1998 to 2002. Prior to joining Chubb, Mr. Ringsted was a consultant at Tillinghast-Towers Perrin. 17 Timothy A. Boroughs was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer of Chubb Group in June 2000. Prior to joining Chubb, Mr. Boroughs was Director of Fixed Income at Tudor Investment Corporation from 1997 to 2000, and Managing Partner and Director of Global Leveraged Investment Activity at Fischer Francis Trees & Watts from 1976 to 1997. Paul J. Krump was appointed Executive Vice President, Chubb Group and President North America Commercial and Personal Insurance in January 2016. Prior to Chubb Limited’s January 2016 acquisition of The Chubb Corporation, Mr. Krump was Chief Operating Officer of The Chubb Corporation, responsible for the company’s Commercial, Specialty, Personal and Accident & Health insurance lines; Claims; Global Field Operations; Information Technology; Human Resources; Communications; and External Affairs. Mr. Krump joined The Chubb Corporation in 1982 as a commercial underwriting trainee in the Minneapolis office. He held numerous headquarters and field positions in the United States and Europe, including President of Personal Lines and Claims and President of Commercial and Specialty Lines. Juan Luis Ortega was appointed Executive Vice President, Chubb Group and President, Overseas General Insurance in August 2019. Mr. Ortega previously served as Senior Vice President, Chubb Group and Regional President of Latin America since 2016 and Regional President of Asia Pacific from 2013 to 2016. Mr. Ortega's previous roles at Chubb also include Senior Vice President, Accident & Health, for the Asia Pacific region from 2011 to 2013 and Senior Vice President and Regional Head of Accident & Health for the Latin America region from 2008 to 2010. Mr. Ortega joined Chubb in 1999 and advanced through a series of accident and health and credit insurance management positions in Miami, Puerto Rico and Mexico, before being named Country President of Chile in 2005. 18 ITEM 1A. Risk Factors Factors that could have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition are outlined below. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem insignificant may also impair our business or results of operations as they become known or as facts and circumstances change. Any of the risks described below could result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Insurance Our results of operations or financial condition could be adversely affected by the occurrence of natural and man-made disasters. We have substantial exposure to losses resulting from natural disasters, man-made catastrophes such as terrorism or cyber- attack, and other catastrophic events, including pandemics. This could impact a variety of our businesses, including our commercial and personal lines, and life and accident and health (A&H) products. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including hurricanes, typhoons, earthquakes, hailstorms, droughts, explosions, severe winter weather, fires, war, acts of terrorism, nuclear accidents, political instability, and other natural or man-made disasters, including a global or other wide- impact pandemic or a significant cyber-attack. The incidence and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable and our losses from catastrophes could be substantial. In addition, climate change and resulting changes in global temperatures, weather patterns, and sea levels may both increase the frequency and severity of natural catastrophes and the resulting losses in the future and impact our risk modeling assumptions. We cannot predict the impact that changing climate conditions, if any, may have on our results of operations or our financial condition. Additionally, we cannot predict how legal, regulatory and/or social responses to concerns around global climate change may impact our business. The occurrence of claims from catastrophic events could result in substantial volatility in our results of operations or financial condition for any fiscal quarter or year. Although we attempt to manage our exposure to such events through the use of underwriting controls, risk models, and the purchase of third-party reinsurance, catastrophic events are inherently unpredictable and the actual nature of such events when they occur could be more frequent or severe than contemplated in our pricing and risk management expectations. As a result, the occurrence of one or more catastrophic events could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. If actual claims exceed our loss reserves, our financial results could be adversely affected. Our results of operations and financial condition depend upon our ability to accurately assess the potential losses associated with the risks that we insure and reinsure. We establish reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses, which are estimates of future payments of reported and unreported claims for losses and related expenses, with respect to insured events that have occurred at or prior to the balance sheet date. The process of establishing reserves can be highly complex and is subject to considerable variability as it requires the use of informed estimates and judgments. Actuarial staff in each of our segments regularly evaluates the levels of loss reserves. Any such evaluation could result in future changes in estimates of losses or reinsurance recoverables and would be reflected in our results of operations in the period in which the estimates are changed. Losses and loss expenses are charged to income as incurred. During the loss settlement period, which can be many years in duration for some of our lines of business, additional facts regarding individual claims and trends often will become known which may result in a change in overall reserves. In addition, application of statistical and actuarial methods may require the adjustment of overall reserves upward or downward from time to time. Included in our loss reserves are liabilities for latent claims such as asbestos and environmental (A&E), which are principally related to claims arising from remediation costs associated with hazardous waste sites and bodily-injury claims related to exposure to asbestos products and environmental hazards. At December 31, 2019, gross A&E liabilities represented approximately 3.2 percent of our gross loss reserves. The estimation of these liabilities is subject to many complex variables including: the current legal environment; specific settlements that may be used as precedents to settle future claims; assumptions regarding trends with respect to claim severity and the frequency of higher severity claims; assumptions regarding the ability to allocate liability among defendants (including bankruptcy trusts) and other insurers; the ability of a claimant to bring a claim in a state in which it has no residency or exposure; the ability of a policyholder to claim the right to non-products coverage; whether high-level excess policies have the potential to be accessed given the policyholder's claim trends and liability situation; payments to unimpaired claimants; and the potential liability of peripheral defendants. Accordingly, the ultimate settlement of losses, arising from either latent or non-latent causes, may be significantly greater or less than the loss and loss expense reserves held at the balance sheet date. In addition, the amount and timing of the settlement of our P&C liabilities are uncertain and our actual payments could be higher than contemplated in our loss reserves owing to the impact of insurance, 19 judicial decisions, and/or social inflation. If our loss reserves are determined to be inadequate, we may be required to increase loss reserves at the time of the determination and our net income and capital may be reduced. The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business are uncertain. As industry practices and legislative, regulatory, judicial, social, financial, technological and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the frequency and severity of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until after we have issued insurance or reinsurance contracts that are affected by the changes. For example, recently enacted "reviver" legislation in certain states does allow civil claims relating to molestation and abuse to be asserted against policyholders that would otherwise be barred by statutes of limitations. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance or reinsurance contracts may not be known for many years after issuance. The failure of any of the loss limitation methods we use could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We seek to manage our loss exposure by maintaining a disciplined underwriting process throughout our insurance operations. We also look to limit our loss exposure by writing a number of our insurance and reinsurance contracts on an excess of loss basis. Excess of loss insurance and reinsurance indemnifies the insured against losses in excess of a specified amount. In addition, we limit program size for each client and purchase third-party reinsurance for our own account. In the case of our assumed proportional reinsurance treaties, we seek per occurrence limitations or loss and loss expense ratio caps to limit the impact of losses ceded by the client. In proportional reinsurance, the reinsurer shares a proportional part of the premiums and losses of the reinsured. We also seek to limit our loss exposure by geographic diversification. Geographic zone limitations involve significant underwriting judgments, including the determination of the area of the zones and the inclusion of a particular policy within a particular zone's limits. However, there are inherent limitations in all of these tactics and no assurance can be given against the possibility of an event or series of events that could result in loss levels that could have an adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. It is also possible that losses could manifest themselves in ways that we do not anticipate and that our risk mitigation strategies are not designed to address. Additionally, various provisions of our policies, such as limitations or exclusions from coverage or choice of forum negotiated to limit our risks, may not be enforceable in the manner we intend. As a result, one or more natural catastrophes and/or terrorism or other events could result in claims that substantially exceed our expectations, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We may be unable to purchase reinsurance, and/or if we successfully purchase reinsurance, we are subject to the possibility of non-payment. We purchase protection from third parties including, but not limited to, reinsurance to protect against catastrophes and other sources of volatility, to increase the amount of protection we can provide our clients, and as part of our overall risk management strategy. Our reinsurance business also purchases retrocessional protection which allows a reinsurer to cede to another company all or part of the reinsurance originally assumed by the reinsurer. A reinsurer's or retrocessionaire's insolvency or inability or unwillingness to make timely payments under the terms of its reinsurance agreement with us could have an adverse effect on us because we remain liable to the insured. From time to time, market conditions have limited, and in some cases have prevented, insurers and reinsurers from obtaining the types and amounts of reinsurance or retrocessional reinsurance that they consider adequate for their business needs. There is no guarantee our desired amounts of reinsurance or retrocessional reinsurance will be available in the marketplace in the future. In addition to capacity risk, the remaining capacity may not be on terms we deem appropriate or acceptable or with companies with whom we want to do business. Finally, we face some degree of counterparty risk whenever we purchase reinsurance or retrocessional reinsurance. Consequently, the insolvency of these counterparties, or the inability, or unwillingness of any of our present or future reinsurers to make timely payments to us under the terms of our reinsurance or retrocessional agreements could have an adverse effect on us. At December 31, 2019, we had $15.4 billion of reinsurance recoverables, net of reserves for uncollectible recoverables. Certain active Chubb companies are primarily liable for A&E and other exposures they have reinsured to our inactive run-off company Century Indemnity Company (Century). At December 31, 2019, the aggregate reinsurance balances ceded by our active subsidiaries to Century were approximately $1.5 billion. Should Century's loss reserves experience adverse development in the future and should Century be placed into rehabilitation or liquidation, the reinsurance recoverables due from Century to its affiliates would be payable only after the payment in full of third-party expenses and liabilities, including administrative expenses and direct policy liabilities. Thus, the intercompany reinsurance recoverables would be at risk to the extent of the 20 shortage of assets remaining to pay these recoverables. While we believe the intercompany reinsurance recoverables from Century are not impaired at this time, we cannot assure that adverse development with respect to Century's loss reserves, if manifested, will not result in Century's insolvency, which could result in our recognizing a loss to the extent of any uncollectible reinsurance from Century. This could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our net income may be volatile because certain products sold by our Life Insurance business expose us to reserve and fair value liability changes that are directly affected by market and other factors and assumptions. Our pricing, establishment of reserves for future policy benefits and valuation of life insurance and annuity products, including reinsurance programs, are based upon various assumptions, including but not limited to equity market changes, interest rates, mortality rates, morbidity rates, and policyholder behavior. The process of establishing reserves for future policy benefits relies on our ability to accurately estimate insured events that have not yet occurred but that are expected to occur in future periods. Significant deviations in actual experience from assumptions used for pricing and for reserves for future policy benefits could have an adverse effect on the profitability of our products and our business. Under reinsurance programs covering variable annuity guarantees, we assumed the risk of guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) and guaranteed living benefits (GLB), principally guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB), associated with variable annuity contracts. We ceased writing this business in 2007. Our net income is directly impacted by changes in the reserves calculated in connection with the reinsurance of GMDB and GLB liabilities. In addition, our net income is directly impacted by the change in the fair value of the GLB liability. Reported liabilities for both GMDB and GLB reinsurance are determined using internal valuation models which require considerable judgment and are subject to significant uncertainty. Refer to the “Critical Accounting Estimates – Guaranteed living benefits (GLB) derivatives” under Item 7 and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk – Reinsurance of GMDB and GLB guarantees” under Item 7A for additional information on the assumptions used in this program. We view our variable annuity reinsurance business as having a similar risk profile to that of catastrophe reinsurance, with the probability of long-term economic loss relatively small at the time of pricing. Adverse changes in market factors and policyholder behavior will have an impact on both Life Insurance underwriting income and consolidated net income. Payment of obligations under surety bonds could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. The surety business tends to be characterized by infrequent but potentially high severity losses. The majority of our surety obligations are intended to be performance-based guarantees. When losses occur, they may be mitigated, at times, by recovery rights to the customer’s assets, contract payments, and collateral and bankruptcy recoveries. We have substantial commercial and construction surety exposure for current and prior customers. In that regard, we have exposures related to surety bonds issued on behalf of companies that have experienced or may experience deterioration in creditworthiness. If the financial condition of these companies were adversely affected by the economy or otherwise, we may experience an increase in filed claims and may incur high severity losses, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Our exposure to various commercial and contractual counterparties, our reliance on brokers, and certain of our policies may subject us to credit risk. We have exposure to counterparties through a variety of commercial transactions and arrangements, including reinsurance transactions; agreements with banks, hedge funds and other investment vehicles; and derivative transactions, that expose us to credit risk in the event our counterparty fails to perform its obligations. This includes exposure to financial institutions in the form of secured and unsecured debt instruments and equity securities. Moreover, we paid deposits in connection with our pending acquisition of additional shares of Huatai Insurance Group Company Limited (Huatai Group), which exposes us to risk if the transactions are not completed. In accordance with industry practice, we generally pay amounts owed on claims to brokers who, in turn, remit these amounts to the insured or ceding insurer. Although the law is unsettled and depends upon the facts and circumstances of the particular case, in some jurisdictions, if a broker fails to make such a payment, we might remain liable to the insured or ceding insurer for the deficiency. Conversely, in certain jurisdictions, if a broker does not remit premiums paid for these policies over to us, these premiums might be considered to have been paid and the insured or ceding insurer will no longer be liable to us for those amounts, whether or not we have actually received the premiums from the broker. Consequently, we assume a degree of credit risk associated with a broker with whom we transact business. However, due to the unsettled and fact-specific nature of the law, we are unable to quantify our exposure to this risk. To date, we have not experienced any material losses related to this credit risk. Under the terms of certain high-deductible policies which we offer, such as workers’ compensation and general liability, our customers are responsible to reimburse us for an agreed-upon dollar amount per claim. In nearly all cases we are required 21 under such policies to pay covered claims first, and then seek reimbursement for amounts within the applicable deductible from our customers. This obligation subjects us to credit risk from these customers. While we generally seek to mitigate this risk through collateral agreements and maintain a provision for uncollectible accounts associated with this credit exposure, an increased inability of customers to reimburse us in this context could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, a lack of credit available to our customers could impact our ability to collateralize this risk to our satisfaction, which in turn, could reduce the amount of high-deductible policies we could offer. Since we depend on a few distribution and bancassurance partners for a large portion of our revenues, loss of business provided by any one of them could adversely affect us. We market our insurance and reinsurance worldwide primarily through independent insurance agents, insurance and reinsurance brokers, and bancassurance relationships. Accordingly, our business is dependent on the willingness of these agents and brokers to recommend our products to their customers, who may also promote and distribute the products of our competitors. Deterioration in relationships with our agent and broker distribution network or their increased promotion and distribution of our competitors' products could adversely affect our ability to sell our products. Loss of all or a substantial portion of the business provided by one or more of these agents and brokers could have an adverse effect on our business. Financial Our investment performance may affect our financial results and our ability to conduct business. Our investment assets are invested by professional investment management firms under the direction of our management team in accordance with investment guidelines approved by the Risk & Finance Committee of the Board of Directors. Although our investment guidelines stress diversification of risks and conservation of principal and liquidity, our investments are subject to market risks and risks inherent in individual securities. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including inflation, monetary and fiscal policies, and domestic and international political conditions. Given the risk that London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) will no longer be available, we are monitoring industry efforts via our external investment managers to transition away from LIBOR by the end of 2021. The volatility of our losses may force us to liquidate securities, which may cause us to incur capital losses. Realized and unrealized losses in our investment portfolio would reduce our book value, and if significant, can affect our ability to conduct business. Volatility in interest rates could impact the performance of our investment portfolio which could have an adverse effect on our investment income and operating results. Although we take measures to manage the risks of investing in a changing interest rate environment, we may not be able to effectively mitigate interest rate sensitivity. Our mitigation efforts include maintaining a high quality portfolio of primarily fixed income investments with a relatively short duration to reduce the effect of interest rate changes on book value. A significant increase in interest rates would generally have an adverse effect on our book value. Our life insurance investments typically focus on longer duration bonds to better match the obligations of this business. For the life insurance business, policyholder behavior may be influenced by changing interest rate conditions and require a re-balancing of duration to effectively manage our asset/liability position. As stated, our fixed income portfolio is primarily invested in high quality, investment-grade securities. However, a smaller portion of the portfolio, approximately 16 percent at December 31, 2019, is invested in below investment-grade securities. These securities, which pay a higher rate of interest, also have a higher degree of credit or default risk and may also be less liquid in times of economic weakness or market disruptions. While we have put in place procedures to monitor the credit risk and liquidity of our invested assets, it is possible that, in periods of economic weakness (such as recession), we may experience credit or default losses in our portfolio, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. As a part of our ongoing analysis of our investment portfolio, we are required to assess whether the fixed maturities we hold for which we have recorded an unrealized loss have been “other-than-temporarily impaired” under GAAP, which implies an inability to recover the full economic benefits of these securities. Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. This analysis requires a high degree of judgment and requires us to make certain assessments about the potential for recovery of the assets we hold. Declines in relevant stock and other financial markets, and other factors impacting the value of our investments, could result in impairments and could adversely affect our net income and other financial results. We may require additional capital or financing sources in the future, which may not be available or may be available only on unfavorable terms. Our future capital and financing requirements depend on many factors, including our ability to write new business successfully and to establish premium rates and reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses, as well as our investment performance and capital expenditure obligations, including with respect to acquisitions. We may need to raise additional funds through financings 22 or access funds through existing or new credit facilities or through short-term repurchase agreements. We also from time to time seek to refinance debt or credit as amounts become due or commitments expire. Any equity or debt financing or refinancing, if available at all, may be on terms that are not favorable to us. In the case of equity financings, dilution to our shareholders could result, and in any case, such securities may have rights, preferences, and privileges that are senior to those of our Common Shares. Our access to funds under existing credit facilities is dependent on the ability of the banks that are parties to the facilities to meet their funding commitments. Under Swiss law we would be prohibited from selling shares in an equity financing at a purchase price below our then-current par value. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or sources of credit on favorable terms, or at all, we could be forced to use assets otherwise available for our business operations, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected. We may be required to post additional collateral because of changes in our reinsurance liabilities to regulated insurance companies, or because of regulatory changes that affect our companies. If our reinsurance liabilities increase, including in our property & casualty and variable annuity reinsurance businesses, we may be required to post additional collateral for insurance company clients. In addition, regulatory changes sometimes affect our obligations to post collateral. The need to post this additional collateral, if significant enough, may require us to sell investments at a loss in order to provide securities of suitable credit quality or otherwise secure adequate capital at an unattractive cost. This could adversely impact our net income and liquidity and capital resources. U.S. and global economic and financial industry events and their consequences could harm our business, our liquidity and financial condition, and our stock price. The consequences of adverse global or regional market and economic conditions may affect (among other aspects of our business) the demand for and claims made under our products, the ability of customers, counterparties, and others to establish or maintain their relationships with us, our ability to access and efficiently use internal and external capital resources, the availability of reinsurance protection, the risks we assume under reinsurance programs covering variable annuity guarantees, and our investment performance. The increasing impact of climate change could affect our cost of claims, loss ratios, and financial results. Volatility in the U.S. and other securities markets may adversely affect our stock price. A decline in our financial strength ratings could affect our standing among distribution partners and customers and cause our premiums and earnings to decrease. A decline in our debt ratings could increase our borrowing costs and impact our ability to access capital markets. Ratings are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance and reinsurance companies. The objective of these rating systems is to provide an opinion of an insurer's financial strength and ability to meet ongoing obligations to its policyholders. A ratings downgrade could result in a substantial loss of business as insureds, ceding companies, and brokers move to other insurers and reinsurers with higher ratings. If one or more of our debt ratings were downgraded, we could also incur higher borrowing costs, and our ability to access the capital markets could be impacted. Additionally, we could be required to post collateral or be faced with the cancellation of policies and resulting premium in certain circumstances. We cannot give any assurance regarding whether or to what extent any of the rating agencies might downgrade our ratings in the future. Our ability to pay dividends and/or to make payments on indebtedness may be constrained by our holding company structure. Chubb Limited is a holding company that owns shares of its operating insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries along with several loans receivable from affiliates. Beyond this it does not itself have any significant operations or liquid assets. Repayment of loans receivable, guarantee fees and dividends and other permitted distributions from our insurance subsidiaries are its primary sources of funds to meet ongoing cash requirements, including any future debt service payments, other expenses, repurchases of its shares, and to pay dividends to our shareholders. Some of our insurance subsidiaries are subject to significant regulatory restrictions limiting their ability to declare and pay dividends. The inability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends (or other intercompany amounts due, such as intercompany debt obligations) in an amount sufficient to enable us to meet our cash requirements at the holding company level could have an adverse effect on our operations and our ability to repurchase shares and pay dividends to our shareholders. Swiss law imposes certain restrictions on our ability to repurchase our shares. Swiss law imposes certain withholding tax and other restrictions on a Swiss company’s ability to return earnings or capital to its shareholders, including through the repurchase of its own shares. We may only repurchase shares to the extent that sufficient freely distributable reserves are available. In addition, Swiss law requires that the total par value of Chubb's acquisition of treasury shares must not be in excess of 10 percent of its total share capital. As a result, in order to maintain our share repurchase program, our shareholders must periodically authorize, through ballot item approval at our annual general meeting, 23 a reduction in our share capital through the cancellation of designated blocks of repurchased shares held in treasury. If our shareholders do not approve the cancellation of previously repurchased shares, we may be unable to return capital to shareholders through share repurchases in the future. Furthermore, our current repurchase program relies on a Swiss tax ruling. Any future revocation or loss of our Swiss tax ruling or the inability to conduct repurchases in accordance with the ruling could also jeopardize our ability to continue repurchasing our shares. Our operating results and shareholders' equity may be adversely affected by currency fluctuations. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. In general, we match assets and liabilities in local currencies. Where possible, capital levels in local currencies are limited to satisfy minimum regulatory requirements and to support local insurance operations. The principal currencies creating foreign exchange risk are the British pound sterling, the euro, the Mexican peso, the Brazilian real, the Korean won, the Canadian dollar, the Japanese yen, the Thai baht, the Australian dollar, and the Hong Kong dollar. At December 31, 2019, approximately 16.6 percent of our net assets were denominated in foreign currencies. We may experience losses resulting from fluctuations in the values of non-U.S. currencies, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. Operational The regulatory and political regimes under which we operate, and their volatility, could have an adverse effect on our business. We may from time to time face challenges resulting from changes in applicable law and regulations in particular jurisdictions, or changes in approach to oversight of our business from insurance or other regulators. Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries conduct business globally. Our businesses in each jurisdiction are subject to varying degrees of regulation and supervision. The laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are domiciled require, among other things, maintenance of minimum levels of statutory capital, surplus, and liquidity; various solvency standards; and periodic examinations of subsidiaries' financial condition. In some jurisdictions, laws and regulations also restrict payments of dividends and reductions of capital. Applicable statutes, regulations, and policies may also restrict the ability of these subsidiaries to write insurance and reinsurance policies, to make certain investments, and to distribute funds. The purpose of insurance laws and regulations generally is to protect policyholders and ceding insurance companies, not our shareholders. For example, some jurisdictions have enacted various consumer protection laws that make it more burdensome for insurance companies to sell policies and interact with customers in personal lines businesses. Failure to comply with such regulations can lead to significant penalties and reputational injury. The foreign and U.S. federal and state laws and regulations that are applicable to our operations are complex and may increase the costs of regulatory compliance or subject our business to the possibility of regulatory actions or proceedings. Laws and regulations not specifically related to the insurance industry include trade sanctions that relate to certain countries, anti-money laundering laws, and anti-corruption laws. The insurance industry is also affected by political, judicial, and legal developments that may create new and expanded regulations and theories of liability. The current economic and financial climates present additional uncertainties and risks relating to increased regulation and the potential for increased involvement of the U.S. and other governments in the financial services industry. Regulators in countries where we have operations are working with the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) to consider changes to insurance company supervision, including with respect to group supervision and solvency requirements. The IAIS has developed a Common Framework for the Supervision of Internationally Active Insurance Groups (ComFrame) which is focused on the effective group-wide supervision of international active insurance groups (IAIGs), such as Chubb. As part of ComFrame, the IAIS has announced plans to develop an international capital standard for insurance groups. The details of ComFrame including this global capital standard and its applicability to Chubb are uncertain at this time. In addition, Chubb businesses across the EU are subject to Solvency II, a capital and risk management regime and our Bermuda businesses are subject to an equivalent of the EU's Solvency II regime. Also applicable to Chubb businesses are the requirements of the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) whose regulations include Swiss Solvency Tests. There are also Risk Based Capital (RBC) requirements in the U.S. which are also subject to revision in response to global developments. While it is not certain how or if these actions will impact Chubb, we do not currently expect that our capital management strategies, results of operations and financial condition will be materially affected by these regulatory changes. Evolving privacy and data security regulations could adversely affect our business. We are subject to numerous U.S. federal and state laws and non-U.S. regulations governing the protection of personal and confidential information of our clients and employees, including in relation to medical records, credit card data and financial 24 information. These laws and regulations are increasing in complexity and number, change frequently, sometimes conflict, and could expose Chubb to significant monetary damages, regulatory enforcement actions, fines and/or criminal prosecution in one or more jurisdictions. We are subject to the New York Department of Financial Services’ Cybersecurity Regulation (the NYDFS Cybersecurity Regulation) which mandates detailed cybersecurity standards for all institutions, including insurance entities, authorized by the NYDFS to operate in New York. The NYDFS Cybersecurity Regulation has increased our compliance costs and could increase the risk of noncompliance and subject us to regulatory enforcement actions and penalties, as well as reputation risk. Additionally, in 2017, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) adopted an Insurance Data Security Model Law, which requires licensed insurance entities to comply with detailed information security requirements. It is not yet known whether or not, and to what extent, states legislatures or insurance regulators where we operate will enact the Insurance Data Security Model Law in whole or in part, or in a modified form. Such enactments, especially if inconsistent between states or with existing laws and regulations could raise compliance costs or increase the risk of noncompliance, with the attendant risk of being subject to regulatory enforcement actions and penalties, as well as reputational harm. The EU General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), which became effective in 2018, is a comprehensive regulation applying across all EU member states. All our business units (regardless of whether they are located in the EU) may be subject to the GDPR when personal data is processed in relation to the offer of goods and services to individuals within the EU. Our failure to comply with GDPR and other countries’ privacy or data security-related laws, rules or regulations could result in significant penalties imposed by regulators, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Significant other comprehensive privacy laws have been enacted by other jurisdictions, most notably the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and Brazil’s Lei Geral de Protecao de Dados, which may affect our use of data and could affect our operations and subject us to fines and actions for noncompliance. In the U.S., several other states are considering similar legislation, and there are ongoing discussions regarding a National Privacy Law. New laws similar to the GDPR and the CCPA are expected to be enacted in coming years in various countries and jurisdictions in which we operate. Political uncertainty in the United Kingdom and the European Union may lead to volatility and/or have an adverse effect on our business, our liquidity and financial condition, and our stock price. On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom (U.K.) voted in a national referendum to withdraw from the European Union (EU). On March 29, 2017, the U.K. government gave notice to the EU, under Article 50(2) of the Treaty on EU, of the U.K.’s intention to withdraw from the EU. The U.K. ratified the withdrawal agreement and ceased to be a Member State of the EU (Brexit) on January 31, 2020. We have significant operations in the U.K. and other EU member states that, operationally, have been affected by Brexit. In anticipation of Brexit, we redomiciled the headquarters of our European carriers to France effective January 1, 2019. Paris is the principal office for our Continental European operations. We have a significant investment there in both financial and human resources, as well as a large portfolio of commercial and consumer insurance business throughout France. Following Brexit, Chubb will continue to have a substantial presence in London, in addition to its offices and operations across the U.K. and the EU. Prior to Brexit, the rules governing the EU Single Market (which is made up of the 27 other EU member states and to some extent, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway (together, the European Economic Area or EEA)) permitted U.K. insurers (as well as EEA insurers operating as passported branches in the U.K., such as our French companies Chubb European Group SE and ACE Europe Life SE), to underwrite risks from the U.K. into EEA member states via a “passport” prior to Brexit. The withdrawal agreement between the U.K. and the EU includes, following Brexit, a transition or implementation period to avoid a "cliff edge" Brexit, meaning that the U.K. remains subject to, and has the benefit of, all EU legislation, including passporting rights, until December 31, 2020. This period is intended to enable the EU and the U.K. to negotiate a trade agreement for the post-Brexit relationship between the U.K. and the EU and can, pursuant to the withdrawal agreement, be extended beyond the end of 2020 with the consent of both the U.K. and the EU. However, the U.K. government included a section in the European Union (United Kingdom Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 that has made it illegal for the U.K. Parliament to seek an extension of the transition or implementation period from the EU. To the extent, therefore, that it proves impossible to negotiate a trade agreement between the U.K. and the EU by December 31, 2020, there remains a risk that a "cliff edge" Brexit may nevertheless arise, including the benefits of passporting rights. 25 Even if a free trade agreement is concluded between the U.K. and the EU prior to the end of the transition or implementation period, such free trade agreement may not maintain the passporting rights of U.K. insurers, nor deem relevant U.K. regulations to be equivalent to those of the EU. In the event that, following the end of the transition or implementation period, U.K. insurers are unable to access the EU Single Market via a passporting arrangement, a regulatory equivalence regime or other similar arrangement, such insurers may not be able to underwrite risks into EEA member states except through local branches incorporated in the EEA. Such branches might require local authorization, regulatory and prudential supervision, and capital to be deposited. Our worldwide operations, particularly in developing nations, expose us to global geopolitical developments that could have an adverse effect on our business, liquidity, results of operations, and financial condition. With operations in 54 countries and territories, we provide insurance and reinsurance products and services to a diverse group of clients worldwide, including operations in various developing nations. Both current and future foreign operations could be adversely affected by unfavorable geopolitical developments including law changes; tax changes; changes in trade policies; changes to visa or immigration policies; regulatory restrictions; government leadership changes; political events and upheaval; sociopolitical instability; social, political or economic instability resulting from climate change; and nationalization of our operations without compensation. Adverse activity in any one country could negatively impact operations, increase our loss exposure under certain of our insurance products, and could, otherwise, have an adverse effect on our business, liquidity, results of operations, and financial condition depending on the magnitude of the events and our net financial exposure at that time in that country. A failure in our operational systems or infrastructure or those of third parties, including due to security breaches or cyber- attacks, could disrupt business, damage our reputation, and cause losses. Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and other information and assets, including in our computer systems and networks and those of third-party service providers. Our business depends on effective information security and systems and the integrity and timeliness of the data our information systems use to run our business. Our ability to adequately price products and services, to establish reserves, to provide effective, efficient and secure service to our customers, to value our investments and to timely and accurately report our financial results also depends significantly on the integrity and availability of the data we maintain, including that within our information systems, as well as data in and assets held through third-party service providers and systems. Although we have implemented administrative and technical controls and have taken protective actions to reduce the risk of cyber incidents and to protect our information technology and assets, and although we additionally endeavor to modify such procedures as circumstances warrant and negotiate agreements with third-party providers to protect our assets, such measures may be insufficient to prevent unauthorized access, computer viruses, malware or other malicious code or cyber-attack, business compromise attacks, catastrophic events, system failures and disruptions, employee errors or malfeasance, third party (including outsourced service providers) errors or malfeasance, loss of assets and other events that could have security consequences (each, a Security Event). As the breadth and complexity of our security infrastructure continues to grow, the potential risk of a Security Event increases. Such an event or events may jeopardize Chubb's or its clients' or counterparties' confidential and other information processed and stored within Chubb, and transmitted through its computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions, delays, or malfunctions in Chubb's, its clients', its counterparties', or third parties' operations, or result in data loss or loss of assets which could result in significant losses, reputational damage or an adverse effect on our operations and critical business functions. Chubb may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures and to pursue recovery of lost data or assets and we may be subject to litigation and financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered by insurance maintained. Despite the contingency plans and facilities we have in place and our efforts to observe the regulatory requirements surrounding information security, our ability to conduct business may be adversely affected by a disruption of the infrastructure that supports our business in the communities in which we are located, or of outsourced services or functions. This may include a disruption involving electrical, communications, transportation, or other services used by Chubb. If a disruption occurs in one location and Chubb employees in that location are unable to occupy our offices and conduct business or communicate with or travel to other locations, our ability to service and interact with clients may suffer and we may not be able to successfully implement contingency plans that depend on communication or travel. We use analytical models to assist our decision making in key areas such as underwriting, claims, reserving, and catastrophe risks but actual results could differ materially from the model outputs and related analyses. We use various modeling techniques (e.g., scenarios, predictive, stochastic and/or forecasting) and data analytics to analyze and estimate exposures, loss trends and other risks associated with our assets and liabilities. We use the modeled outputs and 26 related analyses to assist us in decision-making (e.g., underwriting, pricing, claims, reserving, reinsurance, and catastrophe risk) and to maintain competitive advantage. The modeled outputs and related analyses are subject to various assumptions, uncertainties, model errors and the inherent limitations of any statistical analysis, including the use of historical internal and industry data. In addition, the modeled outputs and related analyses may from time to time contain inaccuracies, perhaps in material respects, including as a result of inaccurate inputs or applications thereof. Climate change may make modeled outcomes less certain or produce new, non-modeled risks. Consequently, actual results may differ materially from our modeled results. If, based upon these models or other factors, we misprice our products or underestimate the frequency and/or severity of loss events, or overestimate the risks we are exposed to, new business growth and retention of our existing business may be adversely affected which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We could be adversely affected by the loss of one or more key executives or by an inability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Our success depends on our ability to retain the services of our existing key executives and to attract and retain additional qualified personnel in the future. The loss of the services of any of our key executives or the inability to hire and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future could adversely affect our ability to conduct or grow our business. This risk may be particularly acute for us relative to some of our competitors because some of our senior executives work in countries where they are not citizens and work permit and immigration issues could adversely affect the ability to retain or hire key persons. We do not maintain key person life insurance policies with respect to our employees. Employee error and misconduct may be difficult to detect and prevent and could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Losses may result from, among other things, fraud, errors, failure to document transactions properly, failure to obtain proper internal authorization, failure to comply with underwriting or other internal guidelines, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements. It is not always possible to deter or prevent employee misconduct and the precautions that we take to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Resultant losses could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Strategic The continually changing landscape, including competition, technology and products, and existing and new market entrants could reduce our margins and adversely impact our business and results of operations. Insurance and reinsurance markets are highly competitive. We compete on an international and regional basis with major U.S., Bermuda, European, and other international insurers and reinsurers and with underwriting syndicates, some of which have greater financial, technological, marketing, distribution and/or management resources than we do. In addition, capital market participants have created alternative products that are intended to compete with reinsurance products. We also compete with new companies and existing companies that move into the insurance and reinsurance markets. If competition, or technological or other changes to the insurance markets in which we operate, limits our ability to retain existing business or write new business at adequate rates or on appropriate terms, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Increased competition could also result in fewer submissions, lower premium rates, and less favorable policy terms and conditions, which could reduce our profit margins and adversely impact our net income and shareholders' equity. Recent technological advancements in the insurance industry and information technology industry present new and fast- evolving competitive risks as participants seek to increase transaction speeds, lower costs and create new opportunities. Advancements in technology are occurring in underwriting, claims, distribution and operations at a pace that may quicken, including as companies increase use of data analytics and technology as part of their business strategy. We will be at a competitive disadvantage if, over time, our competitors are more effective than us in their utilization of technology and evolving data analytics. If we do not anticipate or keep pace with these technological and other changes impacting the insurance industry, it could also limit our ability to compete in desired markets. Insurance and reinsurance markets are historically cyclical, and we expect to experience periods with excess underwriting capacity and unfavorable premium rates. The insurance and reinsurance markets have historically been cyclical, characterized by periods of intense price competition due to excessive underwriting capacity as well as periods when shortages of capacity permitted favorable premium levels. An increase in premium levels is often offset by an increasing supply of insurance and reinsurance capacity, either by capital provided by new entrants or by the commitment of additional capital by existing insurers or reinsurers, which may cause prices to decrease. Any of these factors could lead to a significant reduction in premium rates, less favorable policy terms, and fewer submissions for our underwriting services. In addition to these considerations, changes in the frequency and severity of losses 27 suffered by insureds and insurers may affect the cycles of the insurance and reinsurance markets significantly, as could periods of economic weakness (such as recession). The integration of acquired companies may not be as successful as we anticipate. Acquisitions involve numerous operational, strategic, financial, accounting, legal, tax, and other risks; potential liabilities associated with the acquired businesses; and uncertainties related to design, operation and integration of acquired businesses’ internal controls over financial reporting. Difficulties in integrating an acquired company, along with its personnel, may result in the acquired company performing differently than we expected, in operational challenges or in our failure to realize anticipated expense-related efficiencies. This may also apply to companies in which we acquire majority ownership. Our existing businesses could also be negatively impacted by acquisitions. In addition, goodwill and intangible assets recorded in connection with insurance company acquisitions may be impaired if premium growth, underwriting profitability, agency retention and policy persistency, among other factors, differ from expectations. There is also the potential that proposed acquisitions that have been publicly announced will not be consummated, even if a definitive agreement has been signed by the parties. If an agreement is terminated before closing, the result would be that our proposed acquisition would not occur, which could, among other things, expose us to damages or liability and adversely impact our stock price and future operations. We may be subject to U.S. tax and Bermuda tax which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and shareholder investment. Chubb Limited and our non-U.S. subsidiaries operate in a manner so that none of these companies should be subject to U.S. tax (other than U.S. excise tax on insurance and reinsurance premium income attributable to insuring or reinsuring U.S. risks and U.S. withholding tax on some types of U.S. source investment income), because none of these companies should be treated as engaged in a trade or business within the U.S. However, because there is considerable uncertainty as to the activities that constitute being engaged in a trade or business within the U.S., we cannot be certain that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) will not contend successfully that Chubb Limited or its non-U.S. subsidiaries are engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. If Chubb Limited or any of its non-U.S. subsidiaries were considered to be engaged in a trade or business in the U.S., such entity could be subject to U.S. corporate income and branch profits taxes on the portion of its earnings effectively connected to such U.S. business, in which case our results of operations and our shareholders' investments could be adversely affected. The Bermuda Minister of Finance, under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966 of Bermuda, as amended, has given Chubb Limited and its Bermuda insurance subsidiaries a written assurance that if any legislation is enacted in Bermuda that would impose tax computed on profits or income, or computed on any capital asset, gain, or appreciation, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, then the imposition of any such tax would not be applicable to those companies or any of their respective operations, shares, debentures, or other obligations until March 31, 2035, except insofar as such tax would apply to persons ordinarily resident in Bermuda or is payable by us in respect of real property owned or leased by us in Bermuda. We cannot be certain that we will not be subject to any Bermuda tax after March 31, 2035. We could be adversely affected by certain features of the 2017 U.S. tax reform legislation. New tax legislation known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (2017 Tax Act) was enacted in the U.S. on December 22, 2017. In addition to reducing the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent, it fundamentally changed many elements of the pre-2017 Tax Act U.S. tax law and introduced several new concepts to tax multinational corporations such as us. Among the most notable new rules are the Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax (commonly called BEAT), which may apply as a result of payments by U.S. taxpayers to non-U.S. affiliates, and the Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (GILTI) addition to Subpart F income, which for insurance groups potentially expands U.S. taxation on the earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The 2017 Tax Act also included a one-time reduced-rate transition tax in 2017 on previously untaxed post-1986 earnings of foreign subsidiaries of U.S. corporations. The 2017 Tax Act, which was generally effective in 2018, is a complex law with many significant new provisions. During 2018 and 2019, the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department issued notices, proposed, and final regulations to assist taxpayers in understanding and implementing the new provisions. There may be changes between this guidance and final regulations to be issued in 2020. Thus, there are many uncertainties relating to its ultimate application and effects on our company. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) are considering measures that might change long standing tax principles that could increase our taxes. The OECD has published a framework for taxation that in many respects is different than long standing international tax principles. This framework is a proposal that we expect to develop further in 2020 as it is designed by the OECD Secretariat. This framework is an alternative to digital services taxes that several countries have enacted or are considering. These changes could redefine what income is taxed in which country and institute a global minimum tax. These proposals may be completed 28 by the end of 2020 which could be adopted by OECD countries in 2021 or later years. As countries unilaterally amend their tax laws to adopt certain parts of the OECD framework, this may increase the company’s income taxes and cause uncertainties related to our income taxes. The OECD has also published an action plan to address base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) impacting its member countries and other jurisdictions. It is possible that jurisdictions in which we do business could continue to react to the BEPS initiative or their own concerns by enacting tax legislation that could adversely affect us or our shareholders. Several multilateral organizations, including the EU and the OECD have, in recent years, expressed concern about some countries not participating in adequate tax information exchange arrangements and have threatened those that do not agree to cooperate with punitive sanctions by member countries. It is still unclear what all these sanctions might be, which countries might adopt them, and when or if they might be imposed. We cannot assure, however, that the Tax Information Exchange Agreements (TIEAs) that have been entered into by Switzerland and Bermuda will be sufficient to preclude all of the sanctions described above, which, if ultimately adopted, could adversely affect us or our shareholders. Shareholders There are provisions in our charter documents that may reduce the voting rights and diminish the value of our Common Shares. Our Articles of Association generally provide that shareholders have one vote for each Common Share held by them and are entitled to vote at all meetings of shareholders. However, the voting rights exercisable by a shareholder may be limited so that certain persons or groups are not deemed to hold 10 percent or more of the voting power conferred by our Common Shares. Moreover, these provisions could have the effect of reducing the voting power of some shareholders who would not otherwise be subject to the limitation by virtue of their direct share ownership. The Board of Directors may refuse to register holders of shares as shareholders with voting rights based on certain grounds, including if the holder would, directly or indirectly, formally, constructively or beneficially own (as described in Articles 8 and 14 of our Articles of Association) or otherwise control voting rights with respect to 10 percent or more of the registered share capital recorded in the commercial register. In addition, the Board of Directors shall reject entry of holders of registered shares as shareholders with voting rights in the share register or shall decide on their deregistration when the acquirer or shareholder upon request does not expressly state that she/he has acquired or holds the shares in her/his own name and for her/his account. Applicable laws may make it difficult to effect a change of control of our company. Before a person can acquire control of a U.S. insurance company, prior written approval must be obtained from the insurance commissioner of the state where the domestic insurer is domiciled. Prior to granting approval of an application to acquire control of a domestic insurer, the state insurance commissioner will consider such factors as the financial strength of the applicant, the integrity and management of the applicant's Board of Directors and executive officers, the acquirer's plans for the future operations of the domestic insurer, and any anti-competitive results that may arise from the consummation of the acquisition of control. Generally, state statutes provide that control over a domestic insurer is presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds with the power to vote, or holds proxies representing 10 percent or more of the voting securities of the domestic insurer. Because a person acquiring 10 percent or more of our Common Shares would indirectly control the same percentage of the stock of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries, the insurance change of control laws of various U.S. jurisdictions would likely apply to such a transaction. Laws of other jurisdictions in which one or more of our existing subsidiaries are, or a future subsidiary may be, organized or domiciled may contain similar restrictions on the acquisition of control of Chubb. While our Articles of Association limit the voting power of any shareholder to less than 10 percent, we cannot assure that the applicable regulatory body would agree that a shareholder who owned 10 percent or more of our Common Shares did not, because of the limitation on the voting power of such shares, control the applicable insurance subsidiary. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter, or prevent a change of control of Chubb, including transactions that some or all of our shareholders might consider to be desirable. Shareholder voting requirements under Swiss law may limit our flexibility with respect to certain aspects of capital management. Swiss law allows our shareholders to authorize share capital which can be issued by the Board of Directors without shareholder approval but this authorization must be renewed by the shareholders every two years. Swiss law also does not provide as much flexibility in the various terms that can attach to different classes of stock as permitted in other jurisdictions. Swiss law also reserves for approval by shareholders many corporate actions over which the Board of Directors had authority prior to our re- 29 domestication to Switzerland. For example, dividends must be approved by shareholders. While we do not believe that Swiss law requirements relating to our capital management will have an adverse effect on Chubb, we cannot assure that situations will not arise where such flexibility would have provided substantial benefits to our shareholders. Chubb Limited is a Swiss company; it may be difficult to enforce judgments against it or its directors and executive officers. Chubb Limited is incorporated pursuant to the laws of Switzerland. In addition, certain of our directors and officers reside outside the U.S. and all or a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of such persons are located in jurisdictions outside the U.S. As such, it may be difficult or impossible to effect service of process within the U.S. upon those persons or to recover against us or them on judgments of U.S. courts, including judgments predicated upon civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. Chubb has been advised by its Swiss counsel that there is doubt as to whether the courts in Switzerland would enforce: • judgments of U.S. courts based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws obtained in actions against it or its directors and officers, who reside outside the U.S.; or • original actions brought in Switzerland against these persons or Chubb predicated solely upon U.S. federal securities laws. Chubb has also been advised by its Swiss counsel that there is no treaty in effect between the U.S. and Switzerland providing for this enforcement and there are grounds upon which Swiss courts may not enforce judgments of U.S. courts. Some remedies available under the laws of U.S. jurisdictions, including some remedies available under the U.S. federal securities laws, would not be allowed in Swiss courts as contrary to that nation's public policy. Shareholders may be subject to Swiss withholding taxes on the payment of dividends. Our dividends are generally subject to a Swiss withholding tax at a rate of 35 percent; however, payment of a dividend in the form of a par value reduction or qualifying capital contribution reserve reduction is not subject to Swiss withholding tax. We have previously obtained shareholder approval for dividends to be paid in such form. We currently intend to recommend to shareholders that they annually approve the payment of dividends in such form but we cannot assure that our shareholders will continue to approve a reduction in such form each year or that we will be able to meet the other legal requirements for a reduction in par value, or that Swiss withholding tax rules will not be changed in the future. We estimate we would be able to pay dividends in such form, and thus exempt from Swiss withholding tax until 2028–2033. This range may vary depending upon changes in annual dividends, special dividends, certain share repurchases, fluctuations in U.S. dollar/Swiss franc exchange rate, changes in par value or qualifying capital contribution reserves or changes or new interpretations to Swiss corporate or tax law or regulations. Under certain circumstances, U.S. shareholders may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences. Under certain circumstances, a U.S. person who owns or is deemed to own 10 percent or more of the voting power or value of a foreign corporation that is a “controlled foreign corporation” (CFC) (a foreign corporation in which 10 percent U.S. shareholders own or are deemed to own more than 50 percent of the voting power or value of the stock of a foreign corporation or more than 25 percent of certain foreign insurance corporations) for any period during a taxable year must include in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes a pro rata share of the CFC's "subpart F income". We believe that because of the dispersion of our share ownership it is unlikely that any U.S. person who acquires shares of Chubb Limited directly or indirectly through one or more foreign entities should be required to include any subpart F income in income under the CFC rules of U.S. tax law. Separately, any U.S. persons who hold shares may be subject to U.S. federal income taxation at ordinary income tax rates on their proportionate share of our Related Person Insurance Income (RPII). If the RPII of any of our non-U.S. insurance subsidiaries (each a "Non-U.S. Insurance Subsidiary") were to equal or exceed 20 percent of that company's gross insurance income in any taxable year and direct or indirect insureds (and persons related to those insureds) own directly or indirectly through foreign entities 20 percent or more of the voting power or value of Chubb Limited, then a U.S. person who owns any shares of Chubb Limited (directly or indirectly through foreign entities) on the last day of the taxable year would be required to include in his or her income for U.S. federal income tax purposes such person's pro rata share of such company's RPII for the taxable year. In addition, any RPII that is includible in the income of a U.S. tax-exempt organization may be treated as unrelated business taxable income. We believe that the gross RPII of each Non-U.S. Insurance Subsidiary did not in prior years of operation and is not expected in the foreseeable future to equal or exceed 20 percent of each such company's gross insurance income. Likewise, we do not expect the direct or indirect insureds of each Non-U.S. Insurance Subsidiary (and persons related to such insureds) to directly or indirectly own 20 percent or more of either the voting power or value of our shares. However, we cannot be certain that this will be the case because some of the factors which determine the extent of RPII may be beyond our control. If these thresholds are met or exceeded, any U.S. person’s investment in Chubb Limited could be adversely affected. 30 A U.S. tax-exempt organization may recognize unrelated business taxable income if a portion of our insurance income is allocated to the organization. This generally would be the case if either (i) Chubb Limited is considered a CFC and the tax- exempt shareholder is a 10 percent U.S. shareholder or (ii) there is RPII, certain exceptions do not apply, and the tax-exempt organization, directly (or indirectly through foreign entities) owns any shares of Chubb Limited. Although we do not believe that any U.S. tax-exempt organization should be allocated such insurance income, we cannot be certain that this will be the case. Potential U.S. tax-exempt investors are advised to consult their tax advisors. U.S. persons who hold shares will be subject to adverse tax consequences if we are considered to be a Passive Foreign Investment Company (PFIC) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If Chubb Limited is considered a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. person who holds Chubb Limited shares will be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences in which case their investment could be adversely affected. In addition, if Chubb Limited were considered a PFIC, upon the death of any U.S. individual owning shares, such individual's heirs or estate would not be entitled to a "step-up" in the basis of the shares which might otherwise be available under U.S. federal income tax laws. We believe that we are not, have not been, and currently do not expect to become, a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We cannot assure, however, that we will not be deemed a PFIC by the IRS. Recently enacted U.S. federal tax law and recently proposed regulations issued by the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department contain new rules that may affect the application of the PFIC provisions to an insurance company. Final regulations or pronouncements interpreting or clarifying these rules may be forthcoming. We cannot predict what impact, if any, such guidance would have on an investor that is subject to U.S. federal income taxation. Any shareholder electing to apply the newly proposed PFIC regulations could be adversely affected by an investment in us. Shareholders are advised to consult their tax advisors. ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments There are currently no unresolved SEC staff comments regarding our periodic or current reports. ITEM 2. Properties We maintain office facilities around the world including in North America, Europe (including our principal executive offices in Switzerland), Bermuda, Latin America, Asia Pacific, and the Far East. Most of our office facilities are leased, although we own major facilities in Hamilton, Bermuda, and in the U.S., including in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Wilmington, Delaware; Whitehouse Station, New Jersey; and Simsbury, Connecticut. Management considers its office facilities suitable and adequate for the current level of operations. ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings The information required with respect to Item 3 is included in Note 10 h) to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Item not applicable. 31 PART II ITEM 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our Common Shares have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since March 25, 1993, with a current par value of CHF 24.15 per share. The trading symbol for our Common Shares is "CB." We have paid dividends each quarter since we became a public company in 1993. In 2019 and 2018, our annual dividends were paid by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves (Additional paid-in capital) through the transfer of dividends from Additional paid-in capital to Retained earnings (free reserves) as approved by our shareholders. Chubb Limited is a holding company whose principal sources of income are dividends and investment income from its operating subsidiaries. The ability of the operating subsidiaries to pay dividends to us and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders are each subject to legal and regulatory restrictions. The recommendation and payment of future dividends will be based on the determination of the Board of Directors (Board) and will be dependent upon shareholder approval, profits and financial requirements of Chubb and other factors, including legal restrictions on the payment of dividends and other such factors as the Board deems relevant. Refer to Part I, Item 1A and Part II, Item 7 for additional information. The number of record holders of Common Shares as of February 13, 2020 was 6,902. This is not the actual number of beneficial owners of Chubb's Common Shares since most of our shareholders hold their shares through a stockbroker, bank or other nominee rather than directly in their own names. Refer to Part III, Item 12 for information relating to compensation plans under which equity securities are authorized for issuance. Issuer's Repurchases of Equity Securities for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2019 Period October 1 through October 31 November 1 through November 30 December 1 through December 31 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) Average Price Paid per Share 703,138 677,640 654,352 2,035,130 $ $ $ $ 153.65 151.41 153.84 152.97 Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under Publicly Announced Plans (3) 151 million $ $ $ 1.55 billion 1.45 billion Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans (2) 700,900 670,000 653,500 2,024,400 This represents open market share repurchases and the surrender to Chubb of Common Shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock issued to employees and the exercise of options by employees. The aggregate value of shares purchased in the three months ended December 31, 2019 as part of the publicly announced plans was $310 million. Refer to Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the Chubb Limited securities repurchase authorizations. In November 2019, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $1.5 billion of Chubb's Common Shares from November 21, 2019 through December 31, 2020. The $1.5 billion December 2018 Board authorization remained effective through December 31, 2019, and was used in advance of the $1.5 billion share repurchase authorized in November 2019. For the period January 1, 2020 through February 26, 2020, we repurchased 947,400 Common Shares for a total of $151 million in a series of open market transactions. As of February 26, 2020, $1.30 billion in share repurchase authorization remained through December 31, 2020. (1) (2) (3) 32 Performance Graph Set forth below is a line graph comparing the dollar change in the cumulative total shareholder return on Chubb's Common Shares from December 31, 2014, through December 31, 2019, as compared to the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Index and the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor's Property-Casualty Insurance Index. The cumulative total shareholder return is a concept used to compare the performance of a company's stock over time and is the ratio of the stock price change plus the cumulative amount of dividends over the specified time period (assuming dividend reinvestment), to the stock price at the beginning of the time period. The chart depicts the value on December 31, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019, of a $100 investment made on December 31, 2014, with all dividends reinvested. Chubb Limited S&P 500 Index S&P 500 P&C Index 12/31/2014 12/31/2015 12/31/2016 12/31/2017 12/31/2018 12/31/2019 $100 $100 $100 $104 $101 $110 $120 $114 $127 $136 $138 $155 $123 $132 $148 $151 $174 $186 33 ITEM 6. Selected Financial Data On January 14, 2016, we completed the acquisition of The Chubb Corporation (Chubb Corp). The results of operations of Chubb Corp are included in our results from the acquisition date forward (i.e., after January 14, 2016 and only in the 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 columns) within the table below. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data and ratios) 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 Operations data: Net premiums earned – excluding Life Insurance segment $ 28,947 $ 27,846 $ 26,933 $ 26,694 $ 15,266 Net premiums earned – Life Insurance segment Total net premiums earned Net investment income Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses Net income Weighted-average shares outstanding – diluted Diluted earnings per share Balance sheet data (at end of period): Total investments Total assets Net unpaid losses and loss expenses Net future policy benefits Long-term debt Trust preferred securities Total liabilities Shareholders' equity Book value per share Selected data: Loss and loss expense ratio (1) Underwriting and administrative expense ratio (2) Combined ratio (3) Cash dividends per share 2,343 31,290 3,426 18,730 740 9,183 4,454 459 2,218 30,064 3,305 18,067 590 8,798 3,962 467 2,101 29,034 3,125 18,454 676 8,614 3,861 471 2,055 28,749 2,865 16,052 588 8,985 4,135 466 $ 9.71 $ 8.49 $ 8.19 $ 8.87 $ 1,947 17,213 2,194 9,484 543 5,211 2,834 329 8.62 $ 109,234 $ 100,968 $ 102,444 $ 99,094 $ 66,251 176,943 167,771 167,022 159,786 102,306 48,509 5,617 13,559 308 48,271 5,304 12,087 308 49,165 5,137 11,556 308 47,832 4,854 12,610 308 121,612 117,459 115,850 111,511 55,331 50,312 51,172 48,275 26,562 4,620 9,389 307 73,171 29,135 $ 122.42 $ 109.56 $ 110.32 $ 103.60 $ 89.77 62.1% 28.5% 90.6% 62.1% 28.5% 90.6% 65.8% 28.9% 94.7% 57.7% 30.6% 88.3% 58.1% 29.2% 87.3% $ 2.98 $ 2.90 $ 2.82 $ 2.74 $ 2.66 The Loss and loss expense ratio is calculated by dividing losses and loss expenses, excluding the Life Insurance segment, by Net premiums earned – excluding Life Insurance segment. Losses and loss expenses for the Life Insurance segment were $757 million, $766 million, $739 million, $663 million, and $601 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. The Underwriting and administrative expense ratio is calculated by dividing the policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, excluding the Life Insurance segment, by Net premiums earned – excluding Life Insurance segment. Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses for the Life Insurance segment were $943 million, $867 million, $833 million, $816 million, and $767 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. The combined ratio is the sum of Loss and loss expense ratio and the Underwriting and administrative expense ratio. (1) (2) (3) 34 ITEM 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following is a discussion of our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity and capital resources as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related Notes, under Item 8 of this Form 10-K. All comparisons in this discussion are to the corresponding prior year unless otherwise indicated. All dollar amounts are rounded. However, percent changes and ratios are calculated using whole dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded dollars may differ. MD&A Index Forward-Looking Statements Overview Financial Highlights Critical Accounting Estimates Consolidated Operating Results Segment Operating Results Net Investment Income Interest Expense Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) Amortization of Purchased Intangibles and Other Amortization Investments Asbestos and Environmental (A&E) Catastrophe Management Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program Political Risk and Credit Insurance Crop Insurance Liquidity Capital Resources Contractual Obligations and Commitments Credit Facilities Ratings Page 36 38 38 39 50 57 74 74 75 76 77 80 81 81 82 83 84 86 88 89 90 35 Forward-Looking Statements The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements. Any written or oral statements made by us or on our behalf may include forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties, and other factors that could, should potential events occur, cause actual results to differ materially from such statements. These risks, uncertainties, and other factors, which are described in more detail under Part I, Item 1A, under Risk Factors, starting on page 19 and elsewhere herein and in other documents we file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), include but are not limited to: • losses arising out of natural or man-made catastrophes such as hurricanes, typhoons, earthquakes, floods, climate change (including effects on weather patterns; greenhouse gases; sea, land and air temperatures; sea levels; and rain and snow), nuclear accidents, or terrorism which could be affected by: • • • • • the number of insureds and ceding companies affected; the amount and timing of losses actually incurred and reported by insureds; the impact of these losses on our reinsurers and the amount and timing of reinsurance recoverable actually received; the cost of building materials and labor to reconstruct properties or to perform environmental remediation following a catastrophic event; and complex coverage and regulatory issues such as whether losses occurred from storm surge or flooding and related lawsuits; • actions that rating agencies may take from time to time, such as financial strength or credit ratings downgrades or placing these ratings on credit watch negative or the equivalent; • the ability to collect reinsurance recoverable, credit developments of reinsurers, and any delays with respect thereto and changes in the cost, quality, or availability of reinsurance; • actual loss experience from insured or reinsured events and the timing of claim payments; • • the uncertainties of the loss-reserving and claims-settlement processes, including the difficulties associated with assessing environmental damage and asbestos-related latent injuries, the impact of aggregate-policy-coverage limits, the impact of bankruptcy protection sought by various asbestos producers and other related businesses, and the timing of loss payments; changes to our assessment as to whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, or have the intent to sell, available for sale fixed maturity investments before their anticipated recovery; • infection rates and severity of pandemics and their effects on our business operations and claims activity; • developments in global financial markets, including changes in interest rates, stock markets, and other financial markets, increased government involvement or intervention in the financial services industry, the cost and availability of financing, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations (which we refer to in this report as foreign exchange and foreign currency exchange), which could affect our statement of operations, investment portfolio, financial condition, and financing plans; • general economic and business conditions resulting from volatility in the stock and credit markets and the depth and duration of potential recession; • global political conditions, the occurrence of any terrorist attacks, including any nuclear, radiological, biological, or chemical events, or the outbreak and effects of war, and possible business disruption or economic contraction that may result from such events; • the potential impact of the United Kingdom’s vote to withdraw from the European Union, including political, regulatory, social, and economic uncertainty and market and exchange rate volatility; • judicial decisions and rulings, new theories of liability, legal tactics, and settlement terms; 36 • the effects of public company bankruptcies and/or accounting restatements, as well as disclosures by and investigations of public companies relating to possible accounting irregularities, and other corporate governance issues, including the effects of such events on: • • • the capital markets; the markets for directors and officers (D&O) and errors and omissions (E&O) insurance; and claims and litigation arising out of such disclosures or practices by other companies; • uncertainties relating to governmental, legislative and regulatory policies, developments, actions, investigations, and treaties, which, among other things, could subject us to insurance regulation or taxation in additional jurisdictions or affect our current operations; • • • the effects of data privacy or cyber laws or regulation on our current or future business; the actual amount of new and renewal business, market acceptance of our products, and risks associated with the introduction of new products and services and entering new markets, including regulatory constraints on exit strategies; the competitive environment in which we operate, including trends in pricing or in policy terms and conditions, which may differ from our projections and changes in market conditions that could render our business strategies ineffective or obsolete; • acquisitions made by us performing differently than expected, our failure to realize anticipated expense-related efficiencies or growth from acquisitions, the impact of acquisitions on our pre-existing organization, or announced acquisitions not closing; • • • • • • risks and uncertainties relating to our planned purchases of additional interests in Huatai Insurance Group Company Limited (Huatai Group), including our ability to receive Chinese insurance regulatory approval and complete the purchases; risks associated with being a Swiss corporation, including reduced flexibility with respect to certain aspects of capital management and the potential for additional regulatory burdens; the potential impact from government-mandated insurance coverage for acts of terrorism; the availability of borrowings and letters of credit under our credit facilities; the adequacy of collateral supporting funded high deductible programs; changes in the distribution or placement of risks due to increased consolidation of insurance and reinsurance brokers; • material differences between actual and expected assessments for guaranty funds and mandatory pooling arrangements; • • • • • • the effects of investigations into market practices in the property and casualty (P&C) industry; changing rates of inflation and other economic conditions, for example, recession; the amount of dividends received from subsidiaries; loss of the services of any of our executive officers without suitable replacements being recruited in a reasonable time frame; the ability of our technology resources, including information systems and security, to perform as anticipated such as with respect to preventing material information technology failures or third-party infiltrations or hacking resulting in consequences adverse to Chubb or its customers or partners; the ability of our company to increase use of data analytics and technology as part of our business strategy and adapt to new technologies; and • management’s response to these factors and actual events (including, but not limited to, those described above). The words “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “should,” “plan,” “expect,” “intend,” “hope,” “feel,” “foresee,” “will likely result,” or “will continue,” and variations thereof and similar expressions, identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their dates. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. 37 Overview We operate through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. For more information on our segments refer to “Segment Information” under Item 1. We have grown our business through increased premium volume, expansion of product offerings and geographic reach, and acquisitions of other companies. Our product and geographic diversification differentiates us from the vast majority of our competitors and has been a source of stability during periods of industry volatility. Our long-term business strategy focuses on sustained growth in book value achieved through a combination of underwriting and investment income. By doing so, we provide value to our clients and shareholders through use of our substantial capital base in the insurance and reinsurance markets. We are organized along a profit center structure by line of business and territory that does not necessarily correspond to corporate legal entities. Profit centers can access various legal entities subject to licensing and other regulatory rules. Profit centers are expected to generate underwriting income and appropriate risk-adjusted returns. Our corporate structure has facilitated the development of management talent by giving each profit center's senior management team the necessary autonomy within underwriting authorities to make operating decisions and create products and coverages needed by its target customer base. We are focused on delivering underwriting profit by only writing policies which we believe adequately compensate us for the risk we accept. Our insurance and reinsurance operations generate gross revenues from two principal sources: premiums and investment income. Cash flow is generated from premiums collected and investment income received less paid losses and loss expenses, policy acquisition costs, and administrative expenses. Invested assets are substantially held in liquid, investment grade fixed income securities of relatively short duration. Claims payments in any short-term period are highly unpredictable due to the random nature of loss events and the timing of claims awards or settlements. The value of investments held to pay future claims is subject to market forces such as the level of interest rates, stock market volatility, and credit events such as corporate defaults. The actual cost of claims is also volatile based on loss trends, inflation rates, court awards, and catastrophes. We believe that our cash balance, our highly liquid investments, credit facilities, and reinsurance protection provide sufficient liquidity to meet unforeseen claim demands that might occur in the year ahead. Refer to “Liquidity” and “Capital Resources” for additional information. Financial Highlights for the Year Ended December 31, 2019 • Net income was $4,454 million compared with $3,962 million in 2018. • Net premiums written were $32.3 billion, up 5.5 percent, or 7.0 percent on a constant-dollar basis. • The North America Agricultural Insurance segment combined ratio was 95.1 percent compared with 75.5 percent in 2018, or a decline of $296 million in underwriting income, principally due to the downward revision in the 2019 crop year margin estimate reflecting preventive planting claims due to the impact of wet weather conditions and crop yield shortfalls resulting from poor growing conditions. • P&C combined ratio was 90.6 percent in both 2019 and 2018. P&C current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses was 89.2 percent compared with 88.0 percent in 2018, reflecting the increase in the North America Agricultural Insurance segment combined ratio noted above. • Total pre-tax and after-tax catastrophe losses, including reinstatement premiums, were $1,187 million (4.1 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $966 million, respectively, compared with $1,626 million (5.9 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $1,354 million, respectively, in 2018. Refer to the Consolidated Operating Results section for additional information on our catastrophe losses. • Total pre-tax and after-tax favorable prior period development were $792 million (2.7 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $624 million, respectively, compared with $896 million (3.3 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $706 million, respectively, in 2018. Pre-tax favorable prior period development in 2018 included favorable reinsurance settlements of $205 million related to legacy run-off exposures. 38 • Operating cash flow was $6,342 million compared with $5,480 million in 2018, an increase of $862 million primarily due to higher underwriting cash flow. Refer to the Liquidity section for additional information on our cash flows. • Net investment income was $3,426 million compared with $3,305 million in 2018. • Share repurchases totaled $1,531 million, or approximately 10.4 million shares for the year, at an average purchase price of $146.61 per share. Outlook We completed 2019 with net premiums written growth of 5.5 percent, or 7.0 percent on a constant-dollar basis. Premium growth accelerated globally with the current pricing and underwriting environment, which has continued to improve in more lines of business and more territories. We plan to use our global presence to capitalize on these market conditions in the year ahead, while continuing to focus on our long-term strategic growth initiatives. Our net investment income increased 3.6 percent in 2019, reflecting strong operating cash flow and a higher invested asset base. There are several factors that impact the variability in investment income, including interest rates and private equity distributions. Nevertheless, we expect our quarterly pre-tax net investment income in 2020 to be in the range of $852 million to $862 million, including the expected amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets, at current exchange rates, of approximately $33 million per quarter. Excluding the amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets, we expect quarterly pre-tax adjusted net investment income in 2020 to be in the range of $885 million to $895 million. The estimate of amortization expense of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets could vary materially based on current market conditions, bond calls, overall duration of the acquired investment portfolio, and foreign exchange. During 2019, Chubb increased its ownership interest in Huatai Group and is committed to acquire additional interests with the goal of majority and beyond ownership. To that end, Chubb entered into agreements to purchase an additional 22.4 percent ownership in Huatai Group through separate purchases of 15.3 percent and 7.1 percent, respectively, each contingent upon regulatory approvals and other important conditions. At the completion of the 7.1 percent purchase, which is expected by the end of 2021, Chubb is expected to apply consolidation accounting. Critical Accounting Estimates Our consolidated financial statements include amounts that, either by their nature or due to requirements of generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (GAAP), are determined using best estimates and assumptions. While we believe that the amounts included in our consolidated financial statements reflect our best judgment, actual amounts could ultimately materially differ from those currently presented. We believe the items that require the most subjective and complex estimates are: • unpaid loss and loss expense reserves, including long-tail asbestos and environmental (A&E) reserves and non-A&E casualty exposures; future policy benefits reserves; the valuation of value of business acquired (VOBA) and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and VOBA; the assessment of risk transfer for certain structured insurance and reinsurance contracts; reinsurance recoverable, including a provision for uncollectible reinsurance; the valuation of our investment portfolio and assessment of other-than-temporary impairments (OTTI); the valuation of deferred income taxes; the valuation of derivative instruments related to guaranteed living benefits (GLB); and the assessment of goodwill for impairment. • • • • • • • • We believe our accounting policies for these items are of critical importance to our consolidated financial statements. The following discussion provides more information regarding the estimates and assumptions required to arrive at these amounts and should be read in conjunction with the sections entitled: Prior Period Development, Asbestos and Environmental (A&E), Reinsurance Recoverable on Ceded Reinsurance, Investments, Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses), and Other Income and Expense Items. 39 Unpaid losses and loss expenses As an insurance and reinsurance company, we are required by applicable laws and regulations and GAAP to establish loss and loss expense reserves for the estimated unpaid portion of the ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses under the terms of our policies and agreements with our insured and reinsured customers. At December 31, 2019, our gross unpaid loss and loss expense reserves were $62.7 billion and our net unpaid loss and loss expense reserves were $48.5 billion. With the exception of certain structured settlements, for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable, and certain reserves for unsettled claims, our loss reserves are not discounted for the time value of money. In connection with such structured settlements and certain reserves for unsettled claims, we carried net discounted reserves of $74 million and $73 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The following table presents a roll-forward of our unpaid losses and loss expenses: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Balance, beginning of year Losses and loss expenses incurred Losses and loss expenses paid Other (including foreign exchange translation) Balance, end of year (1) Net of provision for uncollectible reinsurance. December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Gross Losses Reinsurance Recoverable(1) Net Losses Gross Losses Reinsurance Recoverable(1) Net Losses $ 62,960 $ 14,689 $ 48,271 $ 63,179 $ 14,014 $ 49,165 23,657 (23,911) (16) 4,927 18,730 23,645 5,578 18,067 (5,438) (18,473) (23,079) (4,739) (18,340) 3 (19) (785) (164) (621) $ 62,690 $ 14,181 $ 48,509 $ 62,960 $ 14,689 $ 48,271 The estimate of the liabilities includes provisions for claims that have been reported but are unpaid at the balance sheet date (case reserves) and for obligations on claims that have been incurred but not reported (IBNR) at the balance sheet date. IBNR may also include provisions to account for the possibility that reported claims may settle for amounts that differ from the established case reserves. Loss reserves also include an estimate of expenses associated with processing and settling unpaid claims (loss expenses). Our loss reserves comprise approximately 80 percent casualty-related business, which typically encompasses long-tail risks, and other risks where a high degree of judgment is required. The process of establishing loss reserves for property and casualty claims can be complex and is subject to considerable uncertainty as it requires the use of informed estimates and judgments based on circumstances underlying the insured losses known at the date of accrual. For example, the reserves established for high excess casualty claims, asbestos and environmental claims, claims from major catastrophic events, or for our various product lines each require different assumptions and judgments to be made. Necessary judgments are based on numerous factors and may be revised as additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, as new or improved methods are developed, or as laws change. Hence, ultimate loss payments may differ from the estimate of the ultimate liabilities made at the balance sheet date. Changes to our previous estimates of prior period loss reserves impact the reported calendar year underwriting results adversely if our estimates increase or favorably if our estimates decrease. The potential for variation in loss reserve estimates is impacted by numerous factors. Reserve estimates for casualty lines are particularly uncertain given the lengthy reporting patterns and corresponding need for IBNR. Case reserves for those claims reported by insureds or ceding companies to us prior to the balance sheet date and where we have sufficient information are determined by our claims personnel as appropriate based on the circumstances of the claim(s), standard claim handling practices, and professional judgment. Furthermore, for our Brandywine run-off operations and our assumed reinsurance operation, Global Reinsurance, we may adjust the case reserves as notified by the ceding company if the judgment of our respective claims department differs from that of the cedant. With respect to IBNR reserves and those claims that have been incurred but not reported prior to the balance sheet date, there is, by definition, limited actual information to form the case reserve estimate and reliance is placed upon historical loss experience and actuarial methods to estimate the ultimate loss obligations and the corresponding amount of IBNR. IBNR reserve estimates are generally calculated by first projecting the ultimate amount of losses for a product line and subtracting paid losses and case reserves for reported claims. The judgments involved in projecting the ultimate losses may pertain to the use and interpretation of various standard actuarial reserving methods that place reliance on the extrapolation of actual historical data, loss development patterns, industry data, and other benchmarks as appropriate. The estimate of the required IBNR reserve also requires judgment by actuaries and management to reflect the impact of more contemporary and subjective factors, both qualitative and quantitative. Among some of these factors that might be considered are changes in business mix or 40 volume, changes in ceded reinsurance structures, changes in claims handling practices, reported and projected loss trends, inflation, the legal environment, and the terms and conditions of the contracts sold to our insured parties. Determining management's best estimate Our recorded reserves represent management's best estimate of the provision for unpaid claims as of the balance sheet date, and establishing them involves a process that includes collaboration with various relevant parties in the company. For information on our reserving process, refer to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Sensitivity to underlying assumptions While we believe that our reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses at December 31, 2019, is adequate, new information or emerging trends that differ from our assumptions may lead to future development of losses and loss expenses that is significantly greater or less than the recorded reserve, which could have a material effect on future operating results. As noted previously, our best estimate of required loss reserves for most portfolios is judgmentally selected for each origin year after considering the results from a number of reserving methods and is not a purely mechanical process. Therefore, it is difficult to convey, in a simple and quantitative manner, the impact that a change to a single assumption will have on our best estimate. In the examples below, we attempt to give an indication of the potential impact by isolating a single change for a specific reserving method that would be pertinent in establishing the best estimate for the product line described. We consider each of the following sensitivity analyses to represent a reasonably likely deviation in the underlying assumption. North America Commercial P&C Insurance Given the long reporting and paid development patterns for workers' compensation business, the development factors used to project actual current losses to ultimate losses for our current exposure require considerable judgment that could be material to consolidated loss and loss expense reserves. Specifically, adjusting ground up ultimate losses by a one percent change in the tail factor (i.e., 1.04 changed to either 1.05 or 1.03) would cause a change of approximately $823 million, either positive or negative, for the projected net loss and loss expense reserves. This represents an impact of about 8.8 percent relative to recorded net loss and loss expense reserves of approximately $9.4 billion. The reserve portfolio for our Chubb Bermuda operations contains exposure to predominantly high excess liability coverage on an occurrence-first-reported basis (typically with attachment points in excess of $325 million and gross limits of up to $150 million) and D&O and other professional liability coverage on a claims-made basis (typically with attachment points in excess of $125 million and gross limits of up to $75 million). Due to the layer of exposure covered, the expected frequency for this book is very low. As a result of the low frequency/high severity nature of the book, a small difference in the actual vs. expected claim frequency, either positive or negative, could result in a material change to the projected ultimate loss if such change in claim frequency was related to a policy where close to maximum limits were deployed. North America Personal P&C Insurance Due to the relatively short-tailed nature of many of the coverages involved (e.g., homeowners property damage), most of the incurred losses in Personal Lines are resolved within a few years of occurrence. As shown in our loss triangle disclosure, the vast majority (over 95 percent) of Personal Lines net ultimate losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses are typically paid within five years of the accident date and over 80 percent within two years. Even though there are significant reserves associated with some liability exposures such as personal excess/umbrella liability, our incurred loss triangle also shows a roughly consistent pattern of only relatively minor movements in incurred estimates over time by accident year especially after twenty-four months of maturity. While the liability exposures are subject to additional uncertainties from more protracted resolution times, the main drivers of volatility in the Personal Lines business are relatively short-term in nature and relate to things like natural catastrophes, non-catastrophe weather events, man-made risks, and individual large loss volatility from other fortuitous claim events. North America Agricultural Insurance Approximately 66 percent of the reserves for this segment are from the crop related lines, which all have short payout patterns, with the majority of the liabilities expected to be resolved in the ensuing twelve months. Claim reserves for our Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) product are set on a case-by-case basis and our aggregate exposure is subject to state level risk sharing formulae as well as third-party reinsurance. The majority of the development risk arises out of the accuracy of case reserve estimates and the time needed for final crop conditions to be assessed. We do not view our Agriculture reserves as substantially influenced by the general assumptions and risks underlying more typical P&C reserve estimates. 41 Overseas General Insurance Certain long-tail lines, such as casualty and professional lines, are particularly susceptible to changes in loss trend and claim inflation. Heightened perceptions of tort and settlement awards around the world can increase the demand for these products as well as contributing to the uncertainty in the reserving estimates. Our reserving methods rely on loss development patterns estimated from historical data and while we attempt to adjust such factors for known changes in the current tort environment, it is possible that such factors may not entirely reflect all recent trends in tort environments. For example, when applying the reported loss development method, the lengthening of our selected loss development patterns by six months would increase reserve estimates on long-tail casualty and professional lines for accident years 2017 and prior by approximately $525 million. This represents an impact of 14.4 percent relative to recorded net loss and loss expense reserves of approximately $3.6 billion. Global Reinsurance Typically, there is inherent uncertainty around the length of paid and reported development patterns, especially for certain casualty lines such as excess workers' compensation or general liability, which may take decades to fully develop. This uncertainty is accentuated by the need to supplement client development patterns with industry development patterns due to the sometimes low statistical credibility of the data. The underlying source and selection of the final development patterns can thus have a significant impact on the selected ultimate net losses and loss expenses. For example, a 20 percent shortening or lengthening of the development patterns used for U.S. long-tail lines would cause the loss reserve estimate derived by the reported Bornhuetter-Ferguson method for these lines to change by approximately $285 million. This represents an impact of 43 percent relative to recorded net loss and loss expense reserves of approximately $670 million. Assumed reinsurance At December 31, 2019, net unpaid losses and loss expenses for the Global Reinsurance segment aggregated to $1.4 billion, consisting of $769 million of case reserves and $664 million of IBNR. In comparison, at December 31, 2018, net unpaid losses and loss expenses for the Global Reinsurance segment aggregated to $1.6 billion, consisting of $807 million of case reserves and $807 million of IBNR. For our catastrophe business, we principally estimate unpaid losses and loss expenses on an event basis by considering various sources of information, including specific loss estimates reported by our cedants, ceding company and overall industry loss estimates reported by our brokers, and our internal data regarding reinsured exposures related to the geographical location of the event. Our internal data analysis enables us to establish catastrophe reserves for known events with more certainty at an earlier date than would be the case if we solely relied on reports from third parties to determine carried reserves. For our casualty reinsurance business, we generally rely on ceding companies to report claims and then use that data as a key input to estimate unpaid losses and loss expenses. Due to the reliance on claims information reported by ceding companies, as well as other factors, the estimation of unpaid losses and loss expenses for assumed reinsurance includes certain risks and uncertainties that are unique relative to our direct insurance business. These include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following: • The reported claims information could be inaccurate; • Typically, a lag exists between the reporting of a loss event to a ceding company and its reporting to us as a reinsurance claim. The use of a broker to transmit financial information from a ceding company to us increases the reporting lag. Because most of our reinsurance business is produced by brokers, ceding companies generally first submit claim and other financial information to brokers, who then report the proportionate share of such information to each reinsurer of a particular treaty. The reporting lag generally results in a longer period of time between the date a claim is incurred and the date a claim is reported compared with direct insurance operations. Therefore, the risk of delayed recognition of loss reserve development is higher for assumed reinsurance than for direct insurance lines; and • The historical claims data for a particular reinsurance contract can be limited relative to our insurance business in that there may be less historical information available. Further, for certain coverages or products, such as excess of loss contracts, there may be relatively few expected claims in a particular year so the actual number of claims may be susceptible to significant variability. In such cases, the actuary often relies on industry data from several recognized sources. We mitigate the above risks in several ways. In addition to routine analytical reviews of ceding company reports to ensure reported claims information appears reasonable, we perform regular underwriting and claims audits of certain ceding companies to ensure reported claims information is accurate, complete, and timely. As appropriate, audit findings are used to adjust claims 42 in the reserving process. We also use our knowledge of the historical development of losses from individual ceding companies to adjust the level of adequacy we believe exists in the reported ceded losses. On occasion, there will be differences between our carried loss reserves and unearned premium reserves and the amount of loss reserves and unearned premium reserves reported by the ceding companies. This is due to the fact that we receive consistent and timely information from ceding companies only with respect to case reserves. For IBNR, we use historical experience and other statistical information, depending on the type of business, to estimate the ultimate loss. We estimate our unearned premium reserve by applying estimated earning patterns to net premiums written for each treaty based upon that treaty's coverage basis (i.e., risks attaching or losses occurring). At December 31, 2019, the case reserves reported to us by our ceding companies were $758 million, compared with the $769 million we recorded. Our policy is to post additional case reserves in addition to the amounts reported by our cedants when our evaluation of the ultimate value of a reported claim is different than the evaluation of that claim by our cedant. Within Corporate, we also have exposure to certain liability reinsurance lines that have been in run-off since 1994. Unpaid losses and loss expenses relating to this run-off reinsurance business resides within the Brandywine Division reported within Corporate. Most of the remaining unpaid loss and loss expense reserves for the run-off reinsurance business relate to A&E claims. Refer to the “Asbestos and Environmental (A&E)” section for additional information. Asbestos and environmental reserves Included in our liabilities for losses and loss expenses are amounts for A&E (A&E liabilities). The A&E liabilities principally relate to claims arising from bodily-injury claims related to asbestos products and remediation costs associated with hazardous waste sites. The estimation of our A&E liabilities is particularly sensitive to future changes in the legal, social, and economic environment. We have not assumed any such future changes in setting the value of our A&E liabilities, which include provisions for both reported and IBNR claims. There are many complex variables that we consider when estimating the reserves for our inventory of asbestos accounts and these variables may directly impact the predicted outcome. We believe the most significant variables relating to our A&E liabilities include the current legal environment; specific settlements that may be used as precedents to settle future claims; assumptions regarding trends with respect to claim severity and the frequency of higher severity claims; assumptions regarding the ability to allocate liability among defendants (including bankruptcy trusts) and other insurers; the ability of a claimant to bring a claim in a state in which they have no residency or exposure; the ability of a policyholder to claim the right to unaggregated coverage; whether high-level excess policies have the potential to be accessed given the policyholder's claim trends and liability situation; payments to unimpaired claimants; and, the potential liability of peripheral defendants. Based on the policies, the facts, the law, and a careful analysis of the impact that these factors will likely have on any given account, we estimate the potential liability for indemnity, policyholder defense costs, and coverage litigation expense. The results in asbestos cases announced by other carriers or defendants may well have little or no relevance to us because coverage exposures are highly dependent upon the specific facts of individual coverage and resolution status of disputes among carriers, policyholders, and claimants. For additional information refer to the “Asbestos and Environmental (A&E)” section and to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Future policy benefits reserves We issue contracts in our Overseas General Insurance and Life Insurance segments that are classified as long-duration. These contracts generally include accident and supplemental health products, term and whole life products, endowment products, and annuities. In accordance with GAAP, we establish reserves for contracts determined to be long-duration based on approved actuarial methods that include assumptions related to expenses, mortality, morbidity, persistency, and investment yields with a factor for adverse deviation. These assumptions are “locked in” at the inception of the contract, meaning we use our original assumptions throughout the life of the policy and do not subsequently modify them unless we deem the reserves to be inadequate. The future policy benefits reserves balance is regularly evaluated for a premium deficiency. If experience is less favorable than assumptions, additional liabilities may be required, resulting in a charge to policyholder benefits and claims. Valuation of value of business acquired (VOBA), and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and VOBA As part of the acquisition of businesses that sell long-duration contracts, such as life products, we established an intangible asset related to VOBA, which represented the fair value of the future profits of the in-force contracts. The valuation of VOBA at the time of acquisition is derived from similar assumptions to those used to establish the associated future policy benefits 43 reserves. The most significant input in this calculation is the discount rate used to arrive at the present value of the net cash flows. We amortize deferred policy acquisition costs associated with long-duration contracts and VOBA (collectively policy acquisition costs) over the estimated life of the contracts, generally in proportion to premium revenue recognized based upon the same assumptions used in estimating the liability for future policy benefits. For non-traditional long-duration contracts, we amortize policy acquisition costs over the expected life of the contracts in proportion to estimates of expected gross profits. The estimated life is established at the inception of the contracts or upon acquisition and is based on current persistency assumptions. Policy acquisition costs, which consist of commissions, premium taxes, and certain underwriting costs related directly to the successful acquisition of a new or renewal insurance contract, are reviewed to determine if they are recoverable from future income, including investment income. Unrecoverable costs are expensed in the period identified. Risk transfer In the ordinary course of business, we both purchase (or cede) and sell (or assume) reinsurance protection. We discontinued the purchase of all finite risk reinsurance contracts, as a matter of policy, in 2002. For both ceded and assumed reinsurance, risk transfer requirements must be met in order to use reinsurance accounting, principally resulting in the recognition of cash flows under the contract as premiums and losses. If risk transfer requirements are not met, a contract is to be accounted for as a deposit, typically resulting in the recognition of cash flows under the contract through a deposit asset or liability and not as revenue or expense. To meet risk transfer requirements, a reinsurance contract must include both insurance risk, consisting of underwriting and timing risk, and a reasonable possibility of a significant loss for the assuming entity. We also apply similar risk transfer requirements to determine whether certain commercial insurance contracts should be accounted for as insurance or a deposit. Contracts that include fixed premium (i.e., premium not subject to adjustment based on loss experience under the contract) for fixed coverage generally transfer risk and do not require judgment. Reinsurance and insurance contracts that include both significant risk sharing provisions, such as adjustments to premiums or loss coverage based on loss experience, and relatively low policy limits, as evidenced by a high proportion of maximum premium assessments to loss limits, can require considerable judgment to determine whether or not risk transfer requirements are met. For such contracts, often referred to as finite or structured products, we require that risk transfer be specifically assessed for each contract by developing expected cash flow analyses at contract inception. To support risk transfer, the cash flow analyses must demonstrate that a significant loss is reasonably possible, such as a scenario in which the ratio of the net present value of losses divided by the net present value of premiums equals or exceeds 110 percent. For purposes of cash flow analyses, we generally use a risk-free rate of return consistent with the expected average duration of loss payments. In addition, to support insurance risk, we must prove the reinsurer's risk of loss varies with that of the reinsured and/or support various scenarios under which the assuming entity can recognize a significant loss. To ensure risk transfer requirements are routinely assessed, qualitative and quantitative risk transfer analyses and memoranda supporting risk transfer are developed by underwriters for all structured products. We have established protocols for structured products that include criteria triggering an accounting review of the contract prior to quoting. If any criterion is triggered, a contract must be reviewed by a committee established by each of our segments with reporting oversight, including peer review, from our global Structured Transaction Review Committee. With respect to ceded reinsurance, we entered into a few multi-year excess of loss retrospectively-rated contracts, principally in 2002. These contracts primarily provided severity protection for specific product divisions. Because traditional one-year reinsurance coverage had become relatively costly, these contracts were generally entered into in order to secure a more cost- effective reinsurance program. All of these contracts transferred risk and were accounted for as reinsurance. In addition, we maintain a few aggregate excess of loss reinsurance contracts that were principally entered into prior to 2003, such as the National Indemnity Company (NICO) contracts referred to in the section entitled, “Asbestos and Environmental (A&E)”. We have not purchased any other retroactive ceded reinsurance contracts since 1999. With respect to assumed reinsurance and insurance contracts, products giving rise to judgments regarding risk transfer were primarily sold by our financial solutions business. Although we have significantly curtailed writing financial solutions business, several contracts remain in-force and principally include multi-year retrospectively-rated contracts and loss portfolio transfers. Because transfer of insurance risk is generally a primary client motivation for purchasing these products, relatively few insurance and reinsurance contracts have historically been written for which we concluded that risk transfer criteria had not been met. For certain insurance contracts that have been reported as deposits, the insured desired to self-insure a risk but was required, legally or otherwise, to purchase insurance so that claimants would be protected by a licensed insurance company in the event of non-payment from the insured. 44 Reinsurance recoverable Reinsurance recoverable includes balances due to us from reinsurance companies for paid and unpaid losses and loss expenses and is presented net of a provision for uncollectible reinsurance. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance is determined based upon a review of the financial condition of the reinsurers and other factors. Ceded reinsurance contracts do not relieve our primary obligation to our policyholders. Consequently, an exposure exists with respect to reinsurance recoverable to the extent that any reinsurer is unable or unwilling to meet its obligations or disputes the liabilities assumed under the reinsurance contracts. We determine the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses using actuarial estimates as well as a determination of our ability to cede unpaid losses and loss expenses under existing reinsurance contracts. The recognition of a reinsurance recoverable asset requires two key judgments. The first judgment involves our estimation based on the amount of gross reserves and the percentage of that amount which may be ceded to reinsurers. Ceded IBNR, which is a major component of the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses, is generally developed as part of our loss reserving process and, consequently, its estimation is subject to similar risks and uncertainties as the estimation of gross IBNR (refer to “Critical Accounting Estimates – Unpaid losses and loss expenses”). The second judgment involves our estimate of the amount of the reinsurance recoverable balance that we may ultimately be unable to recover from reinsurers due to insolvency, contractual dispute, or for other reasons. Estimated uncollectible amounts are reflected in a provision that reduces the reinsurance recoverable asset and, in turn, shareholders' equity. Changes in the provision for uncollectible reinsurance are reflected in net income. Although the obligation of individual reinsurers to pay their reinsurance obligations is based on specific contract provisions, the collectability of such amounts requires estimation by management. The majority of the recoverable balance will not be due for collection until sometime in the future, and the duration of our recoverables may be longer than the duration of our direct exposures. Over this period of time, economic conditions and operational performance of a particular reinsurer may impact their ability to meet these obligations and while they may continue to acknowledge their contractual obligation to do so, they may not have the financial resources or willingness to fully meet their obligation to us. To estimate the provision for uncollectible reinsurance, the reinsurance recoverable must first be determined for each reinsurer. This determination is based on a process rather than an estimate, although an element of judgment must be applied. As part of the process, ceded IBNR is allocated to reinsurance contracts because ceded IBNR is not generally calculated on a contract by contract basis. The allocations are generally based on premiums ceded under reinsurance contracts, adjusted for actual loss experience and historical relationships between gross and ceded losses. If actual premium and loss experience vary materially from historical experience, the allocation of reinsurance recoverable by reinsurer will be reviewed and may change. While such change is unlikely to result in a large percentage change in the provision for uncollectible reinsurance, it could, nevertheless, have a material effect on our net income in the period recorded. Generally, we use a default analysis to estimate uncollectible reinsurance. The primary components of the default analysis are reinsurance recoverable balances by reinsurer, net of collateral, and default factors used to estimate the probability that the reinsurer may be unable to meet its future obligations in full. The definition of collateral for this purpose requires some judgment and is generally limited to assets held in a Chubb-only beneficiary trust, letters of credit, and liabilities held by us with the same legal entity for which we believe there is a right of offset. We do not currently include multi-beneficiary trusts. However, we have several reinsurers that have established multi-beneficiary trusts for which certain of our companies are beneficiaries. The determination of the default factor is principally based on the financial strength rating of the reinsurer and a corresponding default factor applicable to the financial strength rating. Default factors require considerable judgment and are determined using the current financial strength rating, or rating equivalent, of each reinsurer as well as other key considerations and assumptions. Significant considerations and assumptions include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following: • For reinsurers that maintain a financial strength rating from a major rating agency, and for which recoverable balances are considered representative of the larger population (i.e., default probabilities are consistent with similarly rated reinsurers and payment durations conform to averages), the judgment exercised by management to determine the provision for uncollectible reinsurance of each reinsurer is typically limited because the financial rating is based on a published source and the default factor we apply is based on a historical default factor of a major rating agency applicable to the particular rating class. Default factors applied for financial ratings of AAA, AA, A, BBB, BB, B, and CCC, are 0.8 percent, 1.2 percent, 1.7 percent, 4.9 percent, 19.6 percent, 34.0 percent, and 62.2 percent, respectively. Because our model is predicated on the historical default factors of a major rating agency, we do not generally consider alternative factors. However, when a recoverable is expected to be paid in a brief period of time by a highly-rated reinsurer, such as certain property catastrophe claims, a default factor may not be applied; 45 • For balances recoverable from reinsurers that are both unrated by a major rating agency and for which management is unable to determine a credible rating equivalent based on a parent or affiliated company, we may determine a rating equivalent based on our analysis of the reinsurer that considers an assessment of the creditworthiness of the particular entity, industry benchmarks, or other factors as considered appropriate. We then apply the applicable default factor for that rating class. For balances recoverable from unrated reinsurers for which our ceded reserve is below a certain threshold, we generally apply a default factor of 34.0 percent; • For balances recoverable from reinsurers that are either insolvent or under regulatory supervision, we establish a default factor and resulting provision for uncollectible reinsurance based on specific facts and circumstances surrounding each company. Upon initial notification of an insolvency, we generally recognize expense for a substantial portion of all balances outstanding, net of collateral, through a combination of write-offs of recoverable balances and increases to the provision for uncollectible reinsurance. When regulatory action is taken on a reinsurer, we generally recognize a default factor by estimating an expected recovery on all balances outstanding, net of collateral. When sufficient credible information becomes available, we adjust the provision for uncollectible reinsurance by establishing a default factor pursuant to information received; and • For captives and other recoverables, management determines the provision for uncollectible reinsurance based on the specific facts and circumstances. The following table summarizes reinsurance recoverables and the provision for uncollectible reinsurance for each type of recoverable balance at December 31, 2019: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Type Reinsurers with credit ratings Reinsurers not rated Reinsurers under supervision and insolvent reinsurers Captives Other - structured settlements and pools Total Gross Reinsurance Recoverables on Losses and Loss Expenses Recoverables (net of Usable Collateral) Provision for Uncollectible Reinsurance (1) $ 11,460 $ 10,043 $ 156 321 81 2,647 988 190 79 378 978 66 37 20 37 $ 15,497 $ 11,668 $ 316 (1) The provision for uncollectible reinsurance is based on a default analysis applied to gross reinsurance recoverables, net of approximately $3.8 billion of collateral at December 31, 2019. At December 31, 2019, the use of different assumptions within our approach could have a material effect on the provision for uncollectible reinsurance. To the extent the creditworthiness of our reinsurers were to deteriorate due to an adverse event affecting the reinsurance industry, such as a large number of major catastrophes, actual uncollectible amounts could be significantly greater than our provision for uncollectible reinsurance. Such an event could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and our liquidity. Given the various considerations used to estimate our uncollectible provision, we cannot precisely quantify the effect a specific industry event may have on the provision for uncollectible reinsurance. However, based on the composition (particularly the average credit quality) of the reinsurance recoverable balance at December 31, 2019, we estimate that a ratings downgrade of one notch for all rated reinsurers (e.g., from A to A- or A- to BBB+) could increase our provision for uncollectible reinsurance by approximately $66 million or approximately 0.4 percent of the gross reinsurance recoverable balance, assuming no other changes relevant to the calculation. While a ratings downgrade would result in an increase in our provision for uncollectible reinsurance and a charge to earnings in that period, a downgrade in and of itself does not imply that we will be unable to collect all of the ceded reinsurance recoverable from the reinsurers in question. Refer to Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Fair value measurements Accounting guidance defines fair value as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 inputs) and the lowest priority to unobservable data (Level 3 inputs). Level 2 includes inputs, other than quoted prices within Level 1, that are observable for assets or liabilities either directly or indirectly. Refer to Note 4 and Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on our fair value measurements. 46 Other-than-temporary impairments (OTTI) Each quarter, we review securities in an unrealized loss position (impaired securities), including fixed maturities and securities lending collateral to identify impaired securities to be specifically evaluated for a potential OTTI. Because our investment portfolio is the largest component of consolidated assets, OTTI could be material to our financial condition and results of operations. Refer to Note 3 c) to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of the OTTI process. Deferred income taxes At December 31, 2019, our net deferred tax liability was $804 million. Our deferred tax assets and liabilities primarily result from temporary differences between the amounts recorded in our consolidated financial statements and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities. We determine deferred tax assets and liabilities separately for each tax-paying component (an individual entity or group of entities that is consolidated for tax purposes) in each tax jurisdiction. The realization of deferred tax assets depends upon the existence of sufficient taxable income within the carryback or carryforward periods under the tax law in the applicable tax jurisdiction. There may be changes in tax laws in a number of countries where we transact business that impact our deferred tax assets and liabilities. At each balance sheet date, management assesses the need to establish a valuation allowance that reduces deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The determination of the need for a valuation allowance is based on all available information including projections of future taxable income, principally derived from business plans and where appropriate available tax planning strategies. Projections of future taxable income incorporate assumptions of future business and operations that are apt to differ from actual experience. If our assumptions and estimates that resulted in our forecast of future taxable income prove to be incorrect, an additional valuation allowance could become necessary, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity. At December 31, 2019, the valuation allowance of $114 million reflects management's assessment that it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized due to the inability of certain foreign subsidiaries to generate sufficient taxable income. Assumed reinsurance programs involving minimum benefit guarantees under variable annuity contracts Chubb reinsures various death and living benefit guarantees associated with variable annuities issued primarily in the United States. We ceased writing this business in 2007. Guarantees which are payable on death are referred to as guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB). Guarantees on living benefits (GLB) consist mainly of guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB). For further description of this product and related accounting treatment, refer to Note 1 j) to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Guaranteed living benefits (GLB) derivatives Our GLB reinsurance is classified as a derivative for accounting purposes and therefore carried at fair value. We believe that the most meaningful presentation of these GLB derivatives is as follows: • Estimates of the average modeled value of future cash outflows is recorded as incurred losses (i.e., benefit reserves). Cash inflows or revenue are reported as net premiums earned and changes in the benefit reserves are reflected as Policy benefits expense in the Consolidated statements of operations, which is included in underwriting income. • The incremental difference between the fair value of GLB reinsurance contracts and benefit reserves is reflected in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets and related changes in fair value are reflected in Net realized gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. Determination of GLB fair value The fair value of GLB reinsurance is estimated using an internal valuation model, which includes current market information and estimates of policyholder behavior from the perspective of a theoretical market participant that would assume these liabilities. All of our treaties contain claim limits, which are factored into the valuation model. The fair value depends on a number of factors, including interest rates, equity markets, credit risk, current account value, market volatility, expected annuitization rates and other policyholder behavior, and changes in policyholder mortality. The model and related assumptions are regularly re-evaluated by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon additional experience obtained related to policyholder behavior and availability of more timely market information. Due to the inherent uncertainties of the assumptions used in the valuation models to determine the fair value of these derivative products, actual experience may differ materially from the estimates reflected in our Consolidated Financial Statements. 47 We intend to hold these derivative contracts to maturity (i.e., the expiration of the underlying liabilities through lapse, annuitization, death, or expiration of the reinsurance contract). To partially offset the risk of changes in the fair value of GLB reinsurance contracts, we invest in derivative hedge instruments. At maturity, the cumulative realized gains and losses (excluding cumulative hedge gains or losses) from fair value changes of GLB reinsurance contracts will net to zero because, over time, the insurance liability will be increased or decreased to equal our obligation. Determination of GLB and GMDB benefit reserves Management established benefit reserves based on a long-term benefit ratio (or loss ratio) calculated using assumptions reflecting management’s best estimate of the future short-term and long-term performance of the variable annuity line of business. Despite the long-term nature of the risk, the benefit ratio calculation is impacted by short-term market movements that may be judged by management to be transient. Management regularly examines both qualitative and quantitative analysis, including a review of the differential between the benefit ratio used at the most recent valuation date and the benefit ratio calculated on subsequent dates. Management regularly evaluates its estimates and uses judgment to determine the extent to which assumptions underlying the benefit ratio calculation should be adjusted. For the year ended December 31, 2019, management determined that no change to the benefit ratio was warranted. For further information on the estimates and assumptions used in determining the fair value of GLB reinsurance, refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. For a sensitivity discussion of the effect of changes in interest rates, equity indices, and other assumptions on the fair value of GLBs, and the estimated resulting impact on our net income, refer to Item 7A. Risk Management We employ a strategy to manage the financial market and policyholder behavior risks embedded in the reinsurance of variable annuity (VA) guarantees. Risk management begins with underwriting a prospective client and guarantee design, with particular focus on protecting our position from policyholder options that, because of anti-selective behavior, could adversely impact our obligation. A second layer of risk management is the structure of the reinsurance contracts. All VA guarantee reinsurance contracts include some form of annual or aggregate claim limit(s) primarily designed to reduce our exposure to severe equity market and/or interest rate declines (which would cause an increase in expected claims). A third layer of risk management is the hedging strategy which looks to mitigate both long-term economic loss over time as well as dampen income statement volatility. We owned financial market instruments as part of the hedging strategy with a fair value asset (liability) of $(13) million and $23 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The instruments are substantially collateralized on a daily basis. We also limit the aggregate amount of variable annuity reinsurance guarantee risk we are willing to assume. The last substantive transactions were quoted in late 2007. The aggregate number of policyholders is currently decreasing through policyholder withdrawals, annuitizations, and deaths at a rate of 5 percent to 15 percent per annum. Note that GLB claims cannot occur for any reinsured policy until it has reached the end of its “waiting period”. As shown in the table below, 92 percent of the policies we reinsure reached the end of their “waiting periods” in 2019 and prior. Year of first payment eligibility 2019 and prior 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 and after Total 48 Percent of living benefit account values 92% 1% 2% —% 1% 4% 100% The following table presents the historical cash flows under these policies for the periods indicated. The amounts represent accrued past premium received and claims paid, split by benefit type. (in millions of U.S. dollars) GMDB GLB 2019 Total GMDB GLB 2018 Total GMDB GLB Premium received Less paid claims Net cash received $ $ 40 $ 91 $ 131 $ 47 $ 96 $ 143 $ 49 $ 110 $ 34 91 125 32 49 81 31 54 6 $ — $ 6 $ 15 $ 47 $ 62 $ 18 $ 56 $ 2017 Total 159 85 74 Collateral Chubb holds collateral on behalf of most of its clients in the form of qualified assets in trust or letters of credit, typically in an amount sufficient for the client to obtain statutory reserve credit for the reinsurance. The timing of the calculation and amount of the collateral varies by client according to the particulars of the reinsurance treaty and the statutory reserve guidelines of the client's domicile. Goodwill impairment assessment Goodwill, which represents the excess of acquisition cost over the estimated fair value of net assets acquired, was $15.3 billion at both December 31, 2019 and 2018. Goodwill is assigned to applicable reporting units of acquired entities at the time of acquisition. Our reporting units are the same as our reportable segments. For goodwill balances by reporting units, refer to Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to a periodic evaluation for impairment at least annually, or earlier if there are any indications of possible impairment. Impairment is tested at the reporting unit level. The impairment evaluation first uses a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not (i.e., more than a 50 percent probability) that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount. If a reporting unit fails this qualitative assessment, a single quantitative analysis is used to measure and record the amount of the impairment. In assessing the fair value of a reporting unit, we make assumptions and estimates about the profitability attributable to our reporting units, including: short-term and long-term growth rates; and • • estimated cost of equity and changes in long-term risk-free interest rates. If our assumptions and estimates made in assessing the fair value of acquired entities change, we could be required to write- down the carrying value of goodwill which could be material to our results of operations in the period the charge is taken. Based on our impairment testing for 2019, we determined no impairment was required and none of our reporting units was at risk for impairment. 49 Consolidated Operating Results – Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2019 2018 2017 Net premiums written Net premiums earned Net investment income Net realized gains (losses) Total revenues Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Interest expense Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Chubb integration expenses Total expenses Income before income tax Income tax expense (benefit) Net income Net premiums written - constant dollars (1) Net premiums earned - constant dollars (1) NM – not meaningful (530) (652) 84 (18.8)% $ 32,275 $ 30,579 $ 29,244 31,290 3,426 30,064 3,305 29,034 3,125 34,186 18,730 740 6,153 3,030 552 (596) 305 23 32,717 18,067 590 5,912 2,886 641 (434) 339 59 28,937 28,060 5,249 795 4,657 695 32,243 18,454 676 5,781 2,833 607 (400) 260 310 28,521 3,722 (139) $ 4,454 $ 3,962 $ 3,861 2019 vs. 2018 5.5 % 4.1 % 3.6 % 4.5 % 3.7 % % Change 2018 vs. 2017 4.6 % 3.5 % 5.8 % NM 1.5 % (2.1)% 25.5 % (12.7)% 4.1 % 5.0 % (13.9)% 37.2 % (10.2)% (61.7)% 3.1 % 12.7 % 14.3 % 12.4 % 7.0 % 5.5 % 2.3 % 1.9 % 5.6 % 8.5 % 30.4 % (81.0)% (1.6)% 25.1 % NM 2.6 % 4.1 % 3.1 % (1) On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency rates as the comparable current period. Net Premiums Written 2019 vs. 2018 Net premiums written reflect the premiums we retain after purchasing reinsurance protection. Consolidated net premiums written increased $1.7 billion in 2019, or $2.1 billion on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting growth across most segments. • Net premiums written in our North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment increased $890 million (7.1 percent) in 2019, reflecting positive rate increases, new business written and strong retention across most retail lines, including property, financial lines, excess casualty, risk management, and commercial package, as well as in our wholesale and high excess Bermuda lines, and in our small commercial businesses. • Net premiums written in our North America Personal P&C Insurance segment increased $113 million (2.4 percent) in 2019, primarily due to strong retention and rate and exposure increases across most lines, partially offset by a $44 million benefit in 2018 related to the harmonization of our legacy premium registration systems, which unfavorably impacted growth by approximately 0.9 percentage points. • Net premiums written in our North America Agricultural Insurance segment increased $233 million (14.8 percent) in 2019, primarily due to growth in our MPCI business and growth in our Chubb Agribusiness. Growth in our MPCI premium was driven primarily by higher retention as a result of the premium sharing formulas under the U.S. government, as well as the non-renewal of a quota-share treaty effective with the current crop year and an increase in current year production. Under the MPCI premium sharing formula under the U.S. government, we cede additional premiums to the government during profitable years. In 2018, the program was more profitable which resulted in higher cessions compared to 2019. • Net premiums written in our Overseas General Insurance segment increased $360 million (4.0 percent) in 2019, or $722 million (8.4 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting growth across all regions and most lines of business. P&C lines growth was across all regions and was principally due to positive rate increases and new business in property, casualty, and financial lines. Personal lines growth was driven by new business principally in Latin America and Europe. Accident and health (A&H) lines growth was principally in Asia and Latin America driven by new business. 50 • Net premiums written in our Global Reinsurance segment decreased $22 million (3.2 percent) in 2019, or $12 million (1.7 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, as an increase in new business written in property and marine lines was more than offset by an increase in ceded retrocessions, reductions in the international motor line, and higher reinstatement premiums collected in the prior year. • Net premiums written in our Life Insurance segment increased $122 million (5.3 percent) in 2019, or $143 million (6.4 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, primarily reflecting growth in our Asian and Latin American international life operations and North American Combined Insurance supplemental A&H program, partially offset by our life reinsurance business, which continues to decline as no new life reinsurance business is being written. 2018 vs. 2017 Consolidated net premiums written increased $1.3 billion in 2018, or $1.2 billion (4.1 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting growth across most segments. • Net premiums written in our North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment increased $466 million (3.9 percent) in 2018 reflecting positive rate increases, new business written, and strong renewals across a number of lines. Retail casualty and risk management, A&H, retail property, and continued growth in our small commercial business represented $339 million of the $466 million increase. In addition, the year-over-year increase in large structured transactions was $195 million. This growth was partially offset by merger-related underwriting actions of $123 million and premium reductions from planned portfolio management in our retail and wholesale brokerage financial lines ($62 million). • Net premiums written in our North America Personal P&C Insurance segment increased $141 million (3.1 percent) for 2018, primarily due to strong retention and new business growth in homeowners and complementary products such as automobiles and valuables. In addition, the non-renewal of a quota share treaty in the second quarter of 2017 covering the acquired Fireman's Fund homeowners and automobile businesses added $47 million of additional net premiums written in 2018. These increases were partially offset by the addition of California to the homeowners quota share reinsurance treaty, effective October 1, 2018 ($47 million), which included a non-recurring unearned premium reserves (UPR) transfer of $32 million. • Net premiums written in our North America Agricultural Insurance segment increased $61 million (4.0 percent) in 2018, primarily due to growth in our MPCI business and growth in our Chubb Agribusiness. The growth in MPCI premium was driven by policy count growth and the year-over-year impact of the premium sharing formulas under the U.S. government. In 2017, the program was more profitable which resulted in higher cessions compared to 2018. The increase was partially offset by lower volatility factors, which are a component of the policy pricing that measures the likelihood the commodity price will fluctuate over the crop year and reduces the premium we charge. • Net premiums written in our Overseas General Insurance segment increased $552 million (6.6 percent) in 2018, or $448 million (5.3 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting growth across most regions and lines of business. P&C lines growth was across all regions, principally in small commercial property and general casualty lines reflecting new business, and in middle market driven by new business and rate increases. Personal lines growth was principally in our automobile line in Mexico driven by new business, as well as in our specialty lines in Asia. A&H lines growth was principally in Asia driven by new business. • Net premiums written in our Global Reinsurance segment decreased $14 million (2.1 percent) in 2018, or $22 million (3.3 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, primarily due to higher reinstatement premiums collected in the prior year principally relating to the 2017 natural catastrophes ($15 million year-over-year decrease) and lower renewals, which is reflective of competitive market conditions primarily in catastrophe and catastrophe exposed lines of business, partially offset by new business written in the casualty line of business. • Net premiums written in our Life Insurance segment increased $129 million (6.1 percent) in 2018, or $123 million (5.7 percent) on a constant-dollar basis, primarily due to growth in our North American Combined Insurance supplemental A&H program business, and Asian and Latin American international life operations, partially offset by our life reinsurance business, which continues to decline as no new life reinsurance business is being written. 51 Net Premiums Written By Line of Business (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2019 2018 2017 % Change C$ (1) 2018 C$ (1) 2019 vs. 2018 Commercial casualty Workers' compensation Professional liability Surety Commercial multiple peril (2) Property and other short-tail lines Total Commercial P&C (3) Agriculture Personal automobile Personal homeowners Personal other Total Personal lines Total Property and Casualty lines Global A&H lines (4) Reinsurance lines Life Total consolidated $ 5,654 $ 5,204 $ 4,721 $ 5,154 2,098 3,697 639 983 2,094 3,527 635 910 2,067 3,547 627 879 2,094 3,479 622 910 4,468 4,016 3,819 3,930 17,539 16,386 15,660 16,189 9.7 % 0.1 % 6.3 % 2.7 % 8.0 % 13.7 % 8.3 % 1,810 1,577 1,516 1,577 14.8 % 1,786 3,513 1,514 6,813 1,695 3,391 1,508 6,594 1,563 3,302 1,441 6,306 1,685 3,383 1,454 6,522 26,162 24,557 23,482 24,288 4,315 649 1,149 4,277 671 1,074 4,056 685 1,021 4,157 661 1,059 $ 32,275 $ 30,579 $ 29,244 $ 30,165 6.0 % 3.9 % 4.0 % 4.4 % 7.7 % 3.8 % (1.7)% 8.5 % 7.0 % (1) (2) (3) (4) On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency rates as the comparable current period. Commercial multiple peril represents retail package business (property and general liability). 2018 included a reclassification of $56 million from Workers’ compensation and $1 million from Commercial multiple peril to Commercial casualty ($48 million) and Property and other short-tail lines ($9 million) to better align the reporting with current year. There is no impact to total Commercial P&C. For purposes of this schedule only, A&H results from our Combined North America and International businesses, normally included in the Life Insurance and Overseas General Insurance segments, respectively, as well as the A&H results of our North America Commercial P&C segment, are included in Global A&H lines above. The increase in net premiums written in 2019 reflects growth across most lines of business. • The growth in commercial casualty was due to new business and rate improvement in North America. In addition, commercial casualty grew internationally due to positive rate increases and new business across Europe, as well as growth in Australia. • Growth in workers' compensation was adversely impacted by competitive market conditions in North America. • The increase in professional liability was due to growth in North America and new business in Australia and Europe. Professional liability also had positive rate increases and retention in Australia. • Surety increased due to new business in North America. • Commercial multiple peril increased due to new business and higher renewal business in North America. • Property and other short-tail lines increased due to growth in North America. In addition, property and other short-tail lines increased internationally, primarily due to new business in Australia and across Europe, as well as positive rate increases internationally. • Our personal lines increased due to strong retention and rate and exposure increases in North America. Personal lines also increased due to growth in Latin America and Europe. • Global A&H lines increased due to growth in our North American Combined Insurance supplemental A&H program, along with new business in Asia and Latin America. • The increase in Life was primarily driven by growth in our Asian and Latin American international life operations. For additional information on net premiums written, refer to the segment results discussions. 52 Net Premiums Earned 2019 vs. 2018 Net premiums earned for short-duration contracts, typically P&C contracts, generally reflect the portion of net premiums written that were recorded as revenues for the period as the exposure periods expire. Net premiums earned for long-duration contracts, typically traditional life contracts, generally are recognized as earned when due from policyholders. Net premiums earned increased $1.2 billion, or $1.6 billion on a constant-dollar basis in 2019, reflecting the growth in net premiums written described above, including the impact of premiums that were fully earned when written (e.g., large structured transactions and audit and retrospective premium adjustments). 2018 vs. 2017 Net premiums earned increased $1.0 billion, or $912 million on a constant-dollar basis in 2018, primarily due to the same factors driving the increase in net premiums written as described above. Net premiums earned were favorably impacted by the year-over-year increase in large structured transactions ($163 million), a number of which were earned immediately when written. These retroactive transactions did not impact premiums earned in 2019 as they were fully earned in 2018. P&C Combined Ratio In evaluating our segments excluding Life Insurance financial performance, we use the P&C combined ratio, the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. We calculate these ratios by dividing the respective expense amounts by net premiums earned. We do not calculate these ratios for the Life Insurance segment as we do not use these measures to monitor or manage that segment. The P&C combined ratio is determined by adding the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. A P&C combined ratio under 100 percent indicates underwriting income, and a combined ratio exceeding 100 percent indicates underwriting loss. Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost ratio Administrative expense ratio P&C Combined ratio 2019 62.1% 19.1% 9.4% 90.6% 2018 62.1% 19.2% 9.3% 90.6% 2017 65.8% 19.5% 9.4% 94.7% The loss and loss expense ratio decreased 3.7 percentage points in 2018 principally due to the following: • Lower catastrophe losses; • Integration-related claims handling expense savings; • Partially offset by increased frequency and severity of homeowners losses in our North America Personal P&C Insurance segment, primarily non-catastrophe water related events and large fire losses which are trending above our expectations, and higher non-catastrophe large losses in our North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment. Policy acquisition costs consist of commissions, premium taxes, and certain underwriting costs directly related to the successful acquisition of a new or renewal insurance contract. Our policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.3 percentage points in 2018 principally due to increased cessions under certain reinsurance agreements that resulted in higher ceded acquisition costs benefits than in the prior year. Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development Catastrophe losses exclude reinstatement premiums which are additional premiums paid on certain reinsurance agreements in order to reinstate coverage that had been exhausted by loss occurrences. The reinstatement premium amount is typically a pro rata portion of the original ceded premium paid based on how much of the reinsurance limit had been exhausted. Prior period development is net of related adjustments which typically relate to either profit commission reserves or policyholder dividend reserves based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The expense adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies. Refer to the Non-GAAP Reconciliation section for further information on reinstatement premiums on catastrophe losses and adjustments to prior period development. 53 (in millions of U.S dollars) Catastrophe losses (excludes reinstatement premiums) Favorable prior period development 2019 2018 $ $ 1,175 $ 1,622 $ 792 $ 896 $ 2017 2,753 829 We generally define catastrophe loss events consistent with the definition of the Property Claims Service (PCS) for events in the U.S. and Canada. PCS defines a catastrophe as an event that causes damage of $25 million or more in insured property losses and affects a significant number of insureds. For events outside of the U.S. and Canada, we generally use a similar definition. The tables below represent catastrophe loss estimates for events that occurred in the related calendar year only. Changes in catastrophe loss estimates in the current calendar year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years are considered prior period development and are excluded from the tables below. The following table presents catastrophe losses and reinstatement premiums (RIPs) collected (expensed) in 2019: North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Total excluding RIPs RIPs collected (expensed) Total including RIPs Catastrophe Loss Charge by Event $ 220 $ 202 $ 7 $ — $ 9 $ 438 $ — $ 55 74 26 11 — — 1 26 — — 3 — 5 145 110 30 45 — — 2 4 — — 4 — 1 — 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — 6 10 — 20 33 30 — 27 15 — 5 6 2 2 8 — 17 — — 1 1 10 — — 1 202 193 74 56 37 33 33 31 28 25 7 5 13 $ $ 421 $ 543 $ 8 $ 152 $ 51 $ 1,175 — (11) — (4) 421 $ 554 $ 8 $ 156 $ 3 48 (11) — 1 — 1 (4) — — — 1 — — — (12) 438 213 193 73 56 36 37 33 31 28 24 7 5 13 $ $ 1,187 221 966 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net losses U.S. flooding, hail, tornadoes, and wind events Tornado in Dallas, Texas Winter-related storms Hurricane Dorian California wildfires Typhoon Hagibis Civil unrest in Hong Kong and Chile International weather-related events Tropical Storm Imelda Australia storms Typhoon Faxai Hurricane Barry Australia wildfires Other Total RIPs collected (expensed) Total before income tax Income tax benefit Total after income tax 54 The following table presents catastrophe losses and reinstatement premiums (RIPs) collected (expensed) in 2018: North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Total excluding RIPs RIPs collected (expensed) Total including RIPs Catastrophe Loss Charge by Event $ 187 $ 16 $ 6 $ 6 $ 85 $ 300 $ 15 $ 162 43 51 109 4 7 — 16 157 117 61 29 120 65 — 46 7 — 1 7 — — — — — — 1 15 1 1 182 — 6 5 58 14 — — 31 6 332 165 172 174 125 73 213 68 $ $ 579 $ 611 $ 21 $ 206 $ 205 $ 1,622 — (26) — — 579 $ 637 $ 21 $ 206 $ 22 183 — — (23) 1 — — 2 1 (4) (1) This grouping comprised of 34 separate events, principally impacting the southern and northeastern regions of the U.S. The following table presents catastrophe losses and reinstatement premiums (RIPs) collected (expensed) in 2017: North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Total excluding RIPs RIPs collected (expensed) Total including RIPs Catastrophe Loss Charge by Event $ 61 $ 151 $ — $ 2 $ 42 $ 256 $ (21) $ 23 391 464 50 — 231 134 175 206 — — 205 — 1 2 — — 15 — 40 79 89 25 96 — 48 159 55 — 9 157 655 910 194 25 556 $ 1,220 $ 871 $ 18 $ 331 $ 313 $ 2,753 (4) (22) — (4) $ 1,224 $ 893 $ 18 $ 335 $ 37 276 — 5 30 (7) — — 7 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net losses Hurricane Michael U.S. flooding, hail, tornadoes, and wind events (1) Northeast winter storms California wildfires Hurricane Florence California mudslides Colorado rain and hail storm International weather-related events Other Total RIPs collected (expensed) Total before income tax Income tax benefit Total after income tax (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net losses N. California wildfires S. California wildfires Hurricane Harvey Hurricane Irma Hurricane Maria Mexico Earthquakes Other Total RIPs collected (expensed) Total before income tax Income tax benefit Total after income tax $ $ 1,626 272 1,354 285 332 165 195 173 125 73 211 67 277 157 650 880 201 25 556 $ $ 2,746 575 2,171 55 Prior period development (PPD) arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous accident years. Pre-tax net favorable prior period development for the year ended 2019 was $792 million, which included favorable development of $80 million in our crop insurance business and adverse development of $116 million related to legacy run-off exposures, principally asbestos and environmental liabilities. The remaining favorable development of $828 million comprised 92 percent long-tail lines, principally from accident years 2015 and prior, and 8 percent short-tail lines. Net favorable prior period development for the year ended 2018 was $896 million, which included favorable reinsurance settlements of $205 million related to legacy run-off exposures, $197 million favorable development related to the 2017 catastrophe events, and favorable development of $110 million in our crop insurance business. There were $216 million of adverse development related to legacy run-off exposures, principally asbestos and environmental liabilities. The remaining favorable development of $600 million comprised 82 percent long-tail lines, principally for the 2014 and prior accident years, and 18 percent short-tail lines. Refer to the Prior Period Development section in Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Current Accident Year (CAY) Loss Ratio excluding Catastrophe Losses (CATs) The following table presents the impact of catastrophe losses and prior period development on our loss and loss expense ratio. Refer to the Non-GAAP Reconciliation section for additional information. Loss and loss expense ratio Catastrophe losses Favorable prior period development CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses 2019 2018 2017 62.1 % 62.1 % (4.1)% 2.8 % (5.8)% 3.3 % 60.8 % 59.6 % 65.8 % (10.2)% 3.2 % 58.8 % 2019 vs. 2018 The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased 1.2 percentage points in 2019 principally due to the following: • Downward revision in the 2019 crop year margin estimate reflecting preventive planting claims due to the impact of wet weather conditions and crop yield shortfalls resulting from poor growing conditions; • Change in mix of business and earned price changes modestly below loss trends in certain classes of our business; • Partially offset by the adverse impact of elevated homeowners losses in the prior year. 2018 vs. 2017 The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased 0.8 percentage points in 2018 principally due to the following: • Increased frequency and severity of homeowners losses in our North America Personal P&C Insurance segment, primarily non-catastrophe water related events and large fire losses; • Higher non-catastrophe large losses in our North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment; • Partially offset by integration-related claims handling expense savings realized. CAY P&C Combined Ratio excluding CATs CAY Loss and loss expense ratio ex CATs CAY Policy acquisition cost ratio ex CATs CAY Administrative expense ratio ex CATs CAY P&C combined ratio ex CATs 56 2019 60.8% 19.1% 9.3% 89.2% 2018 59.6% 19.2% 9.2% 88.0% 2017 58.8% 19.4% 9.4% 87.6% Policy benefits Policy benefits represent losses on contracts classified as long-duration and generally include accident and supplemental health products, term and whole life products, endowment products, and annuities. Refer to the Life Insurance segment operating results section for further discussion. Policy benefits were $740 million, $590 million and $676 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which included separate account liabilities (gains) losses of $44 million, $(38) million and $97 million, respectively. The offsetting movements of these liabilities are recorded in Other (income) expense on the Consolidated statements of operations. Excluding the separate account gains and losses, Policy benefits were $696 million in 2019, compared with $628 million and $579 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Refer to the respective sections that follow for a discussion of Net investment income, Interest expense, Other (income) expense, Net realized gains and losses, Amortization of purchased intangibles, and Income tax expense. Segment Operating Results – Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 We operate through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. In addition, the results of our run-off Brandywine business, including all run-off asbestos and environmental (A&E) exposures, and the results of Westchester specialty operations for 1996 and prior years are presented within Corporate. North America Commercial P&C Insurance The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide property and casualty (P&C) insurance and services to large, middle market, and small commercial businesses in the U.S., Canada, and Bermuda. This segment includes our North America Major Accounts and Specialty Insurance division (large corporate accounts and wholesale business), and the North America Commercial Insurance division (principally middle market and small commercial accounts). (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2019 2018 2017 Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income Net investment income Other (income) expense Segment income Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost ratio Administrative expense ratio Combined ratio NM – not meaningful $ 13,375 $ 12,485 $ 12,019 12,922 12,402 12,191 8,206 1,831 1,028 1,857 2,082 8,000 1,829 966 1,607 2,033 (3) (25) 8,287 1,873 981 1,050 1,961 1 $ 3,942 $ 3,665 $ 3,010 2019 vs. 2018 7.1 % 4.2 % 2.6 % 0.2 % 6.4 % 15.5 % 2.4 % (86.5)% 7.5 % % Change 2018 vs. 2017 3.9 % 1.7 % (3.5)% (2.3)% (1.5)% 53.0 % 3.7 % NM 21.8 % 63.5% 14.2% 7.9% 85.6% 64.5% 14.7% 7.8% 87.0% 68.0% (1.0) 15.4% (0.5) 8.0% 0.1 91.4% (1.4) pt pts pts pts (3.5) (0.7) (0.2) (4.4) pts pts pts pts Premiums The table below shows the impact of large structured transactions as well as other transactions that are fully earned when written (e.g., audit and retrospective premium adjustments). (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net premiums fully earned when written 2019 2018 $ 391 $ 342 $ 2017 160 57 2019 vs. 2018 Net premiums written increased $890 million, or 7.1 percent in 2019, reflecting positive rate increases, new business written and strong retention across most retail lines, including property, financial lines, excess casualty, risk management, and commercial package, as well as in our wholesale and high excess Bermuda lines, and in our small commercial businesses. Net premiums earned increased $520 million, or 4.2 percent in 2019, due to the growth in net premiums written described above. 2018 vs. 2017 Net premiums written increased $466 million, or 3.9 percent in 2018 reflecting positive rate increases, new business written, and strong renewals across a number of lines. Retail casualty and risk management, A&H, retail property, and continued growth in our small commercial business represented $339 million of the $466 million increase. In addition, the year-over-year increase in large structured transactions was $195 million. This growth was partially offset by merger-related underwriting actions of $123 million and premium reductions from planned portfolio management in our retail and wholesale brokerage financial lines ($62 million). Net premiums earned increased $211 million, or 1.7 percent in 2018 principally reflecting the net premiums written increases described above and the year-over-year increase in large structured transactions ($163 million), a number of which were earned immediately when written as they were retroactive covers. Combined Ratio 2019 vs. 2018 The loss and loss expense ratio decreased 1.0 percentage point in 2019, primarily due to lower catastrophe losses, partially offset by a change in mix of business and earned price changes modestly below loss trends in certain classes of our business. The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.5 percentage points in 2019, due to a change in mix of business towards lower acquisition cost ratio lines and increased cessions under certain reinsurance agreements that resulted in higher ceded acquisition cost benefits than in the prior year. 2018 vs. 2017 The loss and loss expense ratio decreased 3.5 percentage points in 2018, primarily due to lower catastrophe losses and integration-related claims handling expense savings realized, partially offset by lower favorable prior period development, higher non-catastrophe losses (0.4 percentage points), and a less favorable adjustment to our claims handling reserve in the current year relative to 2017. The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.7 percentage points in 2018, due to increased cessions under certain reinsurance agreements that resulted in higher ceded acquisition costs benefits than in the prior year. The administrative expense ratio decreased 0.2 percentage points in 2018, primarily due to integration-related expense savings realized, higher net profit from our third-party claims administration business, ESIS, and the net favorable impact of one-time expense accrual releases. Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Catastrophe losses (excludes reinstatement premiums) Favorable prior period development 2019 2018 $ $ 421 $ 649 $ 579 $ 610 $ 2017 1,220 746 Catastrophe losses were primarily from the following events (refer to the table on page 54): • 2019: Winter-related storms and other severe weather-related events in the U.S., including tornadoes in Texas, Hurricane Dorian, and Tropical Storm Imelda • 2018: Hurricanes Florence and Michael, and severe weather-related events in the U.S., including California wildfires • 2017: Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria and severe weather-related events in the U.S., including California wildfires 58 CAY Loss Ratio excluding Catastrophe Losses Loss and loss expense ratio Catastrophe losses Favorable prior period development CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses 2019 63.5 % (3.3)% 5.1 % 65.3 % 2018 64.5 % (4.7)% 5.1 % 64.9 % 2017 68.0 % (10.0)% 6.3 % 64.3 % 2019 vs. 2018 The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased 0.4 percentage points for 2019 due to a change in mix of business and earned price changes modestly below loss trends in certain classes of our business. 2018 vs. 2017 The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased 0.6 percentage points for 2018, due to higher year-over-year large loss activity and a less favorable adjustment to our claims handling reserve in the current year relative to 2017, partially offset by integration-related claims handling expense savings realized. North America Personal P&C Insurance The North America Personal P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide high net worth personal lines products, including homeowners and complementary products such as valuable articles, excess liability, automobile, and recreational marine insurance and services in the U.S. and Canada. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2019 2018 2017 Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income (loss) Net investment income Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Segment income Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost ratio Administrative expense ratio Combined ratio NM – not meaningful $ 4,787 $ 4,674 $ 4,533 4,694 3,043 4,593 3,229 4,399 3,265 948 286 417 258 3 12 939 269 156 236 1 13 899 264 (29) 226 4 16 $ 660 $ 378 $ 177 2019 vs. 2018 2.4 % 2.2 % (5.8)% 1.0 % 6.0 % 167.2 % 9.2 % 117.1 % (11.1)% 74.7 % % Change 2018 vs. 2017 3.1 % 4.4 % (1.1)% 4.4 % 1.9 % NM 4.4 % (75.0)% (18.8)% 113.6 % 64.8% 20.2% 6.1% 91.1% 70.3% 20.4% 5.9% 96.6% 74.2% (5.5) 20.4% (0.2) 6.1% 0.2 100.7% (5.5) pts pts pts pts (3.9) pts — (0.2) (4.1) pts pts Premiums 2019 vs. 2018 Net premiums written increased $113 million, or 2.4 percent for 2019, primarily due to strong retention and rate and exposure increases across most lines, partially offset by a $44 million benefit in 2018 related to the harmonization of our legacy premium registration systems, which unfavorably impacted growth by approximately 0.9 percentage points. Net premiums earned increased $101 million, or 2.2 percent for 2019, reflecting the growth in net premiums written described above. 59 2018 vs. 2017 Net premiums written increased $141 million, or 3.1 percent for 2018, primarily due to strong retention and new business growth in homeowners and complementary products such as automobiles and valuables. In addition, the non-renewal of a quota share treaty in the second quarter of 2017 covering the acquired Fireman's Fund homeowners and automobile businesses added $47 million of additional net premiums written in 2018. These increases were partially offset by the addition of California to the homeowners quota share reinsurance treaty, effective October 1, 2018 ($47 million), which included a non- recurring unearned premium reserves (UPR) transfer of $32 million. Net premiums earned increased $194 million, or 4.4 percent for 2018, primarily due to the factors described above. Combined Ratio 2019 vs. 2018 The loss and loss expense ratio decreased 5.5 percentage points in 2019, primarily due to lower catastrophe losses and favorable prior period development in the current year compared to unfavorable prior period development in the prior year. Additionally, the prior year underlying loss ratio was elevated principally due to increased frequency and severity, primarily non- catastrophe water and fire losses in our homeowners business. The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.2 percentage points in 2019, primarily due to higher ceded commission benefits. 2018 vs. 2017 The loss and loss expense ratio decreased 3.9 percentage points in 2018, primarily due to lower catastrophe losses (6.5 percentage points), lower unfavorable prior period development (0.6 percentage points), and integration-related claims handling expense savings realized. These decreases were offset by increased frequency and severity of homeowners losses primarily non- catastrophe water related events and large fire losses which are trending above our expectations (3.3 percentage points). The policy acquisition cost ratio remained flat in 2018. The administrative expense ratio decreased 0.2 percentage points in 2018, primarily due to integration-related expense savings realized that exceeded normal merit and inflation. Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Catastrophe losses (excludes reinstatement premiums) Favorable (unfavorable) prior period development 2019 2018 $ $ 543 $ 95 $ 611 $ (41) $ 2017 871 (69) Catastrophe losses were primarily from the following events (refer to the table on page 54): • 2019: Winter-related storms and other severe weather-related events in the U.S., including tornadoes in Texas, California wildfires and Hurricane Dorian • 2018: Colorado rain and hailstorms, Hurricanes Florence and Michael, California mudslides, and other severe weather- related events in the U.S., including California wildfires • 2017: Hurricanes Harvey and Irma and severe weather-related events in the U.S., including California wildfires CAY Loss Ratio excluding Catastrophe Losses Loss and loss expense ratio Catastrophe losses Favorable (unfavorable) prior period development CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses 2019 64.8 % (11.6)% 1.9 % 55.1 % 2018 70.3 % (13.6)% (0.9)% 55.8 % 2017 74.2 % (20.1)% (1.5)% 52.6 % 2019 vs. 2018 The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased 0.7 percentage points in 2019. The prior year underlying loss ratio was elevated, principally due to increased frequency and severity, primarily non-catastrophe water and fire losses in our homeowners business. 60 2018 vs. 2017 The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased 3.2 percentage points in 2018, due to increased frequency and severity of homeowners losses primarily non-catastrophe water related events and large fire losses. North America Agricultural Insurance The North America Agricultural Insurance segment comprises our North American based businesses that provide a variety of coverages in the U.S. and Canada including crop insurance, primarily Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail through Rain and Hail Insurance Service, Inc. (Rain and Hail) as well as farm and ranch and specialty P&C commercial insurance products and services through our Chubb Agribusiness unit. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2019 2018 2017 Net premiums written Net premiums earned Adjusted losses and loss expenses Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income Net investment income Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Segment income Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost ratio Administrative expense ratio Combined ratio NM – not meaningful $ 1,810 $ 1,577 $ 1,516 1,795 1,616 1,569 1,114 1,508 1,043 84 6 89 30 1 28 90 $ 79 (9) 385 28 2 28 81 (8) 392 25 2 29 $ 383 $ 386 2019 vs. 2018 14.8 % 14.4 % 45.1 % 6.8 % NM (77.0)% 5.0 % (33.6)% (2.0)% (76.6)% % Change 2018 vs. 2017 4.0 % 4.1 % 6.8 % (2.5)% 12.5 % (1.8)% 12.0 % — (3.4)% (0.8)% 90.1% 71.0 % 69.2 % 19.1 4.7% 0.3% 5.0 % (0.5)% 5.4 % (0.3) (0.6)% 0.8 95.1% 75.5 % 74.0 % 19.6 pts pts pts pts 1.8 (0.4) 0.1 1.5 pts pts pts pts Premiums 2019 vs. 2018 Net premiums written increased $233 million, or 14.8 percent in 2019, primarily due to growth in our MPCI business and growth in our Chubb Agribusiness. Growth in our MPCI premium was driven primarily by higher retention as a result of the premium sharing formulas under the U.S. government, as well as the non-renewal of a quota-share treaty effective with the current crop year and an increase in current year production. Under the MPCI premium sharing formula under the U.S. government, we cede additional premiums to the government during profitable years. In 2018, the program was more profitable which resulted in higher cessions compared to 2019. Net premiums earned increased $226 million, or 14.4 percent in 2019, reflecting the growth in net premiums written described above. 2018 vs. 2017 Net premiums written increased $61 million, or 4.0 percent in 2018, primarily due to growth in our MPCI business and growth in our Chubb Agribusiness. The growth in MPCI premium was driven by policy count growth and the year-over-year impact of the premium sharing formulas under the U.S. government. In 2017, the program was more profitable which resulted in higher cessions compared to 2018. The increase was partially offset by lower volatility factors, which are a component of the policy pricing that measures the likelihood the commodity price will fluctuate over the crop year and reduces the premium we charge. Net premiums earned increased $61 million, or 4.1 percent in 2018, due to the factors described above. 61 Combined Ratio 2019 vs. 2018 The loss and loss expense ratio increased 19.1 percentage points in 2019, principally due to lower favorable prior period development and the downward revision in the 2019 crop year margin estimate reflecting preventive planting claims due to the impact of wet weather conditions and crop yield shortfalls resulting from poor growing conditions. The increase in the loss ratio was partially offset by lower catastrophe losses. The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.3 percentage points in 2019, primarily due to lower agent profit sharing commission. The administrative expense ratio increased 0.8 percentage points in 2019, primarily due to a reduction in the current year Administrative and Operating (A&O) reimbursements on the MPCI business we received under the government program and normal operating expense and inflationary increases. 2018 vs. 2017 The loss and loss expense ratio increased 1.8 percentage points in 2018 due to higher catastrophe losses and lower favorable prior period development. The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.4 percentage points in 2018 due to lower MPCI reinsurance cessions in the current year. Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Catastrophe losses (excludes reinstatement premiums) Favorable prior period development 2019 2018 $ $ 8 $ 80 $ 21 $ 110 $ 2017 18 119 Catastrophe losses in 2019, 2018, and 2017 were primarily from severe weather-related events in the U.S. in our farm, ranch and specialty P&C businesses. Refer to the table on page 54. Net favorable prior period development was $80 million, $110 million, and $119 million in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. For 2019, the prior period development amount included $103 million of favorable incurred losses and $13 million of lower acquisition costs due to lower than expected MPCI losses for the 2018 crop year, partially offset by a $36 million decrease in net premiums earned related to the MPCI profit and loss calculation formula. For 2018, the prior period development amount included $140 million of favorable incurred losses and $10 million of lower acquisition costs due to lower than expected MPCI losses for the 2017 crop year, partially offset by a $40 million decrease in net premiums earned related to the MPCI profit and loss calculation formula. CAY Loss Ratio excluding Catastrophe Losses Loss and loss expense ratio Catastrophe losses Favorable prior period development CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses 2019 90.1 % (0.5)% 3.9 % 93.5 % 2018 71.0 % (1.3)% 7.0 % 76.7 % 2017 69.2 % (1.2)% 8.2 % 76.2 % 2019 vs. 2018 The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased 16.8 percentage points in 2019, principally due to the downward revision in the 2019 crop year margin estimate reflecting preventive planting claims due to the impact of wet weather conditions and crop yield shortfalls resulting from poor growing conditions. 2018 vs. 2017 The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased 0.5 percentage points in 2018, primarily due to a less favorable crop margin in the current year versus 2017, partially offset by lower underlying losses in our Chubb Agribusiness unit. 62 Overseas General Insurance Overseas General Insurance segment comprises Chubb International and Chubb Global Markets (CGM). Chubb International comprises our international commercial P&C traditional and specialty lines serving large corporations, middle market and small customers; A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines business serving local territories outside the U.S., Bermuda, and Canada. CGM, our London-based international commercial P&C excess and surplus lines business, includes Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) Syndicate 2488. Chubb provides funds at Lloyd's to support underwriting by Syndicate 2488 which is managed by Chubb Underwriting Agencies Limited. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2019 2018 2017 Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income Net investment income Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Segment income Net premiums written - constant dollars (1) Net premiums earned - constant dollars (1) Underwriting income - constant dollars (1) Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost ratio Administrative expense ratio Combined ratio NM – not meaningful Net Premiums Written by Region $ 9,262 $ 8,902 $ 8,350 8,882 4,606 2,501 1,033 742 588 12 45 8,612 4,429 2,346 1,014 823 619 — 41 8,131 4,281 2,221 982 647 610 (4) 45 $ 1,273 $ 1,401 $ 1,216 2019 vs. 2018 % Change 2018 vs. 2017 4.0 % 3.1 % 4.0 % 6.6 % 1.9 % (9.8)% (5.1)% NM 8.3 % (9.2)% 8.4 % 7.6 % (3.7)% 6.6 % 5.9 % 3.5 % 5.6 % 3.3 % 27.2 % 1.5 % NM (8.9)% 15.2 % 5.3 % 4.7 % 24.1 % 51.9% 28.1% 11.6% 91.6% 51.4% 27.2% 11.8% 90.4% 52.6% 27.3% 0.5 0.9 12.1% (0.2) 92.0% 1.2 pts pts pts pts (1.2) (0.1) (0.3) (1.6) pts pts pts pts (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2019 2018 2017 C$ (1) 2018 2019 vs. 2018 C$ (1) 2019 vs. 2018 % Change 2018 vs. 2017 Region Europe Latin America Asia Other (2) Net premiums written Region Europe Latin America Asia Other (2) $ 3,631 $ 3,508 $ 3,281 $ 3,357 2,277 3,021 333 2,181 2,884 329 2,108 2,596 365 2,059 2,806 318 $ 9,262 $ 8,902 $ 8,350 $ 8,540 2019 % of Total 2018 % of Total 2017 % of Total 3.5 % 4.4 % 4.7 % 1.1 % 4.0 % 8.2% 10.6% 7.6% 4.8% 8.4% 6.9 % 3.5 % 11.1 % (9.9)% 6.6 % 38% 25% 33% 4% 39% 25% 32% 4% 40% 25% 31% 4% Net premiums written (1) On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency rates as the comparable current period. (2) 100% 100% 100% Comprises Combined International, Eurasia and Africa region, and other international. 63 Premiums 2019 vs. 2018 Net premiums written increased $360 million in 2019, or $722 million on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting growth across all regions and most lines of business. P&C lines growth was across all regions and was principally due to positive rate increases and new business in property, casualty, and financial lines. Personal lines growth was driven by new business principally in Latin America and Europe. Accident and health (A&H) lines growth was principally in Asia and Latin America driven by new business. Net premiums earned increased $270 million in 2019, or $629 million on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting the increase in net premiums written. 2018 vs. 2017 Net premiums written increased $552 million in 2018, or $448 million on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting growth across most regions and lines of business. P&C lines growth was across all regions, principally in small commercial property and general casualty lines reflecting new business, and in middle market driven by new business and rate increases. Personal lines growth was principally in our automobile line in Mexico driven by new business, as well as in our specialty lines in Asia. A&H lines growth was principally in Asia driven by new business. Net premiums earned increased $481 million in 2018, or $384 million on a constant-dollar basis, due to the factors described above. Combined Ratio 2019 vs. 2018 The loss and loss expense ratio increased 0.5 percentage points in 2019 due to lower favorable prior period development, partially offset by lower catastrophe losses, earned price changes modestly above loss trends, favorable loss experience in certain personal lines, and a change in mix of business towards products and regions that have a lower loss and loss expense ratio and a higher policy acquisition cost ratio. The policy acquisition cost ratio increased 0.9 percentage points in 2019 due to a change in mix of business towards products and regions that have a higher policy acquisition cost ratio and lower loss and loss expense ratio as noted above, higher underwriting costs resulting from the successful acquisition of business, and higher commissions paid on certain personal lines due to favorable loss experience. 2018 vs. 2017 The loss and loss expense ratio decreased 1.2 percentage points in 2018, reflecting lower catastrophe losses (1.6 percentage points) and a change in the mix of business towards consumer and property and casualty lines in countries that have a lower loss ratio and a higher acquisition cost ratio (0.3 percentage points), partially offset by lower favorable prior period development in 2018 (0.6 percentage points). The policy acquisition cost ratio was relatively flat in 2018. The administrative expense ratio decreased 0.3 percentage points in 2018, primarily driven by integration-expense savings realized (0.3 percentage points). Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Catastrophe losses (excludes reinstatement premiums) Favorable prior period development 2019 2018 $ $ 152 $ 92 $ 206 $ 212 $ 2017 331 252 64 Catastrophe losses were primarily from the following events (refer to the table on page 54): • 2019: Typhoons Faxai and Hagibis; Hurricane Dorian; storms in Australia; civil unrest in Hong Kong and Chile; and other international weather-related events • 2018: Typhoons Jebi, Mangkhut and Trami; Hurricane Florence and storms in Australia • 2017: Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria; Earthquakes in Mexico, Cyclone Debbie in Australia, and flooding in Latin America CAY Loss Ratio excluding Catastrophe Losses Loss and loss expense ratio Catastrophe losses Favorable prior period development CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses 2019 51.9 % (1.8)% 1.1 % 51.2 % 2018 51.4 % (2.4)% 2.5 % 51.5 % 2017 52.6 % (4.0)% 3.1 % 51.7 % 2019 vs. 2018 The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased 0.3 percentage points in 2019 primarily due to earned price changes modestly above loss trends, favorable loss experience in certain personal lines, and a change in mix of business towards products and regions that have a lower loss and loss expense ratio and a higher policy acquisition cost ratio. 2018 vs. 2017 The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased 0.2 percentage points in 2018 primarily due to a change in the mix of business towards consumer and property and casualty lines in countries that have a lower loss ratio and a higher acquisition cost ratio. Global Reinsurance The Global Reinsurance segment represents our reinsurance operations comprising Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda, Chubb Tempest Re USA, Chubb Tempest Re International, and Chubb Tempest Re Canada. Global Reinsurance markets its reinsurance products worldwide primarily through reinsurance brokers under the Chubb Tempest Re brand name and provides a broad range of traditional and non-traditional reinsurance coverage to a diverse array of primary P&C companies. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2019 2018 2017 Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income (loss) Net investment income Other (income) expense Segment income Net premiums written - constant dollars (1) Net premiums earned - constant dollars (1) Underwriting income - constant dollars (1) Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost ratio Administrative expense ratio Combined ratio NM – not meaningful (1) $ $ 649 654 352 169 35 98 220 (58) $ 671 670 479 162 41 (12) 257 (32) 685 704 561 177 44 (78) 273 (1) $ 376 $ 277 $ 196 53.9% 25.7% 5.4% 71.6% 24.2% 6.0% 79.8% (17.7) 25.1% 1.5 6.3% (0.6) 85.0% 101.8% 111.2% (16.8) NM pts pts pts pts 2019 vs. 2018 (3.2)% (2.3)% (26.5)% 4.2 % (12.7)% NM (14.4)% 80.6 % 35.7 % (1.7)% (0.8)% % Change 2018 vs. 2017 (2.1)% (4.9)% (14.7)% (8.4)% (8.4)% 84.8 % (6.1)% NM 41.3 % (3.3)% (6.0)% 84.0 % (8.2) (0.9) (0.3) (9.4) pts pts pts pts 65 On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency rates as the comparable current period. Premiums 2019 vs. 2018 Net premiums written decreased $22 million in 2019, or $12 million on a constant-dollar basis, as an increase in new business written in property and marine lines was more than offset by an increase in ceded retrocessions, reductions in the international motor line, and higher reinstatement premiums collected in the prior year. Net premiums earned decreased $16 million in 2019, or $5 million on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting the decrease in net premiums written described above. 2018 vs. 2017 Net premiums written decreased $14 million in 2018, or $22 million on a constant-dollar basis, primarily due to higher reinstatement premiums collected in the prior year principally relating to the 2017 natural catastrophes ($15 million year-over- year decrease) and lower renewals, which is reflective of competitive market conditions primarily in catastrophe and catastrophe exposed lines of business, partially offset by new business written in the casualty line of business. Net premiums earned decreased $34 million in 2018, or $42 million on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting the decrease in net premiums written. The decrease was also due to $14 million of short-term treaties (less than one year in duration) earned in the prior year that were written in 2016 and 2017. Combined Ratio 2019 vs. 2018 The loss and loss expense ratio decreased 17.7 percentage points in 2019 primarily due to lower catastrophe losses, partially offset by lower favorable prior period development. The policy acquisition cost ratio increased 1.5 percentage points in 2019 primarily due to higher commissions paid on property and motor lines treaties with adjustable commission features, and higher reinstatement premiums collected in the prior year which have a lower acquisition cost. The administrative expense ratio decreased 0.6 percentage points in 2019 primarily driven by lower variable costs. 2018 vs. 2017 The loss and loss expense ratio decreased 8.2 percentage points in 2018 principally due to lower catastrophe losses partially offset by lower favorable prior period development and a shift in the mix of business from property catastrophe business towards casualty business, which generally has a higher loss ratio. The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.9 percentage points in 2018 primarily due to lower acquisition expenses from proportional business sold. The administrative expense ratio decreased 0.3 percentage points in 2018 primarily due to continued expense management. Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S dollars) Catastrophe losses (excludes reinstatement premiums) Favorable prior period development 2019 2018 $ $ 51 $ 29 $ 205 $ 50 $ 2017 313 59 Catastrophe losses were primarily from the following events (refer to the table on page 54): • 2019: Typhoons Hagibis and Faxai; Hurricane Dorian, and other severe weather-related events primarily in the U.S. • 2018: Hurricanes Florence and Michael; Typhoons Jebi and Trami; Windstorm Friederike, California Wildfires, and severe weather-related events in the U.S., Canada and Japan • 2017: Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria; Northern California Wildfires, and severe weather-related events in the U.S. 66 CAY Loss Ratio excluding Catastrophe Losses Loss and loss expense ratio Catastrophe losses Favorable prior period development CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses 2019 53.9 % (7.6)% 4.3 % 50.6 % 2018 71.6 % (29.2)% 8.1 % 50.5 % 2017 79.8 % (42.4)% 8.6 % 46.0 % The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses remained relatively flat in 2019. The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased 4.5 percentage points in 2018 primarily due to a shift in the mix of business from property catastrophe business towards casualty business which generally has a higher loss ratio and higher losses in our U.S. property lines. Life Insurance The Life Insurance segment comprises Chubb's international life operations, Chubb Tempest Life Re (Chubb Life Re), and the North American supplemental A&H and life business of Combined Insurance. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Adjusted policy benefits Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Net investment income Life Insurance underwriting income Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Segment income Net premiums written - constant dollars (1) Net premiums earned - constant dollars (1) Life Insurance underwriting income - constant dollars (1) NM – not meaningful (1) 2019 2018 2017 $ 2,392 $ 2,270 $ 2,141 2,343 2,218 2,101 757 696 620 323 373 320 (48) 2 766 628 557 310 341 298 (12) 2 739 579 530 303 313 263 13 2 % Change 2019 vs. 2018 2018 vs. 2017 5.3 % 5.6 % (1.1)% 10.8 % 11.2 % 4.5 % 9.2 % 6.9 % NM — 6.1% 5.6% 3.7% 8.5% 5.1% 2.3% 8.9% 13.3% NM — $ 366 $ 308 $ 248 18.6 % 24.2% 6.4 % 6.6 % 8.1 % 5.7% 5.3% 13.9% On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency rates as the comparable current period. Premiums 2019 vs. 2018 Net premiums written increased $122 million in 2019, or $143 million on a constant-dollar basis, primarily reflecting growth in our Asian and Latin American international life operations and North American Combined Insurance supplemental A&H program, partially offset by our life reinsurance business, which continues to decline as no new life reinsurance business is being written. 2018 vs. 2017 Net premiums written increased $129 million in 2018, or $123 million on a constant-dollar basis, primarily due to growth in our North American Combined Insurance supplemental A&H program business, and Asian and Latin American international life operations, partially offset by our life reinsurance business, which continues to decline as no new life reinsurance business is being written. 67 Deposits The following table presents deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2019 2018 2017 % Change 2019 vs. 2018 C$ (1) 2019 vs. 2018 2018 vs. 2017 Deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts $ 1,463 $ 1,538 $ 1,436 (4.9)% (2.3)% 7.1% (1) On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency rates as the comparable current period. Deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts (life deposits) are not reflected as revenues in our Consolidated statements of operations in accordance with GAAP. New life deposits are an important component of production, and although they do not significantly affect current period income from operations they are key to our efforts to grow our business. Life deposits collected decreased in 2019 due to declines in Taiwan, driven by competitive market conditions, and Hong Kong, due to the civil unrest negatively impacting growth in the second half of the year, partially offset by growth in Vietnam. Foreign exchange unfavorably impacted growth by $40 million in 2019. Life deposits collected increased in 2018 due to growth in Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Foreign exchange favorably impacted growth by $14 million in 2018. Life Insurance underwriting income and Segment income 2019 vs. 2018 Life Insurance underwriting income increased $22 million in 2019 compared to 2018, principally reflecting an increase in net investment income, partially offset by a favorable reserve development in the prior year. Additionally, segment income benefited from other income of $48 million in 2019 compared to $12 million in 2018, principally due to our share of net income from Huatai Life, our partially-owned life insurance entity in China. 2018 vs. 2017 Life Insurance underwriting income increased $35 million in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to an increase in net investment income as well as growth as described above. 68 Corporate Corporate results primarily include the results of our non-insurance companies, income and expenses not attributable to reportable segments and loss and loss expenses of asbestos and environmental (A&E) liabilities and certain other non-A&E run- off exposures. Our exposure to A&E claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when we purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998, CIGNA’s P&C business in 1999, and legacy Chubb Corp A&E claims in 2016. Corporate staff expenses and net investment income of Chubb Limited, including the amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets and debt, interest expense, amortization of purchased intangibles related to the Chubb Corp acquisition, and Chubb integration expenses are reported within Corporate. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2019 2018 2017 Losses and loss expenses Administrative expenses Underwriting loss Net investment income (loss) Interest expense Adjusted net realized gains (losses) Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Chubb integration expenses Income tax expense (benefit) Net loss NM – not meaningful $ 158 $ 53 $ 319 477 (125) 552 (522) (459) 218 23 795 295 348 (209) 641 (649) (406) 255 59 695 $ (2,253) $ (2,450) $ (1,372) 2019 vs. 2018 % Change 2018 vs. 2017 203.0 % (81.4)% 285 267 552 8.1 % 36.6 % (283) (40.5)% 607 91 (13.9)% (19.7)% (318) 12.6 % 168 310 (139) (14.3)% (61.7)% 14.4 % (8.1)% 10.5 % (37.0)% (26.1)% 5.6 % NM 27.7 % 51.8 % (81.0)% NM 78.6 % Losses and loss expenses in 2019, 2018, and 2017 were primarily from adverse development relating to our Brandywine asbestos and environmental exposures, non-A&E run-off casualty exposure, including workers' compensation, and unallocated loss adjustment expenses of the A&E claims operations. In addition, 2018 included favorable reinsurance settlements of $205 million. Refer to Note 7 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. Administrative expenses increased $24 million and $28 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively, primarily due to higher global advertising expenses. Chubb integration expenses are one-time in nature and are not related to the on-going business activities of the segments. The Chief Executive Officer does not manage segment results or allocate resources to segments when considering these costs and they are therefore excluded from our definition of segment income. Chubb integration expenses in 2019 principally consisted of small residual items related to the Chubb acquisition. Chubb integration expenses for 2018 were $59 million and principally consisted of personnel-related expenses ($18 million) and rebranding ($14 million). Refer to the respective sections that follow for a discussion of Net investment income, Interest expense, Other (income) expense, Net realized gains and losses, Amortization of purchased intangibles, and Income tax expense. Effective income tax rate Our effective income tax rate reflects a mix of income or losses in jurisdictions with a wide range of tax rates, permanent differences between US GAAP and local tax laws, and the timing of recording discrete items. A change in the geographic mix of earnings could impact our effective tax rate. In 2019, 2018, and 2017, our effective income tax rate was 15.1 percent, 14.9 percent, and (3.7) percent, respectively. The effective income tax rate in 2018 was favorably impacted by an increase to the provisional benefit recorded related to the impact of the 2017 Tax Act. The effective income tax rate in 2017 included the favorable income tax benefit of $450 million, 69 which represented our best estimate of the impact of the 2017 Tax Act. In addition, the income tax benefit in 2017 reflected the significant catastrophe losses in the year. The 2017 Tax Act included provisions for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) under which taxes may be imposed on income of foreign subsidiaries and for a Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax (BEAT) under which taxes may be imposed on certain payments to affiliated foreign companies. There remain substantial uncertainties in the interpretation of GILTI and BEAT and portions of the formal guidance issued to date are still in part in proposed form. Finalization of the proposed guidance, and changes to the interpretations and assumptions related to these provisions may impact amounts recorded with respect to the international provisions of the 2017 Tax Act, which may be material in the period the adjustment is recorded. Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the 2017 Tax Act. Our effective income tax rate reflects the lower corporate tax rates that prevailed outside the United States on income attributed to certain foreign operations, including 7.83 percent in Switzerland and 0.0 percent in Bermuda. During 2019, approximately 42 percent of our total pre-tax income was tax effected based on these lower rates compared with 49 percent and 62 percent in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Non-GAAP Reconciliation In presenting our results, we included and discussed certain non-GAAP measures. These non-GAAP measures, which may be defined differently by other companies, are important for an understanding of our overall results of operations and financial condition. However, they should not be viewed as a substitute for measures determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Adjusted interest expense and adjusted net investment income are non-GAAP financial measures which exclude amortization of the fair value adjustment on assumed long-term debt and acquired invested assets, respectively, related to the Chubb Corp acquisition due to the size and complexity of this acquisition. Refer to the Interest Expense section for a reconciliation of interest expense to adjusted interest expense. We provide financial measures, including net premiums written, net premiums earned, and underwriting income on a constant- dollar basis. We believe it is useful to evaluate the trends in our results exclusive of the effect of fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies in which our international business is transacted, as these exchange rates could fluctuate significantly between periods and distort the analysis of trends. The impact is determined by assuming constant foreign exchange rates between periods by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period. Adjusted policy benefits include gains and losses from fair value changes in separate account assets, as well as the offsetting movement in separate account liabilities, for purposes of reporting Life Insurance underwriting income. The gains and losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP have been reclassified from Other (income) expense. We view gains and losses from fair value changes in both separate account assets and liabilities as part of the results of our underwriting operations, and therefore these gains and losses are reclassified to adjusted policy benefits. The following table presents a reconciliation of Policy benefits to Adjusted policy benefits: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Policy benefits Add: (Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets Adjusted policy benefits Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 740 $ 590 $ (44) 38 696 $ 628 $ 2017 676 (97) 579 $ $ P&C performance metrics comprise consolidated operating results (including Corporate) and exclude the operating results of the Life Insurance segment. We believe that these measures are useful and meaningful to investors as they are used by management to assess the company’s P&C operations which are the most economically similar. We exclude the Life Insurance segment because the results of this business do not always correlate with the results of our P&C operations. 70 P&C combined ratio is the sum of the loss and loss expense ratio, acquisition cost ratio and the administrative expense ratio excluding the life business and including the realized gains and losses on the crop derivatives. These derivatives were purchased to provide economic benefit, in a manner similar to reinsurance protection, in the event that a significant decline in commodity pricing impacts underwriting results. We view gains and losses on these derivatives as part of the results of our underwriting operations. CAY P&C combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses (CATs) excludes CATs and prior period development (PPD) from the P&C combined ratio. We exclude CATs as they are not predictable as to timing and amount and PPD as these unexpected loss developments on historical reserves are not indicative of our current underwriting performance. The combined ratio numerator is adjusted to exclude CATs, net premiums earned adjustments on PPD, prior period expense adjustments and reinstatement premiums on PPD, and the denominator is adjusted to exclude net premiums earned adjustments on PPD and reinstatement premiums on CATs and PPD. In periods where there are adjustments on loss sensitive policies, these adjustments are excluded from PPD and net premiums earned when calculating the ratios. We believe this measure provides a better evaluation of our underwriting performance and enhances the understanding of the trends in our P&C business that may be obscured by these items. This measure is commonly reported among our peer companies and allows for a better comparison. Reinstatement premiums are additional premiums paid on certain reinsurance agreements in order to reinstate coverage that had been exhausted by loss occurrences. The reinstatement premium amount is typically a pro rata portion of the original ceded premium paid based on how much of the reinsurance limit had been exhausted. Net premiums earned adjustments within PPD are adjustments to the initial premium earned on retrospectively rated policies based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The premium adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies and are fully earned in the period the adjustments are recorded. Prior period expense adjustments typically relate to adjustable commission reserves or policyholder dividend reserves based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The expense adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies. For this disclosure purpose, the normalized level of CATs, or expected level of CATs, is not intended to represent a probability weighted expectation for the company but rather to represent management's view of what might be more typical for a given period based on various factors, including historical experience, seasonal patterns, and consideration of both modeled CATs (e.g., windstorm and earthquake) as well as non-modeled CATs (e.g., wildfires, floods and freeze). The following table presents CATs above (below) expected level and the impact on the combined ratio: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentage points) Actual level of CATs - pre-tax Less: Expected level of CATs - pre-tax CATs above expected level - pre-tax Adverse impact of CATs above an expected level on combined ratio Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 $ 1,187 $ 1,626 $ 2,746 969 218 $ 937 689 908 $ 1,838 $ 0.7% 2.5% 6.8% 71 The following tables present the calculation of combined ratio, as reported for each segment to P&C combined ratio, adjusted for catastrophe losses (CATs) and PPD: North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Corporate Total P&C For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios) Numerator Losses and loss expenses Losses and loss expenses Realized (gains) losses on crop derivatives — — 8 — Adjusted losses and loss expenses A $ 8,206 $ 3,043 $ 1,616 $ 4,606 $ 8,206 $ 3,043 $ 1,608 $ 4,606 $ $ 352 — 352 $ $ 158 $ 17,973 — 8 158 $ 17,981 Catastrophe losses and related adjustments Catastrophe losses, net of related adjustments (421) (554) Reinstatement premiums collected (expensed) on catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses, gross of related adjustments PPD and related adjustments PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable) PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) PPD, gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) — (421) (11) (543) 649 38 (3) (1) 683 95 — — (4) 91 (8) — (8) 80 36 (13) — 103 (156) (4) (152) 92 — — 1 93 (48) 3 (51) — — — (1,187) (12) (1,175) 29 (153) 792 1 (1) (1) — — — 75 (17) (5) 28 (153) 845 CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs B $ 8,468 $ 2,591 $ 1,711 $ 4,547 $ 329 $ 5 $ 17,651 Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses C $ 2,859 $ 1,234 $ Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) 3 — 90 13 $ 3,534 $ 204 $ 319 $ 8,240 — 1 — 17 Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted D $ 2,862 $ 1,234 $ 103 $ 3,534 E $ 12,922 $ 4,694 $ 1,795 $ 8,882 $ $ 205 $ 319 $ 8,257 654 $ 28,947 Denominator Net premiums earned Reinstatement premiums (collected) expensed on catastrophe losses Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) — 38 (1) 11 — (4) — 36 — 4 — 1 (3) 1 (1) 12 75 (5) Net premiums earned excluding adjustments F $ 12,959 $ 4,701 $ 1,831 $ 8,887 $ 651 $ 29,029 P&C Combined ratio Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio P&C Combined ratio CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio, adjusted CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs A/E C/E B/F D/F Combined ratio Combined ratio Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives 63.5% 64.8% 90.1% 51.9% 53.9% 22.1% 85.6% 26.3% 91.1% 5.0% 95.1% 39.7% 91.6% 31.1% 85.0% 65.3% 55.1% 93.5% 51.2% 50.6% 22.1% 87.4% 26.3% 81.4% 5.6% 99.1% 39.7% 90.9% 31.5% 82.1% 62.1% 28.5% 90.6% 60.8% 28.4% 89.2% 90.6% — P&C Combined ratio Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above. 90.6% 72 For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 (in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios) Numerator Losses and loss expenses Losses and loss expenses North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Corporate Total P&C Realized (gains) losses on crop derivatives — — 3 — Adjusted losses and loss expenses A $ 8,000 $ 3,229 $ 1,114 $ 4,429 $ 8,000 $ 3,229 $ 1,111 $ 4,429 Catastrophe losses and related adjustments Catastrophe losses, net of related adjustments (579) (637) Reinstatement premiums collected (expensed) on catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses, gross of related adjustments PPD and related adjustments PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable) PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) PPD, gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) — (579) (26) (611) (21) — (21) (206) — (206) 610 (41) 110 212 29 7 7 — — 1 40 (10) — — — 4 653 (40) 140 216 $ $ 479 — 479 $ $ (183) 22 (205) 50 8 (1) — 57 53 — 53 — — — $ 17,301 3 $ 17,304 (1,626) (4) (1,622) (45) 896 — — — 77 (4) 12 (45) 981 CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs B $ 8,074 $ 2,578 $ 1,233 $ 4,439 $ 331 $ 8 $ 16,663 Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses C $ 2,795 $ 1,208 $ Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) (7) — 70 10 $ 3,360 $ 203 $ 295 $ 7,931 — 1 — 4 Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted D $ 2,788 $ 1,208 $ 80 $ 3,360 Denominator Net premiums earned Reinstatement premiums (collected) expensed on catastrophe losses Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) E $ 12,402 $ 4,593 $ 1,569 $ 8,612 — 29 7 26 — 1 — 40 — — — 4 $ $ 204 $ 295 $ 7,935 670 (22) 8 — $ 27,846 4 77 12 Net premiums earned excluding adjustments F $ 12,438 $ 4,620 $ 1,609 $ 8,616 $ 656 $ 27,939 P&C Combined ratio Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio P&C Combined ratio CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio, adjusted CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs A/E C/E B/F D/F Combined ratio Combined ratio Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives 64.5% 70.3% 71.0% 51.4% 71.6% 22.5% 87.0% 26.3% 96.6% 4.5% 75.5% 39.0% 90.4% 30.2% 101.8% 64.9% 55.8% 76.7% 51.5% 50.5% 22.4% 87.3% 26.1% 81.9% 4.9% 81.6% 39.0% 90.5% 31.1% 81.6% 62.1% 28.5% 90.6% 59.6% 28.4% 88.0% 90.6% — P&C Combined ratio Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above. 90.6% 73 Net Investment Income (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Average invested assets Net investment income (1) Yield on average invested assets Market yield on fixed maturities 2019 2018 $ $ 104,074 3,426 $ $ 101,453 3,305 $ $ 3.3% 2.7% 3.3% 3.7% 2017 99,675 3,125 3.1% 2.9% (1) Includes $161 million, $248 million and $332 million of amortization expense related to the fair value adjustment of acquired invested assets related to the Chubb Corp acquisition in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Net investment income is influenced by a number of factors including the amounts and timing of inward and outward cash flows, the level of interest rates, and changes in overall asset allocation. Net investment income increased 3.6 percent in 2019 compared with 2018, primarily due to higher average invested assets, partially offset by a reduction in the usage of notional cash pooling programs and unfavorable foreign exchange. Net investment income increased 5.8 percent in 2018 compared with 2017, primarily due to higher reinvestment rates offset by lower private equity distributions. Refer to Note 3 g) to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. For private equities where we own less than three percent, investment income is included within Net investment income in the table above. For private equities where we own more than three percent, investment income is included within Other income (expense) in the Consolidated statements of operations. Excluded from Net investment income is the mark-to-market movement for private equities, which is recorded within either Other income (expense) or Net realized gains (losses) based on our percentage of ownership. The total mark-to-market movement for private equities excluded from Net investment income was as follows: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Total mark-to-market gain on private equity, pre-tax 2019 $ 449 $ 2018 298 Interest Expense The following table presents our pre-tax interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Also presented below is our estimated pre-tax interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 based on our existing debt obligations as well as fees based on our expected usage of certain facilities, including letters of credit, collateral fees, and repurchase agreements. (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fixed interest expense based on outstanding debt Variable interest expense based on expected usage Adjusted interest expense $ $ Amortization of the fair value of debt assumed in the Chubb Corp acquisition Total interest expense, including amortization of the fair value of debt $ Estimated Interest Expense Actual Interest Expense First Quarter 2020 Second Quarter 2020 Third Quarter 2020 Fourth Quarter 2020 Full Year Full Year Full Year 2020 2019 2018 123 $ 123 $ 122 $ 118 $ 486 $ 488 $ 520 18 18 18 18 72 85 141 $ 141 $ 140 $ 136 $ 558 $ 573 $ 154 674 (5) (5) (5) (6) (21) (21) (33) 136 $ 136 $ 135 $ 130 $ 537 $ 552 $ 641 Estimated 2020 fixed interest expense assumes that the $1.3 billion 2.3 percent senior notes is fully paid in November 2020 at the maturity date. Estimated variable interest expense is based on expected usage and current interest rates and may fluctuate. 74 Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) We take a long-term view with our investment strategy, and our investment managers manage our investment portfolio to maximize total return within certain specific guidelines designed to minimize risk. The majority of our investment portfolio is available for sale and reported at fair value. Our held to maturity investment portfolio is reported at amortized cost. The effect of market movements on our fixed maturities portfolio impacts Net income (through Net realized gains (losses)) when securities are sold or when we record an Other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) charge. For a further discussion related to how we assess OTTI for our fixed maturities, including credit-related OTTI, and the related impact on Net income, refer to Note 3 c) to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, Net income is impacted through the reporting of changes in the fair value of equity securities and private equity securities where we own less than three percent, and derivatives, including financial futures, options, swaps, and GLB reinsurance. Changes in unrealized appreciation and depreciation on available for sale securities resulting from the revaluation of securities held, changes in cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment, and unrealized postretirement benefit obligations liability adjustment, are reported as separate components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Shareholders’ equity in the Consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents our net realized and unrealized gains (losses): Total investment portfolio (382) 3,738 3,356 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturities Fixed income and equity derivatives Public equity Sales Mark-to-market Private equity (less than 3 percent ownership) Sales Mark-to-market Variable annuity reinsurance derivative transactions, net of applicable hedges Other derivatives Foreign exchange Other (1) Net gains (losses), pre-tax Net Realized Gains (Losses) Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) 2019 Net Impact Year Ended December 31 2018 2017 Net Realized Gains (Losses) Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) Net Impact Net Realized Gains (Losses) (31) $ (31) $ 3,738 $ 3,707 $ (302) $ (1,996) $ (2,298) $ (435) (75) (75) (11) (435) 58 46 (5) (15) — — — — — 58 46 (5) (15) 70 (129) 121 (126) (441) (142) (8) 7 (5) — — 13 (79) (142) (252) (8) 20 (84) (3) 131 (87) — — — — — 70 (129) 121 (126) (1,996) (2,437) — — (802) (321) (252) (3) (671) (408) 16 — (11) — (37) 103 (5) 36 (13) 84 $ (530) $ 3,672 $ 3,142 $ (652) $ (3,119) $ (3,771) $ (1) Net unrealized gains (losses) includes our postretirement programs of $(76) million, $(321) million, and $(16) million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, other-than-temporary impairments in Net realized gains (losses) include $58 million and $49 million, respectively, for fixed maturities. The variable annuity reinsurance derivative transactions resulted in realized gains (losses), due to the (increase) decrease in the fair value of GLB liabilities of $(4) million, $(248) million, and $364 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The realized losses in 2019 reflected an increase in the fair value of GLB liabilities due to lower interest rates and changes made to our valuation model relating to policyholder behavior which was partially offset by higher global equity market levels. The realized losses in 2018 reflected an increase in the fair value of GLB liabilities due to lower global equity market levels, the impact of discounting future claims for one less year and changes made to our valuation model relating to policyholder behavior. In addition, we maintain positions in derivative instruments that decrease in fair value when the S&P 500 index increases. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, we experienced realized losses of $138 million, $4 million, and $261 million, respectively, related to these derivative instruments. 75 Amortization of Purchased Intangibles and Other Amortization Amortization expense related to purchased intangibles were $305 million, $339 million, and $260 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and principally relates to the Chubb Corp acquisition. The decrease in amortization expense of purchased intangibles in 2019 compared to 2018 primarily reflects lower intangible amortization expense related to agency distribution relationships and renewal rights. The increase in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily reflects a lower amortization benefit from the fair value adjustment on unpaid losses and loss expenses. The amortization of purchased intangibles expense in 2020 is expected to be $290 million, or approximately $73 million each quarter. Reduction of deferred tax liability associated with intangible assets related to Other intangible assets (excluding the fair value adjustment on Unpaid losses and loss expense) At December 31, 2019, the deferred tax liability associated with the Other intangible assets (excluding the fair value adjustment on Unpaid losses and loss expenses) was $1,347 million. The following table presents at December 31, 2019, the expected reduction to the deferred tax liability associated with Other intangible assets (which reduces as agency distribution relationships and renewal rights, and other intangible assets amortize), at current foreign currency exchange rates for the next five years: For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total Reduction to deferred tax liability associated with intangible assets $ $ 72 67 64 60 55 318 Amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets and assumed long-term debt The following table presents at December 31, 2019, the expected amortization expense of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets, at current foreign currency exchange rates, and the expected amortization benefit from the amortization of the fair value adjustment on assumed long-term debt for the next five years as follows: For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total Amortization (expense) benefit of the fair value adjustment on Acquired invested assets (1) Assumed long-term debt (2) $ $ (130) $ (110) (92) — — (332) $ 21 21 21 21 21 105 (1) Recorded as a reduction to Net investment income in the Consolidated statements of operations. (2) Recorded as a reduction to Interest expense in the Consolidated statements of operations. The estimate of amortization expense of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets could vary materially based on current market conditions, bond calls, overall duration of the acquired investment portfolio, and foreign exchange. 76 Investments Our investment portfolio is invested primarily in publicly traded, investment grade, fixed income securities with an average credit quality of A/Aa as rated by the independent investment rating services Standard and Poor’s (S&P)/ Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s). The portfolio is externally managed by independent, professional investment managers and is broadly diversified across geographies, sectors, and issuers. Other investments principally comprise direct investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships. We hold no collateralized debt obligations in our investment portfolio, and we provide no credit default protection. We have long-standing global credit limits for our entire portfolio across the organization. Exposures are aggregated, monitored, and actively managed by our Global Credit Committee, comprising senior executives, including our Chief Financial Officer, our Chief Risk Officer, our Chief Investment Officer, and our Treasurer. We also have well-established, strict contractual investment rules requiring managers to maintain highly diversified exposures to individual issuers and closely monitor investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines. The average duration of our fixed income securities, including the effect of options and swaps, was 3.8 years and 3.7 years at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We estimate that a 100 basis point (bps) increase in interest rates would reduce the valuation of our fixed income portfolio by approximately $3.9 billion at December 31, 2019. (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturities available for sale Fixed maturities held to maturity Short-term investments Equity securities Other investments Total investments December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Fair Value $ 85,488 $ Cost/ Amortized Cost 82,580 $ Fair Value 78,470 $ Cost/ Amortized Cost 79,323 13,005 4,291 102,784 812 6,062 12,581 4,291 99,452 812 6,062 13,259 3,016 94,745 770 5,277 13,435 3,016 95,774 770 5,277 $ 109,658 $ 106,326 $ 100,792 $ 101,821 The fair value of our total investments increased $8.9 billion during the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to unrealized appreciation driven by declining interest rates and the investing of both operating cash flows and net proceeds from debt issuance. This increase was partially offset by the payment of dividends on our Common Shares and share repurchases. The following tables present the market value of our fixed maturities and short-term investments at December 31, 2019 and 2018. The first table lists investments according to type and the second according to S&P credit rating: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Market Value % of Total Market Value % of Total December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Treasury / Agency Corporate and asset-backed Mortgage-backed Municipal Non-U.S. Short-term investments Total AAA AA A BBB BB B Other Total $ 4,630 5% $ 5,327 34,259 21,588 12,824 25,192 4,291 33% 21% 12% 25% 4% 29,091 18,026 16,327 22,958 3,016 6% 31% 19% 17% 24% 3% $ $ 102,784 100% $ 94,745 100% 15,714 37,504 19,236 13,650 9,474 6,897 309 15% $ 14,571 37% 19% 13% 9% 7% — 36,715 17,253 12,035 8,363 5,596 212 15% 39% 18% 13% 9% 6% — $ 102,784 100% $ 94,745 100% 77 Corporate and asset-backed securities The following table presents our 10 largest global exposures to corporate bonds by market value at December 31, 2019: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Wells Fargo & Co Bank of America Corp JP Morgan Chase & Co Comcast Corp HSBC Holdings Plc AT&T Inc Citigroup Inc Verizon Communications Inc Goldman Sachs Group Inc Morgan Stanley Mortgage-backed securities $ Market Value 637 575 568 461 396 392 392 381 369 358 December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) AAA AA A BBB BB and below Total Total Agency residential mortgage-backed (RMBS) $ 187 $ 17,722 $ — $ — $ — $ 17,909 $ 17,436 Non-agency RMBS Commercial mortgage-backed Total mortgage-backed securities 184 2,946 32 272 75 136 18 6 10 — 319 317 3,360 3,290 $ 3,317 $ 18,026 $ 211 $ 24 $ 10 $ 21,588 $ 21,043 S&P Credit Rating Market Value Amortized Cost Municipal As part of our overall investment strategy, we may invest in states, municipalities, and other political subdivisions fixed maturity securities (Municipal). We apply the same investment selection process described previously to our Municipal investments. The portfolio is highly diversified primarily in state general obligation bonds and essential service revenue bonds including education and utilities (water, power, and sewers). Non-U.S. Our exposure to the Euro results primarily from Chubb European Group SE which is headquartered in France and offers a broad range of coverages throughout the European Union, Central, and Eastern Europe. Chubb primarily invests in Euro denominated investments to support its local currency insurance obligations and required capital levels. Chubb’s local currency investment portfolios have strict contractual investment guidelines requiring managers to maintain a high quality and diversified portfolio to both sector and individual issuers. Investment portfolios are monitored daily to ensure investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines. Our non-U.S. investment grade fixed income portfolios are currency-matched with the insurance liabilities of our non-U.S. operations. The average credit quality of our non-U.S. fixed income securities is A and 49 percent of our holdings are rated AAA or guaranteed by governments or quasi-government agencies. Within the context of these investment portfolios, our government and corporate bond holdings are highly diversified across industries and geographies. Issuer limits are based on credit rating (AA—two percent, A—one percent, BBB—0.5 percent of the total portfolio) and are monitored daily via an internal compliance system. We manage our indirect exposure using the same credit rating based investment approach. Accordingly, we do not believe our indirect exposure is material. 78 The following table summarizes the market value and amortized cost of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/ sovereign for non-U.S. government securities at December 31, 2019: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Republic of Korea United Kingdom Canada Federative Republic of Brazil Kingdom of Thailand Province of Ontario United Mexican States Province of Quebec Commonwealth of Australia Socialist Republic of Vietnam Other Non-U.S. Government Securities Total Market Value Amortized Cost $ 1,032 $ 924 835 688 652 644 567 496 365 362 920 903 830 669 558 634 554 484 324 277 4,890 4,706 $ 11,455 $ 10,859 The following table summarizes the market value and amortized cost of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/ sovereign for non-U.S. corporate securities at December 31, 2019: (in millions of U.S. dollars) United Kingdom Canada United States (1) France Australia Netherlands Japan Germany Switzerland China Market Value Amortized Cost $ 2,316 $ 1,781 1,156 1,136 813 685 587 560 511 371 2,224 1,735 1,111 1,088 781 656 576 538 490 362 Other Non-U.S. Corporate Securities Total 3,821 3,673 $ 13,737 $ 13,234 (1) The countries that are listed in the non-U.S. corporate fixed income portfolio above represent the ultimate parent company's country of risk. Non-U.S. corporate securities could be issued by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. corporations. 79 Below-investment grade corporate fixed income portfolio Below-investment grade securities have different characteristics than investment grade corporate debt securities. Risk of loss from default by the borrower is greater with below-investment grade securities. Below-investment grade securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to other creditors of the issuer. Also, issuers of below-investment grade securities usually have higher levels of debt and are more sensitive to adverse economic conditions, such as recession or increasing interest rates, than investment grade issuers. At December 31, 2019, our corporate fixed income investment portfolio included below- investment grade and non-rated securities which, in total, comprised approximately 14 percent of our fixed income portfolio. Our below-investment grade and non-rated portfolio includes over 1,300 issuers, with the greatest single exposure being $149 million. We manage high-yield bonds as a distinct and separate asset class from investment grade bonds. The allocation to high-yield bonds is explicitly set by internal management and is targeted to securities in the upper tier of credit quality (BB/B). Our minimum rating for initial purchase is BB/B. Twelve external investment managers are responsible for high-yield security selection and portfolio construction. Our high-yield managers have a conservative approach to credit selection and very low historical default experience. Holdings are highly diversified across industries and generally subject to a 1.5 percent issuer limit as a percentage of high-yield allocation. We monitor position limits daily through an internal compliance system. Derivative and structured securities (e.g., credit default swaps and collateralized loan obligations) are not permitted in the high-yield portfolio. Asbestos and Environmental (A&E) Asbestos and environmental (A&E) reserving considerations For asbestos, Chubb faces claims relating to policies issued to manufacturers, distributors, installers, and other parties in the chain of commerce for asbestos and products containing asbestos. Claimants will generally allege damages across an extended time period which may coincide with multiple policies covering a wide range of time periods for a single insured. Environmental claims present exposure for remediation and defense costs associated with the contamination of property as a result of pollution. The following table presents count information for asbestos claims by causative agent and environmental claims by account, for direct policies only: Open at beginning of year Newly reported/reopened Closed or otherwise disposed Open at end of year Asbestos (by causative agent) Environmental (by account) 2019 1,838 173 287 1,724 2018 1,789 188 139 1,838 2019 1,361 140 284 1,217 2018 1,349 149 137 1,361 Survival ratios are calculated by dividing the asbestos or environmental loss and allocated loss adjustment expense (ALAE) reserves by the average asbestos or environmental loss and ALAE payments for the three most recent calendar years (3-year survival ratio). The 3-year survival ratios for gross and net Asbestos loss and ALAE reserves were 5.8 years and 6.0 years, respectively. The 3-year survival ratios for gross and net Environmental loss and ALAE reserves were 4.0 years and 12.1 years, respectively. The net 3-year survival ratios were impacted by favorable reinsurance settlements in 2018. Excluding the settlements, the 3-year survival ratio for net Asbestos loss and ALAE reserves and net Environmental loss and ALAE reserves were 5.7 years and 4.5 years, respectively. Refer to the PPD section in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on the settlements. The survival ratios provide only a very rough depiction of reserves and are significantly impacted by a number of factors such as aggressive settlement practices, variations in gross to ceded relationships within the asbestos or environmental claims, and levels of coverage provided. Therefore, we urge caution in using these very simplistic ratios to gauge reserve adequacy. 80 Catastrophe Management We actively monitor and manage our catastrophe risk accumulation around the world such as setting risk limits based on probable maximum loss (PML) and purchasing catastrophe reinsurance. The table below presents our modeled pre-tax estimates of natural catastrophe PML, net of reinsurance, at December 31, 2019, for Worldwide, U.S. hurricane and California earthquake events, based on our in-force portfolio at October 1, 2019 and reflecting the April 1, 2019 reinsurance program (see Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program section) as well as inuring reinsurance protection coverages. According to the model, for the 1-in-100 return period scenario, there is a one percent chance that our pre-tax annual aggregate losses incurred in any year from U.S. hurricane events could be in excess of $2,685 million (or 4.9 percent of our total shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2019). These estimates assume that reinsurance recoverable is fully collectible. Worldwide (1) Annual Aggregate Modeled Net Probable Maximum Loss (PML) Pre-tax U.S. Hurricane (2) California Earthquake (3) Annual Aggregate Single Occurrence (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Chubb % of Total Shareholders’ Equity 1-in-10 1-in-100 1-in-250 $ $ $ 1,873 3,804 6,227 3.4% $ 6.9% $ 11.3% $ Chubb 1,089 2,685 4,698 % of Total Shareholders’ Equity 2.0% $ 4.9% $ 8.5% $ Chubb 129 1,338 1,513 % of Total Shareholders’ Equity 0.2% 2.4% 2.7% (1) Worldwide losses are comprised of losses arising only from hurricanes, typhoons, convective storms and earthquakes and do not include “non-modeled” perils such as wildfire and flood. (2) U.S. Hurricane losses include losses from wind and storm-surge and exclude rainfall. (3) California earthquakes include fire-following perils. The above estimates of Chubb’s loss profile are inherently uncertain for many reasons, including the following: • While the use of third-party catastrophe modeling packages to simulate potential hurricane and earthquake losses is prevalent within the insurance industry, the models are reliant upon significant meteorology, seismology, and engineering assumptions to estimate catastrophe losses. In particular, modeled catastrophe events are not always a representation of actual events and ensuing additional loss potential; • There is no universal standard in the preparation of insured data for use in the models, the running of the modeling software and interpretation of loss output. These loss estimates do not represent our potential maximum exposures and it is highly likely that our actual incurred losses would vary materially from the modeled estimates; and • The potential effects of climate change add to modeling complexity. Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program Chubb’s core property catastrophe reinsurance program provides protection against natural catastrophes impacting its primary property operations (i.e., excluding our Global Reinsurance and Life Insurance segments). We regularly review our reinsurance protection and corresponding property catastrophe exposures. This may or may not lead to the purchase of additional reinsurance prior to a program’s renewal date. In addition, prior to each renewal date, we consider how much, if any, coverage we intend to buy and we may make material changes to the current structure in light of various factors, including modeled PML assessment at various return periods, reinsurance pricing, our risk tolerance and exposures, and various other structuring considerations. Chubb renewed its Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program for our North American and International operations effective April 1, 2019 through March 31, 2020, with modest enhancements in coverage from the expiring program. The program consists of three layers in excess of losses retained by Chubb on a per occurrence basis. In addition, Chubb also renewed its terrorism coverage (excluding nuclear, biological, chemical and radiation coverage, with an inclusion of coverage for biological and chemical coverage for personal lines) for the United States from April 1, 2019 through March 31, 2020 with the same limits and retention and percentage placed except that the majority of terrorism coverage is on an aggregate basis above our retentions without a reinstatement. 81 Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program Loss Location Layer of Loss Comments Notes United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) International (including Alaska and Hawaii) International (including Alaska and Hawaii) Alaska, Hawaii, and Canada $0 million – $1.0 billion $1.0 billion – $1.2 billion $1.2 billion – $2.2 billion $2.2 billion – $3.5 billion $0 million – $175 million $175 million – $1.175 billion $1.175 billion– $2.475 billion Losses retained by Chubb All natural perils and terrorism All natural perils and terrorism All natural perils and terrorism Losses retained by Chubb All natural perils and terrorism All natural perils and terrorism (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d) Ultimate retention will depend upon the nature of the loss and the interplay between the underlying per risk programs and certain other catastrophe programs purchased by individual business units. These other catastrophe programs have the potential to reduce our effective retention below the stated levels. These coverages are partially placed with Reinsurers. These coverages are both part of the same Second layer within the Global Catastrophe Program and are fully placed with Reinsurers. These coverages are both part of the same Third layer within the Global Catastrophe Program and are fully placed with Reinsurers. Chubb also has a property catastrophe bond in place that offers additional natural catastrophe protection for certain parts of the portfolio. The geographic scope of this coverage is from Virginia through Maine. The East Lane VI 2015 bond currently provides $250 million of coverage as part of a $427 million layer in excess of $2.0 billion retention through March 13, 2020. Political Risk and Credit Insurance Political risk insurance is a specialized coverage that provides clients with protection against unexpected, catastrophic political or macroeconomic events, primarily in emerging markets. We participate in this market through our wholly-owned subsidiary Sovereign Risk Insurance Ltd. (Sovereign), and through a unit of our London-based CGM operation. Chubb is one of the world's leading underwriters of political risk and credit insurance, has a global portfolio spread across more than 150 countries and is also a member of the Berne Union. Our clients include financial institutions, national export credit agencies, leading multilateral agencies, private equity firms and multinational corporations. CGM writes political risk and credit insurance business out of underwriting offices in London, United Kingdom; Hamburg, Germany; Sao Paulo, Brazil; Singapore; Tokyo, Japan; and in the U.S. in the following locations: Chicago, Illinois; New York, New York; Los Angeles, California; and Washington, D.C. Our political risk insurance provides protection to commercial lenders against defaults on cross border loans, insulates investors against equity losses, and protects exporters against defaults on contracts. Commercial lenders, our largest client segment, are covered for missed scheduled loan repayments due to acts of confiscation, expropriation or nationalization by the host government, currency inconvertibility or exchange transfer restrictions, or war or other acts of political violence. In addition, in the case of loans to government-owned entities or loans that have a government guarantee, political risk policies cover scheduled payments against risks of non-payment or non-honoring of government guarantees. Private equity investors and corporations receive similar coverage to that of lenders, except their equity is protected against financial losses, inability to repatriate dividends, and physical damage to their operations caused by covered events. Our export contracts protection provides coverage for both exporters and their financing banks against the risk of contract frustration due to government actions, including non-payment by governmental entities. CGM's credit insurance businesses cover losses due to insolvency, protracted default, and political risk perils including export and license cancellation. Our credit insurance product provides coverage to larger companies that have sophisticated credit risk management systems, with exposure to multiple customers and that have the ability to self-insure losses up to a certain level through excess of loss coverage. It also provides coverage to trade finance banks, exporters, and trading companies, with exposure to trade-related financing instruments. CGM also has limited capacity for Specialist Credit insurance products which provide coverage for project finance and working capital loans for large corporations and banks. 82 We have implemented structural features in our policies in order to control potential losses within the political risk and credit insurance businesses. These include basic loss sharing features that include co-insurance and deductibles, and in the case of trade credit, the use of non-qualifying losses that drop smaller exposures deemed too difficult to assess. Ultimate loss severity is also limited by using waiting periods to enable the insurer and insured to agree on recovery strategies, and the subrogation of the rights of the lender/exporter to the insurer following a claim. We have the option to pay claims over the original loan payment schedule, rather than in a lump sum in order to provide insureds and the insurer additional time to remedy problems and work towards full recoveries. It is important to note that political risk and credit policies are named peril conditional contracts, not financial guarantees, and claims are only paid after conditions and warranties are fulfilled. Political risk and credit insurance do not cover currency devaluations, bond defaults, movements in overseas equity markets, transactions deemed illegal, situations where corruption or misrepresentation has occurred, or debt that is not legally enforceable. In addition to assessing and mitigating potential exposure on a policy-by-policy basis, we also have specific risk management measures in place to manage overall exposure and risk. These measures include placing country, credit, and individual transaction limits based on country risk and credit ratings, combined single loss limits on multi-country policies, the use of reinsurance protection as well as quarterly modeling and stress-testing of the portfolio. We have a dedicated Country and Credit Risk management team that are responsible for the portfolio. Crop Insurance We are, and have been since the 1980s, one of the leading writers of crop insurance in the U.S. and have conducted that business through a managing general agent subsidiary of Rain and Hail. We provide protection throughout the U.S. on a variety of crops and are therefore geographically diversified, which reduces the risk of exposure to a single event or a heavy accumulation of losses in any one region. Our crop insurance business comprises two components - Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail insurance. The MPCI program, offered in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Risk Management Agency (RMA), is a federal subsidized insurance program that covers revenue shortfalls or production losses due to natural causes such as drought, excessive moisture, hail, wind, freeze, insects, and disease. These Revenue Products are defined as providing both commodity price and yield coverages. Policies are available for various crops in different areas of the U.S. and generally have deductibles generally ranging from 10 percent to 50 percent of the insured's risk. The USDA's Risk Management Agency (RMA) sets the policy terms and conditions, rates and forms, and is also responsible for setting compliance standards. As a participant in the MPCI program, we report all details of policies to the RMA and are party to a Standard Reinsurance Agreement (SRA). The SRA sets out the relationship between private insurance companies and the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) concerning the terms and conditions regarding the risks each will bear including the pro-rata and state stop-loss provisions, which allows companies to limit the exposure of any one state or group of states on their underwriting results. In addition to the pro-rata and excess of loss reinsurance protections inherent in the SRA, we also purchase third-party proportional and stop-loss reinsurance for our MPCI business to reduce our exposure. We may also enter into crop derivative contracts to further manage our risk exposure. Each year the RMA issues a final SRA for the subsequent reinsurance year (i.e., the 2020 SRA covers the 2020 reinsurance year from July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020). There were no significant changes in the terms and conditions from the 2019 SRA and therefore, the new SRA does not impact Chubb's outlook on the crop program relative to 2020. We recognize net premiums written as soon as estimable on our MPCI business, which is generally when we receive acreage reports from the policyholders on the various crops throughout the U.S. This allows us to best determine the premium associated with the liability that is being planted. The MPCI program has specific timeframes as to when producers must report acreage to us and in certain cases, the reporting occurs after the close of the respective reinsurance year. Once the net premium written has been recorded, the premium is then earned over the growing season for the crops. A majority of the crops that are covered in the program are typically subject to the SRA in effect at the beginning of the year. Given the major crops covered in the program, we typically see a substantial written and earned premium impact in the second and third quarters. The pricing of MPCI premium is determined using a number of factors including commodity prices and related volatility (i.e., both impact the amount of premium we can charge to the policyholder). For example, in most states, the pricing for the MPCI Revenue Product for corn (i.e., insurance coverage for lower than expected crop revenue in a given season) includes a factor based on the average commodity price in February. If corn commodity prices are higher in February, compared to the February price in the prior year, and all other factors are the same, the increase in price will increase the corn premium year-over-year. 83 Pricing is also impacted by volatility factors, which measure the likelihood commodity prices will fluctuate over the crop year. For example, if volatility is set at a higher rate compared to the prior year, and all other factors are the same, the premium charged to the policyholder will be higher year-over-year for the same level of coverage. Losses incurred on the MPCI business are determined using both commodity price and crop yield. With respect to commodity price, there are two important periods on a large portion of the business: The month of February when the initial premium base is set, and the month of October when the final harvest price is set. If the price declines from February to October, with yield remaining at normal levels, the policyholder may be eligible to recover on the policy. However, in most cases there are deductibles on these policies, therefore, the impact of a decline in price would have to exceed the deductible before a policyholder would be eligible to recover. We evaluate our MPCI business at an aggregate level and the combination of all of our insured crops (both winter and summer) go into our underwriting gain or loss estimate in any given year. Typically, we do not have enough information on the harvest prices or crop yield outputs to quantify the preliminary estimated impact to our underwriting results until the fourth quarter. Our crop-hail program is a private offering. Premium is earned on the crop-hail program over the coverage period of the policy. Given the very short nature of the growing season, most crop-hail business is typically written in the second and third quarters and the recognition of earned premium is also more heavily concentrated during this timeframe. We use industry data to develop our own rates and forms for the coverage offered. The policy primarily protects farmers against yield reduction caused by hail and/or fire, and related costs such as transit to storage. We offer various deductibles to allow the grower to partially self- insure for a reduced premium cost. We limit our crop-hail exposures through the use of township liability limits and third-party reinsurance on our net retained hail business. Liquidity Liquidity is a measure of a company's ability to generate cash flows sufficient to meet short-term and long-term cash requirements. As a holding company, Chubb Limited possesses assets that consist primarily of the stock of its subsidiaries and other investments. In addition to net investment income, Chubb Limited's cash flows depend primarily on dividends and other statutorily permissible payments. Historically, dividends and other statutorily permitted payments have come primarily from Chubb's Bermuda-based operating subsidiaries, which we refer to as our Bermuda subsidiaries. Our consolidated sources of funds consist primarily of net premiums written, fees, net investment income, and proceeds from sales and maturities of investments. Funds are used at our various companies primarily to pay claims, operating expenses, and dividends; to service debt; to purchase investments; and to fund acquisitions. We anticipate that positive cash flows from operations (underwriting activities and investment income) should be sufficient to cover cash outflows under most loss scenarios for the near term. Should the need arise, we generally have access to capital markets and available credit facilities. Refer to “Credit Facilities” below for additional information. Our access to funds under the existing credit facility is dependent on the ability of the bank that is a party to the facility to meet its funding commitments. Should our existing credit provider experience financial difficulty, we may be required to replace credit sources, possibly in a difficult market. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or sources of credit on favorable terms, on a timely basis, or at all, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected. To date, we have not experienced difficulty accessing our credit facility. To further ensure the sufficiency of funds to settle unforeseen claims, we hold certain invested assets in cash and short-term investments. In addition, for certain insurance, reinsurance, or deposit contracts that tend to have relatively large and reasonably predictable cash outflows, we attempt to establish dedicated portfolios of assets that are duration-matched with the related liabilities. With respect to the duration of our overall investment portfolio, we manage asset durations to both maximize return given current market conditions and provide sufficient liquidity to cover future loss payments. At December 31, 2019, the average duration of our fixed maturities (3.8 years) is less than the average expected duration of our insurance liabilities (4.3 years). Despite our safeguards, if paid losses accelerate beyond our ability to fund such paid losses from current operating cash flows, we might need to either liquidate a portion of our investment portfolio or arrange for financing. Potential events causing such a liquidity strain could include several significant catastrophes occurring in a relatively short period of time, large uncollectible reinsurance recoverables on paid losses (as a result of coverage disputes, reinsurers' credit problems, or decreases in the value of collateral supporting reinsurance recoverables) or increases in collateral postings under our variable annuity reinsurance business. Because each subsidiary focuses on a more limited number of specific product lines than is collectively available from 84 the Chubb Group of Companies, the mix of business tends to be less diverse at the subsidiary level. As a result, the probability of a liquidity strain, as described above, may be greater for individual subsidiaries than when liquidity is assessed on a consolidated basis. If such a liquidity strain were to occur in a subsidiary, we could be required to liquidate a portion of our investments, potentially at distressed prices, as well as be required to contribute capital to the particular subsidiary and/or curtail dividends from the subsidiary to support holding company operations. The payment of dividends or other statutorily permissible distributions from our operating companies are subject to the laws and regulations applicable to each jurisdiction, as well as the need to maintain capital levels adequate to support the insurance and reinsurance operations, including financial strength ratings issued by independent rating agencies. During 2019, we were able to meet all our obligations, including the payments of dividends on our Common Shares, with our net cash flows. We assess which subsidiaries to draw dividends from based on a number of factors. Considerations such as regulatory and legal restrictions as well as the subsidiary's financial condition are paramount to the dividend decision. Chubb Limited received dividends of $200 million and $75 million from its Bermuda subsidiaries in 2019 and 2018, respectively. The payment of any dividends from CGM or its subsidiaries is subject to applicable U.K. insurance laws and regulations. In addition, the release of funds by Syndicate 2488 to subsidiaries of CGM is subject to regulations promulgated by the Society of Lloyd's. Chubb Limited received no dividends from CGM in 2019 and 2018. The U.S. insurance subsidiaries of Chubb INA may pay dividends, without prior regulatory approval, subject to restrictions set out in state law of the subsidiary's domicile (or, if applicable, commercial domicile). Chubb INA's international subsidiaries are also subject to insurance laws and regulations particular to the countries in which the subsidiaries operate. These laws and regulations sometimes include restrictions that limit the amount of dividends payable without prior approval of regulatory insurance authorities. Chubb Limited received no dividends from Chubb INA in 2019 and 2018. Debt issued by Chubb INA is serviced by statutorily permissible distributions by Chubb INA's insurance subsidiaries to Chubb INA as well as other group resources. Chubb INA received dividends of $3.7 billion and $5.2 billion from its subsidiaries in 2019 and 2018, respectively. At December 31, 2019, the amount of dividends available to be paid to Chubb INA in 2019 from its subsidiaries without prior approval of insurance regulatory authorities totals $3.1 billion. In January 2020, Chubb INA Holdings Inc. paid $1.5 billion towards the series of intercompany loans involving its parents, Chubb Group Holdings Inc. and Chubb Limited. Additionally, Chubb Limited contributed $1.2 billion to a Bermuda subsidiary. Cash Flows Our insurance and reinsurance operations provide liquidity in that premiums are received in advance, sometimes substantially in advance, of the time claims are paid. Generally, cash flows are affected by claim payments that, due to the nature of our operations, may comprise large loss payments on a limited number of claims and which can fluctuate significantly from period to period. The irregular timing of these loss payments can create significant variations in cash flows from operations between periods. Refer to “Contractual Obligations and Commitments” for our estimate of future claim payments by period. Sources of liquidity include cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements. The following is a discussion of our cash flows for 2019, 2018, and 2017. Operating cash flows reflect Net income for each period, adjusted for non-cash items and changes in working capital. Operating cash flows were $6.3 billion in 2019, compared to $5.5 billion and $4.5 billion in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Operating cash flow was higher in 2019 compared to 2018, primarily due to higher underwriting cash flow, partially offset by higher taxes paid compared to 2018 principally due to the timing of tax payments. The increase in operating cash flows of $977 million in 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to higher premiums collected, net of higher catastrophe loss payments related to the 2017 catastrophe events, and lower taxes paid principally due to the timing of tax payments. Cash used for investing was $5.9 billion in 2019, compared to $2.9 billion and $2.4 billion in 2018 and 2017, respectively. The increase in cash used for investing of $3.0 billion in 2019 was primarily due to net purchases of short-term investments of $1.1 billion in 2019 compared to net proceeds of $516 million in 2018. Additionally, the increase in 2019 was due to the purchase of an additional 10.9 percent ownership interest in Huatai Group for $580 million. Cash used for investing in 2018 was higher compared to 2017, due to higher net private equity contributions, net of distributions received, of $793 million. Cash used for financing was $151 million in 2019, compared to $2.0 billion and $2.3 billion in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Cash used for financing was lower by $1.8 billion in 2019 compared to 2018 primarily due to higher net proceeds from the 85 issuance of long-term debt (net of repayments) of $2.1 billion offset by higher share repurchases of $486 million. Cash used for financing in 2018 was lower by $328 million, primarily due to higher net repayments of long-term debt in 2017. Both internal and external forces influence our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Claim settlements, premium levels, and investment returns may be impacted by changing rates of inflation and other economic conditions. In many cases, significant periods of time, ranging up to several years or more, may lapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to us, and the settlement of the liability for that loss. We use repurchase agreements as a low-cost funding alternative. At December 31, 2019, there were $1.4 billion in repurchase agreements outstanding with various maturities over the next five months. In addition to cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements, we have agreements with a third- party bank provider which implemented two international multi-currency notional cash pooling programs to enhance cash management efficiency during periods of short-term timing mismatches between expected inflows and outflows of cash by currency. The programs allow us to optimize investment income by avoiding portfolio disruption. In each program, participating Chubb entities establish deposit accounts in different currencies with the bank provider. Each day the credit or debit balances in every account are notionally translated into a single currency (U.S. dollars) and then notionally pooled. The bank extends overdraft credit to all participating Chubb entities as needed, provided that the overall notionally pooled balance of all accounts in each pool at the end of each day is at least zero. Actual cash balances are not physically converted and are not commingled between legal entities. Chubb entities may incur overdraft balances as a means to address short-term liquidity needs. Any overdraft balances incurred under this program by a Chubb entity would be guaranteed by Chubb Limited (up to $300 million in the aggregate). Our syndicated letter of credit facility allows for same day drawings to fund a net pool overdraft should participating Chubb entities withdraw contributed funds from the pool. Capital Resources Capital resources consist of funds deployed or available to be deployed to support our business operations. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Short-term debt Long-term debt Total financial debt Trust preferred securities Total shareholders’ equity Total capitalization Ratio of financial debt to total capitalization Ratio of financial debt plus trust preferred securities to total capitalization December 31 2019 $ 1,299 $ December 31 2018 509 13,559 14,858 308 55,331 $ 70,497 $ 21.1% 21.5% 12,087 12,596 308 50,312 63,216 19.9% 20.4% Repurchase agreements are excluded from the table above and are disclosed separately from short-term debt in the Consolidated balance sheets. The repurchase agreements are collateralized borrowings where we maintain the right and ability to redeem the collateral on short notice, unlike short-term debt which comprises the current maturities of our long-term debt instruments. Refer to Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details about the debt issued and debt redeemed. We believe our financial strength provides us with the flexibility and capacity to obtain available funds externally through debt or equity financing on both a short-term and long-term basis. Our ability to access the capital markets is dependent on, among other things, market conditions and our perceived financial strength. We have accessed both the debt and equity markets from time to time. We generally maintain the ability to issue certain classes of debt and equity securities via an unlimited Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) shelf registration which is renewed every three years. This allows us capital market access for refinancing as well as for unforeseen or opportunistic capital needs. In October 2018, we filed an unlimited shelf registration which allows us to issue certain classes of debt and equity. This shelf registration expires in October 2021. 86 Securities Repurchases From time to time, we repurchase shares as part of our capital management program. The Board of Directors (Board) has authorized share repurchase programs as follows: • $1.0 billion of Chubb Common Shares from November 17, 2016 through December 31, 2017 • $1.0 billion of Chubb Common Shares from January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018 • $1.5 billion of Chubb Common Shares from December 1, 2018 through December 31, 2019 • $1.5 billion of Chubb Common Shares from November 21, 2019 through December 31, 2020 Share repurchases may be made in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, block trades, accelerated repurchases and/or through option or other forward transactions. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, we repurchased $830 million, $1.02 billion and $1.53 billion, respectively, of Common Shares in a series of open market transactions under the Board share repurchase authorizations. The $1.5 billion December 2018 Board authorization remained effective through December 31, 2019, and was used in advance of the $1.5 billion share repurchase authorized in November 2019. For the period January 1 through February 26, 2020, we repurchased 947,400 Common Shares for a total of $151 million in a series of open market transactions. At February 26, 2020, $1.30 billion in share repurchase authorization remained through December 31, 2020. Common Shares Our Common Shares had a par value of CHF 24.15 each at December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, there were 27,812,297 Common Shares in treasury with a weighted average cost of $134.98 per share. Under Swiss law, dividends must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. At our May 2018 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $2.92 per share, which was paid in four quarterly installments of $0.73 per share at dates determined by the Board after the annual general meeting by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. At our May 2019 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $3.00 per share, expected to be paid in four quarterly installments of $0.75 per share after the annual general meeting by way of distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board will determine the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend may be paid until the date of the 2020 annual general meeting, and is authorized to abstain from distributing a dividend at its discretion. The first three quarterly installments each of $0.75 per share, have been distributed by the Board as expected. Dividend distributions on Common Shares amounted to CHF 2.94 ($2.98) per share for the year ended December 31, 2019. Refer to Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our dividends. 87 Contractual Obligations and Commitments The following table presents our future payments due by period under contractual obligations at December 31, 2019: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Payment amounts determinable from the respective contracts Deposit liabilities (1) Purchase obligations (2) Investments, including Limited Partnerships (3) Huatai share acquisition deposits (4) Operating leases Repurchase agreements Short-term debt Long-term debt (5) Trust preferred securities Interest on debt obligations (5) Total obligations in which payment amounts are determinable from the respective contracts Payment amounts not determinable from the respective contracts Estimated gross loss payments under insurance and reinsurance contracts Estimated payments for future policy benefits Total contractual obligations and commitments Payments Due By Period 2021 and 2022 2023 and 2024 Thereafter Total 2020 $ 2,092 $ 21 $ 51 $ 131 $ 1,889 411 3,994 1,550 660 1,416 1,301 13,292 309 6,199 159 1,328 1,550 158 1,416 1,301 — — 479 223 1,721 — 243 — — 29 895 — 154 — — — 50 — 105 — — 1,000 1,954 10,338 — 898 — 810 309 4,012 31,224 6,412 4,136 3,973 16,703 62,713 17,601 17,200 20,645 916 1,885 8,731 1,541 19,181 16,303 $ 114,582 $ 24,929 $ 23,221 $ 14,245 $ 52,187 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Refer to Note 1 k) to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Primarily comprises audit fees and agreements with vendors to purchase system software administration and maintenance services. Funding commitment primarily related to limited partnerships. The timing of the payments of these commitments is uncertain and may differ from the estimated timing in the table. Chubb entered into agreements to purchase incremental ownership interests in Huatai Insurance Group Company Limited through two separate purchases, a 15.3 percent ownership interest for approximately $1.1 billion and a 7.1 percent ownership interest for approximately $493 million. The purchases are contingent upon obtaining regulatory approvals and other important conditions, which are expected to be obtained by the end of 2021. The 7.1 percent purchase is also contingent upon receipt of Chinese insurance regulatory approval of the 15.3 percent purchase. In connection with these purchase agreements, in January 2020, we paid collateralized deposits totaling $1.550 billion to the selling shareholders, which are accounted for as loans. Subject to foreign exchange fluctuations on interest expense and principal. The above table excludes the following items: • Pension obligations: Minimum funding requirements for our pension obligations are immaterial. Subsequent funding commitments are apt to vary due to many factors and are difficult to estimate at this time. Refer to Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. • Liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits: The liability for unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and offsetting tax credits, was $47 million at December 31, 2019. At December 31, 2019, we had accrued $8 million in liabilities for income tax-related interest and penalties in our Consolidated balance sheet. We are unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate for the timing of cash settlement with respect to these liabilities. Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. We have no other significant contractual obligations or commitments not reflected in the table above. We do not have any off- balance sheet arrangements that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources. 88 Estimated gross loss payments under insurance and reinsurance contracts We are obligated to pay claims under insurance and reinsurance contracts for specified loss events covered under those contracts. Such loss payments represent our most significant future payment obligation as a P&C insurance and reinsurance company. In contrast to other contractual obligations, cash payments are not determinable from the terms specified within the contract. For example, we do not ultimately make a payment to our counterparty for many insurance and reinsurance contracts (i.e., when a loss event has not occurred) and if a payment is to be made, the amount and timing cannot be determined from the contract. In the table above, we estimate payments by period relating to our gross liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses included in the Consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2019, and do not take into account reinsurance recoverable. These estimated loss payments are inherently uncertain and the amount and timing of actual loss payments are likely to differ from these estimates and the differences could be material. Given the numerous factors and assumptions involved in both estimates of loss and loss expense reserves and related estimates as to the timing of future loss and loss expense payments in the table above, differences between actual and estimated loss payments will not necessarily indicate a commensurate change in ultimate loss estimates. The liability for Unpaid losses and loss expenses presented in our balance sheet is discounted for certain structured settlements, for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable, and certain reserves for unsettled claims. Our loss reserves are not discounted for the time value of money. Accordingly, the estimated amounts in the table exceed the liability for Unpaid losses and loss expenses presented in our balance sheet. Refer to Note 1 h) to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Estimated payments for future policy benefits We establish reserves for future policy benefits for life, long-term health, and annuity contracts. The amounts in the table are gross of fees or premiums due from the underlying contracts. The liability for Future policy benefits for life, long-term health, and annuity contracts presented in our balance sheet is discounted and reflected net of fees or premiums due from the underlying contracts. Accordingly, the estimated amounts in the table exceed the liability for Future policy benefits presented in our balance sheet. Payment amounts related to these reserves must be estimated and are not determinable from the contract. Due to the uncertainty with respect to the timing and amount of these payments, actual results could materially differ from the estimates in the table. Credit Facilities As our Bermuda subsidiaries are non-admitted insurers and reinsurers in the U.S., the terms of certain U.S. insurance and reinsurance contracts require them to provide collateral, which can be in the form of letters of credit (LOCs). LOCs may also be used for general corporate purposes. On October 25, 2017, we entered into a credit facility that provides for up to $1.0 billion of availability, all of which may be used for the issuance of LOC and for revolving loans. We have the ability to increase the capacity to $2.0 billion under certain conditions, but any such increase would not raise the sub-limit for revolving loans above $1.0 billion. Our existing credit facility has a remaining term expiring in October 2022. At December 31, 2019, our LOC usage was $567 million. Our access to funds under an existing credit facility is dependent on the ability of the banks that are a party to the facility to meet their funding commitments. In the event that such credit support is insufficient, we could be required to provide alternative security to clients. This could take the form of additional insurance trusts supported by our investment portfolio or funds withheld using our cash resources. The value of LOCs required is driven by, among other things, statutory liabilities reported by variable annuity guarantee reinsurance clients, loss development of existing reserves, the payment pattern of such reserves, the expansion of business, and loss experience of such business. The facility noted above requires that we maintain certain covenants, all of which have been met at December 31, 2019. These covenants include: (i) a minimum consolidated net worth of not less than $34.985 billion; and (ii) a ratio of consolidated debt to total capitalization of not greater than 0.35 to 1. At December 31, 2019, (a) the minimum consolidated net worth requirement under the covenant described in (i) above was $34.985 billion and our actual consolidated net worth as calculated under that covenant was $54.7 billion and (b) our ratio of debt to total capitalization, as calculated under the covenant which excludes the fair value adjustment of debt acquired through the Chubb Corp acquisition, was 0.21 to 1, which is below the maximum debt to total capitalization ratio of 0.35 to 1 as described in (ii) above. 89 Our failure to comply with the covenants under any credit facility would, subject to grace periods in the case of certain covenants, result in an event of default. This could require us to repay any outstanding borrowings or to cash collateralize LOCs under such facility. Our failure to repay material financial obligations, as well as our failure with respect to certain other events expressly identified, would result in an event of default under the facility. Should our existing credit provider experience financial difficulty, we may be required to replace credit sources, possibly in a difficult market. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or sources of credit on favorable terms, on a timely basis, or at all, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected. To date, we have not experienced difficulty accessing our credit facility. Ratings Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries are assigned credit and financial strength (insurance) ratings from internationally recognized rating agencies, including S&P, A.M. Best, Moody's, and Fitch. The ratings issued on our companies by these agencies are announced publicly and are available directly from the agencies. Our Internet site (investors.chubb.com, under Shareholder Resources/Rating Agency Ratings) also contains some information about our ratings, but such information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report. Financial strength ratings reflect the rating agencies' opinions of a company's claims paying ability. Independent ratings are one of the important factors that establish our competitive position in the insurance markets. The rating agencies consider many factors in determining the financial strength rating of an insurance company, including the relative level of statutory surplus necessary to support the business operations of the company. These ratings are based upon factors relevant to policyholders, agents, and intermediaries and are not directed toward the protection of investors. Such ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell, or hold securities. Credit ratings assess a company's ability to make timely payments of principal and interest on its debt. It is possible that, in the future, one or more of the rating agencies may reduce our existing ratings. If one or more of our ratings were downgraded, we could incur higher borrowing costs, and our ability to access the capital markets could be impacted. In addition, our insurance and reinsurance operations could be adversely impacted by a downgrade in our financial strength ratings, including a possible reduction in demand for our products in certain markets. Also, we have insurance and reinsurance contracts which contain rating triggers. In the event the S&P or A.M. Best financial strength ratings of Chubb fall, we may be faced with the cancellation of premium or be required to post collateral on our underlying obligation associated with this premium. We estimate that at December 31, 2019, a one-notch downgrade of our S&P or A.M. Best financial strength ratings would result in an immaterial loss of premium or requirement for collateral to be posted. ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Market Sensitive Instruments and Risk Management Market risk represents the potential for loss due to adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments. We are exposed to potential losses from various market risks including changes in interest rates, equity prices, and foreign currency exchange rates. Further, through writing the GLB and GMDB products, we are exposed to volatility in the equity and credit markets, as well as interest rates. Our investment portfolio consists primarily of fixed income securities, denominated in both U.S. dollars and foreign currencies, which are sensitive to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. The majority of our fixed income portfolio is classified as available for sale. The effect of market movements on our available for sale investment portfolio impacts Net income (through Net realized gains (losses)) when securities are sold or when we record an OTTI charge in Net income. Changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates will have an immediate effect on Shareholders' equity and Comprehensive income and in certain instances, Net income. From time to time, we also use derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts to manage the duration of our investment portfolio and foreign currency exposures and also to obtain exposure to a particular financial market. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, our notional exposure to derivative instruments was $4.9 billion and $9.1 billion, respectively. These instruments are recognized as assets or liabilities in our consolidated financial statements and are sensitive to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and equity security prices. As part of our investing activities, we purchase to be announced mortgage backed securities (TBAs). Changes in the fair value of TBAs are included in Net realized gains (losses) and therefore, have an immediate effect on both our Net income and Shareholders' equity. 90 We seek to mitigate market risk using a number of techniques, including maintaining and managing the assets and liabilities of our international operations consistent with the foreign currencies of the underlying insurance and reinsurance businesses, thereby limiting exchange rate risk to net assets denominated in foreign currencies. The following is a discussion of our primary market risk exposures at December 31, 2019. Our policies to address these risks in 2019 were not materially different from 2018. We do not currently anticipate significant changes in our primary market risk exposures or in how those exposures are managed in future reporting periods based upon what is known or expected to be in effect in future reporting periods. Interest rate risk – fixed income portfolio and debt obligations Our fixed income portfolio and debt obligations have exposure to interest rate risk. Changes in investment values attributable to interest rate changes are mitigated by corresponding and partially offsetting changes in the economic value of our insurance reserves and debt obligations. We monitor this exposure through periodic reviews of our asset and liability positions. The following table presents the impact at December 31, 2019 and 2018, on the fair value of our fixed income portfolio of a hypothetical increase in interest rates of 100 bps applied instantly across the U.S. yield curve (an immediate time horizon was used as this presents the worst case scenario): (in billions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Fair value of fixed income portfolio Pre-tax impact of 100 bps increase in interest rates: Decrease in dollars As a percentage of total fixed income portfolio at fair value $ $ 2019 102.8 3.9 3.8% $ $ 2018 94.7 3.5 3.7% Changes in interest rates will have an immediate effect on Comprehensive income and Shareholders' equity but will not ordinarily have an immediate effect on Net income. Variations in market interest rates could produce significant changes in the timing of prepayments due to available prepayment options. For these reasons, actual results could differ from those reflected in the tables. Although our debt and trust preferred securities (collectively referred to as debt obligations) are reported at amortized cost and not adjusted for fair value changes, changes in interest rates could have a material impact on their fair value, albeit there would be no impact on our consolidated financial statements. The following table presents the impact at December 31, 2019 and 2018, on the fair value of our debt obligations of a hypothetical decrease in interest rates of 100 bps applied instantly across the U.S. yield curve (an immediate time horizon was used as this presents the worst case scenario): (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Fair value of debt obligations, including repurchase agreements Pre-tax impact of 100 bps decrease in interest rates: Increase in dollars As a percentage of total debt obligations at fair value 2019 2018 $ 18,238 $ 14,524 $ 1,570 $ 1,201 8.6% 8.3% 91 Foreign currency management As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives. We do not hedge our net asset non-U.S. dollar capital positions; however, we do consider hedging for planned cross border transactions. The following table summarizes the net assets in non-U.S. currencies at December 31, 2019 and 2018: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Value of Net Assets Canadian dollar (CAD) British pound sterling (GBP) Euro (EUR) Australian dollar (AUD) Brazilian real (BRL) Mexican peso (MXN) Korean won (KRW) (x100) Hong Kong dollar (HKD) Thai baht (THB) Chilean peso (CLP) (x100) Euro denominated debt (1) Other foreign currencies $ 2,220 2,024 1,675 1,100 990 942 788 653 606 489 (4,804) 2,474 2019 Exchange rate per USD 0.7698 $ 1.3257 1.1213 0.7021 0.2485 0.0528 0.0865 0.1284 0.0337 0.1328 1.1213 various 2018 Exchange rate per USD 2019 vs. 2018 % change in exchange rate per USD Value of Net Assets 2,114 1,901 1,896 1,149 938 729 726 362 459 28 (2,016) 2,106 0.7333 1.2754 1.1467 0.7049 0.2577 0.0509 0.0900 0.1277 0.0309 0.1441 1.1467 various 5.0 % 3.9 % (2.2)% (0.4)% (3.6)% 3.7 % (3.9)% 0.5 % 9.1 % (7.8)% (2.2)% NM Value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies (2) As a percentage of total net assets $ 9,157 $ 10,392 16.6% 20.7% Pre-tax decrease to Shareholders' equity of a hypothetical 10 percent strengthening of the U.S. dollar NM – not meaningful (1) Refer to Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. (2) At December 31, 2019, net assets denominated in foreign currencies comprised approximately 6 percent tangible assets and 94 percent intangible assets, primarily 832 945 $ $ goodwill. Effective July 1, 2018, Argentina was designated as a highly inflationary economy and therefore we changed the functional currency for our Argentine operations from the Argentine Peso to the U.S. dollar. Our net assets denominated in the Argentine Peso represented less than 0.1 percent of consolidated shareholders’ equity. Therefore, this change in the functional currency of our Argentine operations did not have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. 92 Reinsurance of GMDB and GLB guarantees Chubb views its variable annuity reinsurance business as having a similar risk profile to that of catastrophe reinsurance with the probability of long-term economic loss relatively small, at the time of pricing. Adverse changes in market factors and policyholder behavior will have an impact on both Life Insurance underwriting income and net income. When evaluating these risks, we expect to be compensated for taking both the risk of a cumulative long-term economic net loss, as well as the short- term accounting variations caused by these market movements. Therefore, we evaluate this business in terms of its long-term economic risk and reward. Net income is directly impacted by changes in benefit reserves calculated in connection with reinsurance of variable annuity guarantees. In addition, net income is directly impacted by changes in the fair value of the GLB liability (FVL), which is classified as a derivative for accounting purposes. The FVL established for a GLB reinsurance contract represents the difference between the fair value of the contract and the benefit reserves. Benefit reserves and FVL calculations are directly affected by market factors, including equity levels, interest rate levels, credit risk, and implied volatilities, as well as policyholder behaviors, such as annuitization and lapse rates, and policyholder mortality. The tables below are estimates of the sensitivities to instantaneous changes in economic inputs (e.g., equity shock, interest rate shock, etc.) or actuarial assumptions at December 31, 2019 of the FVL and of the fair value of specific derivative instruments held (hedge value) to partially offset the risk in the variable annuity guarantee reinsurance portfolio. The following assumptions should be considered when using the below tables: • No changes to the benefit ratio used to establish benefit reserves at December 31, 2019. • Equity shocks impact all global equity markets equally • Our liabilities are sensitive to global equity markets in the following proportions: 75 percent—85 percent U.S. equity, and 15 percent—25 percent international equity. • Our current hedge portfolio is sensitive only to U.S. equity markets. • We would suggest using the S&P 500 index as a proxy for U.S. equity, and the MSCI EAFE index as a proxy for international equity. • Interest rate shocks assume a parallel shift in the U.S. yield curve • Our liabilities are also sensitive to global interest rates at various points on the yield curve, mainly the U.S. Treasury curve in the following proportions: 5 percent—15 percent short-term rates (maturing in less than 5 years), 25 percent —35 percent medium-term rates (maturing between 5 years and 10 years, inclusive), and 55 percent—65 percent long-term rates (maturing beyond 10 years). • A change in AA-rated credit spreads impacts the rate used to discount cash flows in the fair value model. AA-rated credit spreads are a proxy for both our own credit spreads and the credit spreads of the ceding insurers. • The hedge sensitivity is from December 31, 2019 market levels and only applicable to the equity and interest rate sensitivities table below. • • The sensitivities are not directly additive because changes in one factor will affect the sensitivity to changes in other factors. The sensitivities do not scale linearly and may be proportionally greater for larger movements in the market factors. The sensitivities may also vary due to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. The calculation of the FVL is based on internal models that include assumptions regarding future policyholder behavior, including lapse, annuitization, and asset allocation. These assumptions impact both the absolute level of the FVL as well as the sensitivities to changes in market factors shown below. Actual sensitivity of our net income may differ from those disclosed in the tables below due to differences between short-term market movements and management judgment regarding the long-term assumptions implicit in our benefit ratios. In addition, the tables below do not reflect the expected quarterly run rate of net income generated by the variable annuity guarantee reinsurance portfolio if markets remain unchanged during the period. All else equal, if markets remain unchanged during the period, the Gross FVL will increase, resulting in a realized loss. This realized loss occurs primarily because the guarantees provided in the underlying contracts continue to become more valuable even when markets remain unchanged. We refer to this increase in Gross FVL as “timing effect”. The unfavorable impact of timing effect on our Gross FVL in a quarter is not reflected in the sensitivity tables below. For this reason, when using the tables below to estimate the sensitivity of Gross FVL in the first quarter 2020 to various changes, it is necessary to assume an additional $5 million to $45 million increase in Gross FVL and realized losses. The impact to Net income is partially mitigated because this realized loss is partially offset by the positive quarterly run rate of Life Insurance underwriting income generated by the variable annuity guarantee reinsurance portfolio if markets remain unchanged during the period. Note that both the timing effect and the quarterly run rate of Life Insurance underwriting income change over time as the book ages. 93 Sensitivities to equity and interest rate movements (in millions of U.S. dollars) Worldwide Equity Shock Interest Rate Shock +10% Flat -10% -20% -30% -40% +100 bps (Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL Increase/(decrease) in hedge value Increase/(decrease) in net income Flat (Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL Increase/(decrease) in hedge value Increase/(decrease) in net income -100 bps (Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL Increase/(decrease) in hedge value $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 343 (63) 280 156 (63) 93 (74) (63) 207 — 207 $ $ 49 63 112 — $ (182) — 63 — $ (119) (249) $ (451) — 63 $ (138) $ (357) $ (604) $ $ $ $ 125 (13) (394) 125 (269) (681) 125 $ $ $ $ 188 (169) (636) 188 $ $ 250 (354) (904) 250 (448) $ (654) (936) $ (1,215) 188 250 Increase/(decrease) in net income $ (137) $ (249) $ (388) $ (556) $ (748) $ (965) Sensitivities to Other Economic Variables (in millions of U.S. dollars) (Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL Increase/(decrease) in net income Sensitivities to Actuarial Assumptions (in millions of U.S. dollars) (Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL Increase/(decrease) in net income (in millions of U.S. dollars) (Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL Increase/(decrease) in net income (in millions of U.S. dollars) (Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL Increase/(decrease) in net income AA-rated Credit Spreads Interest Rate Volatility Equity Volatility +100 bps -100 bps +2% -2% +2% -2% $ $ 73 73 $ $ (81) (81) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ — $ — $ 1 1 $ $ (9) (9) Mortality +20% +10% -10% 18 18 +50% 101 101 +50% (498) (498) $ $ $ $ $ $ (9) (9) 9 9 $ $ Lapses +25% 52 52 $ $ -25% (57) (57) Annuitization +25% (264) (264) $ $ -25% 298 298 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 9 9 -20% (19) (19) -50% (120) (120) -50% 585 585 Variable Annuity Net Amount at Risk All our VA reinsurance treaties include annual or aggregate claim limits and many include an aggregate deductible which limit the net amount at risk under these programs. The tables below present the net amount at risk at December 31, 2019 following an immediate change in equity market levels, assuming all global equity markets are impacted equally. For further information on the net amount at risk, refer to Note 5 c) to the Consolidated Financial Statements. a) Reinsurance covering the GMDB risk only (in millions of U.S. dollars) GMDB net amount at risk Claims at 100% immediate mortality Equity Shock +20% Flat -20% -40% -60% -80% $ 271 160 $ 256 $ 167 442 166 $ 797 156 $ 817 138 $ 696 122 The treaty claim limits function as a ceiling as equity markets fall. As the shocks in the table above become incrementally more negative, the impact on the NAR and claims at 100 percent mortality begin to drop due to the specific nature of these claim limits, many of which are annual claim limits calculated as a percentage of the reinsured account value. There is also some impact due to a small portion of the GMDB reinsurance under which claims are positively correlated to equity markets (claims decrease as equity markets fall). 94 b) Reinsurance covering the GLB risk only (in millions of U.S. dollars) GLB net amount at risk Equity Shock +20% Flat -20% -40% -60% -80% $ 724 $ 1,095 $ 1,738 $ 2,516 $ 3,021 $ 3,387 The treaty claim limits cause the net amount at risk to increase at a declining rate as equity markets fall. c) Reinsurance covering both the GMDB and GLB risks on the same underlying policyholders (in millions of U.S. dollars) GMDB net amount at risk GLB net amount at risk Claims at 100% immediate mortality Equity Shock +20% Flat -20% -40% -60% -80% $ 76 $ 91 $ 305 16 415 16 105 560 17 $ 117 723 17 $ 123 888 17 $ 123 985 17 The treaty limits control the increase in the GMDB net amount at risk as equity markets fall. The GMDB net amount at risk continues to grow as equity markets fall because most of these reinsurance treaties do not have annual claim limits calculated as a percentage of the underlying account value. The treaty limits cause the GLB net amount at risk to increase at a declining rate as equity markets fall. ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The financial statements and supplementary data are included in this Form 10-K commencing on page F-1. ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures Chubb’s management, with the participation of Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as of December 31, 2019. Based upon that evaluation, Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in allowing information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to be recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Chubb’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In 2016, Chubb completed the acquisition of The Chubb Corporation. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we continued to integrate the information technology environments of the two companies. There were no other changes to Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting for the year ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting. Chubb's management report on internal control over financial reporting is included on page F-3 and PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP's audit report is included on pages F-4, F-5, and F-6. ITEM 9B. Other Information Item not applicable. 95 PART III ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Information pertaining to this item is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Agenda Item 5 - Election of the Board of Directors”, “Corporate Governance - The Board of Directors - Director Nomination Process”, and “Corporate Governance - The Committees of the Board - Audit Committee” of the definitive proxy statement for the 2020 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A. Also incorporated herein by reference is the text under the caption “Information about our Executive Officers” appearing at the end of Part I Item 1 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K. Code of Ethics Chubb has adopted a Code of Conduct, which sets forth standards by which all Chubb employees, officers, and directors must abide as they work for Chubb. Chubb has posted this Code of Conduct on its Internet site (investors.chubb.com, under Corporate Governance/Highlights and Governance Documents/The Chubb Code of Conduct). Chubb intends to disclose on its Internet site any amendments to, or waivers from, its Code of Conduct that are required to be publicly disclosed pursuant to the rules of the SEC or the New York Stock Exchange. ITEM 11. Executive Compensation This item is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Executive Compensation”, “Compensation Committee Report” and “Director Compensation” of the definitive proxy statement for the 2020 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A. ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Plan category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1) Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders (2) Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights (3) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans 11,801,420 $ 116.79 12,575,263 27,914 (1) These totals include securities available for future issuance under the following plans: (i) Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan (LTIP). A total of 19,500,000 shares are authorized to be issued pursuant to awards made as options, stock appreciation rights, stock units, performance shares, performance units, restricted stock, and restricted stock units. The maximum number of shares that may be delivered to participants and their beneficiaries under the LTIP shall be equal to the sum of: (x) 19,500,000 shares of stock; and (y) any shares of stock that have not been delivered pursuant to the ACE LTIP (as defined in clause (ii) of this footnote (1) below) and remain available for grant pursuant to the ACE LTIP, including shares of stock represented by awards granted under the ACE LTIP that are forfeited, expire or are canceled after the effective date of the LTIP without delivery of shares of stock or which result in the forfeiture of the shares of stock back to the Company to the extent that such shares would have been added back to the reserve under the terms of the ACE LTIP. As of December 31, 2019, a total of 5,288,553 option awards and 706,535 restricted stock unit awards are outstanding, and 10,789,285 shares remain available for future issuance under this plan. (ii) ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (ACE LTIP). As of December 31, 2019, a total of 5,496,523 option awards and 72,075 restricted stock unit awards are outstanding. No additional grants will be made pursuant to the ACE LTIP. (iii) The Chubb Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan (2014) (Chubb Corp. LTIP). As of December 31, 2019, a total of 99,759 option awards, 3,433 restricted stock unit awards, nil performance unit awards (representing 100% of the aggregate target in accordance with the Chubb Corp. merger agreement) and 83,173 deferred stock unit awards are outstanding. No additional grants will be made pursuant to the Chubb Corp. LTIP. (iv) ESPP. A total of 6,500,000 shares have been authorized for purchase at a discount. As of December 31, 2019, 1,785,978 shares remain available for future issuance under this plan. 96 (2) These plans are the Chubb Corp. CCAP Excess Benefit Plan (CCAP Excess Benefit Plan) and the Chubb Corp. Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors, under which no Common Shares are available for future issuance other than with respect to outstanding rewards. The CCAP Excess Benefit Plan is a nonqualified, defined contribution plan and covers those participants in the Capital Accumulation Plan of The Chubb Corporation (CCAP) (Chubb Corp.’s legacy 401(k) plan) and Chubb Corp.’s legacy employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) whose total benefits under those plans are limited by certain provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. A participant in the CCAP Excess Benefit Plan is entitled to a benefit equaling the difference between the participant’s benefits under the CCAP and the ESOP, without considering the applicable limitations of the Code, and the participant’s actual benefits under such plans. A participant’s excess ESOP benefit is expressed as Common Shares. Payments under the CCAP Excess Benefit Plan are generally made: (i) for excess benefits related to the CCAP, in cash annually as soon as practical after the amount of excess benefit can be determined; and (ii) for excess benefits related to the ESOP, in Common Shares as soon as practicable after the participant’s termination of employment. Allocations under the ESOP ceased in 2004. Accordingly, other than dividends, no new contributions are made to the ESOP or the CCAP Excess Benefit Plan with respect to excess ESOP benefits. (3) Weighted average exercise price excludes shares issuable under performance unit awards and restricted stock unit awards. ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence This item is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Corporate Governance - What Is Our Related Party Transactions Approval Policy And What Procedures Do We Use To Implement It?”, “Corporate Governance - What Related Party Transactions Do We Have?”, and “Corporate Governance - The Board of Directors - Director Independence” of the definitive proxy statement for the 2020 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A. ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services This item is incorporated by reference to the section entitled “Agenda Item 4 – Election of Auditors – 4.2 – Ratification of appointment of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (United States) as independent registered public accounting firm for purposes of U.S. securities law reporting” of the definitive proxy statement for the 2020 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A. 97 Part IV ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a) Financial Statements, Schedules, and Exhibits 1. Consolidated Financial Statements Management's Responsibility for Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2019 and 2018 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 2. Financial Statement Schedules Schedule I - Summary of Investments - Other Than Investments in Related Parties at December 31, 2019 Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Company Only) at December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 Schedule IV - Supplemental Information Concerning Reinsurance for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 Schedule VI - Supplementary Information Concerning Property and Casualty Operations as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 Page F-3 F-4 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10 F-11 F-108 F-109 F-111 F-112 Other schedules have been omitted as they are not applicable to Chubb, or the required information has been included in the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes. 3. Exhibits Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Articles of Association of the Company, as amended and restated Organizational Regulations of the Company as amended Articles of Association of the Company, as amended and restated Organizational Regulations of the Company as amended Specimen share certificate representing Common Shares Indenture, dated March 15, 2002, between ACE Limited and Bank One Trust Company, N.A. Senior Indenture, dated August 1, 1999, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., ACE Limited and Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. (as successor), as trustee 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 98 Incorporated by Reference Original Number 3.1 3.1 4.1 3.1 4.3 4.1 Date Filed May 18, 2018 Filed Herewith November 21, 2016 May 18, 2018 November 21, 2016 July 18, 2008 March 22, 2002 4.4 December 10, 2014 Form 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K S-3 ASR 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Indenture, dated November 30, 1999, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc. and Bank One Trust Company, N.A., as trustee Indenture, dated December 1, 1999, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., ACE Limited and Bank One Trust Company, National Association, as trustee Amended and Restated Trust Agreement, dated March 31, 2000, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., Bank One Trust Company, National Association, as property trustee, Bank One Delaware Inc., as Delaware trustee and the administrative trustees named therein Incorporated by Reference Form 10-K Original Number 10.38 Date Filed Filed Herewith March 29, 2000 10-K 10.41 March 29, 2000 10-K 4.17 March 16, 2006 Common Securities Guarantee Agreement, dated March 31, 2000 10-K 4.18 March 16, 2006 Capital Securities Guarantee Agreement, dated March 31, 2000 10-K 4.19 March 16, 2006 Form of 2.70 percent Senior Notes due 2023 Form of 4.15 percent Senior Notes due 2043 First Supplemental Indenture dated as of March 13, 2013 to the Indenture dated as of August 1, 1999 among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., as Issuer, ACE Limited, as Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Successor Trustee Form of 3.35 percent Senior Notes due 2024 Form of 3.150 percent Senior Notes due 2025 Form of 2.30 percent Senior Notes due 2020 Form of 2.875 percent Senior Notes due 2022 Form of 3.35 percent Senior Notes due 2026 Form of 4.35 percent Senior Notes due 2045 First Supplemental Indenture to the Chubb Corp Senior Indenture dated as of January 15, 2016 to the Indenture dated as of October 25, 1989 among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., as Successor Issuer, ACE Limited, as Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee Second Supplemental Indenture to the Chubb Corp Junior Subordinated Indenture dated as of January 15, 2016 to the Indenture dated as of March 29, 2007 among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., as Successor Issuer, ACE Limited, as Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee Chubb Corp Senior Indenture (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(a) to Chubb Corp's Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on October 27, 1989) (File No. 33-31796) Chubb Corp Junior Subordinated Indenture (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Chubb Corp's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 30, 2007) (File No. 001-08661) 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.1 March 13, 2013 March 13, 2013 March 13, 2013 May 27, 2014 March 16, 2015 November 3, 2015 November 3, 2015 November 3, 2015 November 3, 2015 January 15, 2016 8-K 4.2 January 15, 2016 S-3 4(a) October 27, 1989 8-K 4.1 March 30, 2007 99 Exhibit Description First Supplemental Indenture to the Chubb Corp Junior Subordinated Indenture dated as of March 29, 2007 between the Chubb Corporation and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Chubb Corp's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 30, 2007) (File No. 001-08661) Form of 5.75 percent Chubb Corp Senior Notes due 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Chubb Corp's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 6, 2008) (File No. 001-08661) Form of 6.60 percent Chubb Corp Debentures due 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(a) to Chubb Corp's Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on October 27, 1989) (File No. 33-31796) Form of 6.80 percent Chubb Corp Debentures due 2031 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(a) to Chubb Corp's Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on October 27, 1989) (File No. 33-31796) Form of 6.00 percent Chubb Corp Senior Notes due 2037 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Chubb Corp's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 11, 2007) (File No. 001-08661) Form of 6.50 percent Chubb Corp Senior Notes due 2038 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Chubb Corp's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 6, 2008) (File No. 001-08661) Form of debenture for the 6.375 percent Chubb Corp DISCs (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Chubb Corp's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 30, 2007) (File No. 001-08661) Incorporated by Reference Original Number Date Filed Filed Herewith 4.2 March 30, 2007 Form 8-K 8-K 4.1 May 6, 2008 S-3 4(a) October 27, 1989 S-3 4(a) October 27, 1989 8-K 4.1 May 11, 2007 8-K 4.2 May 6, 2008 8-K 4.3 March 30, 2007 Procedures regarding the registration of shareholders in the share register of Chubb Limited 10-K 4.32 February 28, 2017 Exhibit Number 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 Form of Officer's Certificate related to the 1.550% Senior Notes due 2028 and 2.500% Senior Notes due 2038 4.33 Form of Global Note for the 1.550% Senior Notes due 2028 4.34 Form of Global Note for the 2.500% Senior Notes due 2038 4.35 Form of Officer's Certificate related to the 0.875% Senior Notes due 2027 and 1.400% Senior Notes due 2031 4.36 Form of Global Note for the 0.875% Senior Notes due 2027 4.37 Form of Global Note for the 1.400% Senior Notes due 2031 4.38 Form of Officer’s Certificate related to the 0.300% Senior Notes due 2024 and 0.875% Senior Notes due 2029 4.39 Form of Global Note for the 0.300% Senior Notes due 2024 4.40 Form of Global Note for the 0.875% Senior Notes due 2029 100 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 March 6, 2018 March 6, 2018 March 6, 2018 June 17, 2019 June 17, 2019 June 17, 2019 December 5, 2019 December 5, 2019 December 5, 2019 Exhibit Number Exhibit Description 4.41 Description of the Registrant's Securities Incorporated by Reference Form Original Number Date Filed Filed Herewith X 10.1* Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and the directors of the Company, dated August 13, 2015 10-K 10.1 February 26, 2016 10.2 10.3* 10.4* 10.5* 10.6* 10.7* Credit Agreement for $1,000,000,000 Senior Unsecured Letter of Credit Facility, dated as of November 6, 2012, among ACE Limited, and certain subsidiaries and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Administrative Agent, the Swingline Bank and an Issuing Bank 10-K 10.13 February 28, 2013 Employment Terms dated October 29, 2001, between ACE Limited and Evan Greenberg 10-K 10.64 March 27, 2003 Employment Terms dated November 2, 2001, between ACE Limited and Philip V. Bancroft 10-K 10.65 March 27, 2003 Executive Severance Agreement between ACE Limited and Philip Bancroft, effective January 2, 2002 10-Q 10.1 May 10, 2004 Letter Regarding Executive Severance between ACE Limited and Philip V. Bancroft 10-K 10.17 February 25, 2011 Employment Terms dated April 10, 2006, between ACE and John Keogh 10-K 10.29 February 29, 2008 10.8* Executive Severance Agreement between ACE and John Keogh 10-K 10.30 February 29, 2008 10.9* ACE Limited Executive Severance Plan as amended effective May 18, 2011 10-K 10.21 February 24, 2012 10.10* Form of employment agreement between the Company (or subsidiaries of the Company) and executive officers of the Company to allocate a percentage of aggregate salary to the Company (or subsidiaries of the Company) 8-K 10.1 July 16, 2008 10.11* Outside Directors Compensation Parameters X 10.12* ACE Limited Elective Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended and restated effective January 1, 2005) 10-K 10.24 March 16, 2006 10.13* ACE USA Officer Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended through January 1, 2001) 10-K 10.25 March 16, 2006 10.14* ACE USA Officer Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended and restated effective January 1, 2011) 10-Q 10.7 October 30, 2013 10.15* ACE USA Officer Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended and restated effective January 1, 2009) 10-K 10.36 February 27, 2009 10.16* First Amendment to the Amended and Restated ACE USA Officers Deferred Compensation Plan 10-K 10.28 February 25, 2010 10.17* Form of Swiss Mandatory Retirement Benefit Agreement (for Swiss-employed named executive officers) 10-Q 10.2 May 7, 2010 10.18* ACE Limited Supplemental Retirement Plan (as amended and restated effective July 1, 2001) 10-Q 10.1 November 14, 2001 10.19* ACE Limited Supplemental Retirement Plan (as amended and restated effective January 1, 2011) 10-Q 10.6 October 30, 2013 101 Exhibit Number 10.20* Exhibit Description Amendments to the ACE Limited Supplemental Retirement Plan and the ACE Limited Elective Deferred Compensation Plan Incorporated by Reference Form 10-K Original Number Date Filed Filed Herewith 10.38 February 29, 2008 10.21* ACE Limited Elective Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended and restated effective January 1, 2009) 10-K 10.39 February 27, 2009 10.22* ACE Limited Elective Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended and restated effective January 1, 2011) 10-Q 10.5 October 30, 2013 10.23* Deferred Compensation Plan amendments, effective January 1, 2009 10-K 10.40 February 27, 2009 10.24* Amendment to the ACE Limited Supplemental Retirement Plan 10-K 10.39 February 29, 2008 10.25* Amendment and restated ACE Limited Supplemental Retirement Plan, effective January 1, 2009 10-K 10.42 February 27, 2009 10.26* ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan (see exhibit 10.6 to Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 15, 2000) 10-Q 10.6 May 15, 2000 10.27* ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan (as amended through the Second Amendment) 10-K 10.30 March 1, 2007 10.28* ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan (as amended through the Third Amendment) 10-K 10.31 March 1, 2007 10.29* ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan (as amended and restated) 10-K 10.46 February 27, 2009 10.30* First Amendment to the Amended and Restated ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan 10-K 10.39 February 25, 2010 10.31* The ACE Limited 1995 Outside Directors Plan (as amended through the Seventh Amendment) 10-Q 10.1 August 14, 2003 10.32* ACE Limited 1998 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended through the Fourth Amendment) 10-K 10.34 March 1, 2007 10.33* ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended through the Fifth Amendment) 10.34* ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended through the Sixth Amendment) 8-K 8-K 10 May 21, 2010 10.1 May 20, 2013 10.35* ACE Limited Rules of the Approved U.K. Stock Option Program (see exhibit 10.2 to Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on February 13, 1998) 10-Q 10.2 February 13, 1998 10.36* Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-K 10.54 February 27, 2009 10.37* Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-K 10.55 February 27, 2009 10.38* Director Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.1 November 9, 2009 10.39* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.1 May 8, 2008 102 Exhibit Number 10.40* Exhibit Description Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan Incorporated by Reference Original Number Date Filed Filed Herewith 10.2 May 8, 2008 Form 10-Q 10.41* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-K 10.60 February 27, 2009 10.42* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.2 October 30, 2013 10.43* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and the General Counsel 10-K 10.56 February 28, 2014 10.44* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 8-K 10.4 September 13, 2004 10.45* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.4 May 8, 2008 10.46* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-K 10.63 February 27, 2009 10.47* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.3 October 30, 2013 10.48* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 8-K 10.5 September 13, 2004 10.49* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.3 May 8, 2008 10.50* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.4 October 30, 2013 10.51* Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as updated through May 4, 2006 10-Q 10.3 May 5, 2006 10.52* Revised Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.2 November 8, 2006 10.53* Revised Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under The ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-K 10.65 February 25, 2011 10.54* Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-K 10.67 February 28, 2014 10.55* 10.56* 10.57* Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and the General Counsel Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms (for outside directors) under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms (for outside directors) under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-K 10.68 February 28, 2014 10-Q 10.2 November 7, 2007 10-Q 10.2 August 7, 2009 103 Exhibit Number 10.58* 10.59* 10.60* Exhibit Description Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Messrs. Greenberg and Cusumano Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Messrs. Greenberg and Cusumano Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Messrs. Greenberg and Cusumano 10.61* ACE Limited Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended 10.62* 10.63* 10.64* 10.65* 10.66* 10.67* Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Messrs. Greenberg and Cusumano Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Incorporated by Reference Form 10-Q Original Number 10.1 Date Filed August 4, 2011 Filed Herewith 10-Q 10.2 August 4, 2011 10-Q 10.3 August 4, 2011 8-K 10-K 10.1 May 22, 2012 10.72 February 24, 2012 10-K 10.68 February 27, 2015 10-K 10.69 February 27, 2015 10-K 10.70 February 27, 2015 10-K 10.71 February 27, 2015 10-K 10.72 February 27, 2015 10.68* Form of Executive Management Non-Competition Agreement 8-K 10.1 May 22, 2015 10.69 Commitment Increase Agreement to increase the credit capacity under the Credit Agreement originally entered into on November 6, 2012 to $1,500,000,000 under the Senior Unsecured Letter of Credit Facility, dated as of December 11, 2015, among ACE Limited, and certain subsidiaries, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Administrative Agent, the Swingline Bank and an Issuing Bank 10-K 10.72 February 26, 2016 10.70* Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-K 10.73 February 26, 2016 10.71* Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Special Award for Messrs. Greenberg and Keogh 10-K 10.74 February 26, 2016 10.72* Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan S-8 4.4 May 26, 2016 10.73* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.2 August 5, 2016 10.74* Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.3 August 5, 2016 104 Exhibit Number 10.75* Exhibit Description Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan Incorporated by Reference Form 10-Q Original Number 10.4 Date Filed August 5, 2016 Filed Herewith 10.76* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.5 August 5, 2016 10.77* 10.78* 10.79* 10.80* 10.81* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management 10-Q 10.6 August 5, 2016 10-Q 10.7 August 5, 2016 10-Q 10.8 August 5, 2016 10-Q 10.9 August 5, 2016 10-K 10.84 February 28, 2017 10.82* Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-K 10.85 February 28, 2017 10.83* 10.84* 10.85 10.86* 10.87* 10.88* Chubb Limited Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated S-8 4.4 May 25, 2017 Director Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.1 August 3, 2017 Amended and Restated Credit Agreement for $1,000,000 Senior Unsecured Letter of Credit Facility, dated as of October 25, 2017, among Chubb Limited, and certain subsidiaries and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Administrative Agent, the Swingline Bank and an Issuing Bank 10-K 10.88 February 23, 2018 Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Executive Officers 10-K 10.89 February 23, 2018 Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Executive Officers 10-K 10.90 February 23, 2018 Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Executive Officers 10-K 10.91 February 23, 2018 10.89* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Executive Officers 10-K 10.92 February 23, 2018 10.90* 10.91* 10.92* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Plan for Executive Officers 10-K 10.93 February 23, 2018 Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management 10-K 10.94 February 23, 2018 10-K 10.95 February 23, 2018 105 Exhibit Number 10.93* 10.94* 10.95* Exhibit Description Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Incorporated by Reference Form 10-K Original Number Date Filed Filed Herewith 10.96 February 23, 2018 10-K 10.97 February 23, 2018 10-K 10.98 February 23, 2018 10.96* Chubb Limited Clawback Policy 10-K 10.99 February 23, 2018 X X X X X X X 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 101 Subsidiaries of the Company Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The following financial information from Chubb Limited's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2019 and 2018; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017; and (v) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 104 The Cover Page Interactive Data File formatted in Inline XBRL (The cover page XBRL tags are embedded in the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101) * Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 106 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. CHUBB LIMITED By: /s/ Philip V. Bancroft Philip V. Bancroft Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 27, 2020 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ Evan G. Greenberg Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director February 27, 2020 Evan G. Greenberg /s/ Philip V. Bancroft Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 27, 2020 Philip V. Bancroft (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ Paul B. Medini Chief Accounting Officer February 27, 2020 Paul B. Medini (Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ Michael G. Atieh Director Michael G. Atieh /s/ Sheila P. Burke Director Sheila P. Burke /s/ James I. Cash Director James I. Cash /s/ Mary A. Cirillo Director Mary A. Cirillo /s/ Michael P. Connors Director Michael P. Connors February 27, 2020 February 27, 2020 February 27, 2020 February 27, 2020 February 27, 2020 107 Signature Title Date February 27, 2020 February 27, 2020 February 27, 2020 February 27, 2020 February 27, 2020 February 27, 2020 February 27, 2020 February 27, 2020 /s/ John Edwardson Director John Edwardson /s/ Robert M. Hernandez Director Robert M. Hernandez /s/ Kimberly Ross Director Kimberly Ross /s/ Robert W. Scully Director Robert W. Scully /s/ Eugene B. Shanks, Jr. Director Eugene B. Shanks, Jr. /s/ Theodore E. Shasta Director Theodore E. Shasta /s/ David Sidwell Director David Sidwell /s/ Olivier Steimer Director Olivier Steimer 108 CHUBB LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2019 F-1 Chubb Limited INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Management's Responsibility for Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Financial Statements Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1. Note 2. Note 3. Note 4. Note 5. Note 6. Note 7. Note 8. Note 9. Summary of significant accounting policies Acquisitions Investments Fair value measurements Reinsurance Goodwill and Other intangible assets Unpaid losses and loss expenses Taxation Debt Note 10. Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees Note 11. Shareholders' equity Note 12. Share-based compensation Note 13. Postretirement benefits Note 14. Other income and expense Note 15. Segment information Note 16. Earnings per share Note 17. Related party transactions Note 18. Statutory financial information Note 19. Information provided in connection with outstanding debt of subsidiaries Note 20. Condensed unaudited quarterly financial data Financial Statement Schedules Schedule I Summary of Investments - Other Than Investments in Related Parties Schedule II Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Schedule IV Supplemental Information Concerning Reinsurance Schedule VI Supplementary Information Concerning Property and Casualty Operations F-2 Page F-3 F-4 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10 F-11 F-21 F-22 F-30 F-37 F-40 F-42 F-69 F-73 F-75 F-80 F-82 F-86 F-92 F-92 F-97 F-97 F-99 F-100 F-107 F-108 F-109 F-111 F-112 MANAGEMENT'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Financial Statements The consolidated financial statements of Chubb Limited (Chubb) were prepared by management, which is responsible for their reliability and objectivity. The statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and, as such, include amounts based on informed estimates and judgments of management. Financial information elsewhere in this annual report is consistent with that in the consolidated financial statements. The Board of Directors (Board), operating through its Audit Committee, which is composed entirely of directors who are not officers or employees of Chubb, provides oversight of the financial reporting process and safeguarding of assets against unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition. The Audit Committee annually recommends the appointment of an independent registered public accounting firm and submits its recommendation to the Board for approval. The Audit Committee meets with management, the independent registered public accountants and the internal auditor; approves the overall scope of audit work and related fee arrangements; and reviews audit reports and findings. In addition, the independent registered public accountants and the internal auditor meet separately with the Audit Committee, without management representatives present, to discuss the results of their audits; the adequacy of Chubb's internal control; the quality of its financial reporting; and the safeguarding of assets against unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition. The consolidated financial statements have been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, which has been given access to all financial records and related data, including minutes of all meetings of the Board and committees of the Board. Chubb believes that all representations made to our independent registered public accountants during their audits were valid and appropriate. Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting The management of Chubb is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. As of December 31, 2019, management has evaluated the effectiveness of Chubb's internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework,” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. Based on this evaluation, we have concluded that Chubb's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of Chubb included in this Annual Report, has issued a report on the effectiveness of Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. The report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of Chubb's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, is included in this Item under “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” and follows this statement. /s/ Evan G. Greenberg Evan G. Greenberg /s/ Philip V. Bancroft Philip V. Bancroft Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer F-3 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Chubb Limited Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, of shareholders' equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, including the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Basis for Opinions The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. F-4 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Valuation of Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance As described in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2019, the Company’s liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses, net of reinsurance, was approximately $48.5 billion. The majority of the Company’s net unpaid losses and loss expenses arise from the Company’s long-tail casualty business (such as general liability and professional liability), U.S. sourced workers’ compensation, asbestos-related, environmental pollution and other exposures with high estimation uncertainty. The process of establishing loss reserves requires the use of estimates and judgments based on circumstances underlying the insured loss at the date of accrual. The judgments involved in projecting the ultimate losses include the use and interpretation of various standard actuarial reserving methods that place reliance on the extrapolation of actual historical data, loss development patterns, industry data, and other benchmarks as appropriate. The reserves for the various product lines each require different qualitative and quantitative assumptions and judgments, including changes in business mix or volume, changes in ceded reinsurance structures, changes in claims handling practices, reported and projected loss trends, inflation, the legal environment, and the terms and conditions of the contracts sold to the Company’s insured parties. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of unpaid losses and loss expenses, net of reinsurance, from the long-tail and other exposures as described above, is a critical audit matter are (i) there was significant judgment by management in determining the reserve liability which in turn led to a high degree of auditor subjectivity and judgment in performing procedures relating to the valuation; (ii) there was significant auditor effort and judgment in evaluating the audit evidence relating to the actuarial reserving methods and assumptions related to extrapolation of actual historical data, loss development patterns, industry data, other benchmarks, and the impact of qualitative and quantitative subjective factors; and (iii) the audit effort included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the Company’s valuation of unpaid losses and loss expenses, net of reinsurance, including controls over the selection of actuarial methodologies and development of significant assumptions. These procedures also included, among others, the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing one or a combination of procedures, including (i) independently estimating reserves on a sample basis using actual historical data and loss development patterns, as well as industry data and other benchmarks, to develop an independent estimate and comparing the independent estimate to management’s actuarially determined reserves; and (ii) evaluating management’s actuarial reserving methodologies and aforementioned assumptions, as well as assessing qualitative adjustments to carried reserves and the consistency of management’s approach period-over-period. Performing these procedures involved testing the completeness and accuracy of data provided by management. Valuation of Level 3 Investments in the Valuation Hierarchy As described in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2019, the Company had total assets measured at fair value of approximately $96 billion, of which $2 billion were categorized as level 3 in the valuation hierarchy. The level 3 investments are measured at fair value using inputs that are unobservable and reflect management’s judgments about assumptions that market participants would use in pricing or, for certain of the investments, management obtains and evaluates a single broker quote, which is typically from a market maker. As described by management, the valuation is more subjective when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market based inputs (i.e., stale pricing), which may increase the potential that an investment's estimated fair value is not reflective of the price at which an actual transaction would occur. F-5 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of level 3 investments in the valuation hierarchy is a critical audit matter are (i) there was significant judgment by management in determining the fair value of these investments as they are measured using inputs that are unobservable and are likely to be priced using models or inputs other than quoted prices which in turn led to a high degree of auditor subjectivity and judgment in performing procedures relating to the estimate; and (ii) the audit effort included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of the controls relating to the valuation of level 3 investments. These procedures also included, among others, obtaining pricing from sources other than those used by management for a sample of securities and comparing management’s estimate to the prices independently obtained, and the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in developing an independent range of estimates for a sample of securities and comparing management’s estimate to the independently developed ranges. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Philadelphia, PA February 27, 2020 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1985, which includes periods before the Company became subject to SEC reporting requirements. F-6 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries (in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) Assets Investments December 31 2019 December 31 2018 Fixed maturities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost – $82,580 and $79,323) $ 85,488 $ 78,470 Fixed maturities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value – $13,005 and $13,259) Equity securities, at fair value Short-term investments, at fair value and amortized cost Other investments, at fair value Total investments Cash Restricted cash Securities lending collateral Accrued investment income Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits Deferred policy acquisition costs Value of business acquired Goodwill Other intangible assets Prepaid reinsurance premiums Investments in partially-owned insurance companies Other assets Total assets Liabilities Unpaid losses and loss expenses Unearned premiums Future policy benefits Insurance and reinsurance balances payable Securities lending payable Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities Deferred tax liabilities Repurchase agreements Short-term debt Long-term debt Trust preferred securities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (refer to Note 10) Shareholders’ equity Common Shares (CHF 24.15 par value; 479,783,864 shares issued; 451,971,567 and 459,203,378 shares outstanding) Common Shares in treasury (27,812,297 and 20,580,486 shares) Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements 12,581 812 4,291 6,062 109,234 1,537 109 994 867 10,357 15,181 197 5,242 306 15,296 6,063 2,647 1,332 7,581 13,435 770 3,016 5,277 100,968 1,247 93 1,926 883 10,075 15,993 202 4,922 295 15,271 6,143 2,544 678 6,531 $ $ 176,943 $ 167,771 62,690 $ 16,771 5,814 6,184 994 11,773 804 1,416 1,299 13,559 308 62,960 15,532 5,506 6,437 1,926 10,472 304 1,418 509 12,087 308 121,612 117,459 11,121 (3,754) 11,203 36,142 619 55,331 11,121 (2,618) 12,557 31,700 (2,448) 50,312 $ 176,943 $ 167,771 F-7 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data) Revenues Net premiums written Increase in unearned premiums Net premiums earned Net investment income Net realized gains (losses): Other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses gross Portion of OTTI losses recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI) Net OTTI losses recognized in income Net realized gains (losses) excluding OTTI losses Total net realized gains (losses) (includes $(31), $(302), and $(15) reclassified from AOCI) Total revenues Expenses Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Interest expense Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Chubb integration expenses Total expenses Income before income tax Income tax expense (benefit) (includes nil, $(41), and $(13) on reclassified unrealized gains and losses) Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Unrealized appreciation (depreciation) Reclassification adjustment for net realized (gains) losses included in net income Change in: Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment Postretirement benefit liability adjustment Other comprehensive income (loss), before income tax Income tax (expense) benefit related to OCI items Other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income Earnings per share Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements F-8 $ $ $ $ $ 2019 2018 2017 $ 32,275 $ 30,579 $ 29,244 (985) (515) (210) 31,290 3,426 30,064 3,305 29,034 3,125 (90) 32 (58) (472) (52) 3 (49) (603) (46) 1 (45) 129 (530) (652) 84 34,186 32,717 32,243 18,730 18,067 18,454 740 6,153 3,030 552 (596) 305 23 590 5,912 2,886 641 (434) 339 59 676 5,781 2,833 607 (400) 260 310 28,937 5,249 28,060 4,657 28,521 3,722 795 695 (139) 4,454 $ 3,962 $ 3,861 31 3,735 13 (76) 3,672 (605) 3,067 3,704 $ (2,298) $ 302 (1,996) (802) (321) 618 15 633 471 (16) (3,119) 1,088 399 (2,720) (231) 857 7,521 $ 1,242 $ 4,718 9.77 $ 9.71 $ 8.55 $ 8.49 $ 8.26 8.19 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Common Shares Balance – beginning and end of year Common Shares in treasury Balance – beginning of year Common Shares repurchased Net shares issued under employee share-based compensation plans Balance – end of year Additional paid-in capital Balance – beginning of year Net shares issued under employee share-based compensation plans Exercise of stock options Share-based compensation expense Funding of dividends declared to Retained earnings Balance – end of year Retained earnings Balance – beginning of year Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting standards (refer to Note 1) Balance – beginning of year, as adjusted Net income Funding of dividends declared from Additional paid-in capital Dividends declared on Common Shares Balance – end of year Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments Balance – beginning of year Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting standards Balance – beginning of year, as adjusted Change in year, before reclassification from AOCI, net of income tax (expense) benefit of $(647), $338, and $(228) Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax (expense) benefit of nil, $(41), and $(13) Change in year, net of income tax (expense) benefit of $(647), $297, and $(241) Balance – end of year Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment Balance – beginning of year Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting standards Balance – beginning of year, as adjusted Change in year, net of income tax benefit of $24, $35, and $5 Balance – end of year Postretirement benefit liability adjustment Balance – beginning of year Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting standards Balance – beginning of year, as adjusted Change in year, net of income tax benefit of $18, $67, and $5 Balance – end of year Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Total shareholders’ equity See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements 2019 2018 2017 $ 11,121 $ 11,121 $ 11,121 (2,618) (1,531) 395 (1,944) (1,021) 347 (1,480) (830) 366 (3,754) (2,618) (1,944) 12,557 13,978 15,335 (178) (82) 266 (1,360) 11,203 31,700 (12) 31,688 4,454 1,360 (1,360) 36,142 (545) — (545) 3,057 31 3,088 2,543 (313) (49) 285 (1,344) 12,557 27,474 264 27,738 3,962 1,344 (1,344) 31,700 1,450 (296) 1,154 (1,960) 261 (1,699) (545) (313) (58) 331 (1,317) 13,978 23,613 — 23,613 3,861 1,317 (1,317) 27,474 1,058 — 1,058 390 2 392 1,450 (1,976) (1,187) (1,663) — (1,976) 37 (1,939) 73 — 73 (58) 15 619 (22) (1,209) (767) (1,976) 280 47 327 (254) 73 (2,448) — (1,663) 476 (1,187) 291 — 291 (11) 280 543 $ 55,331 $ 50,312 $ 51,172 F-9 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Cash flows from operating activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows from operating activities 2019 2018 2017 $ 4,454 $ 3,962 $ 3,861 Net realized (gains) losses Amortization of premiums/discounts on fixed maturities Amortization of purchased intangibles Deferred income taxes Unpaid losses and loss expenses Unearned premiums Future policy benefits Insurance and reinsurance balances payable Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities Income taxes payable Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable Reinsurance recoverable Deferred policy acquisition costs Other Net cash flows from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale Purchases of to be announced mortgage-backed securities Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity Purchases of equity securities Sales of fixed maturities available for sale Sales of to be announced mortgage-backed securities Sales of equity securities Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity Net change in short-term investments Net derivative instruments settlements Private equity contributions Private equity distributions Acquisition of subsidiaries (net of cash acquired of $45, nil, and nil) Other Net cash flows used for investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Dividends paid on Common Shares Common Shares repurchased Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements Repayment of long-term debt Repayment of repurchase agreements Proceeds from share-based compensation plans Policyholder contract deposits Policyholder contract withdrawals Net cash flows used for financing activities Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and restricted cash Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash Cash and restricted cash – beginning of year Cash and restricted cash – end of year Supplemental cash flow information Taxes paid Interest paid See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements $ $ $ F-10 530 395 305 (97) (257) 1,051 215 (302) (207) (7) (270) 838 (344) 38 6,342 (25,846) — (229) (531) 13,110 6 611 9,039 946 (1,117) (703) (1,315) 1,390 (29) (1,237) (5,905) (1,354) (1,530) 2,828 2,817 (510) (2,817) 204 652 592 339 16 570 654 235 722 375 161 (981) (1,165) (301) (351) 5,480 (24,700) (35) (456) (207) 14,001 29 315 7,352 1,124 516 16 (1,337) 980 — (533) (2,935) (1,337) (1,044) 2,171 2,029 (2,001) (2,019) 115 514 (303) (151) 20 306 1,340 1,646 $ 453 (358) (1,991) (65) 489 851 1,340 $ (84) 694 260 (527) 2,137 264 217 271 (517) (365) (243) (1,248) (317) 100 4,503 (25,720) (27) (352) (173) 13,228 27 187 10,425 879 (537) (265) (648) 1,084 — (530) (2,422) (1,308) (801) — 2,353 (501) (2,348) 151 442 (307) (2,319) 1 (237) 1,088 851 912 $ 512 $ 503 $ 621 $ 736 644 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 1. Summary of significant accounting policies a) Basis of presentation Chubb Limited is a holding company incorporated in Zurich, Switzerland. Chubb Limited, through its subsidiaries, provides a broad range of insurance and reinsurance products to insureds worldwide. Our results are reported through the following business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. Refer to Note 15 for additional information. The accompanying consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries (collectively, Chubb, we, us, or our), have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results and financial position for such periods. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions, including internal reinsurance transactions, have been eliminated. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Amounts included in the Consolidated financial statements reflect our best estimates and assumptions; actual amounts could differ materially from these estimates. Chubb's principal estimates include: • unpaid loss and loss expense reserves, including long-tail asbestos and environmental (A&E) reserves and non-A&E casualty exposures; • future policy benefits reserves; • amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired (VOBA); • • • • • • • reinsurance recoverable, including a provision for uncollectible reinsurance; the assessment of risk transfer for certain structured insurance and reinsurance contracts; the valuation of the investment portfolio and assessment of other than temporary impairment (OTTI); the valuation of deferred income taxes; the valuation of derivative instruments related to guaranteed living benefits (GLB); the valuation and amortization of purchased intangibles; and the assessment of goodwill for impairment. b) Premiums Premiums are generally recorded as written upon inception of the policy. For multi-year policies for which premiums written are payable in annual installments, only the current annual premium is included as written at policy inception due to the ability of the insured/reinsured to commute or cancel coverage within the policy term. The remaining annual premiums are recorded as written at each successive anniversary date within the multi-year term. For property and casualty (P&C) insurance and reinsurance products, premiums written are primarily earned on a pro-rata basis over the policy terms to which they relate. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written applicable to the unexpired portion of the policies in force. For retrospectively-rated policies, written premiums are adjusted to reflect expected ultimate premiums consistent with changes to incurred losses, or other measures of exposure as stated in the policy, and earned over the policy coverage period. Mandatory reinstatement premiums assessed on reinsurance policies are earned in the period of the loss event that gave rise to the reinstatement premiums. All remaining unearned premiums are recognized over the remaining coverage period. Premiums from long-duration contracts such as certain traditional term life, whole life, endowment, and long-duration personal accident and health (A&H) policies are generally recognized as revenue when due from policyholders. Traditional life policies F-11 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries include those contracts with fixed and guaranteed premiums and benefits. Benefits and expenses are matched with income to result in the recognition of profit over the life of the contracts. Retroactive loss portfolio transfer (LPT) contracts in which the insured loss events occurred prior to contract inception are evaluated to determine whether they meet criteria for reinsurance accounting. If reinsurance accounting is appropriate, written premiums are fully earned and corresponding losses and loss expenses recognized at contract inception. These contracts can cause significant variances in gross premiums written, net premiums written, net premiums earned, and net incurred losses in the years in which they are written. Reinsurance contracts sold not meeting the criteria for reinsurance accounting are recorded using the deposit method as described below in Note 1 k). Reinsurance premiums assumed are based on information provided by ceding companies supplemented by our own estimates of premium when we have not received ceding company reports. Estimates are reviewed and adjustments are recorded in the period in which they are determined. Premiums are earned over the coverage terms of the related reinsurance contracts and range from one to three years. c) Deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired Policy acquisition costs consist of commissions (direct and ceded), premium taxes, and certain underwriting costs related directly to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. A VOBA intangible asset is established upon the acquisition of blocks of long-duration contracts in a business combination and represents the present value of estimated net cash flows for the contracts in force at the acquisition date. Acquisition costs and VOBA, collectively policy acquisition costs, are deferred and amortized. Amortization is recorded in Policy acquisition costs in the Consolidated statements of operations. Policy acquisition costs on P&C contracts are generally amortized ratably over the period in which premiums are earned. Policy acquisition costs on traditional long-duration contracts are amortized over the estimated life of the contracts, generally in proportion to premium revenue recognized based upon the same assumptions used in estimating the liability for future policy benefits. For non-traditional long-duration contracts, we amortize policy acquisition costs over the expected life of the contracts in proportion to expected gross profits. The effect of changes in estimates of expected gross profits is reflected in the period the estimates are revised. Policy acquisition costs are reviewed to determine if they are recoverable from future income, including investment income. Unrecoverable policy acquisition costs are expensed in the period identified. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred except for direct-response campaigns that qualify for cost deferral, principally related to long-duration A&H business produced by the Overseas General Insurance segment, which are deferred and recognized as a component of Policy acquisition costs. For individual direct-response marketing campaigns that we can demonstrate have specifically resulted in incremental sales to customers and such sales have probable future economic benefits, incremental costs directly related to the marketing campaigns are capitalized as Deferred policy acquisition costs. Deferred policy acquisition costs, including deferred marketing costs, are reviewed regularly for recoverability from future income, including investment income, and amortized in proportion to premium revenue recognized, primarily over a ten-year period, the expected economic future benefit period based upon the same assumptions used in estimating the liability for future policy benefits. The expected future benefit period is evaluated periodically based on historical results and adjusted prospectively. The amount of deferred marketing costs reported in Deferred policy acquisition costs in the Consolidated balance sheets was $246 million and $255 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Amortization expense for deferred marketing costs was $109 million, $114 million, and $116 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. d) Reinsurance Chubb assumes and cedes reinsurance with other insurance companies to provide greater diversification of business and minimize the net loss potential arising from large risks. Ceded reinsurance contracts do not relieve Chubb of its primary obligation to policyholders. For both ceded and assumed reinsurance, risk transfer requirements must be met in order to account for a contract as reinsurance, principally resulting in the recognition of cash flows under the contract as premiums and losses. To meet risk transfer requirements, a reinsurance contract must include insurance risk, consisting of both underwriting and timing risk, and a reasonable possibility of a significant loss for the assuming entity. To assess risk transfer for certain contracts, Chubb generally develops expected discounted cash flow analyses at contract inception. Deposit accounting is used for contracts that do not meet risk transfer requirements. Deposit accounting requires that consideration received or paid be recorded in the balance sheet as opposed to recording premiums written or losses incurred in the statement of operations. Non-refundable fees on deposit contracts are earned based on the terms of the contract described below in Note 1 k). F-12 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Reinsurance recoverable includes balances due from reinsurance companies for paid and unpaid losses and loss expenses and future policy benefits that will be recovered from reinsurers, based on contracts in force. The method for determining the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses incurred but not reported (IBNR) involves actuarial estimates consistent with those used to establish the associated liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses as well as a determination of Chubb's ability to cede unpaid losses and loss expenses under the terms of the reinsurance agreement. Reinsurance recoverable is presented net of a provision for uncollectible reinsurance determined based upon a review of the financial condition of reinsurers and other factors. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance is based on an estimate of the reinsurance recoverable balance that will ultimately be unrecoverable due to reinsurer insolvency, a contractual dispute, or any other reason. The valuation of this provision includes several judgments including certain aspects of the allocation of reinsurance recoverable on IBNR claims by reinsurer and a default analysis to estimate uncollectible reinsurance. The primary components of the default analysis are reinsurance recoverable balances by reinsurer, net of collateral, and default factors used to determine the portion of a reinsurer's balance deemed uncollectible. The definition of collateral for this purpose requires some judgment and is generally limited to assets held in a Chubb-only beneficiary trust, letters of credit, and liabilities held with the same legal entity for which Chubb believes there is a contractual right of offset. The determination of the default factor is principally based on the financial strength rating of the reinsurer. Default factors require considerable judgment and are determined using the current financial strength rating, or rating equivalent, of each reinsurer as well as other key considerations and assumptions. The more significant considerations include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following: • For reinsurers that maintain a financial strength rating from a major rating agency, and for which recoverable balances are considered representative of the larger population (i.e., default probabilities are consistent with similarly rated reinsurers and payment durations conform to averages), the financial rating is based on a published source and the default factor is based on published default statistics of a major rating agency applicable to the reinsurer's particular rating class. When a recoverable is expected to be paid in a brief period of time by a highly rated reinsurer, such as certain property catastrophe claims, a default factor may not be applied; • For balances recoverable from reinsurers that are both unrated by a major rating agency and for which management is unable to determine a credible rating equivalent based on a parent, affiliate, or peer company, we determine a rating equivalent based on an analysis of the reinsurer that considers an assessment of the creditworthiness of the particular entity, industry benchmarks, or other factors as considered appropriate. We then apply the applicable default factor for that rating class. For balances recoverable from unrated reinsurers for which the ceded reserve is below a certain threshold, we generally apply a default factor of 34 percent, consistent with published statistics of a major rating agency; • For balances recoverable from reinsurers that are either insolvent or under regulatory supervision, we establish a default factor and resulting provision for uncollectible reinsurance based on reinsurer-specific facts and circumstances. Upon initial notification of an insolvency, we generally recognize an expense for a substantial portion of all balances outstanding, net of collateral, through a combination of write-offs of recoverable balances and increases to the provision for uncollectible reinsurance. When regulatory action is taken on a reinsurer, we generally recognize a default factor by estimating an expected recovery on all balances outstanding, net of collateral. When sufficient credible information becomes available, we adjust the provision for uncollectible reinsurance by establishing a default factor pursuant to information received; and • For other recoverables, management determines the provision for uncollectible reinsurance based on the specific facts and circumstances. The methods used to determine the reinsurance recoverable balance and related provision for uncollectible reinsurance are regularly reviewed and updated, and any resulting adjustments are reflected in earnings in the period identified. The methods used to determine the provision for uncollectible high deductible recoverable amounts are similar to the processes used to determine the provision for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable. For additional information on high deductible policies, refer to section k) Unpaid losses and loss expenses, below. Prepaid reinsurance premiums represent the portion of premiums ceded to reinsurers applicable to the unexpired coverage terms of the reinsurance contracts in-force. The value of reinsurance business assumed of $6 million and $14 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, included in Other assets in the accompanying Consolidated balance sheets, represents the excess of estimated ultimate value of the liabilities assumed under retroactive reinsurance contracts over consideration received. The value of reinsurance business assumed is amortized and recorded to Losses and loss expenses based on the payment pattern of the losses assumed and ranges between 9 and 40 years. The unamortized value is reviewed regularly to determine if it is recoverable based upon the F-13 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries terms of the contract, estimated losses and loss expenses, and anticipated investment income. Unrecoverable amounts are expensed in the period identified. e) Investments Fixed maturities, equity securities, and short-term investments Fixed maturities are classified as either available for sale or held to maturity. • Available for sale (AFS) portfolio is reported at fair value with changes in fair value recorded as a separate component of AOCI in Shareholders' equity. • Held to maturity (HTM) portfolio includes securities for which we have the ability and intent to hold to maturity or redemption and is reported at amortized cost. Equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in net realized gains (losses) on the Consolidated statement of operations. Prior to January 1, 2018, changes in fair value were recorded as a separate component of AOCI in Shareholders' equity. Short-term investments comprise securities due to mature within one year of the date of purchase and are recorded at fair value which typically approximates cost. Interest, dividend income, and amortization of fixed maturity market premiums and discounts, related to these securities are recorded in Net investment income, net of investment management and custody fees, in the Consolidated statement of operations. In addition, net investment income includes the amortization of the fair value adjustment related to the acquired invested assets of The Chubb Corporation (Chubb Corp). An adjustment of $1,652 million related to the fair value of Chubb Corp’s fixed maturities securities was recorded (fair value adjustment) at the date of acquisition. At December 31, 2019, the remaining balance of this fair value adjustment was $332 million which is expected to amortize over the next three years; however, the estimate could vary materially based on current market conditions, bond calls, and the duration of the acquired investment portfolio. In addition, sales of these acquired fixed maturities would also reduce the fair value adjustment balance. For mortgage-backed securities and any other holdings for which there is a prepayment risk, prepayment assumptions are evaluated and revised as necessary. Any adjustments required due to the resultant change in effective yields and maturities are recognized prospectively. Prepayment fees or call premiums that are only payable when a security is called prior to its maturity are earned when received and reflected in Net investment income. We regularly review our fixed maturities for other than temporary impairment (OTTI). Refer to Note 3 for additional information. With respect to fixed maturities where the decline in value is determined to be temporary and is not written down, a subsequent decision may be made to sell that security and realize a loss. Subsequent decisions on fixed maturities sales are the result of changing or unforeseen facts and circumstances (i.e., arising from a large insured loss such as a catastrophe), deterioration of the creditworthiness of the issuer or its industry, or changes in regulatory requirements. We believe that subsequent decisions to sell such securities are consistent with the classification of the majority of the portfolio as available for sale. Other investments Other investments principally comprise investment funds, limited partnerships, partially-owned investment companies, life insurance policies, policy loans, and non-qualified separate account assets. Investment funds and limited partnerships Investment funds, limited partnerships, and all other investments over which Chubb cannot exercise significant influence are accounted for as follows. Generally, we own less than three percent of the investee’s shares. • Income and expenses from these funds are reported within Net investment income. • These funds are carried at net asset value, which approximates fair value with changes in fair value recorded in net realized gains (losses) on the Consolidated statement of operations. Refer to Note 4 for a further discussion on net asset value. Prior to January 1, 2018, changes in fair value were recorded as a separate component of AOCI in Shareholders' equity. • As a result of the timing of the receipt of valuation data from the investment managers, these investments are generally reported on a three-month lag. • Sales of these investments are reported within Net realized gains (losses). F-14 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Partially-owned investment companies Partially-owned investment companies where our ownership interest is in excess of three percent are accounted for under the equity method because Chubb exerts significant influence. These investments apply investment company accounting to determine operating results, and Chubb retains the investment company accounting in applying the equity method. • This means that investment income, realized gains or losses, and unrealized gains or losses are included in the portion of equity earnings reflected in Other (income) expense. • As a result of the timing of the receipt of valuation data from the investment managers, these investments are generally reported on a three-month lag. Other • Policy loans are carried at outstanding balance and interest income is reflected in Net investment income. • Life insurance policies are carried at policy cash surrender value and income is reflected in Other (income) expense. • Non-qualified separate account assets are supported by assets that do not qualify for separate accounting reporting under GAAP. The underlying securities are recorded on a trade date basis and carried at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on non-qualified separate account assets are reflected in Other (income) expense. Investments in partially-owned insurance companies Investments in partially-owned insurance companies primarily represent direct investments in which Chubb has significant influence and as such, meet the requirements for equity accounting. Generally, we own twenty percent or more of the investee’s shares. We report our share of the net income or loss of the partially-owned insurance companies in Other (income) expense. Derivative instruments Chubb recognizes all derivatives at fair value in the Consolidated balance sheets in either Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities or Other assets. Changes in fair value are included in Net realized gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. We did not designate any derivatives as accounting hedges. We participate in derivative instruments in two principal ways: (i) To sell protection to customers as an insurance or reinsurance contract that meets the definition of a derivative for accounting purposes. The reinsurance of GLBs was our primary product falling into this category; and (ii) To mitigate financial risks and manage certain investment portfolio risks and exposures, including assets and liabilities held in foreign currencies. We use derivative instruments including futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts. Refer to Note 10 for additional information. Securities lending program Chubb participates in a securities lending program operated by a third-party banking institution whereby certain assets are loaned to qualified borrowers and from which we earn an incremental return which is recorded within Net investment income in the Consolidated statement of operations. Borrowers provide collateral, in the form of either cash or approved securities, at a minimum of 102 percent of the fair value of the loaned securities. Each security loan is deemed to be an overnight transaction. Cash collateral is invested in a collateral pool which is managed by the banking institution. The collateral pool is subject to written investment guidelines with key objectives which include the safeguard of principal and adequate liquidity to meet anticipated redemptions. The fair value of the loaned securities is monitored on a daily basis, with additional collateral obtained or refunded as the fair value of the loaned securities changes. The collateral is held by the third-party banking institution, and the collateral can only be accessed in the event that the institution borrowing the securities is in default under the lending agreement. As a result of these restrictions, we consider our securities lending activities to be non-cash investing and financing activities. An indemnification agreement with the lending agent protects us in the event a borrower becomes insolvent or fails to return any of the securities on loan. The fair value of the securities on loan is included in fixed maturities and equity securities in the Consolidated balance sheets. The securities lending collateral is reported as a separate line in the Consolidated balance sheets with a related liability reflecting our obligation to return the collateral plus interest. F-15 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Repurchase agreements Similar to securities lending arrangements, securities sold under repurchase agreements, whereby Chubb sells securities and repurchases them at a future date for a predetermined price, are accounted for as collateralized investments and borrowings and are recorded at the contractual repurchase amounts plus accrued interest. Assets to be repurchased are the same or substantially the same as the assets transferred, and the transferor, through right of substitution, maintains the right and ability to redeem the collateral on short notice. The fair value of the underlying securities is included in fixed maturities and equity securities. In contrast to securities lending programs, the use of cash received is not restricted. We report the obligation to return the cash as Repurchase agreements in the Consolidated balance sheets and record the fees under these repurchase agreements within Interest expense on the Consolidated statement of operations. Refer to Note 4 for a discussion on the determination of fair value for Chubb's various investment securities. f) Cash Cash includes cash on hand and deposits with an original maturity of three months or less at time of purchase. We have agreements with a third-party bank provider which implemented two international multi-currency notional cash pooling programs. In each program, participating Chubb entities establish deposit accounts in different currencies with the bank provider and each day the credit or debit balances in every account are notionally translated into a single currency (U.S. dollars) and then notionally pooled. The bank extends overdraft credit to any participating Chubb entity as needed, provided that the overall notionally-pooled balance of all accounts in each pool at the end of each day is at least zero. Actual cash balances are not physically converted and are not commingled between legal entities. Any overdraft balances incurred under this program by a Chubb entity would be guaranteed by Chubb Limited (up to $300 million in the aggregate). Our syndicated letter of credit facility allows for same day drawings to fund a net pool overdraft should participating Chubb entities overdraw contributed funds from the pool. Restricted cash Restricted cash in the Consolidated balance sheets represents amounts held for the benefit of third parties and is legally or contractually restricted as to withdrawal or usage. Amounts include deposits with U.S. and non-U.S. regulatory authorities, trust funds set up for the benefit of ceding companies, and amounts pledged as collateral to meet financing arrangements. Effective January 1, 2018, we retrospectively adopted guidance on "Restricted Cash" that clarified the presentation of restricted cash on the Consolidated statement of cash flows. As a result, we revised the Consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017 to include restricted cash in the beginning and ending cash balances. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated balance sheets that total to the amounts shown in the Consolidated statements of cash flows: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Cash Restricted cash Total cash and restricted cash shown in the Consolidated statements of cash flows $ $ 2019 1,537 $ 109 1,646 $ 2018 1,247 $ 93 1,340 $ December 31 2017 728 123 851 g) Goodwill and Other intangible assets Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of acquisitions over the fair value of net assets acquired and is not amortized. Goodwill is assigned at acquisition to the applicable reporting unit of the acquired entities giving rise to the goodwill. Goodwill impairment tests are performed annually or more frequently if circumstances indicate a possible impairment. For goodwill impairment testing, we use a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not (i.e., more than a 50 percent probability) that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount. If our assessment indicates less than a 50 percent probability that fair value exceeds carrying value, we quantitatively estimate a reporting unit's fair value. Goodwill recorded in connection with investments in partially-owned insurance companies is recorded in Investments in partially-owned insurance companies and is also measured for impairment annually. Indefinite lived intangible assets are not subject to amortization. Finite lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives, generally ranging from 1 to 25 years. Intangible assets are regularly reviewed for indicators of impairment. Impairment is recognized if the carrying amount is not recoverable from its undiscounted cash flows and is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and fair value. F-16 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries h) Unpaid losses and loss expenses A liability is established for the estimated unpaid losses and loss expenses under the terms of, and with respect to, Chubb's policies and agreements. Similar to premiums that are recognized as revenues over the coverage period of the policy, a liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses is recognized as expense when insured events occur over the coverage period of the policy. This liability includes a provision for both reported claims (case reserves) and incurred but not reported claims (IBNR reserves). IBNR reserve estimates are generally calculated by first projecting the ultimate cost of all losses that have occurred (expected losses), and then subtracting paid losses, case reserves, and loss expenses. The methods of determining such estimates and establishing the resulting liability are reviewed regularly and any adjustments are reflected in operations in the period in which they become known. Future developments may result in losses and loss expenses materially greater or less than recorded amounts. Except for net loss and loss expense reserves of $31 million, net of discount, held at December 31, 2019, representing certain structured settlements for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable and $43 million, net of discount, of certain reserves for unsettled claims, Chubb does not discount its P&C loss reserves. This compares with reserves of $33 million for certain structured settlements and $40 million of certain reserves for unsettled claims at December 31, 2018. Structured settlements represent contracts purchased from life insurance companies primarily to settle workers' compensation claims, where payments to the claimant by the life insurance company are expected to be made in the form of an annuity. Chubb retains the liability to the claimant in the event that the life insurance company fails to pay. At December 31, 2019, the liability due to claimants was $567 million, net of discount, and reinsurance recoverables due from the life insurance companies was $536 million, net of discount. For structured settlement contracts where payments are guaranteed regardless of claimant life expectancy, the amounts recoverable from the life insurance companies at December 31, 2019 are included in Other assets in the Consolidated balance sheets, as they do not meet the requirements for reinsurance accounting. Included in Unpaid losses and loss expenses are liabilities for asbestos and environmental (A&E) claims and expenses. These unpaid losses and loss expenses are principally related to claims arising from remediation costs associated with hazardous waste sites and bodily-injury claims related to asbestos products and environmental hazards. The estimation of these liabilities is particularly sensitive to changes in the legal environment including specific settlements that may be used as precedents to settle future claims. However, Chubb does not anticipate future changes in laws and regulations in setting its A&E reserve levels. Also included in Unpaid losses and loss expenses is the fair value adjustment of $145 million and $207 million at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, related to Chubb Corp’s historical unpaid losses and loss expenses. The estimated fair value consists of the present value of the expected net unpaid loss and loss adjustment expense payments adjusted for an estimated risk margin. The estimated cash flows are discounted at a risk free rate. The estimated risk margin varies based on the inherent risks associated with each type of reserve. The fair value is amortized through Amortization of purchased intangibles on the consolidated statements of operations through the year 2032, based on the estimated payout patterns of unpaid loss and loss expenses at the acquisition date. Our loss reserves are presented net of contractual deductible recoverable amounts due from policyholders. Under the terms of certain high deductible policies which we offer, such as workers’ compensation and general liability, our customers are responsible to reimburse us for an agreed-upon dollar amount per claim. In nearly all cases we are required under such policies to pay covered claims first, and then seek reimbursement for amounts within the applicable deductible from our customers. We generally seek to mitigate this risk through collateral agreements. Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves first reported in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premiums from previous accident years. For purposes of analysis and disclosure, management views prior period development to be changes in the nominal value of loss estimates from period to period, net of premium and profit commission adjustments on loss sensitive contracts. Prior period development generally excludes changes in loss estimates that do not arise from the emergence of claims, such as those related to uncollectible reinsurance, interest, unallocated loss adjustment expenses, or foreign currency. Accordingly, specific items excluded from prior period development include the following: gains/losses related to foreign currency remeasurement; losses recognized from the early termination or commutation of reinsurance agreements that principally relate to the time value of money; changes in the value of reinsurance business assumed reflected in losses incurred but principally related to the time value of money; and losses that arise from changes in estimates of earned premiums from prior accident years. Except for F-17 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries foreign currency remeasurement, which is included in Net realized gains (losses), these items are included in current year losses. i) Future policy benefits The valuation of long-duration contract reserves requires management to make estimates and assumptions regarding expenses, mortality, persistency, and investment yields. Estimates are primarily based on historical experience and information provided by ceding companies and include a margin for adverse deviation. Interest rates used in calculating reserves range from less than 1.0 percent to 11.0 percent at both December 31, 2019 and 2018. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Management monitors actual experience and where circumstances warrant, will revise assumptions and the related reserve estimates. Revisions are recorded in the period they are determined. Certain of our long-duration contracts are supported by assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. These assets are classified as non-qualified separate account assets and reported in Other investments and the offsetting liabilities are reported in Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP are reported in Other income (expense) and the offsetting movements in the liabilities are included in Policy benefits in the Consolidated statements of operations. j) Assumed reinsurance programs involving minimum benefit guarantees under variable annuity contracts Chubb reinsures various death and living benefit guarantees associated with variable annuities issued primarily in the United States. We generally receive a monthly premium during the accumulation phase of the covered annuities (in-force) based on a percentage of either the underlying accumulated account values or the underlying accumulated guaranteed values. Depending on an annuitant's age, the accumulation phase can last many years. To limit our exposure under these programs, all reinsurance treaties include annual or aggregate claim limits and many include an aggregate deductible. The guarantees which are payable on death, referred to as guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB), principally cover shortfalls between accumulated account value at the time of an annuitant's death and either i) an annuitant's total deposits; ii) an annuitant's total deposits plus a minimum annual return; or iii) the highest accumulated account value attained at any policy anniversary date. In addition, a death benefit may be based on a formula specified in the variable annuity contract that uses a percentage of the growth of the underlying contract value. Liabilities for GMDBs are based on cumulative assessments or premiums to date multiplied by a benefit ratio that is determined by estimating the present value of benefit payments and related adjustment expenses divided by the present value of cumulative assessment or expected premiums during the contract period. Under reinsurance programs covering GLBs, we assume the risk of guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB) associated with variable annuity contracts. The GMIB risk is triggered if, at the time the contract holder elects to convert the accumulated account value to a periodic payment stream (annuitize), the accumulated account value is not sufficient to provide a guaranteed minimum level of monthly income. We also assume the risk of guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (GMAB). However, at December 31, 2019, the risks related to our GMAB programs are minimal given that the majority of these policies are no longer in force. Our GLB reinsurance products meet the definition of a derivative for accounting purposes and are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in Realized gains (losses) in the Consolidated statement of operations. Refer to Notes 5 c) and 10 a) for additional information. k) Deposit assets and liabilities Deposit assets arise from ceded reinsurance contracts purchased that do not transfer significant underwriting or timing risk. Deposit liabilities include reinsurance deposit liabilities and contract holder deposit funds. The reinsurance deposit liabilities arise from contracts sold for which there is not a significant transfer of risk. Contract holder deposit funds represent a liability for investment contracts sold that do not meet the definition of an insurance contract, and certain of these contracts are sold with a guaranteed rate of return. Under deposit accounting, consideration received or paid is recorded as a deposit asset or liability in the balance sheet as opposed to recording premiums and losses in the statement of operations. Interest income on deposit assets, representing the consideration received or to be received in excess of cash payments related to the deposit contract, is earned based on an effective yield calculation. The calculation of the effective yield is based on the amount and timing of actual cash flows at the balance sheet date and the estimated amount and timing of future cash flows. The effective yield is recalculated periodically to reflect revised estimates of cash flows. When a change in the actual or estimated cash flows occurs, the resulting change to the carrying amount of the deposit asset is reported as income or expense. Deposit assets of $93 million and $97 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, are reflected in Other assets in F-18 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries the Consolidated balance sheets and the accretion of deposit assets related to interest pursuant to the effective yield calculation is reflected in Net investment income in the Consolidated statements of operations. Deposit liabilities include reinsurance deposit liabilities of $88 million and $97 million and contract holder deposit funds of $2.0 billion and $1.8 billion at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Deposit liabilities are reflected in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets. At contract inception, the deposit liability equals net cash received. An accretion rate is established based on actuarial estimates whereby the deposit liability is increased to the estimated amount payable over the contract term. The deposit accretion rate is the rate of return required to fund expected future payment obligations. We periodically reassess the estimated ultimate liability and related expected rate of return. Changes to the deposit liability are generally reflected through Interest expense to reflect the cumulative effect of the period the contract has been in force, and by an adjustment to the future accretion rate of the liability over the remaining estimated contract term. The liability for contract holder deposit funds equals accumulated policy account values, which consist of the deposit payments plus credited interest less withdrawals and amounts assessed through the end of the period. l) Property and Equipment Property and equipment used in operations are capitalized and carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and are reported within Other assets in the Consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2019, property and equipment totaled $1.9 billion, consisting principally of capitalized software costs of $1.1 billion incurred to develop or obtain computer software for internal use and company-owned facilities of $270 million. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. For capitalized software, the estimated useful life is generally three to five years, but can be as long as 15 years and for company-owned facilities the estimated useful life is 40 years. At December 31, 2018, property and equipment totaled $1.7 billion. m) Foreign currency remeasurement and translation The functional currency for each of our foreign operations is generally the currency of the local operating environment. Transactions in currencies other than a foreign operation's functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency, and the resulting foreign exchange gains and losses are reflected in Net realized gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. Functional currency assets and liabilities are translated into the reporting currency, U.S. dollars, using period end exchange rates and the related translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of AOCI in Shareholders' equity. Functional statement of operations amounts expressed in functional currencies are translated using average exchange rates. n) Administrative expenses Administrative expenses generally include all operating costs other than policy acquisition costs. The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment manages and uses an in-house third-party claims administrator, ESIS Inc. (ESIS). ESIS performs claims management and risk control services for domestic and international organizations that self-insure P&C exposures as well as internal P&C exposures. The net operating income of ESIS is included within Administrative expenses in the Consolidated statements of operations and were $47 million, $49 million, and $38 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. o) Income taxes Income taxes have been recorded related to those operations subject to income tax. Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences between the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax law or rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance against deferred tax assets is recorded if it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the benefits related to these deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance assessment considers tax planning strategies, where appropriate. We recognize uncertain tax positions deemed more likely than not of being sustained upon examination. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. p) Earnings per share Basic earnings per share is calculated using the weighted-average shares outstanding, including participating securities with non-forfeitable rights to dividends such as unvested restricted stock. All potentially dilutive securities, including stock options are excluded from the basic earnings per share calculation. In calculating diluted earnings per share, the weighted-average F-19 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries shares outstanding is increased to include all potentially dilutive securities. Basic and diluted earnings per share are calculated by dividing net income by the applicable weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the year. q) Cash flow information Premiums received and losses paid associated with the GLB reinsurance products, which as discussed previously, meet the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes, are included within Cash flows from operating activities. Cash flows, such as settlements and collateral requirements, associated with GLB and all other derivative instruments, are included on a net basis within Cash flows from investing activities. Purchases, sales, and maturities of short-term investments are recorded on a net basis within Cash flows from investing activities. r) Share-based compensation Chubb measures and records compensation cost for all share-based payment awards at grant-date fair value. Compensation costs are recognized for vesting of share-based payment awards with only service conditions on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award were, in substance, multiple awards. For retirement-eligible participants, compensation costs for certain share-based payment awards are recognized immediately at the date of grant. Refer to Note 12 for additional information. s) Chubb integration expenses Direct costs related to the Chubb Corp acquisition were expensed as incurred. Chubb integration expenses were $23 million, $59 million, and $310 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and include all internal and external costs directly related to the integration activities of the Chubb Corp acquisition. These expenses principally consisted of personnel-related expenses, consulting fees, and rebranding. t) New accounting pronouncements Adopted in 2019 Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted new guidance on accounting for premium amortization on purchased callable debt securities for bonds held at a premium on a modified retrospective basis. The guidance requires the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. As a result, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment to decrease beginning retained earnings by $12 million after-tax ($15 million pre-tax). Securities held at a discount did not require an accounting change. Lease Accounting Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted new lease accounting guidance and elected to utilize a modified retrospective approach which allowed us to initially apply the new lease standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings for 2019, with no adjustment to prior periods presented. The cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings was zero. Our leases consist principally of real estate operating leases that are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The adoption of the updated guidance resulted in recognizing a right-of-use asset, which was recorded within Other assets, and a lease liability, which was recorded within Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheet as well as de-recognizing the liability for deferred rent that was required under the previous guidance. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. Refer to Note 10 i) for additional information on leases. Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement In August 2018, the FASB issued amendments to modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. The amendments allow for the removal of: (i) the amount and reasons for transfer between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; (ii) the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and (iii) the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. This update also requires additional disclosure including an expanded discussion on unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement. We early adopted the amendments that allow the removal of certain disclosures in 2018 and added the expanded discussion on unobservable inputs in the fourth quarter of 2019, as permitted. The guidance changes disclosure only and did not have an impact on our financial condition or results of operations. Adopted in 2020 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments Effective January 1, 2020, we adopted, on a modified retrospective basis, new guidance on the accounting for credit losses of financial instruments that are measured at amortized cost, including held to maturity securities, reinsurance recoverables, and high deductible receivables, by applying an approach based on the current expected credit losses (CECL). The estimate of F-20 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries expected credit losses considers historical information, current information, as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts, including estimates of prepayments. In addition, the guidance also amended the current available for sale (AFS) debt security other-than-temporary impairment model by requiring an estimate of the expected credit loss (ECL) only when the fair value is below the amortized cost of the asset. The length of time the fair value of an AFS security has been below the amortized cost no longer impacts the determination of whether a potential credit loss exists. The AFS security model also requires the use of a valuation allowance as compared to the current practice of writing down the asset. During the first quarter of 2020, we established a valuation allowance for credit losses and recognized a cumulative effect adjustment and decreased beginning retained earnings by approximately $70 million pre-tax, or $64 million after-tax. Accounting guidance not yet adopted Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance to improve the existing recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure requirements for long-duration contracts issued by an insurance entity. The amendments in this update require more frequent updating of assumptions and a standardized discount rate for the future policy benefit liability, a requirement to use the fair value measurement model for policies with market risk benefits, simplified amortization of deferred acquisition costs, and enhanced disclosures. This standard will be effective for us in the first quarter of 2022 with early adoption permitted. We are currently assessing the effect of adopting this guidance on our financial condition and results of operations. We will be better able to quantify the effect of adopting this standard as we progress in our implementation process and draw nearer to the date of adoption. Income Taxes - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes In December 2019, the FASB issued updated guidance for the accounting for income taxes. The updated guidance is intended to simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing several exceptions contained in existing guidance and amending other existing guidance to simplify several other income tax accounting matters. The updated guidance is effective for us in the first quarter of 2021 with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our financial condition and results of operations; however, it is not expected to have a material impact at the date of adoption. 2. Acquisitions Huatai Group Chubb maintains a direct investment in Huatai Insurance Group Company Limited (Huatai Group). Huatai Group is the parent company of, and owns 100 percent of, Huatai Property & Casualty Insurance Co., Ltd. (Huatai P&C) and approximately 80 percent of Huatai Life Insurance Co., Ltd. (Huatai Life). Huatai Group's insurance operations have more than 600 branches and 11 million customers in China. In 2019, Chubb increased its aggregate ownership interest in Huatai Group from 20 percent to 30.9 percent, with purchases of 6.2 percent for approximately $329 million in May 2019 and 4.7 percent for approximately $251 million in December 2019. Chubb continues to apply the equity method of accounting to its investment in Huatai Group by recording its share of net income or loss in Other (income) expense in the Consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 14 for additional information. The Consolidated statements of operations include the equity income from the additional ownership interests as of each respective closing date. During 2019, Chubb also entered into agreements to acquire an additional 22.4 percent ownership in Huatai Group for approximately $1.6 billion through two separate purchases, a 15.3 percent ownership interest for approximately $1.1 billion and a 7.1 percent ownership interest for approximately $493 million. These purchases are contingent upon Chinese insurance regulatory approval and other important conditions that are expected to be completed by the end of 2021. The purchase of the 7.1 percent ownership stake is also contingent upon the receipt of Chinese insurance regulatory approval of the 15.3 percent purchase. Upon completion of the 7.1 percent purchase, which will result in majority ownership of Huatai Group at 53.3 percent, Chubb is expected to obtain control of Huatai Group, Huatai P&C and Huatai Life. At that time, Chubb is expected to apply consolidation accounting and discontinue the application of the equity method of accounting. Banchile Seguros de Vida On December 30, 2019, we acquired Banchile Seguros de Vida, an insurance company providing both life and property and casualty coverages in Chile, for approximately $80 million in cash. The consolidated financial statements will include results of this acquisition within the Chubb Overseas General and Life Insurance segment results. F-21 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 3. Investments a) Fixed maturities December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Available for sale U.S. Treasury and agency Foreign Corporate securities Mortgage-backed securities States, municipalities, and political subdivisions Held to maturity U.S. Treasury and agency Foreign Corporate securities Mortgage-backed securities States, municipalities, and political subdivisions December 31, 2018 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Available for sale U.S. Treasury and agency Foreign Corporate securities Mortgage-backed securities States, municipalities, and political subdivisions Held to maturity U.S. Treasury and agency Foreign Corporate securities Mortgage-backed securities States, municipalities, and political subdivisions Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Appreciation Gross Unrealized Depreciation Fair Value OTTI Recognized in AOCI $ 3,188 $ 96 $ (1) $ 3,283 $ 22,670 30,689 18,712 7,321 1,099 1,180 494 205 (62) (78) (14) (11) 23,707 31,791 19,192 7,515 — (25) (5) — — 82,580 $ 3,074 $ (166) $ 85,488 $ (30) 1,318 $ 29 $ — $ 1,347 $ 1,423 2,349 2,331 5,160 62 121 65 150 — (2) — (1) 1,485 2,468 2,396 5,309 $ 12,581 $ 427 $ (3) $ 13,005 $ — — — — — — $ $ Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Appreciation Gross Unrealized Depreciation Fair Value OTTI Recognized in AOCI $ 4,158 $ 30 $ (43) $ 4,145 $ $ $ 21,370 27,183 15,758 10,854 395 150 66 49 (349) (750) (284) (117) 21,416 26,583 15,540 10,786 79,323 $ 690 $ (1,543) $ 78,470 $ 1,185 $ 8 $ (11) $ 1,182 $ 1,549 2,601 2,524 5,576 11 11 5 16 (18) (104) (43) (51) 1,542 2,508 2,486 5,541 $ 13,435 $ 51 $ (227) $ 13,259 $ — — (6) (1) — (7) — — — — — — As discussed in Note 3 c), if a credit loss is incurred on an impaired fixed maturity, an OTTI is considered to have occurred and the portion of the impairment not related to credit losses (non-credit OTTI) is recognized in OCI. Included in the “OTTI Recognized in AOCI” columns above are the cumulative amounts of non-credit OTTI recognized in OCI adjusted for subsequent sales, maturities, and redemptions. OTTI recognized in AOCI does not include the impact of subsequent changes in fair value of the related securities. In periods subsequent to a recognition of OTTI in OCI, changes in the fair value of the related fixed maturities are reflected in Net unrealized appreciation on investments in the Consolidated statements of shareholders' equity. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, $3 million of net unrealized appreciation and $4 million of net unrealized depreciation, respectively, related to such securities are included in OCI. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, AOCI included F-22 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries cumulative net unrealized depreciation of $18 million and net unrealized appreciation of $1 million, respectively, related to securities remaining in the investment portfolio for which a non-credit OTTI was recognized. Mortgage-backed securities (MBS) issued by U.S. government agencies are combined with all other to be announced mortgage- backed securities held (refer to Note 10 b) (iv)) and are included in the category, “Mortgage-backed securities”. Approximately 83 percent and 81 percent of the total mortgage-backed securities at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, are represented by investments in U.S. government agency bonds. The remainder of the mortgage exposure consists of collateralized mortgage obligations and non-government mortgage-backed securities, the majority of which provide a planned structure for principal and interest payments and carry a rating of AAA by the major credit rating agencies. The following table presents fixed maturities by contractual maturity: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Available for sale Due in 1 year or less Due after 1 year through 5 years Due after 5 years through 10 years Due after 10 years Mortgage-backed securities Held to maturity Due in 1 year or less Due after 1 year through 5 years Due after 5 years through 10 years Due after 10 years Mortgage-backed securities December 31 2019 December 31 2018 Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value $ 3,951 $ 3,973 $ 3,569 $ $ $ 27,142 23,901 8,874 63,868 18,712 27,720 24,874 9,729 66,296 19,192 27,134 24,095 8,767 63,565 15,758 82,580 $ 85,488 $ 79,323 $ 478 $ 479 $ 536 $ 3,869 3,756 2,147 10,250 2,331 3,940 3,883 2,307 10,609 2,396 3,122 4,468 2,785 10,911 2,524 $ 12,581 $ 13,005 $ 13,435 $ 3,568 27,005 23,543 8,814 62,930 15,540 78,470 537 3,106 4,407 2,723 10,773 2,486 13,259 Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties. b) Gross unrealized loss At December 31, 2019, there were 4,091 fixed maturities out of a total of 31,203 fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position. The largest single unrealized loss in the fixed maturities was $6 million. Fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2019, comprised both investment grade and below investment grade securities for which fair value declined primarily due to widening credit spreads since the date of purchase. F-23 (1) (62) (80) (14) (12) (169) Total Gross Unrealized Loss (54) (367) (854) (327) (168) NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following tables present, for all securities in an unrealized loss position (including securities on loan), the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position: December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fair Value 0 – 12 Months Over 12 Months Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value Total Gross Unrealized Loss U.S. Treasury and agency $ 234 $ (1) $ 339 $ — $ 573 $ Foreign Corporate securities Mortgage-backed securities States, municipalities, and political subdivisions Total fixed maturities 1,846 2,121 1,174 188 (34) (40) (6) — 802 988 932 276 (28) (40) (8) (12) 2,648 3,109 2,106 464 $ 5,563 $ (81) $ 3,337 $ (88) $ 8,900 $ December 31, 2018 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value U.S. Treasury and agency $ 523 $ (4) $ 2,859 $ (50) $ 3,382 $ 0 – 12 Months Over 12 Months Foreign Corporate securities Mortgage-backed securities States, municipalities, and political subdivisions Total fixed maturities c) Net realized gains (losses) 6,764 16,538 6,103 (208) (599) (98) 5,349 4,873 6,913 (159) (255) (229) 12,113 21,411 13,016 5,024 (44) 7,768 (124) 12,792 $ 34,952 $ (953) $ 27,762 $ (817) $ 62,714 $ (1,770) OTTI related to fixed maturities In accordance with guidance related to the recognition and presentation of OTTI, when an impairment related to a fixed maturity has occurred, OTTI is required to be recorded in Net income if management has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost. Further, in cases where we do not intend to sell the security and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the security, we must evaluate the security to determine the portion of the impairment, if any, related to credit losses. If a credit loss is incurred, an OTTI is considered to have occurred and any portion of the OTTI related to credit losses must be reflected in Net income while the portion of OTTI related to all other factors is recognized in OCI. For fixed maturities held to maturity, OTTI recognized in OCI is accreted from AOCI to the amortized cost of the fixed maturity prospectively over the remaining term of the securities. Each quarter, securities in an unrealized loss position (impaired securities), including fixed maturities and securities lending collateral are reviewed to identify impaired securities to be specifically evaluated for a potential OTTI. Evaluation of potential credit losses related to fixed maturities We review each fixed maturity in an unrealized loss position to assess whether the security is a candidate for credit loss. Specifically, we consider credit rating, market price, and issuer-specific financial information, among other factors, to assess the likelihood of collection of all principal and interest as contractually due. Securities, for which we determine that credit loss is likely, are subjected to further analysis to estimate the credit loss recognized in Net income, if any. In general, credit loss recognized in Net income equals the difference between the security’s amortized cost and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security. All significant assumptions used in determining credit losses are subject to change as market conditions evolve. F-24 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries U.S. Treasury and agency obligations (including agency mortgage-backed securities); foreign government obligations; and states, municipalities, and political subdivisions obligations U.S. Treasury and agency obligations (including agency mortgage-backed securities); foreign government obligations; and states, municipalities, and political subdivisions obligations represent $61 million of gross unrealized loss at December 31, 2019. These securities were evaluated for credit loss primarily using qualitative assessments of the likelihood of credit loss considering credit rating of the issuers and level of credit enhancement, if any. We concluded that the high level of creditworthiness of the issuers coupled with credit enhancement, where applicable, supports recognizing no credit loss in Net income. Corporate and foreign securities Projected cash flows for corporate and foreign securities (principally senior unsecured bonds) are driven primarily by assumptions regarding probability of default and the timing and amount of recoveries associated with defaults. Chubb developed projected cash flows for corporate and foreign securities using market observable data, issuer-specific information, and credit ratings. We use historical default data by Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s) rating category to calculate a 1-in-100 year probability of default, which results in a default assumption in excess of the historical mean default rate. Consistent with management's approach, Chubb assumed a 32 percent recovery rate (the par value of a defaulted security that will be recovered) across all rating categories, rather than using Moody's historical mean recovery rate of 42 percent. We believe that use of a default assumption, in excess of the historical mean is conservative. The following table presents default assumptions by Moody's rating category (historical mean default rate provided for comparison): 1-in-100 Year Default Rate Historical Mean Default Rate Investment Grade Below Investment Grade Aaa-Baa 0.0 - 1.3% 0.0 - 0.3% Ba 4.8% 1.0% B 12.0% 3.1% Caa-C 36.3% 10.4% Application of the methodology and assumptions described above resulted in pre-tax credit losses recognized in Net income for corporate and foreign securities of $37 million, $25 million, and $5 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Mortgage-backed securities For mortgage-backed securities, credit impairment is assessed using a cash flow model that estimates the cash flows on the underlying mortgages, using the security-specific collateral and transaction structure. The model estimates cash flows from the underlying mortgage loans and distributes those cash flows to various tranches of securities, considering the transaction structure and any subordination and credit enhancements that exist in that structure. The cash flow model incorporates actual cash flows on the mortgage-backed securities through the current period and then projects the remaining cash flows using a number of assumptions, including default rates, prepayment rates, and loss severity rates (the par value of a defaulted security that will not be recovered) on foreclosed properties. We develop specific assumptions using market data, where available, and include internal estimates as well as estimates published by rating agencies and other third-party sources. We project default rates by mortgage sector considering current underlying mortgage loan performance, generally assuming lower loss severity for Prime sector bonds versus ALT-A and Sub-prime bonds. These estimates are extrapolated along a default timing curve to estimate the total lifetime pool default rate. Other assumptions used contemplate the actual collateral attributes, including geographic concentrations, rating agency loss projections, rating actions, and current market prices. If cash flow projections indicate that losses will exceed the credit enhancement for a given tranche, then we do not expect to recover our amortized cost basis, and we recognize an estimated credit loss in Net income. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 there were no credit losses recognized in Net income for mortgage- backed securities. F-25 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents a roll-forward of pre-tax credit losses related to fixed maturities for which a portion of OTTI was recognized in OCI: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Balance of credit losses related to securities still held – beginning of year Additions where no OTTI was previously recorded Additions where an OTTI was previously recorded Reductions for securities sold during the period Balance of credit losses related to securities still held – end of year Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 $ $ 34 $ 22 $ 33 4 (41) 20 5 (13) 30 $ 34 $ 35 4 2 (19) 22 The following table presents the components of Net realized gains (losses) and the change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) of investments: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturities: OTTI on fixed maturities, gross OTTI on fixed maturities recognized in OCI (pre-tax) OTTI on fixed maturities, net Gross realized gains excluding OTTI Gross realized losses excluding OTTI Total fixed maturities Equity securities (1) OTTI on other investments Other investments Foreign exchange gains Investment and embedded derivative instruments Fair value adjustments on insurance derivative S&P futures Other derivative instruments Other Net realized gains (losses) (pre-tax) Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments (pre-tax): Fixed maturities available for sale Fixed maturities held to maturity Equity securities Other Income tax (expense) benefit Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments (after-tax) Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 $ (90) $ (52) $ 32 (58) 203 (176) (31) 104 — (20) 7 (435) (4) (138) (8) (5) 3 (49) 334 (587) (302) (59) — (5) 131 (75) (248) (4) (3) (87) $ $ (530) $ (652) $ 3,769 $ (1,958) $ (31) — (3) (647) (38) — — 297 $ 3,088 $ (1,699) $ (24) 1 (23) 149 (157) (31) 16 (12) — 36 (11) 364 (261) (5) (12) 84 519 18 88 8 (241) 392 (1) 2017 included gross realized gains of $28 million and gross realized losses of $2 million on sales, and OTTI of $10 million. F-26 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Realized gains and losses from Equity securities and Other investments from the table above include sales of securities and unrealized gains and losses from fair value changes as follows: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Equity Securities Other Investments Total Equity Securities Other Investments Total Net gains (losses) recognized during the period $ 104 $ (20) $ 84 $ (59) $ (5) $ (64) Less: Net gains (losses) recognized from sales of securities Unrealized gains (losses) recognized for securities still held at reporting date 58 (5) 53 70 121 191 $ 46 $ (15) $ 31 $ (129) $ (126) $ (255) d) Other investments (in millions of U.S. dollars) Alternative investments: Partially-owned investment companies Limited partnerships Investment funds Alternative investments Life insurance policies Policy loans Non-qualified separate account assets (1) Other Total December 31 2019 2018 $ 4,142 $ 3,623 508 271 4,921 377 247 283 234 538 83 4,244 304 243 252 234 $ 6,062 $ 5,277 (1) Non-qualified separate account assets are comprised of mutual funds, supported by assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. Alternative investments Alternative investments include partially-owned investment companies, investment funds, and limited partnerships measured at fair value using net asset value (NAV) as a practical expedient. The following table presents, by investment category, the expected liquidation period, fair value, and maximum future funding commitments of alternative investments: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Financial Real Assets Distressed Private Credit Traditional Vintage Investment funds Expected Liquidation Period of Underlying Assets Fair Value December 31 2019 Maximum Future Funding Commitments December 31 2018 Maximum Future Funding Commitments Fair Value 2 to 10 Years $ 611 $ 329 $ 596 $ 2 to 11 Years 2 to 7 Years 3 to 8 Years 712 263 104 422 80 272 704 296 147 193 362 105 310 2 to 14 Years 2,844 2,160 2,362 2,735 1 to 2 Years Not Applicable 116 271 — — 56 83 — — $ 4,921 $ 3,263 $ 4,244 $ 3,705 Included in all categories in the above table, except for Investment funds, are investments for which Chubb will never have the contractual option to redeem but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. Further, for all categories except for Investment funds, Chubb does not have the ability to sell or transfer the investments without the consent from the general partner of individual funds. F-27 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Investment Category Consists of investments in private equity funds: Financial Real Assets Distressed Private Credit Traditional Vintage targeting financial services companies, such as financial institutions and insurance services worldwide targeting investments related to hard physical assets, such as real estate, infrastructure and natural resources targeting distressed corporate debt/credit and equity opportunities in the U.S. targeting privately originated corporate debt investments, including senior secured loans and subordinated bonds employing traditional private equity investment strategies such as buyout and growth equity globally funds where the initial fund term has expired Included in partially-owned investment companies and limited partnerships are 131 individual limited partnerships covering a broad range of investment strategies including large cap buyouts, specialist buyouts, growth capital, distressed, mezzanine, real estate, and co-investments. The underlying portfolio consists of various public and private debt and equity securities of publicly traded and privately held companies and real estate assets. The underlying investments across various partnerships, geographies, industries, asset types, and investment strategies provide risk diversification within the limited partnership portfolio and the overall investment portfolio. Investment funds employ various investment strategies such as long/short equity and arbitrage/distressed. Included in this category are investments for which Chubb has the option to redeem at agreed upon value as described in each investment fund’s subscription agreement. Depending on the terms of the various subscription agreements, investment fund investments may be redeemed monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually. If Chubb wishes to redeem an investment fund investment, it must first determine if the investment fund is still in a lock-up period (a time when Chubb cannot redeem its investment so that the investment fund manager has time to build the portfolio). If the investment fund is no longer in its lock-up period, Chubb must then notify the investment fund manager of its intention to redeem by the notification date prescribed by the subscription agreement. Subsequent to notification, the investment fund can redeem Chubb’s investment within several months of the notification. Notice periods for redemption of the investment funds range between 5 and 120 days. Chubb can redeem its investment funds without consent from the investment fund managers. e) Investments in partially-owned insurance companies The following table presents Investments in partially-owned insurance companies: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Carrying Value Direct Ownership Percentage Carrying Value Direct Ownership Percentage December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Huatai Group Huatai Life Insurance Company Freisenbruch-Meyer Chubb Arabia Cooperative Insurance Company Russian Reinsurance Company ABR Reinsurance Ltd. Total $ 1,053 31% $ 147 10 20 2 100 20% 40% 30% 23% 12% 452 106 9 18 2 91 $ 1,332 $ 678 Domicile China China Bermuda 20% 20% 40% 30% Saudi Arabia 23% 12% Russia Bermuda Huatai Group has a 100 percent ownership interest in Huatai P&C and an approximately 80 percent ownership interest in Huatai Life. At December 31, 2019, through its investment in Huatai Group, Chubb has a 30.9 percent indirect ownership in Huatai P&C and a 25 percent indirect ownership in Huatai Life. Chubb has a 20 percent direct ownership interest in Huatai Life. Therefore, Chubb’s aggregate direct and indirect ownership in Huatai Life is approximately 45 percent, comprising 20 percent direct and 25 percent indirect ownership interest. The table above excludes the 15.3 percent and 7.1 percent of additional ownership commitments in Huatai Group that are pending regulatory approvals and other important conditions. Refer to Note 2 for additional information. F-28 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries f) Net investment income (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturities Short-term investments Other interest income Equity securities Other investments Gross investment income (1) Investment expenses Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 $ 3,385 $ 3,128 $ 2,987 84 25 26 78 90 118 33 104 3,598 (172) 3,473 (168) 56 75 38 133 3,289 (164) 3,426 $ 3,305 $ 3,125 (161) $ (248) $ (332) Net investment income (1) (1) Includes amortization expense related to fair value adjustment of acquired invested assets related to the Chubb Corp acquisition $ $ g) Restricted assets Chubb is required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support its insurance and reinsurance operations. These requirements are generally promulgated in the statutory regulations of the individual jurisdictions. The assets on deposit are available to settle insurance and reinsurance liabilities. Chubb is also required to restrict assets pledged under repurchase agreements, which represent Chubb's agreement to sell securities and repurchase them at a future date for a predetermined price. We use trust funds in certain large reinsurance transactions where the trust funds are set up for the benefit of the ceding companies and generally take the place of letter of credit (LOC) requirements. We have investments in segregated portfolios primarily to provide collateral or guarantees for LOC and derivative transactions. Included in restricted assets are investments, primarily fixed maturities, totaling $21.0 billion, at both December 31, 2019 and 2018, and cash of $109 million and $93 million, respectively. The following table presents the components of restricted assets: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Trust funds Deposits with U.S. regulatory authorities Deposits with non-U.S. regulatory authorities Assets pledged under repurchase agreements Other pledged assets Total December 31 December 31 2019 2018 $ 14,004 $ 13,988 2,466 2,709 1,464 490 2,405 2,531 1,468 692 $ 21,133 $ 21,084 F-29 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 4. Fair value measurements a) Fair value hierarchy Fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities is estimated based on the framework established in the fair value accounting guidance. The guidance defines fair value as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows: • Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; • Level 2 – Includes, among other items, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability such as interest rates and yield curves, quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; and • Level 3 – Inputs that are unobservable and reflect management’s judgments about assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. We categorize financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy at the balance sheet date based upon the lowest level of inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement. We use pricing services to obtain fair value measurements for the majority of our investment securities. Based on management’s understanding of the methodologies used, these pricing services only produce an estimate of fair value if there is observable market information that would allow them to make a fair value estimate. Based on our understanding of the market inputs used by the pricing services, all applicable investments have been valued in accordance with GAAP. We do not adjust prices obtained from pricing services. The following is a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used to determine fair values for financial instruments carried at fair value, as well as the general classification of such financial instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. Fixed maturities We use pricing services to estimate fair value measurements for the majority of our fixed maturities. The pricing services use market quotations for fixed maturities that have quoted prices in active markets; such securities are classified within Level 1. For fixed maturities other than U.S. Treasury securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements using their pricing applications, which include available relevant market information, benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing. Additional valuation factors that can be taken into account are nominal spreads, dollar basis, and liquidity adjustments. The pricing services evaluate each asset class based on relevant market and credit information, perceived market movements, and sector news. The market inputs used in the pricing evaluation, listed in the approximate order of priority include: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference data, and industry and economic events. The extent of the use of each input is dependent on the asset class and the market conditions. Given the asset class, the priority of the use of inputs may change, or some market inputs may not be relevant. Additionally, fixed maturities valuation is more subjective when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market based inputs (i.e., stale pricing), which may increase the potential that an investment's estimated fair value is not reflective of the price at which an actual transaction would occur. The overwhelming majority of fixed maturities are classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. For a small number of fixed maturities, we obtain a single broker quote (typically from a market maker). Due to the disclaimers on the quotes that indicate that the price is indicative only, we include these fair value estimates in Level 3. Equity securities Equity securities with active markets are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. For equity securities in markets which are less active, fair values are based on market valuations and are classified within Level 2. Equity securities for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3. F-30 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Short-term investments Short-term investments, which comprise securities due to mature within one year of the date of purchase that are traded in active markets, are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. Securities such as commercial paper and discount notes are classified within Level 2 because these securities are typically not actively traded due to their approaching maturity, and as such, their cost approximates fair value. Short-term investments for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3. Other investments Fair values for the majority of Other investments including investments in partially-owned investment companies, investment funds, and limited partnerships are based on their respective net asset values or equivalent (NAV) and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy table below. Certain of our long-duration contracts are supported by assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. These assets comprise mutual funds, classified within Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets. Other investments also include equity securities, classified within Level 1 and fixed maturities, classified within Level 2, held in rabbi trusts maintained by Chubb for deferred compensation plans and supplemental retirement plans and are classified within the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities and fixed maturities. Other investments for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3. Securities lending collateral The underlying assets included in Securities lending collateral in the Consolidated balance sheets are fixed maturities which are classified in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other fixed maturities. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy is the corresponding liability related to Chubb’s obligation to return the collateral plus interest as it is reported at contract value and not fair value in the Consolidated balance sheets. Investment derivative instruments Actively traded investment derivative instruments, including futures, options, and forward contracts are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. The fair value of cross-currency swaps and interest rate swaps is based on market valuations and is classified within Level 2. Investment derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets. Other derivative instruments We maintain positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts designed to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and, therefore, an increase in reserves for our guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) and guaranteed living benefits (GLB) reinsurance business. Our positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts are classified within Level 1. The fair value of the majority of the remaining positions in other derivative instruments is based on significant observable inputs including equity security and interest rate indices. Accordingly, these are classified within Level 2. Other derivative instruments based on unobservable inputs are classified within Level 3. Other derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets. Separate account assets Separate account assets represent segregated funds where investment risks are borne by the customers, except to the extent of certain guarantees made by Chubb. Separate account assets comprise mutual funds classified within Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets. Separate account assets also include fixed maturities classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy are the corresponding liabilities as they are reported at contract value and not fair value in the Consolidated balance sheets. Separate account assets are recorded in Other assets in the Consolidated balance sheets. Guaranteed living benefits The GLB arises from life reinsurance programs covering living benefit guarantees whereby we assume the risk of guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB) associated with variable annuity contracts. GLB’s are recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities and Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. For GLB reinsurance, Chubb estimates fair value using an internal valuation model which includes current market information and estimates of policyholder behavior. All of the treaties contain claim limits, which are factored into the valuation model. The fair value depends on a number of factors, including interest rates, equity markets, credit risk, current account value, market volatility, expected annuitization rates and other policyholder behavior, and changes in policyholder mortality. Because of the significant use of unobservable inputs including policyholder behavior, GLB reinsurance is classified within Level 3. F-31 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by valuation hierarchy December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Assets: Fixed maturities available for sale U.S. Treasury and agency Foreign Corporate securities Mortgage-backed securities States, municipalities, and political subdivisions Equity securities Short-term investments Other investments (1) Securities lending collateral Investment derivative instruments Other derivative instruments Separate account assets Total assets measured at fair value (1) Liabilities: Investment derivative instruments Other derivative instruments GLB (2) Total liabilities measured at fair value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ 2,664 $ 619 $ — $ — — — — 2,664 728 2,803 412 — 24 2 3,437 23,258 30,340 19,132 7,515 80,864 15 1,482 377 994 — — 136 449 1,451 60 — 1,960 69 6 10 — — — — $ $ $ 10,070 $ 83,868 $ 2,045 $ 93 $ — $ — $ 13 — — — — 456 106 $ — $ 456 $ 3,283 23,707 31,791 19,192 7,515 85,488 812 4,291 799 994 24 2 3,573 95,983 93 13 456 562 (1) (2) Excluded from the table above are partially-owned investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships of $4,921 million and other investments of $95 million at December 31, 2019 measured using NAV as a practical expedient. Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 5 c) for additional information. F-32 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries December 31, 2018 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Assets: Fixed maturities available for sale U.S. Treasury and agency Foreign Corporate securities Mortgage-backed securities States, municipalities, and political subdivisions Equity securities Short-term investments Other investments (1) Securities lending collateral Investment derivative instruments Other derivative instruments Separate account assets Total assets measured at fair value (1) Liabilities: Investment derivative instruments GLB (2) Total liabilities measured at fair value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ 3,400 $ 745 $ — $ — — — — 3,400 713 1,575 381 — 28 25 2,686 21,071 25,284 15,479 10,786 73,365 — 1,440 303 1,926 — — 137 345 1,299 61 — 1,705 57 1 11 — — — — $ $ $ 8,808 $ 77,171 $ 1,774 $ 38 $ — 38 $ 115 $ — 115 $ — $ 452 452 $ 4,145 21,416 26,583 15,540 10,786 78,470 770 3,016 695 1,926 28 25 2,823 87,753 153 452 605 (1) (2) Excluded from the table above are partially-owned investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships of $4,244 million and other investments of $95 million at December 31, 2018 measured using NAV as a practical expedient. Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 5 c) for additional information. Level 3 financial instruments The following table presents the significant unobservable inputs used in the Level 3 liability valuations. Excluded from the table below are inputs used to determine the fair value of Level 3 assets which are based on single broker quotes and contain no quantitative unobservable inputs developed by management. The majority of our fixed maturities classified as Level 3 used external pricing when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market inputs (i.e., stale pricing, broker quotes). (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Fair Value at December 31 2019 Valuation Technique Significant Unobservable Inputs Ranges Weighted Average (1) GLB (1) $ 456 Actuarial model Lapse rate 3% – 34% Annuitization rate 0% – 52% 4.3% 3.2% (1) The weighted average lapse and annuitization rates are determined by weighting each treaty's rates by the GLB contracts fair value. The most significant policyholder behavior assumptions include lapse rates and the GMIB annuitization rates. Assumptions regarding lapse rates and GMIB annuitization rates differ by treaty, but the underlying methodologies to determine rates applied to each treaty are comparable. A lapse rate is the percentage of in-force policies surrendered in a given calendar year. All else equal, as lapse rates increase, ultimate claim payments will decrease. In general, the base lapse function assumes low lapse rates during the surrender charge period of the GMIB contract, followed by a “spike” lapse rate in the year immediately following the surrender charge period, and then reverting to an ultimate lapse rate, typically over a 2-year period. This base rate is adjusted downward for policies with more valuable guarantees (policies with guaranteed values far in excess of their account values). Partial withdrawals and the impact of older policyholders with tax-qualified contracts (due to required minimum distributions) are also reflected in our modeling. F-33 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The GMIB annuitization rate is the percentage of policies for which the policyholder will elect to annuitize using the guaranteed benefit provided under the GMIB. All else equal, as GMIB annuitization rates increase, ultimate claim payments will increase, subject to treaty claim limits. All GMIB reinsurance treaties include claim limits to protect Chubb in the event that actual annuitization behavior is significantly higher than expected. In general, Chubb assumes that GMIB annuitization rates will be higher for policies with more valuable guarantees (policies with guaranteed values far in excess of their account values). Chubb also assumes that GMIB annuitization rates increase as policyholders get older. In addition, we also assume that GMIB annuitization rates are higher in the first year immediately following the waiting period (the first year the policies are eligible to annuitize using the GMIB) in comparison to all subsequent years. We do not yet have fully credible annuitization experience for all clients. The effect of changes in key market factors on assumed lapse and annuitization rates reflect emerging trends using data available from cedants. For treaties with limited experience, rates are established in line with data received from other ceding companies adjusted, as appropriate, with industry estimates. The model and related assumptions are regularly re-evaluated by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon additional experience obtained related to policyholder behavior and availability of updated information such as market conditions, market participant assumptions, and demographics of in-force annuities. In the fourth quarter of 2019, we completed a review of policyholder behavior related to annuitizations, partial withdrawals, lapses, and mortality for our variable annuity reinsurance business. • As annuitization experience continued to emerge, we refined our annuitization assumptions including age-based behavior. Additionally, for policies with highly valuable guarantees we increased our annuitization assumptions to reflect recent trends. These refinements resulted in a net increase to the fair value of GLB liabilities generating a realized loss of approximately $91 million. • We refined our mortality assumptions based on additional emerging experience. We also updated our reference mortality table to a more recent industry table. The updated mortality rates increased the fair value of GLB liabilities generating a realized loss of approximately $11 million. • Lapse and partial withdrawal assumptions were also refined based on additional emerging experience. The change in lapse and partial withdrawal assumptions had an insignificant impact on the fair value of GLB liabilities. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we also made routine model refinements to the internal valuation model which resulted in a net increase in the fair value of GLB liabilities generating a realized loss of approximately $25 million. The following tables present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of financial instruments measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3): Available-for-Sale Debt Securities Assets Liabilities Year Ended December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Foreign Corporate securities MBS Equity securities Short-term investments Other investments GLB (1) Balance, beginning of year $ 345 $ 1,299 $ 61 $ 57 $ 1 $ 11 $ 452 Transfers into Level 3 Transfers out of Level 3 Change in Net Unrealized Gains/Losses in OCI Net Realized Gains/Losses Purchases Sales Settlements Balance, end of year Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date Change in Net Unrealized Gains/ Losses included in OCI at the Balance Sheet Date $ $ $ 11 (24) 13 (1) 228 (70) (53) 23 (38) (2) (4) 577 (125) (279) — (16) — — 19 (1) (3) — — 1 (2) 34 (21) — 449 $ 1,451 $ 60 $ 69 $ — — — — 6 — (1) 6 $ — — — — — — (1) — — — 4 — — — 10 $ 456 — $ (2) $ — $ (3) $ — $ — $ 7 $ (8) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 4 — (1) Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits. Refer to Note 5 c) for additional information. F-34 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Available-for-Sale Debt Securities Year Ended December 31, 2018 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Foreign Corporate securities MBS Equity securities Short-term investments Other investments Other derivative instruments GLB (1) Balance, beginning of year $ 93 $ 1,037 $ 78 $ 44 $ — $ 263 $ 2 $ 204 Assets Liabilities Transfers into Level 3 Transfers out of Level 3 Change in Net Unrealized Gains/Losses in OCI Net Realized Gains/Losses Purchases Sales Settlements Balance, end of year Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date 13 (2) (12) (3) 334 (69) (9) 24 (31) (4) (5) 672 (164) (230) 1 (3) — — 5 — (20) — — (2) 6 37 (28) — 5 — — — 9 — (13) — (252) (2) 1 50 — (49) — — — (2) — — — — — — 248 — — — $ 345 $ 1,299 $ 61 $ 57 $ 1 $ 11 $ — $ 452 $ (1) $ (7) $ — $ (1) $ — $ 1 $ — $ 248 (1) Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. The liability for GLB reinsurance was $861 million at December 31, 2018 and $550 million at December 31, 2017, which includes a fair value derivative adjustment of $452 million and $204 million, respectively. Available-for-Sale Debt Securities Year Ended December 31, 2017 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Foreign Corporate securities (1) MBS Equity securities Short-term investments Other investments Other derivative instruments GLB (2) Balance, beginning of year $ 74 $ 681 $ 45 $ 41 $ 25 $ 225 $ 13 $ 559 Assets Liabilities Transfers into Level 3 Transfers out of Level 3 Change in Net Unrealized Gains/Losses in OCI Net Realized Gains/Losses Purchases Sales Settlements Balance, end of year Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date $ $ — (3) 3 — 84 (59) (6) 231 (93) (12) — 521 (111) (180) 50 — — — 8 (1) (24) — — (1) 2 24 (22) — — — — — 16 — — — 6 — 56 — (41) (24) — (9) — (2) — — — 9 — — (364) — — — 93 $ 1,037 $ 78 $ 44 $ — $ 263 $ 2 $ 204 (1) $ (2) $ — $ (1) $ — $ — $ (2) $ (364) (1) (2) Transfers into and Purchases in Level 3 primarily consist of privately-placed fixed income securities. Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. The liability for GLB reinsurance was $550 million at December 31, 2017 and $853 million at December 31, 2016, which includes a fair value derivative adjustment of $204 million and $559 million, respectively. b) Financial instruments disclosed, but not measured, at fair value Chubb uses various financial instruments in the normal course of its business. Our insurance contracts are excluded from fair value of financial instruments accounting guidance, and therefore, are not included in the amounts discussed below. The carrying values of cash, other assets, other liabilities, and other financial instruments not included below approximated their fair values. F-35 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Investments in partially-owned insurance companies Fair values for investments in partially-owned insurance companies are based on Chubb’s share of the net assets based on the financial statements provided by those companies and are excluded from the valuation hierarchy tables below. Short- and long-term debt, repurchase agreements, and trust preferred securities Where practical, fair values for short-term debt, long-term debt, repurchase agreements, and trust preferred securities are estimated using discounted cash flow calculations based principally on observable inputs including incremental borrowing rates, which reflect Chubb’s credit rating, for similar types of borrowings with maturities consistent with those remaining for the debt being valued. The following tables present fair value, by valuation hierarchy, and carrying value of the financial instruments not measured at fair value: December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Assets: Fixed maturities held to maturity U.S. Treasury and agency Foreign Corporate securities Mortgage-backed securities States, municipalities, and political subdivisions Total assets Liabilities: Repurchase agreements Short-term debt Long-term debt Trust preferred securities Total liabilities December 31, 2018 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Assets: Fixed maturities held to maturity U.S. Treasury and agency Foreign Corporate securities Mortgage-backed securities States, municipalities, and political subdivisions Total assets Liabilities: Repurchase agreements Short-term debt Long-term debt Trust preferred securities Total liabilities F-36 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Fair Value $ 1,292 $ 55 $ — $ 1,347 $ — — — — 1,485 2,436 2,396 5,309 — 32 — — 1,485 2,468 2,396 5,309 Carrying Value 1,318 1,423 2,349 2,331 5,160 $ $ $ 1,292 $ 11,681 $ 32 $ 13,005 $ 12,581 — $ 1,416 $ — $ 1,416 $ — — — 1,307 15,048 467 — — — 1,307 15,048 467 1,416 1,299 13,559 308 — $ 18,238 $ — $ 18,238 $ 16,582 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Fair Value $ 1,128 $ 54 $ — $ 1,182 $ — — — — 1,542 2,477 2,486 5,541 — 31 — — 1,542 2,508 2,486 5,541 Carrying Value 1,185 1,549 2,601 2,524 5,576 $ $ $ 1,128 $ 12,100 $ 31 $ 13,259 $ 13,435 — $ 1,418 $ — $ 1,418 $ 1,418 — — — 516 12,181 409 — — — 516 12,181 409 509 12,087 308 — $ 14,524 $ — $ 14,524 $ 14,322 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 5. Reinsurance a) Consolidated reinsurance Chubb purchases reinsurance to manage various exposures including catastrophe risks. Although reinsurance agreements contractually obligate Chubb's reinsurers to reimburse it for the agreed-upon portion of its gross paid losses, they do not discharge Chubb's primary liability. The amounts for net premiums written and net premiums earned in the Consolidated statements of operations are net of reinsurance. The following table presents direct, assumed, and ceded premiums: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Premiums written Direct Assumed Ceded Net Premiums earned Direct Assumed Ceded Net Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 $ $ $ $ 36,848 $ 34,782 $ 3,276 (7,849) 3,186 (7,389) 32,275 $ 30,579 $ 35,876 $ 34,108 $ 3,107 (7,693) 3,175 (7,219) 31,290 $ 30,064 $ 33,137 3,239 (7,132) 29,244 32,782 3,332 (7,080) 29,034 Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred were $4.9 billion, $5.6 billion, and $5.5 billion for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. b) Reinsurance recoverable on ceded reinsurance (in millions of U.S. dollars) December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Net Reinsurance Recoverable (1) Provision for Uncollectible Net Reinsurance Recoverable (1) Provision for Uncollectible Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss expenses Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits (1) Net of provision for uncollectible reinsurance. $ $ $ 14,181 $ 240 $ 14,689 $ 1,000 76 1,304 15,181 $ 316 $ 15,993 $ 197 $ 4 $ 202 $ 251 72 323 4 The decrease in reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses in 2019 was primarily due to collections, principally on catastrophe losses. We evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and potential reinsurers on a regular basis and also monitor concentrations of credit risk with reinsurers. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance is required principally due to the potential failure of reinsurers to indemnify Chubb, primarily because of disputes under reinsurance contracts and insolvencies. We have established provisions for amounts estimated to be uncollectible on both unpaid and paid losses as well as future policy benefits. F-37 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following tables present a listing, at December 31, 2019, of the categories of Chubb's reinsurers: December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Categories Largest reinsurers Other reinsurers rated A- or better Other reinsurers with ratings lower than A- or not rated Pools Structured settlements Captives Other Total Gross Reinsurance Recoverable on Loss and Loss Expenses Provision for Uncollectible Reinsurance % of Gross Reinsurance Recoverable $ 6,594 $ 4,624 478 379 535 2,647 240 72 55 70 15 15 20 69 $ 15,497 $ 316 1.1% 1.2% 14.6% 4.0% 2.8% 0.8% 28.8% 2.0% Largest Reinsurers ABR Reinsurance Capital Holdings Berkshire Hathaway Insurance Group HDI Group (Hannover Re) Lloyd's of London Munich Re Group Partner Re Group Swiss Re Group Categories of Chubb's reinsurers Largest reinsurers Other reinsurers rated A- or better Other reinsurers rated lower than A- or not rated Pools Structured settlements Captives Other Comprises: • All groups of reinsurers or captives where the gross recoverable exceeds one percent of Chubb's total shareholders' equity. • All reinsurers rated A- or better that were not included in the largest reinsurer category. • All reinsurers rated lower than A- or not rated that were not included in the largest reinsurer category. • Related to Chubb's voluntary pool participation and Chubb's mandatory pool participation required by law in certain states. • Annuities purchased from life insurance companies to settle claims. Since we retain ultimate liability in the event that the life company fails to pay, we reflect the amounts as both a liability and a recoverable/receivable for GAAP purposes. • Companies established and owned by our insurance clients to assume a significant portion of their direct insurance risk from Chubb; structured to allow clients to self- insure a portion of their reinsurance risk. It generally is our policy to obtain collateral equal to expected losses. Where appropriate, exceptions are granted but only with review and approval at a senior officer level. Excludes captives included in the largest reinsurer category. • Amounts recoverable that are in dispute or are from companies that are in supervision, rehabilitation, or liquidation. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance is principally based on an analysis of the credit quality of the reinsurer and collateral balances. We establish the provision for uncollectible reinsurance for the Other category based on a case-by-case analysis of individual situations including the merits of the underlying matter, credit and collateral analysis, and consideration of our collection experience in similar situations. F-38 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries c) Assumed life reinsurance programs involving minimum benefit guarantees under variable annuity contracts The following table presents income and expenses relating to GMDB and GLB reinsurance. GLBs include GMIBs. (in millions of U.S. dollars) GMDB Net premiums earned Policy benefits and other reserve adjustments GLB Net premiums earned Policy benefits and other reserve adjustments Net realized gains (losses) Gain (loss) recognized in Net income Net cash received and other Net decrease (increase) in liability Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 $ $ $ $ $ 41 $ — $ 47 $ 20 $ 92 $ 96 $ 122 (6) 110 (250) (36) $ (264) $ — 47 (36) $ (311) $ 49 40 110 105 363 368 65 303 Net realized gains (losses) in the table above include gains (losses) related to foreign exchange and fair value adjustments on insurance derivatives and exclude gains (losses) on S&P futures used to partially offset the risk in the GLB reinsurance portfolio. Refer to Note 10 for additional information. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the reported liability for GMDB reinsurance was $83 million and $117 million, respectively. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the reported liability for GLB reinsurance was $897 million and $861 million, respectively, which includes a fair value derivative adjustment of $456 million and $452 million, respectively. Reported liabilities for both GMDB and GLB reinsurance are determined using internal valuation models. Such valuations require considerable judgment and are subject to significant uncertainty. The valuation of these products is subject to fluctuations arising from, among other factors, changes in interest rates, changes in equity markets, changes in credit markets, changes in the allocation of the investments underlying annuitants’ account values, and assumptions regarding future policyholder behavior. These models and the related assumptions are regularly reviewed by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon improvements in modeling assumptions and availability of updated information, such as market conditions and demographics of in-force annuities. F-39 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Variable Annuity Net Amount at Risk The net amount at risk is defined as the present value of future claim payments assuming policy account values and guaranteed values are fixed at the valuation date (December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively) and reinsurance coverage ends at the earlier of the maturity of the underlying variable annuity policy or the reinsurance treaty. In addition, the following assumptions were used: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Net amount at risk December 31 2019 December 31 2018 2019 Future claims discount rate Other assumptions Total claims at 100% mortality at December 31, 2019(1) Reinsurance covering GMDB Risk Only GLB Risk Only $ $ 256 $ 408 3.8% - 4.0% No lapses or withdrawals $ 1,095 $ 1,233 4.0% - 4.3% No deaths, lapses or withdrawals Mortality according to 100% of the Annuity 2000 mortality table Annuitization at a frequency most disadvantageous to Chubb(2) Claim calculated using interest rates in line with rates used to calculate reserve Both Risks: (3) GMDB $ 91 $ 103 4.0% - 4.3% No lapses or withdrawals $ GLB $ 415 $ 517 4.0% - 4.3% Annuitization at a frequency most disadvantageous to Chubb(2) Mortality according to 100% of the Annuity 2000 mortality table Claim calculated using interest rates in line with rates used to calculate reserve Takes into account all applicable reinsurance treaty claim limits. (1) (2) Annuitization at a level that maximizes claims taking into account the treaty limits. (3) Covering both the GMDB and GLB risks on the same underlying policyholders. 167 N/A 16 N/A The average attained age of all policyholders for all risk categories above, weighted by the guaranteed value of each reinsured policy, is approximately 72 years. 6. Goodwill and Other intangible assets At both December 31, 2019 and 2018, Goodwill was $15.3 billion and Other intangible assets were $6.1 billion. The majority of the Other intangible assets balance at both December 31, 2019 and 2018 relates to the Chubb Corp acquisition and comprises of $3.2 billion that are subject to amortization, principally agency distribution relationships and renewal rights, and $2.9 billion that are not subject to amortization, principally trademarks. a) Goodwill The following table presents a roll-forward of Goodwill by segment: North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Life Insurance Chubb Consolidated $ $ $ 6,976 $ 2,240 $ 134 $ 5,004 $ 365 $ 822 $ 15,541 (30) (10) — (234) 6 (2) (270) 6,946 $ 2,230 $ 134 $ 4,770 $ 371 $ 820 $ 15,271 9 4 — 15 — (3) 25 6,955 $ 2,234 $ 134 $ 4,785 $ 371 $ 817 $ 15,296 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Balance at December 31, 2017 Foreign exchange revaluation and other Balance at December 31, 2018 Foreign exchange revaluation and other Balance at December 31, 2019 F-40 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries b) Other intangible assets Amortization expense related to purchased intangibles were $305 million, $339 million, and $260 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, principally related to agency distribution relationships and renewal rights. The following table presents, as of December 31, 2019, the expected estimated pre-tax amortization expense (benefit) of purchased intangibles, at current foreign currency exchange rates, for the next five years: For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total Associated with the Chubb Corp Acquisition Agency distribution relationships and renewal rights Fair value adjustment on Unpaid losses and loss expense (1) 239 $ (35) $ 216 196 177 159 (20) (14) (7) (5) Other intangible assets Total Amortization of purchased intangibles 86 $ 84 93 91 85 290 280 275 261 239 Total 204 $ 196 182 170 154 987 $ (81) $ 906 $ 439 $ 1,345 $ $ (1) In connection with the Chubb Corp acquisition, we recorded an increase to Unpaid losses and loss expenses acquired to adjust the carrying value of Chubb Corp's historical Unpaid losses and loss expenses to fair value as of the acquisition date. This fair value adjustment amortizes through Amortization of purchased intangibles on the Consolidated statements of operations through the year 2032. The balance of the fair value adjustment on Unpaid losses and loss expense was $145 million and $207 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Refer to Note 1(h) for additional information. c) VOBA The following table presents a roll-forward of VOBA: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Balance, beginning of year Acquisition of Banchile Seguros de Vida Amortization of VOBA (1) Foreign exchange revaluation Balance, end of year (1) Recognized in Policy acquisition costs in the Consolidated statements of operations. 2019 2018 2017 $ 295 $ 326 $ 35 (24) — — (25) (6) $ 306 $ 295 $ 355 — (35) 6 326 The following table presents, as of December 31, 2019, the expected estimated pre-tax amortization expense related to VOBA for the next five years: For the Year Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Total $ VOBA 26 24 22 21 19 $ 112 F-41 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 7. Unpaid losses and loss expenses Chubb establishes reserves for the estimated unpaid ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses under the terms of its policies and agreements. Reserves include estimates for both claims that have been reported and for IBNR claims, and include estimates of expenses associated with processing and settling these claims. Reserves are recorded in Unpaid losses and loss expenses in the consolidated balance sheets. While we believe that our reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses at December 31, 2019 are adequate, new information or trends may lead to future developments in incurred loss and loss expenses significantly greater or less than the reserves provided. Any such revisions could result in future changes in estimates of losses or reinsurance recoverable and would be reflected in our results of operations in the period in which the estimates are changed. The following table presents a reconciliation of beginning and ending Unpaid losses and loss expenses: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses, beginning of year Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses (1) Net unpaid losses and loss expenses, beginning of year Net losses and loss expenses incurred in respect of losses occurring in: Current year Prior years (2) Total Net losses and loss expenses paid in respect of losses occurring in: Current year Prior years Total Foreign currency revaluation and other Net unpaid losses and loss expenses, end of year Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses (1) Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses, end of year Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 $ 62,960 $ 63,179 $ 60,540 (14,689) 48,271 (14,014) 49,165 (12,708) 47,832 19,575 (845) 18,730 7,894 10,579 18,473 (19) 48,509 14,181 19,048 (981) 18,067 7,544 10,796 18,340 (621) 48,271 14,689 $ 62,690 $ 62,960 $ 19,391 (937) 18,454 6,575 10,873 17,448 327 49,165 14,014 63,179 (1) Net of provision for uncollectible reinsurance. (2) Relates to prior period loss reserve development only and excludes prior period development related to reinstatement premiums, expense adjustments and earned premiums totaling $53 million, $85 million and $108 million for 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. The increase in net unpaid losses and loss expense in 2019 reflected an increase in underlying reserves, offset by favorable prior period development and payments related to catastrophic events. The decrease in gross and net unpaid losses and loss expenses in 2018 was primarily driven by payments related to the 2017 catastrophic events, favorable prior period development and foreign exchange movement, partially offset by catastrophic events in 2018. The loss development tables under section c) below, present Chubb’s historical incurred and paid claims development by broad product line through December 31, 2019, net of reinsurance, as well as the cumulative number of reported claims, IBNR balances, and other supplementary information. F-42 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents a reconciliation of the loss development tables to the liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses in the consolidated balance sheet: Reconciliation of Reserve Balances to Liability for Unpaid Loss and Loss Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Presented in the loss development tables: North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Workers' Compensation North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Liability North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Other Casualty North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Non-Casualty North America Personal P&C Insurance Overseas General Insurance — Casualty Overseas General Insurance — Non-Casualty Global Reinsurance — Casualty Global Reinsurance — Non-Casualty Excluded from the loss development tables: Other Net unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expense Ceded unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expense: North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Workers' Compensation North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Liability North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Other Casualty North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Non-Casualty North America Personal P&C Insurance Overseas General Insurance — Casualty Overseas General Insurance — Non-Casualty Global Reinsurance — Casualty Global Reinsurance — Non-Casualty Other Ceded unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expense Unpaid loss and loss expense on other than short-duration contracts (1) Unpaid unallocated loss adjustment expenses Unpaid losses and loss expenses (1) Primarily includes the claims reserve of our International A&H business and Life Insurance segment reserves. $ $ $ December 31, 2019 9,414 16,447 1,913 1,759 2,525 5,977 2,377 1,177 255 4,218 46,062 1,657 5,400 546 1,150 603 2,113 1,263 35 107 1,457 14,331 873 1,424 62,690 F-43 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Business excluded from the loss development tables “Other” shown in the reconciliation table above comprises businesses excluded from the loss development tables below: • North America Agricultural Insurance segment business, which is short-tailed with the majority of the liabilities expected to be resolved in the ensuing twelve months; • Corporate segment business, which includes run-off liabilities such as asbestos and environmental and other mass tort exposures and which impact accident years older than those shown in the exhibits below; • Life Insurance segment business, which is generally written using long-duration contracts; and • Certain subsets of our business due to data limitations or unsuitability to the development table presentation, including: We underwrite loss portfolio transfers at various times; by convention, all premium and losses associated with these transactions are recorded to the policy period of the transaction, even though the accident dates of the claims covered may be a decade or more in the past. We also underwrite certain high attachment, high limit, multiple-line and excess of aggregate coverages for large commercial clients. Changes in incurred loss and cash flow patterns are volatile and sufficiently different from those of typical insureds. This category includes the loss portfolio transfer of Fireman’s Fund personal lines run-off liabilities and Alternative Risk Solutions business within the North America Commercial P&C segment; 2015 and prior paid history on a subset of previously acquired international businesses, within the Overseas General Insurance segment, due to limitations on the data prior to the acquisition; Reinsurance recoverable bad debt; Purchase accounting adjustments related to unpaid losses and loss expenses for Chubb Corp. a) Description of Reserving Methodologies Our recorded reserves represent management's best estimate of the provision for unpaid claims as of the balance sheet date. The process of establishing loss and loss expense reserves can be complex and is subject to considerable uncertainty as it requires the use of estimates and judgments based on circumstances underlying the insured loss at the date of accrual. The reserves for our various product lines each require different qualitative and quantitative assumptions and judgments to be made. Management's best estimate is developed after collaboration with actuarial, underwriting, claims, legal, and finance departments and culminates with the input of reserve committees. Each business unit reserve committee includes the participation of the relevant parties from actuarial, finance, claims, and unit senior management and has the responsibility for finalizing, recommending and approving the estimate to be used as management's best estimate. Reserves are further reviewed by Chubb's Chief Actuary and senior management. The objective of such a process is to determine a single estimate that we believe represents a better estimate than any other and which is viewed by management to be the best estimate of ultimate loss settlements. This estimate is based on a combination of exposure and experience-based actuarial methods (described below) and other considerations such as claims reviews, reinsurance recovery assumptions and/or input from other knowledgeable parties such as underwriting. Exposure-based methods are most commonly used on relatively immature origin years (i.e., the year in which the losses were incurred — “accident year” or “report year”), while experience-based methods provide a view based on the projection of loss experience that has emerged as of the valuation date. Greater reliance is placed upon experience-based methods as the pool of emerging loss experience grows and where it is deemed sufficiently credible and reliable as the basis for the estimate. In comparing the held reserve for any given origin year to the actuarial projections, judgment is required as to the credibility, uncertainty and inherent limitations of applying actuarial techniques to historical data to project future loss experience. Examples of factors that impact such judgments include, but are not limited to, the following: reported and projected loss trends; segmentation of data to provide sufficient homogeneity and credibility for loss projection methods; • nature and complexity of underlying coverage provided and net limits of exposure provided; • • extent of credible internal historical loss data and reliance upon industry information as required; • historical variability of actual loss emergence compared with expected loss emergence; • • extent of emerged loss experience relative to the remaining expected period of loss emergence; • • • • • • • • nature and extent of underlying assumptions. rate monitor information for new and renewal business; changes in claims handling practice; inflation; the legal environment; facts and circumstances of large claims; terms and conditions of the contracts sold to our insured parties; impact of applicable reinsurance recoveries; and F-44 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries We have actuarial staff within each of our business units who analyze loss reserves (including loss expenses) and regularly project estimates of ultimate losses and the corresponding indications of the required IBNR reserve. Our reserving approach is a comprehensive ground-up process using data at a detailed level that reflects the specific types and coverages of the diverse products written by our various operations. The data presented in this disclosure was prepared on a more aggregated basis and with a focus on changes in incurred loss estimates over time as well as associated cash flows. We note that data prepared on this basis may not demonstrate the full spectrum of characteristics that are evident in the more detailed level studied internally. We perform an actuarial reserve review for each product line at least once a year. For most product lines, one or more standard actuarial reserving methods may be used to determine estimates of ultimate losses and loss expenses, and from these estimates, a single actuarial central estimate is selected. The actuarial central estimate is an input to the reserve committee process described above. For the few product lines that do not lend themselves to standard actuarial reserving methods, appropriate techniques are applied to produce the actuarial central estimates. For example, run-off asbestos and environmental liability estimates are better suited to the application of account-specific exposure-based analyses to best evaluate their associated aggregate reserve levels. b) Standard actuarial reserving methods The judgments involved in projecting the ultimate losses include the use and interpretation of various standard actuarial reserving methods that place reliance on the extrapolation of actual historical data, loss development patterns, industry data, and other benchmarks as appropriate. Standard actuarial reserving methods include, but are not limited to, expected loss ratio, paid and reported loss development, and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods. A general description of these methods is provided below. In addition to these standard methods, depending upon the product line characteristics and available data, we may use other recognized actuarial methods and approaches. Implicit in the standard actuarial methods that we generally utilize is the need for two fundamental assumptions: first, the pattern by which losses are expected to emerge over time for each origin year, and second the expected loss ratio for each origin year. The expected loss ratio for any particular origin year is selected after consideration of a number of factors, including historical loss ratios adjusted for rate changes, premium and loss trends, industry benchmarks, the results of policy level loss modeling at the time of underwriting, and/or other more subjective considerations for the product line (e.g., terms and conditions) and external environment as noted above. The expected loss ratio for a given origin year is initially established at the start of the origin year as part of the planning process. This analysis is performed in conjunction with underwriters and management. The expected loss ratio method arrives at an ultimate loss estimate by multiplying the expected ultimate loss ratio by the corresponding premium base. This method is most commonly used as the basis for the actuarial central estimate for immature origin periods on product lines where the actual paid or reported loss experience is not yet deemed sufficiently credible to serve as the principal basis for the selection of ultimate losses. The expected loss ratio for a given origin year may be modified over time if the underlying assumptions differ from the original assumptions (e.g., the assessment of prior year loss ratios, loss trend, rate changes, actual claims, or other information). Our selected paid and reported development patterns provide a benchmark against which the actual emerging loss experience can be monitored. Where possible, development patterns are selected based on historical loss emergence by origin year. For product lines where the historical data is viewed to have low statistical credibility, the selected development patterns also reflect relevant industry benchmarks and/or experience from similar product lines written elsewhere within Chubb. This most commonly occurs for relatively new product lines that have limited historical data or for high severity/low frequency portfolios where our historical experience exhibits considerable volatility and/or lacks credibility. The paid and reported loss development methods convert the selected loss emergence pattern to a set of multiplicative factors which are then applied to actual paid or reported losses to arrive at an estimate of ultimate losses for each period. Due to their multiplicative nature, the paid and reported loss development methods will leverage differences between actual and expected loss emergence. These methods tend to be utilized for more mature origin periods and for those portfolios where the loss emergence has been relatively consistent over time. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method is a combination of the expected loss ratio method and the loss development method, where the loss development method is given more weight as the origin year matures. This approach allows a logical transition between the expected loss ratio method which is generally utilized at earlier maturities and the loss development methods which are typically utilized at later maturities. We usually apply this method using reported loss data although paid data may also be used. F-45 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Short-tail business Short-tail business generally describes product lines for which losses are typically known and paid shortly after the loss actually occurs. This would include, for example, most property, personal accident, and automobile physical damage policies that we write. Due to the short reporting and development pattern for these product lines, the uncertainty associated with our estimate of ultimate losses for any particular accident period diminishes relatively quickly as actual loss experience emerges. We typically assign credibility to methods that incorporate actual loss emergence, such as the paid and reported loss development and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods, sooner than would be the case for long-tail lines at a similar stage of development for a given origin year. The reserving process for short-tail losses arising from catastrophic events typically involves an assessment by the claims department, in conjunction with underwriters and actuaries, of our exposure and estimated losses immediately following an event and then subsequent revisions of the estimated losses as our insureds provide updated actual loss information. Long-tail business Long-tail business describes lines of business for which specific losses may not be known/reported for some period and for which claims can take significant time to settle/close. This includes most casualty lines such as general liability, D&O, and workers' compensation. There are various factors contributing to the uncertainty and volatility of long-tail business. Among these are: • The nature and complexity of underlying coverage provided and net limits of exposure provided; • Our historical loss data and experience is sometimes too immature and lacking in credibility to rely upon for reserving purposes. Where this is the case, in our reserve analysis we may utilize industry loss ratios or industry benchmark development patterns that we believe reflect the nature and coverage of the underwritten business and its future development, where available. For such product lines, actual loss experience may differ from industry loss statistics as well as loss experience for previous underwriting years; • The difficulty in estimating loss trends, claims inflation (e.g., medical and judicial) and underlying economic conditions; • The need for professional judgment to estimate loss development patterns beyond that represented by historical data using supplemental internal or industry data, extrapolation, or a blend of both; • The need to address shifts in business mix or volume over time when applying historical paid and reported loss development patterns from older origin years to more recent origin years. For example, changes over time in the processes and procedures for establishing case reserves can distort reported loss development patterns or changes in ceded reinsurance structures by origin year can alter the development of paid and reported losses; • Loss reserve analyses typically require loss or other data be grouped by common characteristics in some manner. If data from two combined lines of business exhibit different characteristics, such as loss payment patterns, the credibility of the reserve estimate could be affected. Additionally, since casualty lines of business can have significant intricacies in the terms and conditions afforded to the insured, there is an inherent risk as to the homogeneity of the underlying data used in performing reserve analyses; and • The applicability of the price change data used to estimate ultimate loss ratios for most recent origin years. As described above, various factors are considered when determining appropriate data, assumptions, and methods used to establish the loss reserve estimates for long-tail product lines. These factors may also vary by origin year for given product lines. The derivation of loss development patterns from data and the selection of a tail factor to project ultimate losses from actual loss emergence require considerable judgment, particularly with respect to the extent to which historical loss experience is relied upon to support changes in key reserving assumptions. c) Loss Development Tables The tables were designed to present business with similar risk characteristics which exhibit like development patterns and generally similar trends, in order to provide insight into the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows related to our claims liabilities. Each table follows a similar format and reflects the following: • The incurred loss triangle includes both reported case reserves and IBNR liabilities. • Both the incurred and paid loss triangles include allocated loss adjustment expense (i.e., defense and investigative costs particular to individual claims) but exclude unallocated loss adjustment expense (i.e., the costs associated with internal claims staff and third-party administrators). • The amounts in both triangles for the years ended December 31, 2010, to December 31, 2018 and average historical claim duration as of December 31, 2019, are presented as supplementary information. F-46 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries • All data presented in the triangles is net of reinsurance recoverables. • The IBNR reserves shown to the right of each incurred loss development exhibit reflect the net IBNR recorded as of December 31, 2019. • The tables are presented retrospectively with respect to acquisitions where these are material and doing so is practicable. Most notably, the Chubb Corp acquisition is presented retrospectively. The unaudited consolidated data is presented solely for informational purposes and is not necessarily indicative of the consolidated data that might have been observed had the transactions been completed prior to the date indicated. Historical dollar amounts are presented in this footnote on a constant-dollar basis, which is achieved by assuming constant foreign exchange rates for all periods in the loss triangles, translating prior period amounts using the same local currency exchange rates as the current year end. The impact of this conversion is to show the change between periods exclusive of the effect of fluctuations in exchange rates, which would otherwise distort the change in incurred loss and cash flow patterns shown. The change in incurred loss shown will differ from other GAAP disclosures of incurred prior period reserve development amounts, which include the effect of fluctuations in exchanges rates. We provided guidance above on key assumptions that should be considered when reviewing this disclosure and information relating to how loss reserve estimates are developed. We believe the information provided in the “Loss Development Tables” section of the disclosure is of limited use for independent analysis or application of standard actuarial estimations. Cumulative Number of Reported Claims Reported claim counts, on a cumulative basis, are provided to the far right of each incurred loss development table. We generally consider a reported claim to be one claim per coverage per claimant. We exclude claims closed without payment. Use of the presented claim counts in analysis of company experience has significant limitations, including: • High deductible workers' compensation claim counts include claims below the applicable policy deductible. • Professional liability and certain other lines have a high proportion of claims reported which will be closed without any payment; shifts in total reported counts may not meaningfully impact reported and ultimate loss experience. • Claims for certain events and/or product lines, such as portions of assumed reinsurance and A&H business, are not reported on an individual basis, but rather in bulk and thus not available for inclusion in this disclosure. • Each of the segments below typically has a mixture of primary and excess experience which has shifted over time. Reported claim counts include open claims which have case reserves and exclude claims that have been incurred but not reported. As such the reported claims are consistent with reported losses, which can be calculated by subtracting incurred but not reported losses from incurred losses. Reported claim counts are inconsistent with losses in the incurred loss triangle, which include incurred but not reported losses, and are also inconsistent with losses in the paid loss triangle, which exclude case reserves. North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Workers' Compensation — Long-tail This product line has a substantial geographic spread and a broad mix across industries. Types of coverage include risk management business predominantly with high deductible policies, loss sensitive business (i.e., retrospectively-rated policies), business fronted for captives, as well as excess and primary guaranteed cost coverages. The triangle below shows all loss and allocated expense development for the workers' compensation product line. In our prior period development disclosure, we exclude any loss development where there is a directly related premium adjustment. For workers' compensation, changes in the exposure base due to payroll audits will drive changes in ultimate losses. In addition, we record involuntary pool assumptions (premiums and losses) on a lagged basis. Both of these items will influence the development in the triangle, particularly the first prior accident year, and are included in the reconciliation table presented on page F-60. F-47  As of December 31 2019 Net IBNR Reserves Reported Claims (in thousands) NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Workers' Compensation — Long-tail (continued) Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 1,049 $ 1,037 $ 1,050 $ 1,065 $ 1,064 $ 1,052 $1,028 $1,020 $ 1,018 $ 999 $ 1,037 1,030 1,046 1,049 1,053 1,022 1,012 1,009 1,050 1,011 1,030 1,040 1,011 989 986 1,109 1,108 1,207 1,122 1,201 1,282 1,127 1,217 1,259 1,366 1,086 1,215 1,276 1,361 1,412 1,073 1,163 1,279 1,383 1,380 1,359 988 977 1,037 1,100 1,217 1,378 1,399 1,360 1,391 $ 11,846 223 233 275 309 395 500 673 783 788 997 303 286 287 299 336 334 304 339 362 246 Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 123 $ 300 $ 411 $ 493 $ 551 $ 592 $ 617 $ 641 $ 666 $ 119 294 111 411 271 107 484 365 286 113 533 436 422 295 116 567 486 506 410 301 122 595 532 553 484 418 326 120 616 574 587 532 501 452 313 130 684 640 592 616 566 564 529 437 329 143 Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years $ 5,100 December 31, 2019 2,668 9,414 December 31, 2019 (93) (288) $ $ $ $ Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2019 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage F-48 1 2 3 10% 16% 10% 4 7% 5 5% 6 4% 7 3% 8 2% 9 2% 10 2% NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Liability — Long-tail This line consists of primary and excess liability exposures, including medical liability and professional lines, including directors and officers (D&O) liability, errors and omissions (E&O) liability, employment practices liability (EPL), fidelity bonds, and fiduciary liability. The primary and excess liability business represents the largest part of these exposures. The former includes both monoline and commercial package liability. The latter includes a substantial proportion of commercial umbrella, excess and high excess business, where loss activity can produce significant volatility in the loss triangles at later ages within an accident year (and sometimes across years) due to the size of the limits afforded and the complex nature of the underlying losses. This line includes management and professional liability products provided to a wide variety of clients, from national accounts to small firms along with private and not-for-profit organizations, distributed through brokers, agents, wholesalers and MGAs. Many of these coverages, particularly D&O and E&O, are typically written on a claims-made form. While most of the coverages are underwritten on a primary basis, there are significant amounts of excess exposure with large policy limits. Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses Years Ended December 31 As of December 31 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Unaudited Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Net IBNR Reserves Reported Claims (in thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $3,574 $3,579 $3,597 $3,556 $3,416 $3,247 $3,125 $3,105 $2,993 $ 2,983 $ 3,496 3,582 3,548 3,626 3,624 3,543 3,660 3,609 3,538 3,532 3,590 3,560 3,538 3,582 3,556 3,494 3,520 3,528 3,671 3,705 3,530 3,380 3,422 3,426 3,713 3,814 3,591 3,319 3,312 3,326 3,212 3,652 3,971 3,688 3,495 3,371 3,190 3,231 3,118 3,467 3,939 3,801 3,577 3,490 3,449 $34,245 202 299 430 500 792 1,232 1,279 1,818 2,170 3,005 18 18 18 17 17 19 20 21 24 25 F-49 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Liability — Long-tail (continued) Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 126 $ 611 $ 1,108 $ 1,558 $ 1,892 $ 2,257 $ 2,424 $ 2,525 $ 2,659 $ 2,716 160 651 166 1,208 655 130 1,803 1,171 547 164 2,212 1,678 1,191 679 138 2,474 2,090 1,595 1,249 605 171 2,657 2,324 2,005 1,802 1,205 662 161 Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years 2,738 2,499 2,230 2,200 1,854 1,335 616 189 2,824 2,615 2,371 2,440 2,289 1,974 1,161 754 176 $ 19,320 December 31, 2019 $ $ 1,522 16,447 December 31, 2019 $ $ (49) (273) Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2019 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 5% 2 3 4 5 14% 17% 16% 12% 6 8% 7 5% 8 3% 9 4% 10 2% North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Other Casualty — Long-tail This product line consists of the remaining commercial casualty coverages such as automobile liability and aviation. There is also a small portion of commercial multi-peril (CMP) business in accident years 2014 and prior. The paid and reported data are impacted by some catastrophe loss activity primarily on the CMP exposures just noted. F-50 As of December 31 2019 Net IBNR Reserves Reported Claims (in thousands) NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Other-Casualty — Long-tail (continued) Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 613 $ 607 $ 601 $ 546 $ 506 $ 478 $ 480 $ 493 $ 484 $ 481 $ 580 589 633 581 605 526 548 577 530 594 533 560 522 583 486 524 520 515 581 470 504 516 519 468 596 501 502 531 510 508 462 555 515 527 566 535 512 507 461 538 458 524 577 563 606 $ 5,227 16 24 3 29 45 51 136 174 298 428 15 15 15 17 17 15 15 16 15 14 Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 97 $ 236 $ 322 $ 363 $ 392 $ 433 $ 443 $ 449 $ 453 $ 86 235 69 341 222 69 400 319 197 80 437 386 270 220 47 461 435 348 317 137 52 466 470 385 391 214 145 66 480 486 411 454 304 246 175 74 452 486 493 418 473 370 323 312 169 70 Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years $ 3,566 December 31, 2019 252 1,913 December 31, 2019 5 (36) $ $ $ $ Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2019 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 2 3 4 14% 24% 19% 14% 5 9% 6 6% 7 2% 8 2% 9 1% 10 — % F-51 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Non-Casualty — Short-tail This product line represents first party commercial product lines that are short-tailed in nature, such as property, inland marine, ocean marine, surety and A&H. There is a wide diversity of products, primary and excess coverages, and policy sizes. During this ten-year period, this product line was also impacted by natural catastrophes mainly in the 2012, 2017, and 2018 accident years. Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses Years Ended December 31 As of December 31 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Unaudited Net IBNR Reserves Reported Claims (in thousands) Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 1,501 $ 1,537 $ 1,461 $ 1,424 $ 1,422 $ 1,415 $ 1,410 $ 1,404 $ 1,394 $ 1,394 $ 1,958 1,932 2,030 1,875 1,913 1,430 1,853 1,880 1,420 1,642 1,833 1,861 1,333 1,658 1,733 1,837 1,856 1,356 1,576 1,742 1,907 1,832 1,844 1,337 1,555 1,647 1,887 2,701 1,832 1,841 1,337 1,546 1,635 1,797 2,605 2,050 1,833 1,847 1,334 1,547 1,602 1,778 2,503 2,237 2,049 $ 18,124 1 10 3 3 7 17 16 71 182 587 1,057 1,051 1,035 1,072 1,100 1,170 1,291 1,374 1,551 1,446 Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 723 $ 1,222 $ 1,320 $ 1,357 $ 1,382 $ 1,391 $ 1,394 $ 1,395 $ 1,391 $ 1,391 938 1,571 713 1,715 1,575 649 1,775 1,696 1,135 818 1,785 1,764 1,234 1,370 725 1,808 1,792 1,282 1,481 1,341 845 1,813 1,819 1,308 1,502 1,486 1,502 978 1,819 1,813 1,321 1,528 1,554 1,653 2,085 1,026 1,822 1,839 1,329 1,543 1,570 1,729 2,301 1,823 1,029 $ 16,376 Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total F-52 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Non-Casualty — Short-tail (continued) Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years December 31, 2019 $ $ 11 1,759 December 31, 2019 $ $ (6) 32 Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2019 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 2 47% 39% 3 8% 4 3% 5 1% 6 1% 7 —% 8 1% 9 — % 10 —% North America Personal P&C Insurance — Short-tail Chubb provides personal lines coverages for high-net-worth individuals and families in North America including homeowners, automobile, valuable articles (including fine art), umbrella liability, and recreational marine insurance offered through independent regional agents and brokers. A portfolio acquired from Fireman’s Fund is presented on a prospective basis beginning in May of accident year 2015. Reserves associated with prior accident periods were acquired through a loss portfolio transfer, which does not allow for a retrospective presentation. During this ten-year period, this segment was also impacted by natural catastrophes, mainly in 2012, 2017 and 2018 accident years. Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses Years Ended December 31 As of December 31 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Unaudited Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Net IBNR Reserves Reported Claims (in thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $1,868 $1,876 $1,853 $1,835 $1,832 $1,828 $ 1,823 $ 1,820 $ 1,821 $ 1,820 $ 2,205 2,207 2,183 2,182 2,181 1,854 2,170 2,181 1,882 2,202 2,162 2,189 1,890 2,203 2,491 2,158 2,183 1,894 2,189 2,546 2,436 2,157 2,184 1,918 2,142 2,557 2,532 3,031 2,156 2,186 1,931 2,156 2,540 2,541 3,066 3,006 2,156 2,192 1,938 2,143 2,559 2,479 2,998 3,033 2,953 $ 24,271 6 8 20 26 19 30 78 171 295 725 146 166 170 122 132 135 138 142 148 116 F-53 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Personal P&C Insurance — Short-tail (continued) Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 1,151 $ 1,521 $ 1,668 $ 1,727 $ 1,770 $ 1,791 $ 1,803 $ 1,809 $ 1,810 $ 1,812 1,358 1,833 1,175 1,969 1,804 1,040 2,049 1,955 1,499 1,308 2,103 2,061 1,682 1,762 1,497 2,126 2,115 1,781 1,922 2,081 1,451 2,136 2,147 1,837 2,031 2,267 2,049 1,696 Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2019 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 59% 2 23% 3 7% 4 4% 5 3% 6 1% 7 1% 8 —% 9 —% 10 —% Overseas General Insurance — Casualty — Long-tail This product line is comprised of D&O liability, E&O liability, financial institutions (including crime/fidelity coverages), and non- U.S. general liability as well as aviation and political risk. Exposures are located around the world, including Europe, Latin America, and Asia. Approximately 45 percent of Chubb Overseas General business is generated by European accounts, exclusive of Lloyd's market. There is some U.S. exposure in Casualty from multinational accounts and in financial lines for Lloyd's market. The financial lines coverages are typically written on a claims-made form, while general liability coverages are typically on an occurrence basis and comprised of a mix of primary and excess businesses. F-54 2,143 2,161 1,879 2,076 2,388 2,208 2,517 1,924 2,146 2,161 1,890 2,103 2,475 2,311 2,664 2,545 1,666 $ 21,773 December 31, 2019 27 2,525 December 31, 2019 (1) (86) $ $ $ $ As of December 31 2019 Net IBNR Reserves Reported Claims (in thousands) NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Overseas General Insurance — Casualty — Long-tail (continued) Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 1,183 $ 1,263 $ 1,308 $ 1,379 $ 1,316 $ 1,265 $ 1,141 $ 1,136 $ 1,142 $ 1,149 $ 1,211 1,218 1,246 1,210 1,217 1,237 1,200 1,279 1,233 1,238 1,117 1,297 1,229 1,308 1,164 1,054 1,294 1,272 1,317 1,259 1,191 1,042 1,285 1,226 1,333 1,288 1,291 1,185 991 1,265 1,193 1,249 1,311 1,357 1,286 1,283 988 1,255 1,136 1,167 1,286 1,385 1,335 1,333 1,346 $12,380 68 35 137 139 208 287 428 495 789 1,011 37 37 38 38 39 41 42 41 40 32 Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 102 $ 265 $ 462 $ 605 $ 712 $ 801 $ 850 $ 903 $ 946 $ 87 240 74 384 245 85 513 428 261 111 612 577 414 287 86 691 689 558 461 281 123 764 826 699 591 484 316 96 815 897 798 704 661 520 314 109 983 848 939 865 786 780 667 520 325 122 Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years $ 6,835 December 31, 2019 432 5,977 December 31, 2019 (18) (61) $ $ $ $ Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2019 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 8% 2 3 4 5 15% 15% 12% 10% 6 9% 7 6% 8 4% 9 4% 10 3% F-55 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Overseas General Insurance — Non-Casualty — Short-tail This product line is comprised of commercial fire, marine (predominantly cargo), surety, personal automobile (in Latin America, Asia Pacific and Japan), personal cell phones, personal residential (including high net worth), energy and construction. In general, these lines have relatively stable payment and reporting patterns although they are impacted by natural catastrophes mainly in the 2010, 2011, 2017, and 2018 accident years. Latin America and Europe each make up about 30 percent of the Chubb Overseas General non-casualty book. Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses Years Ended December 31 As of December 31 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Unaudited Net IBNR Reserves Reported Claims (in thousands) Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 1,647 $ 1,669 $ 1,643 $ 1,632 $ 1,626 $ 1,612 $ 1,599 $ 1,582 $ 1,584 $ 1,582 $ 1,871 1,956 1,696 1,900 1,686 1,778 1,861 1,646 1,770 1,852 1,843 1,591 1,703 1,920 1,952 1,832 1,585 1,656 1,862 2,075 2,050 1,824 1,577 1,651 1,851 2,051 2,052 2,198 1,814 1,561 1,621 1,814 2,017 2,040 2,238 2,153 1,810 1,556 1,609 1,804 1,999 2,018 2,220 2,244 2,181 $19,023 6 3 14 27 15 38 17 46 124 376 518 544 556 574 549 571 567 577 622 608 Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 671 $ 1,226 $ 1,424 $ 1,486 $ 1,524 $ 1,537 $ 1,544 $ 1,545 $ 1,550 $ 1,562 758 1,460 681 1,660 1,226 698 1,716 1,412 1,273 758 1,746 1,470 1,466 1,423 852 1,761 1,493 1,497 1,632 1,546 1,015 1,769 1,502 1,534 1,696 1,778 1,670 1,046 1,773 1,515 1,553 1,727 1,858 1,865 1,830 994 1,773 1,517 1,562 1,741 1,881 1,938 2,005 1,726 1,038 $ 16,743 Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total F-56 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Overseas General Insurance — Non-Casualty — Short-tail (continued) Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years December 31, 2019 97 2,377 December 31, 2019 1 1 $ $ $ $ Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2019 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 45% 2 35% 3 11% 4 3% 5 2% 6 1% 7 1% 8 —% 9 —% 10 1% Global Reinsurance Chubb analyzes its Global Reinsurance business on a treaty year basis rather than on an accident year basis. Treaty year data was converted to an accident year basis for the purposes of this disclosure. Mix shifts are an important consideration in these product line groupings. As proportional business and excess of loss business have different earning and loss reporting and payment patterns, this change in mix will affect the cash flow patterns across the accident years. In addition, the shift from excess to proportional business over time will make the cash flow patterns of older and more recent years difficult to compare. In general, the proportional business will pay out more quickly than the excess of loss business, as such, using older years development patterns may overstate the ultimate loss estimates in more recent years. Global Reinsurance — Casualty — Long-tail This product line includes proportional and excess coverages in general, automobile liability, professional liability, medical malpractice, workers' compensation and aviation, with exposures located around the world. In general, reinsurance exhibits less stable development patterns than primary business. In particular, general casualty reinsurance and excess coverages are long- tailed and can be very volatile. Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses Years Ended December 31 As of December 31 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Unaudited Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Net IBNR Reserves Reported Claims (in thousands) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 399 $ 419 $ 430 $ 441 $ 430 $ 424 $ 414 $ 400 $ 387 $ 373 $ 407 414 385 428 382 320 432 390 326 332 427 393 328 333 284 417 378 329 338 288 222 413 371 330 341 299 226 213 407 370 323 343 300 234 214 244 401 372 316 346 308 233 219 246 238 $ 3,052 23 27 10 20 39 33 30 45 65 130 0.802 0.659 0.457 0.341 0.382 0.298 0.341 0.529 0.589 0.219 F-57 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Global Reinsurance — Casualty — Long-tail (continued) Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 56 $ 125 $ 179 $ 220 $ 249 $ 274 $ 291 $ 306 $ 315 $ 70 146 77 195 167 65 236 221 143 91 267 260 186 184 90 291 292 222 217 159 57 311 307 241 248 191 113 46 324 322 259 264 217 142 100 41 320 331 334 268 276 232 159 122 96 40 Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years $ 2,178 December 31, 2019 303 1,177 December 31, 2019 (50) (58) $ $ $ $ Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2019 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 21% 2 23% 3 12% 4 10% 5 7% 6 5% 7 4% 8 4% 9 2% 10 2% Global Reinsurance — Non-Casualty — Short-tail This product line includes property, property catastrophe, marine, credit/surety, A&H and energy. This product line is impacted by natural catastrophes, particularly in the 2011, 2017 and 2018 accident years. Of the non-catastrophe book, the mixture of business varies by year with approximately 73 percent of loss on proportional treaties in treaty year 2010 and after. This percentage has increased over time with the proportion being approximately 58 percent for treaty years 2010 to 2012 growing to an average of 80 percent for treaty years 2013 to 2019, with the remainder being written on an excess of loss basis. F-58 As of December 31 2019 Net IBNR Reserves Reported Claims (in thousands) NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Global Reinsurance — Non-Casualty — Short-tail (continued) Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 194 $ 228 $ 218 $ 212 $ 216 $ 218 $ 218 $ 219 $ 218 $ 217 $ 269 270 230 268 210 161 258 200 159 164 258 191 147 180 146 260 189 142 180 154 180 259 187 143 183 161 186 396 259 184 140 181 161 188 423 285 259 184 140 180 153 190 453 297 141 $ 2,214 — 1 1 — 3 3 12 10 (6) 73 0.102 0.132 0.113 0.121 0.101 0.115 0.182 0.309 0.212 0.032 Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 $ 55 $ 156 $ 182 $ 193 $ 199 $ 209 $ 207 $ 210 $ 210 $ 85 174 45 204 130 46 228 156 102 65 246 166 120 129 56 251 172 129 152 103 56 253 177 132 163 132 131 191 254 179 135 169 142 158 322 94 214 256 180 135 171 146 169 402 257 35 Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Accident Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2010 All Accident years $ 1,965 December 31, 2019 6 255 December 31, 2019 (4) 30 $ $ $ $ Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2019 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 2 3 33% 36% 15% 4 6% 5 3% 6 2% 7 1% 8 1% 9 —% 10 —% F-59 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Prior Period Development — Supplementary Information The following table presents a reconciliation of the loss development triangles above to prior period development: Year Ended December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) (favorable)/unfavorable North America Commercial P&C Insurance Long-tail Short-tail North America Personal P&C Insurance (Short-tail) Overseas General Insurance Long-tail Short-tail Global Reinsurance Long-tail Short-tail Subtotal North America Agricultural Insurance (Short-tail) Corporate (Long-tail) Consolidated PPD 2010 - 2018 accident years (implied PPD per loss triangles) Accident years prior to 2010 Other (1) Components of PPD RIPs, Expense adjustments, and earned premiums PPD on loss reserves Total $ (460) $ (137) $ (110) $ (707) $ 39 $ (668) 38 (6) (8) (422) (143) (118) (2) (85) (1) (43) — (43) (8) 34 26 (18) 1 (17) (50) (4) (54) (5) (7) (26) (33) (3) (1) 1 — 24 (683) (91) (68) (25) (93) (59) 31 (28) (5) 34 (4) — 1 1 — (1) (1) 19 (649) (95) (68) (24) (92) (59) 30 (29) $ (524) $ (215) $ (156) $ $ $ (895) $ 30 $ (865) (103) $ 23 $ 153 — (80) 153 (845) $ 53 $ (792) (1) Other includes the impact of foreign exchange. (2) Includes favorable development of $82 million related to our Alternative Risk Solutions business (U.S. and Bermuda) and an adjustment to exclude $22 million in unfavorable development in the workers' compensation line, associated with an increase in exposure for which additional premiums were collected; the remaining difference relates to a number of other items, none of which are individually material. (3) Includes favorable development of $37 million related to International A&H business; the remaining difference relates to a number of other items, none of which are individually material. F-60 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Prior Period Development Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous accident years. Long-tail lines include lines such as workers' compensation, general liability, and professional liability; while short-tail lines include lines such as most property lines, energy, personal accident, and agriculture. The following table summarizes (favorable) and adverse prior period development (PPD) by segment: Years Ended December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Long-tail Short-tail Total % of beginning net unpaid reserves (1) $ $ 2019 North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Corporate Total 2018 North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Corporate Total 2017 North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Corporate Total (1) Calculated based on the beginning of period consolidated net unpaid losses and loss expenses. $ $ $ $ (668) $ 19 $ (649) — — (68) (59) 153 (95) (80) (24) 30 — (642) $ (150) $ (395) $ (215) $ — — (67) (69) 45 41 (110) (145) 19 — (486) $ (410) $ (562) $ (184) $ — — (71) (68) 278 69 (119) (181) 9 — (423) $ (406) $ (95) (80) (92) (29) 153 (792) (610) 41 (110) (212) (50) 45 (896) (746) 69 (119) (252) (59) 278 (829) 1.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 1.6% 1.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.4% 0.1% 0.1% 1.8% 1.6% 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.1% 0.6% 1.7% Significant prior period movements by segment, principally driven by reserve reviews completed during each respective period, are discussed in more detail below. The remaining net development for long-tail lines and short-tail business for each segment and Corporate comprises numerous favorable and adverse movements across a number of lines and accident years, none of which is significant individually or in the aggregate. North America Commercial P&C Insurance 2019 North America Commercial P&C Insurance experienced net favorable PPD of $649 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes: • Net favorable development of $668 million in long-tail business, primarily from: • Net favorable development of $303 million in workers’ compensation lines. This included favorable development of $61 million related to our annual assessment of multi-claimant events including industrial accidents, in the 2018 accident year. Consistent with prior years, we reviewed these potential exposures after the close of the accident year to allow for late reporting or identification of significant losses. This development in accident year 2018 was partially offset by some higher than expected activity from other claims and from involuntary pools. The remaining overall F-61 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries favorable development was mainly in accident years 2015 and prior, generally driven by lower than expected loss experience and related updates to loss development factors; • Net favorable development of $217 million in management liability portfolios, favorably impacting accident years 2015 and prior where paid and reported loss activity was lower than expected, partially offset by adverse development in the 2016 through 2018 accident years, mostly as a result of higher severity claim costs compared to prior expectations in certain lines or coverages, particularly in our Directors and Officers (D&O) portfolios; • Net favorable development of $60 million in professional liability (errors & omissions and cyber), mainly in the 2015 and prior accident years where case activity was less than expected, partially offset by adverse development in the 2016 accident year, which was driven by several large adverse claim developments; • Net favorable development of $41 million in commercial excess and umbrella portfolios, mainly in accident years 2013 and prior, driven by lower paid and reported loss activity relative to prior expectations as well as an increase in weighting towards experience-based methods, partly offset by modestly adverse development in more recent accident years, mainly in 2017 and 2018, due to higher than expected large loss activity; • Net favorable development of $39 million in foreign casualty business, impacting accident years 2015 and prior, driven by reported loss activity that was generally lower than expected; • Net favorable development of $36 million on large multi-line prospective deals in the 2015 and prior accident years, due to lower than expected reported loss activity. These structured deals typically cover large clients for multiple product lines and with varying loss limitations; this development is net of premium returns of $34 million tied to the loss performance of the particular deals; • Net favorable development of $24 million in medical and life sciences businesses, mainly impacting accident years 2015 and prior, primarily due to favorable reported experience and an increase in weighting towards experience-based methods; • Favorable development of $23 million in political risk and trade credit portfolios, mainly impacting the 2015 accident year, primarily due to favorable reported experience and an increase in weighting towards experience-based methods; • Net adverse development of $26 million mainly in products and general liability portfolios, including adverse movements within construction, partly offset by commercial-multi peril (CMP) liability, with older accident years generally experiencing favorable run-off, while more recent accident years developing adversely; and • Net adverse development of $38 million in automobile liability, driven by adverse paid and reported loss experience mainly in accident years 2014 through 2018. • Net adverse development of $19 million in short-tail business, primarily from: • Net adverse development, excluding catastrophes, of $108 million in property and marine portfolios with adverse development of $152 million across our retail, wholesale, and program distribution channels in accident year 2018, primarily due to a higher than expected severity of non-catastrophe claims, partly offset by favorable development of $44 million in 2017 and prior accident years on non-catastrophe claims; • Net favorable catastrophe development in property and marine portfolios of $36 million. There was $41 million of favorable development on the 2017 and 2018 natural catastrophes, mostly in 2017, partly offset by some adverse development on older catastrophe events; and • Favorable development of $49 million in surety businesses, mainly in accident year 2017, driven by lower than expected reported loss activity. F-62 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 2018 North America Commercial P&C Insurance experienced net favorable PPD of $610 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes: • Net favorable development of $395 million in long-tail business, primarily from: • Net favorable development of $199 million in our management liability portfolios, favorably impacting accident years 2013 and prior where paid and reported loss activity was lower than expected, partially offset by adverse development in the 2014 through 2017 accident years, mostly as a result of higher severity claim costs compared to prior expectations in certain lines or coverages, particularly in our Directors and Officers (D&O) portfolio; • Net favorable development of $194 million in workers’ compensation lines with favorable development of $56 million in the 2017 accident year mainly related to our annual assessment of multi-claimant events including industrial accidents. Consistent with prior years, we reviewed these potential exposures after the close of the accident year to allow for late reporting or identification of significant losses. The net remaining favorable development of $138 million was principally due to lower than expected loss experience, mainly impacting accident years 2014 and prior; • Net favorable development of $100 million in our commercial excess and umbrella portfolios, primarily in accident years 2012 and prior. This was driven by lower than expected reported loss activity, and an increase in weighting towards experience-based methods, partly offset by higher than expected claim activity in the 2014, 2015 and 2017 accident years which led to reserve strengthening in those years; • Favorable development of $33 million in a runoff professional liability portfolio, impacting accident years 2002 and prior, owing mainly to the favorable disposition of a specific claim; • Net favorable development of $28 million in our foreign casualty lines, primarily impacting accident years 2014 and prior, driven by reported loss activity that was generally lower than expected; • Favorable development of $23 million in our political risk and trade credit portfolios, mainly impacting the 2014 accident year, primarily due to favorable reported experience and an increased in weighting towards experience-based methods; • Net adverse development of $91 million in our medical portfolios, mainly impacting accident years 2015, 2016 and 2017. The increase was driven by a combination of several large claims and generally higher than expected paid and reported case incurred activity; and • Net adverse development of $109 million, mainly in our automobile liability, commercial-multi peril (CMP) liability, products and general liability lines, driven by adverse paid and reported loss activity relative to prior expectations in accident years 2015 through 2017, partly offset by favorable emergence in older accident years. • Net favorable development of $215 million in short-tail business, primarily from: • Net favorable development of $155 million in our commercial property and marine businesses due to favorable claim development, including $129 million net favorable development on the 2017 natural catastrophes; and • Net favorable development of $60 million in other short-tail business, including $19 million in surety and also including several smaller net favorable movements from lower than expected case activity in other classes, such as accident and commercial automobile physical damage, none of which were significant individually or in the aggregate. 2017 North America Commercial P&C Insurance experienced net favorable PPD of $746 million, representing 1.6 percent of the beginning consolidated net unpaid losses and loss expense reserves. F-63 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Personal P&C Insurance 2019 North America Personal P&C Insurance incurred net favorable PPD of $95 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes: • Net favorable claim development of $132 million on the 2017 and 2018 natural catastrophes for all lines; • Net favorable development of $26 million in our personal excess lines primarily impacting the 2016 accident year, due to lower than expected loss emergence and an increase in weighting towards experience-based methods, partly offset by adverse emergence in accident year 2015; • Net favorable development of $16 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements predominantly in the automobile and recreational marine lines; and • Net adverse development of $82 million in our homeowners lines, including valuables, arising from non-catastrophe loss emergence, mainly in the 2018 accident year. 2018 North America Personal P&C Insurance incurred net adverse PPD of $41 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes: • Net adverse development of $63 million in our homeowners and valuables lines, primarily impacting the 2017 accident year. Overall, non-catastrophe losses were $136 million higher than expected, partially offset by favorable claim development of $73 million on the 2017 natural catastrophes. The higher than expected non-catastrophe homeowners losses were primarily severity driven and included water-related claims, large fire losses, and non-catastrophe weather claims; and • Net favorable development of $24 million in our personal excess lines primarily impacting the 2015 accident year, due to lower than expected loss emergence and an increase in weighting towards experience-based methods. 2017 North America Personal P&C Insurance incurred net adverse PPD of $69 million, representing 0.1 percent of the beginning consolidated net unpaid losses and loss expense reserves. North America Agricultural Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance experienced net favorable PPD of $80 million, $110 million, and $119 million in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Actual claim development mainly relates to our Multiple Peril Crop Insurance business and was favorable due to better than expected crop yield results in certain states at the prior year-end period (i.e., 2019 results based on crop yield results at year-end 2018). Overseas General Insurance 2019 Overseas General Insurance experienced net favorable PPD of $92 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes: • Net favorable development of $68 million in long-tail business, primarily from: • Net favorable development of $101 million in casualty lines, including favorable development of $123 million in accident years 2015 and prior, due to lower than expected loss emergence mainly across primary lines in Continental Europe, U.K., and Asia Pacific, partially offset by adverse development of $22 million in accident years 2016 through 2018, primarily due to adverse attritional and large loss experience in Continental Europe; and • Net adverse development of $52 million in financial lines, including adverse development of $127 million in accident years 2016 through 2018, primarily due to adverse large loss experience in D&O in the U.K. and Asia Pacific, offset by favorable development of $75 million in accident years 2015 and prior, due to lower than expected loss emergence across most regions in D&O and Professional Indemnity. F-64 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries • Net favorable of $24 million in short-tail business, primarily from: • Net favorable development of $45 million in A&H, driven by favorable development across Continental Europe, Latin America and Asia Pacific primarily in accident years 2017 and 2018; • Net favorable development of $36 million in marine, driven by favorable loss emergence and claim-specific loss settlements across most regions and several accident years, including favorable liability emergence and litigation settlements in accident years 2016 and prior; • Net adverse development of $23 million in construction, driven by adverse large loss experience in accident year 2018 for U.K. and Asia Pacific; and • Net adverse development of $27 million in Surety, driven by adverse large loss experience across Continental Europe and Latin America in accident years 2017 and 2018. 2018 Overseas General Insurance experienced net favorable PPD of $212 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes: • Net favorable development of $67 million in long-tail business, primarily from: • Net favorable development of $70 million in casualty lines, with net favorable development of $107 million in accident years 2014 and prior, resulting from lower than expected loss emergence across primary and excess lines, partially offset by adverse development of $38 million in accident years 2015 through 2017, primarily due to large loss experience in U.K. excess lines and wholesale business; • Favorable development of $32 million, primarily including $12 million in political risks, $10 million in aviation and $10 million in environmental; and • Net adverse development of $38 million in financial lines, with net favorable development of $93 million in accident years 2014 and prior, resulting from lower than expected loss emergence including favorable development due to specific large claim reductions in Asia financial institutions including wholesale bankers D&O and bankers professional indemnity, and adverse development of $131 million in accident years 2015 through 2017, primarily due to adverse large loss experience in specific D&O and financial institutions portfolios in Australia, Continental Europe and the U.K. • Net favorable development of $145 million in short-tail business, primarily from: • Net favorable development of $99 million in property and marine (excluding technical lines), primarily in accident years 2013 through 2016, driven mainly by favorable loss emergence across all regions, including favorable claim-specific loss settlements and salvage/subrogation recoveries; • Net favorable development of $33 million in A&H, primarily in accident years 2015 through 2017, driven by favorable development across Asia Pacific direct marketing and Continental Europe corporate lines. 2017 Overseas General Insurance experienced net favorable PPD of $252 million, representing 0.5 percent of the beginning consolidated net unpaid losses and loss expense reserves. F-65 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Global Reinsurance 2019 Global Reinsurance experienced net favorable PPD of $29 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes: • Net favorable development of $59 million in long-tail business, primarily in our auto, casualty, professional liability, medical malpractice, and workers’ compensation lines primarily from treaty years 2013 and prior principally due to lower than expected loss emergence; and • Net adverse development of $30 million in short-tail business, which included $44 million of adverse development on 2017 and 2018 natural catastrophe events. 2018 Global Reinsurance experienced net favorable PPD of $50 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes: • Net favorable development of $69 million in long-tail business, primarily in our casualty, professional liability, medical malpractice, and workers' compensation lines primarily from treaty years 2013 and prior principally resulting from lower than expected loss emergence; and • Net adverse development of $19 million in short-tail business, which included $18 million of net adverse claim development on the 2017 natural catastrophes. 2017 Global Reinsurance experienced net favorable PPD of $59 million, representing 0.1 percent of the beginning consolidated net unpaid losses and loss expense reserves. Corporate 2019 Corporate incurred adverse development of $153 million in long-tail lines, driven by the following principal changes: • Adverse development of $116 million driven principally by adverse development in asbestos and environmental liabilities due to the emergence of a limited number of excess accounts and somewhat greater than expected defense and indemnity costs (generally impacting larger modeled accounts); and • Adverse development of $37 million on unallocated loss adjustment expenses due to run-off operating expenses paid and incurred in 2019. 2018 Corporate incurred adverse development of $45 million in long-tail lines, driven by the following principal changes: • Adverse development of $216 million in run-off liabilities, driven primarily by increased exposure on a limited number of direct asbestos claims and environmental sites, somewhat greater than expected defense cost spending and increases in reported claims and settlements with respect to molestation exposures; • Adverse development of $35 million on unallocated loss adjustment expenses due to run-off operating expenses paid and incurred in 2018; and • Favorable development of $205 million as a result of the settlements of certain previously disputed reinsurance balances. 2017 Corporate incurred adverse PPD of $278 million, representing 0.6 percent of the beginning consolidated net unpaid losses and loss expense reserves. F-66 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Asbestos and environmental (A&E) Chubb's exposure to A&E claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when it purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998, CIGNA's P&C business in 1999, and Chubb Corp in 2016. The following table presents a roll-forward of consolidated A&E loss reserves including allocated loss expense reserves for A&E exposures, and the provision for uncollectible paid and unpaid reinsurance recoverables: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Balance at December 31, 2016 Incurred activity Paid activity Balance at December 31, 2017 Incurred activity Paid activity Balance at December 31, 2018 Incurred activity Paid activity Asbestos Environmental Gross Net Gross Net Gross Total Net $ 1,726 $ 1,119 $ 577 $ 490 $ 2,303 $ 1,609 228 (333) 104 (172) 1,621 1,051 136 (265) 1,492 129 (162) 75 (162) 964 70 199 (169) 607 101 (83) 625 46 113 (127) 476 (97) 104 483 28 427 (502) 217 (1) (299) 2,228 1,527 237 (348) (22) (1) (58) 2,117 1,447 175 (304) 98 (1) (219) (118) (142) (101) Balance at December 31, 2019 $ 1,459 $ 916 $ 529 $ 410 $ 1,988 $ 1,326 (1) Excludes unallocated loss expenses and the net activity reflects third-party reinsurance other than the aggregate excess of loss reinsurance provided by National Indemnity Company (NICO) to Westchester Specialty (see Westchester Specialty section below). The A&E net loss reserves including allocated loss expense reserves and provision for uncollectible reinsurance at December 31, 2019 and 2018 shown in the table above is comprised of: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Brandywine operations Westchester Specialty Chubb Corp Other, mainly Overseas General Insurance Total December 31 2019 2018 $ 754 $ 117 381 74 807 120 442 78 $ 1,326 $ 1,447 Brandywine Run-off entities – The Restructuring Plan and uncertainties relating to Chubb's ultimate Brandywine exposure In 1996, the Pennsylvania Insurance Commissioner approved a plan to restructure INA Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries (the Restructuring) which included the division of Insurance Company of North America (INA) into two separate corporations: (1) An active insurance company that retained the INA name and continued to write P&C business; and (2) An inactive run-off company, now called Century Indemnity Company (Century). As a result of the division, predominantly all A&E and certain other liabilities of INA were ascribed to Century and extinguished, as a matter of Pennsylvania law, as liabilities of INA. As part of the Restructuring, most A&E liabilities of various U.S. affiliates of INA were reinsured to Century. Century and certain other run-off companies having A&E and other liabilities were contributed to Brandywine Holdings. The U.S.-based Chubb INA companies assumed two contractual obligations in respect of the Brandywine operations in connection with the Restructuring: a surplus maintenance obligation in the form of the excess of loss (XOL) agreement and a dividend retention fund obligation. F-67 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries XOL Agreement In 1996, in connection with the Restructuring, a Chubb INA insurance subsidiary provided reinsurance coverage to Century in the amount of $800 million under an Aggregate Excess of Loss Reinsurance Agreement (XOL Agreement), triggerable if the statutory capital and surplus of Century falls below $25 million or if Century lacks liquid assets with which to pay claims as they become due. Dividend Retention Fund INA Financial Corporation established and funded a dividend retention fund (the Dividend Retention Fund) consisting of $50 million plus investment earnings. The full balance of the Dividend Retention Fund was contributed to Century as of December 31, 2002. Under the Restructuring Order, while any obligation to maintain the Dividend Retention Fund is in effect, to the extent dividends are paid by INA Holdings Corporation to its parent, INA Financial Corporation, and to the extent INA Financial Corporation then pays such dividends to INA Corporation, a portion of those dividends must be withheld to replenish the principal of the Dividend Retention Fund to $50 million. During 2019, 2018, 2011 and 2010, $90 million, $50 million, $35 million and $15 million, respectively, were withheld from such dividends and deposited into the Dividend Retention Fund as a result of dividends paid up to the INA Corporation. Pursuant to a 2011 amendment to the Restructuring Order, capital contributions from the Dividend Retention Fund to Century are not required until the XOL Agreement has less than $200 million of capacity remaining on an incurred basis for statutory reporting purposes. The amount of the capital contribution shall be the lesser of the amount necessary to restore the XOL Agreement remaining capacity to $200 million or the Dividend Retention Fund balance. In 2019 and 2018, the Pennsylvania Department of Insurance approved a capital contribution of $64 million and $39 million, respectively, from the Dividend Retention Fund to Century in order to restore the XOL capacity to $200 million. The Dividend Retention Fund may not be terminated without prior written approval from the Pennsylvania Insurance Commissioner. Effective December 31, 2004, Chubb INA contributed $100 million to Century in exchange for a surplus note. After giving effect to the contribution and issuance of the surplus note, the statutory surplus of Century at December 31, 2019 was $25 million and $622 million in statutory-basis losses have been ceded to the XOL Agreement on an inception-to-date basis. Century reports the amount ceded under the XOL Agreement in accordance with statutory accounting principles, which differ from GAAP by, among other things, allowing Century to discount its liabilities, including certain asbestos related and environmental pollution liabilities and Century's reinsurance payable to active companies. For GAAP reporting purposes, intercompany reinsurance recoverables related to the XOL are eliminated upon consolidation. While Chubb believes it has no legal obligation to fund Century losses above the XOL limit of coverage, Chubb's consolidated results would nevertheless continue to include any losses above the limit of coverage for so long as the Brandywine companies remain consolidated subsidiaries of Chubb. Certain active Chubb companies are primarily liable for asbestos, environmental, and other exposures that they have reinsured to Century. Accordingly, if Century were to become insolvent and placed into rehabilitation or liquidation, some or all of the recoverables due to these active Chubb companies from Century could become uncollectible. At both December 31, 2019 and 2018, the aggregate reinsurance recoverables owed by Century to certain active Chubb companies were approximately $1.5 billion, on an undiscounted basis. Chubb believes the active company intercompany reinsurance recoverables, which relate to direct liabilities payable over many years, are not impaired. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, Century's carried gross reserves (including reserves assumed from the active Chubb companies) were $1.8 billion and $2.0 billion, respectively. Should Century's loss reserves experience adverse development in the future and should Century be placed into rehabilitation or liquidation, the reinsurance recoverables due from Century to certain active Chubb companies would be payable only after the payment in full of certain expenses and liabilities, including administrative expenses and direct policy liabilities. Thus, the intercompany reinsurance recoverables would be at risk to the extent of the shortage of assets remaining to pay these recoverables. Westchester Specialty – impact of NICO contracts on Chubb’s run-off entities As part of the Westchester Specialty acquisition in 1998, NICO provided a 75 percent pro-rata share of $1.0 billion of reinsurance protection on losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred on or before December 31, 1996, in excess of a retention of $721 million. At December 31, 2019, the remaining unused incurred limit under the Westchester NICO agreement was $384 million. F-68 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 8. Taxation Under Swiss law through December 31, 2019, a resident company is subject to income tax at the federal, cantonal, and communal levels that is levied on net worldwide income. Income attributable to permanent establishments or real estate located abroad is excluded from the Swiss tax base. Chubb Limited is a holding company and, therefore, is exempt from cantonal and communal income tax. As a result, Chubb Limited is subject to Swiss income tax only at the federal level. Furthermore, participation relief (i.e., tax relief) is granted to Chubb Limited at the federal level for qualifying dividend income and capital gains related to the sale of qualifying participations (i.e., subsidiaries). It is expected that the participation relief will result in a full exemption of participation income from federal income tax. Chubb Limited is subject to an annual cantonal and communal capital tax on the taxable equity of Chubb Limited in Switzerland. Chubb has two Swiss operating subsidiaries, an insurance company, Chubb Insurance (Switzerland) Limited and a reinsurance company, Chubb Reinsurance (Switzerland) Limited. Both are subject to federal, cantonal, and communal income tax and to annual cantonal and communal capital tax. Under current Bermuda law, Chubb Limited and its Bermuda subsidiaries are not required to pay any taxes on income or capital gains. If a Bermuda law were enacted that would impose taxes on income or capital gains, Chubb Limited and the Bermuda subsidiaries have received an undertaking from the Minister of Finance in Bermuda that would exempt such companies from Bermudian taxation until March 2035. Income from Chubb's operations at Lloyd's is subject to United Kingdom (U.K.) corporation taxes. Lloyd's is required to pay U.S. income tax on U.S. connected income (U.S. income) written by Lloyd's syndicates. Lloyd's has a closing agreement with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) whereby the amount of tax due on this business is calculated by Lloyd's and remitted directly to the IRS. These amounts are then charged to the accounts of Chubb's Corporate Members in proportion to their participation in the relevant syndicates. Chubb's Corporate Members are subject to this arrangement but, as U.K. domiciled companies, will receive U.K. corporation tax credits for any U.S. income tax incurred up to the value of the equivalent U.K. corporation income tax charge on the U.S. income. Chubb Group Holdings and its respective subsidiaries are subject to income taxes imposed by U.S. authorities and file a consolidated U.S. Federal income tax return. Should Chubb Group Holdings pay a dividend to Chubb Limited, withholding taxes would apply. Currently, however, no withholding taxes are accrued with respect to such un-remitted earnings as management has no intention of remitting these earnings. Similarly, no taxes have been provided on the un-remitted earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries (Hong Kong and Korea life companies) as management has no intention of remitting these earnings. The cumulative amount that would be subject to withholding tax, if distributed, as well as the determination of the associated tax liability are not practicable to compute; however, such amount would be material. Certain international operations of Chubb are also subject to income taxes imposed by the jurisdictions in which they operate. Chubb's domestic operations are in Switzerland, the jurisdiction where we are legally organized, incorporated, and registered. F-69 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents pre-tax income and the related provision for income taxes: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Pre-tax income: Switzerland Outside Switzerland Total pre-tax income Provision for income taxes Current tax expense: Switzerland Outside Switzerland Total current tax expense Deferred tax expense (benefit): Switzerland Outside Switzerland Total deferred tax expense (benefit) $ $ $ Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 440 $ 950 $ 4,809 3,707 5,249 $ 4,657 $ 527 3,195 3,722 29 $ 89 $ 879 908 11 (124) (113) 563 652 3 40 43 46 313 359 2 (500) (498) Provision for income taxes The most significant jurisdictions contributing to the overall taxation of Chubb are calculated using the following rates in 2019: Switzerland 7.83 percent, Bermuda 0.0 percent, U.S. 21.0 percent, and U.K. 19.0 percent. 795 $ 695 $ (139) $ The following table presents a reconciliation of the difference between the provision for income taxes and the expected tax provision at the Swiss statutory income tax rate: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Expected tax provision at Swiss statutory tax rate Permanent differences: Taxes on earnings subject to rate other than Swiss statutory rate Tax-exempt interest and dividends received deduction, net of proration Net withholding taxes Excess tax benefit on share-based compensation Impact of 2017 Tax Act Corporate owned life insurance Other Provision for income taxes Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 $ 411 $ 365 $ 376 (49) 40 (12) — (13) 42 372 (75) 33 (19) (25) 2 42 $ 795 $ 695 $ 2017 291 263 (199) 30 (48) (450) (37) 11 (139) The 2017 Tax Act, enacted in December 2017, among other things, reduced the U.S. Federal income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent effective in 2018. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a $450 million income tax benefit on a provisional basis, and an additional $25 million in 2018, principally reflecting this reduction in the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent. Our final $475 million income tax benefit was comprised of a $743 million reduction in the deferred tax liabilities principally related to certain intangible assets, a $250 million reduction in net deferred tax assets related to other net assets, a net charge of $18 million related to the impact of excess foreign tax credits, withholding taxes associated with unremitted earnings and the impact of the reduced rate on our foreign branches. The 2018 change reflected the favorable impact of changes to certain tax only accounting methods offset by updates to provisional amounts recorded related to foreign tax credits and withholding taxes as a result of additional guidance issued during 2018. F-70 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents the components of net deferred tax assets and liabilities: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Deferred tax assets: Loss reserve discount Unearned premiums reserve Foreign tax credits Provision for uncollectible balances Loss carry-forwards Debt related amounts Compensation related amounts Cumulative translation adjustments Unrealized depreciation on investments Lease liability Other, net Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Deferred policy acquisition costs Other intangible assets, including VOBA Un-remitted foreign earnings Investments Unrealized appreciation on investments Depreciation Lease right-of-use asset Other, net Total deferred tax liabilities Valuation allowance Net deferred tax liabilities December 31 2019 December 31 2018 $ 826 $ 519 247 37 143 74 261 33 — 140 — 584 471 262 37 137 71 263 43 102 — 95 2,280 2,065 588 1,468 73 40 470 157 129 45 2,970 114 621 1,440 47 59 — 123 — — 2,290 79 $ (804) $ (304) The 2017 Tax Act also included provisions for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) under which taxes may be imposed on income of foreign subsidiaries and for a Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax (BEAT) under which taxes may be imposed on certain payments to affiliated foreign companies. We have evaluated the accounting policy election required with regard to the GILTI and BEAT provisions, and have concluded we will treat both as a period cost. As a result, we have recorded no related deferred taxes. The valuation allowance of $114 million at December 31, 2019, and $79 million at December 31, 2018, reflects management's assessment, based on available information, that it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized due to the inability of certain foreign subsidiaries to generate sufficient taxable income. Adjustments to the valuation allowance are made when there is a change in management's assessment of the amount of deferred tax assets that are realizable. At December 31, 2019, Chubb has net operating loss carry-forwards of $496 million which, if unused, will expire starting in 2020, and a foreign tax credit carry-forward in the amount of $247 million which, if unused, will expire starting in 2026. F-71 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Balance, beginning of year Additions based on tax positions related to the current year Additions based on tax positions related to prior years Reductions for tax positions of prior years Reductions for the lapse of the applicable statutes of limitations Balance, end of year December 31 2019 December 31 2018 13 14 $ 12 23 — (2) 47 $ 1 — — — 14 $ $ At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the gross unrecognized tax benefits of $47 million and $14 million, respectively, can be reduced by $19 million and nil, respectively, associated with foreign tax credits. The net amounts of $28 million and $14 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective tax rate. It is reasonably possible that over the next twelve months, that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may change resulting from the re-evaluation of unrecognized tax benefits arising from examinations by taxing authorities and the lapses of statutes of limitations. Chubb recognizes accruals for interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense in the Consolidated statements of operations. Tax-related interest expense (income) and penalties reported in the Consolidated statements of operations were $5 million at December 31, 2019, and were immaterial for 2018, and 2017. Liabilities for tax- related interest and penalties in our Consolidated balance sheets were $8 million and $3 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In March 2017, the IRS commenced its field examination of Chubb Group Holdings’ U.S. Federal income tax returns for 2014 and 2015 and Chubb Corp’s U.S. Federal income tax return for 2014. The Chubb Group Holdings examination for 2014 and 2015 tax years is still ongoing with no material adjustments proposed to date. In February 2019, the IRS completed its examinations of Chubb Corp's 2014 return with no material adjustments. Chubb Corp's U.S. Federal income tax returns for 2015 and the short period return for 2016 were not examined by the IRS and the statute of limitations for those years closed during 2019. In September 2019, we were notified by the IRS of its intention to examine the 2016 and 2017 tax returns of Chubb Group Holdings. That examination is yet to begin. As a multinational company, we also have examinations under way in several foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, Chubb is no longer subject to income tax examinations for years prior to 2010. The following table summarizes tax years open for examination by major income tax jurisdiction: At December 31, 2019 Australia Canada France Germany Italy Mexico Spain Switzerland United Kingdom United States F-72 2014 - 2019 2012 - 2019 2017 - 2019 2015 - 2019 2010 - 2019 2014 - 2019 2012 - 2019 2015 - 2019 2015 - 2019 2014 - 2019 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 9. Debt (in millions of U.S. dollars) 2019 2018 Early Redemption Option Repurchase agreements (weighted average interest rate of 2.2% in 2019 and 2.5% in 2018) $ 1,416 $ 1,418 None December 31 December 31 Short-term debt Chubb INA senior notes: $500 million 5.9% due June 2019 $ — $ 500 Make-whole premium plus 0.40% $1,300 million 2.3% due November 2020 1,298 — Make-whole premium plus 0.15% Other short-term debt (2.75% to 7.1% due December 2019 to September 2020) Total short-term debt Long-term debt Chubb INA senior notes: 1 $ 1,299 $ 9 509 None $1,300 million 2.3% due November 2020 $ — $ 1,297 Make-whole premium plus 0.15% $1,000 million 2.875% due November 2022 $475 million 2.7% due March 2023 $700 million 3.35% due May 2024 €700 million 0.3% due December 2024 $800 million 3.15% due March 2025 $1,500 million 3.35% due May 2026 €575 million 0.875% due June 2027 €900 million 1.55% due March 2028 $100 million 8.875% due August 2029 €700 million 0.875% due December 2029 €575 million 1.4% due June 2031 $200 million 6.8% due November 2031 $300 million 6.7% due May 2036 $800 million 6.0% due May 2037 €900 million 2.5% due March 2038 $600 million 6.5% due May 2038 $475 million 4.15% due March 2043 997 473 697 776 796 996 Make-whole premium plus 0.20% 473 Make-whole premium plus 0.10% 696 Make-whole premium plus 0.15% — Make-whole premium plus 0.15% 796 Make-whole premium plus 0.15% 1,492 1,491 Make-whole premium plus 0.20% 635 993 100 775 633 246 297 953 992 751 470 — Make-whole premium plus 0.20% 1,008 Make-whole premium plus 0.15% 100 None — Make-whole premium plus 0.20% — Make-whole premium plus 0.25% 250 Make-whole premium plus 0.25% 297 Make-whole premium plus 0.20% 962 Make-whole premium plus 0.20% 1,008 Make-whole premium plus 0.25% 759 Make-whole premium plus 0.30% 470 Make-whole premium plus 0.15% $1,500 million 4.35% due November 2045 Other long-term debt (2.75% due September 2020) 1,483 — 1,483 Make-whole premium plus 0.25% 1 None Total long-term debt Trust preferred securities Chubb INA capital securities due April 2030 $ $ 13,559 $ 12,087 308 $ 308 Redemption prices(1) (1) Redemption prices are equal to accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date plus the greater of (i) 100 percent of the principal amount thereof, or (ii) sum of present value of scheduled payments of principal and interest on the capital securities from the redemption date to April 1, 2030. F-73 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries a) Repurchase agreements Chubb has executed repurchase agreements with certain counterparties under which Chubb agreed to sell securities and repurchase them at a future date for a predetermined price. b) Short-term debt Short-term debt comprises the current maturities of our long-term debt instruments described below. These short-term debt instruments were reclassified from long-term debt during 2019 and are reflected in the table above. Chubb INA Holdings Inc.'s (Chubb INA) $500 million of 5.9 percent senior notes due June 2019 was paid upon maturity. c) Long-term debt Certain of Chubb INA's senior notes and capital securities are redeemable at any time at Chubb INA's option subject to the provisions described in the table above. A "make-whole" premium is the present value of the remaining principal and interest discounted at the applicable U.S. Treasury rate. The senior notes and capital securities are also redeemable at par plus accrued and unpaid interest in the event of certain changes in tax law. The senior notes do not have the benefit of any sinking fund. These senior unsecured notes are guaranteed on a senior basis by Chubb Limited and they rank equally with all of Chubb's other senior obligations. They also contain customary limitations on lien provisions as well as customary events of default provisions which, if breached, could result in the accelerated maturity of such senior debt. In June 2019, Chubb INA issued €575 million ($650 million based on the foreign exchange rate at the date of issuance) of 0.875 percent Euro denominated senior notes due June 2027 and €575 million ($650 million based on the foreign exchange rate at the date of issuance) of 1.4 percent Euro denominated senior notes due June 2031. In December 2019, Chubb INA issued €700 million ($779 million based on the foreign exchange rate at the date of issuance) of 0.30 percent Euro denominated senior notes due December 2024 and €700 million ($779 million based on the foreign exchange rate at the date of issuance) of 0.875 percent Euro denominated senior notes due December 2029. These senior notes are redeemable at any time at Chubb INA's option subject to a “make-whole” premium (the present value of the remaining principal and interest discounted at the applicable comparable government bond rate plus 15 basis points for the senior notes due 2024, 20 basis points for the senior notes due 2027 and 2029 and 25 basis points for the senior notes due 2031). The notes are also redeemable at par plus accrued and unpaid interest in the event of certain changes in tax law. These notes do not have the benefit of any sinking fund. These senior unsecured notes are guaranteed on a senior basis by Chubb and they rank equally with all of Chubb's other senior obligations. They also contain customary limitations on lien provisions as well as customary events of default provisions which, if breached, could result in the accelerated maturity of such senior debt. d) Trust preferred securities In March 2000, ACE Capital Trust II, a Delaware statutory business trust, publicly issued $300 million of 9.7 percent Capital Securities (the Capital Securities) due to mature in April 2030. At the same time, Chubb INA purchased $9.2 million of common securities of ACE Capital Trust II. The sole assets of ACE Capital Trust II consist of $309 million principal amount of 9.7 percent Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures (the Subordinated Debentures) issued by Chubb INA due to mature in April 2030. Distributions on the Capital Securities are payable semi-annually and may be deferred for up to ten consecutive semi-annual periods (but no later than April 1, 2030). Any deferred payments would accrue interest compounded semi-annually if Chubb INA defers interest on the Subordinated Debentures. Interest on the Subordinated Debentures is payable semi-annually. Chubb INA may defer such interest payments (but no later than April 1, 2030), with such deferred payments accruing interest compounded semi-annually. The Capital Securities and the ACE Capital Trust II Common Securities will be redeemed upon repayment of the Subordinated Debentures. Chubb Limited has guaranteed, on a subordinated basis, Chubb INA's obligations under the Subordinated Debentures, and distributions and other payments due on the Capital Securities. These guarantees, when taken together with Chubb's obligations under expense agreements entered into with ACE Capital Trust II, provide a full and unconditional guarantee of amounts due on the Capital Securities. F-74 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 10. Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees a) Derivative instruments Foreign currency management As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities, and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives discussed below. We do not hedge our net asset non-U.S. dollar capital positions; however, we do consider economic hedging for planned cross border transactions. Derivative instruments employed Chubb maintains positions in derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts for which the primary purposes are to manage duration and foreign currency exposure, yield enhancement, or to obtain an exposure to a particular financial market. Chubb also maintains positions in convertible securities that contain embedded derivatives. Investment derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets (OA) or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities (AP), convertible bonds are recorded in Fixed maturities available for sale (FM AFS), and convertible equity securities are recorded in Equity securities (ES) in the Consolidated balance sheets. These are the most numerous and frequent derivative transactions. In addition, Chubb purchases to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs) as part of its investing activities. Under reinsurance programs covering GLBs, Chubb assumes the risk of GLBs, (principally GMIB) associated with variable annuity contracts. The GMIB risk is triggered if, at the time the contract holder elects to convert the accumulated account value to a periodic payment stream (annuitize), the accumulated account value is not sufficient to provide a guaranteed minimum level of monthly income. The GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument. Benefit reserves in respect of GLBs are classified as Future policy benefits (FPB) while the fair value derivative adjustment is classified within AP. Chubb also generally maintains positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts on equity market indices to limit equity exposure in the GMDB and GLB book of business. All derivative instruments are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Net realized gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. None of the derivative instruments are designated as hedges for accounting purposes. The following table presents the balance sheet locations, fair values of derivative instruments in an asset or (liability) position, and notional values/payment provisions of our derivative instruments: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Investment and embedded derivative instruments: Foreign currency forward contracts Cross-currency swaps Interest rate swaps Options/Futures contracts on notes, bonds, and equities Convertible securities (1) TBAs Other derivative instruments: Futures contracts on equities (2) Other GLB (3) December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Consolidated Balance Sheet Location Fair Value Derivative Asset Derivative (Liability) Notional Value/ Payment Provision Fair Value Derivative Asset Derivative (Liability) Notional Value/ Payment Provision OA / (AP) $ 11 $ (78) $ 2,579 $ 15 $ (19) $ 2,185 OA / (AP) OA / (AP) OA / (AP) FM AFS / ES FM AFS — — 13 4 — — — — — (15) 1,615 — — 5 — $ 28 $ (93) $ 4,199 OA / (AP) $ — $ (13) $ OA / (AP) 2 — $ 2 $ (13) $ 613 63 676 (AP) / (FPB) $ — $ (897) $ 1,510 — — 13 9 6 — 45 (115) 5,250 (19) 1,046 — — 11 6 $ $ $ $ 43 $ (153) $ 8,543 23 $ — $ 2 — 25 $ — $ 507 74 581 — $ (861) $ 1,750 (1) (2) (3) Includes fair value of embedded derivatives. Related to GMDB and GLB book of business. Includes both future policy benefits reserves of $441 million and $409 million and fair value derivative adjustment of $456 million and $452 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Refer to Note 5 c) for additional information. Note that the payment provision related to GLB is the net amount at risk. The concept of a notional value does not apply to the GLB reinsurance contracts. F-75 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries At December 31, 2019 and 2018, derivative liabilities of $75 million and $95 million, respectively, included in the table above were subject to a master netting agreement. The remaining derivatives included in the table above were not subject to a master netting agreement. b) Derivative instrument objectives (i) Foreign currency exposure management A foreign currency forward contract (forward) is an agreement between participants to exchange specific foreign currencies at a future date. Chubb uses forwards to minimize the effect of fluctuating foreign currencies as discussed above. (ii) Duration management and market exposure Futures Futures contracts give the holder the right and obligation to participate in market movements, determined by the index or underlying security on which the futures contract is based. Settlement is made daily in cash by an amount equal to the change in value of the futures contract times a multiplier that scales the size of the contract. Exchange-traded futures contracts on money market instruments, notes and bonds are used in fixed maturity portfolios to more efficiently manage duration, as substitutes for ownership of the money market instruments, bonds and notes without significantly increasing the risk in the portfolio. Investments in futures contracts may be made only to the extent that there are assets under management not otherwise committed. Exchange-traded equity futures contracts are used to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and therefore, an increase in reserves for GMDB and GLB reinsurance business. Options An option contract conveys to the holder the right, but not the obligation, to purchase or sell a specified amount or value of an underlying security at a fixed price. Option contracts are used in our investment portfolio as protection against unexpected shifts in interest rates, which would affect the duration of the fixed maturity portfolio. By using options in the portfolio, the overall interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio can be reduced. Option contracts may also be used as an alternative to futures contracts in the synthetic strategy as described above. The price of an option is influenced by the underlying security, expected volatility, time to expiration, and supply and demand. The credit risk associated with the above derivative financial instruments relates to the potential for non-performance by counterparties. Although non-performance is not anticipated, in order to minimize the risk of loss, management monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties and obtains collateral. The performance of exchange-traded instruments is guaranteed by the exchange on which they trade. For non-exchange-traded instruments, the counterparties are principally banks which must meet certain criteria according to our investment guidelines. Interest rate swaps An interest rate swap is a contract between two counterparties in which interest payments are made based on a notional principal amount, which itself is never paid or received. Under the terms of an interest rate swap, one counterparty makes interest payments based on a fixed interest rate and the other counterparty’s payments are based on a floating rate. Interest rate swap contracts are used occasionally in our investment portfolio as protection against unexpected shifts in interest rates, which would affect the fair value of the fixed maturity portfolio. By using interest rate swaps in the portfolio, the overall duration or interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio can be impacted. Cross-currency swaps Cross-currency swaps are agreements under which two counterparties exchange interest payments and principal denominated in different currencies at a future date. We use cross-currency swaps to reduce the foreign currency and interest rate risk by converting cash flows back into local currency. We invest in foreign currency denominated investments to improve credit diversification and also to obtain better duration matching to our liabilities that is limited in the local currency market. Other Included within Other are derivatives intended to reduce potential losses which may arise from certain exposures in our insurance business. The economic benefit provided by these derivatives is similar to purchased reinsurance. For example, Chubb may enter into crop derivative contracts to protect underwriting results in the event of a significant decline in commodity prices. F-76 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries (iii) Convertible security investments A convertible security is a debt instrument or preferred stock that can be converted into a predetermined amount of the issuer’s equity. The convertible option is an embedded derivative within the host instruments which are classified in the investment portfolio as either available for sale or as an equity security. Chubb purchases convertible securities for their total return and not specifically for the conversion feature. (iv) TBA By acquiring TBAs, we make a commitment to purchase a future issuance of mortgage-backed securities. For the period between purchase of the TBAs and issuance of the underlying security, we account for our position as a derivative in the consolidated financial statements. Chubb purchases TBAs both for their total return and for the flexibility they provide related to our mortgage-backed security strategy. (v) GLB Under the GLB program, as the assuming entity, Chubb is obligated to provide coverage until the expiration or maturity of the underlying deferred annuity contracts or the expiry of the reinsurance treaty. Premiums received under the reinsurance treaties are classified as premium. Expected losses allocated to premiums received are classified as Future policy benefits and valued similar to GMDB reinsurance. Other changes in fair value arise principally from changes in expected losses allocated to expected future premiums. Fair value represents management’s estimate of an exit price and thus, includes a risk margin. We may recognize a realized loss for other changes in fair value due to adverse changes in the capital markets (e.g., declining interest rates and/or declining U.S. and/or international equity markets) and changes in actual or estimated future policyholder behavior (e.g., increased annuitization or decreased lapse rates) although we expect the business to be profitable. To mitigate adverse changes in the capital markets, we maintain positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts, as noted under section "(ii) Futures" above. These futures increase in fair value when the S&P 500 index decreases (and decrease in fair value when the S&P 500 index increases). The net impact of gains or losses related to changes in fair value of the GLB liability and the exchange-traded equity futures are included in Net realized gains (losses). c) Securities lending and secured borrowings Chubb participates in a securities lending program operated by a third-party banking institution whereby certain assets are loaned to qualified borrowers and from which we earn an incremental return. The securities lending collateral can only be drawn down by Chubb in the event that the institution borrowing the securities is in default under the lending agreement. An indemnification agreement with the lending agent protects us in the event a borrower becomes insolvent or fails to return any of the securities on loan. The collateral is recorded in Securities lending collateral and the liability is recorded in Securities lending payable in the Consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the carrying value of collateral held under securities lending agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Collateral held under securities lending agreements: Cash U.S. Treasury and agency Foreign Corporate securities Mortgage-backed securities Equity securities Gross amount of recognized liability for securities lending payable Remaining contractual maturity December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Overnight and Continuous $ $ $ 346 $ 6 595 5 18 24 994 $ 994 $ 756 64 795 15 45 251 1,926 1,926 At December 31, 2019 and 2018, our repurchase agreement obligations of $1,416 million and $1,418 million, respectively, were fully collateralized. In contrast to securities lending programs, the use of cash received is not restricted for the repurchase obligations. The fair value of the underlying securities sold remains in Fixed maturities available for sale, and the repurchase agreement obligation is recorded in Repurchase agreements in the Consolidated balance sheets. F-77 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents the carrying value of collateral pledged under repurchase agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Collateral pledged under repurchase agreements: Cash U.S. Treasury and agency Mortgage-backed securities Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements Difference (1) Remaining contractual maturity December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Up to 30 Days 30-90 Days Greater than 90 Days Total 30-90 Days Greater than 90 Days Total $ 2 $ — $ — $ 2 $ — $ — $ — 107 399 — 476 — 107 480 1,355 — 496 259 713 259 1,209 $ 508 $ 476 $ 480 $ 1,464 $ 496 $ 972 $ 1,468 $ 1,416 $ 48 $ 1,418 $ 50 (1) Per the repurchase agreements, the amount of collateral posted is required to exceed the amount of gross liability. Potential risks exist in our secured borrowing transactions due to market conditions and counterparty exposure. With collateral that we pledge, there is a risk that the collateral may not be returned at the expiration of the agreement. If the counterparty fails to return the collateral, Chubb will have free use of the borrowed funds until our collateral is returned. In addition, we may encounter the risk that Chubb may not be able to renew outstanding borrowings with a new term or with an existing counterparty due to market conditions including a decrease in demand as well as more restrictive terms from banks due to increased regulatory and capital constraints. Should this condition occur, Chubb may seek alternative borrowing sources or reduce borrowings. Additionally, increased margins and collateral requirements due to market conditions would increase our restricted assets as we are required to provide additional collateral to support the transaction. The following table presents net realized gains (losses) related to derivative instrument activity in the Consolidated statements of operations: 2019 Year Ended December 31 2017 2018 $ $ $ $ $ (79) $ 3 $ (270) (88) 2 (115) 39 (2) (435) $ (75) $ (4) $ (248) $ (138) (8) (150) $ (585) $ (4) (3) (255) $ (330) $ 9 — (21) 1 (11) 364 (261) (5) 98 87 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Investment and embedded derivative instruments: Foreign currency forward contracts Interest rate swaps All other futures contracts, options, and equities Convertible securities (1) Total investment and embedded derivative instruments GLB and other derivative instruments: GLB (2) Futures contracts on equities (3) Other Total GLB and other derivative instruments (1) (2) (3) Includes embedded derivatives. Excludes foreign exchange gains (losses) related to GLB. Related to GMDB and GLB book of business. F-78 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries d) Concentrations of credit risk Our investment portfolio is managed following prudent standards of diversification. Specific provisions limit the allowable holdings of a single issue and issuer. We believe that there are no significant concentrations of credit risk associated with our investments. Our three largest corporate exposures by issuer at December 31, 2019, were Wells Fargo & Co., Bank of America Corp, and JP Morgan Chase & Co. Our largest exposure by industry at December 31, 2019 was financial services. We market our insurance and reinsurance worldwide primarily through insurance and reinsurance brokers. We assume a degree of credit risk associated with brokers with whom we transact business. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, approximately 12 percent and 10 percent, respectively, of our gross premiums written was generated from or placed by Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. This entity is a large, well-established company, and there are no indications that it is financially troubled at December 31, 2019. No broker or one insured accounted for more than 10 percent of our gross premiums written for the year ended December 31, 2017. As discussed in Note 2, we committed to purchase an additional 22.4 percent interest in Huatai Group. In connection with these purchase agreements, in January 2020, we paid collateralized deposits totaling $1.550 billion to the selling shareholders, which are accounted for as loans. There is credit exposure with the current selling shareholders until the obligations under the purchase agreements are satisfied, which is expected by the end of 2021. e) Fixed maturities At December 31, 2019, we have commitments to purchase fixed income securities of $731 million over the next several years. f) Other investments At December 31, 2019, included in Other investments in the Consolidated balance sheet are investments in limited partnerships and partially-owned investment companies with a carrying value of $4.7 billion. In connection with these investments, we have commitments that may require funding of up to $3.3 billion over the next several years. g) Letters of credit On October 25, 2017, we entered into a credit facility that provides for up to $1.0 billion of availability, all of which may be used for the issuance of letters of credit and for revolving loans. We have the ability to increase the capacity under our existing credit facility to $2.0 billion under certain conditions, but any such increase would not raise the sub-limit for revolving loans above $1.0 billion. Our existing credit facility has a remaining term expiring in October 2022. At December 31, 2019, our LOC usage was $567 million. h) Legal proceedings Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to claims litigation involving disputed interpretations of policy coverages and, in some jurisdictions, direct actions by allegedly-injured persons seeking damages from policyholders. These lawsuits, involving claims on policies issued by our subsidiaries which are typical to the insurance industry in general and in the normal course of business, are considered in our loss and loss expense reserves. In addition to claims litigation, we are subject to lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business that do not arise from or directly relate to claims on insurance policies. This category of business litigation typically involves, among other things, allegations of underwriting errors or misconduct, employment claims, regulatory activity, or disputes arising from our business ventures. In the opinion of management, our ultimate liability for these matters could be, but we believe is not likely to be, material to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. F-79 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries i) Lease commitments At December 31, 2019, the right-of-use asset was $551 million recorded within Other assets, and the lease liability was $603 million, which was recorded within Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheet. These leases consist principally of real estate operating leases that are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, which expire at various dates. As of December 31, 2019, the weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate for the operating leases was 5.4 years and 2.7 percent, respectively. Rent expense was $171 million, $169 million, and $211 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Future minimum lease payments under the operating leases are expected to be as follows: For the years ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Undiscounted cash flows: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Thereafter Total undiscounted lease payments Less: Present value adjustment Net lease liabilities reported as of December 31, 2019 11. Shareholders’ equity $ $ $ 158 136 107 88 66 105 660 57 603 a) Common Shares All of Chubb’s Common Shares are authorized under Swiss corporate law. Though the par value of Common Shares is stated in Swiss francs, Chubb continues to use U.S. dollars as its reporting currency for preparing the consolidated financial statements. Under Swiss corporate law, we are generally prohibited from issuing Common Shares below their par value. If there were a need to raise common equity at a time when the trading price of Chubb's Common Shares is below par value, we would need in advance to obtain shareholder approval to decrease the par value of the Common Shares. Dividend approval At our May 2018 and 2017 annual general meetings, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $2.92 per share and $2.84 per share, respectively, which was paid in four quarterly installments of $0.73 per share and $0.71 per share, respectively, at dates determined by the Board of Directors (Board) after the annual general meeting by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. At our May 2019 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $3.00 per share, expected to be paid in four quarterly installments of $0.75 per share after the annual general meeting by way of distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board will determine the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend may be paid until the date of the 2020 annual general meeting, and is authorized to abstain from distributing a dividend at its discretion. The first three quarterly installments each of $0.75 per share, have been distributed by the Board as expected. Dividend distributions Under Swiss corporate law, dividends must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. We issue dividends without subjecting them to withholding tax by way of distributions from capital contribution reserves and payment out of free reserves. F-80 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents dividend distributions per Common Share in Swiss francs (CHF) and U.S. dollars (USD): Total dividend distributions per common share b) Shares issued, outstanding, authorized, and conditional Shares issued, beginning and end of year Year Ended December 31 CHF 2.94 $ 2019 USD 2.98 CHF 2.84 $ 2018 USD 2.90 CHF 2.76 $ 2017 USD 2.82 Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 479,783,864 479,783,864 479,783,864 Common Shares in treasury, beginning of year (at cost) (20,580,486) (15,950,685) (13,815,148) Net shares issued under employee share-based compensation plans 3,210,427 3,089,234 3,731,075 Shares repurchased Common Shares in treasury, end of year (at cost) Shares issued and outstanding, end of year (10,442,238) (7,719,035) (5,866,612) (27,812,297) (20,580,486) (15,950,685) 451,971,567 459,203,378 463,833,179 Increases in Common Shares in treasury are due to open market repurchases of Common Shares and the surrender of Common Shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock and the forfeiture of unvested restricted stock. Decreases in Common Shares in treasury are principally due to grants of restricted stock, exercises of stock options, and purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). Authorized share capital for general purposes The Board has shareholder-approved authority as set forth in the Articles of Association to increase for general purposes Chubb's share capital from time to time until May 17, 2020, by the issuance of up to 200,000,000 fully paid up Common Shares, with a par value equal to the par value of Chubb's Common Shares as set forth in the Articles of Association at the time of any such issuance. Conditional share capital for bonds and similar debt instruments Chubb's share capital may be increased through the issuance of a maximum of 33,000,000 fully paid up Common Shares (with a par value of CHF 24.15 as of December 31, 2019) through the exercise of conversion and/or option or warrant rights granted in connection with bonds, notes, or similar instruments, issued or to be issued by Chubb, including convertible debt instruments. Conditional share capital for employee benefit plans Chubb's share capital may be increased through the issuance of a maximum of 25,410,929 fully paid up Common Shares (with a par value of CHF 24.15 as of December 31, 2019) in connection with the exercise of option rights granted to any employee of Chubb, director or other person providing services to Chubb. c) Chubb Limited securities repurchases From time to time, we repurchase shares as part of our capital management program and to partially offset potential dilution from the exercise of stock options and the granting of restricted stock under share-based compensation plans. The Board of Directors has authorized share repurchase programs as follows: • $1.0 billion of Chubb Common Shares from November 17, 2016 through December 31, 2017 • $1.0 billion of Chubb Common Shares from January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018 • $1.5 billion of Chubb Common Shares from December 1, 2018 through December 31, 2019 • $1.5 billion of Chubb Common Shares from November 21, 2019 through December 31, 2020 Share repurchases may be in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, block trades, accelerated repurchases and/or through option or other forward transactions. F-81 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents repurchases of Chubb's Common Shares conducted in a series of open market transactions under the Board authorizations: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except share data) Number of shares repurchased Cost of shares repurchased 2019 2018 2017 February 26, 2020 10,442,238 7,719,035 5,866,612 $ 1,531 $ 1,021 $ 830 $ 947,400 151 Year Ended December 31 January 1, 2020 through d) General restrictions The holders of the Common Shares are entitled to receive dividends as approved by the shareholders. Holders of Common Shares are allowed one vote per share provided that, if the controlled shares of any shareholder constitute ten percent or more of the outstanding Common Shares of Chubb, only a fraction of the vote will be allowed so as not to exceed ten percent in aggregate. Entry of acquirers of Common Shares as shareholders with voting rights in the share register may be refused if it would confer voting rights with respect to ten percent or more of the registered share capital recorded in the commercial register. 12. Share-based compensation Chubb has share-based compensation plans which currently provide the Board the ability to grant awards of stock options, restricted stock, and restricted stock units to its employees and members of the Board. In May 2016, our shareholders approved the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the 2016 LTIP), which replaced both the ACE Limited 2004 LTIP (the 2004 LTIP) and The Chubb Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan (2014). The 2016 LTIP is substantially similar to the 2004 LTIP in its operation and the types of awards that may be granted. Under the 2016 LTIP, Common Shares of Chubb were authorized to be issued pursuant to awards made as stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, performance units, restricted stock, and restricted stock units. Chubb principally issues restricted stock grants and stock options on a graded vesting schedule, with equal percentages of the award subject to vesting over a number of years (typically three or four). Chubb recognizes compensation cost for vesting of restricted stock and stock option grants with only service conditions on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award were, in-substance, multiple awards. We incorporate an estimate of future forfeitures in determining compensation cost for both grants of restricted stock and stock options. In addition, Chubb grants performance-based restricted stock to certain executives that vest based on certain performance criteria as compared to a defined group of peer companies. Performance-based stock awards comprise target awards and premium awards that cliff vest at the end of a 3-year performance period based on both our tangible book value (shareholders' equity less goodwill and intangible assets, net of tax) per share growth and P&C combined ratio compared to our peer group. Premium awards are subject to an additional vesting provision based on total shareholder return (TSR) compared to our peer group. Shares representing target awards and premium awards are issued when the awards are approved and are subject to forfeiture, if applicable performance criteria are not met at the end of the 3-year performance period. Prior to January 2017, performance-based restricted stock awards had a 4-year vesting period with the potential to vest as to a portion each year, and excluded the P&C combined ratio and TSR additional vesting criteria. Under the 2016 LTIP, 19,500,000 Common Shares are authorized to be issued. This is in addition to any shares that have not been delivered pursuant to the 2004 LTIP and remain available for grant pursuant to the 2004 LTIP and includes any shares covered by awards granted under the 2004 LTIP that have forfeited, expired or canceled after the effective date of the 2016 LTIP. At December 31, 2019, a total of 10,789,285 shares remain available for future issuance under the 2016 LTIP, which includes shares canceled or forfeited from the 2004 LTIP, in addition to common shares that were previously registered and authorized to be issued. Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), 6,500,000 shares are authorized to be issued. At December 31, 2019, a total of 1,785,978 shares remain available for issuance under the ESPP. Chubb generally issues Common Shares for the exercise of stock options, restricted stock, and purchases under the ESPP from un-issued reserved shares (conditional share capital) and Common Shares in treasury. F-82 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents pre-tax and after-tax share-based compensation expense: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Stock options and shares issued under ESPP: Pre-tax After-tax (1) Restricted stock: Pre-tax After-tax Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 $ $ $ $ 42 $ 39 $ 224 $ 180 $ 50 $ 40 $ 235 $ 178 $ 41 26 259 151 (1) The windfall tax benefit recorded to Income tax expense in the Consolidated statement of operations was $12 million, $19 million, and $48 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Unrecognized compensation expense related to the unvested portion of Chubb's employee share-based awards of restricted stock, restricted stock units, and stock options was $205 million at December 31, 2019 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1 year. Stock options Both incentive and non-qualified stock options are principally granted at an option price per share equal to the grant date fair value of Chubb's Common Shares. Stock options are generally granted with a 3-year vesting period and a 10-year term. Stock options vest in equal annual installments over the respective vesting period, which is also the requisite service period. Chubb's 2019 share-based compensation expense includes a portion of the cost related to the 2016 through 2019 stock option grants. Stock option fair value was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model that uses the weighted-average assumptions noted below: Dividend yield Expected volatility Risk-free interest rate Expected life 2019 2.2% 16.0% 2.6% Year Ended December 31 2018 2.0% 23.2% 2.7% 2017 2.0% 19.7% 2.0% 5.7 years 5.7 years 5.8 years The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The expected life (estimated period of time from grant to exercise date) is estimated using the historical exercise behavior of employees. For year 2019, expected volatility is calculated as a blend of (a) historical volatility based on daily closing prices over a period equal to the expected life assumption and (b) implied volatility derived from Chubb's publicly traded options. For years 2018 and 2017, expected volatility was calculated as a blend of (a) historical volatility based on daily closing prices over a period equal to the expected life assumption, (b) long-term historical volatility based on daily closing prices over the period from Chubb's initial public trading date through the most recent quarter, and (c) implied volatility derived from Chubb's publicly traded options. F-83 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents a roll-forward of Chubb's stock options: (Intrinsic Value in millions of U.S. dollars) Number of Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price Weighted-Average Fair Value Total Intrinsic Value Options outstanding, December 31, 2016 10,180,720 $ 87.29 Granted Exercised Forfeited Options outstanding, December 31, 2017 Granted Exercised Forfeited Options outstanding, December 31, 2018 Granted Exercised Forfeited Options outstanding, December 31, 2019 Options exercisable, December 31, 2019 2,079,522 $ 139.00 $ 22.97 (1,632,629) $ (194,297) $ 10,433,316 $ 73.53 119.44 99.20 1,842,690 $ 143.07 $ 29.71 (1,065,384) $ (202,900) $ 11,007,722 $ 73.57 133.92 108.25 2,073,940 $ 133.90 $ 18.76 (1,944,604) $ (251,801) $ 10,885,257 $ 7,213,685 $ 84.13 136.87 116.79 106.26 $ $ $ $ $ 111 71 122 423 356 The weighted-average remaining contractual term was 6.1 years for stock options outstanding and 4.8 years for stock options exercisable at December 31, 2019. Cash received from the exercise of stock options for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $163 million. Restricted stock and restricted stock units Grants of restricted stock and restricted stock units awarded under both the 2004 LTIP and 2016 LTIP typically have a 4-year vesting period, subject to vesting as to one-quarter of the award each anniversary of grant. Restricted stock and restricted stock units are granted at market close price on the day of grant. Each restricted stock unit represents our obligation to deliver to the holder one Common Share upon vesting. Chubb also grants restricted stock awards to non-management directors which vest at the following year's annual general meeting. Chubb's 2019 share-based compensation expense includes a portion of the cost related to the restricted stock granted in the years 2015 through 2019. F-84 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents a roll-forward of our restricted stock awards. Included in the roll-forward below are 19,019 restricted stock awards, 20,784 restricted stock awards, and 22,013 restricted stock awards that were granted to non- management directors during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively: Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2016 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2017 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2018 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2019 Service-based Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units Performance-based Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units Number of Shares Value Number of Shares Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value 5,805,126 $ 1,707,094 $ (2,646,084) $ (156,694) $ 4,709,442 $ 1,326,979 $ (2,545,090) $ (196,482) $ 3,294,849 $ 1,492,900 $ (1,292,864) $ (200,875) $ 3,294,010 $ 109.39 139.18 107.73 114.54 121.16 142.76 114.83 131.06 134.17 134.38 129.18 135.98 136.20 931,169 $ 267,282 $ (222,954) $ — $ 975,497 $ 180,065 $ (244,332) $ — $ 911,230 $ 212,059 $ (196,640) $ (50,437) $ 876,212 $ 111.17 138.90 113.30 — 118.28 143.07 103.03 — 127.27 133.90 115.62 132.36 131.16 Prior to 2009, legacy ACE granted restricted stock units with a 1-year vesting period to non-management directors. Delivery of Common Shares on account of these restricted stock units to non-management directors is deferred until after the date of the non-management directors' termination from the Board. Legacy Chubb Corp historically allowed directors and certain key employees of Chubb Corp and its subsidiaries to defer a portion of their compensation earned with respect to services performed in the form of deferred stock units. In addition, legacy Chubb Corp provided supplemental retirement benefits for certain employees through its Defined Contribution Excess Benefit Plan in the form of deferred shares of stock. The minimum vesting period under these legacy Chubb Corp deferred plans was 1-year and the maximum was 3-years. Employees and directors had the option to elect to receive their awards at a future specified date or upon their termination of service with Chubb. At December 31, 2019, there were 201,666 deferred restricted stock units. ESPP The ESPP gives participating employees the right to purchase Common Shares through payroll deductions during consecutive subscription periods at a purchase price of 85 percent of the fair value of a Common Share on the exercise date (Purchase Price). Annual purchases by participants are limited to the number of whole shares that can be purchased by an amount equal to ten percent of the participant's compensation or $25,000, whichever is less. The ESPP has two six-month subscription periods each year, the first of which runs between January 1 and June 30 and the second of which runs between July 1 and December 31. The amounts collected from participants during a subscription period are used on the exercise date to purchase full shares of Common Shares. An exercise date is generally the last trading day of a subscription period. The number of shares purchased is equal to the total amount, at the exercise date, collected from the participants through payroll deductions for that subscription period, divided by the Purchase Price, rounded down to the next full share. Participants may withdraw from an offering before the exercise date and obtain a refund of amounts withheld through payroll deductions. Pursuant to the provisions of the ESPP, during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, employees paid $41 million, $37 million, and $34 million to purchase 321,800 shares, 347,116 shares, and 271,185 shares, respectively. F-85 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 13. Postretirement benefits Chubb provides postretirement benefits to eligible employees and their dependents through various defined contribution plans sponsored by Chubb. In addition, for certain employees, Chubb sponsors other postretirement benefit plans, and prior to 2020, Chubb sponsored defined benefit pension plans. Defined contribution plans (including 401(k)) Under these plans, employees' contributions may be supplemented by Chubb matching contributions based on the level of employee contribution. These contributions are invested at the election of each employee in one or more of several investment portfolios offered by a third-party investment advisor. Expenses for these plans totaled $171 million, $171 million, and $166 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Defined benefit pension plans We maintain non-contributory defined benefit pension plans that cover certain employees located in the U.S., U.K., Canada, and various other statutorily required countries. We account for pension benefits using the accrual method. Benefits under these plans are based on employees' years of service and compensation during final years of service. All underlying plans are subject to periodic actuarial valuations by qualified actuarial firms using actuarial models to calculate the expense and liability for each plan. We use December 31 as the measurement date for our defined benefit pension plans. Under the Chubb Corp plans, prior to 2001, benefits were generally based on an employee’s years of service and average compensation during the last five years of employment. Effective January 1, 2001, the formula for providing pension benefits was changed from the final average pay formula to a cash balance formula. Under the cash balance formula, a notional account is established for each employee, which is credited semi-annually with an amount equal to a percentage of eligible compensation based on age and years of service plus interest based on the account balance. Chubb Corp employees hired prior to 2001 will generally be eligible to receive vested benefits based on the higher of the final average pay or cash balance formulas. Other postretirement benefit plans Our assumption of Chubb Corp's other postretirement benefit plans, principally healthcare and life insurance, covers retired employees, their beneficiaries, and covered dependents. Healthcare coverage is contributory. Retiree contributions vary based upon the retiree’s age, type of coverage, and years of service requirements. Life insurance coverage is non-contributory. Chubb funds a portion of the healthcare benefits obligation where such funding can be accomplished on a tax-effective basis. Benefits are paid as covered expenses are incurred. Amendments to U.S. qualified and excess pension plans and U.S. retiree healthcare plan On October 31, 2016, we harmonized and amended several of our U.S. retirement programs to create a unified retirement savings program. In 2020, we transitioned from a traditional defined benefit pension program that had been in effect for certain employees to a defined contribution program. Additionally, after 2025, we plan to eliminate a subsidized U.S. retiree healthcare and life insurance plan that had been in place for certain employees. Both amendments required a remeasurement of the plan assets and benefit obligations with updated assumptions, including discount rates and the expected return on assets. The amendment of the retiree healthcare plan resulted in a reduction in the obligation of $383 million, of which $410 million will be amortized as a reduction to expense through 2021 as it relates to benefits already accrued. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, $79 million, $80 million, and $89 million, respectively, were amortized as a reduction to expense. At December 31, 2019, the remaining curtailment benefit balance was $105 million which will be amortized as a reduction to expense over the next 1.5 years. F-86 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Obligations and funded status The funded status of the pension and other postretirement benefit plans as well as the amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was as follows: Pension Benefit Plans 2019 Non-U.S. Plans U.S. Plans 2018 Non-U.S. Plans U.S. Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans 2019 2018 $ 3,092 $ 942 $ 3,285 $ 1,077 $ 113 $ 137 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Benefit obligation, beginning of year Service cost Interest cost Actuarial loss (gain) Benefits paid Amendments Curtailments Settlements Foreign currency revaluation and other Benefit obligation, end of year Plan assets at fair value, beginning of year Actual return on plan assets Employer contributions Benefits paid Settlements Foreign currency revaluation and other Plan assets at fair value, end of year Funded status at end of year $ $ $ $ 49 118 443 (121) — — (12) — 11 27 124 (39) — (4) (61) 42 57 105 (214) (108) — — (33) — 3,569 $ 1,042 $ 3,092 $ 12 27 (71) (26) 4 — (27) (54) 942 2,784 $ 1,008 $ 3,109 $ 1,172 636 14 (121) (12) — 169 16 (39) (61) 48 (218) 34 (108) (33) — (63) 14 (26) (27) (62) 3,301 $ 1,141 $ 2,784 $ 1,008 (268) $ 99 $ (308) $ 66 $ $ $ $ — 4 3 (17) — — — — 103 $ 143 $ 9 — — — — 152 $ 49 $ Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income, not yet recognized in net periodic cost (benefit): Net actuarial loss (gain) Prior service cost (benefit) Total $ $ (21) $ 110 $ (15) $ 112 $ (3) $ — 10 — 9 (114) (21) $ 120 $ (15) $ 121 $ (117) $ 1 3 (20) (15) — — — 7 113 157 1 — (15) — — 143 30 — (200) (200) For the U.S. pension plans, the $443 million actuarial loss experienced in 2019 was principally driven by the decrease in the discount rate from 2018 that was used to determine the projected benefit obligation at December 31, 2019. The $214 million actuarial gain experienced in 2018 was largely driven by the increase in the discount rate from 2017 that was used to determine the projected benefit obligation at December 31, 2018. The accumulated benefit obligation for the pension benefit plans was $4.6 billion and $4.0 billion at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The accumulated benefit obligation is the present value of pension benefits earned as of the measurement date based on employee service and compensation prior to that date. It differs from the pension (projected) benefit obligation in the table above in that the accumulated benefit obligation includes no assumptions regarding future compensation levels. The net components of the funded status of the pension and other postretirement benefit plans are included in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets. Chubb’s funding policy is to contribute amounts that meet regulatory requirements plus additional amounts determined based on actuarial valuations, market conditions and other factors. All benefit plans satisfy minimum funding requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). F-87 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table provides information on pension plans where the benefit obligation is in excess of plan assets at December 31, 2019 and 2018: (in millions of U.S. dollars) U.S. Plans Plans with projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets: 2019 Non-U.S. Plans U.S. Plans 2018 Non-U.S. Plans Projected benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets Net funded status Plans with accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets: Accumulated benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets $ $ $ $ 3,569 $ 236 $ 3,092 $ 3,301 175 2,784 (268) $ (61) $ (308) $ 3,569 $ 3,301 $ 173 $ 3,066 $ 140 $ 2,784 $ 222 170 (52) 115 86 For other postretirement benefit plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, the accumulated benefit obligation was $25 million and $23 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These plans have no plan assets. At December 31, 2019, we estimate that we will contribute $23 million to the pension plans and $1 million to the other postretirement benefits plan in 2020. The estimate is subject to change due to contribution decisions that are affected by various factors including our liquidity, market performance and management discretion. The weighted-average assumptions used to determine the projected benefit obligation were as follows: December 31, 2019 Discount rate Rate of compensation increase (1) Interest crediting rate December 31, 2018 Discount rate Rate of compensation increase Interest crediting rate Pension Benefit Plans U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans 3.20% N/A 4.10% 4.20% 4.00% 4.10% 2.39% 3.26% 2.70% N/A 3.10% 3.37% 3.78% N/A (1) For the U.S. Pension Plans, benefit accruals were frozen as of December 31, 2019. The projected benefit cash flows were discounted using the corresponding spot rates derived from a yield curve, which resulted in a single discount rate that would produce the same liability at the respective measurement dates. The same process was applied to service cost cash flows to determine the discount rate associated with the service cost. In general, the discount rates for the non-U.S. plans were developed using a similar methodology by using country-specific yield curves. F-88 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The components of net pension and other postretirement benefit costs reflected in Net income and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income were as follows: Year Ended December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Costs reflected in Net income: Service cost Non-service cost: Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of net actuarial loss Amortization of prior service cost Curtailments Settlements Total non-service benefit Net periodic benefit Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income Net actuarial loss (gain) Prior service cost (benefit) Amortization of net actuarial loss Amortization of prior service cost Curtailments Settlements Total decrease (increase) in other comprehensive income Pension Benefit Plans U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 $ 49 $ 57 $ 63 $ 11 $ 12 $ 17 $ — $ 1 3 (5) — (85) (2) — $ 2 4 (5) — (89) (37) — 118 105 105 (189) (212) (189) — — — 2 — — — 2 — — — — 27 (45) 3 — (1) 1 27 (50) 1 — — 3 (69) (105) (84) (15) (19) 27 (42) 3 — (27) — (39) 4 (4) — (84) — — (84) (89) (127) $ (20) $ (48) $ (21) $ (4) $ (7) $ (22) $ (84) $ (88) $ (125) $ (4) $ 214 $ (21) $ — — — — — — — — (2) (2) — — — — 1 6 1 (3) — (3) (1) $ 34 $ (57) $ (2) $ (11) $ (3) 3 (1) — — (3) — (3) — (6) — — — 84 — — — (1) 85 3 — (23) — 89 39 — $ (6) $ 212 $ (20) $ — $ 33 $ (66) $ 82 $ 76 $ 102 The service and non-service cost components of net periodic (benefit) cost reflected in the Consolidated statements of operations were as follows: Year Ended December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Service Cost: Losses and loss expenses Administrative expenses Total service cost Non-Service Cost: Losses and loss expenses Administrative expenses Total non-service benefit Net periodic benefit Pension Benefit Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 $ 6 $ 7 $ 7 $ — $ — $ 54 60 (7) (77) (84) 62 69 (10) (114) (124) 73 80 (8) (115) (123) — — (8) (76) (84) 1 1 (9) (80) (89) — 2 2 (13) (114) (127) $ (24) $ (55) $ (43) $ (84) $ (88) $ (125) F-89 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The weighted-average assumptions used to determine the net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costs were as follows: Year Ended December 31 2019 Discount rate in effect for determining service cost Discount rate in effect for determining interest cost Rate of compensation increase Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets Interest crediting rate 2018 Discount rate in effect for determining service cost Discount rate in effect for determining interest cost Rate of compensation increase Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets Interest crediting rate 2017 Discount rate in effect for determining service cost Discount rate in effect for determining interest cost Rate of compensation increase Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets Interest crediting rate Pension Benefit Plans U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans 4.23% 3.94% 4.00% 7.00% 4.10% 3.62% 3.27% 4.00% 7.00% 4.10% 4.20% 3.53% 4.00% 7.00% 4.10% 4.48% 2.88% 3.37% 4.40% N/A 3.97% 2.55% 3.46% 4.32% N/A 3.55% 2.61% 3.57% 4.23% N/A 4.04% 3.69% N/A 3.00% N/A 2.84% 2.62% N/A 2.59% N/A 2.84% 2.44% N/A 3.00% N/A The weighted-average healthcare cost trend rate assumptions used to measure the expected cost of healthcare benefits were as follows: Healthcare cost trend rate Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate) Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 6.32% 6.68% 7.01% 5.24% 6.29% 6.61% 4.50% 4.50% 4.50% 4.00% 4.50% 4.50% 2038 2038 2038 2040 2029 2029 Plan Assets The long term objective of the pension plan is to provide sufficient funding to cover expected benefit obligations, while assuming a prudent level of portfolio risk. The assets of the pension plan are invested, either directly or through pooled funds, in a diversified portfolio of predominately equity securities and fixed maturities. We seek to obtain a rate of return that over time equals or exceeds the returns of the broad markets in which the plan assets are invested. The target allocation of plan assets is 55 percent to 65 percent invested in equity securities (including certain other investments measured using NAV), with the remainder primarily invested in fixed maturities. We rebalance our pension assets to the target allocation as market conditions permit. We determined the expected long term rate of return assumption for each asset class based on an analysis of the historical returns and the expectations for future returns. The expected long term rate of return for the portfolio is a weighted aggregation of the expected returns for each asset class. In order to minimize risk, the Plan maintains a listing of permissible and prohibited investments. In addition, the Plan has certain concentration limits and investment quality requirements imposed on permissible investments options. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis. F-90 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following tables present the fair values of the pension plan assets, by valuation hierarchy. For additional information on how we classify these assets within the valuation hierarchy, refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated financial statements. December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) U.S. Plans: Short-term investments U.S. Treasury and agency Foreign and corporate bonds States, municipalities, and political subdivisions Equity securities Total U.S. Plan assets (1) Non-U.S. Plans: Short-term investments Foreign and corporate bonds Equity securities Total Non-U.S. Plan assets (1) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Pension Benefit Plans $ $ $ $ 18 $ 37 $ — $ 466 — — 1,467 134 749 2 — — — — — 1,951 $ 922 $ — $ 2 $ — $ — $ — 112 598 318 — — 55 600 749 2 1,467 2,873 2 598 430 114 $ 916 $ — $ 1,030 (1) Excluded from the table above are $428 million and $107 million of other investments measured using NAV as a practical expedient related to the U.S. Plans and Non- U.S. Plans, respectively, and limited partnerships of $4 million in Non-U.S. Plans. December 31, 2018 (in millions of U.S. dollars) U.S. Plans: Short-term investments U.S. Treasury and agency Foreign and corporate bonds Equity securities Total U.S. Plan assets (1) Non-U.S. Plans: Short-term investments Foreign and corporate bonds Equity securities Total Non-U.S. Plan assets (1) Pension Benefit Plans Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 10 $ 74 $ — $ 433 — 1,050 82 641 — — — — 1,493 $ 797 $ — $ 7 $ — $ — $ — 103 418 371 — — 110 $ 789 $ — $ $ $ $ $ Total 84 515 641 1,050 2,290 7 418 474 899 (1) Excluded from the table above are $494 million and $109 million of other investments measured using NAV as a practical expedient related to the U.S. Plans and Non- U.S. Plans, respectively. The other postretirement benefit plan had $152 million and $143 million of other investments measured using NAV as a practical expedient at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Expected future benefit payments are as follows: For the years ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025-2029 Pension Benefit Plans U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans $ 151 $ 27 $ 157 164 169 174 931 28 27 29 29 171 19 21 22 18 13 11 F-91 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 14. Other income and expense (in millions of U.S. dollars) Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 Equity in net income of partially-owned entities (1) $ 617 $ 514 $ Gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets (2) One-time contribution to the Chubb Charitable Foundation Federal excise and capital taxes Other Total 44 — (23) (42) (38) — (12) (30) $ 596 $ 434 $ 418 97 (50) (35) (30) 400 (1) (2) Equity in net income of partially-owned entities includes $74 million, $43 million, and $3 million attributable to our investments in Huatai (Huatai Group, Huatai P&C, and Huatai Life) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Related to gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. Other income and expense includes equity in net income of partially-owned entities, which includes our share of net income or loss related to partially-owned investment companies (private equity) and partially-owned insurance companies. Also included in Other income and expense are gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. The offsetting movement in the separate account liabilities is included in Policy benefits in the Consolidated statements of operations. Certain federal excise and capital taxes incurred as a result of capital management initiatives are included in Other income and expense as these are considered capital transactions and are excluded from underwriting results. 15. Segment information Chubb operates through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. These segments distribute their products through various forms of brokers, agencies, and direct marketing programs. All business segments have established relationships with reinsurance intermediaries. • The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment includes the business written by Chubb divisions that provide property and casualty (P&C) insurance and services to large, middle market and small commercial businesses in the U.S., Canada, and Bermuda. This segment includes our retail divisions: Major Accounts, Commercial Insurance, including Small Commercial Insurance; and our wholesale and specialty divisions: Westchester and Chubb Bermuda. These divisions write a variety of coverages, including property, casualty, workers’ compensation, package policies, risk management, financial lines, marine, construction, environmental, medical risk, cyber risk, surety, and excess casualty; as well as group accident and health (A&H) insurance. • The North America Personal P&C Insurance segment includes the business written by Chubb Personal Risk Services division, which includes high net worth personal lines business, with operations in the U.S. and Canada. This segment provides affluent and high net worth individuals and families with homeowners, automobile and collector cars, valuable articles (including fine arts), personal and excess liability, travel insurance, and recreational marine insurance and services. • The North America Agricultural Insurance segment includes the business written by Rain and Hail Insurance Service, Inc. in the U.S. and Canada, which provides comprehensive multiple peril crop insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail insurance, and Chubb Agribusiness, which offers farm and ranch property as well as specialty P&C coverages, including commercial agriculture products. F-92 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries • The Overseas General Insurance segment includes the business written by two Chubb divisions that provide P&C insurance and services in the 51 countries and territories outside of North America where the company operates. Chubb International provides commercial P&C, A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines for large corporations, middle markets and small customers through retail brokers, agents and other channels locally around the world. Chubb Global Markets (CGM) provides commercial P&C excess and surplus lines and A&H through wholesale brokers in the London market and through Lloyd’s. These divisions write a variety of coverages, including traditional commercial P&C, specialty categories such as financial lines, marine, energy, aviation, political risk and construction, as well as group A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines. • The Global Reinsurance segment includes the reinsurance business written by Chubb Tempest Re, comprising Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda, Chubb Tempest Re USA, Chubb Tempest Re International, and Chubb Tempest Re Canada. Chubb Tempest Re provides a broad range of traditional and specialty reinsurance coverages to a diverse array of primary P&C companies, including small, mid-sized, and multinational ceding companies. • The Life Insurance segment includes Chubb's international life operations written by Chubb Life, Chubb Tempest Life Re and the North American supplemental A&H and life business of Combined Insurance. Corporate primarily includes the results of all run-off asbestos and environmental (A&E) exposures, our run-off Brandywine business, and our Westchester specialty operations for 1996 and prior years, and certain other non-A&E run-off exposures. In addition, Corporate includes the results of our non-insurance companies including Chubb Limited, Chubb Group Management and Holdings Ltd., and Chubb INA Holdings Inc. Our exposure to A&E claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when we purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998, CIGNA’s P&C business in 1999, and Chubb Corp in 2016. In addition, revenue and expenses managed at the corporate level, including realized gains and losses, interest expense, the non-operating income of our partially-owned entities, and income taxes are reported within Corporate. Chubb integration expenses are also reported within Corporate. Chubb integration expenses are one-time costs that are directly attributable to the achievement of the annualized savings, including employee severance, third-party consulting fees, and systems integration expenses. These items will not be allocated to the segment level as they are one-time in nature and are not related to the ongoing business activities of the segment. The Chief Executive Officer does not manage segment results or allocate resources to segments when considering these costs and they are therefore excluded from our definition of segment income (loss). Therefore, segment income (loss) will only include underwriting income (loss), net investment income (loss), and other operating income and expense items such as each segment's share of the operating income (loss) related to partially-owned entities and miscellaneous income and expense items for which the segments are held accountable. Segment income (loss) also includes amortization of purchased intangibles related to business combination intangible assets acquired by the segment and other purchase accounting related intangible assets, including agency relationships, renewal rights, and client lists. The amortization of intangible assets purchased as part of the Chubb Corp acquisition is considered a Corporate cost as these are incurred by the overall company. We determined that this definition of segment income (loss) is appropriate and aligns with how the business is managed. We continue to evaluate our segments as our business continues to evolve and may further refine our segments and segment income (loss) measures. For segment reporting purposes, certain items are presented in a different manner below than in the consolidated financial statements. Management uses underwriting income (loss) as the main measures of segment performance. Chubb calculates underwriting income (loss) by subtracting Losses and loss expenses, Policy benefits, Policy acquisition costs, and Administrative expenses from Net premiums earned. To calculate Segment income (loss), include Net investment income (loss), Other (income) expense, and Amortization expense of purchased intangibles. For the North America Agricultural Insurance segment, management includes gains and losses on crop derivatives as a component of underwriting income (loss). For example, for the year ended December 31, 2019, underwriting income in our North America Agricultural Insurance segment was $89 million. This amount includes $8 million of realized losses related to crop derivatives which are reported in Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI in the Corporate column below. For the Life Insurance segment, management includes Net investment income (loss) and (Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP as components of Life Insurance underwriting income (loss). For example, for the year ended December 31, 2019, Life Insurance underwriting income of $320 million includes Net investment income of $373 million and gains from fair value changes in separate account assets of $44 million. The gains from fair value changes in separate account assets are reported in Other (income) expense in the table below. F-93 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following tables present the Statement of Operations by segment: North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Life Insurance Corporate Chubb Consolidated $ 13,375 $ 4,787 $ 1,810 $ 9,262 $ 649 $ 2,392 $ — $ 32,275 12,922 8,206 — 1,831 1,028 1,857 2,082 (3) — 4,694 3,043 1,795 1,608 — 948 286 417 258 3 12 — 84 6 97 30 1 28 8,882 4,606 — 2,501 1,033 742 588 12 45 654 352 — 169 35 98 220 (58) 2,343 757 740 620 323 (97) 373 (92) — 158 — — 319 (477) (125) (459) 31,290 18,730 740 6,153 3,030 2,637 3,426 (596) — 2 218 305 $ 3,942 $ 660 $ 98 $ 1,273 $ 376 $ 366 $ (361) $ 6,354 (530) (530) 552 23 795 552 23 795 $ (2,261) $ 4,454 North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Life Insurance Corporate Chubb Consolidated $ 12,485 $ 4,674 $ 1,577 $ 8,902 $ 671 $ 2,270 $ — $ 30,579 12,402 8,000 4,593 3,229 1,569 1,111 — 1,829 966 1,607 2,033 (25) — 939 269 156 236 1 — 13 — 79 (9) 388 28 2 28 8,612 4,429 — 2,346 1,014 823 619 — 41 670 479 — 162 41 (12) 257 (32) 2,218 766 590 557 310 (5) 341 26 — 53 — — 295 (348) (209) (406) 30,064 18,067 590 5,912 2,886 2,609 3,305 (434) — 2 255 339 $ 3,665 $ 378 $ 386 $ 1,401 $ 277 $ 308 $ (406) $ 6,009 (652) (652) 641 59 695 641 59 695 $ (2,453) $ 3,962 For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income (loss) Net investment income (loss) Other (income) expense Amortization expense of purchased intangibles Segment income (loss) Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI Interest expense Chubb integration expenses Income tax expense Net income (loss) For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income (loss) Net investment income (loss) Other (income) expense Amortization expense of purchased intangibles Segment income (loss) Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI Interest expense Chubb integration expenses Income tax expense Net income (loss) F-94 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income (loss) Net investment income (loss) Other (income) expense Amortization expense of purchased intangibles Segment income (loss) Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI Interest expense Chubb integration expenses Income tax benefit Net income (loss) North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Life Insurance Corporate Chubb Consolidated $ 12,019 $ 4,533 $ 1,516 $ 8,350 $ 685 $ 2,141 $ — $ 29,244 12,191 8,287 — 1,873 981 1,050 1,961 1 — 4,399 3,265 1,508 1,036 — 899 264 (29) 226 4 16 — 81 (8) 399 25 2 29 8,131 4,281 — 2,221 982 647 610 (4) 45 704 561 — 177 44 (78) 273 (1) 2,101 739 676 530 303 (147) 313 (84) — 285 — — 267 (552) (283) (318) 29,034 18,454 676 5,781 2,833 1,290 3,125 (400) — 2 168 260 $ 3,010 $ 177 $ 393 $ 1,216 $ 196 $ 248 $ (685) $ 4,555 84 607 310 84 607 310 (139) (139) $ (1,379) $ 3,861 Underwriting assets are reviewed in total by management for purposes of decision-making. Other than Unpaid losses and loss expenses, Reinsurance recoverables, Goodwill and Other intangible assets, Chubb does not allocate assets to its segments. F-95 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents net premiums earned for each segment by line of business: (in millions of U.S. dollars) North America Commercial P&C Insurance Property & other short-tail lines Casualty & all other A&H Total North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance Personal automobile Personal homeowners Personal other Total North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Property & other short-tail lines Casualty & all other Personal lines A&H Total Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Property & other short-tail lines Property catastrophe Casualty & all other Total Global Reinsurance Life Insurance Life A&H Total Life Insurance Total net premiums earned For the Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 $ 1,987 $ 1,861 $ 10,136 799 12,922 9,773 768 12,402 829 3,183 682 4,694 1,795 2,244 2,494 1,896 2,248 8,882 131 142 381 654 1,101 1,242 2,343 803 3,127 663 4,593 1,569 2,134 2,429 1,784 2,265 8,612 123 170 377 670 1,022 1,196 2,218 1,899 9,554 738 12,191 742 3,014 643 4,399 1,508 2,076 2,266 1,609 2,180 8,131 132 198 374 704 980 1,121 2,101 $ 31,290 $ 30,064 $ 29,034 The following table presents net premiums earned by geographic region. Allocations have been made on the basis of location of risk: 2019 2018 2017 (1) Europe includes Eurasia and Africa regions. North America Europe (1) Asia Pacific / Far East Latin America 70% 70% 70% 11% 11% 11% 12% 12% 12% 7% 7% 7% F-96 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 16. Earnings per share (in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 2019 2018 2017 Year Ended December 31 Numerator: Net income Denominator: Denominator for basic earnings per share: Weighted-average shares outstanding Denominator for diluted earnings per share: Share-based compensation plans Weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share Potential anti-dilutive share conversions $ 4,454 $ 3,962 $ 3,861 455,910,463 463,629,203 467,145,716 3,004,200 3,173,145 4,051,185 458,914,663 466,802,348 471,196,901 $ $ 9.77 $ 9.71 $ 8.55 $ 8.49 $ 8.26 8.19 2,410,337 3,543,188 1,776,025 Excluded from weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions is the impact of securities that would have been anti-dilutive during the respective years. 17. Related party transactions Starr Indemnity & Liability Company and its affiliates (collectively, Starr) We have a number of agency and reinsurance agreements with Starr, the Chairman of which is related to a member of our senior management team. The Board has reviewed and approved our arrangements with Starr. We have agency, claims services and underwriting services agreements with various Starr subsidiaries. Under the agency agreements, we secure the ability to sell our insurance policies through Starr as one of our non-exclusive agents for writing policies, contracts, binders, or agreements of insurance or reinsurance. Under the claims services agreements, Starr adjusts the claims under policies and arranges for third party treaty and facultative agreements covering such policies. Under the underwriting services agreements, Starr underwrites insurance policies on our behalf and we agree to reinsure such policies to Starr under one or more quota reinsurance agreements. Certain agency agreements also contain a profit-sharing arrangement based on loss ratios, triggered if Starr underwrites a minimum of $20 million of annual program business net premiums written on our behalf. No profit share commission has been payable yet under this arrangement. Another agency agreement contains a profit-sharing arrangement based on the earned premiums for the business underwritten by Starr (excluding workers’ compensation) and the reinsurance recoveries associated with excess of loss reinsurance agreements placed by Starr for the business underwritten. No profit share commission under this arrangement has been payable yet. Transactions generated under Starr agreements were as follows: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Consolidated statement of operations Gross premiums written Ceded premiums written Commissions paid Commissions received Losses and loss expenses incurred Consolidated balance sheets Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses Ceded reinsurance premium payable Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 394 $ 207 $ 77 $ 46 $ 411 $ 188 $ 84 $ 42 $ 185 $ 188 $ 440 $ 56 $ 514 75 464 175 101 37 438 F-97 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries ABR Re We own 12.2 percent of the common equity of ABR Reinsurance Capital Holdings Ltd. and warrants to acquire 0.5 percent of additional equity. ABR Reinsurance Capital Holdings Ltd., is the parent company of ABR Reinsurance Ltd. (ABR Re), an independent reinsurance company. Through long-term arrangements, Chubb will be the sole source of reinsurance risks ceded to ABR Re, and BlackRock, Inc. will be ABR Re’s exclusive investment management service provider. As an investor, Chubb is expected to benefit from underwriting profit generated by ABR Re’s reinsuring a wide range of Chubb’s primary insurance business and the income and capital appreciation BlackRock, Inc. seeks to deliver through its investment management services. In addition, Chubb has entered into an arrangement with BlackRock, Inc. under which both Chubb and BlackRock, Inc. will be entitled to an equal share of the aggregate amount of certain fees, including underwriting and investment management performance related fees, in connection with their respective reinsurance and investment management arrangements with ABR Re. ABR Re is a variable interest entity; however, Chubb is not the primary beneficiary and does not consolidate ABR Re because Chubb does not have the power to control and direct ABR Re’s most significant activities, including investing and underwriting. Our minority ownership interest is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Chubb cedes premiums to ABR Re and recognizes the associated commissions. Transactions generated under ABR Re agreements were as follows: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Consolidated statement of operations Ceded premiums written Commissions received Consolidated balance sheets Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses Ceded reinsurance premium payable Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 $ $ $ $ 321 $ 92 $ 674 $ 62 $ 329 $ 96 $ 342 94 557 47 F-98 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 18. Statutory financial information Our subsidiaries file financial statements prepared in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by insurance regulators. Statutory accounting differs from GAAP in the reporting of certain reinsurance contracts, investments, subsidiaries, acquisition expenses, fixed assets, deferred income taxes, and certain other items. Some jurisdictions impose complex regulatory requirements on insurance companies while other jurisdictions impose fewer requirements. In some jurisdictions, we must obtain licenses issued by governmental authorities to conduct local insurance business. These licenses may be subject to reserves and minimum capital and solvency tests. Jurisdictions may impose fines, censure, and/or criminal sanctions for violation of regulatory requirements. The 2019 amounts below are based on estimates. Chubb's insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to insurance laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which they operate. These regulations include restrictions that limit the amount of dividends or other distributions, such as loans or cash advances, available to shareholders without prior approval of the local insurance regulatory authorities. The amount of dividends available to be paid in 2020 without prior approval totals $6.5 billion. The statutory capital and surplus of our insurance subsidiaries met regulatory requirements for 2019, 2018, and 2017. The minimum amounts of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements was $26.3 billion and $24.2 billion for December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These minimum regulatory capital requirements were significantly lower than the corresponding amounts required by the rating agencies which review Chubb’s insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries. The following tables present the combined statutory capital and surplus and statutory net income (loss) of our Property and casualty and Life subsidiaries: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Statutory capital and surplus Property and casualty Life (in millions of U.S. dollars) Statutory net income (loss) Property and casualty Life December 31 2018 2019 $ $ 43,684 $ 40,780 1,900 $ 1,279 2019 Year Ended December 31 2017 2018 $ $ 5,931 $ 7,521 $ 8,178 (227) $ (102) $ 49 Several insurance subsidiaries follow accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the jurisdiction of domicile that differ from the applicable local statutory practice. The application of prescribed or permitted accounting practices does not have a material impact on Chubb's statutory surplus and income. As prescribed by the Restructuring discussed previously in Note 7, certain of our U.S. subsidiaries discount certain A&E liabilities, which increased statutory capital and surplus by approximately $147 million and $160 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Federal Insurance Company (Federal), a direct subsidiary of Chubb INA Holdings Inc., has a permitted practice granted by the Indiana Department of Insurance that relates to its investments in foreign subsidiaries and affiliates. Under Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles No. 97, Investments in Subsidiary, Controlled and Affiliated Entities, A Replacement of SSAP No. 88, in order for a reporting entity to admit its investments in foreign subsidiaries and affiliates, audited financial statements of the subsidiary or affiliate must be obtained to support the carrying value. Such financial statements must be prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, or alternatively, in accordance with the local statutory requirements in the subsidiary’s or affiliate’s country of domicile, with an audited footnote reconciliation of net income and shareholder’s equity as reported to a U.S. GAAP basis. With the explicit permission of the Indiana Department of Insurance, Federal obtains audited financial statements for its admitted foreign subsidiaries and affiliates, which had an aggregate carrying value of approximately $54 million and $178 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, prepared in accordance with their respective local statutory requirements and supplemented with a separate unaudited reconciliation of shareholder’s equity as reported to a U.S. GAAP basis. F-99 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 19. Information provided in connection with outstanding debt of subsidiaries The following tables present condensed consolidating financial information at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 for Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) and Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer). The Subsidiary Issuer is an indirect 100 percent-owned subsidiary of the Parent Guarantor. The Parent Guarantor fully and unconditionally guarantees certain of the debt of the Subsidiary Issuer. Condensed consolidating financial information of the Parent Guarantor and Subsidiary Issuer are presented on the equity method of accounting. The revenues and expenses and cash flows of the subsidiaries of the Subsidiary Issuer are presented in the Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries column on a combined basis. Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet at December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Assets Investments Cash (1) Restricted Cash Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits Value of business acquired Goodwill and other intangible assets Investments in subsidiaries Due from subsidiaries and affiliates, net Other assets Total assets Liabilities Unpaid losses and loss expenses Unearned premiums Future policy benefits Due to subsidiaries and affiliates, net Repurchase agreements Short-term debt Long-term debt Trust preferred securities Other liabilities Total liabilities Total shareholders’ equity Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations Chubb Limited Consolidated $ — $ 1,013 $ 108,221 $ — $ 109,234 2 — — — — — — 442 — — — — — — 50,853 4,776 12 52,076 — 408 1,093 109 — — 1,537 109 12,920 (2,563) 10,357 24,780 (9,599) 15,181 292 306 21,359 — — 20,072 (95) — — (102,929) (4,776) (1,829) 197 306 21,359 — — 18,663 55,643 $ 53,939 $ 189,152 $ (121,791) $ 176,943 — $ — $ 71,916 $ (9,226) $ — — — — — — — 312 312 55,331 — — 4,446 — 1,298 13,559 308 1,649 21,260 32,679 17,978 5,909 330 1,416 1 — — 21,352 118,902 70,250 (1,207) (95) (4,776) — — — — (3,558) (18,862) (102,929) 62,690 16,771 5,814 — 1,416 1,299 13,559 308 19,755 121,612 55,331 $ $ Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 55,643 $ 53,939 $ 189,152 $ (121,791) $ 176,943 (1) Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Refer to Note 1 f) for additional information. Subsequent Events In January 2020, Chubb INA Holdings Inc. paid $1.5 billion towards the series of intercompany loans involving its parents, Chubb Group Holdings Inc. and Chubb Limited. Additionally, Chubb Limited contributed $1.2 billion to a subsidiary included in Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries. F-100 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet at December 31, 2018 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Assets Investments Cash (1) Restricted Cash Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits Value of business acquired Goodwill and other intangible assets Investments in subsidiaries Due from subsidiaries and affiliates, net Other assets Total assets Liabilities Unpaid losses and loss expenses Unearned premiums Future policy benefits Due to subsidiaries and affiliates, net Affiliated notional cash pooling programs (1) Repurchase agreements Short-term debt Long-term debt Trust preferred securities Other liabilities Total liabilities Total shareholders’ equity Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations Chubb Limited Consolidated $ — $ 214 $ 100,754 $ — $ 100,968 1 — — — — — — 2 — — — — — — 43,531 7,074 3 50,209 — 1,007 1,896 93 (652) — 1,247 93 11,861 (1,786) 10,075 26,422 (10,429) 15,993 306 295 21,414 — 598 18,102 (104) — — (93,740) (7,672) (1,628) 202 295 21,414 — — 17,484 $ $ 50,609 $ 51,432 $ 181,741 $ (116,011) $ 167,771 — $ — $ 72,857 $ (9,897) $ — — — 35 — — — — 262 297 50,312 — — 7,672 617 — 500 12,086 308 2,545 23,728 27,704 16,611 5,610 — — 1,418 9 1 — 19,199 115,705 66,036 (1,079) (104) (7,672) (652) — — — — (2,867) (22,271) (93,740) 62,960 15,532 5,506 — — 1,418 509 12,087 308 19,139 117,459 50,312 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 50,609 $ 51,432 $ 181,741 $ (116,011) $ 167,771 (1) Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Refer to Note 1 f) for additional information. At December 31, 2018, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive. F-101 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net premiums written Net premiums earned Net investment income Equity in earnings of subsidiaries Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses Interest (income) expense Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Chubb integration expenses Income tax expense (benefit) Net income Comprehensive income Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations Chubb Limited Consolidated $ — $ — $ 32,275 $ — $ — 1 4,307 (17) — — 92 (243) (27) — 1 14 — (15) 3,022 (31) — — (26) 705 6 — 2 (175) 31,290 3,440 — (482) 18,730 740 9,117 90 (575) 305 20 956 — — (7,329) — — — — — — — — — $ $ 4,454 $ 2,464 $ 4,865 $ (7,329) $ 7,521 $ 4,988 $ 7,922 $ (12,910) $ 32,275 31,290 3,426 — (530) 18,730 740 9,183 552 (596) 305 23 795 4,454 7,521 Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net premiums written Net premiums earned Net investment income Equity in earnings of subsidiaries Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses Interest (income) expense Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Chubb integration expenses Income tax expense (benefit) Net income Comprehensive income (loss) Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations Chubb Limited Consolidated $ — $ — $ 30,579 $ — $ — 6 3,753 — — — 87 (299) (24) — 14 19 — 13 2,578 117 — — (58) 806 26 — 1 (148) 30,064 3,286 — (769) 18,067 590 8,769 134 (436) 339 44 824 — — (6,331) — — — — — — — — — $ $ 3,962 $ 2,081 $ 4,250 $ (6,331) $ 1,242 $ (27) $ 1,808 $ (1,781) $ 30,579 30,064 3,305 — (652) 18,067 590 8,798 641 (434) 339 59 695 3,962 1,242 F-102 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income Equity in earnings of subsidiaries 3,640 2,424 For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net premiums written Net premiums earned Net investment income Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses Interest (income) expense Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Chubb integration expenses Income tax expense (benefit) Net income Comprehensive income Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations Chubb Limited Consolidated $ — $ — $ 29,244 $ — $ — 4 — 14 — — — 75 (332) (12) — 32 20 (25) — — 40 847 93 — 69 (742) 29,034 3,107 — 109 18,454 676 8,499 92 (481) 260 209 583 — — (6,064) — — — — — — — — — $ $ 3,861 $ 2,106 $ 3,958 $ (6,064) $ 4,718 $ 3,075 $ 4,430 $ (7,505) $ 29,244 29,034 3,125 — 84 18,454 676 8,614 607 (400) 260 310 (139) 3,861 4,718 F-103 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations Chubb Limited Consolidated Net cash flows from operating activities $ 412 $ 2,926 $ 6,878 $ (3,874) $ 6,342 (21) (25,825) — — 1 — 41 — (808) (74) — — (110) — (4) (975) — — 2,828 — (500) — — Cash flows from investing activities Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity Purchases of equity securities Sales of fixed maturities available for sale Sales of equity securities Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity Net change in short-term investments Net derivative instruments settlements Private equity contribution Private equity distribution Capital contribution Acquisition of subsidiaries (net of cash acquired of $45) Other — — — — — — — — — — — (1,000) — — Net cash flows used for investing activities (1,000) Cash flows from financing activities Dividends paid on Common Shares Common Shares repurchased Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements Repayment of long-term debt Repayment of repurchase agreements Proceeds from share-based compensation plans Advances (to) from affiliates Dividends to parent company Capital contribution Net payments to affiliated notional cash pooling programs(1) Policyholder contract deposits Policyholder contract withdrawals Net cash flows from (used for) financing activities Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and restricted cash Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash Cash and restricted cash – beginning of year (1) (1,354) (327) — — — — — 2,301 (3,223) — — (35) — — 585 4 1 1 — — (617) — — (1,512) 1 440 2 (229) (531) 13,115 611 8,998 946 (309) (629) (1,315) 1,390 — (29) (1,233) (5,040) — (1,203) — 2,817 (10) (2,817) 204 922 (3,874) 1,110 — 514 (303) (2,640) 15 (787) 1,989 — — — — — — — — — — — 1,110 — — 1,110 — — — — — — — — 3,874 (1,110) 652 — — 3,416 — 652 (652) (25,846) (229) (531) 13,116 611 9,039 946 (1,117) (703) (1,315) 1,390 — (29) (1,237) (5,905) (1,354) (1,530) 2,828 2,817 (510) (2,817) 204 — — — — 514 (303) (151) 20 306 1,340 1,646 Cash and restricted cash – end of year (1) $ 2 $ 442 $ 1,202 $ — $ (1) Chubb maintains two notional multi-currency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Refer to Note 1 f) for additional information. At December 31, 2018, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive. F-104 Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations Chubb Limited Consolidated $ 256 $ 4,654 $ 5,878 $ (5,308) $ 5,480 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net cash flows from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity Purchases of equity securities Sales of fixed maturities available for sale Sales of equity securities Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity Net change in short-term investments Net derivative instruments settlements Private equity contributions Private equity distributions Capital contribution Other — — — — — — — — — — — (38) (24,697) — — 11 — 17 — 3 (7) — — (456) (207) 14,019 315 7,335 1,124 513 23 (1,337) 980 — (515) (1,475) (3,550) — (18) Net cash flows used for investing activities (1,475) (3,582) (2,903) Cash flows from financing activities Dividends paid on Common Shares Common Shares repurchased Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements Repayment of long-term debt Repayment of repurchase agreements Proceeds from share-based compensation plans Advances (to) from affiliates Dividends to parent company Capital contribution Net payments to affiliated notional cash pooling programs(1) Policyholder contract deposits Policyholder contract withdrawals (1,337) — — — — — — — — 2,171 — (2,000) — — 2,519 (1,744) — — 35 — — — — 502 — — Net cash flows from (used for) financing activities 1,217 (1,071) Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and restricted cash Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash Cash and restricted cash – beginning of year (1) — (2) 3 — 1 1 — (1,044) — 2,029 (1) (2,019) 115 (775) (5,308) 5,025 — 453 (358) (1,883) (65) 1,027 962 — — — — — — — — — — — 5,025 — 5,025 — — — — — — — — 5,308 (5,025) (537) — — (24,735) (456) (207) 14,030 315 7,352 1,124 516 16 (1,337) 980 — (533) (2,935) (1,337) (1,044) 2,171 2,029 (2,001) (2,019) 115 — — — — 453 (358) (254) (1,991) — (537) (115) (65) 489 851 Cash and restricted cash – end of year (1) $ 1 $ 2 $ 1,989 $ (652) $ 1,340 (1) Chubb maintains two notional multi-currency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Refer to Note 1 f) for additional information. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive. F-105 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net cash flows from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity Purchases of equity securities Sales of fixed maturities available for sale Sales of equity securities Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity Net change in short-term investments Net derivative instruments settlements Private equity contributions Private equity distributions Other Net cash flows from (used for) investing activities Cash flows from financing activities — — — — — — — — — — — — — Dividends paid on Common Shares (1,308) Common Shares repurchased Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements Repayment of long-term debt Repayment of repurchase agreements Proceeds from share-based compensation plans Advances (to) from affiliates Dividends to parent company Net payments to affiliated notional cash pooling programs(1) Policyholder contract deposits Policyholder contract withdrawals — — — — — — 892 — (363) — — Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations Chubb Limited Consolidated $ 781 $ 1,648 $ 4,598 $ (2,524) $ 4,503 (9) (25,738) — — 99 — 29 — 189 (15) — — (10) 283 — — — — (500) — — (927) — (504) — — (352) (173) 13,156 187 10,396 879 (726) (250) (648) 1,084 (520) (2,705) — (801) — 2,353 (1) (2,348) 151 35 — 442 (307) (3,000) 1 (1,106) 2,068 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 867 — — — 867 (982) (25,747) (352) (173) 13,255 187 10,425 879 (537) (265) (648) 1,084 (530) (2,422) (1,308) (801) — 2,353 (501) (2,348) 151 — — — 442 (307) 1 (237) 1,088 851 (2,524) 2,524 3,391 (2,319) Net cash flows used for financing activities (779) (1,931) Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and restricted cash Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash Cash and restricted cash – beginning of year (1) — 2 1 — — 1 Cash and restricted cash – end of year (1) $ 3 $ 1 $ 962 $ (115) $ (1) Chubb maintains two notional multi-currency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Refer to Note 1 f) for additional information. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive. F-106 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 20. Condensed unaudited quarterly financial data March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 Three Months Ended (in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data) 2019 2019 2019 Net premiums earned Net investment income Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI losses Total revenues Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Net income Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share (in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data) Net premiums earned Net investment income Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI losses Total revenues Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Net income Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7,137 $ 7,891 $ 8,327 $ 836 (97) 7,876 $ 4,098 $ 196 $ 859 (223) 8,527 $ 4,715 $ 161 $ 873 (155) 9,045 $ 5,052 $ 158 $ 1,040 $ 1,150 $ 1,091 $ 2.27 $ 2.25 $ 2.52 $ 2.50 $ 2.40 $ 2.38 $ 2019 7,935 858 (55) 8,738 4,865 225 1,173 2.59 2.57 March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 Three Months Ended 2018 2018 2018 7,027 $ 7,664 $ 7,908 $ 806 (2) 7,831 $ 4,102 $ 151 $ 828 18 8,510 $ 4,487 $ 150 $ 823 19 8,750 $ 4,868 $ 127 $ 1,082 $ 1,294 $ 1,231 $ 2.32 $ 2.30 $ 2.78 $ 2.76 $ 2.66 $ 2.64 $ 2018 7,465 848 (687) 7,626 4,610 162 355 0.77 0.76 Net income for the three months ended December 31, 2018 included after-tax catastrophe losses of $506 million. F-107 SCHEDULE I Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS – OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES December 31, 2019 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturities available for sale U.S. Treasury and agency Foreign Corporate securities Mortgage-backed securities States, municipalities, and political subdivisions Total fixed maturities available for sale Fixed maturities held to maturity U.S. Treasury and agency Foreign Corporate securities Mortgage-backed securities States, municipalities, and political subdivisions Total fixed maturities held to maturity Equity securities Industrial, miscellaneous, and all other Short-term investments Other investments (1) Cost or Amortized Cost Fair Value Amount at Which Shown in the Balance Sheet $ 3,188 $ 3,283 $ 22,670 30,689 18,712 7,321 82,580 1,318 1,423 2,349 2,331 5,160 23,707 31,791 19,192 7,515 85,488 1,347 1,485 2,468 2,396 5,309 3,283 23,707 31,791 19,192 7,515 85,488 1,318 1,423 2,349 2,331 5,160 12,581 13,005 12,581 812 4,291 5,915 812 4,291 5,915 812 4,291 5,915 Total investments - other than investments in related parties $ 106,179 $ 109,511 $ 109,087 (1) Excludes $147 million of related party investments. F-108 SCHEDULE II Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT BALANCE SHEETS (Parent Company Only) (in millions of U.S. dollars) Assets December 31 December 31 2019 2018 Investments in subsidiaries and affiliates on equity basis $ 50,853 $ Total investments Cash Due from subsidiaries and affiliates, net Other assets Total assets Liabilities Affiliated notional cash pooling programs (1) Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities Total liabilities Shareholders' equity Common Shares Common Shares in treasury Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Total shareholders' equity Total liabilities and shareholders' equity (1) Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Refer to Note 1 f) for additional information. The condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. $ 55,643 $ 55,643 $ 50,609 $ $ 50,853 2 4,776 12 — $ 312 312 11,121 (3,754) 11,203 36,142 619 55,331 43,531 43,531 1 7,074 3 35 262 297 11,121 (2,618) 12,557 31,700 (2,448) 50,312 50,609 F-109 SCHEDULE II (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Parent Company Only) (in millions of U.S. dollars) Revenues Investment income (1) Equity in net income of subsidiaries and affiliates Expenses Administrative and other (income) expense Chubb integration expenses Income tax expense Year Ended December 31 2019 2018 2017 $ 227 $ 305 $ 4,307 4,534 65 1 14 80 3,753 4,058 63 14 19 96 336 3,640 3,976 63 32 20 115 3,861 4,718 Net income Comprehensive income $ $ 4,454 $ 7,521 $ 3,962 $ 1,242 $ (1) Includes net investment income, interest income, and net realized gains (losses). The condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Parent Company Only) (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net cash flows from operating activities (1) Cash flows from investing activities Capital contribution Net cash flows used for investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Dividends paid on Common Shares Common Shares repurchased Advances from affiliates Net proceeds from (payments to) affiliated notional cash pooling programs (2) Net cash flows from (used for) financing activities Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and restricted cash Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash Cash and restricted cash – beginning of year Cash and restricted cash – end of year Year Ended December 31 2019 $ 412 $ 2018 256 $ (1,000) (1,000) (1,354) (327) 2,301 (35) 585 4 1 1 (1,475) (1,475) (1,337) — 2,519 35 1,217 — (2) 3 $ 2 $ 1 $ 2017 781 — — (1,308) — 892 (363) (779) — 2 1 3 (1) (2) Includes cash dividends received from subsidiaries of $200 million, $75 million, and $450 million in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Refer to Note 1 f) for additional information. The condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. F-110 SCHEDULE IV Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION CONCERNING REINSURANCE Premiums Earned For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Direct Amount Ceded To Other Companies Assumed From Other Companies Net Amount Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net 2019 Property and Casualty Accident and Health Life Total 2018 Property and Casualty Accident and Health Life Total 2017 Property and Casualty Accident and Health Life Total $ 30,339 $ 7,236 $ 2,797 $ 25,900 $ $ $ $ 4,546 991 376 81 119 191 4,289 1,101 35,876 $ 7,693 $ 3,107 $ 31,290 28,793 $ 6,792 $ 2,812 $ 24,813 4,409 906 342 85 162 201 4,229 1,022 34,108 $ 7,219 $ 3,175 $ 30,064 27,774 $ 6,650 $ 2,891 $ 24,015 4,167 841 349 81 221 220 4,039 980 $ 32,782 $ 7,080 $ 3,332 $ 29,034 11% 3% 17% 10% 11% 4% 20% 11% 12% 5% 22% 11% F-111 SCHEDULE VI Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION CONCERNING PROPERTY AND CASUALTY OPERATIONS As of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Net Reserves for Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses Unearned Premiums Net Premiums Earned Net Investment Income Net Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred Related to Current Year Prior Year Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Net Paid Losses and Loss Expenses Net Premiums Written 2019 2018 2017 $ $ $ 4,161 $ 48,509 $ 16,771 $ 30,189 $ 3,141 $ 19,575 $ (845) $ 5,831 $ 18,473 $ 31,126 3,926 3,805 $ $ 48,271 $ 15,532 $ 29,042 49,165 $ 15,216 $ 28,054 $ $ 3,047 $ 19,048 $ (981) $ 2,890 $ 19,391 $ (937) $ 5,630 5,519 $ $ 18,340 $ 29,505 17,448 $ 28,225 F-112 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (US GAAP) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of the statutory auditor on the consolidated financial statements As statutory auditor, we have audited the consolidated financial statements of Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries (the Company), which comprise the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019, and the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income, consolidated statement of shareholders’ equity, and consolidated statement of cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (pages F-7 to F-107). Board of Directors' responsibility The Board of Directors is responsible for the preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (US GAAP) and the requirements of Swiss law. This responsibility includes designing, implementing and maintaining an internal control system relevant to the preparation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. The Board of Directors is further responsible for selecting and applying appropriate accounting policies and making accounting estimates that are reasonable in the circumstances. Auditor's responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with Swiss law, Swiss Auditing Standards and auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free from material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers the internal control system relevant to the entity’s preparation of the consolidated financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control system. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. Opinion In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019, and, the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with US GAAP and comply with Swiss law. F-113 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (US GAAP) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Report on key audit matters based on the circular 1/2015 of the Federal Audit Oversight Authority Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgment, were of most significance in our audit of the consolidated financial statements of the current period. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the consolidated financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters. Valuation of unpaid losses and loss expenses, net of reinsurance Key audit matter How our audit addressed the key audit matter Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our over- all opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the Company’s valuation of unpaid losses and loss expenses, net of reinsurance, including controls over the selection of actuarial methodologies and development of significant assumptions. These procedures also included, among others, the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing one or a combination of procedures, including (i) independently estimating reserves on a sample basis using actual historical data and loss development patterns, as well as industry data and other benchmarks, to develop an independent estimate and comparing the independent estimate to management’s actuarially determined reserves; and (ii) evaluating management’s actuarial reserving methodologies and aforementioned assumptions, as well as assessing qualitative adjustments to carried reserves and the consistency of management’s approach period-over-period. Performing these procedures involved testing the completeness and accuracy of data provided by management. As described in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2019, the Company's liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses, net of reinsurance, was approximately $48.6 billion. The majority of the Company's net unpaid losses and loss expenses arise from the Company's long-tail casualty business (such as general liability and professional liability), U.S. sourced workers' compensation, asbestos-related, environmental pollution and other exposures with high estimation uncertainty. The process of establishing loss reserves requires the use of estimates and judgments based on circumstances underlying the insured loss at the date of accrual. The judgments involved in projecting the ultimate losses include the use and interpretation of various standard actuarial reserving methods that place reliance on the extrapolation of actual historical data, loss development patterns, industry data, and other benchmarks as appropriate. The reserves for the various product lines each require different qualitative and quantitative assumptions and judgments, including changes in business mix or volume, changes in ceded reinsurance structures, changes in claims handling practices, reported and projected loss trends, inflation, the legal environment, and the terms and conditions of the contracts sold to the Company's insured parties. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of unpaid losses and loss expenses, net of reinsurance, from the long-tail and other exposures as described above, is a key audit matter are (i) there was significant judgment by management in determining the reserve liability which in turn led to a high degree of auditor subjectivity and judgment in performing procedures relating to the valuation; (ii) there was significant auditor effort and judgment in evaluating the audit evidence relating to the actuarial reserving methods and assumptions related to extrapolation of actual historical data, loss development patterns, industry data, other benchmarks, and the impact of qualitative and quantitative subjective factors; and (iii) the audit effort included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained. F-114 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (US GAAP) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Valuation of level 3 investments in the valuation hierarchy Key audit matter How our audit addressed the key audit matter Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our over- all opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of the controls relating to the valuation of level 3 investments. These procedures also included, among others, obtaining pricing from sources other than those used by management for a sample of securities and comparing management’s estimate to the prices independently obtained, and the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in developing an independent range of estimate for a sample of securities and comparing management’s estimate to the independently developed ranges. As described in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2019, the Company had total assets measured at fair value of approximately $96 billion, of which $2 billion were categorized as level 3 in the valuation hierarchy. The level 3 investments are measured at fair value using inputs that are unobservable and reflect management’s judgments about assumptions that market participants would use in pricing or, for certain of the investments, management obtains and evaluates a single broker quote, which is typically from a market maker. As described by management, the valuation is more subjective when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market based inputs (i.e., stale pricing), which may increase the potential that an investment's estimated fair value is not reflective of the price at which an actual transaction would occur. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of level 3 investments in the valuation hierarchy is a key audit matter are (i) there was significant judgment by management in determining the fair value of these investments as they are measured using inputs that are unobservable and are likely to be priced using models or inputs other than quoted prices, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor subjectivity and judgment in performing procedures relating to the estimate; and (ii) the audit effort included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained. Report on other legal requirements We confirm that we meet the legal requirements on licensing according to the Auditor Oversight Act (AOA) and independence (article 728 CO and article 11 AOA) and that there are no circumstances incompatible with our independence. In accordance with article 728a paragraph 1 item 3 CO and Swiss Auditing Standard 890, we confirm that an internal control system exists which has been designed for the preparation of consolidated financial statements according to the instructions of the Board of Directors. We recommend that the consolidated financial statements submitted to you be approved. PricewaterhouseCoopers AG /s/ Peter Eberli Peter Eberli Audit expert Auditor in charge Zurich, February 27, 2020 /s/ Nicolas Juillerat Nicolas Juillerat Audit expert F-115 CHUBB LIMITED SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2019 S-1 SWISS STATUTORY BALANCE SHEETS (Unconsolidated) Chubb Limited (in millions of Swiss francs) Assets Cash and cash equivalents Prepaid expenses and other assets Receivable from subsidiaries Total current assets Investments in subsidiaries Loans to subsidiaries Other assets Total non-current assets Total assets Liabilities Accounts payable Payable to subsidiaries Capital distribution payable Deferred unrealized exchange gain Total short-term liabilities Total liabilities Shareholders' equity Share capital Statutory capital reserves: Capital contribution reserves Reserve for dividends from capital contributions Reserves for treasury shares Treasury shares Statutory retained earnings: Retained earnings Profit for the period Total shareholders' equity Total liabilities and shareholders' equity The accompanying notes form an integral part of these statutory financial statements December 31 2019 December 31 2018 25 6 74 105 31,391 4,485 7 35,883 35,988 69 567 334 — 970 970 1 1 128 130 30,402 7,217 9 37,628 37,758 74 949 342 40 1,405 1,405 11,587 11,587 10,841 1,092 3,346 (334) 8,151 335 35,018 35,988 12,226 1,045 2,538 (2) 8,679 280 36,353 37,758 S-2 SWISS STATUTORY STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unconsolidated) Chubb Limited For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 (in millions of Swiss francs) 2019 2018 Dividend income Interest income from subsidiaries Interest expense to subsidiaries Debt guarantee fee income Administrative and other expenses Foreign exchange losses Operating results Interest income third party only Foreign exchange translation losses Earnings before taxes Tax expense Profit for the year The accompanying notes form an integral part of these statutory financial statements 199 249 (7) 36 (102) (17) 358 1 (10) 349 (14) 335 74 312 (16) 33 (107) — 296 2 — 298 (18) 280 S-3 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited 1. Basis of presentation Chubb Limited (Chubb), domiciled in Zurich, Switzerland, is the holding company of Chubb Group (Group) with a listing on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Chubb's principal activity is the holding of subsidiaries. Revenues consist mainly of dividend and interest income. The accompanying financial statements comply with Swiss Law. The financial statements present the financial position of the holding company on a standalone basis and do not represent the consolidated financial position of the holding company and its subsidiaries. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the provisions of commercial accounting as set out in the Swiss Code of Obligations (Art. 957 to 963b CO, effective since January 1, 2013). All amounts in the notes are shown in millions of Swiss francs unless otherwise stated. 2. Significant accounting policies a) Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand and deposits with an original maturity of three months or less at time of purchase. Chubb and certain of its subsidiaries (participating entities) have agreements with a third-party bank provider which implemented two international multi-currency notional cash pooling programs. In each program, participating entities establish deposit accounts in different currencies with the bank provider and each day the credit or debit balances in every account are notionally translated into a single currency (U.S. dollars) and then notionally pooled. Participants of the notional pool either pay or receive interest from the third-party bank provider. The bank extends overdraft credit to any participating entity as needed, provided that the overall notionally-pooled balance of all accounts in each pool at the end of each day is at least zero. Actual cash balances are not physically converted and are not commingled between legal entities. Any overdraft balances incurred under this program by a participating entity would be guaranteed by Chubb up to CHF 290 million ($300 million) in the aggregate. Our syndicated letter of credit facility allows for same day drawings to fund a net pool overdraft should participating entities withdraw contributed funds from the pool. b) Investments in subsidiaries Investments in subsidiaries are equity interests, which are held on a long-term basis for the purpose of the holding company's business activities. They are carried at a value no higher than their cost less adjustments for impairment. An impairment analysis of the investments in subsidiaries is performed on an annual basis. c) Translation of foreign currencies The financial statements are translated from U.S. dollar into Swiss francs using the following exchange rates: • Investments in subsidiaries at historical exchange rates; • Other assets and liabilities at period end exchange rates; • Treasury shares and shareholders' equity at historical exchange rates; and • Revenues and expenses at average exchange rates. Exchange losses are recorded in the statement of income and unrealized exchange gains are recorded on the balance sheet and deferred until realized. d) Dividend income Chubb collects dividend income from its direct subsidiaries. e) Interest income (expense) from subsidiaries Chubb collects interest income from loans issued to its subsidiaries which are reflected within operating income. Additionally, Chubb either collects or pays interest related to a reciprocal line of credit with one of its subsidiaries. f) Debt guarantee fee income Chubb collects a fee for Chubb's guarantee of the debt issued by one of its subsidiaries. S-4 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited g) Integration expenses As part of the January 14, 2016 acquisition of The Chubb Corporation (Chubb Corp), direct costs related to the Chubb Corp acquisition are expensed as incurred and are reported within Administrative and other expenses. Chubb integration expenses were CHF 1 million ($1 million) and CHF 14 million ($14 million) for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and include one-time rebranding costs directly attributable to the merger. 3. Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees a) Letters of credit (LOC) On October 25, 2017, Chubb entered into a credit facility that provides for up to $1.0 billion of availability, all of which may be used for the issuance of letters of credit and for revolving loans. Chubb has the ability to increase the capacity under the existing credit facility to $2.0 billion under certain conditions, but any such increase would not raise the sub-limit for revolving loans above $1.0 billion. Chubb's existing credit facility has a remaining term expiring in October 2022. Chubb's LOC usage was CHF 548 million ($567 million) and CHF 391 million ($398 million) for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The letter of credit facility required that Chubb maintains certain financial covenants, all of which were met at December 31, 2019. b) Lease commitments Chubb leases property under an operating lease which expires in 2023. The following table presents future annual minimum lease payments as of December 31, 2019. Year ending December 31 (in millions of Swiss francs) 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total minimum future lease commitments 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.1 — 5.6 At December 31, 2018, the total minimum future lease commitments were CHF 7.1 million. c) Guarantee of debt Chubb fully and unconditionally guarantees certain subsidiary debt totaling CHF 14.7 billion ($15.2 billion) and CHF 12.7 billion ($12.9 billion) at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and receives a fee. 4. Significant investments a) Share capital: The following table presents information regarding share capital held of subsidiaries at both December 31, 2019 and 2018. Amounts are expressed in whole U.S. dollars or Swiss francs. Holdings as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 Chubb Group Holdings, Inc. Chubb INA Holdings Chubb Insurance (Switzerland) Limited Chubb Reinsurance (Switzerland) Limited Chubb Group Management and Holdings Ltd. Country U.S.A. U.S.A. Switzerland Switzerland Bermuda % of Possession 100% 20% 100% 100% 100% Currency Share Capital Purpose USD USD CHF CHF USD 11 1 Holding company Holding company 100,000,000 Insurance company 44,000,000 Reinsurance company 100 Holding company S-5 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited b) Investments in subsidiaries: The following table presents information regarding investments in subsidiaries at both December 31, 2019 and 2018. Investments in subsidiaries increased CHF 989 million ($1.0 billion) in 2019 due to capital contributions primarily to fund the Chubb share repurchase program executed by Chubb Group Management Holdings Ltd. (in millions of Swiss francs) Chubb Group Holdings, Inc. Chubb INA Holdings Chubb Group Management Holdings Ltd. Chubb Insurance (Switzerland) Limited Chubb Reinsurance (Switzerland) Limited Balance - end of year 2019 17,004 2,043 11,916 185 242 31,391 2018 17,004 2,043 10,928 185 242 30,402 S-6 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited 5. Common Share ownership of the Board of Directors and Group Executives a) Board of Directors The following table presents information, at December 31, 2019 and 2018, with respect to the ownership of Common Shares by each member of the Board of Directors. Unless otherwise indicated, the named individual has sole voting and investment power over the Common Shares listed in the Common Shares Beneficially Owned column. Common Share ownership of Evan G. Greenberg, the Chairman of the Board, is included in Note 5 b) below. Name of Beneficial Owner Michael G. Atieh Sheila P. Burke James Cash Mary A. Cirillo Michael P. Connors John A. Edwardson Robert M. Hernandez Kimberly A. Ross Robert W. Scully (3) Eugene B. Shanks, Jr. Theodore E. Shasta David H. Sidwell Olivier Steimer James Zimmerman (4) Total Common Shares Restricted Stock Units (1) Restricted Common Stock (2) 1,727 4,279 3,027 2,079 2,829 1,881 22,067 20,338 12,062 11,114 8,444 6,827 63,292 62,344 7,807 6,859 28,864 27,052 9,152 8,204 11,139 10,191 8,933 7,985 16,498 15,320 — 5,152 195,841 189,625 35,269 34,547 39,346 39,130 19,385 19,317 14,685 14,385 — — — — 25,771 25,244 — — — — — — — — — — 3,558 3,485 — 17,078 138,014 153,186 1,236 1,264 1,236 1,264 1,236 1,264 2,231 2,306 1,236 1,264 2,094 2,157 1,236 1,264 1,236 1,264 2,334 2,417 1,236 1,264 1,236 1,264 1,236 1,264 1,236 1,264 — 1,264 19,019 20,784 Year 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 (1) Represents Common Shares that will be issued to the director upon his or her separation from the Board. These Common Shares relate to stock units granted as director's compensation granted prior to 2008 and associated dividend reinvestment accruals. For Ms. Burke and Mr. Cash includes deferred stock units and market value units granted prior to the merger that will settle following separation from service. The market value units include dividend reinvestment accruals. (2) Represents Common Shares with respect to which the individual has the power to vote (but not to dispose of). (3) Mr. Scully shares with other persons the power to vote and/or dispose of 2,775 of the Common Shares listed at December 31, 2019 and 2018. (4) Mr. Zimmerman retired from the board in May 2019. S-7 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited b) Group Executives The following table presents information, at December 31, 2019 and 2018, with respect to the beneficial ownership of Common Shares by each of the following Group Executives. Unless otherwise indicated, the named individual has sole voting and investment power over the Common Shares listed in the Common Shares Beneficially Owned column. Name of Beneficial Owner Evan G. Greenberg (3) (4) Philip V. Bancroft (5) John W. Keogh (6) Joseph Wayland Total Common Shares Beneficially Owned 675,056 1,049,537 172,465 207,900 118,958 126,395 23,232 22,500 Common Shares Subject to Options (1) Weighted Average Option Exercise Price in CHF 865,583 941,594 96,832 82,377 213,551 183,149 59,350 46,805 98.83 85.46 117.18 108.73 110.38 104.20 123.14 117.40 989,711 1,235,316 1,406,332 1,253,925 Year 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 Option Exercise Years 4.33 4.25 5.89 6.21 5.32 5.85 6.41 6.93 Restricted Common Stock (2) 193,616 172,442 33,791 37,466 86,865 79,576 30,519 29,530 344,791 319,014 (1) Represents Common Shares that the individual has the right to acquire within 60 days of December 31, 2019 and 2018, through option exercises, both vested and unvested. (2) Represents Common Shares with respect to which the individual has the power to vote (but not to dispose of). (3) Mr. Greenberg shares with other persons the power to vote and/or dispose of 97,528 of the Common Shares listed at December 31, 2019 and 2018. (4) Mr. Greenberg pledged 240,000 Common Shares in connection with a margin account at December 31, 2019 and 2018. (5) Mr. Bancroft pledged 41,000 Common Shares in connection with a margin account at December 31, 2019 and 2018. (6) Mr. Keogh shares with other persons the power to vote and/or dispose of 7,978 and 2,702 of the Common Shares listed at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. 6. Shareholders' equity The following table presents issued, authorized, and conditional share capital, at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Treasury shares held by Chubb which are issued, but not outstanding totaled 2,200,503 and 21,902 shares for the periods ending December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In addition to the treasury shares held by Chubb, at December 31, 2019 and 2018, subsidiaries of Chubb held 25,611,794 treasury shares at a cost of CHF 3.3 billion ($3.4 billion) and 20,558,584 treasury shares at a cost of CHF 2.5 billion ($2.6 billion), respectively. Shares Issued Authorized share capital for general purposes Conditional share capital for bonds and similar debt instruments Conditional share capital for employee benefit plans Year ended December 31 2019 2018 479,783,864 479,783,864 200,000,000 200,000,000 33,000,000 25,410,929 33,000,000 25,410,929 S-8 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited a) Shares authorized and issued All Common Shares are authorized under Swiss Corporate law. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, Chubb's share capital consisted of 479,783,864 Common Shares, with a par value of CHF 24.15 per share for both periods. The Board has shareholder-approved authority as set forth in the Articles of Association to increase for general purposes Chubb's share capital from time to time until May 17, 2020, by the issuance of up to 200,000,000 fully paid up Common Shares with a par value equal to the par value of Chubb's Common Shares as set forth in the Articles of Association at the time of any such issuance. b) Conditional share capital (i) Conditional share capital for bonds and similar debt instruments At both December 31, 2019 and 2018, the share capital of Chubb was authorized to be increased through the issuance of a maximum of 33,000,000 fully paid up shares each with a par value of CHF 24.15 per share through the exercise of conversion and/or option or warrant rights granted in connection with bonds, notes, or similar instruments, issued or to be issued by Chubb, including convertible debt instruments. (ii) Conditional share capital for employee benefit plans At both December 31, 2019 and 2018, the share capital of Chubb was authorized to be increased through the issuance of a maximum of 25,410,929 fully paid up shares each with a par value of CHF 24.15 per share in connection with the exercise of option rights granted to any employee of Chubb or a subsidiary, and any consultant, director, or other person providing services to Chubb or a subsidiary. c) Capital contribution reserves At our May 2018 annual general meetings, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $2.92 per share, expected to be paid in four quarterly installments of $0.73 per share at dates determined by the Board of Directors (Board) after the annual general meeting by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. At our May 2019 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $3.00 per share, expected to be paid in four quarterly installments of $0.75 per share after the annual general meeting by way of distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board will determine the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend may be paid until the date of the 2020 annual general meeting, and is authorized to abstain from distributing a dividend at its discretion. The first three quarterly installments each of $0.75 per share have been distributed by the Board as expected. The following table presents dividend distributions per Common Share in Swiss francs (CHF) and U.S. dollars (USD) for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: Dividends - distributed from Capital contribution reserves Total dividend distributions per common share CHF 2.94 $ 2.94 $ 2019 USD 2.98 2.98 CHF 2.84 $ 2.84 $ 2018 USD 2.90 2.90 S-9 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited d) Treasury Shares - Reserve for Treasury shares Treasury shares held by Chubb are carried at cost. The following table presents a roll-forward of treasury shares held by Chubb for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: (cost in millions of Swiss francs) Balance – beginning of year Repurchase of shares Balance – end of year Number of Shares 21,902 2,178,601 2,200,503 2019 Cost 2 332 334 Number of Shares 21,902 — 21,902 2018 Cost 2 — 2 Treasury shares held by Chubb subsidiaries are carried cost. The following table presents a roll-forward of treasury shares held by Chubb subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: (cost in millions of Swiss francs) Balance – beginning of year Repurchase of shares Additions related to share-based compensation plans Redeemed under share-based compensation plans Balance – end of year Number of Shares 20,558,584 8,263,637 744,405 2019 Cost 2,538 1,189 Number of Shares 15,928,783 7,719,035 101 1,121,923 (3,954,832) (482) (4,211,157) 25,611,794 3,346 20,558,584 2018 Cost 1,871 999 146 (478) 2,538 Decreases in treasury shares held by Chubb and its subsidiaries are principally due to issuances of shares upon the exercise of employee stock options, grants of restricted stock, and purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). Increases in treasury shares are due to open market repurchases of shares and the surrender of shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock and the forfeiture of unvested restricted stock. e) Movements in Statutory Retained earnings (in millions of Swiss francs) Balance – beginning of year Attribution to reserve for treasury shares Profit for the year Balance – end of year Year ended December 31 2019 8,959 (808) 335 8,486 2018 9,344 (665) 280 8,959 f) Chubb securities repurchase authorization From time to time, Chubb repurchases shares as part of our capital management program and to partially offset potential dilution from the exercise of stock options and the granting of restricted stock under share-based compensation plans. Our Board of Directors has authorized share repurchase programs as follows: • $1.0 billion of Chubb Common Shares from January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018 • $1.5 billion of Chubb Common Shares from December 1, 2018 through December 31, 2019 • $1.5 billion of Chubb Common Shares from November 21, 2019 through December 31, 2020 Share repurchases may be in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, block trades, accelerated repurchases and/or through option or other forward transactions. S-10 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited The following table presents repurchases of Chubb's Common Shares conducted in a series of open market transactions under the Board authorizations: (in millions of Swiss francs) Number of shares repurchased Cost of shares repurchased Year ended December 31 2018 2019 10,442,238 7,719,035 1,521 999 g) General restrictions Holders of Common Shares are entitled to receive dividends as proposed by the Board and approved by the shareholders. Holders of Common Shares are allowed one vote per share provided that, if the controlled shares of any shareholder constitute ten percent or more of the outstanding Common Shares of Chubb, only a fraction of the vote will be allowed so as not to exceed ten percent. Entry of acquirers of Common Shares as shareholders with voting rights in the share register may be refused if it would confer voting rights with respect to ten percent or more of the registered share capital recorded in the commercial register. 7. Significant shareholders The following table presents information regarding each person, including corporate groups, known to Chubb to own beneficially or of record more than five percent of Chubb's outstanding Common Shares at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Name of Beneficial Owner Vanguard Group, Inc. BlackRock, Inc. Wellington Management Group, LLP T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. * Represented less than five percent 8. Other disclosures required by Swiss law Number of Shares Beneficially Owned 37,653,064 32,602,335 27,825,114 23,375,803 2019 Percent of Class 8.30% 7.20% 6.14% 5.10% Number of Shares Beneficially Owned 38,234,960 31,252,910 31,405,197 * 2018 Percent of Class 8.29% 6.80% 6.82% * a) Expenses Total personnel expenses amounted to CHF 10.1 million and CHF 8.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The number of full-time positions on an annual average was no more than 50 for years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Total amortization expense related to tangible property amounted to less than CHF 0.1 million and CHF 0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. b) Fees paid to auditors Fees paid to auditors by Chubb Limited totaled CHF 4.5 million and CHF 4.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. An allocation of audit fees for professional services rendered in connection with the integrated audit of our consolidated financial statements and internal controls over financial reporting and audit fees for the standalone Swiss statutory financial statements totaled CHF 4.1 million and CHF 3.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Tax fees totaled CHF 0.3 million and CHF 0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. S-11 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited c) Loans to subsidiaries The following table presents information regarding loans to subsidiaries at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Loans to Chubb Group Holdings decreased CHF 3.0 billion due to principal repayments in 2019 which were subsequently used to fund capital contributions to Chubb subsidiaries. (in millions of Swiss francs) Loans to Chubb Group Holdings, Inc. Loans to CIIH Agencia en Chile Total loans to subsidiaries 2019 4,203 282 4,485 d) Receivables from subsidiaries The following table presents information regarding receivables from subsidiaries at December 31, 2019 and 2018. (in millions of Swiss francs) Receivables from Chubb Group Holdings, Inc. Receivables from Chubb Group Management and Holdings, Ltd. Total receivables from subsidiaries 2019 73 1 74 2018 7,217 — 7,217 2018 127 1 128 e) Payable to subsidiaries The following table presents information regarding payables to subsidiaries at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. (in millions of Swiss francs) Payable to Chubb Group Holdings, Inc. Payable to INA Holdings, Inc. Payable to Chubb Group Management and Holdings, Ltd. Payable to Chubb Insurance (Switzerland) Ltd. Total payable to subsidiaries 2019 393 78 96 — 567 2018 343 457 137 12 949 S-12 PROPOSED APPROPRIATION OF AVAILABLE EARNINGS Chubb Limited Proposed appropriation of available earnings Our Board of Directors proposes to the Annual General Meeting that the Company's disposable profit (including the net income and the other items as shown below) be carried forward. The following table shows the appropriation of available earnings as proposed by the Board of Directors for the year ended December 31, 2019. (in millions of Swiss francs) Balance brought forward Profit for the year Attribution to reserve for treasury shares Balance carried forward 2019 8,959 335 (808) 8,486 2018 9,344 280 (665) 8,959 In order to pay dividends, our Board of Directors proposes that an aggregate amount equal to CHF 2.15 billion be released from the capital contribution reserves account in 2020 and allocated to a segregated reserve for dividends account (the "Dividend Reserve"). The Board proposes to distribute a dividend to the shareholders up to an aggregate amount totaling $3.12 per Common Share from, and limited at a maximum to the amount of, the Dividend Reserve in one or more installments, in such amounts and on such record and payment dates as determined by the Board in its discretion. If the Board deems it advisable for the Company, the Board shall be authorized to abstain (in whole or in part) from distributing a dividend in its discretion. The authorization of the Board to distribute the installments from the Dividend Reserve will expire on the date of the 2021 annual general meeting, on which date any balance remaining in the Dividend Reserve will be automatically reallocated to the capital contribution reserves account. If the Annual General Meeting approves this proposal, our Board currently intends to distribute the dividend in four equal installments of $0.78 each, on record dates at about the end of June, September, December and March, respectively, with payment dates about 21 days thereafter. At December 31, 2019, 479,783,864 of the Company's Common Shares were eligible for dividends. At the 2019 annual general meeting, the Company’s shareholders approved an aggregate annual dividend by way of a distribution from Capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves at the time of payment in 2019 totaling $3.00 per Common Share. The annual dividend was payable in four installments, each denominated in CHF but adjusted appropriately so that the U.S. dollar value of the installment remained at $0.75. The installments were subject to a dividend cap expressed in CHF which was not reached for 2019. S-13 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (SWISS STATUTORY) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report on the audit of the financial statements Opinion We have audited the financial statements of Chubb Limited, which comprise the balance sheet as at December 31, 2019, the statement of income and notes for the year then ended, including a summary of significant accounting policies. In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements (pages S-2 to S-12) as at December 31, 2019 comply with Swiss law and the company’s articles of association. Basis for opinion We conducted our audit in accordance with Swiss law and Swiss Auditing Standards. Our responsibilities under those provisions and standards are further described in the “Auditor’s responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements” section of our report. We are independent of the entity in accordance with the provisions of Swiss law and the requirements of the Swiss audit profession and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. Report on key audit matters based on the circular 1/2015 of the Federal Audit Oversight Authority Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgement, were of most significance in our audit of the financial statements of the current period. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters. Investments in subsidiaries Key audit matter How our audit addressed the key audit matter As set out in the balance sheet and at footnote 4, the Company owns five direct subsidiaries as at December 31, 2019 with a total book value of CHF 31.4 billion, representing 87% of the Company’s total assets. We obtained an understanding of management's process and controls, and assessed and tested the design and operating effectiveness of a selected key control over the recoverability of the carrying value of investments in subsidiaries. We focused on this area due to the size of the investments in subsidiaries relative to the total assets, and the fact that there is judgment involved in assessing whether the carrying values of the investments in subsidiaries were impaired. The Swiss accounting law generally requires an individual impairment test at the investment or unit of account level. In relation to the particular matters set out opposite, our testing procedures included the following: • We tested the Company’s impairment analyses performed for the five direct subsidiaries. The assessment of potential impairment indicators included as a first step the comparison of the recorded Swiss statutory carrying value with the net asset value of each subsidiary. In case the net asset value was smaller than the carrying value, a secondary, more judgmental, step was followed using additional valuation techniques, such as a value-in-use assessment, to assess whether there was any potential need for impairment. • Where a value-in-use metric was used, we challenged management as to whether the input data and assumptions to their model were reliable and reasonable. The most important parameters were underwriting income, investment income and operating expenses. Based on the work performed we consider management's impairment analyses including the assumptions used to support the carrying value of investments in subsidiaries as reasonable. S-14 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (SWISS STATUTORY) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Responsibilities of the Board of Directors for the financial statements The Board of Directors is responsible for the preparation of the financial statements in accordance with the provisions of Swiss law and the company’s articles of association, and for such internal control as the Board of Directors determines is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. In preparing the financial statements, the Board of Directors is responsible for assessing the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the Board of Directors either intends to liquidate the entity or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so. Auditor’s responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with Swiss law and Swiss Auditing Standards will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements. As part of an audit in accordance with Swiss law and Swiss Auditing Standards, we exercise professional judgment and maintain professional scepticism throughout the audit. We also: • Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control. • Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. • Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made. • Conclude on the appropriateness of the Board of Directors’ use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditor’s report to the related disclosures in the financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditor’s report. However, future events or conditions may cause the entity to cease to continue as a going concern. We communicate with the Board of Directors or its relevant committee regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit. We also provide the Board of Directors or its relevant committee with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and to communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, related safeguards. From the matters communicated with the Board of Directors or its relevant committee, we determine those matters that were of most significance in the audit of the financial statements of the current period and are therefore the key audit matters. We describe these matters in our auditor’s report unless law or regulation precludes public disclosure about the matter or when, in extremely rare circumstances, we determine that a matter should not be communicated in our report because the adverse consequences of doing so would reasonably be expected to outweigh the public interest benefits of such communication. S-15 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (SWISS STATUTORY) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Report on other legal and regulatory requirements In accordance with article 728a paragraph 1 item 3 CO and Swiss Auditing Standard 890, we confirm that an internal control system exists which has been designed for the preparation of financial statements according to the instructions of the Board of Directors. We further confirm that the proposed appropriation of available earnings complies with Swiss law and the company’s articles of association. We recommend that the financial statements submitted to you be approved. PricewaterhouseCoopers AG /s/ Peter Eberli Peter Eberli Audit expert Auditor in charge Zurich, February 26, 2020 /s/ Nicolas Juillerat Nicolas Juillerat Audit expert S-16 CHUBB LIMITED SWISS STATUTORY COMPENSATION REPORT December 31, 2019 SC- 1 SWISS STATUTORY COMPENSATION REPORT (continued) A. General Under the Swiss ordinance against excessive compensation in stock exchange listed companies (the “Ordinance”) and our Articles of Association, we are required to prepare a separate Swiss Statutory Compensation Report each year that contains specific items in a presentation format determined by these regulations. Our Executive Management (as defined under Swiss law) is appointed by our Board and for each of 2019 and 2018 consisted of Evan G. Greenberg, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer; Philip V. Bancroft, Chief Financial Officer; John W. Keogh, Executive Vice Chairman and Chief Operating Officer; and Joseph F. Wayland, General Counsel and Secretary. For more detailed information about compensation for our Board of Directors and Executive Management, please review our Proxy Statement. You may access this report on the Investor Information section of our website at http://investors.chubb.com/ investor-relations/shareholder-resources/shareholder-meeting-materials/default.aspx or by contacting Investor Relations by telephone, email or mail at: Telephone: +1 (212) 827-4445 Email: Mail: investorrelations@chubb.com Investor Relations, Chubb Limited, 1133 Avenue of the Americas, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10036 References in this report to “we,” “our” or “Chubb” are to Chubb Limited. B. Compensation of the Board of Directors and Executive Management Basis of Presentation The following information sets forth the compensation for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, of the members of the Board and Executive Management for all of the functions that they have performed for Chubb. Compensation of the Board is paid by Chubb. Compensation of Executive Management is paid by Chubb and the Chubb group entities where they are employed. Compensation is paid as a combination of both U.S. dollars, our functional reporting currency, with translation of certain amounts to whole Swiss francs. Where presented, 2019 and 2018 Swiss franc compensation figures have been translated at the average exchange rates. Swiss franc-equivalent total compensation of the Board and Executive Management is included in Tables 1 and 2 below. The average exchange rate we used for U.S. dollars into Swiss francs was 0.99365 in 2019 and 0.97804 in 2018. This report is established in accordance with the provisions of the Ordinance. Compensation of the Board of Directors Our directors receive compensation in accordance with our Outside Directors Compensation Parameters. The Board approved changes to the Outside Directors Compensation Parameters effective as of May 2019 based on, among other things, a comparison of our compensation structure to that of our competitors and other insurance and similarly-sized companies, and the determination that total director compensation was below the median of such companies. The modifications were an increase in the cash retainer from $120,000 to $125,000, and an increase in the equity retainer from $170,000 to $180,000. No changes were made to our Outside Directors Compensation Parameters in 2018. The compensation of the Board for the financial year 2019 set forth in Table 1 is therefore composed of compensation under the prior parameters from January 1 to the date of our 2019 annual general meeting and compensation under the revised parameters from such date and thereafter. The equity retainer noted above is in the form of restricted stock awards, based on the fair value of Chubb's Common Shares as of the date of the award, with the remaining portion of the annual fee paid to non-management directors in cash quarterly. SC- 2 SWISS STATUTORY COMPENSATION REPORT (continued) The Lead Director received a fee of $50,000 (CHF 49,683) in 2019. Committee chairs received Committee chair fees as follows: Audit Committee - $35,000 (CHF 34,778) Compensation Committee - $25,000 (CHF 24,841) Nominating & Governance Committee - $20,000 (CHF 19,873) Risk & Finance Committee - $20,000 (CHF 19,873) Directors are not paid fees for attending regular Board or committee meetings but, at the discretion of the Chairman of the Board and the Lead Director, Chubb may pay an additional $2,000 fee for each special meeting attended by telephone and $3,000 for each special meeting attended in person. Such fees were not paid in 2019. Directors may elect to receive up to all of their compensation, other than compensation for special meetings, in the form of restricted stock awards. Restricted stock awards vest at the following year's annual general meeting. Chubb’s Corporate Governance Guidelines specify director equity ownership requirements. Chubb awards independent directors restricted stock awards and mandates minimum equity ownership of $600,000 for outside directors (based on the stock price on the date of award). Each director has until the fifth anniversary of his or her initial election to the Board to achieve this minimum. The previously granted restricted stock awards (whether or not vested) will be counted toward achieving this minimum. Once a director has achieved the minimum equity ownership, this requirement will remain satisfied going forward as long as he or she retains the number of shares valued at the minimum amount based on the New York Stock Exchange closing price for Chubb’s Common Shares as of the date the minimum threshold is initially met. Any vested shares held by a director in excess of the minimum share equivalent specified above may be sold at the director's discretion after consultation with Chubb’s General Counsel. No compensation was paid to former directors nor did any former director receive any benefits in kind or waivers of claims during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, no current directors received benefits in kind or waivers of claims and no compensation had been paid to any related party of current or former directors, except as noted below with respect to our director charitable contributions program. Additionally, no related party of current or former directors received any benefits in kind or waivers of claims during 2019 or 2018. At each of December 31, 2019 and 2018, no current or former directors or any related party of current or former directors had outstanding loans or credits from Chubb. Chubb has a matching contribution program for directors under which Chubb will match director charitable contributions to registered charities, churches, and other places of worship or schools up to a maximum of $20,000 per year. For Swiss law purposes, some of these matching contributions during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 qualified as related party transactions because our directors or members of their immediate family were directors or officers of the organization. Pursuant to this matching charitable contributions program, Chubb matched a total of $78,000 (CHF 77,505) in contributions to seven such organizations in 2019 and $72,000 (CHF 70,419) in contributions to six such organizations in 2018. The following table presents information concerning director compensation paid or, in the case of restricted stock awards, earned in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Although Evan G. Greenberg is Chairman of the Board, Mr. Greenberg received no compensation in respect of these duties. Details of Mr. Greenberg's compensation in his capacity as a member of Executive Management are included in Table 2 below. SC- 3 SWISS STATUTORY COMPENSATION REPORT (continued) Table 1 - audited Name Michael G. Atieh Sheila P. Burke James I. Cash Mary Cirillo Year 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 Michael P. Connors 2019 John A. Edwardson 2018 2019 2018 Robert M. Hernandez 2019 Leo F. Mullin Kimberly A. Ross Robert W. Scully 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 Eugene B. Shanks, Jr. 2019 Theodore E. Shasta David H. Sidwell Olivier Steimer 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Chair - Nominating & Governance Member Chair - Nominating & Governance Member Chair - Compensation Member Chair - Compensation Member Member Lead Director Lead Director Retired Member (Retired) Member Member Member Chair - Audit Member Chair - Audit Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Chair - Risk & Finance Member Chair - Risk & Finance 123,750 120,000 123,750 120,000 — — — — 173,750 170,000 — 30,000 123,750 90,000 — — 123,750 120,000 123,750 120,000 123,750 120,000 143,750 Board Function Fees Earned or Paid Stock Awards (1) All Other (2) Total in USD Total in CHF $ $ 123,750 $ $ 128,750 176,250 $ $ 170,000 103,097 $ $ 98,153 176,250 170,000 176,250 170,000 30,720 29,246 9,748 9,280 403,097 396,903 330,720 319,246 309,748 299,280 CHF 400,540 CHF 388,189 328,622 312,237 307,783 292,709 319,375 42,930 362,305 360,007 310,000 40,870 350,870 343,166 148,750 176,250 145,000 170,000 325,000 322,938 — — — — 75,704 71,872 — 16,019 — — — — — — — — — — 315,000 299,375 290,000 425,704 411,872 — 109,769 300,000 305,000 334,375 311,875 300,000 290,000 300,000 290,000 300,000 290,000 299,375 290,000 176,250 170,000 — 63,750 176,250 215,000 334,375 311,875 176,250 170,000 176,250 170,000 176,250 170,000 308,084 297,476 283,633 423,003 402,829 — 107,359 298,097 298,303 332,254 305,027 298,097 283,633 298,097 283,633 298,097 283,633 328,303 312,877 95,649 283,633 James M. Zimmerman 2019 Member (Retired) Total (3) 2018 2019 2018 Member $ $ 176,250 10,399 330,399 140,000 170,000 30,000 120,000 63,750 170,000 9,901 2,510 — 319,901 96,260 290,000 1,362,500 $ 2,779,375 $ 275,108 $ 4,416,983 CHF 4,388,963 1,423,750 $ 2,890,625 $ 275,341 $ 4,589,716 CHF 4,488,945 (1) The Stock Awards column reflects restricted stock awards earned during 2019 and 2018. These stock awards were granted in May 2019 and May 2018, respectively, at the annual general meetings and vest at the subsequent year's annual general meeting. (2) The All Other column includes dividend equivalents on our deferred restricted stock units (which we stopped issuing in 2009) held by our longer-serving directors. We issue stock units equivalent in value to the dividend payments that those directors would have received if they held stock. Ms. Burke and Mr. Cash received deferred market value units from The Chubb Corporation prior to its acquisition by us in January 2016. Each unit has the equivalent value of one share of our common stock. These units are credited with market value units equivalent in value to the dividend payments they would have received if they held stock. (3) Total director compensation in 2019 reflects one less director for a portion of the year compared to 2018 as a result of the retirement of Leo F. Mullin as of the date of the May 2018 annual general meeting of shareholders. Mr. Zimmerman retired from the Board in May 2019. SC- 4 SWISS STATUTORY COMPENSATION REPORT (continued) Compensation of Executive Management The following table presents information concerning Executive Management’s 2019 and 2018 compensation. Table 2 - audited Name and Principal Position Evan G. Greenberg Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, Chubb Limited (highest paid executive) All Other Executive Management Year Salary Bonus Stock Awards (1) Option Awards (2) All Other Compensation (3) Total in USD Total in CHF 2019 $ 1,400,000 $ 6,700,000 $ 10,125,070 $ 1,917,286 $ 1,267,971 $ 21,410,327 CHF 21,274,500 2018 $ 1,400,000 $ 6,100,000 $ 9,225,174 $ 1,881,925 $ 1,246,474 $ 19,853,573 CHF 19,417,589 2019 $ 2,583,135 $ 5,159,400 $ 7,211,734 $ 1,365,545 $ 1,267,109 $ 17,586,923 CHF 17,475,352 2018 $ 2,523,193 $ 4,634,800 $ 6,425,985 $ 1,280,174 $ 1,229,301 $ 16,093,453 CHF 15,740,041 Total 2019 $ 3,983,135 $11,859,400 $ 17,336,804 $ 3,282,831 $ 2,535,080 $ 38,997,250 CHF 38,749,852 2018 $ 3,923,193 $10,734,800 $ 15,651,159 $ 3,162,099 $ 2,475,775 $ 35,947,026 CHF 35,157,629 (1) The Stock Awards column discloses the fair value of the restricted stock awards granted on February 27, 2020 for 2019 and February 28, 2019 for 2018, respectively. This column includes time-based and performance-based restricted stock awards. In comparison, the Summary Compensation Table in the Company's annual proxy statement (unaudited) discloses equity grants for a particular fiscal year based on the grants made during that fiscal year. (2) The Option Awards column discloses the fair value of the stock options granted on February 27, 2020 for 2019 and February 28, 2019 for 2018, respectively. In comparison, the Summary Compensation Table in the Company's annual proxy statement (unaudited) discloses equity grants for a particular fiscal year based on the grants made during that fiscal year. (3) All Other Compensation column includes perquisites and other personal benefits, consisting of the following: For Mr. Greenberg, contributions to retirement plans of $900,000 (CHF 894,290) in 2019 and $828,000 (CHF 809,820) in 2018, personal use of corporate aircraft of $329,683 (CHF 327,591) in 2019 and $378,929 (CHF 370,609) in 2018, and miscellaneous other benefits of $38,288 (CHF 38,045) in 2019 and $39,545 (CHF 38,677) in 2018, including executive medical coverage and matching contributions made under our matching charitable contributions program. The Board required Mr. Greenberg to use corporate aircraft for all travel whenever practicable for security reasons. For the other members of Executive Management, contributions to retirement plans, personal use of corporate aircraft and corporate apartment, and miscellaneous other benefits, including, as applicable, club memberships, financial planning, executive medical coverage, matching contributions made under our matching charitable contributions program, car allowance or car lease and car maintenance allowance. Personal use of the corporate aircraft was limited to space available on normally scheduled management business flights. Other personal benefits including housing allowances and cost of living allowance. In 2019 and 2018, housing allowances were provided to Mr. Bancroft because Chubb requires him to maintain a second residence in addition to maintaining his own personal residence. Contributions to retirement plans for 2019 and 2018 totaled $1.65 million (CHF 1.64 million) and $1.55 million (CHF 1.51 million), respectively. These consist of discretionary and non-discretionary employer contributions. The discretionary employer contributions for 2019 have been calculated and are expected to be paid in April 2020. No former member of Executive Management or any related party of current or former Executive Management received non- market standard compensation from Chubb during each of the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Additionally, no current or former member of Executive Management or any related party thereto received benefits in kind or waivers of claims during 2019 or 2018 other than as described in the footnotes to Table 2. At each of December 31, 2019 and 2018, no current or former member of Executive Management or any related party of a current or former member of Executive Management had outstanding loans or credits from Chubb. SC- 5 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (SWISS STATUTORY) COMPENSATION REPORT Report of the statutory auditor on the compensation report We have audited the accompanying compensation report of Chubb Limited for the year ended December 31, 2019. The audit was limited to the information according to articles 14-16 of the Ordinance against Excessive Compensation in Stock Exchange Listed Companies (Ordinance) contained in the tables labeled "audited" on pages SC-4 to SC-5 of the compensation report. Board of Directors’ responsibility The Board of Directors is responsible for the preparation and overall fair presentation of the compensation report in accordance with Swiss law and the Ordinance against Excessive Compensation in Stock Exchange Listed Companies (Ordinance). The Board of Directors is also responsible for designing the remuneration system and defining individual remuneration packages. Auditor’s responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the accompanying compensation report. We conducted our audit in accordance with Swiss Auditing Standards. Those standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the compensation report complies with Swiss law and articles 14-16 of the Ordinance. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence on the disclosures made in the compensation report with regard to compensation, loans and credits in accordance with articles 14-16 of the Ordinance. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatements in the compensation report, whether due to fraud or error. This audit also includes evaluating the reasonableness of the methods applied to value components of remuneration, as well as assessing the overall presentation of the compensation report. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. Opinion In our opinion, the compensation report of Chubb Limited for the year ended December 31, 2019 complies with Swiss law and articles 14-16 of the Ordinance. PricewaterhouseCoopers AG /s/ Peter Eberli Peter Eberli Audit expert Auditor in charge Zurich, March 24, 2020 /s/ Nicolas Juillerat Nicolas Juillerat Audit expert SC- 6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT Chubb Greenhouse Gas Reduction Programs As an insurance company, Chubb's environmental footprint is relatively modest, but through our corporate greenhouse gas inventory program and corporate environmental strategy, we work to reduce it even further. Some of the primary objectives of our environmental strategy are to measure, record and reduce Chubb's corporate GHG emissions. In 2007, Chubb joined the voluntary U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-sponsored Climate Leaders program, through which the company was able to develop long-term, comprehensive climate change strategies, inventory its emissions and set a six-year GHG reduction goal of 8% per employee. While the EPA program was discontinued in September 2011, Chubb’s corporate GHG inventory program remains active using its methodology, which is based on the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WRI/WBCSD) GHG Protocol for data collection and analysis. In 2012, Chubb successfully met its first- generation GHG reduction goal with a 27% reduction in emissions per employee since 2006. In order to continue Chubb’s global commitment to reducing its environmental footprint, a GHG reduction target was announced in September 2014 to reduce emissions 10% per employee by 2020 from a 2012 base year. From 2015 to 2018, Chubb reduced its global absolute GHG emissions by 21%. In 2019, Chubb announced new companywide goals to reduce GHG emissions globally by 20% on an absolute basis by 2025 and by 40% by 2035. Both goals use 2016 emissions levels as the baseline and are aligned with the two-degree Celsius target outlined in the Paris Climate Agreement, as well as the quantitatively supported science-based standards (SBTs) methodology of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). By year-end, Chubb achieved its first goal of reducing emissions by 20%. Chubb is now pursuing its longer-term 40% emissions reduction goal. Chubb 2019 GHG Inventory Data Global Absolute Emissions (CO2-eq.) 2019 68,852 The data above represent 26,332 metric tons of CO2-eq. of Scope 1 emissions from fossil fuel combustion; 44,293 metric tons of CO2-eq. of location-based Scope 2 emissions; and 42,520 metric tons of CO2-eq. of market-based Scope 2 emissions from purchased electricity. Chubb’s GHG emissions data are reviewed by a third-party on an annual basis. The company's most recent 2019 GHG inventory was reviewed by Apex Companies, LLC and the verification statement can be found on the following page. In addition to tracking GHG emissions versus its goals, Chubb reports its GHG emissions data to the CDP, an organization that scores carbon emissions information from thousands of corporations on behalf of the global investment community. In 2019, Chubb’s response to the questionnaire resulted in a score of B. Chubb's global GHG management plan concentrates primarily on reducing energy consumption at the facility level - specifically, in owned buildings and larger, long-term leased spaces. Projects have been implemented at a number of major offices including: Philadelphia, Pa.; Wilmington, Del.; Whitehouse Station, N.J.; Hamilton, Bermuda; Sydney, Australia; the Chubb Conference Center, Lafayette Hill, Pa.; London, U.K.; and Monterrey, Mexico. The projects include installation of new HVAC equipment, lighting upgrades and installation of a central building automation system (BAS) in order to improve operations within the building and reduce energy consumption. In Chubb's office building in Philadelphia, the company has reduced energy consumption by over 20% since 2006 through the installation of new boilers and LED lighting, the use of variable speed drive HVAC equipment and installation of an exhaust energy recovery ventilator. Through these steps, the company earned LEED Silver certification in 2009 and was awarded LEED Platinum certification in 2020. It was also awarded Energy Star Certification by the U.S. EPA in 2016. In July 2011, the company’s Bermuda office building was awarded LEED Gold certification - the first building in Bermuda to be awarded the designation - due in large part to a re-lamping of office lights, applying a floating temperature set point and installing motion sensors and timers on office equipment. These actions reduced electrical needs by approximately 500,000 kWh (358 metric tons CO2e) per year. In 2014, the company engaged with the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) and the Bermuda facility became one of the first buildings using LEED Dynamic Plaque, a tool that continuously monitors and encourages improvement of overall building performance. The building was re-certified LEED Platinum in 2019, becoming the first building on the island to win the designation. In Chubb’s two office buildings in Whitehouse Station, N.J., the company has reduced energy consumption through the installation of LED lighting, the use of variable speed drive HVAC equipment and careful management. The buildings were awarded LEED Gold certification for the first time in 2020. Information about Chubb's full range of environmental efforts, including insurance solutions to help customers manage their environmental and climate change risks, corporate initiatives to control our own ecological impact and philanthropic actions in support of environmental causes, can be found in the company's annual Environmental Report, which is available at https://www.chubb.com/us-en/about-chubb/environment.aspx. E-1 VERIFICATION STATEMENT GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS VERIFICATION STATEMENT GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Apex Companies, LLC (Apex) was engaged to provide Limited Assurance and conduct an independent verification of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption reported by Chubb from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019. This Verification Statement applies to the related information included within the scope of work described below. The determination of the GHG emissions is the sole responsibility of Chubb. Apex was not involved in determining the GHG emissions. Our sole responsibility was to provide independent verification on the accuracy of the GHG emissions reported, and on the underlying systems and processes used to collect, analyze and review the information. Boundaries of the reporting company GHG emissions covered by the verification: • Operational Control • Global Emissions verified in Metric tonnes of CO2-equivalent (tCO2e): • • • • Scope 1 Emissions: 26,332 Scope 2 Emissions (Location-Based): 44,293 Scope 2 Emissions (Market-Based): 42,520 Scope 3 Emissions (Business Travel - Air): 29,192 Data and information supporting the Scope 1 & Scope 2 GHG emissions were historical in nature and in some cases estimated, based on historical data for similar properties in similar locations. Data and information supporting the Scope 3 GHG emissions assertion were in some cases estimated rather than historical in nature. Period covered by GHG emissions verification: • January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 Reporting Protocols against which verification was conducted: • World Resources Institute (WRI)/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Greenhouse Gas Protocol, Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard (Scope 1 & 2) • WRI/WBCSD Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard (Scope 3) • Review of documentary evidence produced by Chubb; • Review of Chubb data and information systems and methodology for collection, aggregation, analysis and review of information used to determine GHG emissions; • Audit of samples of data used by Chubb to determine GHG emissions. Apex Companies, LLC (Apex) was engaged Assurance and conduct an independent verification of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption reported by Chubb from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019. This Verification Statement applies to the related information included within the scope of work described below. Assurance Opinion: Based on the results of our verification process, Apex provides Limited Assurance of the GHG emissions and energy assertion shown above, and found no evidence that the assertion: The determination of the GHG emissions is the sole responsibility of Chubb. Apex was not involved in determining the GHG emissions. Our sole responsibility was to provide independent verification on the accuracy of the GHG emissions reported, and on the underlying systems and processes used to collect, analyze and review the information. • • • is not materially correct; Boundaries of the reporting company GHG emissions covered by the verification: is not materially correct; is not a fair representation of the GHG emissions and energy data and information; and • Operational Control is not prepared in accordance with the WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard. • Global Emissions verified in Metric tonnes of CO2-equivalent (tCO2e): It is our opinion that Chubb has established appropriate systems for the collection, aggregation and analysis of quantitative data for determination of GHG emissions for the stated period and boundaries. • • Scope 1 Emissions: 26,332 Scope 2 Emissions (Location-Based): 44,293 • Scope 2 Emissions (Market-Based): 42,520 • Scope 3 Emissions (Business Travel - Air): 29,192 Statement of independence, impartiality and competence Apex has implemented a Code of Ethics across the business to maintain their day-to-day business high ethical standards among staff activities. We are particularly vigilant in the prevention of conflicts of interest. in No member of the verification team has a business relationship with this Chubb, assignment. We conducted this verification independently and to our knowledge there has been no conflict of interest. its Directors or Managers beyond that required of The verification team has extensive experience in conducting assurance over environmental, social, ethical and health and safety information, systems and processes, has over 30 years combined experience in this field and an excellent understanding of Apex standard methodology for the verification of greenhouse gas emissions data. Data and information supporting the Scope 1 & Scope 2 GHG emissions were historical in nature and in some cases estimated, based on historical data for similar properties in similar locations. Data and information supporting the Scope 3 GHG emissions assertion were in some cases estimated rather than historical in nature. Period covered by GHG emissions verification: • January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 Reporting Protocols against which verification was conducted: • World Resources Institute (WRI)/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Greenhouse Gas Protocol, Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard (Scope 1 & 2) Attestation: to provide Limited • Review of documentary evidence produced by Chubb; • Review of Chubb data and information systems and methodology for collection, aggregation, analysis and review of information used to determine GHG emissions; • Audit of samples of data used by Chubb to determine GHG emissions. Assurance Opinion: Based on the results of our verification process, Apex provides Limited Assurance of the GHG emissions and energy assertion shown above, and found no evidence that the assertion: • • • is not a fair representation of the GHG emissions and energy data and information; and is not prepared in accordance with the WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard. It is our opinion that Chubb has established appropriate systems for the collection, aggregation and analysis of quantitative data for determination of GHG emissions for the stated period and boundaries. Statement of independence, impartiality and competence Apex has implemented a Code of Ethics across the business to maintain high ethical standards among staff in their day-to-day business activities. We are particularly vigilant in the prevention of conflicts of interest. No member of the verification team has a business relationship with Chubb, its Directors or Managers beyond that required of this assignment. We conducted this verification independently and to our knowledge there has been no conflict of interest. The verification team has extensive experience in conducting assurance over environmental, social, ethical and health and safety information, systems and processes, has over 30 years combined experience in this field and an excellent understanding of Apex standard methodology for the verification of greenhouse gas emissions data. Attestation: GHG Verification Protocols used to conduct the verification: • ISO 14064-3: Greenhouse gases -- Part 3: Specification with guidance for the validation and verification of greenhouse gas assertions Trevor A. Donaghu, Lead Verifier Program Manager Sustainability and Climate Change Services Level of Assurance and Qualifications: Limited • • Materiality Threshold: ±5% Verification Methodology: • Interviews with relevant personnel of Chubb; Apex Companies, LLC March 13, 2020 • WRI/WBCSD Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard (Scope 3) GHG Verification Protocols used to conduct the verification: • ISO 14064-3: Greenhouse gases -- Part 3: Specification with guidance for the validation and verification of greenhouse gas assertions Level of Assurance and Qualifications: Limited • • Materiality Threshold: ±5% Verification Methodology: • Interviews with relevant personnel of Chubb; Trevor A. Donaghu, Lead Verifier Program Manager Sustainability and Climate Change Services Apex Companies, LLC March 13, 2020 This verification statement, including the opinion expressed herein, is provided to Chubb and is solely for the benefit of Chubb in accordance with the terms of our agreement. We consent to the release of this statement by you to the CDP in order to satisfy the terms of CDP disclosure requirements but without accepting or assuming any responsibility or liability on our part to CDP or to any other party who may have access to this statement. This verification statement, including the opinion expressed herein, is provided to Chubb and is solely for the benefit of Chubb in accordance with the terms of our agreement. We consent to the release of this statement by you to the CDP in order to satisfy the terms of CDP disclosure requirements but without accepting or assuming any responsibility or liability on our part to CDP or to any other party who may have access to this statement. APEX Companies, LLC E-2 Page 1 of 1 APEX Companies, LLC E-2 Page 1 of 1 [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] SC- 7 [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] Financial Summary Chairman and CEO Letter to Shareholders Elevating the Customer Experience Review of Operations Citizenship at Chubb Chubb Group Corporate Officers and Other Executives Chubb Limited Board of Directors Shareholder Information Non–GAAP Financial Measures Form 10–K Swiss Statutory Financial Statements Swiss Statutory Compensation Report Environmental Statement 1 2 20 24 44 46 48 49 50 C h u b b L i m i t e d A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 1 9 Chubb Limited Bärengasse 32 CH—8001 Zurich Switzerland chubb.com Chubb Limited Annual Report 2019 002CSNA958 

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