Chubb
Annual Report 2022

Plain-text annual report

Chubb Limited Annual Report 2022 Financial Summary Chairman and CEO Letter to Shareholders Review of Operations Citizenship at Chubb Chubb Group Corporate Officers and Other Executives Chubb Limited Board of Directors Shareholder Information Non–GAAP Financial Measures Form 10–K Swiss Statutory Financial Statements Swiss Statutory Compensation Report Greenhouse Gas Emissions Statement 1 2 26 44 46 48 49 50 About the Photography The cover and executive photographs in this annual report feature images from 550 Madison Avenue, the landmark building that will become executive offices for Chubb in New York City. For Chubb’s New York area colleagues, the building will be a place to collaborate, innovate, mentor and forge the connections and relationships that sustain and strengthen culture. In the second half of 2023, employees from three city locations will begin moving to the newly renovated building known for its iconic Chippendale design. 550 Madison Avenue will be one of the city’s most energy- efficient structures and the only building targeting both LEED Platinum and WELL Gold status, the highest office design standards for health and wellness. The cover image was taken in the public plaza. Financial Summary In millions of U.S. dollars except per share data and ratios Year Ended Dec. 31, 2022 Year Ended Dec. 31, 2021 Percentage Change Gross premiums written $52,013 $46,780 Net premiums written Net premiums earned P&C combined ratio P&C current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses Net income Core operating income Diluted earnings per share – net income Diluted earnings per share – core operating income Total investments Total assets Shareholders’ equity Book value per share 41,755 37,868 40,389 36,355 87.6% 89.1% 84.2% 84.8% 5,313 6,457 12.55 15.24 8,539 5,569 19.27 12.56 113,551 122,323 199,144 200,054 11.2% 10.3% 11.1% NM NM -37.8% 15.9% -34.9% 21.3% -7.2% -0.5% 50,540 59,714 -15.4% 121.90 139.99 -12.9% Book value per share excluding AOCI 146.49 139.16 5.3% Tangible book value per share Tangible book value per share excluding tangible AOCI Return on equity Core operating return on tangible equity Core operating return on equity 72.20 94.60 9.6% 17.2% 11.2% 94.38 91.85 14.3% 15.3% 9.9% -23.5% 3.0% NM NM NM This document contains non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to pages 50-52 for reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP measures. NM—not meaningful Percentage Change Constant Dollars 13.7% 13.0% 13.9% 1 Evan G. Greenberg Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Chubb Group 2 To My Fellow Shareholders Chubb had the best financial performance in our company’s history in 2022. We produced record core operating income and continued to capitalize on favorable commercial P&C underwriting conditions around the world while our consumer businesses recovered from the pandemic’s lingering effects. Together, we had another year of double-digit premium revenue growth. We once again demonstrated our risk-taking prowess in an increasingly perilous world by achieving industry- leading underwriting profitability, including record P&C underwriting income and an 87.6% combined ratio. We produced record investment income and took advantage of rising interest rates and widening spreads to reposition our fixed income portfolio to generate higher future returns. We made excellent progress in our efforts to advance many of our longer-term strategies that position us for future revenue and earnings growth. They include, notably, the acquisition of Cigna’s supplemental health and life insurance business in Asia and the regulatory approval to increase our stake in Huatai Insurance Group in China. Together, they deepen our presence in this fast-growing region, now approaching 20% of the company’s global insurance business. Altogether, as we look forward, the combination of P&C revenue growth and underwriting margins, growth in investment income, and expansion of our life business in Asia, point to continued operating income and earnings per share (EPS) growth for the future. In this year’s letter, as I have done in the past, I will describe who we are and our accomplishments and set out the important elements of our strategy and objectives. I will explain why we look to the future with conviction and optimism for the benefit of our shareholders, customers and employees despite the tremendous risk and uncertainty surrounding us globally. Successful companies, in my judgment, operate with clarity of purpose, knowing who they are and why they exist. So, let me begin by describing in just a few words our unique and distinctive company. Chubb is the largest publicly traded P&C insurance company and among the top five insurers in the world as measured by market capitalization. Ten years ago, we were #13, and since then we have more than tripled our market cap. By the way, 20 years ago we were #24. We are a global insurer, predominantly engaged in all forms of commercial and consumer P&C, with substantial local operations in 54 countries and territories, and we have a sizable and growing Asia life insurance business. Life insurance now represents about 13% of our revenue and earnings if you include a full year of Cigna and Huatai results. We have an enviable long-term track record of financial performance, including growth in earnings and book and tangible book value, which is underpinned by distinguished underwriting and investment performance. At our core, we are first an underwriting company, dedicated to the art and science of taking risk. Culturally, we are an ambitious and highly disciplined organization — patient in long-term strategy and impatient in execution. Our success navigating the multi-year commercial P&C pricing cycle is an excellent example of strategic patience. In the years leading up to 2019, we shrank exposure, or market share, in those lines where we were not getting paid adequately to take risk and grew in others where we were, all while building our capabilities for future opportunity. Then, when other insurers pulled back because of damage to their balance sheets and income statements from underwriting inadequately priced and structured risk, and as a consequence underwriting conditions became more favorable, we mobilized the organization and turned on a dime from defense to offense. Since 2019, we’ve grown our commercial P&C business by about 40%. Strategic patience is also exemplified by our two signature transactions in Asia last year. Some 15 years ago, we attempted to acquire Cigna’s accident and health (A&H) and life insurance business in the region but were rebuffed at the time. The regulatory approval to increase our ownership in Huatai to nearly 85% was the culmination of a 20-year effort to gain control of this company. We have thoughtfully constructed and manage a global portfolio of top-performing, multibillion-dollar businesses, with substantial scale and scope for growth. It’s a well-balanced mix of business: 69% comes from commercial lines, where we insure the smallest to the largest companies with more than 200 different property and casualty related products; and 31% from consumer lines, where we insure people’s lives and the things they own — everything from autos to homes and their contents to cellphones. We market through an extensive range of channels designed to 3 reach the target consumer in the most efficient manner. In addition to being an important partner of the largest global brokers, our distribution network spans 50,000 brokers and independent agents, hundreds of thousands of exclusive life and health agents, and hundreds of direct-to-consumer partnerships that give us access to hundreds of millions of existing and potential customers through digital, phone and face-to-face sales. The economic and geopolitical environment I would characterize the external environment as complex, uncertain, and with plenty of risk and opportunity for those with the strength to take advantage. In my judgment, inflation in the United States is moderating, but it’s stubborn. Taming inflation, along with financial system stability, will continue to be the principal objective of most central banks. Additional rate increases are very likely, and inflation will remain higher for longer than most think. We will continue to experience stress in the financial markets coming off an extended period of near-zero interest rates and excessive liquidity — a period marked by excessive and naive risk- taking with asset valuations inflated beyond reason. Substantial leverage, or the carry trade, was employed in search of higher returns. Illiquidity as a risk was ignored by many. Speculative asset prices are adjusting, from crypto to real estate to tech, as they should be, and there is more volatility and stress in financial markets yet to come. How the Fed and Treasury choose to manage between preservation of fundamental economic and financial stability while avoiding bailouts and support for bad behavior is the question. The freedom to fail is part of our system. Our free-market construct depends on striking the right balance. The U.S. economy is fundamentally strong, and it is broad-based. The odds of recession have grown, particularly given the recent and emerging stress in the financial industry. Looking beyond this moment, the U.S. economy is capable of faster growth, but political partisanship at the federal level holds hostage our ability to address fundamental issues around the increase to our labor force at scale through smart immigration and skills training and, separately, removing regulatory burdens on business, at all levels, that create an unnecessary drag on growth. Faster growth would provide breathing room to invest more in our competitive profile while cutting deficits, meeting our social needs and investing in our military. Inflation is a global problem and, in addressing it, the specter of recession is rising in numerous areas of the world. In Europe, inflation has become more entrenched, and the impact of the war and energy supply disruption will continue to weigh on its economy. China, while resuming more rapid growth post- pandemic, will likely not return to historic levels given its economic policy, excessive debt levels and shrinking labor force. On the geopolitical front, the international system is experiencing growing fragmentation as the world transitions toward an era of greater multipolarity, with the distribution of power shifting around two central poles — the United States and China. In 2022, geopolitical fault lines grew deeper and global stresses more pronounced as great power rivalries involving the U.S., China and Russia intensified. The war in Ukraine has exacerbated global food and Geographic Sources of Premium 2022 net premiums written Latin America 6% Europe 13% Asia 14% 4 Bermuda/Canada 6% United States 61% energy insecurity and generated spillover social, economic and security pressures across Europe. The United States passed major legislation intended to strengthen national competitiveness, but which also signaled a shift toward greater protectionism and industrial policy. Meanwhile, technological decoupling accelerated between the U.S. and China. Beijing ratcheted up pressure on Taiwan, and the U.S. and others responded with increased support for Taipei, raising concerns about conflict in the Taiwan Strait. Greater cohesion has been forming among developed nations that collectively share common interests and are confronting China’s use of economic and military power in pursuit of its national ambitions. This pattern of targeted coalition-building is occurring among developed Western and Asian countries, with few developing countries joining such efforts. Directionally, trade and politics will interact at the international, national and local levels in ways that heighten volatility in 2023. For instance, China will attempt further measures to harden its economy against external vulnerabilities, while Russia likely will intensify efforts to skirt international sanctions and look for China’s support in propping up its economy. In response, China will probably seek to extract benefits from Russia’s dependence but do so in ways that limit the risk of Western sanctions and alienation of Europe. China will aim to attract foreign and domestic private capital, even as Beijing moves toward more state-directed, centralized economic decision-making. The European Union will seek to limit degradation of their economic competitiveness in the face of American industrial policies. The United States will advance efforts to limit China’s access to high-end technologies while it works to reduce an overdependence on critical supplies and seeks the cooperation of European and Asian allies. Decoupling in high-end technologies will be a market reality raising uncertainties for global supply chains. Amid these shifts, energy markets are reordering in ways that benefit the U.S. Underwriting outperformance in another active CAT year Last year was another active year in terms of natural catastrophes (CATs) and one of the costliest on record for the insurance industry. Exacerbated by climate change and urbanization, the industry and society face a growing frequency of costly CATs. It’s part of the new normal — every season of the year is a major CAT season, punctuated by extremes in temperature from hot to cold, moisture from rain and flooding to drought, fire and wind. Industry insured losses last year were estimated at $120 billion, essentially the same as 2021’s elevated level and above the five- year average of $97 billion. For Chubb, our total pre-tax CAT losses in 2022 were $2.2 billion compared with $2.4 billion in 2021 and our five-year average of $2.1 billion. Our 2022 published calendar year combined ratio of 87.6% compared with 90.9%, 90.8% and 90.1%, respectively, for the three-, five- and 10-year periods. As you can see from the nearby chart, in any period you choose over the past “ At our core, we are first an underwriting company, dedicated to the art and science of taking risk.” 5 15 years — or longer for that matter — Chubb’s P&C combined ratio has outperformed our peers, with last year’s outperformance exceeding 5.4 percentage points. As a balance sheet business, wealth creation is measured by growth in book and tangible book value. Since underwriting is our basic business, we strive to never allow our underwriting results to destroy book value. As a secondary measure of underlying health, our current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses was 84.2%, compared with 84.8% prior year. Given CATs are growing in frequency and severity, and occur year-round, they are a natural and expected part of a property and casualty insurer’s operating results. While I fully understand the logic, judging an insurer’s results excluding CATs doesn’t make a lot of sense to me. The revenue associated with taking the CAT risk is in the denominator and the losses are excluded from the numerator, so the more levered against CAT exposure, the better the insurer looks. Viewing results excluding CATs is an attempt to see through volatility, which made sense when the volatility was rare, but it is not anymore. The best measure for investors is the published calendar year combined ratio including CATs. It is reality. at a loss. We are now experiencing a reinsurer-led hard market cycle in CAT- exposed property insurance, which is most property. Favorable commercial P&C underwriting conditions For the year, our $29 billion global commercial P&C insurance business produced growth of 11% in constant dollars. Commercial P&C underwriting conditions remained favorable throughout the year with prices adequate to earn an appropriate risk- adjusted return. At the same time, the loss-cost environment has hardly been benign given inflationary pressures, economic and social, and the impacts of climate change. I expect favorable industry underwriting conditions overall to continue and, as I write this, that is the case. However, loss-cost pressures on price adequacy will persist. Insurers need to be mindful, or risk underwriting A rise in reinsurance pricing, reduced terms of coverage and reduced availability of capacity are forcing insurers to assume more exposure and volatility on their balance sheets or to shed risk. This presents an opportunity for us. We are fully prepared to take more risk and, consequently, more volatility — thoughtfully and within reason — as long as we are compensated. It’s a good use of shareholder capital. Given the realities of climate change and the increasing values at risk due to growing urbanization, I doubt these conditions are going away anytime soon. By the way, I am concerned about a growing public policy problem as a shortage of insurance or reinsurance capacity at reasonable prices is sustained in areas where there is concentration of values; think Florida or California. If states deny insurers the ability to price and tailor coverage adequately and deny them the flexibility to manage P&C Combined Ratio Versus Peers The company’s underwriting results have outperformed the average of its peers over the last 15 years. 105% 100% 95% 90% 85% 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 4 2 0 1 5 2 0 1 6 2 0 1 7 2 0 1 8 2 0 1 9 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 1 Includes AIG, Allianz, AXA, CNA, HIG, QBE, TRV, Zurich. Source: SNL and company disclosures Averages: Peers1 Chubb 1 year 93.0% 87.6% 3 year 95.8% 90.9% 5 year 96.6% 90.8% 10 year 15 year 97.4% 90.1% 97.6% 90.5% 6 their concentration of risk, insurers will continue to shed exposure, which threatens the availability and price of quality insurance. Even with total freedom to price and tailor coverage, there is a limit to how much risk insurers can take and how much people can pay. Climate change is driving insurers to send price signals about the consequences, and that may ultimately contribute to individual behavior in terms of where people choose to live and where businesses choose to locate. There is a cost associated with living in extreme CAT-prone areas. Governments cannot for long force insurers to subsidize this behavior, or do so themselves, and think they can avoid the price. On the other hand, affordability is a real problem for many who simply cannot pick up and move. The issue creates political and social tensions, and there are no easy answers. Rebound in global consumer growth Growth in our $13 billion global consumer operations picked up as the year went on, recovering from the pandemic’s effects on consumer behavior. In addition to our own capabilities, which we continuously enhance, several macro factors contributed to growth and continue today, though an economic slowdown or recession can impact us temporarily in some areas. For instance, our high-net- worth personal lines business in North America, where we are the market leader, had its best year in terms of growth with net premiums written up 6%. Our sizable A&H direct marketing business based in Asia and Latin America capitalized on reasonably strong consumer credit and purchasing activity, while our global travel insurance business benefited as business and leisure travel resumed. We are investing in capabilities and growing our North America Combined Insurance voluntary benefits business as companies small and large have experienced strong employment growth and business activity. And our Asia life insurance business got a major boost from the Cigna acquisition. Chubb’s A&H, personal lines and life insurance divisions all experienced upticks in growth in ’22, with total company consumer net premiums written up over 17% in constant dollars. I expect solid growth ahead for our consumer business globally, led by Asia as a result of the newly acquired Cigna and Huatai operations. Record financial performance in ’22 In sum, our company produced superb full-year 2022 performance, including several record results: • Core operating income was a record $6.5 billion, or $15.24 per share, up 21% on a per-share basis compared with 2021. • Record P&C underwriting income of $4.6 billion was up 23%, driven by growth in revenue and margin, leading to an 87.6% combined ratio — a world- class result and an improvement of 1.5 points over prior year. “ We are fully prepared to take more risk and, consequently, more volatility — thoughtfully and within reason — as long as we are compensated. It’s a good use of shareholder capital.” 7 • Record adjusted net investment income was $4 billion, up more than 8% as a result of rising rates and strong cash flow. Investment income will make up a growing percentage of our company’s earnings as we look forward. • Total consolidated gross premiums written, which include both P&C and Life, were $52 billion while net premiums written, which are the premiums we retain on our balance sheet, were $41.8 billion, up 13.7% and 13%, respectively, before the impact of foreign exchange. P&C net premiums written grew 10.3% to $38.1 billion, while Life Insurance premiums, which benefited from the midyear Cigna acquisition, grew 52% to $3.6 billion, and are $5.7 billion on an annualized run-rate basis including Huatai Life. Rising rates and a strong dollar during the year produced sizable mark-to- market losses on our fixed income invested assets, which have temporarily impacted book value in a significant way. For the year, book and tangible book value per share decreased 12.9% and 23.5%, respectively, driven mostly by after-tax net realized and unrealized losses of $10.9 billion in the investment portfolio. Ironically, I view the mark as a good thing because it speaks to future income power. We are predominantly a buy-and-hold, fixed income investor with an average portfolio duration of 4.5 years, so the mark is transitory. In fact, about half of the mark will accrete back to book value over two years. Our core operating return on equity (ROE) and core operating return on tangible equity last year were 11.2% and 17.2%, respectively. As we look forward, hand in glove with growing income and EPS, and well in excess of our cost of capital that we calculate to be circa 7%, we expect Chubb to generate an ROE of 13%-plus and a tangible ROE of 20%-plus on a deployed capital basis. Our policy is to manage for capital flexibility — after all, we are a balance sheet business, in the business of risk, and we are ambitious to grow. We maintain flexibility for both and return the balance to shareholders. The last two years are instructive. We organically grew our P&C premiums by 21.5%, and that required capital. We deployed $5.4 billion for the Cigna acquisition and invested a further $1.4 billion to increase our ownership in Huatai, both strategic acquisitions. At the same time, we returned more than $10.5 billion of capital to shareholders through share repurchases (over 9% of outstanding shares) and dividends — all the while maintaining strong capital adequacy given our earnings generation power. In what was the worst year in more than a decade for global equities and bonds, Chubb shareholders were rewarded in 2022 with 14% appreciation in the stock price and a total return of 16%, outperforming our peer group’s 8% and 12%, respectively, and far superior to the S&P 500’s negative returns. Over three years, our stock has increased 42% with a total return of 50%. Insurance is a long- term business, and attractive long-term shareholder returns are a derivative of doing our job well. In that regard, our 10-year total return of 243% compares favorably to both the S&P 500 (227%) and the S&P 500/Financials (215%). Next to our people, the balance sheet is our most important asset. We have $66 billion in total capital — up from $33 billion 10 years ago and $9 billion 20 years ago — and $51 billion in equity at December 31. Our company is rated AA by S&P and A++ by AM Best. Three engines of future earnings growth Looking forward, our focus is on continuing to grow operating earnings at a healthy rate, which, in turn, will drive EPS. We have three engines of future earnings growth: 1) underwriting income; 2) investment income; and 3) our emerging life division, particularly in Asia. Underwriting income power is about revenue growth and superior margins. We will continue growing P&C premium revenue by capitalizing on favorable commercial P&C market conditions and advancing our P&C diversification in commercial and consumer lines globally. Our record $4.6 billion of pre-tax P&C underwriting income last year was an annual increase of nearly $1 billion. At Chubb, accountability for underwriting discipline starts at the top: Management owns it and is deeply engaged at every level and in all parts of the organization around the world. We have operationalized our underwriting culture with a balance between local capability and autonomy, as well as global 8 command-and-control oversight, which we have honed over the years without impacting accountability and speed. When we see market opportunity, we strive to quickly seize it. On the other hand, our willingness to trade market share for underwriting profitability, along with relentless expense management and efficiency, is a competitive advantage. Our expense ratio is superior to the average of other P&C insurers across the market-cap spectrum. Expense discipline is in our culture, and it’s how we operate, but it doesn’t prevent us from investing in our future, including our people, technology and presence in new territories or product areas. The second engine of our future earnings growth is investment income. After decades of historically low interest rates, the environment changed in ’22 and we entered a favorable period for a fixed income investor. During the year, in response to inflation that reached the highest level in four decades, the U.S. Federal Reserve raised rates seven times, lifting the federal funds rate from 0.25% to a current range of 4.5% to 4.75%, and it will go higher. The age of cheap money is over for a while, and we have capitalized and fully intend to continue. We were well prepared for the rapid rise in rates. Our $114 billion investment portfolio is 87% fixed income and of high quality and, with a portfolio duration of about 4.5 years, every 100 basis points of increase in our portfolio yield generates approximately $1.1 billion in annualized pre-tax income. Throughout the year, we thoughtfully and meaningfully accelerated the turnover of our portfolio in a targeted manner so that we could put more cash to work more quickly at higher yields. By the end of the year, our reinvestment rate was averaging 5.6%, up from 2.3% in the fourth quarter of ’21. As that higher reinvestment rate found its way into our portfolio, our average yield on invested assets reached 3.6% in the fourth quarter, up from 3.1% prior year, with the average yield on fixed income reaching nearly 4%. Our growing earning power began to show in the second half of ’22, with quarterly adjusted investment income of about $1.1 billion and our quarterly run rate by the end of the year up $200 million from the prior year fourth quarter — and that momentum will continue to build. Contributing to that increasing investment income was growth in our invested assets, which stood at $113.6 billion at December 31 and was supported by record operating cash flow of $11.2 billion and the addition of approximately $4.5 billion in invested assets from the Cigna Asia acquisition. With the addition of Cigna’s life insurance companies in Asia and the potential over time for Huatai Life in China, we have added substantially to our life division foundation. We have ambitious plans for this business, which includes Chubb Life, our Asia-based international life insurance business, and our North America-based Combined Insurance affiliate. As an emerging source of operating income and growth, “ We thoughtfully and meaningfully accelerated the turnover of our portfolio in a targeted manner so that we could put more cash to work more quickly at higher yields.” 9 and with an annualized run rate of nearly $6 billion in gross written premiums and earnings approaching $1 billion in ’23, I view our life division as another source of future earnings growth. Strong, balanced growth from our commercial and consumer businesses globally Chubb has approximately 34,000 employees operating out of more than 500 offices in the U.S., Europe, Asia, Latin America and other parts of the world. When we consolidate Huatai, they will grow to 40,000 and 1,200, respectively. Let me briefly describe each of our major businesses so that I may bring the company to life for you. North America Our North America Insurance franchise, with substantial presence in the United States, Canada and Bermuda, writes about $33 billion in gross P&C premiums annually and is Chubb’s largest business, comprising more than 60% of the company. In the U.S., which represents almost a third of the global insurance market, we are the largest commercial P&C insurer and serve all sizes of companies. Capitalizing on continued favorable underwriting conditions and a resilient U.S. economy, North America had an excellent year in ’22. Net premiums grew 9.7%, with commercial lines up 10.6% and personal lines up 6.2%. Since the beginning of the commercial P&C hard market cycle in 2019, we’ve added about $8 billion of gross premiums to this division while driving down the combined ratio by almost 2.5 points. Within North America, our Major Accounts division, with $9.8 billion in annual gross premiums, serves America’s largest domestic and multinational corporations and is the #1 insurer not only in terms of size but also in product and service capability, presence and know-how. Major Accounts provides core risk management services, combining sophisticated risk-sharing capabilities for companies that self- insure with a broad range of risk-transfer coverage delivered on a global basis through our extensive international network. Coverage includes all forms of property and liability-related products, from traditional P&C to specialties such as directors and officers (D&O) and errors and omissions (E&O) to excess casualty and cyber. While 98% of the Fortune 1000 are already Chubb clients, we have billions of dollars of opportunity available over time by writing more coverage for each customer: About half of our largest 4,000 U.S. clients buy three or fewer coverages from us. Major Accounts benefited from continued favorable market conditions last year and grew net premiums by about 8.5%. With $7.9 billion of annual gross premiums, Commercial Insurance is our North America division that serves middle-market companies, where we are the #3 provider, and small businesses. The division grew net premiums 8% in 2022. This is a vast segment of the economy, ranging from publicly traded mid-size multinational organizations to single-location private companies and everything in between. For middle- market companies, we offer core P&C products complemented by more than 35 specialty coverages, along with expertise and risk engineering services tailored to 25 industries, from healthcare and construction to life sciences and technology, all delivered through an extensive local branch and regional network. In ’22, we launched a dedicated product and service offering targeted to the lower middle market — a relatively undeveloped customer segment for Chubb historically. We are building a fully digital division focused on small companies that offers a highly automated experience — from solicitation to data ingestion to quoting to issuance to claims and servicing via agent self-service tools. We have a significant position in the U.S. excess and surplus (E&S) insurance market for hard-to-place risks through our Westchester division. Westchester writes more than $4 billion in annual gross premiums through wholesale brokers and has capitalized on the hard market with net premium growth of 53% since 2019. The business offers a broad range of coverage, including property, casualty and specialty products such as construction, financial lines, cyber and product recall. Last year, Westchester’s net premiums increased 11%, and this trading business is well-positioned to grow in current market conditions. The original ACE company founded in 1985, Chubb Bermuda specializes in excess or high limits of liability and property protection for some of the 10 largest corporations. Complementing our Major Accounts team, Chubb Bermuda rounds out large global insurance programs for companies in industries such as pharmaceuticals and energy that are exposed to class action litigation-related claims and other legal exposures. A subsidiary of Chubb Bermuda is the political risk specialist firm, Sovereign Risk. Sovereign and sister company Chubb Global Markets in London together make us one of the largest political risk and cross-border trade credit underwriters in the world — a specialized field that was in the spotlight in ’22 given ongoing geopolitical tensions. With about 20% market share and 88 million acres insured, Chubb is the #1 provider of multi-peril crop insurance in America through our Rain and Hail affiliate, founded in 1919. We also have a growing P&C agribusiness that serves the nation’s farming and ranching communities. Together, these operations make up our Agriculture division, which writes $4.4 billion of gross premiums annually. Net premiums were up 21.7% last year and can fluctuate up and down based on commodity prices. Crop insurance is a CAT-like business, vulnerable to weather volatility, and we produced reasonably good financial results in below-average crop conditions. Crop insurance is a public-private partnership with the U.S. government, and we operate a sophisticated, highly automated, data-rich business with skilled professionals, most of whom come from an agricultural background. Chubb Personal Risk Services (PRS) is the #1 insurer to high-net-worth individuals and families in North America. With $6 billion of gross annual premium, Chubb leads this niche category — which we created more than 35 years ago — and today we have an estimated market share of about 60% among the specialist insurers that serve this category. We carefully tailor a collection of underwriting, engineering, appraisal and claims-related services to best handle these discriminating clients’ complex personal risks — from multiple homes, boats and planes to fine art, jewelry and other valuables to personal liability. These exposures are growing for our clients, and so is their demand for insurance, and we are well-positioned to serve them. In return, we’ve earned tremendous loyalty: With more than 90% annual retention by customer and 99% by premium, PRS exemplifies the Chubb brand’s reputation for quality in America. Our focus on the top high-net-worth Signature and Premier clients, who value rich coverage and exceptional service more than price, resulted in net premium growth of 12.5% last year. With rising healthcare costs and financial protection an increasing concern for employers and employees, Combined Insurance is our growing worksite benefits business. The business has two distribution channels that offer supplemental A&H and life voluntary benefits plans. A team of more than 2,200 independent agents focus on small businesses, and they grew annualized sales 16% in 2022, while Chubb Workplace Benefits caters to mid- and large-market employers through brokers and grew annualized new business by “ In the U.S., which represents almost a third of the global insurance market, we are the largest commercial P&C insurer and serve all sizes of companies.” 11 17%. Many of Combined’s agents, by the way, are veterans, and the company was recognized as one of America’s top Military Friendly® Employers by VIQTORY in 2022 for the fifth consecutive year. International Almost 40% of Chubb’s gross premiums last year, or $19.7 billion, originated outside the U.S. Beyond North America, Chubb operates in 51 countries in three major regions of the world: Europe, Asia and Latin America. We have more than 350 branch offices overseas, with Chubb professionals competing locally for business of all kinds. Our international P&C business, Overseas General Insurance, wrote $13.7 billion in gross premiums through multiple commercial and consumer divisions. Our international life insurance business, Chubb Life, with an annualized run rate of $4.9 billion in gross premiums, is Asia-focused and provides protection and savings-oriented coverage for consumers. Last year, international P&C net premiums written grew 11.4% in constant dollars but only 3.2% after foreign exchange translation. With the strongest U.S. dollar in 20 years, the negative impact of FX masked the real strength of this business, which experienced its best growth in a decade. Commercial P&C lines grew 11.8%, and since the beginning of the hard market cycle in 2019, they have grown more than 40%. At the same time, our international consumer P&C business, which experienced slow growth during the pandemic, rebounded well in ’22 with net written premiums growth of 10.8% in constant dollars. Europe is Chubb’s second-largest commercial P&C market after North America and the company’s third- largest region overall, with annual gross premiums of $6.9 billion. Our European Group includes separate retail P&C and E&S wholesale divisions with operations in 27 countries. We have a substantial longstanding presence in the region, which spans from the U.K. across the entire European continent and also includes some parts of the Middle East and South Africa. The retail operation writes $4.9 billion in gross premiums and serves businesses of all types in the U.K. and on the Continent, from multinational corporations to Premium Growth by Geography North America Asia Latin America Europe Total for All Regions Percentage change in P&C net premiums written in 2022 versus 2021 in constant dollars Overall growth Commercial businesses Consumer businesses 16.8% 16.9% 16.8% 15.2% 13.3% 11.5% 10.8% 10% 6.5% 9.9% 7.8% 11.0% 10.3% 8.4% Data excludes net premiums written from the Life segment 1.4% 12 medium-size and small companies. In ’22, the retail commercial P&C business had another excellent year. Capitalizing on the hard market by providing a consistent and visible presence with a steady source of capacity at a time when other insurers were less willing to take risk, Chubb emerged as a major and trusted brand- name insurer of large domestic and multinational European corporations. Today, we insure more than 90% of the companies in the CAC 40 in France and write five or more lines of business with almost 70% of the companies in the FTSE 100 in the U.K. Earning the trust of these clients and winning business from entrenched local competitors takes time and commitment — another example of our strategic patience. Over the past three years, Chubb in Europe has grown more than 40% in constant dollars as we expanded our appetite and delivery in all key markets on the continent, including France, Germany and Spain, as well as across the U.K. On the consumer side, the division includes an A&H business that is a leader in employer-paid group personal and travel accident insurance for employees. In the U.K. and Continental Europe, we are the leading cellphone insurer for the customers of mobile network operators, and we also have a market-leading position in the U.K. high-net-worth personal lines segment. Our international E&S business, known as Chubb Global Markets (CGM), operates in the London wholesale market and Lloyd’s and writes $2 billion in gross premiums annually. From marine cargo and ships to airlines and oil rigs, from political risk to property around the world, CGM is a recognized leader in the market. Net premiums grew 8.3% last year. We shrunk CGM’s premiums to a low point of about $600 million in 2017 at a time when we were simply not being paid enough to generate a proper risk- adjusted return. Since then, the business has more than doubled in size. In Latin America, we have major operations in nine countries and insure commercial customers of all sizes as well as consumers through A&H and personal lines, in sum producing $2.9 billion in gross premiums annually. After experiencing a considerable slowdown during the pandemic, Latin America resumed growing. Today, it is a very healthy business for Chubb and is, in fact, our most digitally advanced region. Our partnerships with innovative digital enterprises such as Nubank and Uber complement our strong traditional business presence in countries such as Mexico, where we are the #3 auto insurer with nearly 2 million insured vehicles, and in Brazil and Chile, the latter anchored by our long-term relationship with Banco de Chile, the nation’s largest bank. The region returned to double-digit growth in ’22 with net premiums up 16.8% in constant dollars. The commercial team saw a steady increase in rates, with strong customer retention and new business in major P&C client segments, producing double-digit growth. On the consumer side, premiums also had double-digit growth, driven by our distribution partnerships through leading banks, retailers and digital platforms. “ Almost 40% of Chubb’s gross premiums last year, or $19.7 billion, originated outside the U.S.” 13 Chubb has had a large and growing presence in Asia for many years with both non-life and life operations. As I mentioned in the beginning, two strategic acquisitions in 2022 elevated the position of Asia for our company, making it the second largest region after North America. In July, we completed the acquisition of Cigna’s A&H and life insurance business in six countries across Asia-Pacific. In November, we received regulatory approval to increase our ownership stake in Huatai Insurance Group in China to 83.2%. With a current annualized run rate of $9.8 billion in gross premiums, our insurance operations in Asia have more than 200 offices in 15 countries and territories, serving both commercial and consumer customers with P&C, A&H, personal lines and life through dozens of major brokers and hundreds of thousands of agents. Very few insurers have anything comparable. The region is well balanced between non-life and life, with a greater concentration in insurance revenue for consumers than commercial customers. In 2022, Asia generated P&C net premium growth of 13.3% in constant dollars, with both commercial and consumer lines equally contributing. Commercial business benefited from favorable underwriting conditions, particularly in Australia, whereas consumer P&C growth was driven principally from activity in our large direct marketing business and our travel insurance business, where growth has picked up substantially. As China has reopened from its strict pandemic controls, this will further stimulate growth in the region; think trade, which benefits commercial lines and business travel, and think tourist travel, as millions of Chinese begin to travel again. The Cigna life company operations, an outstanding franchise, writes predominantly A&H business and provides both an immediate boost to revenue and earnings and adds to a substantial foundation for future growth in the region. Korea — now Chubb’s second-largest country with nearly $3 billion of annualized premium — features a well-established, highly respected and extremely well-managed life company as the centerpiece, and a significant, well-run, non-life company presence. In Korea, we have a unified vision around marketing life and non- life products, centered on our massive telemarketing and consumer database capabilities, emerging digital tools, and continuous product innovation. We also have a network of thousands of agents and brokers. Our unified life/non-life vision in Korea will serve as a model for other countries in the region. We are on track with the integration of the Cigna operations into Chubb and expect to deliver all of the value-creation benefits we previously communicated, including revenue and expense synergies, EPS and ROE accretion, and an IRR of about 20%. As for Huatai, our increased ownership makes Chubb the first foreign financial institution to majority-own a Chinese financial services holding company, with separate P&C, life and asset management/mutual fund subsidiaries. Chubb and Huatai employees have worked as colleagues for 20 years and know each other well. We have the vision and plans to significantly grow and improve Huatai’s capability and profitability over time — we are looking at five to seven years and beyond — transforming it into a much larger, high-performing Chinese company with Chubb characteristics. To be clear, Huatai is not about short-term financial returns. We bought an incredibly rare asset with a valuable set of licenses and more than 700 branches in 28 provinces. Given the size of the Chinese economy and the country’s aging population, growing middle class and limited government safety net, Huatai represents an attractive long-term opportunity, though the risks of doing business in China are unquestionably high, including the geopolitical, in particular, the U.S.-China relationship. Our growing Asia presence is an important component of our company’s long-term future. With a young and industrious population renowned for its work ethic, and its family- and savings- oriented culture, Asia is the region of the world likely to generate the most economic growth and wealth creation in coming decades, and we are positioned to capitalize. Today, the region accounts for more than 40% of global economic output, but only 26% of the world 14 insurance market: China alone is the second-largest life insurance market in the world after the United States. So, the medium- and long-term opportunity is promising. Two sides of the digital coin: company transformation and digitally native business unit Chubb has been on a journey, reimagining our future and how we will remain vital and relevant in a digital age. This is central to both our short- and long- term strategies. We think of our digital mission as two sides of the same coin that will converge over time. On one side are our vision and the ongoing efforts to transform our businesses in a targeted way, which means everything we do in our company. On the other side is the progress we’re making in growing our digitally native business unit, which is about generating revenue and income. We have a plan to transform our traditional flow businesses to operate as fully digital businesses. Mostly serving consumers and small commercial entities, flow businesses are well suited for total automation and other efficiencies, and they currently represent the majority of the company’s total premium. Transformation includes how we organize, who works with whom, the skill sets we employ, how we do business, the use of data and analytics, technology and our tech organization. The timeline for this endeavor is four to five years and we’re making good progress. We have established and staffed a transformation office to lead, guide and help each division make the flip to a digital way of doing business. In our vision, our future workforce will consist of fewer but more highly skilled employees who will market, sell, underwrite and service in a customer- centric way, supported in everything by data, technology and automation. It’s all about how we do our business, our speed of change, improved insights and flexibility to adapt. In our vision, transformation will ultimately result in premium growth with little marginal cost, superior risk selection and pricing, increased speed to change across all of our functions, and radical automation, which we define as straight-through processing of 75% or more of all major processes. Our efforts to date have achieved significant efficiencies with run-rate savings projected to exceed $420 million by the end of 2023. Turning to the other side, our digital business unit is expanding quickly in terms of revenue, products and capabilities, with nearly 200 leading digitally native platforms and financial institutions, particularly in Asia and Latin America. This business has 20 million digital policies in force and access to more than 375 million customers. If you think about what I just described about our operation in Korea and imagine these digital capabilities there, you understand why we are excited about the future. In 2022 we produced about $500 million in gross premiums through digital platforms, and in 2023 we should achieve close to $750 million with an underwriting profit. “ Our increased ownership in Huatai makes Chubb the first foreign financial institution to majority-own a Chinese financial services holding company.” 15 The risk environment: staying on top of rising loss costs Returning briefly to the current risk environment, generally speaking, loss costs rise every year. If pricing doesn’t rise at the same rate, all things being equal, loss ratios rise. Insurers’ underwriting margins have increased over the past few years, but, as I mentioned earlier, loss costs have been rising as well. We face a risk environment that is more threatening and challenging to navigate. While numerous risks are driving a rise in loss costs, three stand out: 1) CPI inflation-driven expenses such as auto repairs, building supplies and labor, which are driving property or physical asset costs; 2) social-, medical- and litigation-related expenses, which are driving liability costs; and 3) climate- driven costs from natural perils such as hurricanes, flooding and wildfires. When inflation is accelerating, the lag time and accuracy of loss-cost data become critically important to an insurer — much more so than in periods of low inflation. Last year, we enhanced our ability to collect and assess loss-cost data more quickly and accurately so that we could react rapidly and frequently. This enabled us to be more insightful in the pricing and reserving of our short- and long-tail lines, and endeavor to stay on top of inflation. In 2022, the vast majority of our portfolio achieved favorable risk-adjusted returns, and we charged additional rate primarily to keep pace with rising loss costs. Heightened loss-cost inflation — which, given the nature of the drivers, is likely to ameliorate in ’23 for short-tail property lines as general inflation begins to abate — will remain an industry challenge for long-tail casualty lines. Elevated loss trends are showing up in everything from auto accidents to securities class action suits, from medical malpractice and professional liability claims to sexual abuse-related reviver statutes. While the insurance market is reasonably disciplined at the moment, casualty rates in most classes will need to rise at an accelerated rate or else the industry will fail to keep pace. A major contributor to frequency and severity of loss in casualty lines is litigation as a business, driven by an aggressive trial bar and turbocharged by litigation funding, a multibillion- dollar global investment class that allows investors who have suffered no harm to pay litigation costs on behalf of the plaintiff in exchange for a cut of a favorable settlement. Set against a backdrop of societal attitudes around social justice, anti-corporate sentiment and juries sympathetic to “victims,” plaintiff attorneys drive up litigation- related costs by testing exaggerated theories of liability and corporate responsibility. The costs and compensation in the U.S. tort system amounted to $443 billion in 2020, equivalent to 2.1% of U.S. GDP, or $3,621 per American household, according to a recent survey by the Institute for Legal Reform. These levels are the highest since at least 2016 and have outpaced the growth in inflation and GDP over the same period. Only 53 cents of every dollar reach claimants, while the rest goes to litigation costs and other expenses — including the cut for the litigation funders. The insurance industry actively supports reform efforts, but this isn’t simply our fight, and insurers are not the most effective advocates for reform. Excessive litigation is a tax on the Premium Distribution by Product 2022 net premiums written Global Reinsurance 2% Agriculture 7% Global A&H and Life 16% Personal Lines 18% 16 Large Corporate Commercial P&C 20% Middle Market/ Small Commercial P&C 25% Wholesale Specialty Commercial P&C 12% economy and business, and the business community as a whole must take the lead if we are to bring this back to a more rational place. Innovation and progress are impacted by an excessively litigious society, which in turn impacts economic growth. Supporting the transition to a net-zero future As an insurer, our business is to provide protection to our insureds, which includes supporting their resilience against the threat of a changing climate. We have an objective to help society make an orderly transition to a net-zero economy in a responsible way that does not sacrifice our energy security needs. Through our underwriting actions, we can support and encourage businesses to adopt best practices to achieve these goals. We are serious about being a leader in sustainability and continue to demonstrate our commitment with realistic, tangible actions rather than make hollow net-zero pledges that are, in my judgment, little more than greenwashing. We appointed an expert in environmental and global climate issues as global climate officer to lead our climate- related strategies, including business and public policy initiatives. In January 2023, we launched a new climate- focused division, Chubb Climate+, that brings together our extensive technical capabilities in underwriting and risk engineering to support businesses engaged in developing or employing new technologies and processes to reduce dependence on carbon. The business presents opportunities to expand our underwriting in carbon capture, hydrogen, electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, and industrial battery storage systems that allow clean energy producers (e.g., wind and solar) to store energy for efficient distribution. Chubb is already a leading provider of many of these products and services, and in 2022 wrote more than $675 million in premium revenue related to businesses engaged in carbon reduction. A recently announced major effort is the development and introduction of another industry first: carbon-reduction and sustainability-based underwriting criteria to assess oil and gas extraction projects that encourage our clients to limit carbon emissions, or we won’t take their risk. We are specifically focused on the capture or reduction of methane, a byproduct of oil and gas production that can be effectively managed through the adoption of controls and technologies to eliminate routine venting and flaring. This is a first step, and our underwriting standards will continue to evolve over time as we examine more areas. We are also focused on limiting underwriting of oil and gas extraction in globally recognized conservation areas. These efforts go far beyond our existing self- imposed underwriting and investing limits on coal and tar sands. The Chubb Charitable Foundation continues to demonstrate our philanthropic support of a net- zero economy through a range of environmental causes. In 2022, the Foundation approved a grant to The Conservation Fund (TCF) to grow the Chubb Land Legacy Revolving Fund. With this additional funding, TCF can protect “ We have an objective to help society make an orderly transition to a net-zero economy in a responsible way that does not sacrifice our energy security needs.” 17 more acres of biosensitive lands across the U.S. that are important to wildlife and support resilience and restoration projects that aid in the recovery of damaged ecosystems. Trade contributes to America’s economic strength Earlier, I touched on America’s efforts to strengthen its national competitiveness. International trade has become politically unpopular in the United States. Calls for protectionism generally, and decoupling from China specifically, have grown louder on the left and the right of the political spectrum. Opening markets, including our own, is equated with others taking advantage of America, with offshoring, hollowing out America’s manufacturing sector, job losses, and favoring wealth concentration above labor interests. This trend stands in tension with America’s tradition of leading the world in pushing forward a vision of a rules- based, market-oriented trading system. Since World War II, America’s persistent efforts to open markets in exchange for access to our own has contributed to a period of unprecedented American power and influence on the world stage. These efforts were guided by a recognition that roughly three-quarters of world purchasing power and more than 95% of world consumers are outside our borders. Our trade policy also was informed by an awareness that others were drawn to the United States in large part by the economic opportunities partnership provided. Trade policy should be viewed as a significant feature of our foreign policy. America’s national power rests on the foundation of a strong economy. Trade contributes to our economic strength, which enables the country to invest in basic science, national infrastructure, military advancements, and social safety net programs. International trade also enables American companies to build scale, which makes them more globally competitive. America’s continued global leadership demands increased investments in these building blocks of national competitiveness. However, when it comes to trade, the United States is moving in the opposite direction. Washington is not advancing negotiations for new agreements and is not enforcing existing ones. Global trade flows are reordering. China overtook the United States as the European Union’s largest trading partner in 2020 and trade volume between the two has grown since. A similar story applies to China’s trade ties with Africa, India and Southeast Asia. Nearly two- thirds of all countries now trade more with China than the U.S., making China the world’s largest trading power. In Asia, two regional agreements, the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans- Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), have come into force without United States involvement. We should bind the world’s fastest-growing region more closely to our economy by joining the CPTPP. Doing so would lower American consumer prices and allow Southeast Asia to hedge against overreliance on China for its future economic growth. As our country adapts to shifting trade patterns and reduces reliance on China for the manufacture of key inputs, it needs to regain its voice in pushing for high-standard trade agreements. The most recent trade agreement ratified by Congress, the United States-Mexico- Canada Agreement (USMCA), contains provisions on market access, services, investment and intellectual property protections, subsidies and dispute settlement provisions. This should be the benchmark for future trade agreements. In our efforts to maintain global competitiveness, the United States has passed legislation to invest in specific sectors, such as through the Inflation Reduction Act, the CHIPS and Science Act, and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. These laws, which combine industrial policy and protectionism to benefit specific sectors and companies, privilege American companies and foreign corporations that move to our country. Our economic history shows that such efforts have failed more often than they have succeeded. Such state-led intervention betrays a lack of confidence in our market-based economic model to direct private capital where it can most effectively support innovation. 18 “ America’s national power rests on the foundation of a strong economy. Trade contributes to our economic strength.” Take, for example, the CHIPS Act. The primary impediment to the growth of our domestic semiconductor sector is not access to capital. Allocating subsidies and benefits to spur construction of new semiconductor fabrication plants without also addressing the shortage of skilled labor in this sector, and regulation at every level that adds time and cost of construction, misdiagnoses root problems and will likely generate much waste and inefficiency. Similarly, protectionist requirements embedded in the Inflation Reduction Act already are damaging relationships with close allies in Europe and Asia who object to having their firms and countries disadvantaged by this legislation. Paradoxically, as the United States has implemented new industrial policy and protectionist measures, we are encouraging a “friend-shoring” agenda, i.e., shifting supply chains to countries that are not hostile to American interests or values. These efforts are designed to ensure predictable and resilient supply chains. In the face of growing hostility with China, there is a sound logic for the U.S. to strengthen supply chain resiliency in designated critical sectors. If such efforts are used as a vehicle to advance a protectionist policy agenda, the danger is that the costs in degradation of national competitiveness outweigh potential gains. The U.S.-China relationship In my judgment, China’s policy direction is damaging its own interests by overplaying the role of the state in the economy. The costs can be measured in declining GDP growth rates, diminishing returns on capital, lower rates of productivity, thin capital markets, overreliance on the property sector for growth, and unprecedented levels of debt. China’s economic policy trajectory reflects Chinese leaders’ suspicion of market forces and their drive for Party control. Beijing has shown a preference for statist economic policies that allow them to direct the flow of capital and talent to state-owned enterprises and priority industrial sectors. The jury is out on the long-term effectiveness of China’s state-guided economic policies. From a historical perspective, no country has delivered sustained growth for long by replacing the judgment of markets with that of the state, as China increasingly is doing. In these matters of economic policy, credibility is easy to lose and hard to recover. Soothing words will not restore private sector foreign and domestic business confidence and encourage investment. Only sustained, predictable, market-oriented performance will. China’s economy will rebound in 2023, but likely not to a pre-COVID growth trajectory. Foreign and domestic capital will be cautious. China’s state-backed plans to dominate the commanding heights of technological innovation, 19 combined with its aggressive efforts to appropriate foreign intellectual property by whatever means necessary, are generating backlash from other advanced economies. China’s large- scale military advances are sharpening international focus on the country as a strategic challenger. In the U.S.-China context, rivalry and mutual perception of threat are growing, creating a dynamic that is feeding upon itself. This trend is undermining arguments for strategic patience and managing competition with an eye toward long-term national interests. Even with these myriad challenges, China will remain a central feature of the global financial picture for decades to come. The country is the world’s second-largest economy, its largest manufacturer, and largest trader. Notwithstanding talk about U.S.-China decoupling, the two countries set a record for bilateral trade volume in 2022, with goods trade reaching $680.7 billion. Taiwan presents the most proximate risk of conflict for the U.S.-China relationship. Beijing has made its ambition clear that it wants to pull Taiwan into its orbit and, increasingly, is matching resources to its ambitions. Washington is improving coordination with allies to collectively deter China from using force, while at the same time supporting Taiwan’s efforts to improve its self-defense. We should, however, tone down rhetoric and symbolism around Taiwan. Supporting Taiwan as a demonstration of opposition to China does not improve America’s national security; it just raises China’s insecurity and feeds its impulses to overreact to Taiwan-related events. American policy decisions on Taiwan should be measured by clarity of objective — preserving peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait. China is not 10 feet tall and will not rise on a linear trajectory. The country poses a challenge to America’s global leadership, but it is not predestined to emerge as an enemy or a winner. The United States maintains fundamental advantages over China, including its global network of alliances and partnerships, benign borders, a rule-of- law system, a market-based economy, a culture of innovation, abundant natural resources, and a tradition of attracting the best and brightest. These assets should afford our leaders greater confidence in our model and capacity to deal with challenges posed by China. There will be policy focus in Washington in the coming year on shoring up vulnerabilities against China, including by limiting China’s access to technologies or capital that could be used to target the United States or its partners. This will generate greater scrutiny of U.S. technology transfers to China and of Chinese investments in the United States. It may also take form in an outbound investment screening mechanism. The more that America crafts trade and investment restrictions on China that are narrowly tailored and capable of attracting support from allies and partners, the more impactful they will be. More important than the tactics, though, is clarity on the purpose of American strategy. China will continue to run its own race as it seeks to outperform the United States. America will need to run its race better to sustain its lead over China. Any efforts to contain China or seek to compel the collapse of the Chinese Communist Party would be self- isolating; there is not enthusiasm in other countries for joining such a coalition. At the same time, the United States must vigorously defend its economic and security interests. Ultimately, the U.S. and China will have to establish terms of coexistence. Rivalry will be a feature, but not the only defining feature. Both countries also will be compelled by self-interest to trade and to coordinate on global threats, such as climate change and public health. Responsible leadership of major power relations demands nothing less. This means active engagement led by the presidents of each country is required. In the first instance, our leaders must meet and set an agenda that lays the groundwork for stability, conflict avoidance and a framework to begin managing our differences. A high-performance organization with a strong work ethic Chubb is a growing business, and we need the right people to grow with us. We aren’t for everyone, and our culture ensures a certain self-selection. We are a high-performance organization with a strong work ethic. People who do well here are principled, ambitious and set high expectations and standards for themselves — they want to be part of 20 sheet, world-class service quality reputation and sterling brand. Our product and distribution capabilities are well integrated with a disciplined, execution-oriented culture. With a presence in all important areas of the world, and clarity of strategy and opportunity, our sights are set on significant long-term revenue growth and earning power. We are confident that our best days are in front of us, and that we will outperform and deliver exceptional value to you, our shareholders, long into the future. On behalf of the entire organization, thank you for your investment and trust in us. Sincerely, Evan G. Greenberg Chairman and Chief Executive Officer something bigger than themselves. We’re a place where people have confidence and pride in their work and practice their craft at a high level of excellence — from underwriting, claims and actuarial to finance, analytical sciences, and software and risk engineering, to name a few. These are the kinds of people we are attracting, grooming and retaining, and we want more of them. At the same time, we strive to achieve a true meritocracy and an inclusive culture that provides opportunity for all, regardless of gender or race. All must feel comfortable and energized to do their best, contribute, and be recognized and rewarded. While we have made tangible progress, we have more work to do to create a truly level playing field and an organization that is blind to anything but talent, capability, the right kind of attitude and individual results — after all, it’s iterative and takes time. Chubb is a top quartile company in terms of business performance, and we strive to be a top quartile company in gender and racial diversity. A lot has been written of late about the workplace of the future and what employees now seek in terms of their work-life balance in a post-pandemic world. While we operate in most places with a minimum hybrid 3/2 workweek schedule that provides flexibility, we are fundamentally a work-from-office company — not for all positions, but most colleagues are in the office or on the road four to five days per week. People who are committed to that reality with the requisite drive and ambition belong here; people who are not probably don’t. Companies that compete for talent by simply offering an easier life, full-time work from home, a smaller workload, and more money are hardly on a path to long- term success. Last year, my colleagues once again demonstrated why they are the best in the business. I have many to thank for another year of record growth and accomplishment, beginning with my fellow employees and strong senior management team. I’m surrounded by dedicated, engaged and supportive professionals — amazing people who care so much about our company and their customers. We are a company of builders who want to win. Without their individual and collective sacrifice, our achievements, and the mission we are on to constantly push the boundaries as we create a great and enduring company, simply would not be possible. I also want to thank Chubb’s active and supportive Board of Directors, whose commitment and counsel have been essential to our company’s success. A special thank you goes to Mary Cirillo, a longtime director who is retiring in ’23 after 17 years of stellar service to the company, and to Luis Téllez, who joined the Board in ’21 and has decided not to stand for re-election. Chubb is a compelling long-term shareholder value creation story. We are a leader in our industry and have a unique, well-diversified portfolio of outstanding businesses with substantial capabilities, including global presence and scale, backed by a strong balance 21 A Global Leader in Property and Casualty Insurance A local presence in 54 countries and territories around the world Chubb has operations in the countries and territories listed here and can help clients manage their risks anywhere in the world. Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bermuda Brazil Canada Chile China Colombia Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Gibraltar Japan Korea Pakistan Panama Macau SAR Peru Hong Kong SAR Malaysia Philippines Hungary Mexico Indonesia Myanmar Poland Portugal Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Ireland Italy Netherlands Puerto Rico Taiwan New Zealand Russia Thailand Norway Tunisia Turkey United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Vietnam 22 Chubb Senior Operating Leaders Bryce Johns Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; President, Chubb Life John Keogh President and Chief Operating Officer, Chubb Group John Lupica Vice Chairman, Chubb Group; President, North America Insurance Juan Luis Ortega Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; President, Overseas General Insurance Chubb’s senior operating leadership includes the company’s President and Chief Operating Officer and the presidents of the North America, Overseas General and Chubb Life insurance operations. 23 Chubb Corporate and Global Functional Leaders Timothy Boroughs Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Investment Officer Rainer Kirchgaessner Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Corporate Development Officer Julie Dillman Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Senior Executive, Operations and Technology, and Digital Transformation Officer Peter Enns Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Financial Officer Joseph Wayland Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; General Counsel 24 Timothy Boroughs Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Investment Officer Joseph Wayland Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; General Counsel Sean Ringsted Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Risk Officer and Chief Digital Business Officer Jo Ann Rabitz Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Human Resources Officer Michael W. Smith Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Claims Officer 25 North America Insurance Chubb’s insurance businesses in North America serve clients ranging from the largest multinationals, middle-market companies and small businesses to successful individuals and families, and the agriculture community. “Chubb’s North America businesses delivered excellent results for the year,” said John Lupica, Vice Chairman, Chubb Group and President, North America Insurance. “We generated strong growth in our retail and wholesale commercial P&C businesses, which benefited from continued favorable market conditions across property and casualty lines, and in our personal lines business. Our results in North America are the outcome of our continuing work to build this franchise, the investments we make in people and technology, our unyielding focus on execution, and the quality, value and consistency we deliver to clients, agents and brokers.” “Chubb produced world-class results, outperforming our peers in a risk environment characterized by elevated natural catastrophes, economic inflation, continued growth in social inflation, war in Europe, higher energy costs and supply chain disruptions affecting people and businesses in the U.S. and globally,” said John Keogh, President and Chief Operating Officer of Chubb Group, referring to both the company’s North America and international operations. During the year, Chubb continued to distinguish itself through the quality of its claims service. Those capabilities were on full display as we helped clients prepare for and recover from the impact of Hurricane Ian. Some 13,000 calls were handled by the team, with each one answered by a live person in less than six seconds. “We are at our best when we are helping our customers,” said Lupica. “Every day, our team responds quickly and compassionately to natural catastrophes and other claim-driven events for consumer and commercial clients.” Total net premiums written for the company’s North America P&C insurance businesses were $26.1 billion, up 9.7% from 2021. Underwriting income was $3.7 billion, leading to a combined ratio of 85.4%. North America Commercial P&C Insurance Chubb is the largest commercial lines insurer in the U.S., offering a full range of traditional and specialty products for businesses of all sizes. Net premiums written for North America Commercial P&C Insurance increased 9.0% from 2021. The combined ratio for the segment was 83.3%, exceptional performance given the elevated level of natural catastrophes. Underwriting income was $2.9 billion, and segment income was $5.1 billion. Major Accounts, Chubb’s P&C business unit that serves large corporations, is recognized for the breadth and depth of its product and service offerings, technical underwriting expertise, Key Financial Results Dollars in millions Total North America P&C Insurance 2022 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Combined ratio Current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses $33,343 $26,109 85.4% 82.2% North America Commercial P&C Insurance 2022 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Combined ratio Current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses Segment income $22,865 $17,889 83.3% 81.1% $5,083 North America Personal P&C Insurance 2022 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Combined ratio Current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses Segment income North America Agricultural Insurance 2022 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Combined ratio Current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses Segment income $6,066 $5,313 87.5% 78.9% $915 $4,412 $2,907 94.2% 94.4% $174 26 Chubb’s North America Insurance Business Units Major Accounts Commercial P&C insurance products for the large corporate market sold by retail brokers Commercial Insurance Personal Risk Services Commercial P&C insurance products for middle-market and small businesses sold by independent agents and retail brokers Personal lines coverage, including home, auto, valuables, umbrella and recreational marine insurance, for successful individuals and families sold by independent agents and brokers Westchester Commercial P&C excess and surplus lines sold through wholesale brokers Chubb Bermuda Excess liability, financial lines, property and political risk coverages sold by large international brokers Agriculture Crop insurance from Rain and Hail and farm and other P&C coverages sold by agents and brokers superior customer service, and global web-based application built to service complex, bespoke insurance programs in many countries around the world. It’s a high-touch business where Chubb, with its strong client- and broker-centric culture, has developed long-term, enduring relationships. One indicator of the range of Chubb’s business: about 98% of the Fortune 1000 companies have at least one policy with Chubb. In 2022, the division generated $1.3 billion of new business and renewal retention was 102%. Major Accounts’ annual Client Advisory Board Meetings continued to serve as a forum for Chubb to hear important feedback from clients and share the company’s perspective on top issues. Themes in 2022 included inflation, loss cost trends, supply chain disruption, cyber and natural catastrophe risks. “When we talk to our clients, these issues are top of mind,” said Lupica. “We value hearing the experiences they share with us at these events, which, in turn, gives us an opportunity to discuss the risk environment as well as the solutions we offer as a stable and reliable partner.” The company’s Westchester division, which specializes in hard-to-place casualty, property and specialty lines for middle market and small businesses, produced record new business, which contributed to its third consecutive year of double-digit growth in net premiums written. In 2022, Westchester was able to expand its writings in a favorable market for the vast majority of its products within its brokerage, programs and digitally focused small business divisions. 27 North American Business Unit Leaders Matthew Merna Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Major Accounts Ana Robic Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Personal Risk Services Christopher A. Maleno Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Field Operations 28 Chubb Bermuda, which provides high excess casualty and property capacity as well as financial lines and political risk products, posted its fourth consecutive year of double-digit growth as well as record premium revenue, topping its 2021 record. Chubb Bermuda operates with a high severity/low frequency business model and offers broad coverage and sizable capacity to clients and brokers around the world. The business has developed deep client relationships over the nearly four decades since it was founded in 1985. “Chubb Bermuda exemplifies the company’s underwriting discipline, strategic patience and ability to move quickly to seize opportunity in a shifting market,” said Lupica. “When the market began to turn in 2019, and rates reached a level of adequacy for the size of capacity we are able to offer, the team was ready. Chubb Bermuda continues to demonstrate its relevance to our partners in all four lines.” Together, Major Accounts and Specialty insurance in North America produced $10.8 billion in net premiums written in 2022. Commercial Insurance is Chubb’s division that provides P&C coverage to medium and small-sized companies with revenues up to $1 billion. In 2022, net premiums written in the division grew 8.0% to $7.1 billion, a record. Underwriting income for the division was also a record in 2022. Growth was driven by the strong performance of the core property and casualty lines, as well as the cross-selling of specialty coverages, including financial lines, which includes the company’s cyber insurance offering. In the middle-market segment, Chubb’s core package product is complemented by the industry’s largest offering of standard and specialty coverages, including auto, workers compensation, marine, cyber, environmental, multinational, directors and officers (D&O), errors and omissions (E&O), and A&H coverages. Commercial Insurance is distinguished by its more than 25 industry practices, each handled by teams of experienced underwriting, claims and risk engineering professionals who understand the particular exposures of that industry. The industry practice model ensures that Chubb addresses the needs of clients as thoroughly as possible by cultivating talent with deep expertise in coverage solutions for specific industries. To focus even greater attention on the products, coverages and services specific to key industries, Chubb in 2022 appointed dedicated leadership to oversee the company’s industry practices. In 2022, Chubb focused on expanding its business with companies in the lower middle market, which represents a significant growth opportunity for the company. Initiatives to introduce products and services targeted to this underserved segment include Benchmarq, a package product that offers a broader range of coverages while offering agents and brokers a scalable solution, faster quoting and a streamlined product design. Chubb continued its progress in expanding its agency footprint and enhancing service for distribution partners. New relationships with more than 1,100 independent agents, serving both commercial and consumer customers, were established during the year. In 2022, Chubb rolled out an enhanced portal for agents and brokers that features a streamlined, personalized dashboard, and enables distribution partners to do business with Chubb securely and more easily. For example, agents can view their entire book of business and access policies digitally in one place. The portal, which also supports personal lines, enables users to easily toggle between their dashboards for commercial and consumer clients. Chubb continues to invest in other technologies that make it easier for distribution partners to work with the company across its commercial P&C businesses. Worldview® is a web-based application that provides U.S. and multinational clients and their brokers instant access to Chubb to collaborate, research, analyze and manage risk for their clients anywhere in the world. For agents and brokers serving small and lower middle market businesses, Chubb MarketplaceSM streamlines quoting, issuing and servicing. Today, Marketplace is deployed to nearly 59,000 users at approximately 7,900 agencies. 29 Chubb’s commercial P&C clients also benefit from the company’s in-house network of more than 400 risk engineers who help businesses identify, anticipate and reduce risks. In 2022, the equipment breakdown and property casualty risk engineers completed about 36,000 client engagements. The Chubb Risk Engineering Center, a 14,000-square-foot facility in New Jersey, is a showcase for the breadth of solutions for which the company’s risk engineers can design customized programs and services. The center is the only place in the world where property, casualty, worker safety, equipment breakdown and Internet of Things (IoT) training are all offered under the same roof. In 2022, more than 7,000 clients, agents, brokers and colleagues received technical training in person or streamed globally from the state-of-the-art facility. “Our risk engineering center provides valuable education for our customers across different industries all over the globe,” said Lupica. “We want to promote safety and help our insureds prevent claims. The center is an essential tool for doing just that.” To meet the needs of small businesses, Chubb continued to invest in digital technology to deliver an industry-leading customer experience and enhance risk selection through the application of data and analytics. Today, the company is using proprietary systems that convert and fuse together structured and unstructured data from Chubb, third parties and web scraping. This benefits agents, who can get faster and more accurate quotes with minimal data entry and less underwriting intervention. The insights gained from these tools enable Chubb to make more proactive and relevant up-sell offers. Another significant commercial P&C initiative was the launch of Chubb Climate+, a new global climate business unit that draws on Chubb’s extensive technical capabilities in underwriting and risk engineering and brings together existing units engaged in traditional, alternative and renewable energy, climate tech, agribusiness and risk engineering services. Chubb Climate+ will provide a full spectrum of insurance products and services to businesses engaged in developing or employing new technologies and processes that help reduce the dependence on carbon. It will also provide risk management and resiliency services to help those managing the impact of climate change. Together, these businesses generated more than $675 million in premium revenue globally for Chubb in 2022. In North America, Chubb Climate+ will serve business from national and multinational corporations to middle market and small businesses. “With our global capabilities and presence, dedicated underwriters and risk engineers, Chubb can scale to meet our customers’ needs, however complex,” said Keogh. “In the coming months, we expect to introduce additional capabilities that will support our customers across all industries as they seek to become more carbon neutral and resilient from the threat of a changing climate.” “ Chubb’s results are a credit to our culture, the commitment and dedication of our people, our strong relationships with distribution partners, and the work we have done together to build an organization that can deliver for clients, agents and brokers.” — John Lupica 30 North American Business Unit Leaders Scott Meyer Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Westchester Scott Arnold Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Chubb Agriculture; President, Rain and Hail Judy Gonsalves Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Chubb Bermuda Benjamin Rockwell Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Middle Market 31 North America Agricultural Insurance Chubb’s Rain and Hail subsidiary is the leading crop insurer in North America. The business serves approximately 120,000 farmers, insuring approximately 120 different crops on 88 million acres. Chubb’s North America agriculture segment includes Chubb Agribusiness, which is focused on P&C offerings that provide commercial insurance coverages for manufacturers, processors and distributors in the agriculture sector. Chubb also offers property insurance for farms and ranches, including hobby farms, complex corporate farms and equine services. For the year, the segment produced a combined ratio of 94.2%. Segment income was $174 million. Net premiums written were $2.9 billion, up 21.7% from prior year. Crop insurance is a public-private partnership that operates with a proven model. The federal government sets the rate, terms and conditions. Market participants like Chubb compete based on service, technology, risk selection and claims handling. It’s a playing field where Rain and Hail brings strengths, including experienced underwriters, unmatched data, a significant branch network and strong agency relationships. In 2022, Rain and Hail built on its market leadership by covering approximately 8 million new acres. Across the U.S., many areas experienced average-to- excellent growing conditions while some corn belt states were impacted by a late season drought, contributing to a record number of claims handled by Rain and Hail. “Chubb’s agriculture team has a long and proud history with American farmers. Last year, we processed 165,000 claims, driven largely by western U.S. drought and Hurricane Ian. It was critical that we were able to offer a level of service that allowed farmers to continue delivering a safe, stable food supply,” said Lupica. “We are honored to be a recognized leader in the agriculture space and, in 2022, we were rated the number one insurer in technology by major agriculture clients for the seventh consecutive year.” North America Personal P&C Insurance Chubb is the leading provider of personal lines insurance for successful individuals and families in the U.S. and Canada. Chubb Personal Risk Services (PRS) is known for its broad product offering, superior claims and risk consulting services, and access to Chubb’s extensive branch network in the U.S. and Canada. Chubb clients also benefit from the company’s global presence, which offers protection for their assets around the world. Net premiums written for the North America Personal P&C Insurance segment were $5.3 billion, up 6.2% from prior year. The combined ratio was 87.5%. Segment income was $915 million. “PRS delivered strong growth in 2022,” said Lupica. “We focused on our target Premier and Signature customer “ Chubb produced world-class results, outperforming our peers in a risk environment characterized by elevated natural catastrophes, economic inflation, continued growth in social inflation, war in Europe, higher energy costs and supply chain disruptions affecting people and businesses in the U.S. and globally.” — John Keogh 32 “ Chubb’s agriculture team has a long and proud history with American farmers. Last year, we processed 165,000 claims, driven largely by western U.S. drought and Hurricane Ian. It was critical that we were able to offer a level of service that allowed farmers to continue delivering a safe, stable food supply.” — John Lupica segments, which both produced double- digit growth in premiums. We generated more than $410 million of new business and closely managed our risk exposures while delivering the high levels of claims service that distinguish this business.” Since it pioneered insurance coverage tailored for this discerning client segment, Chubb has continued to innovate, offering capabilities such as assisting customers who have second homes that suffer damage from hurricane-force winds and monitoring and protection for homes threatened by wildfire. To help clients prevent or mitigate damage from burst pipes, broken hoses and other internal water leaks, Chubb offers clients solutions including water shutoff devices and Internet of Things sensors. In 2022, Chubb risk consultants conducted more than 36,000 risk consulting visits. Service offerings introduced in 2022 include MyHome Survey, an option that allows select clients to assist in the home inspection process by completing a self- guided assessment of their home entirely from a mobile device. The Replacement Coverage Estimator, also introduced during the year, is an easy-to-use, self- service tool that allows agents to get an instant estimate of home replacement costs when they are preparing quotes. Digital technology further enables Chubb to inform and serve clients on the terms that fit their preferences. Clients can access their policies via the mobile app or speak with a live representative in just a few seconds. Chubb has also introduced self-service capabilities that allow clients to interact with the company digitally. A chat bot introduced in 2022, which offers the option of live chats, has helped thousands of clients get answers to their questions. Clients can also connect with us via our portal and mobile app. These platforms offer a number of interesting tools, including a widely used feature on the mobile app that allows clients to track wildfires, hurricanes, earthquakes and other major events in relation to their insured properties. Chubb is offering other creative insurance solutions in a digital way, from personal cyber coverage to protections for wine, watches and other valuables. Chubb’s ability to serve customers and partners with excellence also requires investing in our people. In 2022, Chubb welcomed more than 2,500 new colleagues in North America. Throughout the year, approximately 12,000 employees in North America completed more than 1,000 learning and development programs. Chubb’s commitment to professional development is also reflected in another number: Nearly 3,200 employees were promoted during the year. We continue to hire a diverse slate of new early career talent and experienced hires. “In sum, it was a tremendous year,” concluded Lupica. “Chubb’s results are a credit to our culture, the commitment and dedication of our people, our strong relationships with distribution partners, and the work we have done together to build an organization that can deliver for clients, agents and brokers.” 33 Overseas General Insurance Chubb’s international general insurance operation comprises two main businesses: one with a retail presence in four regions of the world and the other an excess and surplus (E&S) lines operation in the London wholesale market. “This was a year of strong growth and dynamism in Chubb’s international general insurance business,” said Juan Luis Ortega, Executive Vice President, Chubb Group and President, Overseas General Insurance. “Our commercial P&C businesses, both retail and wholesale, generated excellent financial results. Our consumer businesses, which had slowed during the COVID pandemic, came roaring back. The performance was broad-based globally, from Asia- Pacific and Latin America to Europe. We strengthened and deepened our network of digital distribution partnerships, invested in talent and technology, introduced new products and services, and engaged with our distribution partners around the world. Our underwriting results, as measured by the combined ratio, were the best in 20 years.” Looking at Chubb’s results over a three-year period further highlights the opportunities seized in a favorable operating environment for commercial P&C. Gross premiums written in commercial lines increased 40% since 2019. That represents a three-year compound annual growth rate of 10.9%. Overall, Overseas General Insurance generated net premiums written of $11.1 billion in 2022, up 3.2%, or 11.4% in constant dollars. Commercial P&C businesses grew 11.8% in constant dollars while net premiums written in consumer businesses increased 10.8%. The combined ratio for the year was 84.6%. Segment income was $2.2 billion. Europe produced $5.2 billion of net premiums written in 2022, up 8.4% from prior year in constant dollars. Commercial P&C net premiums written in the region were up 10.6% in constant dollars. In Asia-Pacific, net premiums written were $2.8 billion, up 15.4% in constant dollars, with commercial P&C premiums up 13.1%. The Latin America region generated net premiums written of $2.3 billion, up 16.8% from 2021 in constant dollars. Commercial P&C net premiums written were up 16.9% on a constant-dollar basis. In the Far East region, which encompasses Japan, net premiums written grew 4.2% in constant dollars, with commercial P&C up 1.7%. “The combination of our global presence and local market knowledge distinguishes Chubb,” said Keogh. “Our work over the last couple of years to build even greater capabilities and broader, deeper distribution benefited us as many overseas markets — especially in Asia — reopened.” Major Accounts, Chubb’s P&C business unit that serves large corporations, helped to drive the strong growth in commercial P&C. Chubb has capabilities, including best-in-class service, underwriting expertise, an extensive product offering, and a broker- and client-centric culture, that few, if any, Key Financial Results Dollars in millions Overseas General Insurance 2022 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Combined ratio Current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses Segment income $13,705 $11,060 84.6% 85.4% $2,230 34 Chubb’s Overseas General Insurance Business Units International Commercial P&C, A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines sold by retail brokers, agents and other channels in four regions: Europe Asia-Pacific Latin America Far East Operations in 27 countries, including seven in the Middle East and Africa, comprising P&C commercial lines and consumer lines, including A&H and specialty personal lines Operations in 14 countries and territories serving commercial customers and consumers with P&C, A&H and personal lines Operations in nine countries serving commercial customers with P&C products and consumers through A&H and personal lines Operations in Japan serving commercial customers with P&C products and consumers through A&H and personal lines Chubb Global Markets Commercial P&C excess and surplus lines sold by wholesale brokers in the London market and through Lloyd’s competitors can match. Growth was particularly strong in the U.K., Europe and Australia. “In this business, Chubb is focused on leveraging its global network, building relationships with risk managers and brokers, looking for cross-sell opportunities, and bringing to the market consistent capacity and risk appetite,” said Ortega. “Globally, Chubb is the largest trading partner of the four largest brokers in the world.” Today, Chubb does business with 84% of Fortune’s Global 500, writes five or more coverages for about 70% of the FTSE 100 in the U.K., and insures 90% of the CAC 40 in France. Chubb Global Markets, which provides global access to specialist underwriters in aviation, energy, financial lines, marine, political risk and credit, and property, had another year of strong double- digit growth. Like Chubb Bermuda and Westchester in North America, Chubb Global Markets stands as an example of the company’s underwriting discipline through all market cycles — and its ability to seize opportunities. When the underwriting environment was challenging, Chubb intentionally shrunk the business, hitting a low point of $925 million of gross premiums written in 2017. As the market turned in 2018, Chubb was ready to shift from defense to offense, growing gross written premiums over 6%. In the last three years, premiums have grown 71%. 35 Overseas General Regional Leaders Diego Sosa Regional President, Far East Paul McNamee Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, Asia-Pacific David Furby Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, Europe, Middle East & Africa; Division President, Chubb Global Markets Marcos Gunn Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, Latin America 36 Chubb continues to expand its capabilities to serve middle market and small businesses in all regions. Investments in digital platforms are making it even easier for clients and brokers to do business with the company. Last year, Chubb introduced fully automated digital platforms to connect with more broker organizations across Australia, streamlining the process for agents and brokers to quote, issue and service their small business clients. In 2023, Chubb expects to launch similar platforms in other Asia-Pacific markets as well as Latin America. Across Chubb’s platforms supporting small businesses, more than 75% of transactions were handled with straight-through processing, which doesn’t require manual intervention. Clients and distribution partners are also positioned to benefit from Chubb’s initiatives to further enhance its underwriting capabilities and services. In early 2023, Chubb opened the multilingual Continental Europe Underwriting and Service Centre in a state-of-the-art facility in Madrid. We have 200 talented employees from 30 countries across our underwriting, operations and claims teams meeting the needs of our clients and distribution partners across Europe. For Chubb’s international non-life consumer businesses, 2022 was a year of accelerated growth. The company’s accident and health (A&H) business, which faced the biggest impact from the pandemic, posted its strongest growth in 15 years. In addition to being a global leader in A&H coverages, including employer-paid group personal and travel accident insurance, Chubb’s international personal lines businesses encompass cellphone insurance for mobile network operators in the U.K. and Europe, home and contents coverages in Latin America and Asia, and a growing business serving the needs of high-net-worth consumers and families in select markets, including the U.K., where we’re the leader, as well as Australia. “COVID had a big impact on consumer sales in 2020 and the first half of 2021,” said Ortega. “In 2022, as the world opened up, Chubb was well-positioned in both our global A&H and international personal lines businesses. We are now well ahead of where we were before COVID hit, and have solid momentum as we look ahead.” Another important growth platform for Chubb’s international consumer business is the company’s growing network of digital distribution partnerships with some of the world’s leading brands, from banks and fintechs to e-commerce companies and digital natives. Asia and Latin America are home to some of our most exciting partnerships that leverage the company’s local operations and extensive product offering. Chubb’s award-winning tech integration platform, Chubb Studio, provides partner companies with digital access to Chubb’s extensive range of consumer and small business insurance products, customer services and claims. By embedding in partner company ecosystems using API technology, Chubb is able to provide contextual insurance offerings to their customers seamlessly. With Chubb Studio, partners can gain an ancillary income stream and help to narrow the protection gap for their own customers. Today, Chubb Studio is live in more than 30 countries, has 20 million digital policies in force and digital access to more than 375 million people who are potential customers. Among the new and expanded partnerships was the launch of an auto insurance offering with OXXO, the largest Mexican convenience store chain. Covered travelers who visit the United States using their Mexican vehicles, whether for shopping, vacation or business, will have fast access and comprehensive protection, including third-party liability coverage for property damage and bodily injury, medical expenses for passengers, vehicle assistance services and legal assistance for drivers while in the U.S. In 2022, Chubb Studio introduced next- generation features that provide Chubb’s distribution partners with access to Chubb-developed software development kits (SDKs) that enable the company’s partners to embed products and services natively within their apps; the option to add products and services from other insurance carriers, third-party or non- Chubb companies; and the BlinkSM by Chubb® experience, previously available only in the U.S., to other regions around the world. Chubb Studio’s first multi-partner alliance involves its distribution partner Grab, a leading super app in Asia. Grab drivers and delivery-partners 37 in the Philippines now have exclusive access to flexible insurance protection, underwritten by another leading carrier, for a wide range of life and wellness problems that may impact their financial livelihoods. Chubb Studio’s single- point-of-integration technology allows products from Chubb and other carriers to be digitally delivered in a simple, seamless way. Chubb’s platform for growth in international consumer lines was further expanded with the acquisition of Cigna’s personal accident, supplemental health and life insurance business in six Asia- Pacific markets. “Cigna’s customers have only been offered A&H and life products,” said Ortega. “We have a significant opportunity to build a powerhouse of digitally and traditionally distributed consumer products, both life and non- life, to a base of millions of customers. Over time, this can include products ranging from residential, mobile phone and personal protection products to simplified A&H offerings.” The Cigna acquisition also highlights the growing scale of Chubb’s business in Asia, on both an absolute and relative basis. In 2022, Asia represented nearly one-fifth of the company’s premium revenue on an annualized run-rate basis that includes a full year of Cigna and Huatai Insurance Group, the Chinese holding company majority-owned by Chubb that includes life, general insurance and asset management subsidiaries. “Asia is a market with substantial long-term growth opportunities,” said Keogh. “It’s important to us, and we are well-positioned to capitalize on those opportunities.” Across Overseas General there are nearly 2,800 claims professionals for whom maintaining and enhancing Chubb’s market-leading standard of claims service remains a priority. “Our claims teams continued to provide top-class, rapid-response claims service in another year of elevated natural catastrophes,” commented Ortega. To pursue opportunity and navigate challenges, Chubb continues to invest in its people. One of the principal ways the company develops talent is by promoting intra- and inter-regional mobility that exposes employees to different markets and cultures. In the past two years alone, nearly 250 colleagues were promoted to a job in another country, including some who transferred to a role in a different region. In addition, more than 1,800 colleagues each year are promoted into a new job or granted expanded responsibilities. These career progression opportunities recognize the performance of colleagues and create an environment for continuous learning. Among those learning opportunities is Centurion, a professional development program for the next generation of leaders. “Our ability to have a consistent and reliable presence in the market, forge relationships with brokers, develop and introduce products and services that meet the protection needs of clients and deliver excellent claims service is a reflection of our culture,” said Ortega. “This is a place where our people learn and have opportunities to develop and grow, to work on diverse and dynamic teams that value and respect differences, and to be recognized for their contributions. This culture makes Chubb a rewarding place to work while delivering for our customers and business partners.” “ Our ability to have a consistent and reliable presence in the market, forge relationships with brokers, develop and introduce products and services that meet the protection needs of clients and deliver excellent claims service is a reflection of our culture.” — Juan Luis Ortega 38 Overseas General and Reinsurance Business Unit Leaders Timothy O’Donnell Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Commercial Property and Casualty John Thompson Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Personal Insurance Daniela Hernandez Division President, International Accident & Health James Wixtead Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; President, Chubb Tempest Re Group 39 Life Insurance Chubb’s Life Insurance segment comprises two businesses. Chubb Life is an international life insurer, primarily focused on Asia and also operating across Latin America. The business offers life, health and savings-oriented insurance products and services to individuals and groups. Combined Insurance provides personal accident and supplemental health insurance coverages to consumers in North America. For the year, the Life Insurance segment generated net premiums written of $3.6 billion, up 47.1%, or 52% in constant dollars, favorably impacted by six months of the acquired Cigna business in Asia. Segment income was $704 million, up 68.3%, or 69.1% in constant dollars. Chubb Life Chubb Life serves the needs of consumers through a variety of distribution channels, including captive agents, independent financial advisors, retailers, banks and direct marketing capabilities, both telemarketing and digital. Chubb Life has operations in nine Asia-Pacific markets: Korea (operating as LINA), mainland China, Hong Kong SAR and Taiwan in North Asia; Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia and Myanmar in Southeast Asia; and New Zealand. In mainland China, the company has majority ownership of Huatai Life, a fast- growing life insurer in the second-largest insurance market in the world. Huatai Life is part of a holding company that also includes P&C insurance and asset management subsidiaries. Huatai Life’s operations have nearly 550 branches across 136 cities and 20 provinces, with more than 16,500 agents and approximately 1.1 million customers in China. “As we look ahead to the potential in China, with its vast, underserved health, life and pensions markets, aging population and growing wealth, having a market-leading asset management company, with just under $100 billion in assets under management, is an excellent complement to our broader life insurance operations,” said Bryce Johns, Senior Vice President, Chubb Group and President, Chubb Life. Key growth markets in Latin America include Brazil, Chile and Mexico. Together, Chubb Life and Huatai Life have 777 offices, 9,675 employees, more than 70,000 captive agents, 3,600 telemarketers and more than 100 distribution partnerships. The most significant developments of 2022 were Chubb’s acquisition of the life insurance and A&H businesses of Cigna in six Asia-Pacific markets, completed in July, and regulatory approval to acquire majority ownership of Huatai Group. “The Cigna acquisition meaningfully expands the breadth, depth and scale of our life insurance operations in Asia. We are now a much larger, more vibrant and diverse business, and a leader in direct marketing,” said Johns. “With the addition of LINA Life, Korea is now the second- largest market for Chubb globally. LINA Life has a renowned brand, a rich history of market-leading innovation, a broad palette of A&H products — especially in the areas of dementia, cancer and dental coverage — and world-class direct marketing capabilities. The opportunity to introduce a wider palette of life and Key Financial Results Dollars in millions Life Insurance 2022 Net premiums written Segment income Total international life insurance net premiums written and deposits International life insurance segment income $3,643 $704 $4,380 $412 40 non-life products and services to LINA and Chubb customers and distributors in Korea, in a digitally integrated manner, provides a tremendous growth platform into the future.” recovery at different paces in the second half of 2022, as markets emerged from aggressive COVID lockdowns, and agents and brokers were finally able to start personally reconnecting with customers. Through the Cigna acquisition, we have also expanded Chubb Life’s presence in Taiwan, where we are now the market leader in direct marketing and A&H, complementing our wealth capabilities through banks and brokers there as well as in Indonesia and Hong Kong. Post-acquisition, Chubb’s non-life business in Thailand has the leading direct marketing platform, creating opportunity to grow our life capabilities in this arena, complementing our captive agency and partnership channels. We also have a new market in our portfolio: New Zealand, where Chubb Life is a top five player, with a health and protection focus and an exclusive distribution partnership with ANZ Bank. The integration of the Cigna and Chubb businesses has been proceeding on track, with Indonesia and Taiwan operations legally integrated, and New Zealand operating under the Chubb Life brand. We also have 3,000 new talented employees. “We now have a really strong leadership bench,” said Johns. “And as we continue to build this out, the market is recognizing our presence, intent and the opportunities we can offer.” With the addition of Cigna’s operations, international life insurance net premiums written were $2.6 billion, up 96.9%, or 108.4% in constant dollars. Chubb Life’s existing operations demonstrated The resumption of cross-border travel between Hong Kong and mainland China in early 2023, along with the rapid evolution and increasing integration of the Greater Bay Area, provides growth engines for both Huatai Life and Chubb Life Hong Kong. Chubb Studio, the company’s global digital distribution platform, is becoming an important channel for the company’s life products via affinity groups, banks and super apps in Asia and Latin America. Our flagship life example is Chubb’s partnership with Nubank, the largest independent digital bank in Brazil, where we have garnered over 700,000 term life customers in 18 months via a fully digitally integrated experience. Chubb Studio offers us an unrivaled ability to offer life insurance products and services alongside other A&H and personal lines products and services in a uniquely embedded and integrated manner, whether directly to customers or via agents/brokers and partner platforms. “Chubb Life enters 2023 much better equipped to engage consumers on their life, health and wealth insurance needs, via a much wider set of distribution channels and partnerships — especially in Asia’s deep and rebounding growth economies. This couldn’t be more timely given the turbulent macro-economic climate our customers are experiencing. Moreover, the opportunity to connect these customers to the wider gamut of Chubb products and services in a digitally integrated way is compelling and distinctive.” “ The Cigna acquisition meaningfully expands the breadth, depth and scale of our life insurance operations in Asia. We are now a much larger, more vibrant and diverse business, and a leader in direct marketing.” — Bryce Johns 41 Combined Insurance Combined Insurance is a leading provider of supplemental health, accident, disability and life insurance products across the U.S. and Canada. For Combined Insurance, 2022 was a year to mark its rich history — the business celebrated its 100th anniversary — and to continue its transformation to provide voluntary worksite benefits to businesses of all sizes. Today, Combined Insurance’s U.S. agency business focuses on providing tailored solutions to small businesses while its Chubb Workplace Benefits division caters to mid- and large-market employers with distribution through brokers and benefits consultants. “In 2022, we made substantial progress building our voluntary worksite benefits business while delivering strong double- digit growth in premiums,” said Joe Vasquez, Senior Vice President, Chubb Group, Global Accident & Health. “Combined has increased its distribution footprint over 65%, selling its products through more than 3,500 agents in the U.S. and Canada.” In 2022, the business broadened its distribution through independent brokers and agents, expanding beyond the captive agency channel that has previously been the primary avenue for selling products. “With rising healthcare costs an increasing concern for employers and employees, the demand and need for the products we offer has never been greater,” said Vasquez. “More and more people are looking for supplemental health benefits to offset the increase in out-of-pocket expenses in their primary health plans. The products Combined Insurance offers can also provide financial protection for other expenses that may occur when someone has an unexpected medical event.” For employers, broadening the portfolio of benefits they offer to their employees is an increasingly important expectation in talent acquisition and retention. In 2022, Combined Insurance launched a new, customizable hospital indemnity product specifically for small businesses. Hospital Champion pays cash benefits directly to employees for unexpected hospitalization due to sickness or injury. Benefit payments can be used by individuals and their families as they choose, including toward deductibles or co-pays, prescriptions, and even for other costs such as transportation, groceries or bills. For middle market and large companies, Chubb Workplace Benefits was the first voluntary benefits carrier to offer the Benefit Resource Genie™ service to employer clients. The service provides a personalized, hands-on approach in helping employees understand and select health benefit options that best fit their needs. This service can help save employers up to 10% of their employee health care spend by helping employees identify optimal health plan coverage to minimize out-of-pocket costs. Combined is also broadening its suite of products to offer a more holistic approach to wellness. One innovative example is Cancer Advocate Plus, a first-of-its-kind cancer-specific, genetics- based insurance program introduced by Chubb Workplace Benefits in early 2023. Cancer Advocate Plus provides tools and resources for an individual to proactively understand their risk of cancer and more effectively manage a cancer diagnosis, and offers insurance protection to help with the potential financial impact of a cancer diagnosis. “This program meets Americans at the intersection of science, wellness and insurance coverage,” said Vasquez. “It’s unique and can help save lives.” Among the ranks of agents and employees at Combined Insurance, military veterans and their families are well represented. Since 2010, Combined Insurance has hired more than 5,500 veterans, military spouses, and their family members as part of its veteran recruiting program. The business’s commitment to be a welcome place, where those who served their country can grow their careers, has been recognized by VIQTORY, the publisher of G.I. Jobs® magazine. In 2022, for the fifth consecutive year, VIQTORY named Combined Insurance the top Military Friendly® Employer in the U.S. among businesses with $1 billion to $5 billion in revenue. The company has been ranked a Top 10 Military Friendly® Employer for 12 consecutive years. “Combined Insurance is well-positioned to continue its transformation and deliver innovative solutions to employers, brokers, benefits consultants and the individuals and families who need financial protection for unexpected events,” said Vasquez. 42 Key Financial Results Dollars in millions Global Reinsurance 2022 Gross premiums written Net premiums written Combined ratio Current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses Segment income $1,095 $943 102.6% 81.5% $256 Global Reinsurance Chubb’s reinsurance business, which operates under the Chubb Tempest Re brand, offers a broad range of products to a diverse group of primary property and casualty insurers worldwide. Doing business globally with offices in Bermuda, Stamford, London, Montreal and Zurich, the business has deep underwriting, actuarial and claims expertise. As a subsidiary of Chubb, Tempest Re benefits from the company’s global reach, financial strength and deep insights into insurance markets across geographies and lines of business. Chubb’s geographic and product diversity also gives the company optionality in terms of where it can deploy capacity to achieve adequate risk-adjusted returns. In 2022, as the trading environment for reinsurers began to catch up with the firming that has characterized the primary insurance market for several years, Chubb Tempest Re saw more opportunities that fit its risk appetite. The market shift began with property catastrophe reinsurance, and expanded into casualty, professional and other specialty lines. “Chubb Tempest Re has maintained a steady, consistent view of risk,” said James Wixtead, Senior Vice President, Chubb Group and President, Chubb Tempest Re Group. “As the market has been hardening, we are finding more opportunities to deploy capital that meet our hurdles for a reasonable risk- adjusted return.” The trading environment for reinsurers improved in 2022, with rates, terms and conditions experiencing favorable actions. There was, however, continued volatility, including another year of elevated catastrophe losses that negatively impacted reinsurer profitability. Net premiums written for Chubb’s Global Reinsurance segment were $943 million, up 8.0% from prior year, or 9.5% in constant dollars. The combined ratio was 102.6% and segment income was $256 million. Pre-tax catastrophe losses were $216 million versus $240 million prior year. Since 2019, net premiums written have increased 45%. The elevated natural catastrophes in 2020, 2021 and 2022, however, negatively impacted our underwriting income. “We took action in 2022 to mitigate volatility in our portfolio, and we continue to do so in 2023,” said Wixtead. In the current market, Chubb Tempest Re is also seeing more opportunities to do business with national and global carriers. The business is navigating the market with a seasoned leadership team and a deep bench of talent. In recent years, two leadership roles were filled by executives who each had more than 15 years of experience with the company. “We have been able to promote from within as well as attract strong, experienced leaders from outside the company,” said Wixtead. Looking ahead to 2023, Chubb Tempest Re remains focused on monitoring volatility in the portfolio and looking for business that meets its hurdles for assuming risk. “Chubb Tempest Re is well-positioned for growth and potential opportunities as the market develops,” said Wixtead. 43 Citizenship at Chubb Philanthropy The Chubb Charitable Foundation believes that meaningful contributions that support our communities globally provide lasting benefits to society, to Chubb and to Chubb employees. Through philanthropy, global partnerships and company-sponsored volunteer activities focused on giving the gift of time and donations, the Foundation supports clearly defined projects that solve problems with measurable and sustainable outcomes, helping people in the countries where we live and work build productive and healthy lives. Our philanthropy is funded principally through the Chubb Charitable Foundation and the Chubb Rule of Law Fund. Our commitment to assist those with fewer resources and to be stewards of the planet is focused on the areas of education, poverty and health, and the environment. In the last decade, Chubb has contributed more than $100 million to the Foundation. For example, the Chubb Charitable Foundation has supported the International Rescue Committee. Through partnerships with The Nature Conservancy, Rainforest Trust and other conservation organizations, the Foundation supports programs to save endangered wildlife, protect threatened lands and waters, and promote resiliency, and continues to identify new environmental projects to support. Additionally, the Foundation serves as a major partner for Teach for America and Teach for All programs in the U.S. and globally. As part of our commitments to expand and enhance our broader diversity, equity and inclusion agenda, we are working through the Chubb Charitable Foundation to support a range of programs to address inequality and promote social, economic and racial justice. For example, in 2021, the Foundation established a scholarship with Georgia State University’s risk management and insurance program to support students from diverse backgrounds and expand the pipeline of those individuals in the insurance industry. Environment & Climate Change Chubb recognizes the reality of climate change and supports the global goal of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. In early 2023, the company launched Chubb Climate+, a global climate business unit that draws on the company’s extensive technical capabilities in underwriting and risk engineering and brings together Chubb units engaged in traditional, alternative and renewable energy, climate tech, agribusiness and risk engineering services. Chubb Climate+ will provide a full spectrum of insurance products and services to businesses engaged in developing or employing new technologies and processes that help reduce the dependence on carbon. It will also provide risk management and resiliency services to help those managing the impact of climate change. In early 2023, Chubb announced new climate and conservation-focused underwriting standards for oil and gas extraction, the first of their kind in the insurance industry. In 2019, Chubb was the first insurer with major U.S. operations to adopt a policy concerning coal-related underwriting and investment. In 2022, we announced an oil sands policy prohibiting the underwriting of risks for projects involving direct mining or in situ extraction and processing of bitumen from oil sands. Our Mission Protecting the Present and Building a Better Future Good corporate citizenship lies at our core — how we practice our craft of insurance, how we work together to serve our customers, how we treat each other, and how we work to help make a better world for our communities and our planet. Citizenship is about responsibility — and we express that responsibility in a way that reflects our core values and our mission to protect the present and build a better future. We accomplish our mission by providing the security from risk that allows people and businesses to grow and prosper. Our mission is realized by sustaining a culture that values and rewards excellence, integrity, inclusion and opportunity; by working to protect our planet and assisting less fortunate individuals and communities in achieving and sustaining productive and healthy lives; and by promoting the rule of law. From our roots in 18th century Philadelphia, we have built Chubb to be a dynamic, forward- looking global enterprise with a commitment to responsible citizenship. We act on this promise of responsibility through a wide range of activities that include our contributions of time and money. Here are a few of the many initiatives that we are proud of and hope you find of interest. 44 The company’s short-term, science- based operational greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction goal, which uses 2016 as the baseline, was achieved in 2019, and our long-term goal of reducing operational GHG emissions 40% was achieved by year-end 2021. Chubb is in the process of developing new ambitious operational GHG emissions goals. The Chubb Charitable Foundation and the company’s employees support a range of environmental philanthropies, as well as volunteer activities in local communities around the world. Chubb reported on initiatives and progress in support of the global net-zero transition in its 2022 TCFD report and Climate Change Policy. Diversity, Equity & Inclusion Chubb operates within a dynamic and changing global environment where marketplaces and customers are culturally diverse and broad. Meeting diverse customer needs requires the best minds collaborating in a rewarding and supportive environment. We recognize our responsibility to ensure opportunity within our own organization by creating an atmosphere where all colleagues, regardless of who they are, feel comfortable bringing their best to the table. Our strategy for diversity, equity and inclusion (DE&I) is designed to support Chubb’s ability to attract, develop and retain the best talent — regardless of background. Chubb’s culture holds true to the principles of accountability and ownership and requires collective and individual responsibility. Making and sustaining progress requires holding leadership accountable; developing and advancing diverse talent; increasing gender and multicultural leadership diversity; and deploying inclusive recruitment, development and promotional practices. Chubb is continuing the commitment it made in 2020 to take specific actions related to racial equity in recruitment, career development and advancement opportunities; promoting a greater sense of belonging for Black colleagues; and increasing the knowledge and understanding of the Black employee experience through open two-way dialogue and education. These actions support our goal of becoming an anti- racist company. In 2022, Chubb reinforced leadership accountability and commitment to improving gender balance and racial diversity in leadership through goal setting and linkage to performance reviews and compensation at the executive level. Other DE&I initiatives include mentorships and affinity groups, such as Business Roundtables and Regional Inclusion Councils, which promote dynamic networking across the business and engage hundreds of employees in constructive dialogue. Chubb is also a founding sponsor of the Black Insurance Industry Collective, an industry-wide effort to support and accelerate the advancement of Black insurance professionals and increase industry representation of Black managers, leaders and executives. To provide further transparency and accountability for its DE&I efforts, Chubb publishes its EEO-1 workforce demographic data. Chubb Rule of Law Fund As a corporate citizen, Chubb recognizes the rule of law as the foundation of a liberal world order that the company embraces as essential to the proper functioning of markets and the protection of personal freedoms. Through the Chubb Rule of Law Fund, a unique corporate initiative, we support projects around the world that promote the preservation and advancement of the rule of law. Since it was founded in 2008, the Fund has supported 71 projects in countries around the world focused on improving access to justice, strengthening courts, fighting corruption and creating the conditions of security and freedom in which our customers, employees and fellow citizens can thrive. The events that unfolded across the U.S. in 2020 focused Chubb’s attention more intensely on the persistent challenges arising from bigotry, racism and racial injustice in society, particularly for Black people. Chubb is taking specific actions to be an anti-racist company, including supporting programs through the Chubb Rule of Law Fund to address inequality and promote social, economic and racial justice. The Fund has made 11 grants — including four in 2022 that total $1 million — for initiatives to improve police and community relations, and to understand and reduce racial inequities throughout the criminal justice process. Since 2020, the Fund has awarded more than $2.2 million in grants to support racial justice projects. Along with racial justice, the Chubb Rule of Law Fund is currently focusing on funding projects that address anticorruption, access to justice, and maintaining democratic norms. The Chubb Rule of Law Fund is funded by the Chubb Charitable Foundation and contributions from 16 partner law firms. 45 Officers and Executives Chubb Group Corporate Officers Evan G. Greenberg* Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Chubb Group John Keogh* President and Chief Operating Officer, Chubb Group John Lupica** Vice Chairman, Chubb Group; President, North America Insurance Juan Luis Ortega** Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; President, Overseas General Insurance Timothy Boroughs** Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Investment Officer Julie Dillman Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Senior Executive, Operations and Technology, and Digital Transformation Officer Peter Enns* Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Financial Officer Rainer Kirchgaessner Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Corporate Development Officer Sean Ringsted** Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Risk Officer and Chief Digital Business Officer Joseph Wayland* Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; General Counsel Brad Bennett Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Operating Officer, Chubb Life David Furby Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, Europe, Middle East and Africa; Division President, Chubb Global Markets Marcos Gunn Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, Latin America Bryce Johns** Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; President, Chubb Life Cheryl Krauss Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Communications Officer Thomas Kropp Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Head of Operations and Technology Christopher A. Maleno Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Field Operations Paul McNamee Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, Asia-Pacific Matthew Merna Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Major Accounts Scott A. Meyer Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Westchester Frances D. O’Brien Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Deputy Chief Risk Officer Paul O’Connell Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Actuary Jo Ann Rabitz Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Human Resources Officer Michael W. Smith Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Claims Officer Derek Talbott Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Property and Specialty Lines Joe Vasquez Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Accident & Health James E. Wixtead Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; President, Chubb Tempest Re Group *Chubb Limited Executive Management and Executive Officer for SEC reporting purposes **Executive Officer for SEC reporting purposes 46 Chubb Group Corporate Officers Evan G. Greenberg* Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Chubb Group President and Chief Operating Officer, Chubb Group John Keogh* John Lupica** Vice Chairman, Chubb Group; President, North America Insurance Juan Luis Ortega** Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; President, Overseas General Insurance Timothy Boroughs** Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Investment Officer Julie Dillman Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Senior Executive, Operations and Technology, and Digital Transformation Officer Peter Enns* Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Financial Officer Rainer Kirchgaessner Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Corporate Development Officer Sean Ringsted** Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Risk Officer and Chief Digital Business Officer Executive Vice President, Chubb Group; Joseph Wayland* General Counsel Brad Bennett Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Operating Officer, Chubb Life David Furby Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, Europe, Middle East and Africa; Division President, Chubb Global Markets Marcos Gunn Senior Vice President, Chubb Group; Regional President, Latin America Scott Arnold Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Chubb Agriculture; President, Rain and Hail Ross Bertossi Vice President, Chubb Group; Global Underwriting Judy Gonsalves Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Chubb Bermuda Annmarie Hagan Vice President, Chubb Group; Chief Accounting Officer Stephen M. Haney Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Surety; Chief Underwriting Officer, Global Surety Michael Kessler Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Global Cyber Risk Yancy Molnar Vice President, Chubb Group; Head of International Government Affairs & Public Policy Timothy O’Donnell Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Commercial Property and Casualty Overseas General Insurance Ana Robic Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Personal Risk Services Benjamin Rockwell Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, North America Middle Market John Thompson Vice President, Chubb Group; Division President, Personal Insurance Overseas General Insurance Karen Valanzano Vice President, Chubb Group; Head of Federal Government & Political Affairs Other Executives Alex Faynberg Division President, Chubb Workplace Benefits Samantha Froud Chief Administration Officer, Bermuda Operations Daniela Hernandez Division President, International Accident & Health Overseas General Insurance Jeremiah Konz Chief Reinsurance Officer, Chubb Group Eric Larson Chief Compliance Officer, Chubb Group David Lupica Chief Operating & Distribution Management Officer, Westchester Sara Mitchell Division President, Continental Europe, Middle East and North Africa Michael O’Donnell Division President, Chubb Tempest Re USA George Ohsiek Chief Auditor, Chubb Group Sam Peters Division President, Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda Mark Roberts Division President, United Kingdom, Ireland and South Africa Steve Roberts Division President, Chubb Tempest Re International Diego Sosa Regional President, Far East Drew Spitzer Treasurer, Chubb Group Rich Williams President, Combined Insurance 47 Chubb Limited Board of Directors Board Committees Audit Committee Robert W. Scully, Chair Kathy Bonanno Theodore E. Shasta David H. Sidwell Luis Téllez Compensation Committee Frances F. Townsend, Chair Mary Cirillo Michael P. Connors Nominating & Governance Committee Mary Cirillo, Chair Michael P. Connors Frances F. Townsend Risk & Finance Committee Olivier Steimer, Chair Michael G. Atieh Sheila P. Burke Robert J. Hugin Executive Committee Evan G. Greenberg, Chair Mary Cirillo Michael P. Connors Robert W. Scully Olivier Steimer Frances F. Townsend Evan G. Greenberg Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Chubb Limited Robert J. Hugin Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Celgene Corporation Michael G. Atieh Retired Chief Financial and Business Officer Ophthotech Corporation Robert W. Scully Retired Co-President Morgan Stanley Kathy Bonanno Business Finance Officer Google Cloud Theodore E. Shasta Retired Partner Wellington Management Company Sheila P. Burke Faculty Research Fellow John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Mary Cirillo Retired Executive Vice President and Managing Director Deutsche Bank Michael P. Connors Independent Lead Director Chubb Limited Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Information Services Group, Inc. David H. Sidwell Retired Chief Financial Officer Morgan Stanley Olivier Steimer Former Chairman Banque Cantonale Vaudoise Luis Téllez Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Mexican Stock Exchange Frances F. Townsend Senior Counsel and Former Executive Vice President for Corporate Affairs Activision Blizzard 48 Shareholder Information Visit investors.chubb.com, write to the Investor Relations Department at Chubb Limited or email investorrelations@chubb.com for copies of the company’s reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 10–K, Form 10–Q or Form 8–K, all of which are available without charge. Transfer Agent & Registrar Independent Auditors Computershare 150 Royall St., Suite 101 Canton, MA 02021 USA U.S.: 877 522 3752 Outside the U.S.: 201 680 6898 PricewaterhouseCoopers AG Birchstrasse 160 8050 Zurich Switzerland Tel: 41 58 792 44 00 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Two Commerce Square 2001 Market Street, Suite 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA Tel: 267 330 3000 New York Stock Exchange Symbol CB Chubb Common Shares CUSIP Number Address Investor Relations Inquiries to: Address Shareholder Inquiries to: Investor Relations Chubb Limited 1133 Avenue of the Americas 11th Floor New York, NY 10036 Tel: 212 827 4445 Email: investorrelations@chubb.com By regular mail: Computershare P.O. Box 43006 Providence, RI 02940-3006 USA By overnight delivery: Computershare 150 Royall St., Suite 101 Canton, MA 02021 USA Website: www.computershare.com/investor H1467J 104 Send Certificates for Transfer and Address Changes to: Computershare P.O. Box 43006 Providence, RI 02940-3006 USA Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements Forward-looking statements made in this document, such as those related to company performance, growth opportunities, economic and market conditions, product and service offerings, commitments, and our expectations and intentions and other statements that are not historical facts, reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance and are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially, including without limitation, the following: competition, pricing and policy term trends, the levels of new and renewal business achieved, the frequency and severity of unpredictable catastrophic events, actual loss experience, uncertainties in the reserving or settlement process, integration activities and performance of acquired companies, loss of key employees or disruptions to our operations, new theories of liability, judicial, legislative, regulatory and other governmental developments, litigation tactics and developments, investigation developments and actual settlement terms, the amount and timing of reinsurance recoverable, credit developments among reinsurers, rating agency action, infection rates and severity of pandemics and their effects on our business operations and claims activity, possible terrorism or the outbreak and effects of war, economic, political, regulatory, insurance and reinsurance business conditions, potential strategic opportunities including acquisitions and our ability to achieve and integrate them, as well as management’s response to these factors, and other factors identified in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward- looking statements, which speak only as of the dates on which they are made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. This annual report contains trademarks, trade names and service marks owned by Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries, including Chubb®, Chubb logo®, Chubb. Insured®. and Craftsmanship®. In addition, this report contains trademarks, trade names or service marks of companies other than Chubb, which belong to their respective owners. This report is printed on papers certified to the international standards of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), which promotes responsible management of the world’s forests. 49 The following table presents the reconciliation of Net income to Core operating income: (in millions of U.S. dollars except share and per share data) Net income, as reported Amortization of fair value adjustment of acquired invested assets and long-term debt, pre-tax Tax benefit on amortization adjustment Cigna integration expenses, pre-tax Tax benefit on Cigna integration expenses Adjusted realized gains (losses), pre-tax(1) Net realized gains (losses) related to unconsolidated entities, pre-tax(2) Tax (expense) benefit on adjusted net realized gains (losses) Core operating income Full Year 2022 $5,313 Full Year 2021 $8,539 (20) 1 (48) 10 (954) (262) 129 $6,457 (64) 11 - - 1,160 2,134 (271) $5,569 Denominator: adj. wtd. avg. shares outstanding and assumed conversions 423,527,444 443,197,278 Diluted earnings per share Net income Amortization of fair value adjustment of acquired invested assets and long-term debt, net of tax Cigna integration expenses, net of tax Adjusted net realized gains (losses), net of tax Core operating income % Change from prior year $12.55 $19.27 (0.04) (0.09) (2.56) $15.24 21.3% (0.12) - 6.83 $12.56 (1) Excludes realized gains (losses) on crop derivatives of $(11) million and $(8) million for 2022 and 2021, respectively. (2) Realized gains (losses) on partially owned entities, which are investments where we hold more than an insignificant percentage of the investee’s shares. The net income or loss is included in Other income (expense) in our income statement on a GAAP basis. Non-GAAP Financial Measures Non-GAAP Financial Measures This document contains non-GAAP financial measures. The below non-GAAP financial measures, which may be defined differently by other companies, are important for an understanding of our overall results of operations and financial condition. However, these measures should not be viewed as a substitute for measures determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). We provide certain financial measures on a constant-dollar basis (i.e., excluding the impact of foreign exchange). We believe it is useful to evaluate the trends in our results exclusive of the effect of fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies in which our international business is transacted, as these exchange rates could fluctuate significantly between periods and distort the analysis of trends. The impact is determined by assuming constant foreign exchange rates between periods by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period. Core operating income, net of tax, excludes from net income the after-tax impact of adjusted net realized gains (losses), Cigna integration expenses, and the amortization of fair value adjustment of acquired invested assets and long-term debt related to the Chubb Corporation acquisition and Cigna business. We believe this presentation enhances the understanding of our results of operations by highlighting the underlying profitability of our insurance business. We exclude adjusted net realized gains (losses) because the amount of these gains (losses) is heavily influenced by, and fluctuates in part according to, the availability of market opportunities. We exclude the amortization of the fair value adjustments related to purchased invested assets and long-term debt, related to the Chubb Corp acquisition and Cigna business, due to the size and complexity of these acquisitions. We also exclude Cigna integration expenses due to the size and complexity of this acquisition. Cigna integration expenses are incurred by the overall company and are therefore included in Corporate. The costs are not related to the ongoing activities of the individual segments and are therefore excluded from our definition of segment income as well. These integration expenses are distortive to our results and are not indicative of our underlying profitability. We believe that excluding these integration expenses facilitates the comparison of our financial results to our historical operating results. These expenses include legal and professional fees and all other costs directly related to the integration activities of the Cigna acquisition. References to core operating income measures mean net of tax, whether or not noted. 50 Core operating return on equity (ROE) and Core operating return on tangible equity (ROTE) are annualized non-GAAP financial measures. The numerator includes core operating income, net of tax. The denominator includes the average shareholders’ equity for the period adjusted to exclude unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of tax. For the ROTE calculation, the denominator is also adjusted to exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, net of tax. These measures enhance the understanding of the return on shareholders’ equity by highlighting the underlying profitability relative to shareholders’ equity and tangible equity excluding the effect of unrealized gains and losses on our investments that are heavily influenced by available market opportunities. We believe ROTE is meaningful because it measures the performance of our operations without the impact of goodwill and other intangible assets. (in millions of U.S. dollars except ratios) Net income Core operating income Full Year Full Year 2022 2021 $5,313 $6,457 $8,539 $5,569 Combined ratio measures the underwriting profitability of our property and casualty business. P&C combined ratio and P&C Current Accident Year (CAY) combined ratio excluding Catastrophe losses (CATs) are non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to the Non-GAAP Reconciliation section in the 2022 Form 10-K, on pages 63-66, for the definition of these non-GAAP financial measures and reconciliation to the Combined ratio. The following table presents the reconciliation of combined ratio to P&C combined ratio, and the reconciliation of P&C combined ratio to P&C CAY combined ratio excluding CATs: Combined ratio Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives P&C combined ratio Less: catastrophe losses Less: prior period development Full Year Full Year 2022 87.6% 0.0% 87.6% 5.9% –2.5% 84.2% 2021 89.1% 0.0% 89.1% 7.1% –2.8% 84.8% Equity — beginning of period, as reported $59,714 $59,441 P&C CAY combined ratio excluding CATs Less: unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of deferred tax 2,256 4,673 Equity — beginning of period, as adjusted $57,458 $54,768 Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of tax Equity — beginning of period, as adjusted, excluding goodwill and other intangible assets 19,456 19,916 $38,002 $34,852 Equity — end of period, as reported $50,540 $59,714 Less: unrealized gains (losses) on investments, net of deferred tax (7,279) 2,256 Equity — end of period, as adjusted $57,819 $57,458 Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of tax Equity — end of period, as adjusted, excluding goodwill and other intangible assets 20,605 19,456 $37,214 $38,002 Weighted average equity, as reported $55,127 $59,578 Weighted average equity, as adjusted $57,639 $56,113 Book value per common share is shareholders’ equity divided by the shares outstanding. Tangible book value per common share is shareholders’ equity less goodwill and other intangible assets, net of tax, divided by the shares outstanding. We believe that goodwill and other intangible assets are not indicative of our underlying insurance results or trends and make book value comparisons to less acquisitive peer companies less meaningful. The following table presents a reconciliation of book value per common share to tangible book value per common share: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) December 31 December 31 2022 2021 % Change Book value $50,540 $59,714 Less: goodwill and other intangible assets, net of tax Numerator for tangible book value per share 20,605 19,456 $29,935 $40,258 Weighted average equity, as adjusted, excluding goodwill and other intangible assets $37,608 $36,427 Denominator: shares outstanding 414,594,856 426,572,612 ROE Core operating ROTE Core operating ROE 9.6% 17.2% 11.2% 14.3% 15.3% 9.9% Book value per common share Tangible book value per common share $121.90 $139.99 -12.9% $72.20 $94.38 -23.5% 51 Book value per common share and tangible book value per common share excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), excludes AOCI from the numerator because it eliminates the effect of items that can fluctuate significantly from period to period, primarily based on changes in interest rates and foreign currency movement, to highlight underlying growth in book and tangible book value. The following table provides a reconciliation of growth in book value per common share and tangible book value per common share excluding AOCI: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) Book value Less: AOCI Book value excluding AOCI Tangible book value Less: tangible AOCI Tangible book value excluding tangible AOCI Denominator: shares outstanding Book value per share excluding AOCI Tangible book value per share excluding tangible AOCI December 31 December 31 2022 $50,540 (10,193) $60,733 $29,935 (9,287) 2021 % Change $59,714 350 $59,364 $40,258 1,078 $39,222 $39,180 414,594,856 426,572,612 $146.49 $139.16 5.3% $94.60 $91.85 3.0% International life insurance net premiums written and deposits is a non-GAAP financial measure, which includes International life insurance net premiums written and deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts. Deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts (life deposits) are not reflected as revenues in our consolidated statements of operations in accordance with GAAP. However, new life deposits are an important component of production and key to our efforts to grow our business. The following table presents a reconciliation of International life insurance net premiums written and deposits (excludes Combined North America and Life reinsurance businesses): (in millions of U.S. dollars) International life insurance net premiums written Full Year Full Year 2022 2021 $2,580 $1,310 International life insurance deposits 1,800 2,441 Total international life insurance net premiums written and deposits $4,380 $3,751 Adjusted net investment income is net investment income excluding the amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets from the acquisitions of Chubb Corp and Cigna business in Asia and including investment income from partially owned investment companies (private equity partnerships) where our ownership interest is in excess of 3% that are accounted for under the equity method. We believe this measure is meaningful as it highlights the underlying performance of our invested assets and portfolio management in support of our lines of business. The following table presents a reconciliation of net investment income to adjusted net investment income: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net investment income Less: amortization expense of fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets Add: other income from private equity partnerships Full Year Full Year 2022 2021 $3,742 $3,456 (41) (84) 240 179 Adjusted net investment income $4,023 $3,719 % Change from prior year 8.2% 52  UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FORM 10-K TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 OR ☑ ☐ For the Transition Period from             to Commission File No. 1-11778 CHUBB LIMITED (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Switzerland (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 98-0091805 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) Baerengasse 32 Zurich, Switzerland CH-8001 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) +41 (0)43 456 76 00 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: See Exhibit 99.1 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” "smaller reporting company," and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☑ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company ☐ ☐ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑ The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2022 (the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter), was approximately $82 billion. For the purposes of this computation, shares held by directors and officers of the registrant have been excluded. Such exclusion is not intended, nor shall it be deemed, to be an admission that such persons are affiliates of the registrant. As of February 17, 2023, there were 413,506,316 Common Shares par value CHF 24.15 of the registrant outstanding. Certain portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement relating to its 2023 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report. Documents Incorporated by Reference       CHUBB LIMITED INDEX TO 10-K PART I ITEM 1. Business ITEM 1A. Risk Factors ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments ITEM 2. Properties Legal Proceedings ITEM 3. ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures PART II ITEM 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities [Reserved] ITEM 6. ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ITEM 8. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure ITEM 9. ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures ITEM 9B. Other Information ITEM 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections PART III ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance ITEM 11. Executive Compensation ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services PART IV ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements Schedules ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary SIGNATURES INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Page 2 21 33 33 33 33 34 35 36 84 89 89 89 89 90 91 91 91 92 92 93 100 100 F-2 1 PART I ITEM 1. Business General Chubb Limited is the Swiss-incorporated holding company of the Chubb Group of Companies. Chubb Limited, which is headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the Chubb Group of Companies, Chubb, we, us, or our) are a global insurance and reinsurance organization, serving the needs of a diverse group of clients worldwide. At December 31, 2022, we had total assets of $199 billion and shareholders’ equity of $51 billion. Chubb was incorporated in 1985 at which time it opened its first business office in Bermuda and continues to maintain operations in Bermuda. We have grown our business through increased premium volume, expansion of product offerings and geographic reach, and the acquisition of other companies, to become a global property and casualty (P&C) leader. We have also expanded our personal accident and supplemental health (A&H), and life insurance business with the acquisition of Cigna's business in several Asian markets. This complementary strategic acquisition on July 1, 2022 expands our presence and advances our long- term growth opportunity in Asia. On January 4, 2023, we increased our ownership interest in Huatai Insurance Group Co. Ltd (Huatai Group) from 47.3 percent to 64.2 percent. Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our acquisitions. With operations in 54 countries and territories, Chubb provides commercial and consumer P&C insurance, A&H, reinsurance, and life insurance to a diverse group of clients. We provide commercial insurance products and service offerings such as risk management programs, loss control, and engineering and complex claims management. We provide specialized insurance products ranging from Directors & Officers (D&O) and financial lines to various specialty-casualty and umbrella and excess casualty lines to niche areas such as aviation and energy. We also offer consumer lines insurance coverage including homeowners, automobile, valuables, umbrella liability, and recreational marine products. In addition, we supply A&H and life insurance to individuals in select countries. We serve multinational corporations, mid-size and small businesses with property and casualty insurance and risk engineering services; affluent and high net worth individuals with substantial assets to protect; individuals purchasing life, personal accident, supplemental health, homeowners, automobile in certain international markets and for high net worth individuals in the U.S., and specialty personal insurance coverage; companies and affinity groups providing or offering accident and health insurance programs and life insurance to their employees or members; and insurers managing exposures with reinsurance coverage. We make available free of charge through our website (investors.chubb.com, under Financials) our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, if any, filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been electronically filed with or furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Also available through our website (under Investor Relations / Corporate Governance) are our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Conduct, and Charters for the Committees of the Board of Directors (the Board). Printed documents are available by contacting our Investor Relations Department (Telephone: +1 (212) 827-4445, E-mail: investorrelations@chubb.com). We also use our website as a means of disclosing material, non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under SEC Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure). Accordingly, investors should monitor the Investor Relations portion of our website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this report. The SEC maintains an Internet site (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file with the SEC. Customers For most commercial and personal lines of business we offer, insureds typically use the services of an insurance broker or agent. An insurance broker acts as an agent for the insureds, offering advice on the types and amount of insurance to purchase, and assists in the negotiation of price and terms and conditions. We obtain business from the local and major international insurance brokers and typically pay a commission to brokers for any business accepted and bound. Loss of all or a substantial portion of the business provided by one or more of these brokers could have a material adverse effect on our business. In our opinion, no material part of our business is dependent upon a single insured or group of insureds. We do not believe that the loss of any one insured would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. 2 Competition Competition in the insurance and reinsurance marketplace is substantial. We compete on an international and regional basis with major U.S., Bermuda, European, and other international insurers and reinsurers and with underwriting syndicates, some of which have greater financial, technological, marketing, distribution and management resources than we do. In addition, capital market participants have created alternative products that are intended to compete with reinsurance products. We also compete with new companies and existing companies that move into the insurance and reinsurance markets. Competitors include other stock companies, mutual companies, alternative risk sharing groups (such as group captives and catastrophe pools), and other underwriting organizations. Competitors sell through various distribution channels and business models, across a broad array of product lines, and with a high level of variation regarding geographic, marketing, and customer segmentation. We compete for business not only on the basis of price but also on the basis of availability of coverage desired by customers and quality of service. The insurance industry is changing rapidly. Our ability to compete is dependent on a number of factors, particularly our ability to maintain the appropriate financial strength ratings as assigned by independent rating agencies and effectively using digital capabilities in an everchanging competitive landscape and incorporating, among other things, climate and environmental changes into our insurance processes, products, and services. Our broad market capabilities in personal, commercial, specialty, and A&H lines made available by our underwriting expertise, business infrastructure, and global presence, help define our competitive advantage. Our superior claims service is a significant asset to our business, our business partners and customers, and is unique in the industry. Our strong balance sheet is attractive to businesses, and our strong capital position and global platform affords us opportunities for growth not available to smaller, less diversified insurance companies. Refer to “Segment Information” for competitive environment by segment. Trademarks and Trade Names Various trademarks and trade names we use protect names of certain products and services we offer and are important to the extent they provide goodwill and name recognition in the insurance industry. We use commercially reasonable efforts to protect these proprietary rights, including various trade secret and trademark laws. We intend to retain material trademark rights in perpetuity, so long as it satisfies the use and registration requirements of applicable countries. One or more of the trademarks and trade names could be material to our ability to sell our products and services. We have taken appropriate steps to protect our ownership of key names, and we believe it is unlikely that anyone would be able to prevent us from using names in places or circumstances material to our operations. Human Capital Management Our employees are critical to our mission to protect the present and build a better future, by providing our customers with the security from risk that allows people and businesses to grow and prosper. To accomplish this mission, we seek to attract and retain the very best insurance professionals and to provide an inclusive and supportive culture that allows all of our employees to reach their full potential as we deliver insurance solutions and claims service for individuals, families and businesses of all sizes. Our highly collaborative, inclusive approach helps us drive better business outcomes. We track and report internally on key talent metrics including employee demographics, critical role succession planning, diversity data, and employee retention and engagement. This information is regularly reported to senior management as well as the Chubb Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2022, we employed approximately 34,000 people in 54 countries and territories around the world, including 47 percent in North America, 12 percent in Europe, Eurasia and Africa, 26 percent in Asia, and 15 percent in Latin America. While we have not been immune from voluntary turnover generally reflecting the highly competitive environment for talent, we believe we have effectively managed it through talent acquisition and retention actions. We believe that employee relations are good. The average age of our workforce is 41 years and the average tenure is 7.5 years. Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Diversity, equity and inclusion are integral to Chubb’s culture. We recognize our responsibility to provide opportunity within our own organization, where we aim to foster a diverse and inclusive meritocracy. Our extensive efforts in this area include mentorships, affinity groups, diversity awareness training, and education, open dialogue on race and racism, management development programs, and inclusive hiring practices. We set goals and track progress on improving gender and racial diversity, particularly at the leadership levels and with early career program hires. We also look at the diversity rates in our hires and promotions and the diversity of our candidate interview slates for leadership roles. In 2022, there was year over year progress on gender and racial diversity at the leadership level, most notably on gender and racial diversity at our senior vice president and above levels, and we also improved the diversity of hiring into our development programs. We depend on our culture of leadership accountability to continue progress in diversity, equity and inclusion at Chubb. 3 In 2022 we continued to support our Business Roundtables (our employee affinity groups) and Regional Inclusion Councils, which promote dynamic networking across the business and engage hundreds of employees in constructive dialogue. These circles of support focus on employee onboarding, development and retention and help us build stronger relationships with, and gain deeper insights into, our varied customer and distribution partner communities. We also continued our leadership and involvement externally in the Black Insurance Industry Collective (BIIC), whose mission is to accelerate the advancement of Black professionals within the insurance industry and to increase representation of Black leaders at the executive level through leadership development, mentoring, sponsorships and networking within the industry. Other internal programs include Chubb Start, which supports the continuous professional development of women who are early in their careers; Chubb Signatures, a global and regional lecture series for successful senior women, diverse men and inclusion champions to share their unique backgrounds, experiences and hard-earned lessons in business; inclusive hiring practices and intentional inclusion training for managers to mitigate unconscious bias and to create greater awareness and proficiency in attracting and hiring diverse talent and building diverse teams. Attraction, Development and Retention The foundation to Chubb’s long-term success is our disciplined approach to attracting, developing and retaining the next generation of insurance professionals and leaders. We strive to be an inclusive meritocracy, where all employees regardless of race, gender or background can thrive. Learning and professional development are central to the Chubb culture, and we are committed to providing opportunities to evolve professionally. Our talent development efforts are for all employee levels and we expect our employees to own and drive their development by availing themselves of the structured and unstructured learning we offer, including on-the-job training, personal interaction and involvement, and online and classroom learning. Chubb has made substantial investments for a robust technical and leadership development environment and, where appropriate, fills open positions with internal sourcing of talent. In addition, in response to the increasingly competitive labor market, we have taken steps to retain key talent, with competitive compensation actions including long-term incentives and more development opportunities, and to deepen our talent acquisition efforts by adding more recruiters and enhancing our employee referral program. Globally, we promoted more than 6,100 employees and successfully recruited more than 6,900 new employees (including more than 450 into early career programs) to fill openings and to support our growth plans. Compensation and Benefits Chubb is committed to delivering competitive compensation and benefits to its employees worldwide as a means to attract and retain a highly qualified, experienced, talented and motivated workforce. We vary and adjust our offerings to support the human resources requirements of our business in markets around the world in which we operate. Additionally, we structure our compensation programs for leaders to include a mix of short- and long-term awards, with a focus on linking pay to Chubb's performance and the enhancement of shareholder value over the medium- and long-term. Segment Information Chubb operates through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. In 2022, consolidated net premiums earned (NPE) was $40.4 billion. Additional financial information about our segments is included in Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. North America Commercial P&C Insurance (42 percent of 2022 Consolidated NPE) Overview The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide P&C and A&H insurance and services to large, middle market, and small commercial businesses in the U.S., Canada, and Bermuda. This segment includes: • Commercial Insurance (40 percent of this segment's 2022 NPE), which includes the retail division focused on middle market customers and small businesses • Major Accounts (39 percent of this segment's 2022 NPE), the retail division focused on large institutional organizations and corporate companies • Westchester (17 percent of this segment's 2022 NPE), our wholesale and specialty division Chubb Bermuda (4 percent of this segment’s 2022 NPE), our high excess retail division • Products and Distribution The Commercial Insurance operations, which include Small Commercial, provides a broad range of P&C, financial lines, and A&H products targeted to U.S and Canadian-based middle market customers in a variety of industries, while the Small 4 Commercial operations provide a broad range of property and casualty, workers' compensation, small commercial management and professional liability for small businesses based in the U.S. • • Commercial Insurance products and services offered include traditional property and casualty lines of business, including Package, which combines property and general liability, workers' compensation, automobile, umbrella; financial lines of business, including professional liability, management liability and cyber risk coverage; and other lines including environmental, A&H, and international coverages. Commercial Insurance distributes its insurance products through a North American network of independent retail agents, and regional, multinational and digital brokers. Generally, our customers purchase insurance through a single retail agent or broker, do not employ a risk management department, and do not retain significant risk through self-insured retentions. The majority of our customers purchase a Package product or a portfolio of products, which is a collection of insurance offerings designed to cover various needs. Small Commercial Insurance products and services offered include property and casualty lines of business, including a business owner policy which contains property and general liability; financial lines, including professional liability, management liability and cyber risk coverage; and other lines including workers’ compensation, automobile liability, and international coverages. Products are generally offered through a North American network of independent agents and brokers, as well as eTraditional, which are digital platforms where we electronically quote, bind, and issue for agents and brokers. An example of this is the Chubb Marketplace. Major Accounts provides a broad array of commercial lines of products and services, including traditional and specialty P&C, risk management, and A&H products to large U.S. and Canadian-based institutional organizations and corporate companies. Major Accounts distributes its insurance products primarily through a limited number of retail brokers. In addition to using brokers, certain products are also distributed through general agents, independent agents, managing general agents (MGA), managing general underwriters, alliances, affinity groups, and direct marketing operations. Products and services offered include property, professional liability, cyber risk, excess casualty, workers’ compensation, general liability, automobile liability, commercial marine, surety, environmental, construction, medical risk, inland marine, A&H coverages, as well as claims and risk management products and services. The Major Accounts operations are organized into the following distinct business units, each offering specialized products and services targeted at specific markets: • • • • • Chubb Global Casualty offers a range of customized risk management primary casualty products designed to help large insureds, including national accounts, and managing risk for workers’ compensation, general liability and automobile liability coverages as well as offering casualty insurance solutions for commercial real estate. Chubb Global Casualty also provides products which insure specific global operating risks of U.S.-based multinational companies and include deductible programs, captive programs, and paid or incurred loss retrospective plans. Within Chubb Global Casualty, Chubb Alternative Risk Solutions Group underwrites contractual indemnification policies which provides prospective coverage for loss events within the insured’s policy retention levels and underwrites assumed loss portfolio transfer (LPT) contracts in which insured loss events have occurred prior to the inception of the contract. Property provides products and services including primary, quota share and excess all-risk insurance, risk management programs and services, commercial, inland marine, and aerospace products. Casualty Risk provides coverages including umbrella and excess liability, environmental risk, casualty programs for commercial construction related projects for companies and institutions, and medical risk specialty liability products for the healthcare industry. Surety offers a wide variety of surety products and specializes in underwriting both commercial and contract bonds and has the capacity for bond issuance on an international basis. Accident & Health (A&H) products are targeted to middle market, large corporate and affinity groups, and include employee benefit plans, occupational accident, student accident, and worldwide travel accident and global medical programs. With respect to products that include supplemental medical and hospital indemnity coverages, we typically pay fixed amounts for claims and are therefore insulated from rising healthcare costs. A&H also provides specialty consumer lines products, including credit card enhancement programs (identity theft, rental car collision damage waiver, trip travel, and purchase protection benefits). • Financial Lines provides management liability and professional liability (D&O and E&O), transactional risk, and cyber risk products to public companies as well as to private and not for profit organizations. 5 • ESIS Inc. (ESIS) is an in-house third-party claims administrator that performs claims management and risk control services for domestic and international organizations as well as for the North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment. ESIS services include comprehensive medical managed care; integrated disability services; pre-loss control and risk management; health, safety and environmental consulting; salvage and subrogation; and healthcare recovery services. The net results for ESIS are included in North America Commercial P&C Insurance’s administrative expenses. Westchester is our wholesale and specialty division that serves the market for business risks that tend to be hard to place or not easily covered by traditional policies due to unique or complex exposures and provides specialty products for property, casualty, environmental, professional liability, inland marine, product recall, small business, binding and program coverages in the U.S. and Canada. Products are offered through the wholesale distribution channel. Chubb Bermuda is our high excess retail division which provides commercial insurance products on an excess basis including excess liability, D&O, professional liability, property, and political risk, the latter being written by Sovereign Risk Insurance Ltd., a wholly-owned managing agent. Chubb Bermuda focuses on Fortune 1000 companies and targets risks that are generally low in frequency and high in severity. Products are offered primarily through the Bermuda offices of major, internationally recognized insurance brokers. Competitive Environment The Commercial Insurance operations compete against numerous insurance companies ranging from large national carriers to small and mid-size insurers who provide specialty coverages and standard P&C products. Recent competitive developments include the growth of new digital-based distribution models. Westchester competes against a number of large, national carriers as well as regional competitors and other entities offering risk alternatives such as self-insured retentions and captive programs. Chubb Bermuda competes against international commercial carriers writing business on an excess of loss basis. Major Accounts competes against a number of large, global carriers as well as regional competitors and other entities offering risk alternatives such as self-insured retentions and captive programs. The markets in which we compete are subject to significant cycles of fluctuating capacity and wide disparities in price adequacy. We pursue a specialist strategy and focus on market opportunities where we can compete effectively based on service levels and product design, while still achieving an adequate level of profitability. We also achieve a competitive advantage through Major Accounts’ innovative product offerings and our ability to provide multiple products to a single client due to our nationwide local presence. In addition, all our domestic commercial units are able to deliver global products and coverage to customers in concert with our Overseas General Insurance segment. North America Personal P&C Insurance (13 percent of 2022 Consolidated NPE) Overview The North America Personal P&C Insurance segment includes the business written by Chubb Personal Risk Services division, which includes high net worth personal lines business, with operations in the U.S. and Canada. This segment provides affluent and high net worth individuals and families with homeowners, high value automobile and collector cars, valuable articles (including fine arts), personal and excess liability, travel insurance, cyber, and recreational marine insurance and services. Our homeowners business, including valuable articles, represented 69 percent of North America Personal P&C Insurance’s net premiums earned in 2022. Products and Distribution Chubb Personal Risk Services offers comprehensive personal insurance products and services to meet the evolving needs of high net worth families and individuals. Our seamless customer experience and superior coverage protect not only our clients’ most valuable possessions, but also their standard of living. Our target customers consist of high net worth consumers with insurance needs that typically extend beyond what mass market carriers can offer. These coverages are offered solely through independent regional agents and brokers. Competitive Environment Chubb Personal Risk Services competes against insurance companies of varying sizes that sell personal lines products through various distribution channels, including retail agents as well as online distribution channels. We achieve a competitive advantage through our ability to address the specific needs of high net worth families and individuals, to provide superior service to our customers, and to develop and deploy digital production and processes. 6 North America Agricultural Insurance (7 percent of 2022 Consolidated NPE) Overview The North America Agricultural Insurance segment comprises our U.S. and Canadian based businesses that provide a variety of coverages including crop insurance, primarily Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail insurance through Rain and Hail Insurance Service, Inc. (Rain and Hail) as well as farm and ranch and specialty P&C commercial insurance products and services through our Chubb Agribusiness unit. Products and Distribution Rain and Hail provides comprehensive MPCI and crop-hail insurance coverages. • MPCI is federally subsidized crop protection from numerous causes of loss, including drought, excessive moisture, freeze, disease and more. The MPCI program is offered in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. MPCI products include revenue protection (defined as providing both commodity price and yield coverages), yield protection, margin protection, prevented planting coverage and replant coverage. For additional information on our MPCI program, refer to “Crop Insurance” under Item 7. • Crop-Hail coverage provides crop protection from damage caused by hail and/or fire, with options in some markets for other perils such as wind or theft. Coverage is provided on an acre-by-acre basis and is available in the U.S. and in some parts of Canada. Crop-Hail can be used in conjunction with MPCI or other comprehensive coverages to offset the deductible and provide protection up to the actual cash value of the crop. Chubb Agribusiness comprises Commercial Agribusiness and Farm and Ranch Agribusiness. • • Commercial Agribusiness offers specialty P&C coverages for commercial companies that manufacture, process and distribute agricultural products. Commercial products and services include property, general liability for premises/operations and product liability, commercial automobile, workers' compensation, employment practices liability coverage, built-in coverage for premises pollution, cyber and information security, and product withdrawal. Farm and Ranch Agribusiness offers an extensive line of coverages for farming operations from Hobby/Gentleman farms to complex corporate farms and equine services including personal use, boarding, and training. Coverages include farm and ranch structures, automobile and other vehicle coverages, and machinery and other equipment coverages. Competitive Environment Rain and Hail primarily operates in a federally regulated program where all approved providers offer the same product forms and rates through independent and/or captive agents. We seek a competitive advantage through our ability to provide superior service to our customers, including the development of digital solutions. Chubb Agribusiness competes against both national and regional competitors offering specialty P&C insurance coverages to companies that manufacture, process, and distribute agricultural products. Overseas General Insurance (27 percent of 2022 Consolidated NPE) Overview The Overseas General Insurance segment comprises Chubb International, our retail division, Chubb Global Markets (CGM), our wholesale division, and the international supplemental A&H business of Combined International Insurance. Chubb International comprises our international retail commercial P&C and corporate A&H traditional and specialty lines serving large corporations, middle market and small customers; consumer A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines business serving local territories outside the U.S., Bermuda, and Canada. CGM, our London-based international specialty and excess and surplus lines wholesale business, includes Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) Syndicate 2488, a wholly-owned Chubb syndicate supported by funds at Lloyd’s provided by Chubb Corporate Members. Syndicate 2488 has an underwriting capacity of £630 million for the Lloyd’s 2023 account year. The syndicate is managed by Chubb’s Lloyd’s managing agency, Chubb Underwriting Agencies Limited. The Overseas General Insurance segment also includes the P&C related operations of our investment in China based Huatai Group. Products and Distribution Chubb International maintains a presence in every major insurance market in the world and is organized geographically along product lines as follows: Europe, Middle East and Africa, Asia Pacific, Japan, and Latin America. Products offered include commercial P&C and corporate A&H lines, including specialty coverages and services, and consumer lines, including A&H and personal lines insurance products. Chubb International's P&C business is generally written, on both a direct and assumed basis, 7 through major international, regional, and local brokers and agents. Certain branded products are also offered via digital- commerce platforms, allowing agents and brokers to quote, bind, and issue policies at their convenience. Property insurance products include traditional commercial fire coverage, as well as energy industry-related, marine, construction, and other technical coverages. Principal casualty products are commercial primary and excess casualty, environmental, and general liability. A&H and other consumer lines products are distributed through brokers, agents, direct marketing programs, including thousands of telemarketers, and sponsor relationships. The A&H operations primarily offer personal accident and supplemental medical coverages including accidental death, business/holiday travel, specified disease, disability, medical and hospital indemnity, and income protection. We are not in the primary healthcare business. With respect to our supplemental medical and hospital indemnity products, we typically pay fixed amounts for claims and are therefore largely insulated from the direct impact of rising healthcare costs. Chubb International specialty coverages include D&O, professional indemnity, cyber, surety, aviation, political risk, and specialty personal lines products. Chubb International personal lines operations provide a wide range of consumer lines products to meet the needs of specific target markets around the world. Products include high net worth homes, traditional homeowners, automobile, and specialty products that cover smart phones, eyeglasses, and personal cyber risk. As of December 31, 2022, Chubb International’s presence in China included its 47.3 percent ownership interest in Huatai Group. Huatai Group wholly owns Huatai Property & Casualty Insurance Co., Ltd. (Huatai P&C). Therefore, Chubb owned a 47.3 percent indirect ownership interest in Huatai P&C, which provides a range of commercial and personal P&C products in China, including property, professional liability, product liability, employer liability, business interruption, marine cargo, personal accident, and specialty risk. These products are marketed through a variety of distribution channels including over 200 licensed sales locations in 28 Chinese provinces. On January 4, 2023, we increased our ownership interest in Huatai Group to 64.2 percent. Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. CGM offers products through its parallel distribution network via two legal entities, Chubb European Group SE (CEG) and Chubb Underwriting Agencies Limited, managing agent of Syndicate 2488. CGM uses the Syndicate to underwrite P&C business on a global basis through Lloyd's worldwide licenses. They also use CEG to underwrite similar classes, including in the U.S. where they are eligible to write excess and surplus lines business. Factors influencing the decision to place business with the Syndicate or CEG include licensing eligibilities and client/broker preference. CGM also has a presence outside London, in the U.S., Canada, Europe, Asia and Latin America, for certain specialty lines of business (political risk and trade credit as well as aviation) which are underwritten by local Chubb entities. All business underwritten by CGM is accessed through registered brokers. The main lines of business include aviation, property, energy, professional lines, marine, financial lines, political risk, and credit. Combined International Insurance uses an international sales force to distribute a wide range of supplemental A&H products including personal accident, short-term disability, critical conditions and cancer aid, and hospital confinement/recovery. Most of these products are primarily fixed-indemnity obligations and are not subject directly to escalating medical cost inflation. Competitive Environment Chubb International's primary competitors include U.S.-based companies with global operations, as well as non-U.S. global carriers and indigenous companies in regional and local markets. For the A&H and personal lines businesses, locally based competitors also include financial institutions and bank owned insurance subsidiaries. Our international operations have the distinct advantage of being part of one of the few international insurance groups with a global network of licensed companies able to write policies on a locally admitted basis. Our international operations also have the advantage of selling products through a variety of distribution channels including partnerships with major international, regional, and local brokers and agents. Additionally, as noted above, certain branded products are also offered via digital-commerce platforms. The principal competitive factors that affect the international operations are underwriting expertise and pricing, relative operating efficiency, product differentiation, producer relations, and the quality of policyholder services. A competitive strength of our international operations is our global network and breadth of insurance programs, which assist individuals and business organizations to meet their risk management objectives, while also having a significant presence in all of the countries in which we operate, giving us the advantage of accessing local technical expertise and regulatory environments, understanding local markets and culture, accomplishing a spread of risk, and offering a global network to service multinational accounts. CGM is one of the preeminent international specialty insurers in London and is an established lead underwriter on a significant portion of the risks it underwrites for all lines of business. All lines of business face competition, depending on the business class, from Lloyd's syndicates, other carriers operating in the London market, and other major international insurers and reinsurers. Competition for international risks is also seen from domestic insurers in the country of origin of the insured. CGM differentiates itself from competitors through long standing experience in its product lines, its multiple insurance entities (Syndicate 2488 and CEG), and the quality of its underwriting and claims service. 8 Global Reinsurance (2 percent of 2022 Consolidated NPE) Overview The Global Reinsurance segment represents Chubb's reinsurance operations comprising Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda, Chubb Tempest Re USA, Chubb Tempest Re International, and Chubb Tempest Re Canada. Global Reinsurance markets its reinsurance products worldwide primarily through reinsurance brokers under the Chubb Tempest Re brand name and provides a broad range of traditional and non-traditional reinsurance coverage to a diverse array of primary P&C companies. Products and Distribution Global Reinsurance services clients globally through its major units. Major international brokers submit business to one or more of these units' underwriting teams who have built strong relationships with both key brokers and clients by providing a responsive, client-focused approach to risk assessment and pricing. Global Reinsurance’s diversified portfolio is produced through reinsurance intermediaries. Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda principally provides property catastrophe reinsurance to insurers of commercial and personal property. Property catastrophe reinsurance is on an occurrence or aggregate basis and protects a ceding company against an accumulation of losses covered by its issued insurance policies, arising from a common event or occurrence. Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda underwrites reinsurance principally on an excess of loss basis, meaning that its exposure only arises after the ceding company's accumulated losses have exceeded the attachment point of the reinsurance treaty. Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda also writes other types of reinsurance on a limited basis for some select clients. Chubb Tempest Re USA offers an array of traditional and specialty P&C reinsurance for the North American market, principally on a treaty basis, with a focus on writing property and casualty reinsurance. Chubb Tempest Re USA underwrites reinsurance on both a proportional and excess of loss basis. Chubb Tempest Re International offers an array of traditional and specialty P&C reinsurance to insurance companies worldwide, with emphasis on non-U.S. and non-Canadian risks, including but not limited to property, property catastrophe, casualty, marine, and specialty through its London- and Zurich-based offices. Chubb Tempest Re International underwrites reinsurance on both a proportional and excess of loss basis. Chubb Tempest Re Canada offers an array of traditional and specialty P&C reinsurance for the Canadian market, including but not limited to property, property catastrophe, casualty, surety, and crop-hail. Chubb Tempest Re Canada underwrites reinsurance on both a proportional and excess of loss basis. Competitive Environment The Global Reinsurance segment competes worldwide with major U.S. and non-U.S. reinsurers as well as reinsurance departments of numerous multi-line insurance organizations. In addition, capital markets participants have developed alternative capital sources intended to compete with traditional reinsurance. Government sponsored or backed catastrophe funds can also affect demand for reinsurance. Global Reinsurance is typically involved in the negotiation and quotation of the terms and conditions of the majority of the contracts in which it participates. Global Reinsurance competes effectively in P&C markets worldwide because of Chubb's strong capital position, analytical capabilities, experienced underwriting team and quality customer service. The key competitors in our markets vary by geographic region and product line. An advantage of our international platform is that we can change our mix of business in response to changes in competitive conditions in the territories in which we operate. Our geographic reach is also sought by multinational ceding companies since our offices, except for Bermuda, provide local reinsurance license capabilities which benefit our clients in dealing with country regulators. Life Insurance (9 percent of 2022 Consolidated NPE) Overview The Life Insurance segment comprises our international life operations (Chubb Life), Chubb Tempest Life Re (Chubb Life Re), and the North American supplemental A&H and life business of Combined Insurance. Products and Distribution Chubb Life provides individual life and group benefit insurance primarily in Asia, including Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Myanmar. On July 1, 2022, we expanded our presence in Asia with the acquisition of Cigna’s A&H and life insurance operations. Predominantly writing a portfolio of personal accident and supplemental health insurance and term life, the operations are located in Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, New Zealand, and Indonesia. Chubb Life also provides 9 coverage throughout Latin America; selectively in Europe; Egypt; and in China through our direct and indirect investments in Huatai Group, Huatai Life Insurance Co., Ltd. (Huatai Life) and Huatai Asset Management Co., Ltd. Chubb Life offers a broad portfolio of protection and savings products including whole life, endowment plans, individual term life, group term life, medical and health, personal accident, credit life, universal life, Group Employee benefits, unit linked contracts, and credit protection insurance for automobile, motorcycle, and home loans. The policies written by Chubb Life generally provide funds to beneficiaries of insureds after death and/or protection and/or savings benefits while the contract owner is living. We earn income from both insurance contracts subject to mortality and morbidity risks and investment contracts not subject to insurance risks. Funds received from policyholders for investment contracts are not recorded as premium revenue, but rather as a policyholder deposits with an offsetting policy holder account balance liability on the balance sheet. We earn income on investment contracts from both net investment spreads on policy holder account balances and fees for management and administrative services. The size of policyholder account balances will primarily determine the amount of income generated from investment contracts. These investment contracts are an important component of production and are key to our efforts to grow our business. Chubb Life sells to consumers through a variety of distribution channels including captive and independent agencies, bancassurance, worksite marketing, retailers, brokers, telemarketing, mobilassurance, and direct to consumer marketing. We continue to expand Chubb Life with a focus on opportunities in international markets that we believe will result in sustainable operating profits and achieve target returns on invested capital. Our dedicated captive agency distribution channel, whereby agents sell Chubb Life products exclusively, enables us to maintain direct contact with the individual consumer, promote quality sales practices, and exercise greater control over the future of the business. We have developed a substantial sales force of agents principally located in our Asia-Pacific countries. As of December 31, 2022, Chubb had a 57.7 percent direct and indirect ownership interest in Huatai Life, comprising a 20 percent direct ownership interest as well as a 37.7 percent indirect ownership interest through Huatai Group, the parent company of Huatai Life. Huatai Life commenced operations in 2005 and has since grown to become one of the larger life insurance foreign joint ventures in China. Huatai Life offers a broad portfolio of insurance products including whole life, universal life, medical and health, personal accident, and disability. These products are marketed through a variety of distribution channels including over 400 licensed sales locations in 20 Chinese provinces. We also have an indirect investment in Huatai Asset Management, a third-party investment management firm, through our direct ownership in Huatai Group. On January 4, 2023, we increased our direct and indirect ownership interest in Huatai Life to 71.1 percent, through our increased ownership in Huatai Group. Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Chubb Life Re's core business is a Bermuda-based operation which provides reinsurance to primary life insurers, focusing on guarantees included in certain variable annuity products and also on more traditional mortality reinsurance protection. Chubb Life Re's U.S.-based traditional life reinsurance operation was discontinued for new business in January 2010. Since 2007, Chubb Life Re has not quoted on new opportunities in the variable annuity reinsurance marketplace and our focus has been on managing the current portfolio of risk, both in the aggregate and on a contract basis. This business is managed with a long-term perspective and short-term net income volatility is expected. Combined Insurance distributes specialty supplemental A&H and life insurance products targeted to middle income consumers and businesses in the U.S. and Canada through both direct marketing and worksite sales, through our Chubb Workplace Benefits platform. Combined Insurance's substantial North American sales force distributes a wide range of supplemental accident and sickness insurance products, including personal accident, short-term disability, critical illness, Medicare supplement products, and hospital confinement/recovery. Most of these products are primarily fixed-indemnity benefit obligations and are not directly subject to escalating medical cost inflation. Competitive Environment Chubb Life's competition differs by location but generally includes multinational insurers, local insurers, joint ventures, and state-owned insurers. Chubb's financial strength and reputation as an entrepreneurial organization with a global presence gives Chubb Life a strong base from which to compete. While Chubb Life Re is not currently quoting on new opportunities in the variable annuity reinsurance marketplace, we continue to monitor developments in this market. Combined Insurance competes for A&H business in the U.S. against numerous A&H and life insurance companies across various industry segments. 10 Corporate Corporate results primarily include results of all run-off asbestos and environmental (A&E) exposures, the results of our run-off Brandywine business, the results of Westchester specialty operations for 1996 and prior years, certain other run-off exposures including molestation exposures, and income and expenses not attributable to reportable segments and the results of our non- insurance companies. The run-off operations do not actively sell insurance products, but are responsible for the management of existing policies and settlement of related claims. Our exposure to A&E, abuse or molestation claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when we purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998, CIGNA’s P&C business in 1999, and The Chubb Corporation in 2016. The A&E liabilities principally relate to claims arising from bodily-injury claims related to asbestos products and remediation costs associated with hazardous waste sites.  Underwriting Chubb is an underwriting company and we strive to emphasize quality of underwriting rather than volume of business or market share. Our underwriting strategy is to manage risk by employing consistent, disciplined pricing and risk selection. This, coupled with writing a number of less cyclical product lines, has helped us develop flexibility and stability of our business, and has allowed us to maintain a profitable book of business throughout market cycles. Clearly defined underwriting authorities, standards, and guidelines coupled with a strong underwriting audit function are in place in each of our local operations and global profit centers. Global product boards ensure consistency of approach and the establishment of best practices throughout the world. Our priority is to help ensure adherence to criteria for risk selection by maintaining high levels of experience and expertise in our underwriting staff. In addition, we employ a business review structure that helps ensure control of risk quality and appropriate use of policy limits and terms and conditions. Underwriting discipline is at the heart of our operating philosophy. Actuaries in each region work closely with the underwriting teams to provide additional expertise in the underwriting process. We use internal and external data together with sophisticated analytical, catastrophe loss and risk modeling techniques to ensure an appropriate understanding of risk, including diversification and correlation effects, across different product lines and territories. We recognize that climate changes and weather patterns, as well as inflationary forces, are integral to our underwriting process and we continually adjust our process to address these changes. This is intended to help ensure that exposures are priced appropriately and resulting losses are contained within our risk tolerance and appetite for individual product lines, businesses, and Chubb as a whole. Our use of such tools and data also reflects an understanding of their inherent limitations and uncertainties. We also purchase protection from third parties, including, but not limited to, reinsurance as a tool to diversify risk and limit the net loss potential of catastrophes and large or unusually hazardous risks. For additional information refer to "Risk Factors" under Item 1A, “Reinsurance Protection”, below, “Catastrophe Management” and “Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program”, under Item 7, and Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8. Reinsurance Protection As part of our risk management strategy, we purchase reinsurance protection to mitigate our exposure to losses, including certain catastrophes, to a level consistent with our risk appetite. Although reinsurance agreements contractually obligate our reinsurers to reimburse us for an agreed-upon portion of our gross paid losses, reinsurance does not discharge our primary liability to our insureds and, thus, we ultimately remain liable for the gross direct losses. In certain countries, reinsurer selection is limited by local laws or regulations. In most countries there is more freedom of choice, and the counterparty is selected based upon its financial strength, claims settlement record, management, line of business expertise, and its price for assuming the risk transferred. In support of this process, we maintain a Chubb authorized reinsurer list that stratifies these authorized reinsurers by classes of business and acceptable limits. This list is maintained by our Reinsurance Security Committee (RSC), a committee comprising senior management personnel and a dedicated reinsurer security team. Changes to the list are authorized by the RSC and recommended to the Chair of the Risk and Underwriting Committee. The reinsurers on the authorized list and potential new markets are regularly reviewed and the list may be modified following these reviews. In addition to the authorized list, there is a formal exception process that allows authorized reinsurance buyers to use reinsurers already on the authorized list for higher limits or different lines of business, for example, or other reinsurers not on the authorized list if their use is supported by compelling business reasons for a particular reinsurance program. A separate policy and process exists for captive reinsurance companies. Generally, these reinsurance companies are established by our clients or our clients have an interest in them. It is generally our policy to obtain collateral equal to the expected losses that may be ceded to the captive. Where appropriate, exceptions to the collateral requirement are granted but only after senior management review. Specific collateral guidelines and an exception process are in place for the North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, and Overseas General Insurance segments, all of which have credit management units evaluating the captive's credit quality and that of their parent company. The credit management units, 11 working with actuaries, determine reasonable exposure estimates (collateral calculations), ensure receipt of collateral in an acceptable form, and coordinate collateral adjustments as and when needed. Financial reviews and expected loss evaluations are performed annually for active captive accounts and as needed for run-off exposures. In addition to collateral, parental guarantees are often used to enhance the credit quality of the captive. In general, we seek to place our reinsurance with highly rated companies with which we have a strong trading relationship. For additional information refer to “Catastrophe Management” and “Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program” under Item 7, and Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8. Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses We establish reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses, which are estimates of future payments on reported and unreported claims for losses and related expenses, with respect to insured events that have occurred. These reserves are recorded in Unpaid losses and loss expenses in the Consolidated balance sheets. The process of establishing loss and loss expense reserves for P&C claims can be complex and is subject to considerable uncertainty as it requires the use of informed estimates and judgments based on circumstances known at the date the loss is recognized. These estimates and judgments are based on numerous factors and may be revised as additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, as new or improved methodologies are developed, or as laws change. Internal actuaries regularly analyze the levels of loss and loss expense reserves, taking into consideration factors that may impact the ultimate settlement value of the unpaid losses and loss expenses. These analyses could result in future changes in the estimates of loss and loss expense reserves or reinsurance recoverables and any such changes would be reflected in our results of operations in the period in which the estimates are changed. Losses and loss expenses are charged to income as incurred. The reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses represents the estimated ultimate losses and loss expenses less paid losses and loss expenses, and comprises case reserves and incurred but not reported (IBNR) reserves. With the exception of certain structured settlements, for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable, and certain reserves for unsettled claims, our loss reserves are not discounted for the time value of money. The net undiscounted reserves related to structured settlements and certain reserves for unsettled claims are immaterial. For each product line, management, after consultation with internal actuaries, develops a “best estimate” of the ultimate settlement value of the unpaid losses and loss expenses that it believes provides a reasonable estimate of the required reserve. We evaluate our estimates of reserves quarterly in light of developing information. While we are unable at this time to determine whether additional reserves may be necessary in the future, we believe that our reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses are adequate at December 31, 2022. Future additions to reserves, if needed, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. For additional information refer to “Critical Accounting Estimates – Unpaid losses and loss expenses”, under Item 7, and Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8. Investments Our objective is to maximize investment income and total return while ensuring an appropriate level of liquidity, investment quality, and diversification. As such, Chubb's investment portfolio is invested primarily in investment-grade fixed-income securities as measured by the major rating agencies. We also invest in limited partnerships and investment funds. We do not allow leverage in our investment portfolio. The critical aspects of the investment process are controlled by Chubb Asset Management, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Chubb. These aspects include asset allocation, portfolio and guideline design, risk management, and oversight of external asset managers. In this regard, Chubb Asset Management: • conducts formal asset allocation modeling for each of the Chubb subsidiaries, providing formal recommendations for the portfolio's structure; establishes recommended investment guidelines that are appropriate to the prescribed asset allocation targets; provides the analysis, evaluation, and selection of our external investment advisors; establishes and develops investment-related analytics to enhance portfolio engineering and risk control; • • • • monitors and aggregates the correlated risk of the overall investment portfolio; and • provides governance over the investment process for each of our operating companies to ensure consistency of approach and adherence to investment guidelines. Under our guidance and direction, external asset managers conduct security and sector selection and transaction execution. Use of multiple managers benefits Chubb in several ways – it provides us with operational and cost efficiencies, diversity of styles and approaches, innovations in investment research and credit and risk management, all of which enhance the risk adjusted returns of our portfolios. Chubb Asset Management determines the investment portfolio's allowable, targeted asset allocation and ranges for each of the segments. These asset allocation targets are derived from sophisticated asset and liability modeling that measures correlated 12 histories of returns and volatility of returns. Allowable investment classes are further refined through analysis of our operating environment including expected volatility of cash flows, potential impact on our capital position, and regulatory and rating agency considerations. The Board has established a Risk & Finance Committee which helps execute the Board's supervisory responsibilities pertaining to enterprise risk management including investment risk. Under the overall supervision of the Risk & Finance Committee, Chubb's governance over investment management is rigorous and ongoing. Among its responsibilities, the Risk & Finance Committee of the Board: • • • reviews and approves asset allocation targets and investment policy to ensure that it is consistent with our overall goals, strategies, and objectives; reviews and approves investment guidelines to ensure that appropriate levels of portfolio liquidity, credit quality, diversification, and volatility are maintained; and systematically reviews the portfolio's exposures including any potential violations of investment guidelines. We have long-standing global credit limits for our entire portfolio across the organization and for individual obligors. Exposures are aggregated, monitored, and actively managed by our Global Credit Committee, comprising senior executives, including our Chief Financial Officer, our Chief Risk Officer, our Chief Investment Officer, and our Treasurer. Within the guidelines and asset allocation parameters established by the Risk & Finance Committee, individual investment committees of the segments determine tactical asset allocation. Additionally, these committees review all investment-related activity that affects their operating company, including the selection of outside investment advisors, proposed asset allocation changes, and the systematic review of investment guidelines. For additional information regarding the investment portfolio, including breakdowns of the sector and maturity distributions, refer to Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8. Regulation Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries conduct business globally, including in all 50 states of the United States, the District of Columbia, and all U.S. Territories. Our business is subject to varying degrees of regulation and supervision in each of the jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are domiciled and on a group basis. The laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are domiciled require among other things that these subsidiaries maintain minimum levels of statutory capital, surplus, and liquidity, meet solvency standards, and submit to periodic examinations of their financial condition. The complex regulatory environments in which Chubb operates are subject to change and are regularly monitored. Group Supervision The Pennsylvania Insurance Department (Department) is the group-wide supervisor for the Chubb Group of Companies. In consultation with other insurance regulatory bodies that oversee Chubb's insurance activities, the Department has convened the Chubb Supervisory College (College) bi-annually since 2012, with regulator-only interim Colleges held in intervening years since 2017. The most recent College was held in September 2022. During these meetings, the College reviewed extensive information about Chubb, without material adverse comment. The following is an overview of regulations for our operations in Switzerland, the U.S., Bermuda, and other international locations. Swiss Operations The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) has the discretion to supervise Chubb on a group-wide basis. However, FINMA acknowledges the Department's assumption of group supervision over us. In 2008, we formed Chubb Insurance (Switzerland) Limited which offers property and casualty insurance to Swiss companies, A&H and personal lines insurance for individuals of Swiss companies, and reinsurance predominantly in continental Europe. We have also formed a reinsurance subsidiary named Chubb Reinsurance (Switzerland) Limited, which we operate as primarily a provider of reinsurance to Chubb entities. Both companies are licensed and governed by FINMA. 13 U.S. Operations Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are subject to extensive regulation by the states in which they do business. The laws of the various states establish departments of insurance with broad authority to regulate, among other things: the standards of solvency that must be met and maintained, the licensing of insurers and their producers, approval of policy forms and rates, the nature of and limitations on investments, restrictions on the size of the risks which may be insured under a single policy, deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders, requirements for the acceptability of reinsurers, periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies, the form and content of reports of financial condition required to be filed, and the adequacy of reserves for unearned premiums, losses, and other exposures. Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are required to file detailed annual and quarterly reports with state insurance regulators. In addition, our U.S. insurance subsidiaries' operations and financial records are subject to examination at regular intervals by state regulators. All states have enacted legislation that regulates insurance holding companies. This legislation provides that each U.S. insurance company in the insurance holding company system (system) is required to register with the insurance department of its state of domicile and furnish information concerning the operations of companies within the system that may materially affect the operations, management, or financial condition of our U.S. insurers. All transactions within a system must be fair and equitable. Notice to the insurance departments is required prior to the consummation of transactions affecting the ownership or control of an insurer and of certain material transactions between an insurer and an entity in its system. In addition, certain transactions may not be consummated without the department's prior approval. We are also required to file annually with the Department an enterprise risk report that identifies material risks within our system that could pose enterprise risk to our U.S. insurers, a disclosure report that identifies our corporate governance practices, a report reflecting our internal assessment of material risks associated with our current business plan and the sufficiency of our capital resources to support those risks, and a group capital calculation report that provides a baseline quantitative measure for group risks. Statutory surplus is an important measure used by the regulators and rating agencies to assess our U.S. insurance subsidiaries' ability to support business operations and provide dividend capacity. Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are subject to various state statutory and regulatory restrictions that limit the amount of dividends that may be paid without prior approval from regulatory authorities. These restrictions differ by state, but are generally based on calculations incorporating statutory surplus, statutory net income, and/or investment income. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) has a risk-based capital requirement for P&C insurance companies. This risk-based capital formula is used by many state regulatory authorities to identify insurance companies that may be undercapitalized and which merit further regulatory attention. These requirements are designed to monitor capital adequacy using a formula that prescribes a series of risk measurements to determine a minimum capital amount for an insurance company, based on the profile of the individual company. The ratio of a company's actual policyholder surplus to its minimum capital requirement will determine whether any state regulatory action is required. There are progressive risk-based capital failure levels that trigger more stringent regulatory action. If an insurer's policyholders' surplus falls below the Mandatory Control Level (70 percent of the Authorized Control Level, as defined by the NAIC), the relevant insurance commissioner is required to place the insurer under regulatory control. However, an insurance regulator may allow a P&C company operating below the Mandatory Control Level that is writing no business and is running off its existing business to continue its run-off. Brandywine is running off its liabilities consistent with the terms of an order issued by the Insurance Commissioner of Pennsylvania. This includes periodic reporting obligations to the Department. Government intervention continues in the insurance and reinsurance markets in relation to terrorism coverage in the U.S. (and through industry initiatives in other countries). The U.S. Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA), which was enacted in 2002 to ensure the availability of insurance coverage for certain types of terrorist acts in the U.S., has been extended under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019 (TRIPRA) through December 31, 2027, and applies to certain of our operations. From time to time, Chubb and its subsidiaries and affiliates receive inquiries from state agencies and attorneys general, with which we generally comply, seeking information concerning business practices, such as underwriting and non-traditional or loss 14 mitigation insurance products. Moreover, many recent factors, such as consequences of and reactions to industry and economic conditions and focus on domestic issues, have contributed to the potential for change in the legal and regulatory framework applicable to Chubb's U.S. operations and businesses. We cannot assure that changes in laws or investigative or enforcement activities in the various states in the U.S. will not have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or business practices. We are subject to numerous U.S. federal and state laws governing the protection of personal and confidential information of our clients or employees. These laws and regulations are increasing in complexity, and the requirements are extensive and detailed. Numerous states require us to certify our compliance with their data protection laws. We are subject to the New York Department of Financial Services’ Cybersecurity Regulation (the NYDFS Cybersecurity Regulation) which mandates detailed cybersecurity standards for all institutions, including insurance entities, authorized by the NYDFS to operate in New York. Among the requirements are the maintenance of a cybersecurity program with governance controls, risk-based minimum data security standards for technology systems, cyber breach preparedness and response requirements, including reporting obligations, vendor oversight, training, program record keeping, and certification obligations. Because our North America systems are integrated, our companies domiciled in other states may also be impacted by this requirement. Additionally, the NAIC adopted an Insurance Data Security Model Law, which requires licensed insurance entities to comply with detailed information security requirements. The NAIC model law is similar in many respects to the NYDFS Cybersecurity Regulation. Bermuda Operations The Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda and related regulations, as amended (the Insurance Act), regulates the insurance business of our Bermuda domiciled (re)insurance subsidiaries (Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries) and provides that no person may carry on any insurance business in or from within Bermuda unless registered as an insurer by the Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA). The Insurance Act imposes solvency and liquidity standards and auditing and reporting requirements on Bermuda insurance companies and grants the BMA powers to supervise, investigate, and intervene in the affairs of insurance companies. Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries must prepare and file with the BMA, audited annual statutory financial statements and audited annual financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP), International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), or any such other generally accepted accounting principles as the BMA may recognize. The GAAP audited financial statements are made public by the BMA. The Insurance Act prescribes rules for the preparation and content of the statutory financial statements that require Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries to give detailed information and analyses regarding premiums, claims, reinsurance, and investments. In addition, each year, the Bermuda domiciled insurers are required to file with the BMA a capital and solvency return along with an annual statutory financial return. The prescribed form of capital and solvency return is comprised of the BMA’s risk-based capital model, termed the Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement (BSCR) or an approved internal capital model in lieu thereof; a statutory economic balance sheet; the approved actuary’s opinion; and several prescribed schedules. The BSCR is a tool to assist the BMA both in measuring risk and in determining appropriate levels of capitalization. The BSCR employs a standard mathematical model that correlates the risk underwritten by Bermuda insurers to their capital. The BSCR framework applies a standard measurement format to the risk associated with an insurer's assets, liabilities, and premiums, including a formula to take into account catastrophe risk exposure. The BMA established risk-based regulatory capital adequacy and solvency margin requirements for Bermuda insurers that mandate that a Bermuda domiciled subsidiary’s Enhanced Capital Requirement (ECR) be calculated by either (a) BSCR, or (b) an internal capital model which the BMA has approved for use for this purpose. The Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries use the BSCR in calculating their solvency requirements. Bermuda statutory reporting rules include an Economic Balance Sheet (EBS) framework. The EBS framework is embedded as part of the BSCR and forms the basis of our ECR. In order to minimize the risk of a shortfall in capital arising from an unexpected adverse deviation the BMA has established a threshold capital level, (termed the Target Capital Level (TCL)), set at 120 percent of ECR, that serves as an early warning tool for the BMA. Failure to maintain statutory capital at least equal to the TCL would likely result in increased BMA regulatory oversight. Under the BMA’s powers to set standards on public disclosure under the Insurance Act, the Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries are required to prepare and publish a Financial Condition Report (FCR). The FCR provides details of measures governing the 15 business operations, corporate governance framework, solvency and financial performance. The FCR must be filed with the BMA and requires Bermuda insurance companies to make the FCR publicly available. Under the Insurance Act, Chubb's Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries are prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends of more than 25 percent of total statutory capital and surplus, as shown in its previous financial year statutory balance sheet, unless at least seven days before payment of the dividends, it files with the BMA an affidavit signed by at least two directors of the relevant Bermuda domiciled subsidiary (one of whom must be a director resident in Bermuda) and by the relevant Bermuda domiciled subsidiary’s principal representative, that it will continue to meet its required solvency margins. Furthermore, Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries may only declare and pay a dividend from retained earnings and a dividend or distribution from contributed surplus if it has no reasonable grounds for believing that it is, or would after the payment be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due, or if the realizable value of its assets would be less than the aggregate of its liabilities. In addition, Chubb's Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries must obtain the BMA's prior approval before reducing total statutory capital, as shown in its previous financial year's financial statements, by 15 percent or more. Other International Operations The extent of insurance regulation varies significantly among the countries in which non-U.S. Chubb operations conduct business. While each country imposes licensing, solvency, auditing, and financial reporting requirements, such as the International Accounting Standard Board’s accounting standard for insurance contracts (IFRS 17), the type and extent of the requirements differ substantially. For example: • • • • • • in some countries, insurers are required to prepare and file monthly and/or quarterly financial reports, and in others, only annual reports; some regulators require intermediaries to be involved in the sale of insurance products, whereas other regulators permit direct sales contact between the insurer and the customer; the extent of restrictions imposed upon an insurer's use of local and offshore reinsurance vary; policy form filing and rate regulation vary by country; the frequency of contact and periodic on-site examinations by insurance authorities differ by country; and regulatory requirements relating to insurer dividend policies vary by country. Significant variations can also be found in the size, structure, and resources of the local regulatory departments that oversee insurance activities. Certain regulators prefer close relationships with all subject insurers and others operate a risk-based approach. Chubb operates in some countries through subsidiaries and in some countries through branches of subsidiaries. Local capital requirements applicable to a subsidiary generally include its branches. Certain Chubb companies are jointly owned with local companies to comply with legal requirements for local ownership. Other legal requirements include discretionary licensing procedures, compulsory cessions of reinsurance, local retention of funds and records, data privacy and protection program requirements such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and foreign exchange controls. Chubb's international companies are also subject to multinational application of certain U.S. laws. There are various regulatory bodies and initiatives that impact Chubb in multiple international jurisdictions and the potential for significant impact on Chubb could be heightened as a result of recent industry and economic developments. 16 Enterprise Risk Management As an insurer, Chubb is in the business of profitably managing risk for its customers. Since risk management must permeate an organization conducting a global insurance business, we have an established Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) framework, which encompasses climate risk, that is integrated into management of our businesses and is led by Chubb's senior management. As a result, ERM is a part of the day-to-day management of Chubb and its operations. Our global ERM framework is broadly multi-disciplinary and its strategic objectives include: • • External Risks: identify, analyze, quantify, and where possible, mitigate significant external risks that could materially hamper the financial condition of Chubb and/or the achievement of corporate business objectives over the next 36 months; Exposure Accumulations: identify and quantify the accumulation of exposure to individual counterparties, products or industry sectors, particularly those that materially extend across or correlate between business units or divisions and/or the balance sheet; • Risk Modeling: develop and use various data-sets, advanced analytics, metrics and processes (such as probabilistic exposure and economic capital models to assess aggregation risk from natural and other catastrophes) that help business and corporate leaders make informed underwriting, portfolio management and risk management decisions within a consistent risk/reward framework; • Governance: establish and coordinate risk guidelines that reflect the corporate appetite for risk; • • monitor exposure accumulations relative to established guidelines; and • ensure effective internal risk management communication up to management and the Board, (including our Risk & Finance Committee and our Nominating & Governance Committee), down to the various business units and legal entities, and across the firm; and • Disclosure: develop protocols and processes for risk-related disclosure internally as well as externally to rating agencies, regulators, shareholders and analysts. Chubb Group's Risk and Underwriting Committee (RUC) reports to and assists the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in the oversight and review of the ERM framework which covers the processes and guidelines used to manage the entire landscape of insurance, financial, strategic, and operational risks. The RUC is chaired by Chubb Group’s Chief Risk Officer (Chair). The RUC meets at least twice a quarter, and is comprised of Chubb Group's most senior executives which, in addition to the Chair, includes the CEO, President and Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Investment Officer, Chief Actuary, Chief Claims Officer, General Counsel, President – North America Insurance, President – Overseas General Insurance, Deputy Chief Risk Officer, and Chief Underwriting Officer. The RUC is assisted in its activities by Chubb's Enterprise Risk Unit (ERU) and Product Boards. The ERU is responsible for the collation and analysis of risk insight in two key areas. The first relates to external information that provides insight to the RUC on existing or emerging risks that might significantly impact Chubb's key objectives while the second involves internal risk aggregations arising from Chubb's business writings and other activities such as investments and operations. The ERU is independent of the operating units and reports to our Chief Risk Officer. The Product Boards exist to provide oversight for products that we offer globally. A Product Board currently exists for each of Chubb's major product areas. Each Product Board is responsible for ensuring consistency in underwriting and pricing standards, identification of emerging issues, and guidelines for relevant accumulations. Chubb's Chief Risk Officer also reports to the Board's Risk & Finance Committee, which helps execute the Board's supervisory responsibilities pertaining to ERM. The role of the Risk & Finance Committee includes evaluation of the integrity and effectiveness of our ERM procedures, systems, and information; governance on major policy decisions pertaining to risk aggregation and minimization; and assessment of our major decisions and preparedness levels pertaining to perceived material risks. The Audit Committee meets with the Risk & Finance Committee at least annually in order to exercise its duties under New York Stock Exchange Rules. Others within the overall ERM structure contribute toward accomplishing Chubb's ERM objectives, including regional management, Corporate Underwriting, Internal Audit, Compliance, external consultants, and managers of our internal control processes and procedures. 17 Climate Change Risk Management Chubb has a comprehensive, coordinated global environmental program that is embedded in all areas of the organization and its activities and performance are reported to the RUC and executive team. In January 2023, Chubb appointed a Global Climate Officer (GCO) as the senior executive responsible for overseeing the global environmental program. The GCO reports to both the CEO, who approves the goals and objectives of the environmental program, and Chubb's General Counsel. The GCO has executive management responsibility for Chubb's climate-related strategies, including business and policy initiatives and the execution of related underwriting and portfolio management processes. The potential impacts of climate change on the insurance industry, including Chubb, are complex, myriad and will develop over a multi-year time horizon. These risks primarily include physical risks, and to a lesser extent transition risks and liability risks. Physical risks arise from direct weather–related events, such as floods, storms and wildfire and these risks may increase insurance claims. Our insurance contracts are typically renewable annually. Consequently, we can respond to changes as needed by adjusting our pricing or by restricting our exposure. As described in "Catastrophe Management" under Item 7, Chubb uses catastrophe models to quantify natural catastrophe risk for product pricing and portfolio management purposes. Based on science and our own experience to date, we have conducted extensive work to understand the potential impact of climate change on our risk profile. These findings actively inform our underwriting risk appetite for property-related exposures for wild-fire, where we have significantly reduced our business in certain western states, and other perils such as flood and hurricane. Chubb regularly applies exclusions as part of its underwriting process, which depend on the specific conditions and circumstances of the risk being evaluated. Those exclusions may reflect environmental, social and governance (ESG) and climate-related considerations, such as restricted participation in certain industries, including mining and reclamation operations, oil refining, pipeline and related distribution operations, and chemical manufacturing and distribution. Chubb adopted a policy limiting underwriting in companies involved in thermal coal. Additionally, we continue to assess our investment in carbon–intensive industries and plans for transitioning to a lower–carbon economy. As part of this assessment, Chubb has pledged to not make new debt or equity investments in companies that generate more than 30 percent of revenues from thermal coal mining or energy production from coal. Chubb also closely follows emerging trends in climate litigation to assess potential risks to additional insurance products. In 2022, Chubb adopted a policy that it will no longer underwrite risks for projects involving direct mining or in-situ extraction and processing of bitumen from oil sands. Chubb mitigates exposure to climate change risk by hedging catastrophe risk in our insurance portfolio through both reinsurance and capital markets, and our investment portfolio through the diversification of risk, industry, location, type and duration of security. Asset concentrations are actively managed in hurricane-and flood-exposed areas, and our investment portfolio is relatively short-dated with an average duration of about four years. Chubb supports industries involved in mitigating climate risk, by offering solutions to Cleantech companies, the renewable energy sector, and for green building restoration by providing coverage for additional costs associated with repair or replacement to a “green” standard not covered by traditional property insurance policies. Additionally, in 2023, Chubb created a new global climate business unit which provides a full spectrum of insurance products and services to businesses engaging in developing or employing new technologies and processes that help reduce the dependence on carbon. Tax Matters Refer to “Risk Factors”, under Item 1A and Note 1 p) and Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8. 18 Information about our Executive Officers The following sets forth information regarding our executive officers as of February 24, 2023: Name Age Position Evan G. Greenberg John W. Keogh Peter C. Enns John J. Lupica Joseph F. Wayland Sean Ringsted Timothy A. Boroughs Juan Luis Ortega Bryce L. Johns 68 58 57 57 65 60 73 48 47 Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Director President and Chief Operating Officer Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Vice Chairman; President, North America Insurance Executive Vice President and General Counsel Executive Vice President, Chief Digital Business Officer, and Chief Risk Officer Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer Executive Vice President; President, Overseas General Insurance Senior Vice President; President, Chubb Life Evan G. Greenberg has been a director of Chubb Limited since August 2002. Mr. Greenberg was elected Chairman of the Board of Directors in May 2007. Mr. Greenberg was appointed to the position of President and Chief Executive Officer of Chubb Limited in May 2004, and in June 2003, was appointed President and Chief Operating Officer of Chubb Limited. Mr. Greenberg was appointed to the position of Chief Executive Officer of Chubb Overseas General in April 2002. He joined Chubb as Vice Chairman, Chubb Limited, and Chief Executive Officer of Chubb Tempest Re in November 2001. Prior to joining Chubb, Mr. Greenberg was President and Chief Operating Officer of American International Group (AIG), a position he held from 1997 until 2000. John W. Keogh was appointed President of Chubb in December 2020, and has served as Chief Operating Officer since July 2011. Mr. Keogh was appointed Vice Chairman of Chubb Limited in 2010 and Executive Vice Chairman in 2015. Mr. Keogh joined Chubb in 2006 as Chairman, Insurance – Overseas General. Before joining Chubb, Mr. Keogh held a range of positions with increasing responsibility during a 20-year career with AIG, including Senior Vice President, Domestic General Insurance, and President and Chief Executive Officer of National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, an AIG member company. He began his insurance career as an underwriter with AIG in 1986. Peter C. Enns was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Chubb Limited in July 2021. Mr. Enns, who joined Chubb in April 2021 as Executive Vice President, Finance, has more than 30 years of finance and investment banking experience. Before joining Chubb, Mr. Enns held several management positions at HSBC from 2018 to 2020, including Global Head of Financial Institutions Group, Global Co-Head of Corporate Finance Coverage, and Global Co-Head of Investment Banking Coverage. Prior to HSBC, Mr. Enns held several senior positions through 2017 during a more than 20-year career at Goldman Sachs, including Chairman and CEO of Goldman Sachs Canada, Head of the Asia Financial Institutions Group, and Partner of the U.S. Financial Institutions Group. John J. Lupica was appointed President, North America Insurance in September 2020 and has served as Vice Chairman of Chubb since November 2013. Prior to his current role, Mr. Lupica served in several senior management positions since joining Chubb in 2000, including President, North America Major Accounts and Specialty Insurance; Chairman, Insurance - North America; Chief Operating Officer, Insurance - North America; President of ACE USA; Division President of U.S. Professional Risk business and U.S. Regional Operations; and Executive Vice President of Professional Risk. Prior to joining Chubb, he served as Senior Vice President for Munich-American Risk Partners, Inc. He also held various management positions at AIG. Joseph F. Wayland was appointed Executive Vice President of Chubb Limited in January 2016, and General Counsel and Secretary of Chubb Limited in July 2013. Mr. Wayland joined Chubb from the law firm of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, where he was a partner since 1994. From 2010 to 2012, he served in the United States Department of Justice, first as Deputy Assistant Attorney General of the Antitrust Division, and was later appointed as the Acting Assistant Attorney General in charge of that division. Sean Ringsted was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Digital Business Officer in February 2017 and Chief Risk Officer in November 2008. Mr. Ringsted previously served as Chief Actuary of Chubb Limited from November 2008 to January 2017, Chief Actuary of Chubb Group from 2004 to 2008, Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer for Chubb Tempest 19 Re from 2002 to 2004, and Senior Vice President and Chief Actuary for Chubb Tempest Re from 1998 to 2002. Prior to joining Chubb, Mr. Ringsted was a consultant at Tillinghast-Towers Perrin. Timothy A. Boroughs was appointed Chief Investment Officer of Chubb Group in 2000 and Executive Vice President in 2014. Prior to joining Chubb, Mr. Boroughs was Director of Fixed Income at Tudor Investment Corporation from 1997 to 2000, and Managing Partner and Director of Global Leveraged Investment Activity at Fischer Francis Trees & Watts from 1976 to 1997. Juan Luis Ortega was appointed Executive Vice President, Chubb Group and President, Overseas General Insurance in August 2019. Mr. Ortega previously served as Senior Vice President, Chubb Group and Regional President of Latin America from 2016 to 2019, and Regional President of Asia Pacific from 2013 to 2016. Mr. Ortega had also held several senior roles since joining Chubb in 1999, including Senior Vice President, Accident & Health, for the Asia Pacific region from 2011 to 2013 and Senior Vice President and Regional Head of Accident & Health for the Latin America region from 2008 to 2010. Mr. Ortega joined Chubb in 1999 and advanced through a series of accident and health and credit insurance management positions in Miami, Puerto Rico, and Mexico, before being named Country President of Chile in 2005. Bryce L. Johns was appointed Senior Vice President, Chubb Group and President, Chubb Life in April 2022. Mr. Johns has more than 25 years of experience in insurance, wealth management and capital management. Mr. Johns previously served as Group General Manager and Global CEO of HSBC Life and Insurance Partnerships from August 2016 to December 2021, where he was responsible for HSBC Life's 10 businesses across Asia, Europe and Latin America, and the group's strategic insurance distribution partnerships globally. Prior to joining HSBC in 2016, Mr. Johns led the bancassurance for Citigroup globally and held a leadership role for regional branch distribution in Asia. Earlier in his career, Mr. Johns held leadership roles at Manulife Asia in Hong Kong and at Old Mutual Group in South Africa, India and the U.K. 20 ITEM 1A. Risk Factors Factors that could have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition are outlined below. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem insignificant may also impair our business or results of operations as they become known or as facts and circumstances change. Any of the risks described below could result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Insurance Our results of operations or financial condition could be adversely affected by the occurrence of natural and man-made disasters. We have substantial exposure to losses resulting from natural disasters, man-made catastrophes, such as terrorism or cyber- attack, and other catastrophic events, including pandemics. This could impact a variety of our businesses, including our commercial and personal lines, and life and accident and health (A&H) products. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including hurricanes, typhoons, earthquakes, hailstorms, droughts, explosions, severe winter weather, fires, war, acts of terrorism, nuclear accidents, political instability, and other natural or man-made disasters, including a global or other wide- impact pandemic or a significant cyber-attack. The incidence and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable and our losses from catastrophes could be substantial. In addition, climate change and resulting changes in global temperatures, weather patterns, and sea levels may both increase the frequency and severity of natural catastrophes and the resulting losses in the future and impact our risk modeling assumptions. We cannot predict the impact that changing climate conditions, if any, may have on our results of operations or our financial condition. Additionally, we cannot predict how legal, regulatory and/or social responses to concerns around global climate change and the resulting impact on various sectors of the economy may impact our business. Exposure to cyber risk is increasing systematically due to greater digital dependence and increases possible losses due to a catastrophic cyber event. Cyber catastrophic scenarios are not bound by time or geographic limitations and cyber catastrophic perils don’t have well-established definitions and fundamental physical properties. Rather, cyber risks are engineered by human actors and thus are continuously evolving, often in ways that are engineered specifically to evade established loss mitigation controls. The occurrence of claims from catastrophic events could result in substantial volatility in our results of operations or financial condition for any fiscal quarter or year. Although we attempt to manage our exposure to such events through the use of underwriting controls, risk models, and the purchase of third-party reinsurance, catastrophic events are inherently unpredictable and the actual nature of such events, when they occur, could be more frequent or severe than contemplated in our pricing and risk management expectations. As a result, the occurrence of one or more catastrophic events could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. COVID-19, the effects of global actions taken to contain its spread, and its economic and societal impact could adversely impact our businesses, invested assets, financial condition, and results of operations. Although the adverse impact of COVID-19 and related variants (the “pandemic”) is lessening through medical advances (including the widespread distribution of vaccines, antiviral medicines, and other treatments) and the removal or lessening of government restrictions on economic and social activity, COVID-19 continues to threaten further disruption to public health, the global economy, financial markets, and commercial, social and community activity generally. Depending on the course of the pandemic, including the spread of new variants, and government responses, COVID-19 may continue to affect our current and future financial results. We may experience higher levels of loss and, claims activity in certain lines of business in excess of losses we have already recognized, and our premiums could also be adversely affected by any repeated or further suppression of global commercial activity that results in a reduction in insurable assets and other exposure. Financial conditions resulting from the pandemic and the economic consequences of the resulting fiscal and monetary policy may also have a negative effect on the value and quality of our portfolio of invested assets, thereby adversely affecting our investment returns and increasing our credit and related risk. Certain lines of our business, such as our variable annuity life reinsurance business, may require additional forms of collateral in the event of a decline in the securities and benchmarks to which those repayment mechanisms are linked. If actual claims exceed our loss reserves, our financial results could be adversely affected. Our results of operations and financial condition depend upon our ability to accurately assess the potential losses associated with the risks that we insure and reinsure. We establish reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses, which are estimates of future payments of reported and unreported claims for losses and related expenses, with respect to insured events that have occurred at or prior to the balance sheet date. The process of establishing reserves can be highly complex and is subject to considerable variability as it requires the use of informed estimates and judgments. Actuarial staff in each of our segments regularly evaluates the levels of loss reserves. Any such evaluation could result in future changes in estimates of losses or reinsurance recoverables and would be reflected in our results of operations in the period in which the estimates are changed. Losses and loss expenses are charged to income as incurred. During the loss settlement 21 period, which can be many years in duration for some of our lines of business, additional facts regarding individual claims and trends often will become known which may result in a change in overall reserves. In addition, application of statistical and actuarial methods may require the adjustment of overall reserves upward or downward from time to time. We include in our loss reserves liabilities for latent claims such as asbestos and environmental (A&E), which are principally related to claims arising from remediation costs associated with hazardous waste sites and bodily-injury claims related to exposure to asbestos products and environmental hazards. At December 31, 2022, gross A&E liabilities represented approximately 2.0 percent of our gross loss reserves. The estimation of these liabilities is subject to many complex variables including: the current legal environment; specific settlements that may be used as precedents to settle future claims; assumptions regarding trends with respect to claim severity and the frequency of higher severity claims; assumptions regarding the ability to allocate liability among defendants (including bankruptcy trusts) and other insurers; the ability of a claimant to bring a claim in a state in which it has no residency or exposure; the ability of a policyholder to claim the right to non-products coverage; whether high-level excess policies have the potential to be accessed given the policyholder's claim trends and liability situation; payments to unimpaired claimants; and the potential liability of peripheral defendants. Accordingly, the ultimate settlement of losses, arising from either latent or non-latent causes, may be significantly greater or less than the loss and loss expense reserves held at the balance sheet date. In addition, the amount and timing of the settlement of our P&C liabilities are uncertain and our actual payments could be higher than contemplated in our loss reserves owing to the impact of insurance, judicial decisions, and/or social inflation. If our loss reserves are determined to be inadequate, we may be required to increase loss reserves at the time of the determination and our net income and capital may be reduced. The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business are uncertain. As industry practices and legislative, regulatory, judicial, social, financial, technological and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the frequency and severity of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until after we have issued insurance or reinsurance contracts that are affected by the changes. For example, "reviver" legislation in certain states does allow civil claims relating to molestation to be asserted against policyholders that would otherwise be barred by statutes of limitations. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance or reinsurance contracts may not be known for many years after issuance. The failure of any of the loss limitation methods we use could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We seek to manage our loss exposure by maintaining a disciplined underwriting process throughout our insurance operations. We also look to limit our loss exposure by writing a number of our insurance and reinsurance contracts on an excess of loss basis. Excess of loss insurance and reinsurance indemnifies the insured against losses in excess of a specified amount. In addition, we limit program size for each client and purchase third-party reinsurance for our own account. In the case of our assumed proportional reinsurance treaties, we seek per occurrence limitations or loss and loss expense ratio caps to limit the impact of losses ceded by the client. In proportional reinsurance, the reinsurer shares a proportional part of the premiums and losses of the reinsured. We also seek to limit our loss exposure by geographic diversification. Geographic zone limitations involve significant underwriting judgments, including the determination of the area of the zones and the inclusion of a particular policy within a particular zone's limits. However, there are inherent limitations in all of these tactics and no assurance can be given against the possibility of an event or series of events that could result in loss levels that could have an adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. It is also possible that losses could manifest themselves in ways that we do not anticipate and that our risk mitigation strategies are not designed to address. Additionally, various provisions of our policies, such as limitations or exclusions from coverage or choice of forum negotiated to limit our risks, may not be enforceable in the manner we intend. As a result, one or more natural or man-made catastrophes, terrorism, or other events could result in claims that substantially exceed our expectations, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. 22 We may be unable to purchase reinsurance, and/or if we successfully purchase reinsurance, we are subject to the possibility of non-payment. We purchase protection from third parties including, but not limited to, reinsurance to protect against catastrophes and other sources of volatility, to increase the amount of protection we can provide our clients, and as part of our overall risk management strategy. Our reinsurance business also purchases retrocessional protection which allows a reinsurer to cede to another company all or part of the reinsurance originally assumed by the reinsurer. A reinsurer's or retrocessionaire's insolvency or inability or unwillingness to make timely payments under the terms of its reinsurance agreement with us could have an adverse effect on us because we remain liable to the insured. From time to time, market conditions have limited, and in some cases have prevented, insurers and reinsurers from obtaining the types and amounts of reinsurance or retrocessional reinsurance that they consider adequate for their business needs. There is no guarantee our desired amounts of reinsurance or retrocessional reinsurance will be available in the marketplace in the future. In addition to capacity risk, the remaining capacity may not be on terms we deem appropriate or acceptable or with companies with whom we want to do business. Finally, we face some degree of counterparty risk whenever we purchase reinsurance or retrocessional reinsurance. Consequently, the insolvency of these counterparties, or the inability, or unwillingness of any of our present or future reinsurers to make timely payments to us under the terms of our reinsurance or retrocessional agreements could have an adverse effect on us. At December 31, 2022, we had $19.2 billion of reinsurance recoverables, net of reserves for uncollectible recoverables. Certain active Chubb companies are primarily liable for A&E and other exposures they have reinsured to our inactive run-off company Century Indemnity Company (Century). At December 31, 2022, the aggregate reinsurance balances ceded by our active subsidiaries to Century were approximately $1.9 billion. Should Century's loss reserves experience adverse development in the future and should Century be placed into rehabilitation or liquidation, the reinsurance recoverables due from Century to its affiliates would be payable only after the payment in full of third-party expenses and liabilities, including administrative expenses and direct policy liabilities. Thus, the intercompany reinsurance recoverables would be at risk to the extent of the shortage of assets remaining to pay these recoverables. While we believe the intercompany reinsurance recoverables from Century are not impaired at this time, we cannot assure that adverse development with respect to Century's loss reserves, if manifested, will not result in Century's insolvency, which could result in our recognizing a loss to the extent of any uncollectible reinsurance from Century. This could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our net income may be volatile because certain products sold by our Life Insurance business expose us to future policy benefit (FPB) reserve and fair value liability changes that are directly affected by market and other factors and assumptions. Our pricing, establishment of liabilities for life insurance and annuity products, including reinsurance programs, are based upon various assumptions, including but not limited to equity market changes, interest rates, mortality rates, morbidity rates, and policyholder behavior. Effective January 1, 2023, we adopted new U.S. GAAP accounting guidance for long-duration contracts (LDTI) that affects the accounting for guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) and guaranteed living benefits (GLB), principally guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB), associated with variable annuity contracts, collectively referred to as market risk benefits (MRB). The process of establishing MRB liabilities relies on our ability to accurately estimate insured events that have not yet occurred but that are expected to occur in future periods. Significant deviations in actual experience from assumptions used for pricing and for MRB liabilities could have an adverse effect on the profitability of our products and our business. Under reinsurance programs covering variable annuity guarantees, we assumed the risk of GMDB and GMIB, associated with variable annuity contracts. We ceased writing this business in 2007. Our net income is directly impacted by the change in the fair value of the MRB liability. We view our variable annuity reinsurance business as having a similar risk profile to that of catastrophe reinsurance, with the probability of long-term economic loss relatively small at the time of pricing. Adverse changes in market factors and policyholder behavior will have an impact on consolidated net income. With the adoption of LDTI, effective January 1, 2023, the accounting for our FPB reserves will also be sensitive to changing interest rate conditions. The LDTI guidance requires that we update FPB reserves for changes in discount rates quarterly which could cause volatility in our shareholders' equity. Payment of obligations under surety bonds could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. The surety business tends to be characterized by infrequent but potentially high severity losses. The majority of our surety obligations are intended to be performance-based guarantees. When losses occur, they may be mitigated, at times, by recovery rights to the customer’s assets, contract payments, and collateral and bankruptcy recoveries. We have substantial commercial and construction surety exposure for current and prior customers. In that regard, we have exposures related to surety bonds issued on behalf of companies that have experienced or may experience deterioration in creditworthiness. If the financial 23 condition of these companies were adversely affected by the economy or otherwise, we may experience an increase in filed claims and may incur high severity losses, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Our exposure to various commercial and contractual counterparties, our reliance on brokers, and certain of our policies may subject us to credit risk. We have exposure to counterparties through a variety of commercial transactions and arrangements, including reinsurance transactions; agreements with banks, hedge funds and other investment vehicles; and derivative transactions, that expose us to credit risk in the event our counterparty fails to perform its obligations. This includes exposure to financial institutions in the form of secured and unsecured debt instruments and equity securities. Moreover, deposits paid in connection with our agreements to acquire additional shares of Huatai Group expose us to risk if the transactions are not completed. In accordance with industry practice, we generally pay amounts owed on claims to brokers who, in turn, remit these amounts to the insured or ceding insurer. Although the law is unsettled and depends upon the facts and circumstances of the particular case, in some jurisdictions, if a broker fails to make such a payment, we might remain liable to the insured or ceding insurer for the deficiency. Conversely, in certain jurisdictions, if a broker does not remit premiums paid for these policies over to us, these premiums might be considered to have been paid and the insured or ceding insurer will no longer be liable to us for those amounts, whether or not we have actually received the premiums from the broker. Consequently, we assume a degree of credit risk associated with a broker with whom we transact business. However, due to the unsettled and fact-specific nature of the law, we are unable to quantify our exposure to this risk. To date, we have not experienced any material losses related to this credit risk. Under the terms of certain high-deductible policies which we offer, such as workers’ compensation and general liability, our customers are responsible to reimburse us for an agreed-upon dollar amount per claim. In nearly all cases, we are required under such policies to pay covered claims first and then seek reimbursement for amounts within the applicable deductible from our customers. This obligation subjects us to credit risk from these customers. While we generally seek to mitigate this risk through collateral agreements and maintain a provision for uncollectible accounts associated with this credit exposure, an increased inability of customers to reimburse us in this context could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, a lack of credit available to our customers could impact our ability to collateralize this risk to our satisfaction, which in turn, could reduce the amount of high-deductible policies we could offer. Since we depend on a few brokers and agents for a large portion of our revenues, loss of business provided by any one of them could adversely affect us. We market our insurance and reinsurance worldwide, primarily through independent insurance agents, insurance and reinsurance brokers, and bancassurance relationships. Accordingly, our business is dependent on the willingness of these agents and brokers to recommend our products to their customers, who may also promote and distribute the products of our competitors. Deterioration in relationships with our agent and broker distribution network or their increased promotion and distribution of our competitors' products could adversely affect our ability to sell our products. Loss of all or a substantial portion of the business provided by one or more of these agents and brokers could have an adverse effect on our business. Financial Our investment performance may affect our financial results and our ability to conduct business. Our investment assets are invested by professional investment management firms under the direction of our management team in accordance with investment guidelines approved by the Risk & Finance Committee of the Board of Directors. Although our investment guidelines stress diversification of risks and conservation of principal and liquidity, our investments are subject to market risks and risks inherent in individual securities. Our investment performance is highly sensitive to many factors, including interest rates, inflation, monetary and fiscal policies, and domestic and international political conditions. The volatility of our losses may force us to liquidate securities, which may cause us to incur capital losses. Realized and unrealized losses in our investment portfolio would reduce our book value, and if significant, can affect our ability to conduct business. Volatility in interest rates could impact the performance of our investment portfolio which could have an adverse effect on our investment income and operating results. Although we take measures to manage the risks of investing in a changing interest rate environment, we may not be able to effectively mitigate interest rate sensitivity. Our mitigation efforts include maintaining a high-quality portfolio of primarily fixed income investments with a relatively short duration to reduce the effect of interest rate changes on book value. A significant increase in interest rates would generally have an adverse effect on our book value. Our life insurance investments typically focus on longer duration bonds to better match the obligations of this business. For the life 24 insurance business, policyholder behavior may be influenced by changing interest rate conditions and require a re-balancing of duration to effectively manage our asset/liability position. As stated, our fixed income portfolio is primarily invested in high quality, investment-grade securities. However, a smaller portion of the portfolio, approximately 17 percent at December 31, 2022, is invested in below investment-grade securities. These securities, which pay a higher rate of interest, also have a higher degree of credit or default risk and may also be less liquid in times of economic weakness or market disruptions. While we have put in place procedures to monitor the credit risk and liquidity of our invested assets, it is possible that, in periods of economic weakness (such as recession), we may experience credit or default losses in our portfolio, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. As a part of our ongoing analysis of our investment portfolio, we are required to assess current expected credit losses for all held-to-maturity securities and evaluate expected credit losses for available-for-sale securities when fair value is below amortized cost, which considers reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions in addition to information about past events and current conditions. This analysis requires a high degree of judgment. Financial assets with similar risk characteristics and relevant historical loss information are included in the development of an estimate of expected lifetime losses. Declines in relevant stock and other financial markets and other factors impacting the value of our investments could result in an adverse effect on our net income and other financial results. We may require additional capital or financing sources in the future, which may not be available or may be available only on unfavorable terms. Our future capital and financing requirements depend on many factors, including our ability to write new business successfully and to establish premium rates and reserves at levels sufficient to cover losses, as well as our investment performance and capital expenditure obligations, including with respect to acquisitions. We may need to raise additional funds through financings or access funds through existing or new credit facilities or through short-term repurchase agreements. We also from time to time seek to refinance debt or credit as amounts become due or commitments expire. Any equity or debt financing or refinancing, if available at all, may be on terms that are not favorable to us. In the case of equity financings, dilution to our shareholders could result, and in any case, such securities may have rights, preferences, and privileges that are senior to those of our Common Shares. Our access to funds under existing credit facilities is dependent on the ability of the banks that are parties to the facilities to meet their funding commitments. Under Swiss law, we would be prohibited from selling shares in an equity financing at a purchase price below our then-current par value. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or sources of credit on favorable terms, or at all, we could be forced to use assets otherwise available for our business operations, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected. We may be required to post additional collateral because of changes in our reinsurance liabilities to regulated insurance companies, or because of regulatory changes that affect our companies. If our reinsurance liabilities increase, including in our property & casualty and variable annuity reinsurance businesses, we may be required to post additional collateral for insurance company clients. In addition, regulatory changes sometimes affect our obligations to post collateral. The need to post this additional collateral, if significant enough, may require us to sell investments at a loss in order to provide securities of suitable credit quality or otherwise secure adequate capital at an unattractive cost. This could adversely impact our net income and liquidity and capital resources. U.S. and global economic and financial industry events and their consequences could harm our business, our liquidity and financial condition, and our stock price. The consequences of adverse global or regional market and economic conditions may affect (among other aspects of our business) the demand for and claims made under our products, the ability of customers, counterparties, and others to establish or maintain their relationships with us, our ability to access and efficiently use internal and external capital resources, the availability of reinsurance protection, the risks we assume under reinsurance programs covering variable annuity guarantees, and our investment performance. The increasing impact of climate change could affect our cost of claims, loss ratios, and financial results. Volatility in the U.S. and other securities markets may adversely affect our stock price. A decline in our financial strength ratings could affect our standing among distribution partners and customers and cause our premiums and earnings to decrease. A decline in our debt ratings could increase our borrowing costs and impact our ability to access capital markets. Ratings are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance and reinsurance companies. The objective of these rating systems is to provide an opinion of an insurer's financial strength and ability to meet ongoing obligations to its policyholders. A ratings downgrade could result in a substantial loss of business as insureds, ceding companies, and brokers move to other insurers and reinsurers with higher ratings. If one or more of our debt ratings were downgraded, we could also incur higher borrowing costs, and our ability to access the capital markets could be impacted. Additionally, we could be 25 required to post collateral or be faced with the cancellation of policies and resulting premium in certain circumstances. We cannot give any assurance regarding whether or to what extent any of the rating agencies might downgrade our ratings in the future. Our ability to pay dividends and/or to make payments on indebtedness may be constrained by our holding company structure. Chubb Limited is a holding company that owns shares of its operating insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries along with several loans receivable from affiliates. Beyond this it does not itself have any significant operations or liquid assets. Repayment of loans receivable, guarantee fees and dividends and other permitted distributions from our insurance subsidiaries are its primary sources of funds to meet ongoing cash requirements, including any future debt service payments, other expenses, repurchases of its shares, and to pay dividends to our shareholders. Some of our insurance subsidiaries are subject to significant regulatory restrictions limiting their ability to declare and pay dividends. The inability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends (or other intercompany amounts due, such as intercompany debt obligations) in an amount sufficient to enable us to meet our cash requirements at the holding company level could have an adverse effect on our operations and our ability to repurchase shares and pay dividends to our shareholders. Swiss law imposes certain restrictions on our ability to repurchase our shares. Swiss law imposes certain withholding tax and other restrictions on a Swiss company’s ability to return earnings or capital to its shareholders, including through the repurchase of its own shares. We may only repurchase shares to the extent that sufficient freely distributable reserves are available. In addition, Swiss law requires that the total par value of Chubb's treasury shares must not be in excess of 10 percent of its total share capital, although an exemption from the 10 percent limit applies for repurchased treasury shares dedicated for cancellation and acquired pursuant to a shareholder-ratified repurchase program. As a result, in order to maintain our share repurchase program, our shareholders must periodically approve a reduction in our share capital through the cancellation of designated blocks of repurchased shares held in treasury and may from time to time as necessary, in a separate vote, ratify our share repurchase program. If our shareholders do not approve the cancellation of repurchased shares or, if necessary, ratify our share repurchase program, we may be restricted or unable to return capital to shareholders through share repurchases in the future. Furthermore, our current repurchase program relies on Swiss tax rulings. Any future revocation or loss of our Swiss tax rulings or the inability to conduct repurchases in accordance with these rulings could jeopardize our ability to continue repurchasing our shares. Our operating results and shareholders' equity may be adversely affected by currency fluctuations. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. In general, we match assets and liabilities in local currencies. Where possible, capital levels in local currencies are limited to satisfy minimum regulatory requirements and to support local insurance operations. The principal currencies creating foreign exchange risk are the Korean won, Chinese yuan, Canadian dollar, Australian dollar, Mexican peso, Brazilian real, Thai baht, Japanese yen, euro, and Hong Kong dollar. At December 31, 2022, approximately 33.3 percent of our unhedged net assets were denominated in foreign currencies. We may experience losses resulting from fluctuations in the values of non-U.S. currencies, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. Operational The regulatory and political regimes under which we operate, and their volatility, could have an adverse effect on our business. We may from time to time face challenges resulting from changes in applicable law and regulations in particular jurisdictions, or changes in approach to oversight of our business from insurance or other regulators. Our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries conduct business globally. Our businesses in each jurisdiction are subject to varying degrees of regulation and supervision. The laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are domiciled require, among other things, maintenance of minimum levels of statutory capital, surplus, and liquidity; various solvency standards; and periodic examinations of subsidiaries' financial condition. In some jurisdictions, laws and regulations also restrict payments of dividends and reductions of capital. Applicable statutes, regulations, and policies may also restrict the ability of these subsidiaries to write insurance and reinsurance policies, to make certain investments, and to distribute funds. The purpose of insurance laws and regulations generally is to protect policyholders and ceding insurance companies, not our shareholders. For example, some jurisdictions have enacted various consumer protection laws that make it more burdensome for insurance companies to sell policies and interact with customers in personal lines businesses. Failure to comply with such regulations can lead to significant penalties and reputational injury. The foreign and U.S. federal and state laws and regulations that are applicable to our operations are complex and may increase the costs of regulatory compliance or subject our business to the possibility of regulatory actions or proceedings. Laws and regulations not specifically related to the insurance industry include trade sanctions that relate to certain countries, anti-money 26 laundering laws, and anti-corruption laws. The insurance industry is also affected by political, judicial, and legal developments that may create new and expanded regulations and theories of liability. The current economic and financial climates present additional uncertainties and risks relating to increased regulation and the potential for increased involvement of the U.S. and other governments in the financial services industry. Regulators in countries where we have operations continue to work with the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) to consider changes to insurance company supervision, including with respect to group supervision and solvency requirements. The IAIS has developed a Common Framework for the Supervision of Internationally Active Insurance Groups (ComFrame), which is focused on the effective group-wide supervision of international active insurance groups (IAIGs), such as Chubb. As part of ComFrame, the IAIS is developing an international capital standard for such IAIGs. The details of this global capital standard and its applicability to Chubb are evolving and uncertain at this time. In addition, Chubb businesses across the European Union (EU) are subject to Solvency II, a capital and risk management regime, and our Bermuda businesses are subject to an equivalent of the EU's Solvency II regime. Also applicable to Chubb businesses are the requirements of the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) whose regulations include Swiss Solvency Tests. There are also Risk Based Capital (RBC) requirements in the U.S. which are also subject to revision in response to global developments. The impact to Chubb of these developments remains uncertain, although currently we do not expect that our capital management strategies, results of operations and financial condition will be materially affected by these regulatory changes. Evolving privacy and data security regulations could adversely affect our business. We are subject to numerous U.S. federal and state laws and non-U.S. regulations governing the protection of personal and confidential information of our clients and employees, including in relation to medical records, credit card data and financial information. These laws and regulations are increasing in complexity and number, change frequently, sometimes conflict, and could expose Chubb to significant monetary damages, regulatory enforcement actions, fines and/or criminal prosecution in one or more jurisdictions. For example, we are subject to the New York Department of Financial Services’ Cybersecurity Regulation (the NYDFS Cybersecurity Regulation) which mandates detailed cybersecurity standards for all institutions, including insurance entities, authorized by the NYDFS to operate in New York. The NYDFS Cybersecurity Regulation has increased our compliance costs and could increase the risk of noncompliance and subject us to regulatory enforcement actions and penalties, as well as reputation risk. Additionally, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) adopted an Insurance Data Security Model Law, which requires licensed insurance entities to comply with detailed information security requirements. A number of states have enacted it into law, and it is not yet known whether or not, and to what extent, additional states will enact it. Such enactments, especially if inconsistent between states or with existing laws and regulations could raise compliance costs or increase the risk of noncompliance, with the attendant risk of being subject to regulatory enforcement actions and penalties, as well as reputational harm. The EU General Data Protection Regulation (the GDPR) is a comprehensive regulation applying across all EU member states. All our business units (regardless of whether they are located in the EU) may be subject to the GDPR when personal data is processed in relation to the offer of goods and services to individuals within the EU. Our failure to comply with GDPR and other countries’ privacy or data security-related laws, rules or regulations could result in significant penalties imposed by regulators, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Significant other comprehensive privacy laws have been enacted by other jurisdictions, most notably the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), and Brazil’s Lei Geral de Protecao de Dados (LGPD), which may affect our use of data and could affect our operations and subject us to fines and actions for noncompliance. In the U.S., several other states are considering similar legislation, and there are ongoing discussions regarding a National Privacy Law. New laws similar to the GDPR and the CCPA are expected to be enacted in coming years in various countries and jurisdictions in which we operate. Our worldwide operations, particularly in developing nations, expose us to global geopolitical developments that could have an adverse effect on our business, liquidity, results of operations, and financial condition. With operations in 54 countries and territories, we provide insurance and reinsurance products and services to a diverse group of clients worldwide, including operations in various developing nations. Both current and future foreign operations could be adversely affected by unfavorable geopolitical developments, including law changes; tax changes; changes in trade policies; changes to visa or immigration policies; regulatory restrictions; government leadership changes; political events and upheaval; sociopolitical instability; social, political or economic instability resulting from climate change; and nationalization of our 27 operations without compensation. Adverse activity in any one country could negatively impact operations, increase our loss exposure under certain of our insurance products, and could, otherwise, have an adverse effect on our business, liquidity, results of operations, and financial condition depending on the magnitude of the events and our net financial exposure at that time in that country. A failure in our operational systems or infrastructure or those of third parties, including due to security breaches or cyber- attacks, could disrupt business, damage our reputation, and cause losses. Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and other information and assets, including in our computer systems and networks and those of third-party service providers. Our business depends on effective information security and systems and the integrity and timeliness of the data our information systems use to run our business. Our ability to adequately price products and services, to establish reserves, to provide effective, efficient and secure service to our customers, to value our investments and to timely and accurately report our financial results also depends significantly on the integrity and availability of the data we maintain, including that within our information systems, as well as data in and assets held through third-party service providers and systems. Like all global companies, our systems have and those of our third-party service providers, have been, and will likely continue to be, subject to threats from viruses or other malicious codes, unauthorized access, cyber-attacks, cyber frauds or other computer-related penetrations. Although we have implemented administrative and technical controls and have taken protective actions to reduce the risk of cyber incidents and to protect our information technology and assets, including conducting due diligence security reviews and negotiating agreements with third- party service providers, and we additionally endeavor to modify such procedures and agreements as circumstances warrant, such measures may be insufficient to prevent unauthorized access, computer viruses, malware or other malicious code or cyber- attack, business compromise attacks, catastrophic events, system failures and disruptions, employee errors, negligence or malfeasance, loss of assets or data and other events that could have security consequences (each, a Security Event). As the breadth and complexity of our security infrastructure continues to grow, the potential risk of a Security Event increases. Such an event or events may jeopardize Chubb's or its clients' or counterparties' confidential and other information processed and stored within Chubb, and transmitted through its computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions, delays, or malfunctions in Chubb's, its clients', its counterparties', or third parties' operations, or result in data loss or loss of assets which could result in significant losses, reputational damage or an adverse effect on our operations and critical business functions. Chubb may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures and to pursue recovery of lost data or assets and we may be subject to litigation costs and losses, regulatory penalties (as described above) and financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered by insurance maintained. In instances where we rely on third parties to perform business functions and process data on our behalf, Chubb may be exposed to additional data security risk. Despite the contingency plans and facilities we have in place and our efforts to observe the regulatory requirements surrounding information security, our ability to conduct business may be adversely affected by a disruption of the infrastructure that supports our business in the communities in which we are located, or of outsourced services or functions. This may include a disruption involving electrical, communications, transportation, or other services used by Chubb. If a disruption occurs in one location and Chubb employees in that location are unable to occupy our offices and conduct business or communicate with or travel to other locations, our ability to service and interact with clients may suffer and we may not be able to successfully implement contingency plans that depend on communication or travel. We use analytical models to assist our decision-making in key areas, such as underwriting, claims, reserving, and catastrophe risks, but actual results could differ materially from the model outputs and related analyses. We use various modeling techniques (e.g., scenarios, predictive, stochastic and/or forecasting) and data analytics to analyze and estimate exposures, loss trends and other risks associated with our assets and liabilities. We use the modeled outputs and related analyses to assist us in decision-making (e.g., underwriting, pricing, claims, reserving, reinsurance, and catastrophe risk) and to maintain competitive advantage. The modeled outputs and related analyses are subject to various assumptions, uncertainties, model errors and the inherent limitations of any statistical analysis, including the use of historical internal and industry data. In addition, the modeled outputs and related analyses may from time to time contain inaccuracies, perhaps in material respects, including as a result of inaccurate inputs or applications thereof. Climate change may make modeled outcomes less certain or produce new, non-modeled risks. Consequently, actual results may differ materially from our modeled results. If, based upon these models or other factors, we misprice our products or underestimate the frequency and/or severity of loss events, or overestimate the risks we are exposed to, new business growth and retention of our existing business may be adversely affected which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. 28 We could be adversely affected by the loss of one or more key executives or by an inability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Our success depends on our ability to retain the services of our existing key executives and to attract and retain additional qualified personnel in the future. The loss of the services of any of our key executives or the inability to hire and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future could adversely affect our ability to conduct or grow our business. This risk may be particularly acute for us relative to some of our competitors because some of our senior executives work in countries where they are not citizens and work permit and immigration issues could adversely affect the ability to retain or hire key persons. We do not maintain key person life insurance policies with respect to our employees. Employee error and misconduct may be difficult to detect and prevent and could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Losses may result from, among other things, fraud, errors, failure to document transactions properly, failure to obtain proper internal authorization, failure to comply with underwriting or other internal guidelines, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements. It is not always possible to deter or prevent employee misconduct, and the precautions that we take to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Resultant losses could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Strategic The continually changing landscape, including competition, technology and products, and existing and new market entrants could reduce our margins and adversely impact our business and results of operations. Insurance and reinsurance markets are highly competitive. We compete on an international and regional basis with major U.S., Bermuda, European, and other international insurers and reinsurers and with underwriting syndicates, some of which have greater financial, technological, marketing, distribution and/or management resources than we do. In addition, capital market participants have created alternative products that are intended to compete with reinsurance products. We also compete with new companies and existing companies that move into the insurance and reinsurance markets. If competition, or technological or other changes to the insurance markets in which we operate, limits our ability to retain existing business or write new business at adequate rates or on appropriate terms, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Increased competition could also result in fewer submissions, lower premium rates, and less favorable policy terms and conditions, which could reduce our profit margins and adversely impact our net income and shareholders' equity. Recent technological advancements in the insurance industry and information technology industry present new and fast-evolving competitive risks as participants seek to increase transaction speeds, lower costs and create new opportunities. Advancements in technology are occurring in underwriting, claims, distribution and operations at a pace that may quicken, including as companies increase use of data analytics and technology as part of their business strategy. We will be at a competitive disadvantage if, over time, our competitors are more effective than us in their utilization of technology and evolving data analytics. If we do not anticipate or keep pace with these technological and other changes impacting the insurance industry, it could limit our ability to compete in desired markets. Insurance and reinsurance markets are historically cyclical, and we expect to experience periods with excess underwriting capacity and unfavorable premium rates. The insurance and reinsurance markets have historically been cyclical, characterized by periods of intense price competition due to excessive underwriting capacity as well as periods when shortages of capacity permitted favorable premium levels. An increase in premium levels is often offset by an increasing supply of insurance and reinsurance capacity, either by capital provided by new entrants or by the commitment of additional capital by existing insurers or reinsurers, which may cause prices to decrease. Any of these factors could lead to a significant reduction in premium rates, less favorable policy terms, and fewer submissions for our underwriting services. In addition to these considerations, changes in the frequency and severity of losses suffered by insureds and insurers may affect the cycles of the insurance and reinsurance markets significantly, as could periods of economic weakness (such as recession). The integration of acquired companies may not be as successful as we anticipate. Acquisitions involve numerous operational, strategic, financial, accounting, legal, tax, and other risks; potential liabilities associated with the acquired businesses; and uncertainties related to design, operation and integration of acquired businesses’ internal controls over financial reporting. Difficulties in integrating an acquired company, along with its personnel, may result in the acquired company performing differently than we expected, in operational challenges or in our failure to realize anticipated expense-related efficiencies. This may also apply to companies in which we acquire majority ownership. Our existing businesses could also be negatively impacted by acquisitions. In addition, goodwill and intangible assets recorded in connection with 29 insurance company acquisitions may be impaired if premium growth, underwriting profitability, agency retention and policy persistency, among other factors, differ from expectations. There is also the potential that proposed acquisitions that have been publicly announced will not be consummated, even if a definitive agreement has been signed by the parties. If an agreement is terminated before closing, the result would be that our proposed acquisition would not occur, which could, among other things, expose us to damages or liability and adversely impact our stock price and future operations. We may be subject to U.S. tax and Bermuda tax which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and shareholder investment. Chubb Limited and our non-U.S. subsidiaries operate in a manner so that none of these companies should be subject to U.S. tax (other than U.S. excise tax on insurance and reinsurance premium income attributable to insuring or reinsuring U.S. risks and U.S. withholding tax on some types of U.S. source investment income), because none of these companies should be treated as engaged in a trade or business within the U.S. However, because there is considerable uncertainty as to the activities that constitute being engaged in a trade or business within the U.S., we cannot be certain that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) will not contend successfully that Chubb Limited or its non-U.S. subsidiaries are engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. If Chubb Limited or any of its non-U.S. subsidiaries were considered to be engaged in a trade or business in the U.S., such entity could be subject to U.S. corporate income and branch profits taxes on the portion of its earnings effectively connected to such U.S. business, in which case our results of operations and our shareholders' investments could be adversely affected. The Bermuda Minister of Finance, under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966 of Bermuda, as amended, has given Chubb Limited and its Bermuda insurance subsidiaries a written assurance that if any legislation is enacted in Bermuda that would impose tax computed on profits or income, or computed on any capital asset, gain, or appreciation, then the imposition of any such tax would not be applicable to those companies or any of their respective operations, shares, debentures, or other obligations until March 31, 2035, except insofar as such tax would apply to persons ordinarily resident in Bermuda or is payable by us in respect of real property owned or leased by us in Bermuda. We cannot be certain that we will not be subject to any Bermuda tax after March 31, 2035. We could be adversely affected by certain features of the Inflation Reduction Act. On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022 (H.R. 5376). Key tax provisions included in the IRA include a 15 percent corporate alternative minimum tax (CAMT) on adjusted financial statement income for corporations with average profits over $1 billion, and a 1 percent excise tax on repurchases of corporate stock. The CAMT and the excise tax on share repurchases are effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. Since enactment, the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department have issued notices to assist taxpayers in understanding and implementing the new provisions. This guidance remains subject to comment; thus, there are many uncertainties relating to its ultimate application and effects on our company. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), European Union (EU), Swiss Federal Council, and other jurisdictions are considering or have passed measures that might change long standing tax principles that could increase our taxes. The OECD has published a framework for taxation that in many respects is different than long standing international tax principles. This framework and proposed changes could redefine what income is taxed in which country and institute a 15 percent global minimum tax in 2024 or later years. The enactment of these reforms is very uncertain at this time, but if enacted could cause uncertainties to and increases in our income taxes. Several multilateral organizations, including the EU and the OECD have, in recent years, expressed concern about some countries not participating in adequate tax information exchange arrangements and have threatened those that do not agree to cooperate with punitive sanctions by member countries. It is still unclear what all these sanctions might be, which countries might adopt them, and when or if they might be imposed. We cannot assure, however, that the Tax Information Exchange Agreements (TIEAs) that have been entered into by Switzerland and Bermuda will be sufficient to preclude all of the sanctions described above, which, if ultimately adopted, could adversely affect us or our shareholders. Shareholders There are provisions in our charter documents that may reduce the voting rights and diminish the value of our Common Shares. Our Articles of Association generally provide that shareholders have one vote for each Common Share held by them and are entitled to vote at all meetings of shareholders. However, the voting rights exercisable by a shareholder may be limited so that 30 certain persons or groups are not deemed to hold 10 percent or more of the voting power conferred by our Common Shares. Moreover, these provisions could have the effect of reducing the voting power of some shareholders who would not otherwise be subject to the limitation by virtue of their direct share ownership. The Board of Directors may refuse to register holders of shares as shareholders with voting rights based on certain grounds, including if the holder would, directly or indirectly, formally, constructively or beneficially own (as described in Articles 8 and 14 of our Articles of Association) or otherwise control voting rights with respect to 10 percent or more of the registered share capital recorded in the commercial register. In addition, the Board of Directors shall reject entry of holders of registered shares as shareholders with voting rights in the share register or shall decide on their deregistration when the acquirer or shareholder upon request does not expressly state that she/he has acquired or holds the shares in her/his own name and for her/his account. Applicable laws may make it difficult to effect a change of control of our company. Before a person can acquire control of a U.S. insurance company, prior written approval must be obtained from the insurance commissioner of the state where the domestic insurer is domiciled. Prior to granting approval of an application to acquire control of a domestic insurer, the state insurance commissioner will consider such factors as the financial strength of the applicant, the integrity and management of the applicant's Board of Directors and executive officers, the acquirer's plans for the future operations of the domestic insurer, and any anti-competitive results that may arise from the consummation of the acquisition of control. Generally, state statutes provide that control over a domestic insurer is presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds with the power to vote, or holds proxies representing 10 percent or more of the voting securities of the domestic insurer. Because a person acquiring 10 percent or more of our Common Shares would indirectly control the same percentage of the stock of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries, the insurance change of control laws of various U.S. jurisdictions would likely apply to such a transaction. Laws of other jurisdictions in which one or more of our existing subsidiaries are, or a future subsidiary may be, organized or domiciled may contain similar restrictions on the acquisition of control of Chubb. While our Articles of Association limit the voting power of any shareholder to less than 10 percent, we cannot assure that the applicable regulatory body would agree that a shareholder who owned 10 percent or more of our Common Shares did not, because of the limitation on the voting power of such shares, control the applicable insurance subsidiary. These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter, or prevent a change of control of Chubb, including transactions that some or all of our shareholders might consider to be desirable. Shareholder voting requirements under Swiss law may limit our flexibility with respect to certain aspects of capital management. Swiss law allows our shareholders to authorize share capital which can be issued by the Board of Directors without shareholder approval, but this authorization must be renewed by the shareholders every two years. Swiss law also does not provide as much flexibility in the various terms that can attach to different classes of stock as permitted in other jurisdictions. Swiss law also reserves for approval by shareholders many corporate actions over which the Board of Directors had authority prior to our re- domestication to Switzerland. For example, dividends must be approved by shareholders. While we do not believe that Swiss law requirements relating to our capital management will have an adverse effect on Chubb, we cannot assure that situations will not arise where such flexibility would have provided substantial benefits to our shareholders. Chubb Limited is a Swiss company; it may be difficult to enforce judgments against it or its directors and executive officers. Chubb Limited is incorporated pursuant to the laws of Switzerland. In addition, certain of our directors and officers reside outside the U.S. and all or a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of such persons are located in jurisdictions outside the U.S. As such, it may be difficult or impossible to effect service of process within the U.S. upon those persons or to recover against us or them on judgments of U.S. courts, including judgments predicated upon civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. Chubb has been advised by its Swiss counsel that there is doubt as to whether the courts in Switzerland would enforce: • judgments of U.S. courts based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws obtained in actions against it or its directors and officers, who reside outside the U.S.; or original actions brought in Switzerland against these persons or Chubb predicated solely upon U.S. federal securities laws. • Chubb has also been advised by its Swiss counsel that there is no treaty in effect between the U.S. and Switzerland providing for this enforcement, and there are grounds upon which Swiss courts may not enforce judgments of U.S. courts. Some remedies available under the laws of U.S. jurisdictions, including some remedies available under the U.S. federal securities laws, would not be allowed in Swiss courts as contrary to that nation's public policy. 31 Shareholders may be subject to Swiss withholding taxes on the payment of dividends. Our dividends are generally subject to a Swiss withholding tax at a rate of 35 percent; however, payment of a dividend in the form of a capital contribution reserve reduction or par value reduction is not subject to Swiss withholding tax. We have previously obtained shareholder approval for dividends to be paid in such form. It is our practice to recommend to shareholders that they annually approve the payment of dividends in such form, but we cannot assure that our shareholders will continue to approve a reduction in such form each year or that we will be able to meet the other legal requirements for a reduction, or that Swiss withholding tax rules will not be changed in the future. We estimate we would be able to pay dividends in such form, and thus exempt from Swiss withholding tax, until 2028–2033. This range may vary depending upon changes in annual dividends, special dividends, certain share repurchases, fluctuations in U.S. dollar/Swiss franc exchange rate, changes in par value or capital contribution reserves or changes or new interpretations to Swiss corporate or tax law or regulations. Under certain circumstances, U.S. shareholders may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences. Under certain circumstances, a U.S. person who owns or is deemed to own 10 percent or more of the voting power or value of a foreign corporation that is a “controlled foreign corporation” (CFC) (a foreign corporation in which 10 percent U.S. shareholders own or are deemed to own more than 50 percent of the voting power or value of the stock of a foreign corporation or more than 25 percent of certain foreign insurance corporations) for any period during a taxable year must include in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes a pro rata share of the CFC's "subpart F income". We believe that because of the dispersion of our share ownership it is unlikely that any U.S. person who acquires shares of Chubb Limited directly or indirectly through one or more foreign entities should be required to include any subpart F income in income under the CFC rules of U.S. tax law. Separately, any U.S. persons who hold shares may be subject to U.S. federal income taxation at ordinary income tax rates on their proportionate share of our Related Person Insurance Income (RPII). If the RPII of any of our non-U.S. insurance subsidiaries (each a "Non-U.S. Insurance Subsidiary") were to equal or exceed 20 percent of that company's gross insurance income in any taxable year and direct or indirect insureds (and persons related to those insureds) own directly or indirectly through foreign entities 20 percent or more of the voting power or value of Chubb Limited, then a U.S. person who owns any shares of Chubb Limited (directly or indirectly through foreign entities) on the last day of the taxable year would be required to include in his or her income for U.S. federal income tax purposes such person's pro rata share of such company's RPII for the taxable year. In addition, any RPII that is includible in the income of a U.S. tax-exempt organization may be treated as unrelated business taxable income. We believe that the gross RPII of each Non-U.S. Insurance Subsidiary did not in prior years of operation and is not expected in the foreseeable future to equal or exceed 20 percent of each such company's gross insurance income. Likewise, we do not expect the direct or indirect insureds of each Non-U.S. Insurance Subsidiary (and persons related to such insureds) to directly or indirectly own 20 percent or more of either the voting power or value of our shares. However, we cannot be certain that this will be the case because some of the factors which determine the extent of RPII may be beyond our control. If these thresholds are met or exceeded, any U.S. person’s investment in Chubb Limited could be adversely affected. In 2022, the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS released proposed regulations that may cause more income to be treated as RPII than under current law. A U.S. tax-exempt organization may recognize unrelated business taxable income if a portion of our insurance income is allocated to the organization. This generally would be the case if either (i) Chubb Limited is considered a CFC and the tax- exempt shareholder is a 10 percent U.S. shareholder or (ii) there is RPII, certain exceptions do not apply, and the tax-exempt organization, directly (or indirectly through foreign entities) owns any shares of Chubb Limited. Although we do not believe that any U.S. tax-exempt organization should be allocated such insurance income, we cannot be certain that this will be the case. Potential U.S. tax-exempt investors are advised to consult their tax advisors. U.S. persons who hold shares will be subject to adverse tax consequences if we are considered to be a Passive Foreign Investment Company (PFIC) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If Chubb Limited is considered a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. person who holds Chubb Limited shares will be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences in which case their investment could be adversely affected. In addition, if Chubb Limited were considered a PFIC, upon the death of any U.S. individual owning shares, such individual's heirs or estate would not be entitled to a "step-up" in the basis of the shares which might otherwise be available under U.S. federal income tax laws. We believe that we are not, have not been, and currently do not expect to become, a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We cannot assure, however, that we will not be deemed a PFIC by the IRS. Recently enacted U.S. federal tax law and recent final and proposed regulations issued by the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department contain new rules that may affect the application of the PFIC provisions to an insurance company. The final regulations are effective for tax years beginning after January 15, 2021 and applied to us in 2022. Shareholders are advised to consult their tax advisors. 32 ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments There are currently no unresolved SEC staff comments regarding our periodic or current reports. ITEM 2. Properties We maintain office facilities around the world including in North America, Europe (including our principal executive offices in Switzerland), Bermuda, Latin America, Asia Pacific, and Japan. Most of our office facilities are leased, although we own major facilities in Hamilton, Bermuda; Seoul, South Korea; and in the U.S., including in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Wilmington, Delaware; and Simsbury, Connecticut. Management considers its office facilities suitable and adequate for the current level of operations. ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings The information required with respect to Item 3 is included in Note 10 i) to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Item not applicable. 33 PART II ITEM 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our Common Shares have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since March 25, 1993, with a current par value of CHF 24.15 per share. The trading symbol for our Common Shares is "CB". We have paid dividends each quarter since we became a public company in 1993. In 2022 and 2021, our annual dividends were paid by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves (Additional paid-in capital) through the transfer of dividends from Additional paid-in capital to Retained earnings (free reserves) as approved by our shareholders. Chubb Limited is a holding company whose principal sources of income are dividends and interest income from its operating subsidiaries. The ability of the operating subsidiaries to pay dividends to us and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders are each subject to legal and regulatory restrictions. The recommendation and payment of future dividends will be based on the determination of the Board of Directors (Board) and will be dependent upon shareholder approval, profits and financial requirements of Chubb and other factors, including legal restrictions on the payment of dividends and other such factors as the Board deems relevant. Refer to Part I, Item 1A and Part II, Item 7 for additional information. The number of record holders of Common Shares as of February 17, 2023 was 5,985. This is not the actual number of beneficial owners of Chubb's Common Shares since most of our shareholders hold their shares through a stockbroker, bank or other nominee rather than directly in their own names. Refer to Part III, Item 12 for information relating to compensation plans under which equity securities are authorized for issuance. Issuer's Repurchases of Equity Securities for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2022 Period October 1 through October 31 November 1 through November 30 December 1 through December 31 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan (2) Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plan (3) 3,810 $ 2,092 $ 907,152 $ 913,054 $ 201.60 214.82 221.65 221.55 — $ — $ 1.82 billion 1.82 billion 902,300 $ 1.62 billion 902,300 (1) (2) (3) This column represents open market share repurchases and the surrender to Chubb of Common Shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock issued to employees and to cover the cost of the exercise of options by employees through stock swaps. The aggregate value of shares purchased in the three months ended December 31, 2022 as part of the publicly announced plan was $199 million. Refer to Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the Chubb Limited securities repurchase authorizations. For the period January 1, 2023 through February 23, 2023, we repurchased 1,633,300 Common Shares for a total of $347 million in a series of open market transactions. As of February 23, 2023, $1.27 billion in share repurchase authorization remained through June 30, 2023. 34 Performance Graph Set forth below is a line graph comparing the dollar change in the cumulative total shareholder return on Chubb's Common Shares from December 31, 2017, through December 31, 2022, as compared to the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Index and the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor's Property-Casualty Insurance Index. The cumulative total shareholder return is a concept used to compare the performance of a company's stock over time and is the ratio of the stock price change plus the cumulative amount of dividends over the specified time period (assuming dividend reinvestment), to the stock price at the beginning of the time period. The chart depicts the value on December 31, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022, of a $100 investment made on December 31, 2017, with all dividends reinvested. $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 Chubb Limited S&P 500 Index S&P 500 P&C Index ITEM 6. [Reserved] 12/31/17 12/31/18 12/31/19 12/31/20 12/31/21 12/31/22 Chubb S&P 500 Index S&P 500 P&C Index 12/31/2017 12/31/2018 12/31/2019 12/31/2020 12/31/2021 12/31/2022 $100 $100 $100 $90 $96 $95 $111 $126 $120 $113 $149 $128 $144 $192 $153 $167 $157 $182 35 ITEM 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following is a discussion of our financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and comparisons between 2022 and 2021. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes, under Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Comparisons between 2021 and 2020 have been omitted from this Form 10-K, but can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. All comparisons in this discussion are to the prior year unless otherwise indicated. All dollar amounts are rounded. However, percent changes and ratios are calculated using whole dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded dollars may differ. Page 37 38 39 48 53 62 63 67 67 68 69 72 73 75 75 76 77 79 83 84 82 MD&A Index Forward-Looking Statements Overview Critical Accounting Estimates Consolidated Operating Results Segment Operating Results Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) Non-GAAP Reconciliation Net Investment Income Interest Expense Amortization of Purchased Intangibles and Other Amortization Investments Asbestos and Environmental (A&E) Catastrophe Management Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program Political Risk and Credit Insurance Crop Insurance Liquidity Capital Resources Information provided in connection with outstanding debt of subsidiaries Credit Facilities Ratings 36 Forward-Looking Statements The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements. Any written or oral statements made by us or on our behalf may include forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. The words “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “should,” “plan,” “expect,” “intend,” “hope,” “feel,” “foresee,” “will likely result,” “will continue,” and variations thereof and similar expressions, identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties, and other factors that could, should potential events occur, cause actual results to differ materially from such statements. These risks, uncertainties, and other factors, which are described in more detail under Part I, Item 1A, under Risk Factors, and elsewhere herein and in other documents we file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), include but are not limited to: • • • • • • • • • • • • • actual amount of new and renewal business, premium rates, underwriting margins, market acceptance of our products, and risks associated with the introduction of new products and services and entering new markets; the competitive environment in which we operate, including trends in pricing or in policy terms and conditions, which may differ from our projections and changes in market conditions that could render our business strategies ineffective or obsolete; losses arising out of natural or man-made catastrophes; actual loss experience from insured or reinsured events and the timing of claim payments; the uncertainties of the loss-reserving and claims-settlement processes, including the difficulties associated with assessing environmental damage and asbestos-related latent injuries, the impact of aggregate-policy- coverage limits, the impact of bankruptcy protection sought by various asbestos producers and other related businesses, and the timing of loss payments; infection rates and severity of COVID-19 and related risks, and their effects on our business operations and claims activity, and any adverse impact to our insureds, brokers, agents, and employees; actual claims may exceed our best estimate of ultimate insurance losses incurred which could change including as a result of, among other things, the impact of legislative or regulatory actions taken in response to COVID-19; changes in the distribution or placement of risks due to increased consolidation of insurance and reinsurance brokers; material differences between actual and expected assessments for guaranty funds and mandatory pooling arrangements; the ability to collect reinsurance recoverable, credit developments of reinsurers, and any delays with respect thereto and changes in the cost, quality, or availability of reinsurance; uncertainties relating to governmental, legislative and regulatory policies, developments, actions, investigations, and treaties; judicial decisions and rulings, new theories of liability, legal tactics, and settlement terms; the effects of data privacy or cyber laws or regulation; global political conditions and possible business disruption or economic contraction that may result from such events; developments in global financial markets, including changes in interest rates, stock markets, and other financial markets; increased government involvement or intervention in the financial services industry; the cost and availability of financing, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; changing rates of inflation; and other general economic and business conditions, including the depth and duration of potential recession; the availability of borrowings and letters of credit under our credit facilities; the adequacy of collateral supporting funded high deductible programs; the amount of dividends received from subsidiaries; changes to our assessment as to whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, or have the intent to sell, available for sale fixed maturity investments before their anticipated recovery; actions that rating agencies may take from time to time, such as financial strength or credit ratings downgrades or placing these ratings on credit watch negative or the equivalent; the effects of public company bankruptcies and accounting restatements, as well as disclosures by and investigations of public companies relating to possible accounting irregularities, and other corporate governance issues; acquisitions made performing differently than expected, our failure to realize anticipated expense-related efficiencies or growth from acquisitions, the impact of acquisitions on our pre-existing organization, and risks and uncertainties relating to our planned purchases of additional interests in Huatai Insurance Group Co., Ltd. (Huatai Group), including our ability to receive Chinese insurance regulatory approval and complete the purchases; risks associated with being a Swiss corporation, including reduced flexibility with respect to certain aspects of capital management and the potential for additional regulatory burdens; share repurchase plans and share cancellations; loss of the services of any of our executive officers without suitable replacements being recruited in a reasonable time frame; 37 • the ability of our technology resources, including information systems and security, to perform as anticipated such as with respect to preventing material information technology failures or third-party infiltrations or hacking resulting in consequences adverse to Chubb or its customers or partners; the ability of our company to increase use of data analytics and technology as part of our business strategy and adapt to new technologies; and • management’s response to these factors and actual events (including, but not limited to, those described above). You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their dates. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Overview We operate through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. For more information on our segments refer to “Segment Information” under Item 1. We have grown our business through increased premium volume, expansion of product offerings and geographic reach, and acquisitions of other companies. Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for our most recent acquisitions. Our product and geographic diversification differentiate us from the vast majority of our competitors and has been a source of stability during periods of industry volatility. Our long-term business strategy focuses on sustained growth in book value achieved through a combination of underwriting and investment income. By doing so, we provide value to our clients and shareholders through use of our substantial capital base in the insurance and reinsurance markets. We are organized along a profit center structure by line of business and territory that does not necessarily correspond to corporate legal entities. Profit centers can access various legal entities subject to licensing and other regulatory rules. Profit centers are expected to generate underwriting income and appropriate risk-adjusted returns. Our corporate structure has facilitated the development of management talent by giving each profit center's senior management team the necessary autonomy within underwriting authorities to make operating decisions and create products and coverages needed by its target customer base. We are focused on delivering underwriting profit by only writing policies which we believe adequately compensate us for the risk we accept. Our insurance and reinsurance operations generate gross revenues from two principal sources: premiums and investment income. Cash flow is generated from premiums collected and investment income received less paid losses and loss expenses, policy acquisition costs, and administrative expenses. Invested assets are substantially held in liquid, investment grade fixed income securities of relatively short duration. Claims payments in any short-term period are highly unpredictable due to the random nature of loss events and the timing of claims awards or settlements. The value of investments held to pay future claims is subject to market forces such as the level of interest rates, stock market volatility, and credit events such as corporate defaults. The actual cost of claims is also volatile based on loss trends, inflation rates, court awards, and catastrophes. We believe that our cash balance, our highly liquid investments, credit facilities, and reinsurance protection provide sufficient liquidity to meet unforeseen claim demands that might occur in the year ahead. Refer to “Liquidity” and “Capital Resources” for additional information. 38 Critical Accounting Estimates Our Consolidated Financial Statements include amounts that, either by their nature or due to requirements of generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (GAAP), are determined using best estimates and assumptions. While we believe that the amounts included in our Consolidated Financial Statements reflect our best judgment, actual amounts could ultimately materially differ from those currently presented. We believe the items that require the most subjective and complex estimates are: • • • • • • • • unpaid loss and loss expense reserves, including long-tail asbestos and environmental (A&E) reserves and non-A&E casualty exposures; future policy benefits reserves; the valuation of value of business acquired (VOBA) and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and VOBA; the assessment of risk transfer for certain structured insurance and reinsurance contracts; reinsurance recoverable, including a valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance; the valuation of our investment portfolio and assessment of valuation allowance for expected credit losses; the valuation of deferred income taxes; and the assessment of goodwill for impairment. Effective January 1, 2023, Chubb adopted the long-duration targeted improvement (LDTI) U.S. GAAP accounting guidance which affects the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure requirements for long-duration contracts. Therefore, the assumptions and methods used for future policy benefit reserves, VOBA, and deferred policy acquisition costs will be changed to reflect this new accounting guidance. Refer to Note 1 t) to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. We believe our accounting policies for these items are of critical importance to our Consolidated Financial Statements. The following discussion provides more information regarding the estimates and assumptions required to arrive at these amounts and should be read in conjunction with the sections entitled: Prior Period Development, Asbestos and Environmental (A&E), Reinsurance Recoverable on Ceded Reinsurance, Investments, and Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses). Unpaid losses and loss expenses As an insurance and reinsurance company, we are required by applicable laws and regulations and GAAP to establish loss and loss expense reserves for the estimated unpaid portion of the ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses under the terms of our policies and agreements with our insured and reinsured customers. At December 31, 2022, our gross unpaid loss and loss expense reserves were $76.3 billion and our net unpaid loss and loss expense reserves were $59.2 billion. With the exception of certain structured settlements, for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable, and certain reserves for unsettled claims, our loss reserves are not discounted for the time value of money. The net undiscounted reserves related to structured settlements and certain reserves for unsettled claims are immaterial. The following table presents a roll-forward of our unpaid losses and loss expenses: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Balance, beginning of year Losses and loss expenses incurred Losses and loss expenses paid Other (including foreign exchange translation) Balance, end of year (1) Net of valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance. December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Gross Losses Reinsurance Recoverable (1) Net Losses Gross Losses Reinsurance Recoverable (1) Net Losses $ 72,943 $ 16,184 $ 56,759 $ 67,811 $ 14,647 $ 53,164 30,346 7,004 23,342 28,033 6,053 21,980 (26,129) (5,806) (20,323) (22,242) (4,358) (17,884) (837) (254) (583) (659) (158) (501) $ 76,323 $ 17,128 $ 59,195 $ 72,943 $ 16,184 $ 56,759 The estimate of the liabilities includes provisions for claims that have been reported but are unpaid at the balance sheet date (case reserves) and for obligations on claims that have been incurred but not reported (IBNR) at the balance sheet date. IBNR 39 may also include provisions to account for the possibility that reported claims may settle for amounts that differ from the established case reserves. Loss reserves also include an estimate of expenses associated with processing and settling unpaid claims (loss expenses). Our loss reserves comprise approximately 78 percent casualty-related business, which typically encompasses long-tail risks, and other risks where a high degree of judgment is required. The process of establishing loss reserves for property and casualty claims can be complex and is subject to considerable uncertainty as it requires the use of informed estimates and judgments based on circumstances underlying the insured losses known at the date of accrual. For example, the reserves established for high excess casualty claims, asbestos and environmental claims, claims from major catastrophic events, or for our various product lines each require different assumptions and judgments to be made. The impact of COVID on both underlying exposures and the legal and claim adjudication processes adds an additional layer of complexity. The effects of recent heightened inflation create additional uncertainty, while climate change could, over time, add new uncertainties to the loss reserving process. Necessary judgments are based on numerous factors and may be revised as additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, as new or improved methods are developed, or as laws change. Hence, ultimate loss payments may differ from the estimate of the ultimate liabilities made at the balance sheet date. Changes to our previous estimates of prior period loss reserves impact the reported calendar year underwriting results adversely if our estimates increase or favorably if our estimates decrease. The potential for variation in loss reserve estimates is impacted by numerous factors. Reserve estimates for casualty lines are particularly uncertain given the lengthy reporting patterns and corresponding need for IBNR. Case reserves for those claims reported by insureds or ceding companies to us prior to the balance sheet date and where we have sufficient information are determined by our claims personnel as appropriate based on the circumstances of the claim(s), standard claim handling practices, and professional judgment. Furthermore, for our Brandywine run-off operations and our assumed reinsurance operation, Global Reinsurance, we may adjust the case reserves as notified by the ceding company if the judgment of our respective claims department differs from that of the cedant. With respect to IBNR reserves and those claims that have been incurred but not reported prior to the balance sheet date, there is, by definition, limited actual information to form the case reserve estimate and reliance is placed upon historical loss experience and actuarial methods to estimate the ultimate loss obligations and the corresponding amount of IBNR. IBNR reserve estimates are generally calculated by first projecting the ultimate amount of losses for a product line and subtracting paid losses and case reserves for reported claims. The judgments involved in projecting the ultimate losses may pertain to the use and interpretation of various standard actuarial reserving methods that place reliance on the extrapolation of actual historical data, loss development patterns, industry data, and other benchmarks as appropriate. The estimate of the required IBNR reserve also requires judgment by actuaries and management to reflect the impact of more contemporary and subjective factors, both qualitative and quantitative. Among some of these factors that might be considered are changes in business mix or volume, changes in ceded reinsurance structures, changes in claims handling practices, reported and projected loss trends, inflation, the legal environment, and the terms and conditions of the contracts sold to our insured parties. Determining management's best estimate Our recorded reserves represent management's best estimate of the provision for unpaid claims as of the balance sheet date, and establishing them involves a process that includes collaboration with various relevant parties in the company. For information on our reserving process, refer to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Sensitivity to underlying assumptions While we believe that our reserve for unpaid losses and loss expenses at December 31, 2022, is adequate, new information or emerging trends that differ from our assumptions may lead to future development of losses and loss expenses that is significantly greater or less than the recorded reserve, which could have a material effect on future operating results. As noted previously, our best estimate of required loss reserves for most portfolios is judgmentally selected for each origin year after considering the results from a number of reserving methods and is not a purely mechanical process. Therefore, it is difficult to convey, in a simple and quantitative manner, the impact that a change to a single assumption will have on our best estimate. In the examples below, we attempt to give an indication of the potential impact by isolating a single change for a specific reserving method that would be pertinent in establishing the best estimate for the product line described. We consider each of the following sensitivity analyses to represent a reasonably likely deviation in the underlying assumption. 40 North America Commercial P&C Insurance - Workers' Compensation Given the long reporting and paid development patterns for workers' compensation business, the development factors used to project actual current losses to ultimate losses for our current exposure require considerable judgment that could be material to consolidated loss and loss expense reserves. Specifically, adjusting ground up ultimate losses by a one percentage point change in the tail factor (i.e., 1.04 changed to either 1.05 or 1.03) would cause a change of approximately $1.1 billion, either positive or negative, for the projected net loss and loss expense reserves. This represents an impact of about 10.6 percent relative to recorded net loss and loss expense reserves of approximately $10.0 billion. North America Commercial P&C Insurance – Liability As is the case for Workers’ Compensation above, given the long reporting and paid development patterns, the development factors used to project actual current losses to ultimate losses for our current exposure require considerable judgment that could be material to consolidated loss and loss expense reserves. Specifically, for our main U.S. Excess/Umbrella portfolios, a five percentage point change in the tail factor (e.g., 1.10 changed to either 1.15 or 1.05) would cause a change of approximately $637 million, either positive or negative, for the projected net loss and loss expense reserves. This represents an impact of about 17.8 percent relative to recorded net loss and loss expense reserves of approximately $3.6 billion for these portfolios. The reserve portfolio for our Chubb Bermuda operations contains exposure to predominantly high excess liability coverage on an occurrence-first-reported basis (typically with attachment points in excess of $325 million and gross limits of up to $150 million) and D&O and other professional liability coverage on a claims-made basis (typically with attachment points in excess of $125 million and gross limits of up to $75 million). Due to the layer of exposure covered, the expected frequency for this book is very low. As a result of the low frequency/high severity nature of the book, a small difference in the actual vs. expected claim frequency, either positive or negative, could result in a material change to the projected ultimate loss if such change in claim frequency was related to a policy where close to maximum limits were deployed. North America Personal P&C Insurance Due to the relatively short-tailed nature of many of the coverages involved (e.g., homeowners property damage), most of the incurred losses in Personal Lines are resolved within a few years of occurrence. As shown in our loss triangle disclosure, the vast majority (almost 95 percent) of Personal Lines net ultimate losses and allocated loss adjustment expenses are typically paid within five years of the accident date and 80 percent within two years. Even though there are significant reserves associated with some liability exposures such as personal excess/umbrella liability, our incurred loss triangle also shows a roughly consistent pattern of only relatively minor movements in incurred estimates over time by accident year especially after twenty- four months of maturity. While the liability exposures are subject to additional uncertainties from more protracted resolution times, the main drivers of volatility in the Personal Lines business are relatively short-term in nature and relate to things like natural catastrophes, non-catastrophe weather events, man-made risks, and individual large loss volatility from other fortuitous claim events. North America Agricultural Insurance Approximately 58 percent of the reserves for this segment are from the crop related lines, which all have short payout patterns, with the majority of the liabilities expected to be resolved in the ensuing twelve months. Claim reserves for our Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) product are set on a case-by-case basis and our aggregate exposure is subject to state level risk sharing formulae as well as third-party reinsurance. The majority of the development risk arises out of the accuracy of case reserve estimates and the time needed for final crop conditions to be assessed. We do not view our Agriculture reserves as substantially influenced by the general assumptions and risks underlying more typical P&C reserve estimates. Overseas General Insurance Certain long-tail lines, such as casualty and financial lines, are particularly susceptible to changes in loss trend and claim inflation. Heightened perceptions of tort and settlement awards around the world can increase the demand for these products as well as contributing to the uncertainty in the reserving estimates. Our reserving methods rely on loss development patterns estimated from historical data and while we attempt to adjust such factors for known changes in the current tort environment, it is possible that such factors may not entirely reflect all recent trends in tort environments. For example, when applying the reported loss development method, the lengthening of our selected loss development patterns by six months would increase reserve estimates on long-tail casualty and financial lines for accident years 2020 and prior by approximately $582 million. This represents an impact of 14.0 percent relative to recorded net loss and loss expense reserves of approximately $4.2 billion. 41 Global Reinsurance At December 31, 2022, net unpaid losses and loss expenses for the Global Reinsurance segment aggregated to $1.7 billion, consisting of $764 million of case reserves and $938 million of IBNR. In comparison, at December 31, 2021, net unpaid losses and loss expenses for the Global Reinsurance segment aggregated to $1.6 billion, consisting of $781 million of case reserves and $783 million of IBNR. For our catastrophe business, we principally estimate unpaid losses and loss expenses on an event basis by considering various sources of information, including specific loss estimates reported by our cedants, ceding company and overall industry loss estimates reported by our brokers, and our internal data regarding reinsured exposures related to the geographical location of the event. Our internal data analysis enables us to establish catastrophe reserves for known events with more certainty at an earlier date than would be the case if we solely relied on reports from third parties to determine carried reserves. For our casualty reinsurance business, we generally rely on ceding companies to report claims and then use that data as a key input to estimate unpaid losses and loss expenses. Due to the reliance on claims information reported by ceding companies, as well as other factors, the estimation of unpaid losses and loss expenses for assumed reinsurance includes certain risks and uncertainties that are unique relative to our direct insurance business. These include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following: • • • The reported claims information could be inaccurate; Typically, a lag exists between the reporting of a loss event to a ceding company and its reporting to us as a reinsurance claim. The use of a broker to transmit financial information from a ceding company to us increases the reporting lag. Because most of our reinsurance business is produced by brokers, ceding companies generally first submit claim and other financial information to brokers, who then report the proportionate share of such information to each reinsurer of a particular treaty. The reporting lag generally results in a longer period of time between the date a claim is incurred and the date a claim is reported compared with direct insurance operations. Therefore, the risk of delayed recognition of loss reserve development is higher for assumed reinsurance than for direct insurance lines; and The historical claims data for a particular reinsurance contract can be limited relative to our insurance business in that there may be less historical information available. Further, for certain coverages or products, such as excess of loss contracts, there may be relatively few expected claims in a particular year so the actual number of claims may be susceptible to significant variability. In such cases, the actuary often relies on industry data from several recognized sources. We mitigate the above risks in several ways. In addition to routine analytical reviews of ceding company reports to ensure reported claims information appears reasonable, we perform regular underwriting and claims audits of certain ceding companies to ensure reported claims information is accurate, complete, and timely. As appropriate, audit findings are used to adjust claims in the reserving process. We also use our knowledge of the historical development of losses from individual ceding companies to adjust the level of adequacy we believe exists in the reported ceded losses. On occasion, there will be differences between our carried loss reserves and unearned premium reserves and the amount of loss reserves and unearned premium reserves reported by the ceding companies. This is due to the fact that we receive consistent and timely information from ceding companies only with respect to case reserves. For IBNR, we use historical experience and other statistical information, depending on the type of business, to estimate the ultimate loss. We estimate our unearned premium reserve by applying estimated earning patterns to net premiums written for each treaty based upon that treaty's coverage basis (i.e., risks attaching or losses occurring). At December 31, 2022, the case reserves, net of retrocessions, reported to us by our ceding companies approximated our recorded case reserves. Our policy is to post additional case reserves in addition to the amounts reported by our cedants when our evaluation of the ultimate value of a reported claim is different than the evaluation of that claim by our cedant. Typically, there is inherent uncertainty around the length of paid and reported development patterns, especially for certain casualty lines such as excess workers' compensation or general liability, which may take decades to fully develop. This uncertainty is accentuated by the need to supplement client development patterns with industry development patterns due to the sometimes low statistical credibility of the data. The underlying source and selection of the final development patterns can thus have a significant impact on the selected ultimate net losses and loss expenses. For example, a 20 percent shortening or lengthening of the development patterns used for U.S. long-tail lines would cause the loss reserve estimate derived by the reported Bornhuetter-Ferguson method for these lines to change by approximately $205 million. This represents an impact of 28 percent relative to recorded net loss and loss expense reserves of approximately $745 million. 42 Corporate Within Corporate, we have exposure to certain liability insurance and reinsurance lines that have been in run-off, generally, since 1994. Unpaid losses and loss expenses relating to this run-off business reside within the Brandywine Division. Most of the remaining unpaid loss and loss expense reserves for the run-off business relate to A&E as well as molestation claims. The A&E liabilities principally relate to claims arising from bodily-injury claims related to asbestos products and remediation costs associated with hazardous waste sites. The estimation of our A&E liabilities is particularly sensitive to future changes in the legal, social, and economic environment. We have not assumed any such future changes in setting the value of our A&E liabilities, which include provisions for both reported and IBNR claims. There are many complex variables that we consider when estimating the reserves for our inventory of asbestos accounts and these variables may directly impact the predicted outcome. We believe the most significant variables relating to our asbestos liabilities include the current legal environment; specific settlements that may be used as precedents to settle future claims; assumptions regarding trends with respect to claim severity and the frequency of higher severity claims; assumptions regarding the ability to allocate liability among defendants (including bankruptcy trusts) and other insurers; the ability of a claimant to bring a claim in a state in which they have no residency or exposure; the ability of a policyholder to claim the right to unaggregated coverage; whether high-level excess policies have the potential to be accessed given the policyholder's claim trends and liability situation; payments to unimpaired claimants; and the potential liability of peripheral defendants. Based on the policies, the facts, the law, and a careful analysis of the impact that these factors will likely have on any given account, we estimate the potential liability for indemnity, policyholder defense costs, and coverage litigation expense. The results in asbestos cases announced by other carriers or defendants may well have little or no relevance to us because coverage exposures are highly dependent upon the specific facts of individual coverage and resolution status of disputes among carriers, policyholders, and claimants. Chubb's exposure to molestation claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when it purchased CIGNA's P&C business in 1999 and Chubb Corp in 2016. The vast majority of the current liability relates to exposure from recently enacted "reviver" legislation in certain states that allow civil claims relating to molestation to be asserted against policyholders that would otherwise be barred by statutes of limitations. For additional information refer to the “Asbestos and Environmental (A&E)” section and to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Future policy benefits reserves We issue contracts in our Overseas General Insurance and Life Insurance segments that are classified as long-duration. These contracts generally include accident and supplemental health products, term and whole life products, endowment products, and annuities. In accordance with GAAP, we establish reserves for contracts determined to be long-duration based on approved actuarial methods that include assumptions related to expenses, mortality, morbidity, persistency and investment yields. For traditional long-duration contracts, these assumptions also include a provision for adverse deviation (PAD), and are “locked in” at the inception of the contract, meaning we use our original assumptions throughout the life of the policy and do not subsequently modify them unless we deem the reserves to be inadequate; while for non-traditional long-duration contracts, the assumptions do not include a PAD and are unlocked at each reporting date. The future policy benefits reserves balance is regularly evaluated for a premium deficiency. If experience is less favorable than assumptions, additional liabilities may be required, resulting in a charge to policyholder benefits and claims. Effective January 1, 2023, we adopted LDTI that affects the accounting for future policy benefit reserves. As a result, cash flow assumptions underlying the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment contracts must be updated at least annually reflecting current best estimate assumptions whereas under prior U.S. GAAP guidance such assumptions are locked-in for the life of the policy as noted previously. The discount rate at contract issuance is locked in for purposes of determining interest accretion recognized through earnings over the life of the contract; however, on a quarterly basis, LDTI also requires the remeasurement of the liability for future policy benefits using the then-current discount rate with changes recognized in OCI. In addition, under LDTI a provision for adverse deviation is no longer allowed when establishing reserves, premium deficiency testing is no longer required, and the net premium ratio cannot exceed 100 percent for any given cohort of contracts. Valuation of value of business acquired (VOBA), and amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and VOBA As part of the acquisition of businesses that sell long-duration contracts, such as life products, we established an intangible asset related to VOBA, which represented the fair value of the future profits of the in-force contracts. The valuation of VOBA at the time of acquisition is derived from similar assumptions to those used to establish the associated future policy benefits 43 reserves. The most significant input in this calculation is the discount rate used to arrive at the present value of the net cash flows. We amortize deferred policy acquisition costs associated with long-duration contracts and VOBA (collectively policy acquisition costs) over the estimated life of the contracts, generally in proportion to premium revenue recognized based upon the same assumptions used in estimating the liability for future policy benefits. For non-traditional long-duration contracts, we amortize policy acquisition costs over the expected life of the contracts in proportion to estimates of expected gross profits. The estimated life is established at the inception of the contracts or upon acquisition and is based on current persistency assumptions. Policy acquisition costs, which consist of commissions, premium taxes, and certain underwriting costs related directly to the successful acquisition of a new or renewal insurance contract, are reviewed to determine if they are recoverable from future income, including investment income. Unrecoverable costs are expensed in the period identified. Effective January 1, 2023, we adopted LDTI that affects the accounting for deferred policy acquisition costs and VOBA. As a result, we will amortize deferred policy acquisition costs on a straight-line basis over the estimated life of the contract, as compared to in proportion to premium revenue or expected gross profits as noted previously. In addition, we have elected to align our VOBA amortization with the new requirement under LDTI for deferred policy acquisition costs. Risk transfer In the ordinary course of business, we both purchase (or cede) and sell (or assume) reinsurance protection. We discontinued the purchase of all finite risk reinsurance contracts, as a matter of policy, in 2002. For both ceded and assumed reinsurance, risk transfer requirements must be met in order to use reinsurance accounting, principally resulting in the recognition of cash flows under the contract as premiums and losses. If risk transfer requirements are not met, a contract is to be accounted for as a deposit, typically resulting in the recognition of cash flows under the contract through a deposit asset or liability and not as revenue or expense. To meet risk transfer requirements, a reinsurance contract must include both insurance risk, consisting of underwriting and timing risk, and a reasonable possibility of a significant loss for the assuming entity. We also apply similar risk transfer requirements to determine whether certain commercial insurance contracts should be accounted for as insurance or a deposit. Contracts that include fixed premium (i.e., premium not subject to adjustment based on loss experience under the contract) for fixed coverage generally transfer risk and do not require judgment. Reinsurance and insurance contracts that include both significant risk sharing provisions, such as adjustments to premiums or loss coverage based on loss experience, and relatively low policy limits, as evidenced by a high proportion of maximum premium assessments to loss limits, can require considerable judgment to determine whether or not risk transfer requirements are met. For such contracts, often referred to as finite or structured products, we require that risk transfer be specifically assessed for each contract by developing expected cash flow analyses at contract inception. To support risk transfer, the cash flow analyses must demonstrate that a significant loss is reasonably possible. We use various tests to accomplish this, one of which is the ratio of the net present value of losses and commissions divided by the net present value of premiums equals or exceeds 110 percent with at least a 10 percent probability. For purposes of cash flow analyses, we generally use a risk-free rate of return consistent with the expected average duration of loss payments. In addition, to support insurance risk, we must prove the reinsurer's risk of loss varies with that of the reinsured and/or support various scenarios under which the assuming entity can recognize a significant loss. To ensure risk transfer requirements are routinely assessed, qualitative and quantitative risk transfer analyses and memoranda supporting risk transfer are developed by underwriters for all structured products. We have established protocols for structured products that include criteria triggering an accounting review of the contract prior to quoting. If any criterion is triggered, a contract must be reviewed by a committee established by each of our segments with reporting oversight, including peer review, from our global Structured Transaction Review Committee. With respect to ceded reinsurance, we entered into a few multi-year excess of loss retrospectively-rated contracts, principally in 2002. These contracts primarily provided severity protection for specific product divisions. Because traditional one-year reinsurance coverage had become relatively costly, these contracts were generally entered into in order to secure a more cost- effective reinsurance program. All of these contracts transferred risk and were accounted for as reinsurance. In addition, we maintain a few aggregate excess of loss reinsurance contracts that were principally entered into prior to 2003, such as the National Indemnity Company (NICO) contracts referred to in the section entitled, “Asbestos and Environmental (A&E)”. We have not purchased any other retroactive ceded reinsurance contracts since 1999. With respect to assumed reinsurance and insurance contracts, products giving rise to judgments regarding risk transfer were primarily sold by our financial solutions business. Although we have significantly curtailed writing financial solutions business, several contracts remain in-force and principally include multi-year retrospectively-rated contracts and loss portfolio transfers. Because transfer of insurance risk is generally a primary client motivation for purchasing these products, relatively few insurance and reinsurance contracts have historically been written for which we concluded that risk transfer criteria had not been met. For certain insurance contracts that have been reported as deposits, the insured desired to self-insure a risk but was required, legally or otherwise, to purchase insurance so that claimants would be protected by a licensed insurance company in the event of non-payment from the insured. 44 Reinsurance recoverable Reinsurance recoverable includes balances due to us from reinsurance companies for paid and unpaid losses and loss expenses and is presented net of a valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance. The valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance is determined based upon a review of the financial condition of the reinsurers and other factors. Ceded reinsurance contracts do not relieve our primary obligation to our policyholders. Consequently, an exposure exists with respect to reinsurance recoverable to the extent that any reinsurer is unable or unwilling to meet its obligations or disputes the liabilities assumed under the reinsurance contracts. We determine the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses using actuarial estimates as well as a determination of our ability to cede unpaid losses and loss expenses under existing reinsurance contracts. The recognition of a reinsurance recoverable asset requires two key judgments. The first judgment involves our estimation based on the amount of gross reserves and the percentage of that amount which may be ceded to reinsurers. Ceded IBNR, which is a major component of the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses, is generally developed as part of our loss reserving process and, consequently, its estimation is subject to similar risks and uncertainties as the estimation of gross IBNR (refer to “Critical Accounting Estimates – Unpaid losses and loss expenses”). The second judgment involves our estimate of the amount of the reinsurance recoverable balance that we may ultimately be unable to recover from reinsurers due to insolvency, contractual dispute, or for other reasons. Estimated uncollectible amounts are reflected in a valuation allowance that reduces the reinsurance recoverable asset and, in turn, shareholders' equity. Changes in the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance are reflected in net income. Although the obligation of individual reinsurers to pay their reinsurance obligations is based on specific contract provisions, the collectability of such amounts requires estimation by management. The majority of the recoverable balance will not be due for collection until sometime in the future, and the duration of our recoverables may be longer than the duration of our direct exposures. Over this period of time, economic conditions and operational performance of a particular reinsurer may impact their ability to meet these obligations and while they may continue to acknowledge their contractual obligation to do so, they may not have the financial resources or willingness to fully meet their obligation to us. To estimate the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance, the reinsurance recoverable must first be determined for each reinsurer. This determination is based on a process rather than an estimate, although an element of judgment must be applied. As part of the process, ceded IBNR is allocated to reinsurance contracts because ceded IBNR is not generally calculated on a contract by contract basis. The allocations are generally based on premiums ceded under reinsurance contracts, adjusted for actual loss experience and historical relationships between gross and ceded losses. If actual premium and loss experience vary materially from historical experience, the allocation of reinsurance recoverable by reinsurer will be reviewed and may change. While such change is unlikely to result in a large percentage change in the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance, it could, nevertheless, have a material effect on our net income in the period recorded. Generally, we use a default analysis to estimate uncollectible reinsurance. The primary components of the default analysis are reinsurance recoverable balances by reinsurer, net of collateral, and forward looking default factors used to estimate the probability that the reinsurer may be unable to meet its future obligations in full. The definition of collateral for this purpose requires some judgment and is generally limited to assets held in a Chubb-only beneficiary trust, letters of credit, and liabilities held by us with the same legal entity for which we believe there is a right of offset. We do not currently include multi-beneficiary trusts. However, we have several reinsurers that have established multi-beneficiary trusts for which certain of our companies are beneficiaries. The determination of the default factor is principally based on the financial strength rating of the reinsurer and a corresponding default factor applicable to the financial strength rating. Default factors require considerable judgment and are determined using the current financial strength rating, or rating equivalent, of each reinsurer as well as other key considerations and assumptions. Significant considerations and assumptions include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following: • For reinsurers that maintain a financial strength rating from a major rating agency, and for which recoverable balances are considered representative of the larger population (i.e., default probabilities are consistent with similarly rated reinsurers and payment durations conform to averages), the judgment exercised by management to determine the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance of each reinsurer is typically limited because the financial rating is based on a published source and the default factor we apply is based on a historical default factor of a major rating agency applicable to the particular rating class. Default factors applied for financial ratings of AAA, AA, A, BBB, BB, B, and CCC, are 0.8 percent, 1.2 percent, 1.7 percent, 4.9 percent, 19.6 percent, 34.0 percent, and 62.2 percent, respectively. Because our model is predicated on the historical default factors of a major rating agency, we do not generally consider alternative factors. However, when a recoverable is expected to be paid in a brief period of time by a highly-rated reinsurer, such as certain property catastrophe claims, a default factor may not be applied; 45 • • For balances recoverable from reinsurers that are both unrated by a major rating agency and for which management is unable to determine a credible rating equivalent based on a parent or affiliated company, we may determine a rating equivalent based on our analysis of the reinsurer that considers an assessment of the creditworthiness of the particular entity, industry benchmarks, or other factors as considered appropriate. We then apply the applicable default factor for that rating class. For balances recoverable from unrated reinsurers for which our ceded reserve is below a certain threshold, we generally apply a default factor of 34.0 percent; For balances recoverable from reinsurers that are either insolvent or under regulatory supervision, we establish a default factor and resulting valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance based on specific facts and circumstances surrounding each company. Upon initial notification of an insolvency, we generally recognize expense for a substantial portion of all balances outstanding, net of collateral, through a combination of write-offs of recoverable balances and increases to the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance. When regulatory action is taken on a reinsurer, we generally recognize a default factor by estimating an expected recovery on all balances outstanding, net of collateral. When sufficient credible information becomes available, we adjust the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance by establishing a default factor pursuant to information received; and • For captives and other recoverables, management determines the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance based on the specific facts and circumstances. The following table summarizes reinsurance recoverables and the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance for each type of recoverable balance at December 31, 2022: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Type Reinsurers with credit ratings Reinsurers not rated Reinsurers under supervision and insolvent reinsurers Captives Other, including structured settlements and pools Total Gross Reinsurance Recoverable on Losses and Loss Expenses Recoverables (net of Usable Collateral) Valuation allowance for Uncollectible Reinsurance (1) $ 15,179 $ 13,256 $ 251 70 2,455 1,297 171 67 348 1,276 $ 19,252 $ 15,118 $ 174 57 27 13 80 351 (1) The valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance is based on a default analysis applied to gross reinsurance recoverables, net of approximately $4.1 billion of collateral at December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, the use of different assumptions within our approach could have a material effect on the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance. To the extent the creditworthiness of our reinsurers was to deteriorate due to an adverse event affecting the reinsurance industry, such as a large number of major catastrophes, actual uncollectible amounts could be significantly greater than our valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance. Such an event could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and our liquidity. Given the various considerations used to estimate our uncollectible valuation allowance, we cannot precisely quantify the effect a specific industry event may have on the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance. However, based on the composition (particularly the average credit quality) of the reinsurance recoverable balance at December 31, 2022, we estimate that a ratings downgrade of one notch for all rated reinsurers (e.g., from A to A- or A- to BBB+) could increase our valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance by approximately $93 million or approximately 0.5 percent of the gross reinsurance recoverable balance, assuming no other changes relevant to the calculation. While a ratings downgrade would result in an increase in our valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance and a charge to earnings in that period, a downgrade in and of itself does not imply that we will be unable to collect all of the ceded reinsurance recoverable from the reinsurers in question. Refer to Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under item 8, for additional information. Fair value measurements Accounting guidance defines fair value as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 inputs) and the lowest priority to unobservable data (Level 3 inputs). Level 2 includes inputs, other than quoted prices within Level 1, that are observable for assets or liabilities either directly or indirectly. Refer to Note 4 and Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under item 8, for information on our fair value measurements. 46 Assessment of investment portfolio credit losses Each quarter, we evaluate current expected credit losses (CECL) for fixed maturity securities classified as held to maturity and expected credit losses (ECL) for fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale. Because our investment portfolio is the largest component of consolidated assets, CECL and ECL could be material to our financial condition and results of operations. Refer to Notes 1 e) and 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under item 8, for more information. Deferred income taxes At December 31, 2022, our net deferred tax liability was $292 million. Our deferred tax assets and liabilities primarily result from temporary differences between the amounts recorded in our Consolidated Financial Statements and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities. We determine deferred tax assets and liabilities separately for each tax-paying component (an individual entity or group of entities that is consolidated for tax purposes) in each tax jurisdiction. The realization of deferred tax assets depends upon the existence of sufficient taxable income within the carryback or carryforward periods under the tax law in the applicable tax jurisdiction. There may be changes in tax laws in a number of countries where we transact business that impact our deferred tax assets and liabilities. At each balance sheet date, management assesses the need to establish a valuation allowance that reduces deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The determination of the need for a valuation allowance is based on all available information including projections of future taxable income, principally derived from business plans and where appropriate available tax planning strategies. Projections of future taxable income incorporate assumptions of future business and operations that are apt to differ from actual experience. If our assumptions and estimates that resulted in our forecast of future taxable income prove to be incorrect, an additional valuation allowance could become necessary, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity. At December 31, 2022, the valuation allowance of $916 million reflects management's assessment that it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized due to the inability of certain subsidiaries to generate sufficient taxable income. Goodwill impairment assessment Goodwill, which represents the excess of acquisition cost over the estimated fair value of net assets acquired, was $16.3 billion and $15.2 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During 2022, our goodwill balance increased reflecting the acquisition of Cigna's Asia business. Goodwill is assigned to applicable reporting units of acquired entities at the time of acquisition. Our reporting units are the same as our reportable segments. For goodwill balances by reporting units, refer to Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under item 8. Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to a periodic evaluation for impairment at least annually, or earlier if there are any indications of possible impairment. Impairment is tested at the reporting unit level. The impairment evaluation first uses a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not (i.e., more than a 50 percent probability) that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount. If a reporting unit fails this qualitative assessment, a single quantitative analysis is used to measure and record the amount of the impairment. In assessing the fair value of a reporting unit, we make assumptions and estimates about the profitability attributable to our reporting units, including: • • short-term and long-term growth rates; and estimated cost of equity and changes in long-term risk-free interest rates. If our assumptions and estimates made in assessing the fair value of acquired entities change, we could be required to write- down the carrying value of goodwill which could be material to our results of operations in the period the charge is taken. Based on our impairment testing for 2022, we determined no impairment was required and none of our reporting units were at risk for impairment. 47 Consolidated Operating Results – Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Net premiums written Net premiums written - constant dollars (1) Net premiums earned Net investment income Net realized gains (losses) Total revenues Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Interest expense Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Cigna integration expenses Total expenses Income before income tax Income tax expense Net income 2022 2021 2020 $ 41,755 $ 37,868 $ 33,820 40,389 36,355 33,117 3,742 (965) 43,166 23,342 1,492 7,392 3,395 570 74 285 48 3,456 1,152 40,963 21,980 699 6,918 3,136 492 (2,365) 287 — 2022 vs. 2021 % Change 2021 vs. 2020 10.3 % 13.0 % 11.1 % 8.3 % NM 5.4 % 6.2 % 12.0 % 10.5 % 9.8 % 2.4 % NM 13.8 % 1.2 % 3,375 (498) 35,994 21,710 784 113.5 % (10.9) % 6,547 2,979 516 (994) 290 — 6.8 % 8.3 % 15.9 % 5.7 % 5.3 % (4.7) % NM 137.9 % (0.7) % (0.9) % NM — 36,598 31,147 31,832 17.5 % (2.2) % 6,568 1,255 9,816 1,277 4,162 (33.1) % 135.9 % 629 (1.7) % 102.9 % $ 5,313 $ 8,539 $ 3,533 (37.8) % 141.7 % NM – not meaningful (1) On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period. Financial Highlights for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 • Net income was $5.3 billion compared with $8.5 billion in 2021. Net income in 2022 was driven by strong underwriting results, including growth in net premiums earned, improvement in our combined ratios, and record net investment income. Net income is lower compared to prior year, reflecting after-tax mark-to-market losses on private and public equities of $791 million, compared to gains of $2.4 billion in the prior year. Consolidated net premiums written were $41.8 billion, up 10.3 percent, or 13.0 percent in constant dollars, primarily from strong premium retention, including both rate and exposure increases, and strong new business in our P&C business. Additionally, the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia added 3.8 percentage points, or 3.9 percentage points in constant dollars, to the growth in net premiums written. Consolidated net premiums earned were $40.4 billion, up 11.1 percent, or 13.9 percent in constant dollars. The acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia added 3.9 percentage points, or 4.0 percentage points in constant dollars, to the growth in net premiums earned. Total pre-tax and after-tax catastrophe losses were $2.2 billion (5.9 percentage points of the P&C combined ratio) and $1.8 billion, respectively, compared with $2.4 billion (7.1 percentage points of the P&C combined ratio) and $2.0 billion, respectively, in 2021. Pre-tax catastrophe losses in 2022 were primarily from Hurricane Ian losses of $975 million, winter storm Elliott losses of $400 million, and other global weather-related events. • • • 48   • • Total pre-tax and after-tax favorable prior period development were $876 million (2.5 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $729 million, respectively, including pre-tax adverse development of $155 million for molestation claims, predominantly reviver statute-related, and $113 million related to legacy asbestos and environmental exposures. Excluding the adverse development, we had pre-tax favorable development of $1,144 million, with 18 percent in long-tail lines, and 82 percent in short-tail lines. This compares with favorable prior period development of $926 million (2.8 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $756 million, respectively, in 2021. Refer to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8, for further information on prior period development. The P&C combined ratio was 87.6 percent compared with 89.1 percent in 2021. P&C current accident year (CAY) combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses was 84.2 percent compared with 84.8 percent in the prior year. The current year ratios decreased due to the favorable impact of higher net premiums earned on the expense ratios and underlying loss ratio improvement, partially offset by late-season losses in crop insurance. • Net investment income was a record $3.7 billion compared with $3.5 billion in 2021, primarily due to higher reinvestment rates on fixed maturities, partially offset by lower income from equity securities and private equities. • Operating cash flow was a record $11.2 billion compared with $11.1 billion in 2021. • Shareholders' equity decreased by $9.2 billion in 2022, as net income of $5.3 billion was more than offset by unrealized losses on investments of $9.5 billion after-tax from rising interest rates and a loss of $927 million related to cumulative foreign exchange translation. In addition, shareholders' equity reflected total capital returned to shareholders in the year of $4.4 billion, including share repurchases of $3.0 billion, at an average purchase price of $201.96 per share, and dividends of $1.4 billion. • On January 4, 2023, we completed transactions that increased our ownership interest in Huatai Group from 47.3 percent to 64.2 percent. We received regulatory approval for an additional 19 percent and expect to close on these shares upon completion of certain closing conditions, at which time we expect to consolidate the operations of Huatai Group as a subsidiary of Chubb under the U.S. GAAP consolidation standard. Outlook 2022 was an outstanding year in terms of underlying business and investment performance. We had record net investment income and an excellent combined ratio despite late-season losses in crop insurance. Consolidated net premiums written increased to $41.8 billion, reflecting strong growth across our P&C segments and a growing Life Insurance segment with the addition of the Cigna Asian business on July 1, 2022. Looking ahead, we are starting off strong in the first quarter 2023 thus far, with growth in our Asian consumer business, including P&C, life insurance and A&H. Our global consumer lines growth is gaining momentum highlighted by a combination of strong consumer lending, increased foot traffic across retail and banking operations, and the resurgence of leisure and business travel. We had good growth in net investment income and will continue to grow as we reinvest cash flow at higher rates. In summary, the strong trajectory of growth from investment income and our Asia life insurance companies, provides an optimistic outlook for the future. 49 Total Commercial P&C 24,077 22,381 19,202 Net Premiums Written (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Commercial casualty Workers' compensation Financial lines Surety Commercial multiple peril (1) Property and other short-tail lines Agriculture Personal automobile Personal homeowners Personal other Total Personal lines Total Property and Casualty lines Global A&H lines (2) Reinsurance lines Life Total consolidated 2022 2021 2020 2022 vs. 2021 2021 vs. 2020 C$ 2022 vs. 2021 $ 7,715 $ 6,994 $ 6,177 10.3 % 13.2 % 12.4 % % Change 2,164 5,070 622 1,311 7,195 2,130 5,067 572 1,193 6,425 2,015 4,201 531 1,047 5,231 1.6 % — 8.6 % 10.0 % 12.0 % 7.6 % 5.7 % 20.6 % 7.9 % 13.9 % 22.8 % 16.6 % 1.6 % 2.4 % 10.1 % 10.0 % 15.7 % 9.9 % 2,907 2,388 1,846 21.7 % 29.3 % 21.7 % 1,631 3,901 1,817 7,349 1,525 3,719 1,825 7,069 1,550 3,627 1,656 6,833 34,333 31,838 27,881 4,894 943 1,585 3,763 873 1,394 731 1,349 3,859 30.1 % $ 41,755 $ 37,868 $ 33,820 6.9 % 4.9 % (1.6) % 2.5 % (0.4) % 10.2 % 4.0 % 7.8 % 8.0 % 13.7 % 10.3 % 3.4 % 14.2 % (2.5) % 19.5 % 3.4 % 12.0 % 8.8 % 5.9 % 6.1 % 6.6 % 10.0 % 37.3 % 9.5 % 19.9 % 13.0 % (1) (2) Commercial multiple peril represents retail package business (property and general liability). For purposes of this schedule only, A&H results from our Combined North America and International businesses, normally included in the Life Insurance and Overseas General Insurance segments, respectively, as well as the A&H results of our North America Commercial P&C segment, are included in Global A&H lines above. The growth in consolidated net premiums written in 2022 principally reflects growth across most lines of business, driven by higher renewal retention, positive rate increases, increased exposure, and strong new business. The acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia contributed $1,434 million in 2022. • Commercial casualty grew primarily in North America, Europe, and Asia, driven by strong new business and retention, including exposure and rate increases. • Workers' compensation growth was due to exposure increases in North America. • Financial lines grew on a constant dollar basis primarily from renewal retention, including exposure and positive rate increases in North America, Asia, and Latin America. Surety increased due to strong new business and renewal retention in North America. Commercial multiple peril increased due to strong new business and renewal retention, including exposure and positive rate increases in North America. Property and other short-tail lines grew globally due to strong new business and renewal retention, including positive rate increases and increased exposure. Agriculture increased due to underlying growth in crop insurance, reflecting higher commodity prices, higher reported acreage from policyholders, and policy count growth, partially offset by a return of premium to the U.S. government in the first quarter of 2022 of $161 million. Personal lines grew in most regions reflecting new business, strong renewal retention, and both rate and exposure increases, primarily in high net worth homeowners and automobile in North America, high net worth and specialty lines in Asia, and specialty lines and automobile in Latin America. Partially offsetting growth in North America were additional cancellations in parts of California exposed to wildfires. • • • • • • Global A&H lines increased due to the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia in the third quarter of 2022, which contributed $1,148 million to the full year growth. Additionally, growth in Asia, Latin America, Europe, and Japan on a constant dollar basis, was driven by higher new business and increased consumer activity, including higher travel volume. Our North American Combined Insurance supplemental A&H business decreased primarily due to the non-renewal of a large program. • Reinsurance lines increased primarily due to continued growth in the portfolio mainly from new business, favorable premium adjustments and higher catastrophe reinstatement premiums. 50 • International life operations increased due to the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia in the third quarter of 2022, which contributed $286 million to the full year growth. Growth from new business in Asia, primarily in Thailand and Indonesia, was more than offset by lower business in Taiwan and Latin America, principally reflecting the non-renewal of certain large account business in Chile. For additional information on net premiums written, refer to the segment results discussions. Net Premiums Earned Net premiums earned for short-duration contracts, typically P&C contracts, generally reflect the portion of net premiums written that was recorded as revenues for the period as the exposure periods expire. Net premiums earned for long-duration contracts, typically traditional life contracts, generally are recognized as earned when due from policyholders. Net premiums earned increased $4.0 billion, or $4.9 billion on a constant-dollar basis in 2022. Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development Catastrophe losses include reinstatement premiums which are additional premiums paid on certain reinsurance agreements in order to reinstate coverage that had been exhausted by loss occurrences. The reinstatement premium amount is typically a pro rata portion of the original ceded premium paid based on how much of the reinsurance limit had been exhausted. Prior period development is net of expense adjustments which typically relate to either profit commission reserves or policyholder dividend reserves based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. Refer to the Non-GAAP Reconciliation section for further information on reinstatement premiums on catastrophe losses and adjustments to prior period development. We generally define catastrophe loss events consistent with the definition of the Property Claims Service (PCS) for events in the U.S. and Canada. PCS defines a catastrophe as an event that causes damage of $25 million or more in insured losses and affects a significant number of insureds. For events outside of the U.S. and Canada, we generally use a similar definition. We also define losses from certain pandemics, such as COVID-19, as a catastrophe loss. Prior period development (PPD) arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous accident years. (in millions of U.S. dollars) Catastrophe losses Favorable prior period development 2022 2021 2020 2,182 $ 2,401 $ 3,283 876 $ 926 $ 395 $ $ Catastrophe losses were primarily from the following events: • 2022: Hurricane Ian losses of $975 million, winter storm Elliott losses of $400 million, severe weather-related events in the U.S. and internationally, Australia storms, and Colorado wildfires. • 2021: Hurricane Ida losses of $834 million, winter storm losses in the U.S., flooding in Europe, and other severe weather- related events in the U.S. and internationally. • 2020: COVID-19 pandemic claims of $1,396 million, severe weather-related events in the U.S. and internationally, and civil unrest-related losses in the U.S. Pre-tax net favorable prior period development for 2022 was $876 million, including adverse development of $155 million for molestation claims, primarily reviver statute-related, and $113 million related to legacy asbestos and environmental exposures. The remaining favorable development of $1,144 million is primarily comprised of 18 percent in long-tail lines, principally from accident years 2011 through 2017, and 82 percent in short-tail lines, mainly in property and A&H lines. Pre-tax net favorable prior period development for 2021 was $926 million, including adverse development of $443 million for molestation claims, of which $375 million was related to the pending Boy Scouts of America settlement in the fourth quarter, and $83 million related to legacy A&E exposures. The remaining favorable development of $1,452 million, including favorable development of $430 million for COVID-related claims, is primarily comprised of 39 percent in long-tail lines, principally from accident years 2020 and 2017 and prior, and 61 percent in short-tail lines, mainly in homeowners, accident and health, property, and surety lines. Pre-tax net favorable prior period development for 2020 was $395 million, which included adverse development of $259 million for U.S. child molestation claims, predominately reviver statute-related, and $106 million adverse development related to legacy asbestos and environmental liabilities. The remaining favorable development of $760 million principally comprises 89 percent long-tail lines, principally from accident years 2016 and prior, and 11 percent short-tail lines. 51 Refer to the Prior Period Development section in Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. P&C Combined Ratio In evaluating our segments excluding Life Insurance financial performance, we use the P&C combined ratio, the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. We calculate these ratios by dividing the respective expense amounts by net premiums earned. We do not calculate these ratios for the Life Insurance segment as we do not use these measures to monitor or manage that segment. The P&C combined ratio is determined by adding the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. A P&C combined ratio under 100 percent indicates underwriting income, and a combined ratio exceeding 100 percent indicates underwriting loss. Loss and loss expense ratio CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses Favorable prior period development Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost ratio Administrative expense ratio P&C Combined ratio 2022 2021 2020 58.8 % 6.0 % (2.8) % 62.0 % 17.8 % 7.8 % 87.6 % 58.3 % 7.1 % (2.8) % 62.6 % 18.3 % 8.2 % 89.1 % 59.2 % 10.6 % (1.3) % 68.5 % 18.9 % 8.7 % 96.1 % The loss and loss expense ratio decreased in 2022, primarily due to lower catastrophe losses. The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased in 2022, primarily due to a lower 2022 crop year margin, partially offset by earned rate exceeding loss cost trends. The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased in 2022 primarily due to a higher percent of net premiums earned from lines that have a lower acquisition cost ratio. The administrative expense ratio decreased in 2022 primarily due to higher net premiums earned, which outpaced higher employee-related expenses, and increased investment to support growth. Policy benefits Policy benefits represent losses on contracts classified as long-duration and generally include accident and supplemental health products, term and whole life products, endowment products, and annuities. Refer to the Life Insurance segment operating results section for further discussion. Policy benefits were $1,492 million, $699 million and $784 million in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, which included (gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account liabilities that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP of $(42) million, $(8) million and $58 million, respectively. The offsetting movements of these liabilities are recorded in Other (income) expense on the Consolidated statements of operations. Excluding the separate account gains and losses, Policy benefits were $1,534 million, $707 million, and $726 million in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The increase in Policy benefits for 2022 is primarily due to the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia. Refer to the respective sections that follow for a discussion of Net investment income, Other (income) expense, Net realized gains (losses), Interest expense, Amortization of purchased intangibles, and Income tax expense. 52   Segment Operating Results – Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 We operate through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. In addition, the results of our run-off Brandywine business, including all run-off asbestos and environmental (A&E) exposures, and the results of Westchester specialty operations for 1996 and prior years are presented within Corporate. North America Commercial P&C Insurance The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide P&C insurance and services to large, middle market, and small commercial businesses in the U.S., Canada, and Bermuda. This segment includes our North America Major Accounts and Specialty Insurance division (large corporate accounts and wholesale business), and the North America Commercial Insurance division (principally middle market and small commercial accounts). (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2022 2021 2020 Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income Net investment income Other (income) expense Segment income Loss and loss expense ratio: $ 17,889 $ 16,415 $ 14,474 17,107 15,461 13,964 10,828 10,015 10,129 2,313 2,082 1,942 1,113 1,052 1,006 2,853 2,312 887 2,247 2,078 2,061 17 31 23 $ 5,083 $ 4,359 $ 2,925 2022 vs. 2021 9.0 % 10.6 % 8.1 % 11.1 % 5.7 % 23.4 % 8.1 % (45.9) % 16.6 % % Change 2021 vs. 2020 13.4 % 10.7 % (1.1) % 7.1 % 4.6 % 160.8 % 0.8 % 39.2 % 49.0 % CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses 61.3 % 62.7 % 64.2 % (1.4) pts (1.5) Catastrophe losses Prior period development Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost ratio Administrative expense ratio Combined ratio 5.6 % (3.6) % 63.3 % 13.5 % 6.5 % 7.2 % 13.4 % (1.6) pts (6.2) (5.1) % 64.8 % 13.4 % 6.8 % (5.1) % 1.5 pts — 72.5 % (1.5) pts (7.7) 14.0 % 0.1 pts (0.6) 7.2 % (0.3) pts (0.4) 83.3 % 85.0 % 93.7 % (1.7) pts (8.7) pts pts pts pts pts pts pts Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Catastrophe losses Favorable prior period development 2022 2021 2020 $ $ 961 $ 1,112 $ 1,871 562 $ 762 $ 702 •2022: Hurricane Ian losses, winter storm Elliott losses, and other severe weather-related events in the U.S. •2021: Hurricane Ida losses; winter storm losses and flooding; hail, tornados, and wind events in the U.S. •2020: COVID-19 pandemic claims; U.S. hurricanes and tropical storms; and U.S. flooding, hail, tornados, and wind events. Refer to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development. 53   Premiums Net premiums written increased $1,474 million, or 9.0 percent, in 2022, reflecting strong premium retention, including both rate and exposure increases, and strong new business. The increase in premiums was across most lines of business, including large risk casualty, commercial multiple peril, primary and excess casualty, and property. Net premiums earned increased $1,646 million, or 10.6 percent, in 2022, reflecting the growth in net premiums written described above. Combined Ratio The loss and loss expense ratio and the CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased in 2022 primarily reflecting earned rate exceeding loss cost trends. The loss and loss expense ratio in 2022 also benefited from lower catastrophe losses compared to the prior year, partially offset by lower favorable prior period development. The administrative expense ratio decreased in 2022 primarily due to higher net premiums earned, which outpaced higher employee-related expenses. North America Personal P&C Insurance The North America Personal P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide high net worth personal lines products, including homeowners and complementary products such as valuable articles, excess liability, automobile, and recreational marine insurance and services in the U.S. and Canada. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income Net investment income Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Segment income Loss and loss expense ratio: 2022 2021 2020 $ 5,313 $ 5,002 $ 4,920 5,180 4,915 4,866 3,186 2,924 3,187 1,057 1,001 974 291 276 270 646 714 435 283 249 260 4 10 (2) 10 5 11 2022 vs. 2021 % Change 2021 vs. 2020 6.2 % 5.4 % 8.9 % 5.6 % 5.7 % (9.5) % 13.3 % NM — 1.7 % 1.0 % (8.3) % 2.9 % 2.0 % 64.0 % (4.1) % NM (5.1) % 40.6 % $ 915 $ 955 $ 679 (4.2) % CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses 52.9 % 52.0 % 53.1 % 0.9 pts (1.1) Catastrophe losses Prior period development Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost ratio Administrative expense ratio Combined ratio NM – not meaningful 12.2 % 13.6 % 11.0 % (1.4) pts 2.6 (3.6) % (6.1) % 1.4 % 2.5 pts (7.5) 61.5 % 59.5 % 65.5 % 2.0 pts (6.0) 20.4 % 20.4 % 20.0 % — pts 0.4 5.6 % 5.6 % 5.6 % — pts — 87.5 % 85.5 % 91.1 % 2.0 pts (5.6) pts pts pts pts pts pts pts Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Catastrophe losses Favorable (unfavorable) prior period development 2022 2021 2020 631 $ 679 $ 534 186 $ 305 $ (63) $ $ 54   •2022: Hurricane Ian losses, winter storm Elliott losses, and other severe weather-related events in the U.S., including Colorado wildfires •2021: Hurricane Ida losses, winter storm losses, and flooding; hail, tornados, and wind events in the U.S. •2020: U.S. hurricanes and tropical storms; U.S. flooding, hail, tornados, and wind events; and U.S. wildfires. Refer to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development. Premiums Net premiums written increased $311 million, or 6.2 percent, for 2022, primarily driven by strong new business and renewal retention, from both rate and exposure increases, primarily in homeowners and automobile; partially offset by additional cancellations in parts of California exposed to wildfires. Net premiums earned increased $265 million, or 5.4 percent, for 2022, reflecting the growth in net premiums written described above. Combined Ratio The loss and loss expense ratio and the CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased in 2022, as losses are returning to pre-pandemic levels, particularly in automobile lines. The loss and loss expense ratio also increased due to lower favorable prior period development, partially offset by lower catastrophe losses. North America Agricultural Insurance The North America Agricultural Insurance segment comprises our North American based businesses that provide a variety of coverages in the U.S. and Canada including crop insurance, primarily Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail through Rain and Hail Insurance Service, Inc. (Rain and Hail) as well as farm and ranch and specialty P&C commercial insurance products and services through our Chubb Agribusiness unit. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income Net investment income Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Segment income Loss and loss expense ratio: 2022 2021 2020 $ 2,907 $ 2,388 $ 1,846 2,838 2,338 1,822 2,557 1,962 1,544 126 (10) 165 36 1 26 124 123 (3) 9 255 146 28 1 26 30 1 27 2022 vs. 2021 21.7 % 21.4 % 30.4 % 1.4 % NM (35.4) % 26.6 % — — $ 174 $ 256 $ 148 (32.3) % % Change 2021 vs. 2020 29.3 % 28.3 % 27.1 % 1.2 % NM 74.1 % (4.1) — (0.8) % 73.0 % CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses 90.5 % 81.5 % 83.7 % 9.0 pts (2.2) Catastrophe losses Prior period development Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost ratio Administrative expense ratio Combined ratio NM – not meaningful 2.2 % (2.6) % 1.7 % 0.7 % 2.0 % 0.5 pts (0.3) (1.0) % (3.3) pts 1.7 90.1 % 83.9 % 84.7 % 6.2 pts (0.8) 4.4 % (0.3) % 5.3 % (0.1) % 6.8 % (0.9) pts (1.5) 0.5 % (0.2) pts (0.6) 94.2 % 89.1 % 92.0 % 5.1 pts (2.9) pts pts pts pts pts pts pts 55   Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Catastrophe losses Favorable (unfavorable) prior period development 2022 2021 2020 $ $ 64 $ 40 $ 61 $ (10) $ 36 10 •2022: Hurricane Ian losses, severe weather-related events in the Chubb Agribusiness, and winter storm losses in the U.S. •2021 and 2020: U.S. flooding, hail, tornados, and wind events. Refer to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development. Premiums Net premiums written increased $519 million, or 21.7 percent, in 2022, primarily due to an increase in MPCI, reflecting higher commodity prices, higher reported acreage from policyholders, and policy count growth, partly offset by a return of premium to the U.S. government in the first quarter of 2022 of $161 million. Under the profit-sharing agreement, we returned additional premiums to the government because of the lower losses experienced in certain states in 2021. This return of premium reduced net premiums written growth in 2022 by 6.7 percentage points. Net premiums earned increased $500 million, or 21.4 percent, in 2022 reflecting the growth in net premiums written described above. Underwriting income Underwriting income decreased $90 million in 2022, reflecting a lower 2022 crop year margin from drought conditions experienced in specific areas, which caused lower yields across spring crops and, to a lesser extent, higher harvest prices. Combined Ratio The combined ratio for 2022 was impacted by the return of premium to the U.S. government under the profit-sharing agreement related to the profitable 2021 crop year described above. This prior period development resulted in a reduction to net premiums earned of $161 million and a corresponding reduction to incurred losses, with no net impact to underwriting income. The loss and loss expense ratio and the CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased in 2022, reflecting the lower 2022 crop year margin noted above. The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased in 2022 primarily due to the favorable impact of higher net premiums earned from MPCI. 56 Overseas General Insurance Overseas General Insurance segment comprises Chubb International and Chubb Global Markets (CGM). Chubb International comprises our international commercial P&C traditional and specialty lines serving large corporations, middle market and small customers; A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines business serving local territories outside the U.S., Bermuda, and Canada. CGM, our London-based international commercial P&C excess and surplus lines business, includes Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) Syndicate 2488. Chubb provides funds at Lloyd's to support underwriting by Syndicate 2488 which is managed by Chubb Underwriting Agencies Limited. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2022 2021 2020 Net premiums written Net premiums written - constant dollars Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income Net investment income Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Segment income Loss and loss expense ratio: CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses Prior period development Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost ratio Administrative expense ratio Combined ratio NM – not meaningful $ 11,060 $ 10,713 $ 9,335 10,803 10,441 9,285 5,252 5,143 5,255 2,818 2,799 2,568 1,070 1,078 1,034 1,663 1,421 626 597 2 — 57 48 428 534 13 45 $ 2,230 $ 1,970 $ 904 2022 vs. 2021 % Change 2021 vs. 2020 3.2 % 11.4 % 3.5 % 2.1 % 0.7 % (0.8) % 17.1 % 4.9 % NM 19.4 % 13.2 % 14.8 % 10.6 % 12.5 % (2.1) % 9.0 % 4.3 % 232.2 % 11.9 % NM 8.2 % 118.1 % 49.4 % 50.1 % 50.7 % (0.7) 3.3 % 3.5 % 7.5 % (0.2) (4.1) % (4.3) % (1.6) % 0.2 48.6 % 49.3 % 56.6 % (0.7) 26.1 % 26.8 % 27.7 % (0.7) 9.9 % 10.3 % 11.1 % (0.4) 84.6 % 86.4 % 95.4 % (1.8) pts pts pts pts pts pts pts (0.6) (4.0) (2.7) (7.3) (0.9) (0.8) (9.0) pts pts pts pts pts pts pts Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Catastrophe losses Favorable prior period development 2022 2021 2020 $ $ 365 $ 358 $ 448 $ 441 $ 705 150 Catastrophe losses were primarily from the following events: •2022: Hurricane Ian losses, international weather-related events, and storms in Australia. •2021: Hurricane Ida losses, winter-related storms, international weather-related events, and flooding in Europe. •2020: COVID-19 pandemic claims; U.S. hurricanes and tropical storms; and international weather-related events. Refer to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development. 57   Net Premiums Written by Region (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Region Europe, Middle East, and Africa Latin America Asia Pacific Japan Other (1) Net premiums written Region Europe, Middle East, and Africa Latin America Asia Pacific Japan Other (1) Net premiums written % Change C$ 2022 2021 2020 C$ 2021 2022 vs. 2021 2022 vs. 2021 2021 vs. 2020 $ 5,222 $ 5,242 $ 4,247 $ 4,818 2,312 2,044 1,928 2,833 2,661 2,368 459 234 520 246 515 277 1,979 2,454 440 235 $ 11,060 $ 10,713 $ 9,335 $ 9,926 (0.4) % 13.1 % 6.4 % (11.7) % (4.5) % 3.2 % 8.4 % 23.4 % 16.8 % 15.4 % 4.2 % 6.1 % 12.4 % 0.9 % (0.1) % (11.4) % 11.4 % 14.8 % 2022 % of Total 2021 % of Total 2020 % of Total 47 % 21 % 26 % 4 % 2 % 49 % 19 % 25 % 5 % 2 % 45 % 21 % 25 % 6 % 3 % 100 % 100 % 100 % (1) Includes the international supplemental A&H business of Combined Insurance and other international operations including mainland China. Premiums Net premiums written increased $347 million in 2022, or $1,134 million on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting growth in commercial lines of 4.3 percent, or 11.8 percent on a constant-dollar basis, and growth in consumer lines of 1.5 percent, or 10.8 percent on a constant-dollar basis. Our European division increased in 2022, on a constant-dollar basis, supported by both our wholesale and retail divisions. This growth was primarily driven by higher new business, and positive rate increases in commercial lines, including commercial property and casualty lines. Consumer lines increased primarily due to increased travel volume in A&H and high net worth in personal. Additionally, A&H in the prior year was adversely impacted by restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Latin America increased in 2022, driven by growth in consumer lines, including automobile in personal and travel in A&H. Commercial lines also grew due to exposure increases, positive rate increases, and new business, primarily property. Asia Pacific increased in 2022, driven by higher new business, higher retention and positive rate increases in commercial lines, including property and casualty, and financial lines, and growth in consumer lines, primarily high net worth and specialty in personal, and travel in A&H. The acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia contributed $74 million (3.0 percentage points in constant dollars) in 2022. Japan increased in 2022, on a constant-dollar basis, primarily from higher new business in A&H. Net premiums earned increased $362 million in 2022, or $1,141 million on a constant-dollar basis, reflecting the increase in commercial and consumer net premiums written described above. Combined Ratio The loss and loss expense ratio and CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased in 2022, reflecting underlying loss ratio improvement, including earned rate exceeding loss cost trends. The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased in 2022, primarily due to a change in the mix of business, including less premiums earned from personal lines that have a higher acquisition cost ratio and higher premiums earned from commercial lines that have a lower acquisition cost ratio than consumer lines. The administrative expense ratio decreased in 2022, reflecting continued expense management control and the favorable impact of higher net premiums earned. 58 Global Reinsurance The Global Reinsurance segment represents our reinsurance operations comprising Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda, Chubb Tempest Re USA, Chubb Tempest Re International, and Chubb Tempest Re Canada. Global Reinsurance markets its reinsurance products worldwide primarily through reinsurance brokers under the Chubb Tempest Re brand name and provides a broad range of traditional and non-traditional reinsurance coverage to a diverse array of primary P&C companies. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2022 2021 2020 Net premiums written Net premiums written - constant dollars Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income (loss) Net investment income Other (income) expense Segment income Loss and loss expense ratio: CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses Prior period development Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost ratio Administrative expense ratio Combined ratio NM – not meaningful $ 943 $ 873 $ 731 922 670 240 36 (24) 281 1 798 632 200 35 (69) 331 — 698 435 174 37 52 307 2 2022 vs. 2021 8.0 % 9.5 % 15.6 % 6.0 % 20.0 % 1.7 % 65.7 % (15.2) % NM % Change 2021 vs. 2020 19.5 % 18.0 % 14.3 % 45.2 % 15.3 % (4.5) % NM 7.7 % NM $ 256 $ 262 $ 357 (2.3) % (26.8) % 49.7 % 20.3 % 50.7 % 49.1 % (1.0) pts 1.6 28.3 % 17.0 % (8.0) pts 11.3 2.6 % 0.2 % (3.8) % 2.4 pts 4.0 72.6 % 26.1 % 79.2 % 62.3 % (6.6) 25.1 % 24.9 % 1.0 3.9 % 4.4 % 5.3 % (0.5) 102.6 % 108.7 % 92.5 % (6.1) pts pts pts pts 16.9 0.2 (0.9) 16.2 pts pts pts pts pts pts pts Catastrophe Losses and Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S dollars) Catastrophe losses (Unfavorable) favorable prior period development 2022 2021 2020 $ $ 161 $ 212 $ 113 (22) $ (3) $ 29 Catastrophe losses were primarily from the following events: •2022: Hurricane Ian losses, and other sever weather-related events in the U.S., Australia, and Canada. •2021: Hurricane Ida losses, and other sever weather-related events in the U.S., Canada and Europe. •2020: U.S. hurricanes and tropical storms; U.S. flooding, hail, tornadoes, and wind events; and COVID-19 pandemic claims. Refer to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for detail on prior period development. Premiums Net premiums written increased $70 million in 2022, or $82 million on a constant-dollar basis, primarily due to continued growth in the portfolio mainly from new business, favorable premium adjustments and higher catastrophe reinstatement premiums. Net premiums earned increased $124 million in 2022, primarily reflecting the factors described above and the impact of higher new business written in the prior year for which premiums are earned in the current year. 59   Combined Ratio The loss and loss expense ratio decreased in 2022, primarily due to lower catastrophe losses, partially offset by higher unfavorable prior period development. The CAY loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses decreased in 2022 primarily due to a shift in the mix of business. The policy acquisition cost ratio increased in 2022, primarily due to a shift in the mix of business, partially offset by the impact of the higher reinstatement premiums described above. The administrative expense ratio decreased in 2022, primarily from the favorable impact of higher net premiums earned. Overall, the combined ratio decreased in 2022 primarily due to lower catastrophe losses, partially offset by higher unfavorable prior period development. The CAY combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses increased due to a shift in the mix of business, partially offset by higher net premiums earned, which outpaced increases in expenses. Life Insurance The Life Insurance segment comprises our international life operations, which commencing in the third quarter of 2022, includes Cigna's A&H and life business in Korea, Taiwan, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and Indonesia, acquired on July 1, 2022. The Life Insurance segment also includes Chubb Tempest Life Re (Chubb Life Re), and the North American supplemental A&H and life business of Combined Insurance. We assess the performance of our life business based on Life Insurance underwriting income, which includes Net investment income and (Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Net premiums written Net premiums written - constant dollars Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Net investment income Life Insurance underwriting income Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Segment income % Change 2022 vs. 2021 2021 vs. 2020 2022 2021 2020 $ 3,643 $ 2,477 $ 2,514 3,539 2,402 2,482 497 1,534 838 510 509 669 740 707 712 333 407 317 724 726 766 320 385 331 47.1 % 52.0 % 47.4 % (32.8) % 117.2 % 17.6 % 53.5 % 25.0 % 111.0 % (45) (106) (74) (57.8) % 10 5 4 112.9 % $ 704 $ 418 $ 401 68.3 % (1.5) % (2.8) % (3.2) % 2.3 % (2.7) % (7.1) % 3.8 % 5.6 % (4.2) % 42.4 % 23.3 % 4.1 % Premiums Net premiums written increased $1,166 million in 2022, or $1,247 million on a constant-dollar basis. For our International Life operations, net premiums written increased 96.9 percent, primarily due to the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia, which contributed $1,360 million. In addition, growth from new business in Indonesia and Thailand, was more than offset by lower business in Taiwan and Latin America, principally reflecting non-renewal of certain large account business in Chile. Net premiums written in our North America Combined Insurance business declined 9.1 percent, primarily due to the non-renewal of a large program. 60   Deposits The following table presents deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2022 2021 2020 % Change 2022 vs. 2021 C$ 2022 vs. 2021 2021 vs. 2020 Deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts $ 1,800 $ 2,441 $ 1,559 (26.2) % (22.3) % 56.6 % Deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts (life deposits) are not reflected as revenues in our Consolidated statements of operations in accordance with GAAP. New life deposits are an important component of production, and although they do not significantly affect current period income from operations, they are key to our efforts to grow our business. Life deposits collected decreased $641 million, or $517 million on a constant-dollar basis, in 2022, primarily in Taiwan, reflecting challenging market conditions for deposit products. Additionally, the prior year benefited from successful sales campaigns in broker and bank channels in Taiwan. Partially offsetting the decline is $91 million from deposits collected from the acquired Cigna business in Asia, primarily in Korea. Life Insurance segment income Life Insurance segment income increased $286 million in 2022 from higher underwriting income of $352 million, including $195 million of growth reflecting six months of the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia, strong performance in Combined Insurance North America reflecting favorable reserve development, and higher net investment income. This increase was partially offset by an adverse non-recurring adjustment of $52 million in 2022 related to Huatai Life, our partially owned insurance entity in China. Corporate Corporate results primarily include the results of our non-insurance companies, income and expenses not attributable to reportable segments and loss and loss expenses of asbestos and environmental (A&E) liabilities and certain other non-A&E run- off exposures, including molestation. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2022 2021 2020 Losses and loss expenses Administrative expenses Underwriting loss Net investment income (loss) Interest expense Net realized gains (losses) Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Cigna integration expenses Income tax expense Net income (loss) NM – not meaningful $ 363 $ 572 $ 385 748 — 570 365 937 (55) 492 (954) 1,160 292 182 48 (2,118) 198 — 1,255 1,277 435 303 738 (87) 516 (499) (791) 203 — 629 % Change 2022 vs. 2021 2021 vs. 2020 (36.4) % 5.6 % (20.1) % 31.4 % 20.6 % 26.9 % NM (35.6) % 15.9 % (4.7) % NM NM NM 168.0 % (7.8) % (3.2) % NM — (1.7) % 102.9 % $ (4,049) $ 319 $ (1,881) NM NM Losses and loss expenses decreased in 2022 primarily due to the inclusion of Boy Scouts of America related abuse claims in 2021. Refer to Note 7 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. Administrative expenses increased in 2022, primarily due to increased spending to support digital growth initiatives. Cigna integration expenses of $48 million for 2022 principally comprised legal and professional fees and all other costs directly related to the integration activities of the Cigna acquisition. These expenses are one-time in nature and are not related to the on- going business activities of the segments. The Chief Executive Officer does not manage segment results or allocate resources to segments when considering these costs and they are therefore excluded from our definition of segment income. 61     Refer to the respective sections that follow for a discussion of Net realized gains (losses), Net investment income (loss), Amortization of purchased intangibles, and Income tax expense (benefit). Refer to Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on Other (income) expense. Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) We take a long-term view with our investment strategy, and our investment managers manage our investment portfolio to maximize total return within specific guidelines designed to minimize risk. The majority of our investment portfolio is available for sale and reported at fair value. Our held to maturity investment portfolio is reported at amortized cost, net of valuation allowance. The effect of market movements on our fixed maturities portfolio impacts Net income (through Net realized gains (losses)) when securities are sold, when we write down an asset, or when we record a change to the valuation allowance for expected credit losses. For a further discussion related to how we assess the valuation allowance for expected credit losses and the related impact on Net income, refer to Note 1 e) to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, Net income is impacted through the reporting of changes in the fair value of equity securities, private equity funds where we own less than three percent, and derivatives, including financial futures, options, swaps, and GLB reinsurance. Changes in unrealized appreciation and depreciation on available for sale securities, resulting from the revaluation of securities held, changes in cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment, unrealized postretirement benefit obligations liability adjustment, and cross-currency swaps designated as hedges for accounting purposes are reported as separate components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in Shareholders’ equity in the Consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents our net realized and unrealized gains (losses): (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturities Year Ended December 31 Net Realized Gains (Losses) Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) 2022 Net Impact Net Realized Gains (Losses) Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) 2021 Net Impact 2020 Net Realized Gains (Losses) $ (1,049) $ (10,598) $ (11,647) $ 3 $ (2,919) $ (2,916) $ (281) Fixed income and investment derivatives (43) (43) (72) — (72) 81 Public equity Sales Mark-to-market Private equity (less than 3 percent ownership) Mark-to-market Total investment portfolio Mark-to-market from variable annuity reinsurance derivative transactions, net of applicable hedges Other derivatives Foreign exchange Other — — — — 409 (639) (31) 409 (639) (31) 157 505 111 704 — — 157 505 455 131 — 111 (32) (2,919) (2,215) 354 (1,353) (10,598) (11,951) 124 (11) — — 124 114 (11) (8) — — 114 (310) (8) 1 393 (986) (593) 348 (530) (182) (483) (118) (80) (198) (6) 503 497 (60) Net gains (losses), pre-tax $ (965) $ (11,664) $ (12,629) $ 1,152 $ (2,946) $ (1,794) $ (498) Pre-tax net unrealized losses of $10,598 million in our investment portfolio were principally the result of an increase in interest rates. In addition, there were pre-tax net realized losses of $1,353 million primarily from mark-to-market losses on public and private equities of $670 million. Additionally, there were net losses of $683 million comprising of an increase in the valuation allowance of expected credit losses, impairments on fixed income securities, derivative losses, and losses from sales of fixed maturities, offset by gains from sales of equity securities. The variable annuity reinsurance derivative transactions consist of changes in the fair value of GLB liabilities and gains or losses on other derivative instruments we maintain that decrease in fair value when the S&P 500 index increases. In 2022, the variable annuity reinsurance derivative transactions resulted in realized gains of $124 million, reflecting a net loss of $63 62   million, primarily from a decrease in the fair value of the GLB liabilities due to higher interest rates, partially offset by lower global equity markets, and a net realized gain of $187 million related to the other derivative instruments. In 2021, the variable annuity reinsurance derivative transactions resulted in realized gains of $114 million, reflecting a net gain of $316 million, primarily from a decrease in the fair value of the GLB liabilities due to higher global equity markets and higher interest rates, and a net realized loss of $202 million related to the other derivative instruments. Effective Income Tax Rate Our effective tax rate (ETR) was 19.1 percent, 13.0 percent, and 15.1 percent in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Our ETR reflects a mix of income or losses in jurisdictions with a wide range of tax rates, permanent differences between U.S. GAAP and local tax laws, and the impact of discrete items. A change in the geographic mix of earnings could impact our ETR. The increase in the ETR from 2021 to 2022 was due primarily to the impact of discrete items and realized losses as compared to realized gains in lower tax jurisdictions in the prior year. Non-GAAP Reconciliation In presenting our results, we included and discussed certain non-GAAP measures. These non-GAAP measures, which may be defined differently by other companies, are important for an understanding of our overall results of operations and financial condition. However, they should not be viewed as a substitute for measures determined in accordance with GAAP. Book value per common share is shareholders’ equity divided by the shares outstanding. Tangible book value per common share is shareholders’ equity less goodwill and other intangible assets, net of tax, divided by the shares outstanding. We believe that book value comparisons to less acquisitive peer companies are more meaningful when adjusted for goodwill and other intangible assets. The calculation of tangible book value per share does not consider the embedded goodwill attributable to our investments in partially-owned insurance companies until we consolidate. We provide financial measures, including net premiums written, net premiums earned, and underwriting income on a constant- dollar basis. We believe it is useful to evaluate the trends in our results exclusive of the effect of fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies in which our international business is transacted, as these exchange rates could fluctuate significantly between periods and distort the analysis of trends. The impact is determined by assuming constant foreign exchange rates between periods by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period. P&C performance metrics comprise consolidated operating results (including Corporate) and exclude the operating results of the Life Insurance segment. We believe that these measures are useful and meaningful to investors as they are used by management to assess the company’s P&C operations which are the most economically similar. We exclude the Life Insurance segment because the results of this business do not always correlate with the results of our P&C operations. P&C combined ratio is the sum of the loss and loss expense ratio, policy acquisition cost ratio and the administrative expense ratio excluding the life business and including the realized gains and losses on the crop derivatives. These derivatives were purchased to provide economic benefit, in a manner similar to reinsurance protection, in the event that a significant decline in commodity pricing impacts underwriting results. We view gains and losses on these derivatives as part of the results of our underwriting operations. CAY P&C combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses (CATs) excludes CATs and prior period development (PPD) from the P&C combined ratio. We exclude CATs as they are not predictable as to timing and amount and PPD as these unexpected loss developments on historical reserves are not indicative of our current underwriting performance. The combined ratio numerator is adjusted to exclude CATs, net premiums earned adjustments on PPD, prior period expense adjustments and reinstatement premiums on PPD, and the denominator is adjusted to exclude net premiums earned adjustments on PPD and reinstatement premiums on CATs and PPD. In periods where there are adjustments on loss sensitive policies, these adjustments are excluded from PPD and net premiums earned when calculating the ratios. We believe this measure provides a better evaluation of our underwriting performance and enhances the understanding of the trends in our P&C business that may be obscured by these items. This measure is commonly reported among our peer companies and allows for a better comparison. Reinstatement premiums are additional premiums paid on certain reinsurance agreements in order to reinstate coverage that had been exhausted by loss occurrences. The reinstatement premium amount is typically a pro rata portion of the original ceded premium paid based on how much of the reinsurance limit had been exhausted. Net premiums earned adjustments within PPD are adjustments to the initial premium earned on retrospectively rated policies based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The premium adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies and are fully earned in the period the adjustments are recorded. Prior period expense adjustments typically relate to adjustable commission reserves or policyholder dividend reserves based on actual claim experience that develops after the policy period ends. The expense adjustments correlate to the prior period loss development on these same policies. 63 The following tables present the calculation of combined ratio, as reported for each segment to P&C combined ratio, adjusted for CATs and PPD: For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios) Numerator North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Corporate Total P&C Losses and loss expenses A $ 10,828 $ 3,186 $ 2,557 $ 5,252 $ 670 $ 363 $ 22,856 Catastrophe losses and related adjustments Catastrophe losses, net of related adjustments (961) (631) (64) (365) (161) Reinstatement premiums collected (expensed) on catastrophe losses (1) (2) Catastrophe losses, gross of related adjustments (960) (629) — (64) (3) (362) 55 (216) — — — (2,182) 49 (2,231) PPD and related adjustments PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable) PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) PPD, gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) 562 186 61 448 (22) (359) 876 88 24 — — — — 168 (2) — — — — — 1 (2) — — — 256 23 (2) 674 186 227 448 (23) (359) 1,153 CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs B $ 10,542 $ 2,743 $ 2,720 $ 5,338 $ 431 $ 4 $ 21,778 Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses C $ 3,426 $ 1,348 $ 116 $ 3,888 $ 276 $ 385 $ 9,439 Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) (24) — 2 — (1) — (23) Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted D $ 3,402 $ 1,348 $ 118 $ 3,888 $ 275 $ 385 $ 9,416 Denominator Net premiums earned Reinstatement premiums (collected) expensed on catastrophe losses Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) E $ 17,107 $ 5,180 $ 2,838 $ 10,803 $ 922 $ 36,850 1 88 — 2 — — — 168 — 3 — — (55) — (2) (49) 256 (2) Net premiums earned excluding adjustments F $ 17,196 $ 5,182 $ 3,006 $ 10,806 $ 865 $ 37,055 P&C Combined ratio Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio P&C Combined ratio CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio, adjusted CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs A/E C/E B/F D/F Combined ratio Combined ratio Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives P&C Combined ratio 63.3 % 61.5 % 90.1 % 48.6 % 72.6 % 20.0 % 26.0 % 4.1 % 36.0 % 30.0 % 83.3 % 87.5 % 94.2 % 84.6 % 102.6 % 61.3 % 52.9 % 90.5 % 49.4 % 49.7 % 19.8 % 81.1 % 26.0 % 78.9 % 3.9 % 36.0 % 94.4 % 85.4 % 31.8 % 81.5 % 62.0 % 25.6 % 87.6 % 58.8 % 25.4 % 84.2 % 87.6 % — 87.6 % Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above. 64 For the Year Ended December 31, 2021 (in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios) Numerator North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Corporate Total P&C Losses and loss expenses A $ 10,015 $ 2,924 $ 1,962 $ 5,143 $ 632 $ 572 $ 21,248 Catastrophe losses and related adjustments Catastrophe losses, net of related adjustments (1,112) (679) (40) (358) (212) — (2,401) Reinstatement premiums collected (expensed) on catastrophe losses Catastrophe losses, gross of related adjustments PPD and related adjustments PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable) PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) PPD, gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) — (1,112) (16) (663) (2) (38) — (358) 28 (240) — — 10 (2,411) 762 305 (10) 441 (3) (569) 926 67 6 6 — — (1) (25) (3) — — — 7 841 304 (38) 448 — — 3 — — — — 42 3 15 (569) 986 CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs B $ 9,744 $ 2,565 $ 1,886 $ 5,233 $ 392 $ 3 $ 19,823 Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses C $ 3,134 $ 1,277 $ 121 $ 3,877 $ 235 $ 365 $ 9,009 Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) (6) — 3 — — — (3) Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted D $ 3,128 $ 1,277 $ 124 $ 3,877 $ 235 $ 365 $ 9,006 Denominator Net premiums earned Reinstatement premiums (collected) expensed on catastrophe losses Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) E $ 15,461 $ 4,915 $ 2,338 $ 10,441 $ 798 $ 33,953 — 67 6 16 — (1) 2 (25) — — — 7 (28) — 3 (10) 42 15 Net premiums earned excluding adjustments F $ 15,534 $ 4,930 $ 2,315 $ 10,448 $ 773 $ 34,000 P&C Combined ratio Loss and loss expense ratio A/E 64.8 % 59.5 % 83.9 % 49.3 % 79.2 % Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio P&C Combined ratio CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs C/E 20.2 % 26.0 % 5.2 % 37.1 % 29.5 % 85.0 % 85.5 % 89.1 % 86.4 % 108.7 % Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted B/F 62.7 % 52.0 % 81.5 % 50.1 % 50.7 % Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio, adjusted D/F 20.2 % 25.9 % 5.3 % 37.1 % CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs 82.9 % 77.9 % 86.8 % 87.2 % 30.5 % 81.2 % Combined ratio Combined ratio Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives P&C Combined ratio 62.6 % 26.5 % 89.1 % 58.3 % 26.5 % 84.8 % 89.1 % — 89.1 % Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above. 65 For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 (in millions of U.S. dollars except for ratios) Numerator North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Corporate Total P&C Losses and loss expenses A $ 10,129 $ 3,187 $ 1,544 $ 5,255 $ 435 $ 435 $ 20,985 Catastrophe losses and related adjustments Catastrophe losses, net of related adjustments (1,871) (534) (36) (705) (113) Reinstatement premiums collected (expensed) on catastrophe losses (3) (1) Catastrophe losses, gross of related adjustments (1,868) (533) (1) (35) (15) (690) 10 (123) — — — (3,259) (10) (3,249) PPD and related adjustments PPD, net of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) Expense adjustments - unfavorable (favorable) PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) PPD, gross of related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) 702 (63) 10 150 29 (433) 395 32 (1) — 733 — — (18) (81) 3 6 — 19 — — — — (2) (1) — — — 35 3 (19) 150 26 (433) 414 CAY loss and loss expense ex CATs B $ 8,994 $ 2,573 $ 1,528 $ 4,715 $ 338 $ 2 $ 18,150 Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses C $ 2,948 $ 1,244 $ 132 $ 3,602 $ 211 $ 303 $ 8,440 Expense adjustments - favorable (unfavorable) 1 — (6) — 2 — (3) Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted D $ 2,949 $ 1,244 $ 126 $ 3,602 $ 213 $ 303 $ 8,437 Denominator Net premiums earned Reinstatement premiums (collected) expensed on catastrophe losses Net premiums earned adjustments on PPD - unfavorable (favorable) PPD reinstatement premiums - unfavorable (favorable) E $ 13,964 $ 4,866 $ 1,822 $ 9,285 $ 698 $ 30,635 3 32 — 1 — (18) 1 3 — 15 — — (10) — (1) 10 35 (19) Net premiums earned excluding adjustments F $ 13,999 $ 4,849 $ 1,826 $ 9,300 $ 687 $ 30,661 P&C Combined ratio Loss and loss expense ratio Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio P&C Combined ratio CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted Policy acquisition cost and administrative expense ratio, adjusted A/E C/E B/F D/F 72.5 % 65.5 % 84.7 % 56.6 % 62.3 % 21.2 % 25.6 % 7.3 % 38.8 % 93.7 % 91.1 % 92.0 % 95.4 % 30.2 % 92.5 % 64.2 % 53.1 % 83.7 % 50.7 % 49.1 % 21.1 % 25.6 % 6.8 % 38.7 % 31.0 % 80.1 % CAY P&C Combined ratio ex CATs 85.3 % 78.7 % 90.5 % 89.4 % Combined ratio Combined ratio Add: impact of gains and losses on crop derivatives P&C Combined ratio 68.5 % 27.6 % 96.1 % 59.2 % 27.5 % 86.7 % 96.1 % — 96.1 % Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above. 66 Net Investment Income (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Average invested assets Net investment income (1) Yield on average invested assets Market yield on fixed maturities 2022 2021 2020 $ 120,733 $ 116,475 $ 109,766 $ 3,742 $ 3,456 $ 3,375 3.1 % 5.6 % 3.0 % 2.3 % 3.1 % 1.7 % (1) Includes $41 million, $84 million, and $116 million of amortization expense related to the fair value adjustment of acquired invested assets in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Excludes investment income from our private equities where we own more than 3 percent interest. Net investment income is influenced by a number of factors including the amounts and timing of inward and outward cash flows, the level of interest rates, and changes in overall asset allocation. Net investment income increased 8.3 percent in 2022 compared with 2021, primarily due to higher reinvestment rates on fixed maturities, offset by reduced call activity in fixed income securities, and lower income from equity securities and private equities. Refer to Note 1 e) to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. For private equities where we own less than three percent, investment income is included within Net investment income in the table above. For private equities where we own more than three percent, investment income is included within Other income (expense) in the Consolidated statements of operations. Excluded from Net investment income is the mark-to-market movement for private equities, which is recorded within either Other income (expense) or Net realized gains (losses) based on our percentage of ownership. The total mark-to-market movement for private equities excluded from Net investment income was as follows: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Total mark-to-market gain (loss) on private equity, pre-tax 2022 2021 2020 $ (250) $ 2,115 $ 714 Interest Expense Interest expense was $570 million, $492 million, and $516 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Interest expense increased in 2022 primarily from the issuance of $600 million of 2.85 percent senior notes and $1,000 million of 3.05 percent senior notes in the fourth quarter of 2021. Additionally, interest expense in 2022 includes interest on $2.0 billion of repurchase agreements issued during the second quarter of 2022 which expired prior to December 31, 2022. Pre-tax interest expense is expected to total $602 million for 2023 based on our existing debt obligations, at current foreign exchange rates, fees from expected usage of certain facilities, including letters of credit, and interest on held collateral and repurchase agreements. Interest on held collateral and repurchase agreements is expected to be higher as a result of rising interest rates. Refer to Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8, for more information. 67 Amortization of Purchased Intangibles and Other Amortization Amortization of purchased intangibles Amortization expense related to purchased intangibles was $285 million, $287 million, and $290 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The amortization of purchased intangibles expense in 2023 is expected to be $281 million, or approximately $70 million each quarter. Refer to Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, under Item 8, for more information on the expected pre-tax amortization expense of purchased intangibles, at current foreign currency exchange rates for the next five years. At December 31, 2022, the deferred tax liability associated with the Other intangible assets (excluding the fair value adjustment on Unpaid losses and loss expenses) was $1,213 million. The following table presents at December 31, 2022, the expected reduction to the deferred tax liability associated with the amortization of Other intangible assets, at current foreign currency exchange rates, for the next five years: For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Reduction to deferred tax liability associated with intangible assets 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Total $ $ 64 59 55 51 47 276 Amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets and assumed long-term debt The following table presents at December 31, 2022, the expected amortization expense of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets related to the acquisitions of Cigna's business in Asia and Chubb Corp, at current foreign currency exchange rates, and the expected amortization benefit from the fair value adjustment on assumed long-term debt related to the Chubb Corp acquisition for the next five years: For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Acquired Cigna invested assets Acquired Chubb Corp invested assets Total acquired invested assets (1) Assumed long-term debt (2) Amortization (expense) benefit of the fair value adjustment on 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Total $ 35 $ 32 30 28 27 (50) $ (16) — — — (15) $ 16 30 28 27 $ 152 $ (66) $ 86 $ 21 21 21 21 21 105 (1) Recorded as an increase (reduction) to Net investment income in the Consolidated statements of operations. (2) Recorded as a reduction to Interest expense in the Consolidated statements of operations. The estimate of amortization expense of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets could vary based on current market conditions, bond calls, overall duration of the acquired investment portfolio, and foreign exchange. 68 Investments Our investment portfolio is invested primarily in publicly traded, investment grade, fixed income securities with an average credit quality of A/A as rated by the independent investment rating services Standard and Poor’s (S&P)/ Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s). The portfolio is externally managed by independent, professional investment managers and is broadly diversified across geographies, sectors, and issuers. Other investments principally comprise direct investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships. We hold no collateralized debt obligations in our investment portfolio, and we provide no credit default protection. We have long-standing global credit limits for our entire portfolio across the organization. Exposures are aggregated, monitored, and actively managed by our Global Credit Committee, comprising senior executives, including our Chief Financial Officer, our Chief Risk Officer, our Chief Investment Officer, and our Treasurer. We also have well-established, strict contractual investment rules requiring managers to maintain highly diversified exposures to individual issuers and closely monitor investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines. The average duration of our fixed income securities, including the effect of options and swaps, was 4.5 years and 4.1 years at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We estimate that a 100 basis point (bps) increase in interest rates would reduce the valuation of our fixed income portfolio by approximately $4.4 billion at December 31, 2022. The following table shows the fair value and cost/amortized cost, net of valuation allowance, of our invested assets: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturities available for sale Fixed maturities held to maturity Short-term investments Fixed income securities Equity securities Other investments Total investments December 31, 2022 Cost/ Amortized Cost, Net Fair Value December 31, 2021 Cost/ Amortized Cost Fair Value $ 85,220 $ 93,186 $ 93,108 $ 90,479 8,439 4,960 8,848 4,962 10,647 3,146 10,118 3,147 98,619 106,996 106,901 103,744 827 827 13,696 13,696 4,782 11,169 4,782 11,169 $ 113,142 $ 121,519 $ 122,852 $ 119,695 The fair value of our total investments decreased $9.7 billion during the year ended December 31, 2022, reflecting unrealized losses on fixed maturities, principally from rising interest rates and from share repurchases, partially offset by an increase in investments from operating cash flows. The following tables present the fair value of our fixed income securities at December 31, 2022 and 2021. The first table lists investments according to type and second according to S&P credit rating: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) U.S. Treasury / Agency Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal Non-U.S. Short-term investments Total AAA AA A BBB BB B Other Total December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Fair Value % of Total Fair Value % of Total $ 3,996 4 % $ 3,458 $ $ 38,535 17,202 6,964 26,962 4,960 98,619 14,779 31,195 18,366 16,802 8,722 8,347 408 40 % 41,264 17 % 22,292 7 % 9,650 27 % 27,091 5 % 3,146 3 % 39 % 21 % 9 % 25 % 3 % 100 % $ 106,901 100 % 15 % $ 15,364 32 % 35,179 19 % 20,171 17 % 17,362 9 % 8 % — % 9,084 9,202 539 14 % 33 % 19 % 16 % 8 % 9 % 1 % $ 98,619 100 % $ 106,901 100 % 69     Corporate and asset-backed securities The following table presents our 10 largest global exposures to corporate bonds by fair value at December 31, 2022: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Bank of America Corp JP Morgan Chase & Co Morgan Stanley Wells Fargo & Co Citigroup Inc Goldman Sachs Group Inc Verizon Communications Inc Comcast Corp HSBC Holdings Plc Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV Mortgage-backed securities $ Fair Value 744 656 624 579 519 504 438 362 341 315 The following table shows the fair value and amortized cost, net of valuation allowance, of our mortgage-backed securities: S&P Credit Rating Fair Value Amortized Cost, Net December 31, 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) AAA AA A BBB BB and below Total Total Agency residential mortgage-backed (RMBS) $ 7 $ 14,220 $ — $ — $ — $ 14,227 $ 16,044 Non-agency RMBS Commercial mortgage-backed securities Total mortgage-backed securities 479 2,042 40 171 52 136 36 12 4 3 611 701 2,364 2,578 $ 2,528 $ 14,431 $ 188 $ 48 $ 7 $ 17,202 $ 19,323 Municipal As part of our overall investment strategy, we may invest in states, municipalities, and other political subdivisions fixed maturity securities (Municipal). We apply the same investment selection process described previously to our Municipal investments. The portfolio is highly diversified primarily in state general obligation bonds and essential service revenue bonds including education and utilities (water, power, and sewers). Non-U.S. Our exposure to the euro results primarily from Chubb European Group SE which is headquartered in France and offers a broad range of coverages throughout the European Union, Central, and Eastern Europe. Chubb primarily invests in euro denominated investments to support its local currency insurance obligations and required capital levels. Chubb’s local currency investment portfolios have strict contractual investment guidelines requiring managers to maintain a high quality and diversified portfolio to both sector and individual issuers. Investment portfolios are monitored daily to ensure investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines. Our non-U.S. investment grade fixed income portfolios are currency-matched with the insurance liabilities of our non-U.S. operations. The average credit quality of our non-U.S. fixed income securities is A and 45 percent of our holdings are rated AAA or guaranteed by governments or quasi-government agencies. Within the context of these investment portfolios, our government and corporate bond holdings are highly diversified across industries and geographies. Issuer limits are based on credit rating (AA —two percent, A—one percent, BBB—0.5 percent of the total portfolio) and are monitored daily via an internal compliance system. We manage our indirect exposure using the same credit rating based investment approach. Accordingly, we do not believe our indirect exposure is material. 70 The following table summarizes the fair value and amortized cost, net of valuation allowance, of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/sovereign for non-U.S. government securities at December 31, 2022: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Republic of Korea Canada Taiwan Federative Republic of Brazil Province of Ontario United Mexican States Kingdom of Thailand Commonwealth of Australia United Kingdom Province of Quebec Other Non-U.S. Government Securities Total Fair Value Amortized Cost, Net $ 1,593 $ 1,659 918 897 583 568 519 486 455 393 379 4,832 $ 11,623 $ 982 906 598 609 555 495 533 433 404 5,239 12,413 The following table summarizes the fair value and amortized cost, net of valuation allowance, of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/sovereign for non-U.S. corporate securities at December 31, 2022: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fair Value Amortized Cost, Net United Kingdom Canada South Korea France United States (1) Australia Japan Netherlands Germany Switzerland Other Non-U.S. Corporate Securities Total $ 2,250 $ 1,804 1,220 1,153 1,075 905 718 503 498 469 4,744 $ 15,339 $ 2,467 1,946 1,274 1,255 1,196 1,002 775 546 563 540 5,164 16,728 (1) The countries that are listed in the non-U.S. corporate fixed income portfolio above represent the ultimate parent company's country of risk. Non-U.S. corporate securities could be issued by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. corporations. Below-investment grade corporate fixed income portfolio Below-investment grade securities have different characteristics than investment grade corporate debt securities. Risk of loss from default by the borrower is greater with below-investment grade securities. Below-investment grade securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to other creditors of the issuer. Also, issuers of below-investment grade securities usually have higher levels of debt and are more sensitive to adverse economic conditions, such as recession or increasing interest rates, than investment grade issuers. At December 31, 2022, our corporate fixed income investment portfolio included below- investment grade and non-rated securities which, in total, comprised approximately 16 percent of our fixed income portfolio. Our below-investment grade and non-rated portfolio includes over 1,700 issuers, with the greatest single exposure being $152 million. We manage high-yield bonds as a distinct and separate asset class from investment grade bonds. The allocation to high-yield bonds is explicitly set by internal management and is targeted to securities in the upper tier of credit quality (BB/B). Our minimum rating for initial purchase is BB/B. Fifteen external investment managers are responsible for high-yield security selection and portfolio construction. Our high-yield managers have a conservative approach to credit selection and very low historical default experience. Holdings are highly diversified across industries and generally subject to a 1.5 percent issuer limit as a percentage of high-yield allocation. We monitor position limits daily through an internal compliance system. Derivative and structured securities (e.g., credit default swaps and collateralized debt obligations) are not permitted in the high-yield portfolio. 71 Asbestos and Environmental (A&E) Asbestos and environmental (A&E) reserving considerations For asbestos, Chubb faces claims relating to policies issued to manufacturers, distributors, installers, and other parties in the chain of commerce for asbestos and products containing asbestos. Claimants will generally allege damages across an extended time period which may coincide with multiple policies covering a wide range of time periods for a single insured. Environmental claims present exposure for remediation and defense costs associated with the contamination of property or bodily injury as a result of pollution. The following table presents count information for asbestos claims by causative agent and environmental claims by account, for direct policies only: Open at beginning of year Newly reported/reopened Closed or otherwise disposed Open at end of year Asbestos (by causative agent) 2021 2022 Environmental (by account) 2021 2022 1,739 208 152 1,795 1,723 191 175 1,739 1,230 64 99 1,195 1,234 131 135 1,230 Survival ratios are calculated by dividing the asbestos or environmental loss and allocated loss adjustment expense (ALAE) reserves by the average asbestos or environmental loss and ALAE payments for the three most recent calendar years (3-year survival ratio). The following table presents the gross and net 3-year survival ratios for Asbestos and Environmental loss and ALAE reserves: (in years) Asbestos Environmental Gross loss and ALAE reserves Net loss and ALAE reserves 4.7 3.3 5.1 3.9 The survival ratios provide only a very rough depiction of reserves and are significantly impacted by a number of factors such as aggressive settlement practices, variations in gross to ceded relationships within the asbestos or environmental claims, and levels of coverage provided. Therefore, we urge caution in using these very simplistic ratios to gauge reserve adequacy. 72 Catastrophe Management We actively monitor and manage our catastrophe risk accumulation around the world from natural perils, including setting risk limits based on probable maximum loss (PML), and purchasing catastrophe reinsurance, to ensure sufficient liquidity and capital to meet the expectations of regulators, rating agencies and policyholders, and to provide shareholders with an appropriate risk-adjusted return. Chubb uses internal and external data together with sophisticated analytical, catastrophe loss and risk modeling techniques to ensure an appropriate understanding of risk, including diversification and correlation effects, across different product lines and territories. The table below presents our modeled pre-tax estimates of natural catastrophe PML, net of reinsurance, at December 31, 2022, and does not represent our expected catastrophe losses for any one year. Worldwide (1) Annual Aggregate Modeled Net Probable Maximum Loss (PML) Pre-tax U.S. Hurricane (2) Annual Aggregate California Earthquake (3) Single Occurrence (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Chubb % of Total Shareholders’ Equity Chubb % of Total Shareholders’ Equity Chubb % of Total Shareholders’ Equity 1-in-10 1-in-100 1-in-250 $ $ $ 2,215 4,903 8,234 4.4 % $ 1,175 2.3 % $ 149 9.7 % $ 3,188 6.3 % $ 1,324 16.3 % $ 6,256 12.4 % $ 1,526 0.3 % 2.6 % 3.0 % (1) Worldwide aggregate is comprised of losses arising from tropical cyclones, convective storms, earthquakes, U.S. wildfires, and floods in the U.S., Canada, and Europe, and excludes "non-modeled" perils such as man-made and other catastrophe risk including pandemic. (2) U.S. hurricane losses include losses from wind, storm-surge, and related precipitation-induced flooding. (3) California earthquakes include the fire-following sub-peril. The PML for worldwide and key U.S. peril regions are based on our in-force portfolio at October 1, 2022, and reflect the April 1, 2022, reinsurance program (see Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program section) as well as inuring reinsurance protection coverages. These estimates assume that reinsurance recoverable is fully collectible. According to the model, for the 1-in-100 return period scenario, there is a one percent chance that our pre-tax annual aggregate losses incurred in any year from U.S. hurricane events could be in excess of $3,188 million (or 6.3 percent of our total shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2022). Effective December 31, 2022, our worldwide PMLs include losses from floods in Canada and Europe. Additionally, U.S. hurricane PMLs include losses from hurricane related precipitation-induced flooding. • • • The above estimates of Chubb’s loss profile are inherently uncertain for many reasons, including the following: • While the use of third-party modeling packages to simulate potential catastrophe losses is prevalent within the insurance industry, the models are reliant upon significant meteorology, seismology, and engineering assumptions to estimate catastrophe losses. In particular, modeled catastrophe events are not always a representation of actual events and ensuing additional loss potential; There is no universal standard in the preparation of insured data for use in the models, the running of the modeling software, and interpretation of loss output. These loss estimates do not represent our potential maximum exposures and it is highly likely that our actual incurred losses would vary materially from the modeled estimates; The potential effects of climate change add to modeling complexity; and Changing climate conditions could impact our exposure to natural catastrophe risks. Published studies by leading government, academic and professional organizations combined with extensive research by Chubb climate scientists reveal the potential for increases in the frequency and severity of key natural perils such as tropical cyclones, inland flood, and wildfire. To understand the potential impacts on the Chubb portfolio, we have conducted stress tests on our peak exposure zone, namely in the U.S., using parameters outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Climate Change 2021 report. These parameters consider the impacts of climate change and the resulting climate peril impacts over a timescale relevant to our business. The tests are conducted by adjusting our baseline view of risk for the perils of hurricane, inland flood, and wildfire in the U.S. to reflect increases in frequency and severity across the modeled domains for each of these perils. Based on these tests against the Chubb portfolio we do not expect material impacts to our baseline PMLs from climate change over the next 12 months. These tests reflect current exposures only and exclude potentially mitigating factors such as changes to building codes, public or private risk mitigation, regulation, and public policy. 73 Man-made and other catastrophes We have substantial exposure to losses resulting from man-made catastrophes including terrorism, cyber-attack, financial events, and other catastrophe events, including pandemics. These events are inherently unpredictable and could impact a variety of our businesses, including commercial and personal lines, life insurance, A&H, and reinsurance products. Our losses from these events could be substantial. Terrorism We offer terrorism coverage in the U.S. and in many other countries through various insurance products. We actively monitor terrorism risk and manage exposures through set risk limits based on modeled losses from certain terrorism attack scenarios, the purchase of reinsurance, and the reliance on government-sponsored terrorism reinsurance programs. In the U.S., certain protections of our terrorism exposure are provided through the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2019 (TRIPRA). In 2022, TRIPRA covers 80 percent of insured losses above a deductible, estimated to be approximately $3.0 billion. Refer to “Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program” for information on our reinsurance protection purchased. At our largest exposure location in the U.S., our maximum modeled losses from a 10-ton truck-bomb explosion are estimated to be $1.9 billion pre-tax based on the exposures, net of reinsurance and TRIPRA as of December 31, 2022. Cyber Insurance While frequency and severity trends are being managed through long-standing underwriting strategies, the potential catastrophe risk that aggregation of cyber exposures presents to insurers is unique and unprecedented. In contrast with natural catastrophe risks, catastrophic cyber event scenarios are not bound by time or geography. Further, catastrophic cyber perils do not have well-established definitions or fundamental physical properties. For these reasons, catastrophic cyber events have the inherent potential for significant economic loss. Although cyber risk does not represent a material component of our net premiums written and we engage in significant risk mitigation through our underwriting and use of reinsurance, we are exposed to material losses in the event of a systemic cyber-attack. Financial Risk The consequences of adverse global or regional market and economic conditions may affect our investment portfolio. Our investment portfolio is subject to credit or default risk and may also be less liquid in times of economic weakness or market disruptions. Our investments are subject to market risks and risks inherent in individual securities. Our investment performance is highly sensitive to many factors, including interest rates, inflation, monetary and fiscal policies, and domestic and international political conditions. The volatility of our losses may force us to liquidate securities, which may cause us to incur capital losses. Realized and unrealized losses in our investment portfolio would reduce our book value, and if significant, can affect our ability to conduct business. Moreover, we have substantial exposure to insurance products which are sensitive to certain system-wide financial conditions, such as our financial lines, surety, political risk, involuntary loss of employment (outside U.S.), and trade credit products. These products tend to be characterized by infrequent but potentially high severity losses. The majority of our exposure in these products may be impacted by an adverse economic climate such as an economic recession or depression. If the financial condition of these insureds were adversely affected by the economy or otherwise, we may experience an increase in filed claims and may incur high severity losses, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. We monitor credit exposures to single counterparties and to sectors of interest from sources across our operations (e.g. investments, insurance products, reinsurance recoverable, bank deposits, letters of credit) and establish guidelines for credit risk exposure at the counterparty level. Our net income may be volatile because certain variable annuity reinsurance products sold expose us to reserve and fair value liability changes that are directly affected by market and other factors and assumptions. Pandemic An outbreak of pandemic disease, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations. The vast majority of our property and liability coverages do not provide coverage for pandemic claims. However, we are subject to the potential of aggregation of loss from coverages provided in our life, A&H, and workers' compensation portfolios. We assess our direct pandemic exposure using stress scenarios that consider mortality, morbidity, and other causes of insured loss such as trip cancellation. Our assessment also incorporates the impact of a severe economic downturn which, as stated above under Financial Risk, includes an adverse impact to our investment portfolio and to our insurance products sensitive to certain system-wide financial conditions. 74 Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program Chubb’s core property catastrophe reinsurance program provides protection against natural catastrophes impacting its primary property operations (i.e., excluding our Global Reinsurance and Life Insurance segments). We regularly review our reinsurance protection and corresponding property catastrophe exposures. This may or may not lead to the purchase of additional reinsurance prior to a program’s renewal date. In addition, prior to each renewal date, we consider how much, if any, coverage we intend to buy and we may make material changes to the current structure in light of various factors, including modeled PML assessment at various return periods, reinsurance pricing, our risk tolerance and exposures, and various other structuring considerations. Chubb renewed its Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program for our North American and International operations effective April 1, 2022, through March 31, 2023, with no material changes in coverage to the expired program. The program consists of three layers in excess of losses retained by Chubb on a per occurrence basis. In addition, Chubb renewed its terrorism coverage (excluding nuclear, biological, chemical and radiation coverage, with an inclusion of coverage for biological and chemical coverage for personal lines) for the United States from April 1, 2022, through March 31, 2023, with the same limits and retention and percentage placed except that the majority of terrorism coverage is on an aggregate basis above our retentions without a reinstatement. Loss Location United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) International (including Alaska and Hawaii) International (including Alaska and Hawaii) Alaska, Hawaii, and Canada Layer of Loss $0 million – $1.0 billion $1.0 billion – $1.15 billion $1.15 billion – $2.25 billion $2.25 billion – $3.5 billion $0 million – $175 million $175 million – $1.275 billion $1.275 billion – $2.525 billion Comments Notes Losses retained by Chubb All natural perils and terrorism All natural perils and terrorism All natural perils and terrorism Losses retained by Chubb All natural perils and terrorism All natural perils and terrorism (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d) Ultimate retention will depend upon the nature of the loss and the interplay between the underlying per risk programs and certain other catastrophe programs purchased by individual business units. These other catastrophe programs have the potential to reduce our effective retention below the stated levels. These coverages are partially placed with Reinsurers. These coverages are both part of the same Second layer within the Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program and are fully placed with Reinsurers. These coverages are both part of the same Third layer within the Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program and are fully placed with Reinsurers. Political Risk and Credit Insurance Political risk insurance is a specialized coverage that provides clients with protection against unexpected, catastrophic political or macroeconomic events, primarily in emerging markets. We participate in this market through our Bermuda based wholly- owned subsidiary Sovereign Risk Insurance Ltd. (Sovereign), and through a unit of our London-based CGM operation. Chubb is one of the world's leading underwriters of political risk and credit insurance, has a global portfolio spread across more than 150 countries and is also a member of The Berne Union. Our clients include financial institutions, national export credit agencies, leading multilateral agencies, private equity firms and multinational corporations. CGM writes political risk and credit insurance business out of underwriting offices in London, United Kingdom; Hamburg, Germany; Sao Paulo, Brazil; Singapore; Tokyo, Japan; and in the U.S. in the following locations: Chicago, New York, Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. Our political risk insurance products provide protection to commercial lenders against defaults on cross border loans, cover investors against equity losses, and protect exporters against defaults on contracts. Commercial lenders, our largest client segment, are covered for missed scheduled loan repayments due to acts of confiscation, expropriation or nationalization by the host government, currency inconvertibility or exchange transfer restrictions, or war or other acts of political violence. In addition, in the case of loans to government-owned entities or loans that have a government guarantee, political risk policies cover 75 scheduled payments against risks of non-payment or non-honoring of government guarantees. Private equity investors and corporations cover their equity investments against financial losses, such as expropriatory events, inability to repatriate dividends, and physical damage to their operations caused by covered political risk events. Our export contracts product provides coverage for both exporters and their financing banks against the risk of contract frustration due to government actions, including non-payment by governmental entities. CGM's credit insurance businesses cover losses due to insolvency, protracted default, and political risk perils including export and license cancellation. Our credit insurance product provides coverage to larger companies that have sophisticated credit risk management systems, with exposure to multiple customers and that have the ability to self-insure losses up to a certain level through excess of loss coverage. It also provides coverage to trade finance banks, exporters, and trading companies, with exposure to trade-related financing instruments. CGM also has limited capacity for Specialist Credit insurance products which provide coverage for project finance and working capital loans for large corporations and banks. We have implemented structural features in our policies in order to control potential losses within the political risk and credit insurance businesses. These include basic loss sharing features such as co-insurance and deductibles and, in the case of trade credit, the use of non-qualifying losses that drop smaller exposures deemed too difficult to assess. Ultimate loss severity is also limited by using waiting periods to enable the insurer and insured to mitigate losses and to agree on recovery strategies if a claim does materialize. We have the option to pay claims over the original loan repayment schedule, rather than in a lump sum, in order to provide insureds and the insurer additional time to remedy problems and work towards full recoveries. It is important to note that political risk and credit policies are named peril conditional insurance contracts, not financial guarantees, and claims are only paid after conditions and warranties are fulfilled. Political risk and credit insurance policies do not cover currency devaluations, bond defaults, movements in overseas equity markets, transactions deemed illegal, situations where corruption or misrepresentation has occurred, or debt that is not legally enforceable. In addition to assessing and mitigating potential exposure on a policy-by-policy basis, we also have specific risk management measures in place to manage overall exposure and risk. These measures include placing country, credit, and individual transaction limits based on country risk and credit ratings, combined single loss limits on multi-country policies, the use of quota share and excess of loss reinsurance protection as well as quarterly modeling and stress-testing of the portfolio. We have a dedicated Country and Credit Risk management team that is responsible for the portfolio. Crop Insurance We are, and have been since the 1980s, one of the leading writers of crop insurance in the U.S. and have conducted that business through a managing general agent subsidiary of Rain and Hail. We provide protection throughout the U.S. on a variety of crops and are therefore geographically diversified, which reduces the risk of exposure to a single event or a heavy accumulation of losses in any one region. Given its concentration of risk exposed to temperature, moisture, drought, hail and the more frequent and severe storms associated with climate change, crop insurance is a business with catastrophe-like features. Our crop insurance business comprises two components - Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail insurance. The MPCI program, offered in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Risk Management Agency (RMA), is a federal subsidized insurance program that covers revenue shortfalls or production losses due to natural causes such as drought, excessive moisture, hail, wind, freeze, insects, and disease. These revenue products are defined as providing both commodity price and yield coverages. Policies are available for various crops in different areas of the U.S. and generally have deductibles ranging from 10 percent to 50 percent of the insured's risk. The USDA's Risk Management Agency (RMA) sets the policy terms and conditions, rates and forms, and is also responsible for setting compliance standards. As a participant in the MPCI program, we report all details of policies to the RMA and are party to a Standard Reinsurance Agreement (SRA). The SRA sets out the relationship between private insurance companies and the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) concerning the terms and conditions regarding the risks each will bear including the pro-rata and state stop-loss provisions, which allows companies to limit the exposure of any one state or group of states on their underwriting results. In addition to the pro-rata and excess of loss reinsurance protections inherent in the SRA, we purchase third-party proportional and stop-loss reinsurance for our MPCI business to reduce our exposure. We may also enter into crop derivative contracts to further manage our risk exposure. Each year the RMA issues a final SRA for the subsequent reinsurance year (i.e., the 2023 SRA covers the 2023 reinsurance year from July 1, 2022 through June 30, 2023). There were no significant changes in the terms and conditions from the 2022 SRA and therefore, the new SRA does not impact Chubb's outlook on the crop program relative to 2023. 76 We recognize net premiums written as soon as estimable on our MPCI business, which is generally when we receive acreage reports from the policyholders on the various crops throughout the U.S. This allows us to best determine the premium associated with the liability that is being planted. The MPCI program has specific timeframes as to when producers must report acreage to us and in certain cases, the reporting occurs after the close of the respective reinsurance year. Once the net premium written has been recorded, the premium is then earned over the growing season for the crops. A majority of the crops that are covered in the program are typically subject to the SRA in effect at the beginning of the year. Given the major crops covered in the program, we typically see a substantial written and earned premium impact in the second and third quarters. The pricing of MPCI premium is determined using a number of factors including commodity prices and related volatility (i.e., both impact the amount of premium we can charge to the policyholder). For example, in most states, the pricing for the MPCI revenue product for corn (i.e., insurance coverage for lower than expected crop revenue in a given season) includes a factor based on the average commodity price in February. If corn commodity prices are higher in February, compared to the February price in the prior year, and all other factors are the same, the increase in price will increase the corn premium year-over-year. Pricing is also impacted by volatility factors, which measure the likelihood commodity prices will fluctuate over the crop year. For example, if volatility is set at a higher rate compared to the prior year, and all other factors are the same, the premium charged to the policyholder will be higher year-over-year for the same level of coverage. Losses incurred on the MPCI business are determined using both commodity price and crop yield. With respect to commodity price, there are two important periods on a large portion of the business: The month of February when the initial premium base is set, and the month of October when the final harvest price is set. If the price declines from February to October, with yield remaining at normal levels, the policyholder may be eligible to recover on the policy. However, in most cases there are deductibles on these policies, therefore, the impact of a decline in price would have to exceed the deductible before a policyholder would be eligible to recover. We evaluate our MPCI business at an aggregate level and the combination of all of our insured crops (both winter and summer) go into our underwriting gain or loss estimate in any given year. Typically, we do not have enough information on the harvest prices or crop yield outputs to quantify the preliminary estimated impact to our underwriting results until the fourth quarter. Our crop-hail program is a private offering. Premium is earned on the crop-hail program over the coverage period of the policy. Given the very short nature of the growing season, most crop-hail business is typically written in the second and third quarters and the recognition of earned premium is also more heavily concentrated during this timeframe. We use industry data to develop our own rates and forms for the coverage offered. The policy primarily protects farmers against yield reduction caused by hail and/or fire, and related costs such as transit to storage. We offer various deductibles to allow the grower to partially self- insure for a reduced premium cost. We limit our crop-hail exposures through the use of township liability limits and third-party reinsurance on our net retained hail business. Liquidity Liquidity is a measure of a company's ability to generate cash flows sufficient to meet short-term and long-term cash requirements. As a holding company, Chubb Limited possesses assets that consist primarily of the stock of its subsidiaries and other investments. In addition to net investment income, Chubb Limited's cash flows depend primarily on dividends and other statutorily permissible payments. Historically, dividends and other statutorily permitted payments have come primarily from Chubb's Bermuda-based operating subsidiaries, which we refer to as our Bermuda subsidiaries. Our consolidated sources of funds consist primarily of net premiums written, fees, net investment income, and proceeds from sales and maturities of investments. Funds are used at our various companies primarily to pay claims, operating expenses, and dividends; to service debt; to purchase investments; and to fund acquisitions. We anticipate that positive cash flows from operations (underwriting activities and investment income) should be sufficient to cover cash outflows under most loss scenarios for the near term. Should the need arise, we generally have access to capital markets and available credit facilities. Refer to “Credit Facilities” below for additional information. Our access to funds under the existing credit facility is dependent on the ability of the bank that is a party to the facility to meet its funding commitments. Should our existing credit provider experience financial difficulty, we may be required to replace credit sources, possibly in a difficult market. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or sources of credit on favorable terms, on a timely basis, or at all, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected. To date, we have not experienced difficulty accessing our credit facility or establishing additional facilities when needed. 77 To further ensure the sufficiency of funds to settle unforeseen claims, we hold certain invested assets in cash and short-term investments. In addition, for certain insurance, reinsurance, or deposit contracts that tend to have relatively large and reasonably predictable cash outflows, we attempt to establish dedicated portfolios of assets that are duration-matched with the related liabilities. With respect to the duration of our overall investment portfolio, we manage asset durations to both maximize return given current market conditions and provide sufficient liquidity to cover future loss payments. At December 31, 2022, the average duration of our fixed maturities (4.5 years) approximates the average expected duration of our insurance liabilities (4.0 years). Despite our safeguards, if paid losses accelerate beyond our ability to fund such paid losses from current operating cash flows, we might need to either liquidate a portion of our investment portfolio or arrange for financing. Potential events causing such a liquidity strain could include several significant catastrophes occurring in a relatively short period of time, large uncollectible reinsurance recoverables on paid losses (as a result of coverage disputes, reinsurers' credit problems, or decreases in the value of collateral supporting reinsurance recoverables) or increases in collateral postings under our variable annuity reinsurance business. Because each subsidiary focuses on a more limited number of specific product lines than is collectively available from the Chubb Group of Companies, the mix of business tends to be less diverse at the subsidiary level. As a result, the probability of a liquidity strain, as described above, may be greater for individual subsidiaries than when liquidity is assessed on a consolidated basis. If such a liquidity strain were to occur in a subsidiary, we could be required to liquidate a portion of our investments, potentially at distressed prices, as well as be required to contribute capital to the particular subsidiary and/or curtail dividends from the subsidiary to support holding company operations. The payment of dividends or other statutorily permissible distributions from our operating companies are subject to the laws and regulations applicable to each jurisdiction, as well as the need to maintain capital levels adequate to support the insurance and reinsurance operations, including financial strength ratings issued by independent rating agencies. During 2022, we were able to meet all our obligations, including the payments of dividends on our Common Shares, with our net cash flows. We assess which subsidiaries to draw dividends from based on a number of factors. Considerations such as regulatory and legal restrictions as well as the subsidiary's financial condition are paramount to the dividend decision. Chubb Limited received dividends of $7.5 billion and $3.7 billion from its Bermuda subsidiaries in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Chubb Limited received cash dividends of $32 million and $21 million and non-cash dividends of $348 million and $916 million from a Swiss subsidiary in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Chubb Limited also received dividends of $134 million from its other international subsidiary in 2022. The U.S. insurance subsidiaries of Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Chubb INA) may pay dividends, without prior regulatory approval, subject to restrictions set out in state law of the subsidiary's domicile (or, if applicable, commercial domicile). Chubb INA's international subsidiaries are also subject to insurance laws and regulations particular to the countries in which the subsidiaries operate. These laws and regulations sometimes include restrictions that limit the amount of dividends payable without prior approval of regulatory insurance authorities. Chubb Limited received no dividends from Chubb INA in 2022 and 2021. Debt issued by Chubb INA is serviced by statutorily permissible distributions by Chubb INA's insurance subsidiaries to Chubb INA as well as other group resources. Chubb INA received dividends of $2.0 billion and $2.3 billion from its subsidiaries in 2022 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the amount of dividends available to be paid to Chubb INA in 2023 from its subsidiaries without prior approval of insurance regulatory authorities totals $3.1 billion. Cash Flows Our insurance and reinsurance operations provide liquidity in that premiums are received in advance, sometimes substantially in advance, of the time claims are paid. Generally, cash flows are affected by claim payments that, due to the nature of our operations, may comprise large loss payments on a limited number of claims and which can fluctuate significantly from period to period. The irregular timing of these loss payments can create significant variations in cash flows from operations between periods. For additional information regarding estimates of future claim payments over the next twelve months, refer to our discussion of Cash Requirements within "Capital Resources". Sources of liquidity include cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements. The following is a discussion of our cash flows for 2022, 2021, and 2020. Operating cash flows reflect Net income for each period, adjusted for non-cash items and changes in working capital. Operating cash flows were $11.2 billion in 2022, compared to $11.1 billion and $9.8 billion in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Cash used for investing was $5.7 billion in 2022, compared to $6.7 billion and $7.5 billion in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Cash used for investing in 2022 was primarily due to cash paid for the purchase of Cigna's business in Asia of $5.0 billion, net 78 of cash acquired. Excluding this, cash used for investing was lower by $6.0 billion compared to 2021, primarily from cash received from net sales of equity securities and fixed maturities of $1.8 billion compared to net purchases of $3.9 billion, primarily in fixed maturities. In addition, cash used for the acquisitions of Huatai Group ownership interest was lower by $1.0 billion, partially offset by higher private equity contributions, net of distributions received, of $582 million in 2022 compared to 2021. Cash used for financing was $5.1 billion in 2022, compared to $4.4 billion and $2.1 billion in 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase of $718 million in 2022 compared to 2021 is principally from repayment of long-term debt of $1.0 billion in the current year, compared to proceeds of $1.6 billion in the prior year, partially offset by lower common shares repurchased of $2.0 billion in 2022. Refer to Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on share repurchases. Both internal and external forces influence our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Claim settlements, premium levels, and investment returns may be impacted by changing rates of inflation and other economic conditions. In many cases, significant periods of time, ranging up to several years or more, may lapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to us, and the settlement of the liability for that loss. We use repurchase agreements as a low-cost funding alternative. At December 31, 2022, there were $1.4 billion in repurchase agreements outstanding with various maturities over the next two months. In addition to cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements, we have agreements with a third- party bank provider which implemented two international multi-currency notional cash pooling programs to enhance cash management efficiency during periods of short-term timing mismatches between expected inflows and outflows of cash by currency. The programs allow us to optimize investment income by avoiding portfolio disruption. In each program, participating Chubb entities establish deposit accounts in different currencies with the bank provider. Each day the credit or debit balances in every account are notionally translated into a single currency (U.S. dollars) and then notionally pooled. The bank extends overdraft credit to all participating Chubb entities as needed, provided that the overall notionally pooled balance of all accounts in each pool at the end of each day is at least zero. Actual cash balances are not physically converted and are not commingled between legal entities. Chubb entities may incur overdraft balances as a means to address short-term liquidity needs. Any overdraft balances incurred under this program by a Chubb entity would be guaranteed by Chubb Limited (up to $300 million in the aggregate). Our syndicated letter of credit facility allows for same day drawings to fund a net pool overdraft should participating Chubb entities withdraw contributed funds from the pool. Capital Resources Capital resources consist of funds deployed or available to be deployed to support our business operations. (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Short-term debt Long-term debt Trust preferred securities Total shareholders’ equity Total capitalization Ratio of financial debt to total capitalization Ratio of financial debt plus trust preferred securities to total capitalization December 31 2022 December 31 2021 $ 475 $ 999 14,402 308 50,540 15,169 308 59,714 $ 65,725 $ 76,190 22.6 % 23.1 % 21.2 % 21.6 % The ratios of financial debt to total capitalization in the table above are higher at December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021 from the decline in shareholders' equity, principally reflecting net unrealized depreciation on investments in the current year compared to net unrealized appreciation in 2021. Repurchase agreements are excluded from the table above and are disclosed separately from short-term debt in the Consolidated balance sheets. The repurchase agreements are collateralized borrowings where we maintain the right and ability to redeem the collateral on short notice, unlike short-term debt which comprises the current maturities of our long-term debt instruments. 79 Chubb INA's $1.0 billion of 2.875 percent senior notes due November 2022 was paid upon maturity. Refer to Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details about the debt issued and debt redeemed. We believe our financial strength provides us with the flexibility and capacity to obtain available funds externally through debt or equity financing on both a short-term and long-term basis. Our ability to access the capital markets is dependent on, among other things, market conditions and our perceived financial strength. We have accessed both the debt and equity markets from time to time. We generally maintain the ability to issue certain classes of debt and equity securities via an unlimited Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) shelf registration which is renewed every three years. This allows us capital market access for refinancing as well as for unforeseen or opportunistic capital needs. In October 2021, we filed a new shelf registration statement which allows us to issue an unlimited amount of certain classes of debt and equity from time to time, replacing the shelf registration statement that was filed in October 2018. This new shelf registration statement expires in October 2024. Securities Repurchases From time to time, we repurchase shares as part of our capital management program. On July 19, 2021, the Board authorized a one-time incremental share repurchase program of up to $5.0 billion of Chubb Common Shares effective through June 30, 2022. In May 2022, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $2.5 billion of Chubb Common Shares effective through June 30, 2023, which is the only Board authorization currently in effect. Share repurchases may be made in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, block trades, accelerated repurchases and/or through option or other forward transactions. In 2022, 2021, and 2020 we repurchased $3.0 billion, $4.9 billion, and $516 million, respectively, of Common Shares in a series of open market transactions under the Board share repurchase authorizations at an average per share price of $201.96, $175.85, and $143.91, respectively. For the period January 1, 2023 through February 23, 2023, we repurchased 1,633,300 Common Shares for a total of $347 million in a series of open market transactions under the share repurchase program authorization. At February 23, 2023, $1.3 billion in share repurchase authorization remained through June 30, 2023. Common Shares Our Common Shares had a par value of CHF 24.15 each at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, there were 31,781,758 Common Shares in treasury with a weighted-average cost of $160.88 per share. Under Swiss law, dividends must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. At our May 2022 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $3.32 per share, expected to be paid in four quarterly installments of $0.83 per share after the annual general meeting by way of distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board will determine the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend may be paid until the date of the 2023 annual general meeting, and is authorized to abstain from distributing a dividend at its discretion. The first three quarterly installments each of $0.83 per share, have been distributed by the Board as expected. At our May 2021 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $3.20 per share, which was paid in four quarterly installments of $0.80 per share at dates determined by the Board after the annual general meeting by way of distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. Dividend distributions on Common Shares amounted to CHF 3.11 ($3.29) per share for the year ended December 31, 2022. Refer to Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our dividends. 80 Cash Requirements Our cash requirements within the next twelve months include claims payable to claimants and other routine obligations typical to our business. We also have commitments related to our limited partnerships as well as for the incremental ownership interests in Huatai Group. We expect the cash required to meet these obligations to be primarily generated through a combination of cash on hand, cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements. We believe these sources will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next twelve months, while maintaining sufficient liquidity for normal operating purposes. We believe our financial strength provides us with the flexibility and capacity to obtain available funds externally through debt or equity financing on both a short-term and long-term basis, if necessary. At December 31, 2022, our long-term cash requirements under our various contractual obligations and commitments include: • Gross loss payments under insurance and reinsurance contracts - We are obligated to pay claims under insurance and reinsurance contracts for specified loss events covered under those contracts. Total cash requirements are not determinable from underlying contracts and must be estimated. Gross loss payments under insurance and reinsurance contracts are estimated at $76.4 billion with $21.7 billion estimated due over the next twelve months. These estimated gross loss payments are inherently uncertain and the amount and timing of actual loss payments are likely to differ from these estimates and the differences could be material. Given the numerous factors and assumptions involved in both estimates of loss reserves and related estimates as to the timing of future loss payments, differences between actual and estimated loss payments will not necessarily indicate a commensurate change in ultimate loss estimates. Refer to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. • • • • Estimated payments for future policy benefits and GLB - Total estimated payments for future policy benefits and GLB are estimated at $35.9 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively, with a total $2.5 billion estimated due over the next twelve months. These estimated payments, which are not determinable from the contracts, are gross of fees or premiums from the underlying contracts. These estimated payments are higher than the future policy benefits reserves and GLB liability presented on our Consolidated balance sheets which are discounted and are reflected net of fees and premiums due from the underlying contracts. The timing and amount of actual payments may vary from the estimates. Refer to Note 1 j) to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Short-term and Long-term debt, trust preferred securities, and related interest payments - Total obligations for short-term and long-term debt and trust preferred securities maturities are $15.0 billion with $0.5 billion due in March 2023. Interest payments related to these obligations total $6.6 billion with $0.5 billion due over the next twelve months. These estimates are based on current exchange rates. Refer to Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Commitments on invested assets - Total obligations for commitments related to our invested assets are $8.2 billion with $1.7 billion due over the next twelve months. Refer to Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Pending acquisition - Cash requirements for pending incremental shares in Huatai Group are approximately $0.8 billion, based on current exchange rates, expected to be paid over the next twelve months. The timing of completion is contingent upon important conditions. Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. • Deposit liabilities - Total obligations for deposit liabilities, including contract holder deposit funds, are $2.6 billion with $102 million due over the next twelve months. Refer to Note 1 l) to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. • Repurchase agreements - We use repurchase agreements as a low-cost funding alternative. At December 31, 2022, there were $1.4 billion in repurchase agreements outstanding with various maturities over the next two months. Refer to Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. • Operating leases - Total obligations for operating leases are $754 million with $160 million estimated due over the next twelve months. Refer to Note 10 j) to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. As of December 31, 2022, we entered into two separate leases for office space that are not yet recorded on our Consolidated balance sheets and are not included in the total obligations referenced above. The leases are expected to commence in 2023 and 2025 with initial terms of approximately 21 years and 23 years, respectively. Total cash requirements are estimated at approximately $1.2 billion over the terms of these two leases. 81 Ratings Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries are assigned credit and financial strength (insurance) ratings from internationally recognized rating agencies, including S&P, A.M. Best, Moody's, and Fitch. The ratings issued on our companies by these agencies are announced publicly and are available directly from the agencies. Our Internet site (investors.chubb.com, under Financials/ Financial Strength Rating) also contains some information about our ratings, but such information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report. Financial strength ratings reflect the rating agencies' opinions of a company's claims paying ability. Independent ratings are one of the important factors that establish our competitive position in the insurance markets. The rating agencies consider many factors in determining the financial strength rating of an insurance company, including the relative level of statutory surplus necessary to support the business operations of the company. These ratings are based upon factors relevant to policyholders, agents, and intermediaries and are not directed toward the protection of investors. Such ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell, or hold securities. Credit ratings assess a company's ability to make timely payments of principal and interest on its debt. It is possible that, in the future, one or more of the rating agencies may reduce our existing ratings. If one or more of our ratings were downgraded, we could incur higher borrowing costs, and our ability to access the capital markets could be impacted. In addition, our insurance and reinsurance operations could be adversely impacted by a downgrade in our financial strength ratings, including a possible reduction in demand for our products in certain markets. Also, we have insurance and reinsurance contracts which contain rating triggers. In the event the S&P or A.M. Best financial strength ratings of Chubb fall, we may be faced with the cancellation of premium or be required to post collateral on our underlying obligation associated with this premium. 82 Information provided in connection with outstanding debt of subsidiaries Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) is an indirect 100 percent-owned and consolidated subsidiary of Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor). The Parent Guarantor fully and unconditionally guarantees certain of the debt of the Subsidiary Issuer. The following table presents the condensed balance sheets of Chubb Limited and Chubb INA Holdings Inc., after elimination of investment in any non-guarantor subsidiary: Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) December 31 Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) 2022 2021 2022 2021 Assets Investments Cash Due from parent guarantor/subsidiary issuer Due from subsidiaries that are not issuers or guarantors Other assets Total assets Liabilities Due to parent guarantor/subsidiary issuer Due to subsidiaries that are not issuers or guarantors $ $ Affiliated notional cash pooling programs Short-term debt Long-term debt Trust preferred securities Other liabilities Total liabilities Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ — $ — $ 135 $ 40 2 1,791 16 1 2 1,805 16 2 586 598 2,264 1,849 $ 1,824 $ 3,585 $ 149 580 348 526 1,667 3,270 586 $ 348 $ 2 $ 2 248 252 — — — 616 1,702 147 241 8 — — — 363 960 864 1,710 1,496 475 1,647 — 999 14,402 15,169 308 1,305 308 1,803 19,698 19,928 (16,113) (16,658) $ 1,849 $ 1,824 $ 3,585 $ 3,270 The following table presents the condensed statements of operations and comprehensive income of Chubb Limited and Chubb INA Holdings Inc., excluding equity in earnings from non-guarantor subsidiaries: Year Ended December 31, 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net investment income (loss) Net realized gains (loss) Administrative expenses Interest (income) expense Other (income) expense Cigna integration expenses Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Comprehensive income (loss) Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer) $ 1 $ 29 113 (53) (48) 10 18 (10) $ (10) $ $ $ (12) 111 (86) 531 79 1 (701) 275 67 83 Credit Facilities As our Bermuda subsidiaries are non-admitted insurers and reinsurers in the U.S., the terms of certain U.S. insurance and reinsurance contracts require them to provide collateral, which can be in the form of letters of credit (LOCs). LOCs may also be used for general corporate purposes. Should the need arise, we generally have access to capital markets and to credit facilities. In October 2022, we consolidated three syndicated facilities into a new group syndicated credit facility with increased capacity expiring in October 2027. Our letter of credit capacity for the new and existing facilities is $4.0 billion, $3.0 billion of which can be used for revolving credit. At December 31, 2022, our usage under these facilities was $1.4 billion in LOCs. Our access to credit under these facilities is dependent on the ability of the banks that are a party to the facilities to meet their funding commitments. Should the existing credit providers on these facilities experience financial difficulty, we may be required to replace credit sources, possibly in a difficult market. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or sources of credit on favorable terms, on a timely basis, or at all, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected. To date, we have not experienced difficulty accessing our credit facilities or establishing additional facilities when needed. In the event we are required to provide alternative security to clients, the security could take the form of additional insurance trusts supported by our investment portfolio or funds withheld using our cash resources. The value of LOCs required is driven by, among other things, statutory liabilities reported by variable annuity guarantee reinsurance clients, loss development of existing reserves, the payment pattern of such reserves, the expansion of business, and loss experience of such business. The facilities noted above require that we maintain certain financial covenants, all of which have been met at December 31, 2022. These covenants include: (i) a minimum consolidated net worth of not less than $41.959 billion; and (ii) a ratio of consolidated debt to total capitalization of not greater than 0.35 to 1. At December 31, 2022, (a) the minimum consolidated net worth requirement under the covenant described in (i) above was $41.959 billion and our actual consolidated net worth as calculated under that covenant was $60.7 billion and (b) our ratio of debt to total capitalization, as calculated under the covenant which excludes the fair value adjustment of debt acquired through the Chubb Corp acquisition, was 0.22 to 1, which is below the maximum debt to total capitalization ratio of 0.35 to 1 as described in (ii) above. Our failure to comply with the covenants under any credit facility would, subject to grace periods in the case of certain covenants, result in an event of default. This could require us to repay any outstanding borrowings or to cash collateralize LOCs under such facility. Our failure to repay material financial obligations, as well as our failure with respect to certain other events expressly identified, would result in an event of default under the facility. ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Market Sensitive Instruments and Risk Management Market risk represents the potential for loss due to adverse changes in the fair value of financial instruments. We are exposed to potential losses from various market risks including changes in interest rates, equity prices, and foreign currency exchange rates. Further, through writing the GLB and GMDB products, we are exposed to volatility in the equity and credit markets, as well as interest rates. Our investment portfolio consists primarily of fixed income securities, denominated in both U.S. dollars and foreign currencies, which are sensitive to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. The majority of our fixed income portfolio is classified as available for sale. The effect of market movements on our fixed maturities portfolio impacts Net income (through Net realized gains (losses)) when securities are sold, when we write down an asset, or when we record a change to the allowance for expected credit losses. Changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates will have an immediate effect on Shareholders' equity and Comprehensive income and, in certain instances, Net income. From time to time, we also use derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts to manage the duration of our investment portfolio and foreign currency exposures and also to obtain exposure to a particular financial market. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, our notional exposure to derivative instruments was $9.8 billion and $20.0 billion, respectively. These instruments are recognized as assets or liabilities in our Consolidated Financial Statements and are sensitive to changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and equity security prices. As part of our investing activities, from 84 time to time we purchase to be announced mortgage backed securities (TBAs). Changes in the fair value of TBAs are included in Net realized gains (losses) and, therefore, have an immediate effect on both our Net income and Shareholders' equity. We seek to mitigate market risk using a number of techniques, including maintaining and managing the assets and liabilities of our international operations consistent with the foreign currencies of the underlying insurance and reinsurance businesses, thereby limiting exchange rate risk to net assets denominated in foreign currencies. From time-to-time, we use derivatives to hedge planned cross border transactions and, beginning in September 2022, we designated certain derivatives to hedge foreign currency risk on our euro denominated debt and exposure in the net investments of certain foreign subsidiaries. The following is a discussion of our primary market risk exposures at December 31, 2022. Except hedging certain non-U.S. net asset or liability positions discussed above, our policies to address these risks in 2022 were not materially different from 2021. We do not currently anticipate significant changes in our primary market risk exposures or in how those exposures are managed in future reporting periods based upon what is known or expected to be in effect in future reporting periods. Interest rate risk – fixed income portfolio and debt obligations Our fixed income portfolio and debt obligations have exposure to interest rate risk. Changes in investment values attributable to interest rate changes are mitigated by corresponding and partially offsetting changes in the economic value of our insurance reserves and debt obligations. We monitor this exposure through periodic reviews of our asset and liability positions. The following table presents the impact at December 31, 2022 and 2021, on the fair value of our fixed income portfolio of a hypothetical increase in interest rates of 100 bps applied instantly across the U.S. yield curve (an immediate time horizon was used as this presents the worst case scenario): (in billions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Fair value of fixed income portfolio Pre-tax impact of 100 bps increase in interest rates: Decrease in dollars As a percentage of total fixed income portfolio at fair value 2022 2021 $ 98.6 $ 106.9 $ 4.4 $ 4.4 4.5 % 4.1 % Changes in interest rates will have an immediate effect on Comprehensive income and Shareholders' equity but will not ordinarily have an immediate effect on Net income. Variations in market interest rates could produce significant changes in the timing of prepayments due to available prepayment options. For these reasons, actual results could differ from those reflected in the tables. Although our debt and trust preferred securities (collectively referred to as debt obligations) are reported at amortized cost and not adjusted for fair value changes, changes in interest rates could have a material impact on their fair value, albeit there would be no impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. The following table presents the impact at December 31, 2022 and 2021, on the fair value of our debt obligations of a hypothetical decrease in interest rates of 100 bps applied instantly across the U.S. yield curve (an immediate time horizon was used as this presents the worst case scenario): (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Fair value of debt obligations, including repurchase agreements Pre-tax impact of 100 bps decrease in interest rates: Increase in dollars As a percentage of total debt obligations at fair value 2022 2021 $ 14,770 $ 19,733 $ 1,085 $ 1,799 7.4 % 9.1 % 85 Foreign currency management As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives. The following table summarizes the unhedged portion of net assets (liabilities) in non-U.S. currencies at December 31, 2022 and 2021: Value of net assets (liabilities) 2022 Exchange rate per USD Value of net assets (liabilities) 2021 Exchange rate per USD 2022 vs. 2021 % change in exchange rate per USD $ 5,333 0.0793 $ 805 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Korean won (KRW) (x100) Chinese yuan renminbi (CNY) (1) Canadian dollar (CAD) Australian dollar (AUD) New Taiwan dollar (TWD) Mexican peso (MXN) Brazilian real (BRL) Baht (THB) British pound sterling (GBP) Euro (EUR) (2) Other foreign currencies Value of unhedged portion of net assets denominated in foreign currencies (3) As a percentage of total net assets 0.0840 0.1573 0.7914 0.7263 0.0361 0.0487 0.1795 0.0301 1.3532 1.1370 various (5.6) % (7.9) % (6.8) % (6.2) % (10.0) % 5.3 % 5.4 % (4.0) % (10.7) % (5.8) % NM 4,664 2,166 1,269 880 801 624 522 486 (2,006) 2,106 $ 16,845 33.3 % 0.1450 0.7378 0.6813 0.0325 0.0513 0.1892 0.0289 3,519 2,624 1,347 359 728 577 413 1.2083 2,333 1.0705 (3,013) various 2,840 $ 12,532 21.0 % $ 1,139 Pre-tax decrease to Shareholders' equity of a hypothetical 10 percent strengthening of the USD $ 1,531 NM – not meaningful (1) Includes deposits relating to purchases of incremental ownership interests in Huatai Group. (2) Includes unhedged portion of euro denominated debt of $3.0 billion and net assets of $1.0 billion in 2022, and $4.9 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, in 2021. Excludes hedged euro denominated debt of $1.6 billion in 2022 and none in 2021. (3) The unhedged net assets denominated in foreign currencies comprised goodwill and other intangible assets of approximately 37 percent and 45 percent at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In September 2022, Chubb entered into certain cross-currency swaps designated as fair value hedges and net investment hedges for foreign currency exposure associated with portions of our euro denominated debt and the net investment in certain foreign subsidiaries, respectively. These cross-currency swaps are agreements under which two counterparties exchange principal and interest payments in different currencies at a future date. The objective of the fair value cross-currency swaps is to hedge euro 1.5 billion of the foreign currency risk on our euro denominated debt by converting cash flows back into the U.S dollar. The objective of the net investment cross-currency swaps is to hedge the foreign currency exposure in the net investments of certain foreign subsidiaries by converting cash flows from U.S. dollar to the British pound sterling (GBP 957 million), Japanese yen (JPY 43 billion), and Swiss franc (CHF 96 million). The hedged risk is designated as the foreign currency exposure arising between the functional currency of the foreign subsidiary and the functional currency of its parent entity. For additional information refer to Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Net asset exposure is higher in 2022 compared to 2021, reflecting the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia, with net assets principally denominated in KRW. This is partially offset by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against most foreign currencies during 2022. Effective April 1, 2022, Turkey was designated as a highly inflationary economy and therefore we changed the functional currency for our Turkish operations from Turkish lira to the U.S. dollar. Our net assets denominated in the Turkish lira 86 represented less than 0.1% of consolidated shareholders' equity. Therefore, this change in functional currency of our Turkish operations did not have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. Reinsurance of GMDB and GLB guarantees Chubb views its variable annuity reinsurance business, including guaranteed living benefits (GLB) and guaranteed living death benefits (GMDB), as having a similar risk profile to that of catastrophe reinsurance with the probability of long-term economic loss relatively small, at the time of pricing. Adverse changes in market factors and policyholder behavior will have an impact on both realized gains (losses) and net income. When evaluating these risks, we expect to be compensated for taking both the risk of a cumulative long-term economic net loss, as well as the short-term accounting variations caused by these market movements. Therefore, we evaluate this business in terms of its long-term economic risk and reward. Effective January 1, 2023, we adopted new U.S. GAAP accounting guidance for long-duration contracts that affects the accounting for GMDB and GLB liabilities, collectively referred to as market risk benefits (MRB). Under the new accounting guidance, MRB will be measured at fair value using a valuation model based on current exposures, market data, our experience, and other factors. Upon adoption of this accounting guidance, changes in fair value will be recorded to Market risk benefits gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations, except for the change in fair value due to a change in the instrument-specific credit risk which will be recognized in Other comprehensive income. Previously, only the GLB were measured at fair value. The quantitative disclosures below reflect the market risk sensitivities under this new accounting guidance effective for 2023 reporting periods. The tables below are estimates of the sensitivities to instantaneous changes in economic inputs (e.g., equity shock, interest rate shock, etc.) at December 31, 2022, of both the fair value of the MRB liability (FVL) and the fair value of specific derivative instruments held (hedge value) to partially offset the risk in the variable annuity guarantee reinsurance portfolio. The following assumptions should be considered when using the below tables: • Equity shocks impact all global equity markets equally • Our liabilities are sensitive to global equity markets in the following proportions: 80 percent—90 percent U.S. equity, and 10 percent—20 percent international equity. • Our current hedge portfolio is sensitive only to U.S. equity markets. • We would suggest using the S&P 500 index as a proxy for U.S. equity, and the MSCI EAFE index as a proxy for international equity. • Interest rate shocks assume a parallel shift in the U.S. yield curve • Our liabilities are also sensitive to global interest rates at various points on the yield curve, mainly the U.S. Treasury curve in the following proportions: 5 percent—15 percent short-term rates (maturing in less than 5 years), 15 percent —25 percent medium-term rates (maturing between 5 years and 10 years, inclusive), and 70 percent—80 percent long-term rates (maturing beyond 10 years). • A change in AA-rated credit spreads impacts the rate used to discount cash flows in the fair value model. AA-rated credit spreads are a proxy for both our own credit spreads and the credit spreads of the ceding insurers. • • The hedge sensitivity is from December 31, 2022, market levels and only applicable to the equity and interest rate sensitivities table below. The sensitivities do not scale linearly and may be proportionally greater for larger movements in the market factors. Actual sensitivity of our net income may differ from those disclosed in the tables below due to fluctuations in short-term market movements. 87 Sensitivities to equity and interest rate movements (in millions of U.S. dollars) Interest Rate Shock +100 bps Worldwide Equity Shock +10 % Flat -10 % -20 % -30 % -40 % (Increase)/decrease in FVL $ 304 $ 199 $ Increase/(decrease) in hedge value (91) — 72 91 $ (90) $ (302) $ (552) 181 272 362 Flat Increase/(decrease) in net income $ 213 (Increase)/decrease in FVL $ 124 Increase/(decrease) in hedge value Increase/(decrease) in net income -100 bps (Increase)/decrease in FVL $ $ Increase/(decrease) in hedge value (91) 33 (99) (91) $ $ $ $ 199 $ 163 $ 91 $ (30) — $ (155) $ (357) $ (596) $ $ (190) (874) — 91 181 272 362 — $ (64) $ (176) $ (324) $ (512) (249) $ (443) $ (671) $ (938) $ (1,240) — 91 181 272 362 Increase/(decrease) in net income $ (190) $ (249) $ (352) $ (490) $ (666) $ (878) Sensitivities to Other Economic Variables (in millions of U.S. dollars) (Increase)/decrease in FVL Increase/(decrease) in net income AA-rated Credit Spreads Interest Rate Volatility Equity Volatility +100 bps -100 bps +2 % -2 % +2 % $ $ 56 56 $ $ (63) $ (63) $ (2) (2) $ $ 2 2 $ $ (15) (15) $ $ -2 % 14 14 Variable Annuity Net Amount at Risk All our VA reinsurance treaties include annual or aggregate claim limits and many include an aggregate deductible which limit the net amount at risk under these programs. The tables below present the net amount at risk at December 31, 2022, following an immediate change in equity market levels, assuming all global equity markets are impacted equally. a) Reinsurance covering the GMDB risk only (in millions of U.S. dollars) GMDB net amount at risk +20 % Flat -20 % -40 % -60 % -80 % $ 275 $ 468 $ 731 $ 817 $ 746 $ 620 Claims at 100% immediate mortality 158 163 156 145 131 118 Equity Shock The treaty claim limits function as a ceiling as equity markets fall. As the shocks in the table above become incrementally more negative, the impact on the NAR and claims at 100 percent mortality begin to drop due to the specific nature of these claim limits, many of which are annual claim limits calculated as a percentage of the reinsured account value. There is also some impact due to a small portion of the GMDB reinsurance under which claims are positively correlated to equity markets (claims decrease as equity markets fall). b) Reinsurance covering the GLB risk only (in millions of U.S. dollars) GLB net amount at risk +20 % Flat -20 % -40 % -60 % -80 % $ 1,059 $ 1,442 $ 2,074 $ 2,504 $ 2,878 $ 3,085 Equity Shock The treaty claim limits cause the net amount at risk to increase at a declining rate as equity markets fall. 88     c) Reinsurance covering both the GMDB and GLB risks on the same underlying policyholders  (in millions of U.S. dollars) GMDB net amount at risk GLB net amount at risk Claims at 100% immediate mortality Equity Shock +20 % Flat -20 % -40 % -60 % -80 % $ 51 $ 61 $ 72 $ 82 $ 90 $ 96 433 32 537 32 660 32 783 32 901 32 909 32 The treaty limits control the increase in the GMDB net amount at risk as equity markets fall. The GMDB net amount at risk continues to increase as equity markets fall because most of these reinsurance treaties do not have annual claim limits calculated as a percentage of the underlying account value. The treaty limits cause the GLB net amount at risk to increase at a declining rate as equity markets fall. ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The financial statements and supplementary data are included in this Form 10-K commencing on page F-1. ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures Chubb’s management, with the participation of Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as of December 31, 2022. Based upon that evaluation, Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in allowing information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to be recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Chubb’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. On July 1, 2022, we acquired the personal accident, supplemental health, and life insurance business of Cigna in several Asian markets (Cigna Asia business). As of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, Cigna's Asia business represented approximately 3 percent of consolidated revenues and 3 percent of total assets. We currently exclude, and are in the process of working to incorporate, Cigna's Asia business in our evaluation of internal controls over financial reporting, and related disclosure controls and procedures. Other than working to incorporate Cigna's Asia business as noted above, there have been no changes in Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting during the three months ended December 31, 2022, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting. Chubb's management report on internal control over financial reporting is included on page F-3 and PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP's audit report is included on pages F-4, F-5, and F-6. ITEM 9B. Other Information On February 23, 2023, the Board of Directors (Board) amended the Organizational Regulations of Chubb Limited (Company). The amendments clarify the Lead Director’s ability to convene Board meetings; set the agenda for executive sessions; propose matters for Board consideration; provide input on Board design and organization; lead the Board’s review of the performance evaluation and CEO compensation determination; and personally conduct individual director evaluations. The amendments also incorporate certain updates to Swiss corporate law relating to Swiss-required Board duties and responsibilities, enable circular resolutions to be passed by electronic signature, and make additional other editorial changes. A copy of the amended and restated Organizational Regulations is attached hereto as Exhibit 3.2 and incorporated herein by reference. Additionally, on February 22, 2023, Mary Cirillo and Luis Téllez, members of the Board of the Company, each informed the Company of their respective decision to retire from the Board and not to stand for re-election at the Company’s 2023 Annual 89   General Meeting (Annual Meeting), which is scheduled to occur in May 2023. The decisions of Ms. Cirillo and Mr. Téllez were in each case not the result of any disagreement with the Company.  Ms. Cirillo is currently the Chair of the Board’s Nominating & Governance Committee and a member of each of the Compensation Committee and Executive Committee. Mr. Téllez is currently a member of the Audit Committee. Each will remain on the Board and a member of their respective committees until the Annual Meeting. ITEM 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Item not applicable. 90 PART III ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Information pertaining to this item is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Agenda Item 5 - Election of the Board of Directors”, “Corporate Governance - The Board of Directors - Director Nomination Process”, and “Corporate Governance - The Committees of the Board - Audit Committee” of the definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A. Also incorporated herein by reference is the text under the caption “Information about our Executive Officers” appearing at the end of Part I Item 1 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K. Code of Ethics Chubb has adopted a Code of Conduct, which sets forth standards by which all Chubb employees, officers, and directors must abide as they work for Chubb. Chubb has posted this Code of Conduct on its Internet site (about.chubb.com/governance.html). Chubb intends to disclose on its Internet site any amendments to, or waivers from, its Code of Conduct that are required to be publicly disclosed pursuant to the rules of the SEC or the New York Stock Exchange. ITEM 11. Executive Compensation This item is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Executive Compensation”, “Compensation Committee Report” and “Director Compensation” of the definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A. ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The following table presents securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans at December 31, 2022: Plan category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1) Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders (2) Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights (3) Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans 10,410,278 $ 146.81 16,039,112 22,982 (1) These totals include securities available for future issuance under the following plans: (i) Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (Amended 2016 LTIP). A total of 32,900,000 shares are authorized to be issued pursuant to awards made as options, stock appreciation rights, stock units, performance shares, performance units, restricted stock, and restricted stock units. The maximum number of shares that may be delivered to participants and their beneficiaries under the Amended 2016 LTIP shall be equal to the sum of: (x) 32,900,000 shares of stock; and (y) any shares of stock that have not been delivered pursuant to the ACE LTIP (as defined in clause (ii) of this footnote (1) below) and remain available for grant pursuant to the ACE LTIP, including shares of stock represented by awards granted under the ACE LTIP that are forfeited, expire or are canceled after the effective date of the Amended 2016 LTIP without delivery of shares of stock or which result in the forfeiture of the shares of stock back to the Company to the extent that such shares would have been added back to the reserve under the terms of the ACE LTIP. As of December 31, 2022, a total of 8,011,047 option awards and 798,660 restricted stock unit awards are outstanding, and 15,223,940 shares remain available for future issuance under this plan. (ii) ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (ACE LTIP). As of December 31, 2022, a total of 2,365,986 option awards are outstanding. No additional grants will be made pursuant to the ACE LTIP. (iii) Chubb Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan (2014) (Chubb Corp. LTIP). As of December 31, 2022, a total of 33,245 option awards and 25,862 deferred stock unit awards are outstanding. No additional grants will be made pursuant to the Chubb Corp. LTIP. (iv) ESPP. A total of 6,500,000 shares are authorized for purchase at a discount. As of December 31, 2022, 815,172 shares remain available for future issuance under this plan. 91 (2) These plans are the Chubb Corp. CCAP Excess Benefit Plan (CCAP Excess Benefit Plan) and the Chubb Corp. Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors, under which no Common Shares are available for future issuance other than with respect to outstanding rewards. The CCAP Excess Benefit Plan is a nonqualified, defined contribution plan and covers those participants in the Capital Accumulation Plan of The Chubb Corporation (CCAP) (Chubb Corp.’s legacy 401(k) plan) and Chubb Corp.’s legacy employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) whose total benefits under those plans are limited by certain provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. A participant in the CCAP Excess Benefit Plan is entitled to a benefit equaling the difference between the participant’s benefits under the CCAP and the ESOP, without considering the applicable limitations of the Code, and the participant’s actual benefits under such plans. A participant’s excess ESOP benefit is expressed as Common Shares. Payments under the CCAP Excess Benefit Plan are generally made: (i) for excess benefits related to the CCAP, in cash annually as soon as practical after the amount of excess benefit can be determined; and (ii) for excess benefits related to the ESOP, in Common Shares as soon as practicable after the participant’s termination of employment. Allocations under the ESOP ceased in 2004. Accordingly, other than dividends, no new contributions are made to the ESOP or the CCAP Excess Benefit Plan with respect to excess ESOP benefits. (3) Weighted-average exercise price excludes shares issuable under performance unit awards and restricted stock unit awards. Additional information is incorporated by reference to the section entitled "Information About Our Share Ownership" of the definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A. ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence This item is incorporated by reference to the sections entitled “Corporate Governance - What Is Our Related Party Transactions Approval Policy And What Procedures Do We Use To Implement It?”, “Corporate Governance - What Related Party Transactions Do We Have?”, and “Corporate Governance - The Board of Directors - Director Independence” of the definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A. ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services This item is incorporated by reference to the section entitled “Agenda Item 4 – Election of Auditors – 4.2 – Ratification of appointment of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (United States) as independent registered public accounting firm for purposes of U.S. securities law reporting” of the definitive proxy statement for the 2023 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders which will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A. 92 PART IV ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a) Financial Statements, Schedules, and Exhibits 1. Consolidated Financial Statements – – – – – – – Management's Responsibility for Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 2. Financial Statement Schedules – – – – Schedule I - Summary of Investments - Other Than Investments in Related Parties at December 31, 2022 Schedule II - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Company Only) at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Schedule IV - Supplemental Information Concerning Reinsurance for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Schedule VI - Supplementary Information Concerning Property and Casualty Operations as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Page F-3 F-4 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10 F-11 F-98 F-99 F-101 F-102 Other schedules have been omitted as they are not applicable to Chubb, or the required information has been included in the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes. 3. Exhibits Exhibit Number Exhibit Description Incorporated by Reference Form Original Number Date Filed Filed Herewith 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Articles of Association of the Company, as amended and restated 8-K 3.1 August 9, 2022 Organizational Regulations of the Company as amended Articles of Association of the Company, as amended and restated 8-K 4.1 August 9, 2022 Organizational Regulations of the Company as amended Specimen share certificate representing Common Shares Indenture, dated March 15, 2002, between ACE Limited and Bank One Trust Company, N.A. Senior Indenture, dated August 1, 1999, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., ACE Limited and Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. (as successor), as trustee 8-K 8-K S-3 ASR 4.3 4.1 July 18, 2008 March 22, 2002 4.4 December 10, 2014 Indenture, dated November 30, 1999, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc. and Bank One Trust Company, N.A., as trustee 10-K 10.38 March 29, 2000 X X 93 Exhibit Number 4.7 4.8 4.9 Exhibit Description Indenture, dated December 1, 1999, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., ACE Limited and Bank One Trust Company, National Association, as trustee Amended and Restated Trust Agreement, dated March 31, 2000, among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., Bank One Trust Company, National Association, as property trustee, Bank One Delaware Inc., as Delaware trustee and the administrative trustees named therein Incorporated by Reference Form 10-K Original Number Date Filed Filed Herewith 10.41 March 29, 2000 10-K 4.17 March 16, 2006 Common Securities Guarantee Agreement, dated March 31, 2000 10-K 4.18 March 16, 2006 4.10 Capital Securities Guarantee Agreement, dated March 31, 2000 10-K 4.19 March 16, 2006 Form of 2.70 percent Senior Notes due 2023 Form of 4.15 percent Senior Notes due 2043 First Supplemental Indenture dated as of March 13, 2013 to the Indenture dated as of August 1, 1999 among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., as Issuer, ACE Limited, as Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Successor Trustee Form of 3.35 percent Senior Notes due 2024 Form of 3.150 percent Senior Notes due 2025 Form of 2.875 percent Senior Notes due 2022 Form of 3.35 percent Senior Notes due 2026 Form of 4.35 percent Senior Notes due 2045 First Supplemental Indenture to the Chubb Corp Senior Indenture dated as of January 15, 2016 to the Indenture dated as of October 25, 1989 among ACE INA Holdings, Inc., as Successor Issuer, ACE Limited, as Guarantor, and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as Trustee Chubb Corp Senior Indenture (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(a) to Chubb Corp's Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on October 27, 1989) (File No. 33-31796) Chubb Corp Junior Subordinated Indenture (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Chubb Corp's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 30, 2007) (File No. 001-08661) Form of 6.80 percent Chubb Corp Debentures due 2031 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(a) to Chubb Corp's Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on October 27, 1989) (File No. 33-31796) Form of 6.00 percent Chubb Corp Senior Notes due 2037 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Chubb Corp's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 11, 2007) (File No. 001-08661) 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.1 March 13, 2013 March 13, 2013 March 13, 2013 May 27, 2014 March 16, 2015 November 3, 2015 November 3, 2015 November 3, 2015 January 15, 2016 S-3 4(a) October 27, 1989 8-K 4.1 March 30, 2007 S-3 4(a) October 27, 1989 8-K 4.1 May 11, 2007 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 94 Exhibit Description Form of 6.50 percent Chubb Corp Senior Notes due 2038 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Chubb Corp's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 6, 2008) (File No. 001-08661) Incorporated by Reference Form 8-K Original Number 4.2 Filed Herewith Date Filed May 6, 2008 Procedures regarding the registration of shareholders in the share register of Chubb Limited 10-K 4.32 February 28, 2017 Exhibit Number 4.24 4.25 4.26 Form of Officer's Certificate related to the 1.550% Senior Notes due 2028 and 2.500% Senior Notes due 2038 4.27 Form of Global Note for the 1.550% Senior Notes due 2028 4.28 Form of Global Note for the 2.500% Senior Notes due 2038 4.29 Form of Officer's Certificate related to the 0.875% Senior Notes due 2027 and 1.400% Senior Notes due 2031 4.30 Form of Global Note for the 0.875% Senior Notes due 2027 4.31 Form of Global Note for the 1.400% Senior Notes due 2031 4.32 Form of Officer’s Certificate related to the 0.300% Senior Notes due 2024 and 0.875% Senior Notes due 2029 4.33 Form of Global Note for the 0.300% Senior Notes due 2024 4.34 Form of Global Note for the 0.875% Senior Notes due 2029 4.35 Form of Officer's Certificate related to the 1.375% Senior Notes due 2030 4.36 Form of Global Note for the 1.375% Senior Notes due 2030 4.37 Form of Officer’s Certificate related to the 2.850% Senior Notes due 2051 and the 3.050% Senior Notes due 2061 4.38 Form of Global Note for the 2.850% Senior Notes due 2051 4.39 Form of Global Note for the 3.050% Senior Notes due 2061 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 March 6, 2018 March 6, 2018 March 6, 2018 June 17, 2019 June 17, 2019 June 17, 2019 December 5, 2019 December 5, 2019 December 5, 2019 4.1 September 17, 2020 4.2 September 17, 2020 4.1 November 18, 2021 4.2 November 18, 2021 4.3 November 18, 2021 4.40 Description of the Registrant's Securities X 10.1* Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Company and the directors of the Company, dated August 13, 2015 10-K 10.1 February 26, 2016 10.2 Credit Agreement for $1,000,000,000 Senior Unsecured Letter of Credit Facility, dated as of November 6, 2012, among ACE Limited, and certain subsidiaries and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Administrative Agent, the Swingline Bank and an Issuing Bank 10-K 10.13 February 28, 2013 10.3* Employment Terms dated October 29, 2001, between ACE Limited and Evan Greenberg 10-K 10.64 March 27, 2003 95 Exhibit Number 10.4* Exhibit Description Employment Terms dated April 10, 2006, between ACE and John Keogh Incorporated by Reference Form 10-K Original Number Date Filed Filed Herewith 10.29 February 29, 2008 10.5* Executive Severance Agreement between ACE and John Keogh 10-K 10.30 February 29, 2008 10.6* 10.7* ACE Limited Executive Severance Plan as amended effective May 18, 2011 10-K 10.21 February 24, 2012 Form of employment agreement between the Company (or subsidiaries of the Company) and executive officers of the Company to allocate a percentage of aggregate salary to the Company (or subsidiaries of the Company) 8-K 10.1 July 16, 2008 10.8* Outside Directors Compensation Parameters 10-K 10.8 February 24, 2022 10.9* ACE Limited Elective Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended and restated effective January 1, 2005) 10-K 10.24 March 16, 2006 10.10* Aircraft Time Sharing Agreement, dated as of September 19, 2022, between Chubb INA Holdings Inc. and Evan G. Greenberg [certain information omitted] 10-Q 10.1 October 28, 2022 10.11* ACE USA Officer Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended through January 1, 2001) 10-K 10.25 March 16, 2006 10.12* ACE USA Officer Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended and restated effective January 1, 2011) 10-Q 10.7 October 30, 2013 10.13* ACE USA Officer Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended and restated effective January 1, 2009) 10-K 10.36 February 27, 2009 10.14* First Amendment to the Amended and Restated ACE USA Officers Deferred Compensation Plan 10-K 10.28 February 25, 2010 10.15* Form of Swiss Mandatory Retirement Benefit Agreement (for Swiss-employed named executive officers) 10-Q 10.2 May 7, 2010 10.16* ACE Limited Elective Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended and restated effective January 1, 2009) 10-K 10.39 February 27, 2009 10.17* ACE Limited Elective Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended and restated effective January 1, 2011) 10-Q 10.5 October 30, 2013 10.18* Deferred Compensation Plan amendments, effective January 1, 2009 10-K 10.40 February 27, 2009 10.19* ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan (see exhibit 10.6 to Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on May 15, 2000) 10-Q 10.6 May 15, 2000 10.20* ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan (as amended through the Second Amendment) 10-K 10.30 March 1, 2007 10.21* ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan (as amended through the Third Amendment) 10-K 10.31 March 1, 2007 10.22* ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan (as amended and restated) 10-K 10.46 February 27, 2009 10.23* First Amendment to the Amended and Restated ACE USA Supplemental Employee Retirement Savings Plan 10-K 10.39 February 25, 2010 96 Exhibit Number 10.24* Exhibit Description The ACE Limited 1995 Outside Directors Plan (as amended through the Seventh Amendment) 10.25* ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended through the Fifth Amendment) 10.26* ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended through the Sixth Amendment) Form 10-Q 8-K 8-K Incorporated by Reference Original Number Date Filed Filed Herewith 10.1 August 14, 2003 10 May 21, 2010 10.1 May 20, 2013 10.27* ACE Limited Rules of the Approved U.K. Stock Option Program (see exhibit 10.2 to Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on February 13, 1998) 10-Q 10.2 February 13, 1998 10.28* Director Restricted Stock Award Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.1 November 9, 2009 10.29* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 8-K 10.4 September 13, 2004 10.30* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.4 May 8, 2008 10.31* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-K 10.63 February 27, 2009 10.32* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.3 October 30, 2013 10.33* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 8-K 10.5 September 13, 2004 10.34* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.3 May 8, 2008 10.35* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.4 October 30, 2013 10.36* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms (for outside directors) under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.2 November 7, 2007 10.37* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms (for outside directors) under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.2 August 7, 2009 10.38* 10.39* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Messrs. Greenberg and Cusumano Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Messrs. Greenberg and Cusumano 10-Q 10.1 August 4, 2011 10-Q 10.2 August 4, 2011 10.40* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management 10-K 10.71 February 27, 2015 10.41* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management 10-K 10.72 February 27, 2015 10.42* Form of Executive Management Non-Competition Agreement 8-K 10.1 May 22, 2015 97 Exhibit Number 10.43 Exhibit Description Commitment Increase Agreement to increase the credit capacity under the Credit Agreement originally entered into on November 6, 2012 to $1,500,000,000 under the Senior Unsecured Letter of Credit Facility, dated as of December 11, 2015, among ACE Limited, and certain subsidiaries, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Administrative Agent, the Swingline Bank and an Issuing Bank Incorporated by Reference Form 10-K Original Number Date Filed Filed Herewith 10.72 February 26, 2016 10.44 Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan S-8 4.4 May 26, 2016 10.45* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.2 August 5, 2016 10.46* Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.3 August 5, 2016 10.47* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.4 August 5, 2016 10.48* Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.5 August 5, 2016 10.49* Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management 10-Q 10.6 August 5, 2016 10.50* Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management 10-Q 10.7 August 5, 2016 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management 10-Q 10.8 August 5, 2016 10-Q 10.9 August 5, 2016 Chubb Limited Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated S-8 4.4 May 25, 2017 Director Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan 10-Q 10.1 August 3, 2017 Amended and Restated Credit Agreement for $1,000,000 Senior Unsecured Letter of Credit Facility, dated as of October 25, 2017, among Chubb Limited, and certain subsidiaries and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Administrative Agent, the Swingline Bank and an Issuing Bank Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement for $3,000,000 Senior Unsecured Letter of Credit Facility, dated as of October 6, 2022, among Chubb Limited, and certain subsidiaries and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as Administrative Agent, the Swingline Bank and an Issuing Bank 10-K 10.88 February 23, 2018 X Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Executive Officers 10-K 10.89 February 23, 2018 Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Executive Officers 10-K 10.90 February 23, 2018 Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Executive Officers 10-K 10.92 February 23, 2018 10.51* 10.52* 10.53* 10.54* 10.55 10.56 10.57* 10.58* 10.59* 98 Exhibit Number 10.60* 10.61* 10.62* Exhibit Description Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Plan for Executive Officers Incorporated by Reference Form 10-K Original Number Date Filed Filed Herewith 10.93 February 23, 2018 Form of Incentive Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management 10-K 10.94 February 23, 2018 Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management 10-K 10.95 February 23, 2018 10.63* Form of Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management 10-K 10.96 February 23, 2018 10.64* Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management 10-K 10.97 February 23, 2018 10.65* Chubb Limited Clawback Policy 10-K 10.99 February 23, 2018 10.66* 10.67* 10.68* 10.69* The Chubb Corporation Key Employee Deferred Compensation Plan (2005) Amendment One to The Chubb Corporation Key Employee Deferred Compensation Plan (2005) Amendment No. 2 to The Chubb Corporation Key Employee Deferred Compensation Plan (2005) Amendment No. 3 to The Chubb Corporation Key Employee Deferred Compensation Plan (2005) 8-K 8-K 10.9 March 9, 2005 10.1 September 12, 2005 10-K 10.20 March 2, 2009 10-K 10.32 February 28, 2013 10.70* Pension Excess Benefit Plan of The Chubb Corporation 10-K 10.77 February 25, 2021 10.71* 10.72* 10.73* 10.74* 10.75* 10.76* 10.77* 10.78* 10.79* Amendment No. 2 to the Pension Excess Benefit Plan of The Chubb Corporation 10-K 10.78 February 25, 2021 Amendment No. 3 to the Pension Excess Benefit Plan of The Chubb Corporation 10-K 10.79 February 25, 2021 Amendment No. 4 to the Pension Excess Benefit Plan of The Chubb Corporation 10-K 10.8 February 25, 2021 Amendments to the Chubb U.S. Supplemental Employee Retirement Plan, the Chubb U.S. Deferred Compensation Plan, and Pension Excess Benefit Plan of The Chubb Corporation Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Swiss Executive Management Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Award Terms under the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan for Executive Officers 10-K 10.81 February 25, 2021 10-K 10.82 February 25, 2021 10-K 10.83 February 25, 2021 Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated 8-K 10.1 May 24, 2021 Employment Terms dated December 8, 2020, between Chubb Limited and Peter Enns [personal email removed] 10-K 10.76 February 24, 2022 Chubb US Deferred Compensation Plan (as amended and restated effective January 1, 2023) 21.1 Subsidiaries of the Company X X 99 Incorporated by Reference Form Original Number Date Filed Filed Herewith X X X X X X X X Exhibit Number 22.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 99.1 101 Exhibit Description Guaranteed Securities Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 List of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, formatted in inline XBRL. The following financial information from Chubb Limited's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i)  Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020; and (v) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 104 The Cover Page Interactive Data File formatted in Inline XBRL (The cover page XBRL tags are embedded in the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101) * Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary None. SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. CHUBB LIMITED By: /s/ Peter C. Enns Peter C. Enns Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 24, 2023 100 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ Evan G. Greenberg Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Director February 24, 2023 Evan G. Greenberg /s/ Peter C. Enns Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer February 24, 2023 Peter C. Enns (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ Annmarie T. Hagan Chief Accounting Officer Annmarie T. Hagan (Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ Michael G. Atieh Director Michael G. Atieh /s/ Kathy Bonanno Director Kathy Bonanno February 24, 2023 February 24, 2023 February 24, 2023 /s/ Sheila P. Burke Director February 24, 2023 Sheila P. Burke /s/ Mary A. Cirillo Director Mary A. Cirillo /s/ Michael P. Connors Director Michael P. Connors /s/ Robert J. Hugin Director Robert J. Hugin /s/ Robert W. Scully Director Robert W. Scully /s/ Theodore E. Shasta Director Theodore E. Shasta /s/ David H. Sidwell Director David H. Sidwell /s/ Olivier Steimer Director Olivier Steimer /s/ Luis Téllez Director Luis Téllez /s/ Frances F. Townsend Director Frances F. Townsend February 24, 2023 February 24, 2023 February 24, 2023 February 24, 2023 February 24, 2023 February 24, 2023 February 24, 2023 February 24, 2023 February 24, 2023 101 CHUBB LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2022 F-1 Chubb Limited INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Management's Responsibility for Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238) Consolidated Financial Statements Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1. Note 2. Note 3. Note 4. Note 5. Note 6. Note 7. Note 8. Note 9. Note 10. Note 11. Note 12. Note 13. Note 14. Note 15. Summary of significant accounting policies Acquisitions Investments Fair value measurements Reinsurance Goodwill, Other intangible assets, and Value of business acquired Unpaid losses and loss expenses Taxation Debt Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees Shareholders' equity Share-based compensation Postretirement benefits Other income and expense Segment information Note 16. Earnings per share Note 17. Related party transactions Note 18. Statutory financial information Financial Statement Schedules Schedule I Summary of Investments - Other Than Investments in Related Parties Schedule II Condensed Financial Information of Registrant Schedule IV Supplemental Information Concerning Reinsurance Schedule VI Supplementary Information Concerning Property and Casualty Operations Page F-3 F-4 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10 F-11 F-21 F-24 F-31 F-38 F-40 F-42 F-65 F-69 F-70 F-77 F-80 F-84 F-90 F-90 F-95 F-95 F-97 F-98 F-99 F-101 F-102 F-2     MANAGEMENT'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Financial Statements The consolidated financial statements of Chubb Limited (Chubb) were prepared by management, which is responsible for their reliability and objectivity. The statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and, as such, include amounts based on informed estimates and judgments of management. Financial information elsewhere in this annual report is consistent with that in the consolidated financial statements. The Board of Directors (Board), operating through its Audit Committee, which is composed entirely of directors who are not officers or employees of Chubb, provides oversight of the financial reporting process and safeguarding of assets against unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition. The Audit Committee annually recommends the appointment of an independent registered public accounting firm and submits its recommendation to the Board for approval. The Audit Committee meets with management, the independent registered public accountants and the internal auditor; approves the overall scope of audit work and related fee arrangements; and reviews audit reports and findings. In addition, the independent registered public accountants and the internal auditor meet separately with the Audit Committee, without management representatives present, to discuss the results of their audits; the adequacy of Chubb's internal control; the quality of its financial reporting; and the safeguarding of assets against unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition. The consolidated financial statements have been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, which has been given access to all financial records and related data, including minutes of all meetings of the Board and committees of the Board. Chubb believes that all representations made to our independent registered public accountants during their audits were valid and appropriate. Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting The management of Chubb is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. As of December 31, 2022, management has evaluated the effectiveness of Chubb's internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria for effective-internal control over financial reporting established in “Internal Control - Integrated Framework,” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. Based on this evaluation, management has concluded that Chubb's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022. In conducting our evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, we have excluded the acquisition of the life and non-life insurance companies that house the personal accident, supplemental health, and life insurance business of Cigna in several Asian markets (Cigna) as permitted by the guidance issued by the Office of the Chief Accountant of the Securities and Exchange Commission (not to extend one year beyond the date of acquisition or one annual reporting period). The acquisition was completed on July 1, 2022. As of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, Cigna's assets represented 3 percent of consolidated assets and revenues represented 3 percent of consolidated revenues. See Note 2 for further discussion of this acquisition and its impact on Chubb's Consolidated financial statements. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements of Chubb included in this Annual Report, has issued a report on the effectiveness of Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. The report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of Chubb's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, is included in this Item under “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” and follows this statement. /s/ Evan G. Greenberg Evan G. Greenberg /s/ Peter C. Enns Peter C. Enns Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer F-3 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Chubb Limited Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, of shareholders' equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Basis for Opinions The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. As described in Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting, management has excluded Cigna from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, because it was acquired by the Company in a purchase business combination during 2022. We have also excluded Cigna from our audit of internal control over financial reporting. Cigna is comprised of wholly-owned subsidiaries whose total assets and total revenues excluded from management's assessment and our audit of internal control over financial reporting represent 3 percent and 3 percent, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions F-4 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Valuation of Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance As described in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2022, the Company’s liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses, net of reinsurance, was $59.2 billion. The majority of the Company’s net unpaid losses and loss expenses arise from the Company’s long-tail casualty business (such as general liability and professional liability), U.S. sourced workers’ compensation, asbestos-related, environmental pollution and other exposures with high estimation uncertainty. The process of establishing loss and loss expense reserves requires the use of estimates and judgments based on circumstances underlying the insured loss at the date of accrual. The judgments involved in projecting the ultimate losses include the use and interpretation of various standard actuarial reserving methods that place reliance on the extrapolation of actual historical data, loss development patterns, industry data, and other benchmarks as appropriate. The reserves for the various product lines each require different qualitative and quantitative assumptions and judgments, including changes in business mix or volume, changes in ceded reinsurance structures, changes in claims handling practices, reported and projected loss trends, inflation, the legal environment, and the terms and conditions of the contracts sold to the Company’s insured parties.   The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of unpaid losses and loss expenses, net of reinsurance, from the long-tail and other exposures as described above, is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management in determining the reserve liability, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor subjectivity and judgment in performing procedures relating to the valuation; (ii) the significant audit effort and judgment in evaluating the audit evidence relating to the actuarial reserving methods and assumptions related to extrapolation of actual historical data, loss development patterns, industry data, other benchmarks, and the impact of qualitative and quantitative subjective assumptions and judgments; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.   Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the Company’s valuation of unpaid losses and loss expenses, net of reinsurance, including controls over the selection of actuarial reserving methods and development of significant assumptions. These procedures also included, among others, the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing one or a combination of procedures, including (i) independently estimating reserves on a sample basis using actual historical data and loss development patterns, as well as industry data and other benchmarks, to develop an independent estimate and comparing the independent estimate to management’s actuarially determined reserves and (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of management’s actuarial reserving methods and the reasonableness of the aforementioned assumptions, as well as assessing qualitative adjustments to carried reserves and the consistency of management’s approach period-over-period. Performing these procedures involved testing the completeness and accuracy of data provided by management. F-5 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Acquisition of Cigna's Life and Accident and Health Insurance Business in Asian Markets - Valuation of Business Acquired Intangible Asset As described in Notes 1 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed the acquisition of Cigna’s personal accident, supplemental health, and life insurance business in several Asian markets on July 1, 2022 for a total purchase price of $5.4 billion, which generated $3.5 billion of value of business acquired (VOBA). VOBA represents the fair value of the future profits of in-force long duration contracts. Management determined the fair value of VOBA by calculating the present value of estimated net cash flows for the contracts in force at the acquisition date. As described in Note 6, management judgment was applied in estimating VOBA, which was based on many factors including mortality, morbidity, persistency, investment yields, expenses and the discount rate, with the discount rate being the most significant factor. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of VOBA is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when determining the fair value; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating the significant assumption related to the discount rate; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the valuation of VOBA and controls over the development of the discount rate significant assumption. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate of VOBA, (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the present value of estimated net cash flows method, (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of the data used in the method, and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the discount rate significant assumption. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of the method used by management and evaluating the reasonableness of the discount rate significant assumption. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Philadelphia, PA February 24, 2023 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1985, which includes periods before the Company became subject to SEC reporting requirements. F-6 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries (in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) Assets Investments Fixed maturities available for sale, at fair value, net of valuation allowance - $169 and $14 (amortized cost – $93,355 and $90,493) Fixed maturities held to maturity, at amortized cost, net of valuation allowance - $34 and $35 (fair value – $8,439 and $10,647) Equity securities, at fair value Short-term investments, at fair value (amortized cost – $4,962 and $3,147) Other investments, at fair value Total investments Cash Restricted cash Securities lending collateral Accrued investment income Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable, net of valuation allowance - $52 and $46 Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses, net of valuation allowance - $351 and $329 Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits Deferred policy acquisition costs Value of business acquired Goodwill Other intangible assets Prepaid reinsurance premiums Investments in partially-owned insurance companies Other assets Total assets Liabilities Unpaid losses and loss expenses Unearned premiums Future policy benefits Insurance and reinsurance balances payable Securities lending payable Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities Deferred tax liabilities Repurchase agreements Short-term debt Long-term debt Trust preferred securities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (refer to Note 10) Shareholders’ equity Common Shares (CHF 24.15 par value; 446,376,614 and 474,021,114 shares issued; $ December 31 December 31 2021 2022 $ 85,220 $ 93,108 8,848 827 4,960 13,696 113,551 2,012 115 1,523 941 11,933 18,901 303 5,788 3,596 10,118 4,782 3,146 11,169 122,323 1,659 152 1,831 821 11,322 17,366 213 5,513 236 16,287 15,213 5,441 3,140 2,877 5,455 3,028 3,130 12,736 11,792 76,323 $ 72,943 20,360 10,120 7,795 1,523 15,587 292 1,419 475 14,402 308 19,101 5,947 7,243 1,831 15,004 389 1,406 999 15,169 308 148,604 140,340 $ 199,144 $ 200,054 414,594,856 and 426,572,612 shares outstanding) Common Shares in treasury (31,781,758 and 47,448,502 shares) Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements F-7 10,346 10,985 (5,113) (7,464) 7,166 48,334 (10,193) 50,540 8,478 47,365 350 59,714 $ 199,144 $ 200,054 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data) Revenues Net premiums written Increase in unearned premiums Net premiums earned Net investment income Net realized gains (losses) Total revenues Expenses Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Interest expense Other (income) expense Amortization of purchased intangibles Cigna integration expenses Total expenses Income before income tax Income tax expense Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Change in: Unrealized appreciation (depreciation) Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment Other, including postretirement benefit liability adjustment Other comprehensive income (loss), before income tax Income tax (expense) benefit related to OCI items Other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income (loss) Earnings per share Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 2022 2021 2020 $ 41,755 $ 37,868 $ 33,820 (1,366) (1,513) (703) 40,389 3,742 36,355 3,456 33,117 3,375 (965) 1,152 (498) 43,166 40,963 35,994 23,342 21,980 21,710 1,492 7,392 3,395 570 74 285 48 699 6,918 3,136 492 (2,365) 287 — 784 6,547 2,979 516 (994) 290 — 36,598 31,147 31,832 6,568 1,255 9,816 1,277 4,162 629 $ 5,313 $ 8,539 $ 3,533 $ (10,578) $ (2,938) $ 2,592 (986) (100) (530) 522 306 (232) (11,664) (2,946) 2,666 1,121 427 (416) (10,543) (2,519) 2,250 $ (5,230) $ 6,020 $ 5,783 $ $ 12.66 $ 19.41 $ 12.55 $ 19.27 $ 7.82 7.79 F-8 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Common Shares Balance – beginning of year Cancellation of treasury shares Balance – end of year Common Shares in treasury Balance – beginning of year Common Shares repurchased Cancellation of treasury shares Net shares issued under employee share-based compensation plans Balance – end of year Additional paid-in capital Balance – beginning of year Net shares issued under employee share-based compensation plans Exercise of stock options Share-based compensation expense Funding of dividends declared to Retained earnings Balance – end of year Retained earnings Balance – beginning of year Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting standards Balance – beginning of year, as adjusted Net income Cancellation of treasury shares Funding of dividends declared from Additional paid-in capital Dividends declared on Common Shares Balance – end of year Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) Balance – beginning of year Total other comprehensive income (loss) Balance – end of year Total shareholders’ equity See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 2022 2021 2020 $ 10,985 $ 11,064 $ 11,121 (639) (79) (57) 10,346 10,985 11,064 (7,464) (3,644) (3,754) (3,014) (4,861) (516) 4,983 382 590 451 323 303 (5,113) (7,464) (3,644) 8,478 9,815 11,203 (173) (43) 283 (179) (52) 286 (195) (50) 255 (1,379) (1,392) (1,398) 7,166 8,478 9,815 47,365 39,337 36,142 — 47,365 5,313 — 39,337 8,539 (4,344) (511) 1,379 1,392 (72) 36,070 3,533 (266) 1,398 (1,379) (1,392) (1,398) 48,334 47,365 39,337 350 2,869 (10,543) (2,519) (10,193) 350 619 2,250 2,869 $ 50,540 $ 59,714 $ 59,441 F-9 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Cash flows from operating activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows from operating activities Net realized (gains) losses Amortization of premiums/discounts on fixed maturities Amortization of purchased intangibles Equity in net income of partially-owned entities Deferred income taxes Unpaid losses and loss expenses Unearned premiums Future policy benefits Insurance and reinsurance balances payable Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities Income taxes payable Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable Reinsurance recoverable Deferred policy acquisition costs Other Net cash flows from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity Purchases of equity securities Sales of fixed maturities available for sale Sales of equity securities Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity Net change in short-term investments Net derivative instruments settlements Private equity contributions Private equity distributions Acquisition of subsidiaries (net of cash acquired of $366, nil, and nil) Payment, including deposit, for Huatai Group interest Other Net cash flows used for investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Dividends paid on Common Shares Common Shares repurchased Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements Repayment of long-term debt Repayment of repurchase agreements Proceeds from share-based compensation plans Policyholder contract deposits and other Policyholder contract withdrawals and other Tax withholding payments for share-based compensation plans Net cash flows used for financing activities Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and restricted cash Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash Cash and restricted cash – beginning of year Cash and restricted cash – end of year Supplemental cash flow information Taxes paid Interest paid See accompanying notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 2022 2021 2020 $ 5,313 $ 8,539 $ 3,533 965 189 285 (16) 132 4,222 1,477 464 461 223 (149) (696) (1,776) (328) 477 11,243 (27,844) (618) (895) 16,855 4,615 9,415 1,712 (1,452) (84) (2,649) 1,017 (4,982) (184) (560) (5,654) (1,152) 332 287 (2,433) (74) 5,791 1,857 239 582 536 48 (984) (1,953) (247) (219) 11,149 (30,222) (594) (1,167) 6,596 1,018 17,361 1,964 1,175 (219) (2,471) 1,421 — (1,184) (337) (6,659) (1,375) (2,894) — 4,510 (1,000) (4,508) 264 496 (519) (101) (5,127) (146) 316 1,811 2,127 $ (1,401) (4,861) 1,576 1,858 — (1,858) 300 512 (454) (81) (4,409) (106) (25) 1,836 1,811 $ 498 367 290 (1,019) (333) 4,664 846 236 535 (98) 46 (114) (336) (89) 759 9,785 (26,298) (202) (6,419) 11,377 3,880 12,450 995 (81) (113) (1,924) 907 — (1,623) (470) (7,521) (1,388) (523) 988 2,354 (1,301) (2,354) 145 470 (386) (87) (2,082) 8 190 1,646 1,836 1,242 $ 552 $ 1,298 $ 492 $ 902 524 F-10 $ $ $ NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 1. Summary of significant accounting policies a) Basis of presentation Chubb Limited is a holding company incorporated in Zurich, Switzerland. Chubb Limited, through its subsidiaries, provides a broad range of insurance and reinsurance products to insureds worldwide. Our results are reported through the following business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. Refer to Note 15 for additional information. The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements, which include the accounts of Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries (collectively, Chubb, we, us, or our), have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results and financial position for such periods. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions, including internal reinsurance transactions, have been eliminated. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Amounts included in the Consolidated Financial Statements reflect our best estimates and assumptions; actual amounts could differ materially from these estimates. Chubb's principal estimates include: • • • • • • • • • unpaid loss and loss expense reserves, including long-tail asbestos and environmental (A&E) reserves and non-A&E casualty exposures; future policy benefits reserves; amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired (VOBA); reinsurance recoverable, including a valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance; the assessment of risk transfer for certain structured insurance and reinsurance contracts; the valuation of the investment portfolio and assessment of valuation allowance for expected credit losses; the valuation of deferred income taxes; the valuation and amortization of purchased intangibles; and the assessment of goodwill for impairment. b) Premiums Premiums are generally recorded as written upon inception of the policy. For multi-year policies for which premiums written are payable in annual installments, only the current annual premium is included as written at policy inception due to the ability of the insured/reinsured to commute or cancel coverage within the policy term. The remaining annual premiums are recorded as written at each successive anniversary date within the multi-year term. For property and casualty (P&C) insurance and reinsurance products, premiums written are primarily earned on a pro-rata basis over the policy terms to which they relate. Unearned premiums represent the portion of premiums written applicable to the unexpired portion of the policies in force. For retrospectively-rated policies, written premiums are adjusted to reflect expected ultimate premiums consistent with changes to incurred losses, or other measures of exposure as stated in the policy, and earned over the policy coverage period. Mandatory reinstatement premiums assessed on reinsurance policies are earned in the period of the loss event that gave rise to the reinstatement premiums. All remaining unearned premiums are recognized over the remaining coverage period.  Premiums from long-duration contracts such as certain traditional term life, whole life, endowment, and long-duration personal accident and health (A&H) policies are generally recognized as revenue when due from policyholders. Traditional life policies include those contracts with fixed and guaranteed premiums and benefits. Benefits and expenses are matched with income to result in the recognition of profit over the life of the contracts. F-11 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Retroactive loss portfolio transfer (LPT) contracts in which the insured loss events occurred prior to contract inception are evaluated to determine whether they meet criteria for reinsurance accounting. If reinsurance accounting is appropriate, written premiums are fully earned and corresponding losses and loss expenses recognized at contract inception. These contracts can cause significant variances in gross premiums written, net premiums written, net premiums earned, and net incurred losses in the years in which they are written. Reinsurance contracts sold not meeting the criteria for reinsurance accounting are recorded using the deposit method as described below in Note 1 l). Reinsurance premiums assumed are based on information provided by ceding companies supplemented by our own estimates of premium when we have not received ceding company reports. Estimates are reviewed and adjustments are recorded in the period in which they are determined. Premiums are earned over the coverage terms of the related reinsurance contracts and range from one to three years. c) Deferred policy acquisition costs and value of business acquired Policy acquisition costs consist of commissions (direct and ceded), premium taxes, and certain underwriting costs related directly to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts. A VOBA intangible asset is established upon the acquisition of blocks of long-duration contracts in a business combination and represents the present value of estimated net cash flows for the contracts in force at the acquisition date. Acquisition costs and VOBA, collectively policy acquisition costs, are deferred and amortized. Amortization is recorded in Policy acquisition costs in the Consolidated statements of operations. Policy acquisition costs on P&C contracts are generally amortized ratably over the period in which premiums are earned. Policy acquisition costs on traditional long-duration contracts are amortized over the estimated life of the contracts, generally in proportion to premium revenue recognized based upon the same assumptions used in estimating the liability for future policy benefits. For non-traditional long-duration contracts, we amortize policy acquisition costs over the expected life of the contracts in proportion to expected gross profits. The effect of changes in estimates of expected gross profits is reflected in the period the estimates are revised. Policy acquisition costs are reviewed to determine if they are recoverable from future income, including investment income. Unrecoverable policy acquisition costs are expensed in the period identified. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred except for direct-response campaigns that qualify for cost deferral, principally related to long-duration A&H business produced by the Overseas General Insurance segment, which are deferred and recognized as a component of Policy acquisition costs. For individual direct-response marketing campaigns that we can demonstrate have specifically resulted in incremental sales to customers and such sales have probable future economic benefits, incremental costs directly related to the marketing campaigns are capitalized as Deferred policy acquisition costs. Deferred policy acquisition costs, including deferred marketing costs, are reviewed regularly for recoverability from future income, including investment income, and amortized in proportion to premium revenue recognized, primarily over a ten-year period. The expected economic future benefit period is based upon the same assumptions used in estimating the liability for future policy benefits. The expected future benefit period is evaluated periodically based on historical results and adjusted prospectively. The amount of deferred marketing costs reported in Deferred policy acquisition costs in the Consolidated balance sheets was $243 million and $189 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization expense for deferred marketing costs was $121 million, $85 million, and $99 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Effective on January 1, 2023, we adopted new U.S. GAAP accounting guidance for long-duration contracts that affects the accounting for deferred policy acquisition costs and VOBA. Refer to the Note 1 t) for additional information. d) Reinsurance Chubb assumes and cedes reinsurance with other insurance companies to provide greater diversification of business and minimize the net loss potential arising from large risks. Ceded reinsurance contracts do not relieve Chubb of its primary obligation to policyholders. For both ceded and assumed reinsurance, risk transfer requirements must be met in order to account for a contract as reinsurance, principally resulting in the recognition of cash flows under the contract as premiums and losses. To meet risk transfer requirements, a reinsurance contract must include insurance risk, consisting of both underwriting and timing risk, and a reasonable possibility of a significant loss for the assuming entity. To assess risk transfer for certain contracts, Chubb generally develops expected discounted cash flow analyses at contract inception. Deposit accounting is used for contracts that do not meet risk transfer requirements. Deposit accounting requires that consideration received or paid be recorded in the balance sheet as opposed to recording premiums written or losses incurred in the statement of operations. Non-refundable fees on deposit contracts are earned based on the terms of the contract described below in Note 1 l). F-12 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Reinsurance recoverable includes balances due from reinsurance companies for paid and unpaid losses and loss expenses and future policy benefits that will be recovered from reinsurers, based on contracts in force. The method for determining the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses incurred but not reported (IBNR) involves actuarial estimates consistent with those used to establish the associated liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses as well as a determination of Chubb's ability to cede unpaid losses and loss expenses under the terms of the reinsurance agreement. Reinsurance recoverable is presented net of a valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance determined based upon a review of the financial condition of reinsurers and other factors. The valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance is based on an estimate of the reinsurance recoverable balance that will ultimately be unrecoverable due to reinsurer insolvency, a contractual dispute, or any other reason. The valuation of this allowance includes several judgments including certain aspects of the allocation of reinsurance recoverable on IBNR claims by reinsurer and a default analysis to estimate uncollectible reinsurance. The primary components of the default analysis are reinsurance recoverable balances by reinsurer, net of collateral, and default factors used to determine the portion of a reinsurer's balance deemed uncollectible. The definition of collateral for this purpose requires some judgment and is generally limited to assets held in a Chubb-only beneficiary trust, letters of credit, and liabilities held with the same legal entity for which Chubb believes there is a contractual right of offset. The determination of the default factor is principally based on the financial strength rating of the reinsurer. Default factors require considerable judgment and are determined using the current financial strength rating, or rating equivalent, of each reinsurer as well as other key considerations and assumptions. Changes in the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance recoverables are recorded in Losses and loss expenses in the Consolidated statements of operations. The more significant considerations to calculate the valuation allowance include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following: • • • For reinsurers that maintain a financial strength rating from a major rating agency, and for which recoverable balances are considered representative of the larger population (i.e., default probabilities are consistent with similarly rated reinsurers and payment durations conform to averages), the financial rating is based on a published source and the default factor is based on published default statistics of a major rating agency applicable to the reinsurer's particular rating class. When a recoverable is expected to be paid in a brief period of time by a highly rated reinsurer, such as certain property catastrophe claims, a default factor may not be applied; For balances recoverable from reinsurers that are both unrated by a major rating agency and for which management is unable to determine a credible rating equivalent based on a parent, affiliate, or peer company, we determine a rating equivalent based on an analysis of the reinsurer that considers an assessment of the creditworthiness of the particular entity, industry benchmarks, or other factors as considered appropriate. We then apply the applicable default factor for that rating class. For balances recoverable from unrated reinsurers for which the ceded reserve is below a certain threshold, we generally apply a default factor of 34 percent, consistent with published statistics of a major rating agency; For balances recoverable from reinsurers that are either insolvent or under regulatory supervision, we establish a default factor and resulting valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance based on reinsurer-specific facts and circumstances. Upon initial notification of an insolvency, we generally recognize an expense for a substantial portion of all balances outstanding, net of collateral, through a combination of write-offs of recoverable balances and increases to the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance. When regulatory action is taken on a reinsurer, we generally recognize a default factor by estimating an expected recovery on all balances outstanding, net of collateral. When sufficient credible information becomes available, we adjust the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance by establishing a default factor pursuant to information received; and • For other recoverables, management determines the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance based on the specific facts and circumstances. The methods used to determine the reinsurance recoverable balance and related valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance are regularly reviewed and updated, and any resulting adjustments are reflected in earnings in the period identified. The methods used to determine the valuation allowance for uncollectible high deductible recoverable amounts and valuation allowance for insurance and reinsurance balances receivable are similar to the processes used to determine the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable. For information on high deductible policies, refer to section i) Unpaid losses and loss expenses, below. Prepaid reinsurance premiums represent the portion of premiums ceded to reinsurers applicable to the unexpired coverage terms of the reinsurance contracts in-force. F-13 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries e) Investments Fixed maturities, equity securities, and short-term investments Fixed maturities are classified as either available for sale or held to maturity. • Available for sale (AFS) portfolio is reported at fair value, net of a valuation allowance for credit losses, with changes in fair value recorded as a separate component of AOCI in Shareholders' equity. • Held to maturity (HTM) portfolio includes securities for which we have the ability and intent to hold to maturity or redemption and is reported at amortized cost, net of a valuation allowance for credit losses. Equity securities are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Net realized gains (losses) on the Consolidated statements of operations. Short-term investments comprise securities due to mature within one year of the date of purchase and are recorded at fair value which typically approximates cost. Interest, dividend income, and amortization of fixed maturity market premiums and discounts, related to these securities are recorded in Net investment income, net of investment management and custody fees, in the Consolidated statements of operations. Realized gains or losses on sales of investments are determined on a first-in, first-out basis. In addition, net investment income includes the amortization of the fair value adjustment related to the acquired invested assets of Cigna's business in Asia and the Chubb Corp. At December 31, 2022, the remaining balance of this fair value adjustment was $211 million which is expected to accrete as a net benefit over the next eleven years; however, the estimate could vary based on current market conditions, bond calls, and the duration of the acquired investment portfolio. In addition, sales of these acquired fixed maturities would also reduce the fair value adjustment balance. For mortgage-backed securities and any other holdings for which there is a prepayment risk, prepayment assumptions are evaluated and revised as necessary. Any adjustments required due to the resultant change in effective yields and maturities are recognized prospectively. Prepayment fees or call premiums that are only payable when a security is called prior to its maturity are earned when received and reflected in Net investment income.  Valuation allowance for fixed income securities Management evaluates current expected credit losses (CECL) for all HTM securities each quarter. U.S. treasury and agency securities and U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities are assumed to have no risk of non-payment and therefore are excluded from the CECL evaluation. The remaining HTM securities are evaluated for potential credit loss on a collective pool basis. We elected to pool HTM securities by 1) external credit rating and 2) time to maturity (duration). These characteristics are the most representative of similar risk characteristics within our portfolio. Chubb pools HTM securities and calculates an expected credit loss for each pool using Moody’s corporate bond default average, corporate bond recovery rate, and an economic cycle multiplier. The multiplier is based on the leading economic index and will adjust the average default frequency for a forward-looking economic outlook. Management monitors the credit quality of HTM securities through the review of external credit ratings on a quarterly basis. Management evaluates expected credit losses (ECL) for AFS securities when fair value is below amortized cost. AFS securities are evaluated for potential credit loss on an individual security level but the evaluation may use assumptions consistent with expectations of credit losses for a group of similar securities. If management has the intent to sell or will be required to sell the security before recovery, the entire impairment loss will be recorded through income to Net realized gains and losses. If management does not have the intent to sell or will not be required to sell the security before recovery, an allowance for credit losses is established and is recorded through income to Net realized gains and losses, and the non-credit loss portion is recorded through other comprehensive income. Examples of criteria that are collectively evaluated to determine if a credit loss has occurred include the following: • • The extent to which the fair value is less than amortized cost; Adverse conditions related to the security, industry, or geographic area; • Downgrades in the security's credit rating by a rating agency; and • Failure of the issuer to make scheduled principal or interest payments. F-14 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries AFS securities that meet any one of the criteria included above will be subject to a discounted cash flow analysis by comparing the present value of expected future cash flows with the amortized cost basis. Projected cash flows are driven primarily by assumptions regarding probability of default and the timing and amount of recoveries associated with defaults. Chubb developed the projected cash flows using market data, issuer-specific information, and credit ratings. In combination with contractual cash flows and the use of historical default and recovery data by Moody's Investors Service (Moody's) rating category we generate expected cash flows using the average cumulative issuer-weighted global default rates by letter rating. If the present value of expected future cash flows is less than the amortized cost, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses will be recognized. If the present value of expected future cash flows is equal to or greater than the amortized cost basis, management will conclude an expected credit loss does not exist. Management reviews credit losses and the valuation allowance for expected credit losses each quarter. When all or a portion of a fixed maturity security is identified to be uncollectible and written off, the valuation allowance for expected credit losses is reduced. In general, a security is considered uncollectible no later than when all efforts to collect contractual cash flows have been exhausted. Below are considerations for when a security may be deemed uncollectible: • We have sufficient information to determine that the issuer of the security is insolvent; • We receive notice that the issuer of the security has filed for bankruptcy, and the collectability is expected to be adversely impacted by the bankruptcy; The issuer of a security has violated multiple debt covenants; Amounts have been past due for a specified period of time with no response from the issuer; A significant deterioration in the value of the collateral has occurred; and • • • • We have received correspondence from the issuer of the security indicating that it doesn’t intend to pay the contractual principal and interest. We elected to not measure an allowance for accrued investment income as uncollectible balances are written off in a timely manner, typically 30 to 45 days after uncollected balances are due. Other investments Other investments principally comprise investment funds, limited partnerships, partially-owned investment companies, life insurance policies, policy loans, and non-qualified separate account assets. Investment funds and limited partnerships Investment funds, limited partnerships, and all other investments over which Chubb cannot exercise significant influence are accounted for as follows. Generally, we own less than three percent of the investee’s shares. • • • • Income and expenses from these funds are reported within Net investment income. These funds are carried at net asset value, which approximates fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Net realized gains (losses) on the Consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 4 for a further discussion on net asset value. As a result of the timing of the receipt of valuation data from the investment managers, these investments are generally reported on a three-month lag. Sales of these investments are reported within Net realized gains (losses). Partially-owned investment companies Partially-owned investment companies are limited partnerships where our ownership interest is in excess of three percent are accounted for under the equity method because Chubb exerts significant influence. These investments apply investment company accounting to determine operating results, and Chubb retains the investment company accounting in applying the equity method. • • This means that investment income, realized gains or losses, and unrealized gains or losses are included in the portion of equity earnings reflected in Other (income) expense. As a result of the timing of the receipt of valuation data from the investment managers, these investments are generally reported on a three-month lag. F-15 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Other • • Policy loans are carried at outstanding balance and interest income is reflected in Net investment income. Life insurance policies are carried at policy cash surrender value and income is reflected in Other (income) expense. • Non-qualified separate account assets are supported by assets that do not qualify for separate accounting reporting under GAAP. The underlying securities are recorded on a trade date basis and carried at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on non-qualified separate account assets are reflected in Other (income) expense. Investments in partially-owned insurance companies Investments in partially-owned insurance companies primarily represent direct investments in which Chubb has significant influence and as such, meet the requirements for equity accounting. Generally, we own twenty percent or more of the investee’s shares. We report our share of the net income or loss of the partially-owned insurance companies in Other (income) expense. Securities lending program Chubb participates in a securities lending program operated by a third-party banking institution whereby certain assets are loaned to qualified borrowers and from which we earn an incremental return which is recorded within Net investment income in the Consolidated statements of operations. Borrowers provide collateral, in the form of either cash or approved securities, at a minimum of 102 percent of the fair value of the loaned securities. Each security loan is deemed to be an overnight transaction. Cash collateral is invested in a collateral pool which is managed by the banking institution. The collateral pool is subject to written investment guidelines with key objectives which include the safeguard of principal and adequate liquidity to meet anticipated redemptions. The fair value of the loaned securities is monitored on a daily basis, with additional collateral obtained or refunded as the fair value of the loaned securities changes. The collateral is held by the third-party banking institution, and the collateral can only be accessed in the event that the institution borrowing the securities is in default under the lending agreement. As a result of these restrictions, we consider our securities lending activities to be non-cash investing and financing activities. An indemnification agreement with the lending agent protects us in the event a borrower becomes insolvent or fails to return any of the securities on loan. The fair value of the securities on loan is included in fixed maturities and equity securities in the Consolidated balance sheets. The securities lending collateral is reported as a separate line in the Consolidated balance sheets with a related liability reflecting our obligation to return the collateral plus interest. Repurchase agreements Similar to securities lending arrangements, securities sold under repurchase agreements, whereby Chubb sells securities and repurchases them at a future date for a predetermined price, are accounted for as collateralized investments and borrowings and are recorded at the contractual repurchase amounts plus accrued interest. Assets to be repurchased are the same or substantially the same as the assets transferred, and the transferor, through right of substitution, maintains the right and ability to redeem the collateral on short notice. The fair value of the underlying securities is included in fixed maturities and equity securities. In contrast to securities lending programs, the use of cash received is not restricted. We report the obligation to return the cash as Repurchase agreements in the Consolidated balance sheets and record the fees under these repurchase agreements within Interest expense on the Consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 4 for a discussion on the determination of fair value for Chubb's various investment securities. f) Derivative instruments Derivative instruments are carried at fair value in the Consolidated balance sheets in either Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities or Other assets. We participate in these derivative instruments in two principal ways: (i) To sell protection to customers as an insurance or reinsurance contract that meets the definition of a derivative for accounting purposes. This category principally comprised our GLB contracts; and (ii) To mitigate financial risks and manage certain investment portfolio risks and exposures, including assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. We use derivative instruments including futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts. Refer to Note 10 for additional information. F-16 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Changes in fair value of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are included in Net realized gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, certain derivative instruments are designated as hedging instruments and qualify for hedge accounting. These derivatives designated as hedging instruments must be highly effective in mitigating the designated changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. We assess at the hedge's inception, and continue to qualitatively assess on a quarterly basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions have been and are expected to be highly effective in offsetting changes in the hedged items. Derivatives designated as hedging instruments include cross-currency swaps designated as fair value hedges for foreign currency exposure associated with portions of our euro denominated debt and net investment hedges for foreign currency exposure in the net investments of certain foreign subsidiaries. Refer to Note 10 for additional information. Changes in fair value of net investment hedges are recorded in Cumulative translation adjustments (CTA) within OCI. Changes in fair value of fair value hedges that principally offset the foreign currency remeasurement on the hedged debt is recorded within Net realized gains (losses) on the Consolidated statement of operations with the remaining change in fair value recorded in Other, within OCI. g) Cash We have agreements with a third-party bank provider which implemented two international multi-currency notional cash pooling programs. In each program, participating Chubb entities establish deposit accounts in different currencies with the bank provider and each day the credit or debit balances in every account are notionally translated into a single currency (U.S. dollars) and then notionally pooled. The bank extends overdraft credit to any participating Chubb entity as needed, provided that the overall notionally-pooled balance of all accounts in each pool at the end of each day is at least zero. Actual cash balances are not physically converted and are not commingled between legal entities. Any overdraft balances incurred under this program by a Chubb entity would be guaranteed by Chubb Limited (up to $300 million in the aggregate). Our syndicated letter of credit facility allows for same day drawings to fund a net pool overdraft should participating Chubb entities overdraw contributed funds from the pool. Restricted cash Restricted cash in the Consolidated balance sheets represents amounts held for the benefit of third parties and is legally or contractually restricted as to withdrawal or usage. Amounts include deposits with U.S. and non-U.S. regulatory authorities, trust funds set up for the benefit of ceding companies, and amounts pledged as collateral to meet financing arrangements. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated balance sheets that total to the amounts shown in the Consolidated statements of cash flows: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Cash Restricted cash December 31 2022 2021 2020 $ 2,012 $ 1,659 $ 1,747 115 152 89 Total cash and restricted cash shown in the Consolidated statements of cash flows $ 2,127 $ 1,811 $ 1,836 h) Goodwill, and Other intangible assets Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of acquisitions over the fair value of net assets acquired and is not amortized. Goodwill is assigned at acquisition to the applicable reporting unit of the acquired entities giving rise to the goodwill. Goodwill impairment tests are performed annually or more frequently if circumstances indicate a possible impairment. For goodwill impairment testing, we use a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not (i.e., more than a 50 percent probability) that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount. If our assessment indicates it is more likely than not that carrying value exceeds fair value, we quantitatively estimate a reporting unit's fair value. Goodwill recorded in connection with investments in partially-owned insurance companies is recorded in Investments in partially-owned insurance companies and is also measured for impairment annually. Indefinite lived intangible assets are not subject to amortization. Finite lived intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives, generally with an average original useful life of 25 years. Intangible assets are regularly reviewed for indicators of impairment. Impairment is recognized if the carrying amount is not recoverable from its undiscounted cash flows and is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and fair value. F-17 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries i) Unpaid losses and loss expenses A liability is established for the estimated unpaid losses and loss expenses under the terms of, and with respect to, Chubb's policies and agreements. Similar to premiums that are recognized as revenues over the coverage period of the policy, a liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses is recognized as expense when insured events occur over the coverage period of the policy. This liability includes a provision for both reported claims (case reserves) and incurred but not reported claims (IBNR reserves). IBNR reserve estimates are generally calculated by first projecting the ultimate cost of all losses that have occurred (expected losses), and then subtracting paid losses, case reserves, and loss expenses. The methods of determining such estimates and establishing the resulting liability are reviewed regularly and any adjustments are reflected in income in the period in which they become known. Future developments may result in losses and loss expenses materially greater or less than recorded amounts. Except for net unpaid loss and loss expense reserves for certain structured settlements for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable and certain reserves for unsettled claims, Chubb does not discount its P&C loss reserves. The net undiscounted reserves related to structured settlements and certain reserves for unsettled claims are immaterial. Included in Unpaid losses and loss expenses are liabilities for A&E claims and expenses. These unpaid losses and loss expenses are principally related to claims arising from remediation costs associated with hazardous waste sites and bodily-injury claims related to asbestos products and environmental hazards. The estimation of these liabilities is particularly sensitive to changes in the legal environment including specific settlements that may be used as precedents to settle future claims. However, Chubb does not anticipate future changes in laws and regulations in setting its A&E reserve levels. Also included in Unpaid losses and loss expenses is the fair value adjustment of $74 million and $90 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, principally related to Chubb Corp’s historical unpaid losses and loss expenses. The estimated fair value consists of the present value of the expected net unpaid loss and loss adjustment expense payments adjusted for an estimated risk margin. The estimated cash flows are discounted at a risk-free rate. The estimated risk margin varies based on the inherent risks associated with each type of reserve. The fair value is amortized through Amortization of purchased intangibles on the Consolidated statements of operations through the year 2032, based on the estimated payout patterns of unpaid loss and loss expenses at the acquisition date. Our loss reserves are presented net of contractual deductible recoverable amounts due from policyholders. Under the terms of certain high deductible policies which we offer, such as workers’ compensation and general liability, our customers are responsible to reimburse us for an agreed-upon dollar amount per claim. In nearly all cases we are required under such policies to pay covered claims first, and then seek reimbursement for amounts within the applicable deductible from our customers. We generally seek to mitigate this risk through collateral agreements. Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss reserves first reported in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premiums from previous accident years. For purposes of analysis and disclosure, management views prior period development to be changes in the nominal value of loss estimates from period to period, net of premium and profit commission adjustments on loss sensitive contracts. Prior period development generally excludes changes in loss estimates that do not arise from the emergence of claims, such as those related to uncollectible reinsurance, interest, unallocated loss adjustment expenses, or foreign currency. Accordingly, specific items excluded from prior period development include the following: gains/losses related to foreign currency remeasurement; losses recognized from the early termination or commutation of reinsurance agreements that principally relate to the time value of money; changes in the value of reinsurance business assumed reflected in losses incurred but principally related to the time value of money; and losses that arise from changes in estimates of earned premiums from prior accident years. Except for foreign currency remeasurement, which is included in Net realized gains (losses), these items are included in current year losses. j) Future policy benefits The valuation of long-duration contract reserves requires management to make estimates and assumptions regarding expenses, mortality, persistency, and investment yields. Estimates are primarily based on historical experience and include a margin for adverse deviation. Interest rates used in calculating reserves range from less than 1.0 percent to 9.0 percent at both December 31, 2022 and 2021. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Management monitors actual experience and where circumstances warrant, will revise assumptions and the related reserve estimates. Revisions are recorded in the period they are determined. F-18 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Certain of our long-duration contracts are supported by assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. These assets are classified as non-qualified separate account assets and reported in Other investments and the offsetting liabilities are reported in Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP are reported in Other income (expense) and the offsetting movements in the liabilities are included in Policy benefits in the Consolidated statements of operations. Effective on January 1, 2023, we adopted new U.S. GAAP accounting guidance for long-duration contracts that affects the accounting for future policy benefits. Refer to the Note 1 t) for additional information. k) Assumed reinsurance programs involving minimum benefit guarantees under variable annuity contracts Chubb reinsures various death and living benefit guarantees associated with variable annuities issued primarily in the United States. We generally receive a monthly premium during the accumulation phase of the covered annuities (in-force) based on a percentage of either the underlying accumulated account values or the underlying accumulated guaranteed values. Depending on an annuitant's age, the accumulation phase can last many years. To limit our exposure under these programs, all reinsurance treaties include annual or aggregate claim limits and many include an aggregate deductible. The guarantees which are payable on death, referred to as guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB), principally cover shortfalls between accumulated account value at the time of an annuitant's death and either i) an annuitant's total deposits; ii) an annuitant's total deposits plus a minimum annual return; or iii) the highest accumulated account value attained at any policy anniversary date. In addition, a death benefit may be based on a formula specified in the variable annuity contract that uses a percentage of the growth of the underlying contract value. Liabilities for GMDBs are based on cumulative assessments or premiums to date multiplied by a benefit ratio that is determined by estimating the present value of benefit payments and related adjustment expenses divided by the present value of cumulative assessment or expected premiums during the contract period.   Under reinsurance programs covering GLBs, we assume the risk of guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB) associated with variable annuity contracts. The GMIB risk is triggered if, at the time the contract holder elects to convert the accumulated account value to a periodic payment stream (annuitize), the accumulated account value is not sufficient to provide a guaranteed minimum level of monthly income. Our GLB reinsurance products meet the definition of a derivative for accounting purposes and are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in Realized gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 10 a) for additional information. Effective on January 1, 2023, we adopted new accounting guidance issued by the FASB for long-duration contracts that affects the accounting for GMDB and GLB contracts. Refer to the Note 1 t) for additional information. l) Deposit assets and liabilities Deposit assets arise from ceded reinsurance contracts purchased that do not transfer significant underwriting or timing risk. Deposit liabilities include reinsurance deposit liabilities and contract holder deposit funds. The reinsurance deposit liabilities arise from contracts sold for which there is not a significant transfer of risk. Contract holder deposit funds represent a liability for investment contracts sold that do not meet the definition of an insurance contract, and certain of these contracts are sold with a guaranteed rate of return. Under deposit accounting, consideration received or paid is recorded as a deposit asset or liability in the balance sheet as opposed to recording premiums and losses in the statements of operations. Interest income on deposit assets, representing the consideration received or to be received in excess of cash payments related to the deposit contract, is earned based on an effective yield calculation. The calculation of the effective yield is based on the amount and timing of actual cash flows at the balance sheet date and the estimated amount and timing of future cash flows. The effective yield is recalculated periodically to reflect revised estimates of cash flows. When a change in the actual or estimated cash flows occurs, the resulting change to the carrying amount of the deposit asset is reported as income or expense. Deposit assets of $96 million and $101 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are reflected in Other assets in the Consolidated balance sheets and the accretion of deposit assets related to interest pursuant to the effective yield calculation is reflected in Net investment income in the Consolidated statements of operations. Deposit liabilities include reinsurance deposit liabilities of $70 million and $74 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively and contract holder deposit funds of $2.5 billion and $2.2 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Deposit liabilities are reflected in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets. At contract inception, the deposit liability equals net cash received. An accretion rate is established based on actuarial estimates F-19 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries whereby the deposit liability is increased to the estimated amount payable over the contract term. The deposit accretion rate is the rate of return required to fund expected future payment obligations. We periodically reassess the estimated ultimate liability and related expected rate of return. Changes to the deposit liability are generally reflected through Interest expense to reflect the cumulative effect of the period the contract has been in force, and by an adjustment to the future accretion rate of the liability over the remaining estimated contract term. The liability for contract holder deposit funds equals accumulated policy account values, which consist of the deposit payments plus credited interest less withdrawals and amounts assessed through the end of the period. m) Property and Equipment Property and equipment used in operations are capitalized and carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and are reported within Other assets in the Consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2022, property and equipment totaled $2.4 billion, consisting principally of capitalized software costs of $1.6 billion incurred to develop or obtain computer software for internal use and company-owned facilities of $253 million. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. For capitalized software, the estimated useful life is generally three to five years, but can be as long as 15 years and for company-owned facilities the estimated useful life is 40 years. At December 31, 2021, property and equipment totaled $2.0 billion.  n) Foreign currency remeasurement and translation The functional currency for each of our foreign operations is generally the currency of the local operating environment. Transactions in currencies other than a foreign operation's functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency, and the resulting foreign exchange gains and losses are reflected in Net realized gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. Functional currency assets and liabilities are translated into the reporting currency, U.S. dollars, using period end exchange rates and the related translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of AOCI in Shareholders' equity. Functional statement of operations amounts expressed in functional currencies are translated using average exchange rates. o) Administrative expenses Administrative expenses generally include all operating costs other than policy acquisition costs. The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment manages and uses an in-house third-party claims administrator, ESIS Inc. (ESIS). ESIS performs claims management and risk control services for domestic and international organizations that self-insure P&C exposures as well as internal P&C exposures. The net operating income of ESIS is included within Administrative expenses in the Consolidated statements of operations and were $12 million, $25 million, and $18 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. p) Income taxes Income taxes have been recorded related to those operations subject to income tax. Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences between the amounts recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax law or rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance against deferred tax assets is recorded if it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the benefits related to these deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance assessment considers tax planning strategies, where appropriate. We recognize uncertain tax positions that are determined to be more likely than not of being sustained upon examination. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. q) Earnings per share Basic earnings per share is calculated using the weighted-average shares outstanding, including participating securities with non-forfeitable rights to dividends such as unvested restricted stock. All potentially dilutive securities, including stock options are excluded from the basic earnings per share calculation. In calculating diluted earnings per share, the weighted-average shares outstanding is increased to include all potentially dilutive securities. Basic and diluted earnings per share are calculated by dividing net income by the applicable weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the year. F-20 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries r) Share-based compensation Chubb measures and records compensation cost for all share-based payment awards at grant-date fair value. Compensation costs are recognized for vesting of share-based payment awards with only service conditions on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award were, in substance, multiple awards. For retirement-eligible participants, compensation costs for certain share-based payment awards are recognized immediately at the date of grant. Refer to Note 12 for additional information. s) Cigna integration expenses Direct costs related to the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia were expensed as incurred. Cigna integration expenses were $48 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and include all internal and external costs directly related to the integration activities of the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia. These expenses principally consisted of third-party consulting fees, employee-related retention costs, and other professional and legal fees related to the acquisition. t) New accounting pronouncements Accounting guidance adopted in 2023 Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance to improve the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure requirements for long-duration contracts issued by an insurance entity. The amendments in this update require updating of assumptions at least annually, updating to then-current discount rates quarterly using a standardized discount rate for non-participating traditional and limited pay insurance contract liabilities, a requirement to use the fair value measurement model for market risk benefits, simplified amortization of deferred acquisition costs and VOBA, and enhanced disclosures. We adopted the standard effective January 1, 2023, under the modified retrospective method. The most significant impact of the standard relates to our accounting for future policy benefits. Cash flow assumptions used to measure the liability for certain future policy benefits are to be reviewed and, if necessary, updated for both changes in future assumptions and actual experience at least annually. Additionally, the discount rate assumption used to measure the liability for certain future policy benefits is required to be based on an upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yield, which will be updated each quarter with the impact recorded through Other Comprehensive Income. Further, the amortization of deferred acquisition costs and VOBA will be required to be amortized on a constant level basis over the expected term of the related contract, independent of expected profitability. We previously amortized deferred acquisition costs and VOBA using models linked to revenue or profit of the related insurance contracts. Upon adoption on January 1, 2023, we will record a cumulative effect adjustment and decrease January 1, 2021 beginning Shareholders' equity by approximately $1.8 billion after-tax. However, adoption of this guidance is expected to have an immaterial impact to Shareholders' equity at December 31, 2022. 2. Acquisitions Cigna’s Accident and Health (A&H) and Life Insurance Business in Asia-Pacific Markets On July 1, 2022, we completed the acquisition of the life and non-life insurance companies that house the personal accident, supplemental health, and life insurance business of Cigna in several Asian markets. Chubb paid approximately $5.4 billion in cash for the operations, which include Cigna's accident and health (A&H) and life business in Korea, Taiwan, New Zealand, Thailand, Hong Kong, and Indonesia, collectively referred to as Cigna's business in Asia. This complementary strategic acquisition expands our presence and advances our long-term growth opportunity in Asia. Effective July 1, 2022, the results of operations of this acquired business are reported primarily in our Life Insurance segment and, to a lesser extent, our Overseas General Insurance segment. The consolidated financial statements include the results of Cigna's business in Asia from July 1, 2022. The acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia generated $1,250 million of goodwill, attributable to expected growth and profitability, and $309 million of other intangible assets. None of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. Additionally, the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia generated $3,503 million of value of business acquired (VOBA). Refer to Note 6 for more information. Chubb financed the transaction through a combination of available cash and $2.0 billion in repurchase agreements that expired at the end of 2022. The following table summarizes Chubb's best estimate of fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at July 1, 2022. The fair value of assets and liabilities, including intangible assets and tax-related items (classified below in Other assets and Other liabilities), are preliminary and may change with offsetting adjustments to goodwill. Chubb may make further F-21 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries adjustments to its purchase price allocation through the end of the permissible one-year measurement period. Chubb does not expect changes, if any, to materially affect its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Preliminary estimate of assets acquired and liabilities assumed from Cigna's business in Asia (in millions of U.S. dollars) Assets Investments and Cash Accrued investment income Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses Reinsurance recoverable on future policy benefits Value of business acquired Goodwill and intangible assets Other assets Total assets Liabilities Unpaid losses and loss expenses Unearned premiums Future policy benefits Insurance and reinsurance balances payable Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities Deferred tax liabilities Total liabilities Net acquired assets, including goodwill Total July 1 2022 5,275 33 52 3 82 3,503 1,559 649 11,156 12 59 3,817 115 924 870 5,797 5,359 11,156 $ $ $ $ $ Direct costs related to the acquisition were expensed as incurred. Cigna integration expenses were $48 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which include one-time costs that are directly attributable to third-party consulting fees, employee- related retention costs, and other professional and legal fees related to the acquisition. The following table summarizes the results of the acquired Cigna's A&H and Life business operations since the acquisition date that have been included within our Consolidated statements of operations. (in millions of U.S. dollars) Total revenues Net income July 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 $ $ 1,507 148 The preliminary purchase price allocation to intangible assets recorded in connection with the Cigna acquisition and their related useful lives at July 1, 2022, are as follows: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Definite life Agency distribution relationships and renewal rights Unearned premium reserves (UPR) intangible asset Indefinite life Trademarks Total identified intangible assets Amount Weighted-average useful life $ $ 230 9 70 309 22 years 1 year Indefinite F-22 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents supplemental unaudited pro forma consolidated information for the periods indicated as though the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia that occurred on July 1, 2022, had instead occurred on January 1, 2021, for each of the respective periods. The unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information is presented for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the operating results that would have occurred had the acquisition been consummated on January 1, 2021, nor is it necessarily indicative of future operating results. Significant assumptions used to determine pro forma operating results include amortization of VOBA and other intangible assets and recognition of interest expense associated with the repurchase agreement transactions used to effect the acquisition. Pro forma: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data) Net premiums earned Total revenues Net income Huatai Group For the Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 41,913 $ 39,495 44,673 $ 44,166 5,503 $ 8,921 $ $ $ Chubb maintains a direct investment in Huatai Insurance Group Co., Ltd. (Huatai Group). Huatai Group is the parent company of, and owns 100 percent of, Huatai Property & Casualty Insurance Co., Ltd. (Huatai P&C), 80 percent of Huatai Life Insurance Co., Ltd. (Huatai Life), and 82 percent of Huatai Asset Management Co., Ltd. (collectively, Huatai). Huatai Group's insurance operations have more than 700 branches and approximately 19 million customers in China. As of December 31, 2022, Chubb's aggregate ownership interest in Huatai Group was 47.3 percent. Chubb applies the equity method of accounting to its investment in Huatai Group by recording its share of net income or loss in Other (income) expense in the Consolidated statements of operations. During 2021, Chubb entered into agreements with several counterparties to purchase incremental ownership interests in Huatai Group totaling 31.8 percent for approximately $2 billion. In connection with these agreements, Chubb paid net deposits of $1.1 billion in 2021 and $184 million in 2022. Chubb entered into an agreement to acquire a 7.05 percent ownership interest in Huatai Group for approximately $0.5 billion, which was paid as a deposit in 2020. Completion of all such transactions would result in approximately 86.1 percent ownership in Huatai Group. In 2022, we received regulatory approval to increase our ownership in Huatai Group to 83.2 percent and, in January 2023, we completed transactions that increased our ownership interest to approximately 64.2 percent. The acquisition of the remaining additional 22.0 percent in incremental ownership interests is pending completion of certain closing conditions, of which approximately 3.0 percent also requires regulatory approval. F-23 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 3. Investments a) Fixed maturities December 31, 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Available for sale U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal Held to maturity U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal Amortized Cost Valuation Allowance Gross Unrealized Appreciation Gross Unrealized Depreciation Fair Value $ 2,792 $ — $ 5 $ (171) $ 2,626 28,064 40,547 17,871 4,081 (59) (107) (3) — 108 49 4 8 (2,205) 25,908 (3,534) 36,955 (2,021) 15,851 (209) 3,880 $ 93,355 $ (169) $ 174 $ (8,140) $ 85,220 Amortized Cost Valuation Allowance Net Carrying Value Gross Unrealized Appreciation Gross Unrealized Depreciation Fair Value $ 1,417 $ — $ 1,417 $ 1 $ (48) $ 1,370 1,140 1,733 1,456 3,136 (4) (28) (1) (1) 1,136 1,705 1,455 3,135 — 1 — 1 (82) 1,054 (126) 1,580 (104) 1,351 (52) 3,084 $ 8,882 $ (34) $ 8,848 $ 3 $ (412) $ 8,439 December 31, 2021 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Available for sale U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal Amortized Cost Valuation Allowance Gross Unrealized Appreciation Gross Unrealized Depreciation Fair Value $ 2,111 $ — $ 109 $ (6) $ 2,214 25,156 37,844 20,080 5,302 (8) (6) — — 953 1,410 532 216 (272) 25,829 (185) 39,063 (123) 20,489 (5) 5,513 $ 90,493 $ (14) $ 3,220 $ (591) $ 93,108 Held to maturity U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal Amortized Cost Valuation Allowance Net Carrying Value Gross Unrealized Appreciation Gross Unrealized Depreciation Fair Value $ 1,213 $ — $ 1,213 $ 34 $ (3) $ 1,244 1,201 2,032 1,731 3,976 (5) (28) (1) (1) 1,196 2,004 1,730 3,975 66 197 74 162 — — 1,262 2,201 (1) 1,803 — 4,137 $ 10,153 $ (35) $ 10,118 $ 533 $ (4) $ 10,647 F-24 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents the amortized cost of our HTM securities according to S&P rating: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) AAA AA A BBB BB Other Total 2022 December 31 2021 Amortized cost % of Total Amortized cost % of Total $ 1,612 5,023 1,634 593 20 — 18 % $ 57 % 18 % 7 % — % — % 2,089 5,303 1,964 773 23 1 21 % 52 % 19 % 8 % — % — % $ 8,882 100 % $ 10,153 100 % The following table presents fixed maturities by contractual maturity: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Available for sale Due in 1 year or less Due after 1 year through 5 years Due after 5 years through 10 years Due after 10 years Mortgage-backed securities Held to maturity Due in 1 year or less Due after 1 year through 5 years Due after 5 years through 10 years Due after 10 years Mortgage-backed securities Net Carrying Value 2022 Fair Value Net Carrying Value December 31 2021 Fair Value $ 2,962 $ 2,962 $ 4,498 $ $ $ 24,791 26,679 14,937 69,369 15,851 24,791 26,679 14,937 69,369 15,851 25,542 28,207 14,372 72,619 20,489 85,220 $ 85,220 $ 93,108 $ 1,015 $ 1,003 $ 888 $ 3,658 1,460 1,260 7,393 1,455 3,531 1,423 1,131 7,088 1,351 3,744 2,242 1,514 8,388 1,730 4,498 25,542 28,207 14,372 72,619 20,489 93,108 894 3,846 2,349 1,755 8,844 1,803 $ 8,848 $ 8,439 $ 10,118 $ 10,647 Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties.  F-25 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries b) Gross unrealized loss Fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2022 and 2021 comprised both investment grade and below investment grade securities for which fair value declined, principally due to rising interest rates since the date of purchase. The following tables present, for AFS fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position (including securities on loan) that are not deemed to have expected credit losses, the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position: December 31, 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal 0 – 12 Months Over 12 Months Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value Total Gross Unrealized Loss $ 2,152 $ (125) $ 386 $ (46) $ 2,538 $ (171) 15,538 (1,012) 5,490 (704) 21,028 (1,716) 25,687 10,561 3,251 (1,793) (1,033) (152) 4,190 4,770 155 (552) 29,877 (941) 15,331 (48) 3,406 (2,345) (1,974) (200) Total AFS fixed maturities $ 57,189 $ (4,115) $ 14,991 $ (2,291) $ 72,180 $ (6,406) December 31, 2021 (in millions of U.S. dollars) U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal 0 – 12 Months Over 12 Months Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value Gross Unrealized Loss Fair Value $ 363 $ (3) $ 70 $ (3) $ 433 $ 6,917 (196) 1,093 (62) 8,010 9,449 8,086 226 (145) (116) (5) 806 190 — (32) 10,255 (7) — 8,276 226 Total Gross Unrealized Loss (6) (258) (177) (123) (5) Total AFS fixed maturities $ 25,041 $ (465) $ 2,159 $ (104) $ 27,200 $ (569) The following table presents a roll-forward of valuation allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturities: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Available for sale Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - beginning of period Provision for expected credit loss Recovery of expected credit loss Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - end of period Held to maturity Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - beginning of period Provision for expected credit loss Recovery of expected credit loss Valuation allowance for expected credit losses - end of period Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 $ $ $ $ 14 $ 237 (82) 169 $ 35 $ 2 (3) 34 $ 20 14 (20) 14 44 1 (10) 35 F-26     NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries c) Net realized gains (losses) The following table presents the components of net realized gains (losses) and the change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) of investments: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturities: Gross realized gains Gross realized losses Net (provision for) recovery of expected credit losses Impairment (1) Total fixed maturities Equity securities Other investments Foreign exchange Investment and embedded derivative instruments Fair value adjustments on insurance derivative S&P futures Other derivative instruments Other Net realized gains (losses) (pre-tax) Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments (pre-tax): Fixed maturities available for sale Fixed maturities held to maturity Other Income tax (expense) benefit Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments (after-tax) (1) Relates to certain securities we intended to sell and securities written to market entering default. Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 $ 619 $ 142 $ (1,379) (123) (154) (135) (1,049) (230) (31) 393 (43) (63) 187 (11) (118) 14 (30) 3 662 111 348 (72) 316 (202) (8) (6) $ (965) $ 1,152 $ 244 (366) 11 (170) (281) 586 (32) (483) 81 (202) (108) 1 (60) (498) $ (10,583) $ (2,901) $ 2,628 (15) 20 1,043 (18) (19) 521 (24) (12) (462) $ (9,535) $ (2,417) $ 2,130 Realized gains and losses from Equity securities and Other investments from the table above include sales of securities and unrealized gains and losses from fair value changes as follows: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net gains (losses) recognized during the period Less: Net gains recognized from sales of securities Unrealized gains (losses) recognized for securities still held at reporting date Equity Securities Other Investments 2022 Total Equity Securities Other Investments Year Ended December 31 2021 Total Equity Securities Other Investments 2020 Total $ (230) $ (31) $ (261) $ 662 $ 111 $ 773 $ 586 $ (32) $ 554 409 — 409 157 — 157 455 — 455 $ (639) $ (31) $ (670) $ 505 $ 111 $ 616 $ 131 $ (32) $ 99 F-27   NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries d) Other investments (in millions of U.S. dollars) Alternative investments: Partially-owned investment companies Limited partnerships Investment funds Alternative investments Life insurance policies Policy loans Non-qualified separate account assets (1) Other Total 2022 December 31 2021 $ 10,527 $ 1,455 373 12,355 399 343 223 376 9,210 631 267 10,108 481 243 278 59 $ 13,696 $ 11,169 (1) Non-qualified separate account assets are comprised of mutual funds, supported by assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. Alternative investments Alternative investments include partially-owned investment companies, investment funds, and limited partnerships measured at fair value using net asset value (NAV) as a practical expedient. The following table presents, by investment category, the expected liquidation period, fair value, and maximum future funding commitments of alternative investments:  (in millions of U.S. dollars) Financial Real assets Distressed Private credit Traditional Vintage Investment funds Expected Liquidation Period of Underlying Assets Fair Value Maximum Future Funding Commitments Fair Value 2022 December 31 2021 Maximum Future Funding Commitments 2 to 10 Years $ 1,074 $ 505 $ 1,096 $ 2 to 13 Years 2 to 8 Years 3 to 8 Years 2 to 14 Years 1 to 2 Years Not Applicable 2,166 1,048 215 7,424 55 373 681 755 429 1,193 753 84 267 766 641 279 5,025 6,647 5,200 — — 68 267 — — $ 12,355 $ 7,395 $ 10,108 $ 7,153 Included in all categories in the above table, except for Investment funds, are investments for which Chubb will never have the contractual option to redeem but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. Further, for all categories except for Investment funds, Chubb does not have the ability to sell or transfer the investments without the consent from the general partner of individual funds. Investment Category Consists of investments in private equity funds: Financial Real assets Distressed Private credit Traditional Vintage targeting financial services companies, such as financial institutions and insurance services worldwide targeting investments related to hard physical assets, such as real estate, infrastructure and natural resources targeting distressed corporate debt/credit and equity opportunities in the U.S. targeting privately originated corporate debt investments, including senior secured loans and subordinated bonds employing traditional private equity investment strategies such as buyout and growth equity globally funds where the initial fund term has expired F-28   NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Included in partially-owned investment companies and limited partnerships are 168 individual limited partnerships covering a broad range of investment strategies including large cap buyouts, specialist buyouts, growth capital, distressed, mezzanine, real estate, and co-investments. The underlying portfolio consists of various public and private debt and equity securities of publicly traded and privately held companies and real estate assets. The underlying investments across various partnerships, geographies, industries, asset types, and investment strategies provide risk diversification within the limited partnership portfolio and the overall investment portfolio. Investment funds employ various investment strategies such as long/short equity and arbitrage/distressed. Included in this category are investments for which Chubb has the option to redeem at agreed upon value as described in each investment fund’s subscription agreement. Depending on the terms of the various subscription agreements, investment fund investments may be redeemed monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually. If Chubb wishes to redeem an investment fund investment, it must first determine if the investment fund is still in a lock-up period (a time when Chubb cannot redeem its investment so that the investment fund manager has time to build the portfolio). If the investment fund is no longer in its lock-up period, Chubb must then notify the investment fund manager of its intention to redeem by the notification date prescribed by the subscription agreement. Subsequent to notification, the investment fund can redeem Chubb’s investment within several months of the notification. Notice periods for redemption of the investment funds are up to 270 days. Chubb can redeem its investment funds without consent from the investment fund managers. e) Investments in partially-owned insurance companies The following table presents Investments in partially-owned insurance companies: December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Carrying Value Goodwill Direct Ownership Percentage Carrying Value Goodwill Huatai Group $ 2,490 $ 1,247 47 % $ 2,698 $ 1,355 Huatai Life Insurance Company Freisenbruch-Meyer Chubb Arabia Cooperative Insurance Company Russian Reinsurance Company ABR Reinsurance Ltd. 215 11 24 — 137 65 3 — — — 20 % 40 % 30 % 23 % 19 % 253 10 23 4 142 71 3 — — — Total $ 2,877 $ 1,315 $ 3,130 $ 1,429 Direct Ownership Percentage 47 % 20 % 40 % Domicile China China Bermuda 30 % Saudi Arabia 23 % 17 % Russia Bermuda Chubb’s aggregate direct and indirect ownership in Huatai Life is 57.7 percent, comprising 20 percent direct and 37.7 percent indirect ownership interest at December 31, 2022. The table above excludes the 16.9 percent of additional ownership in Huatai Group that was acquired in January 2023 and 22.0 percent that is pending completion of certain closing conditions. Refer to Note 2 for additional information. F-29 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries f) Net investment income (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturities (1) Short-term investments Other interest income Equity securities Other investments Gross investment income (1) Investment expenses Net investment income (1) (1) Includes amortization expense related to fair value adjustment of acquired invested assets Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 $ 3,594 $ 3,300 $ 3,321 81 42 99 104 3,920 35 11 150 147 48 19 81 82 3,643 3,551 (178) (187) (176) 3,742 $ 3,456 $ 3,375 (41) $ (84) $ (116) $ $ g) Restricted assets Chubb is required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support its insurance and reinsurance operations. These requirements are generally promulgated in the statutory regulations of the individual jurisdictions. The assets on deposit are available to settle insurance and reinsurance liabilities. Chubb is also required to restrict assets pledged under repurchase agreements, which represent Chubb's agreement to sell securities and repurchase them at a future date for a predetermined price. We use trust funds in certain large reinsurance transactions where the trust funds are set up for the benefit of the ceding companies and generally take the place of letter of credit (LOC) requirements. We have investments in segregated portfolios primarily to provide collateral or guarantees for LOC and derivative transactions. Included in restricted assets are investments, primarily fixed maturities, totaling $15,721 million and $17,092 million, and cash of $115 million and $152 million, at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The following table presents the components of restricted assets:  (in millions of U.S. dollars) Trust funds Deposits with U.S. regulatory authorities Deposits with non-U.S. regulatory authorities Assets pledged under repurchase agreements Other pledged assets Total December 31 2022 $ 8,120 $ 2,345 2,959 1,527 885 2021 9,915 2,402 2,873 1,420 634 $ 15,836 $ 17,244 F-30 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 4. Fair value measurements a) Fair value hierarchy Fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities is estimated based on the framework established in the fair value accounting guidance. The guidance defines fair value as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows: • • Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; Level 2 – Includes, among other items, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability such as interest rates and yield curves, quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; and • Level 3 – Inputs that are unobservable and reflect management’s judgments about assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. We categorize financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy at the balance sheet date based upon the lowest level of inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement. We use pricing services to obtain fair value measurements for the majority of our investment securities. Based on management’s understanding of the methodologies used, these pricing services only produce an estimate of fair value if there is observable market information that would allow them to make a fair value estimate. Based on our understanding of the market inputs used by the pricing services, all applicable investments have been valued in accordance with GAAP. We do not adjust prices obtained from pricing services. The following is a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used to determine fair values for financial instruments carried at fair value, as well as the general classification of such financial instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. Fixed maturities We use pricing services to estimate fair value measurements for the majority of our fixed maturities. The pricing services use market quotations for fixed maturities that have quoted prices in active markets; such securities are classified within Level 1. For fixed maturities other than U.S. Treasury securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements using their pricing applications or pricing models, which include available relevant market information, benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing. Additional valuation factors that can be taken into account are nominal spreads, dollar basis, and liquidity adjustments. The pricing services evaluate each asset class based on relevant market and credit information, perceived market movements, and sector news. The market inputs used in the pricing evaluation, listed in the approximate order of priority include: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference data, and industry and economic events. The extent of the use of each input is dependent on the asset class and the market conditions. Given the asset class, the priority of the use of inputs may change, or some market inputs may not be relevant. Additionally, fixed maturities valuation is more subjective when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market based inputs (i.e., stale pricing) and may require the use of models to be priced. The lack of market based inputs may increase the potential that an investment's estimated fair value is not reflective of the price at which an actual transaction would occur. The overwhelming majority of fixed maturities are classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. For a small number of fixed maturities, we obtain a single broker quote (typically from a market maker). Due to the disclaimers on the quotes that indicate that the price is indicative only, we include these fair value estimates in Level 3.  Equity securities Equity securities with active markets are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. For equity securities in markets which are less active, fair values are based on market valuations and are classified within Level 2. Equity securities for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3. F-31   NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Short-term investments Short-term investments, which comprise securities due to mature within one year of the date of purchase that are traded in active markets, are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. Securities such as commercial paper and discount notes are classified within Level 2 because these securities are typically not actively traded due to their approaching maturity, and as such, their cost approximates fair value. Short-term investments for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3. Other investments Fair values for the majority of Other investments including investments in partially-owned investment companies, investment funds, and limited partnerships are based on their respective NAV and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy table below. Certain of our long-duration contracts are supported by assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. These assets comprise mutual funds, classified within Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets. Other investments also include equity securities, classified within Level 1 and fixed maturities, classified within Level 2, held in rabbi trusts maintained by Chubb for deferred compensation plans and supplemental retirement plans and are classified within the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities and fixed maturities. Securities lending collateral The underlying assets included in Securities lending collateral in the Consolidated balance sheets are fixed maturities which are classified in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other fixed maturities. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy is the corresponding liability related to Chubb’s obligation to return the collateral plus interest as it is reported at contract value and not fair value in the Consolidated balance sheets. Investment derivatives Actively traded investment derivative instruments, including futures, options, and forward contracts are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. The fair value of cross-currency swaps and interest rate swaps is based on market valuations and is classified within Level 2. Investment derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets. Derivatives designated as hedging instruments Certain of our derivatives are cross-currency swaps designated as fair value and net investment hedging instruments. The fair value of cross-currency swaps and interest rate swaps is based on market valuations and is classified within Level 2. Investment derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets. Other derivative instruments We maintain positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts designed to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and, therefore, an increase in future policy benefit reserves for our guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) and an increase in the fair value liability for our guaranteed living benefits (GLB) reinsurance business. Our positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts are classified within Level 1. The fair value of the majority of the remaining positions in other derivative instruments is based on significant observable inputs including equity security and interest rate indices. Accordingly, these are classified within Level 2. Other derivative instruments based on unobservable inputs are classified within Level 3. Other derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets. Separate account assets Separate account assets represent segregated funds where investment risks are borne by the customers, except to the extent of certain guarantees made by Chubb. Separate account assets comprise mutual funds classified within Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets. Separate account assets also include fixed maturities classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy are the corresponding liabilities as they are reported at contract value and not fair value in the Consolidated balance sheets. Separate account assets are recorded in Other assets in the Consolidated balance sheets. Guaranteed living benefits The GLB arises from life reinsurance programs covering living benefit guarantees whereby we assume the risk of guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB) associated with variable annuity contracts. GLBs are recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets. For GLB reinsurance, Chubb estimates fair value using an internal valuation model which includes current market information and estimates of policyholder behavior. All of the treaties F-32 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries contain claim limits, which are factored into the valuation model. The fair value depends on a number of factors, including interest rates, equity markets, credit risk, current account value, market volatility, expected annuitization rates and other policyholder behavior, and changes in policyholder mortality. Because of the significant use of unobservable inputs including policyholder behavior, GLB reinsurance is classified within Level 3. Financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by valuation hierarchy  December 31, 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Assets: Fixed maturities available for sale U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal Equity securities Short-term investments Other investments (1) Securities lending collateral Investment derivatives Derivatives designated as hedging instruments Other derivative instruments Separate account assets Total assets measured at fair value (1) Liabilities: Investment derivatives Derivatives designated as hedging instruments GLB (2) Total liabilities measured at fair value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ 2,100 $ 526 $ — $ — — — — 2,100 737 3,108 552 — 82 — 33 5,101 25,344 34,506 15,840 3,880 80,096 — 1,849 399 1,523 — 17 — 89 564 2,449 11 — 3,024 90 3 — — — — — — 2,626 25,908 36,955 15,851 3,880 85,220 827 4,960 951 1,523 82 17 33 5,190 $ $ $ 11,713 $ 83,973 $ 3,117 $ 98,803 139 $ — $ — $ — — 53 — — 736 139 $ 53 $ 736 $ 139 53 736 928 (1) (2) Excluded from the table above are partially-owned investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships of $12,355 million, policy loans of $343 million and other investments of $47 million at December 31, 2022 measured using NAV as a practical expedient. Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. F-33   NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries December 31, 2021 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Assets: Fixed maturities available for sale U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal Equity securities Short-term investments Other investments (1) Securities lending collateral Investment derivatives Separate account assets Total assets measured at fair value (1) Liabilities: Investment derivatives Other derivative instruments GLB (2) Total liabilities measured at fair value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ 1,680 $ 534 $ — $ — — — — 1,680 4,705 1,744 286 — 58 5,461 25,196 37,014 20,463 5,513 88,720 — 1,395 481 1,831 — 99 633 2,049 26 — 2,708 77 7 — — — — 2,214 25,829 39,063 20,489 5,513 93,108 4,782 3,146 767 1,831 58 5,560 $ $ $ 13,934 $ 92,526 $ 2,792 $ 109,252 166 $ — $ — $ 16 — — — — 745 182 $ — $ 745 $ 166 16 745 927 (1) (2) Excluded from the table above are partially-owned investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships of $10,108 million, policy loans of $243 million and other investments of $51 million at December 31, 2021 measured using NAV as a practical expedient. Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Level 3 financial instruments The following table presents the significant unobservable inputs used in the Level 3 liability valuations. Excluded from the table below are inputs used to determine the fair value of Level 3 assets which are based on single broker quotes and contain no quantitative unobservable inputs developed by management. The majority of our fixed maturities classified as Level 3 used external pricing when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market inputs (i.e., stale pricing, broker quotes). (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Fair Value at December 31 2022 Valuation Technique Significant Unobservable Inputs Ranges Weighted Average (1) GLB (1) $ 736 Actuarial model Lapse rate 3% - 30% Annuitization rate 0% - 100% 3.6 % 4.4 % (1) The weighted average lapse and annuitization rates are determined by weighting each treaty's rates by the GLB contracts fair value. The most significant policyholder behavior assumptions include lapse rates and the GMIB annuitization rates. A lapse rate is the percentage of in-force policies surrendered in a given calendar year. All else equal, as lapse rates increase, ultimate claim payments will decrease. Assumptions regarding lapse rates and GMIB annuitization rates differ by treaty, but the underlying methodologies to determine rates applied to each treaty are comparable. The GMIB annuitization rate is the percentage of policies for which the policyholder will elect to annuitize using the guaranteed benefit provided under the GMIB. All else equal, as GMIB annuitization rates increase, ultimate claim payments will increase, subject to treaty claim limits. The effect of changes in key market factors on assumed lapse and annuitization rates reflect emerging trends using data available from cedants. For treaties with limited experience, rates are established by blending the experience with data received from other ceding companies. The model and related assumptions are regularly re-evaluated by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon additional experience obtained related to policyholder behavior and availability of updated information F-34 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries such as market conditions, market participant assumptions, and demographics of in-force annuities. In the third quarter of 2022, we completed a review of policyholder behavior related to annuitizations, partial withdrawals, lapses, and mortality for our variable annuity reinsurance business. As a result, we refined our policyholder behavior assumptions (mainly those relating to annuitizations and partial withdrawals). This refinement increased the fair value of GLB liabilities, and resulted in a realized loss of approximately $40 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we also made routine model refinements to the internal valuation model which had an insignificant impact on net income. The following tables present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of financial instruments measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):  Year Ended December 31, 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Balance, beginning of year Transfers into Level 3 Transfers out of Level 3 Change in Net Unrealized Gains/Losses in OCI Net Realized Gains/Losses Purchases Sales Settlements Other Assets Liabilities Available-for-Sale Debt Securities Corporate and asset- backed securities Mortgage- backed securities Non-U.S. Equity securities Short-term investments GLB (1) $ 633 $ 2,049 $ 26 $ 77 $ 7 $ 745 23 (23) (53) (6) 156 47 (97) (80) (14) 921 (59) (85) — (9) — — 4 — (107) (292) (10) — — — 1 — — 15 9 (12) — — — — — (2) 3 — (5) — — — — 63 — — — (72) 736 Balance, end of year $ 564 $ 2,449 $ 11 $ 90 $ 3 $ Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date Change in Net Unrealized Gains/Losses included in OCI at the Balance Sheet Date $ (2) $ (9) $ — $ 14 $ (1) $ 63 (1) Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. $ (53) $ (84) $ — $ — $ — $ — F-35     NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Year Ended December 31, 2021 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Non-U.S. Corporate and asset- backed securities Mortgage- backed securities Available-for-Sale Debt Securities Equity securities Short-term investments Other investments GLB (1) Balance, beginning of year $ 546 $ 1,573 $ 60 $ 73 $ 5 $ 10 $ 1,089 Assets Liabilities Transfers into Level 3 Transfers out of Level 3 Change in Net Unrealized Gains/Losses in OCI Net Realized Gains/Losses Purchases Sales Settlements Other Balance, end of year Net Realized Gains/Losses 24 (11) (30) (1) 91 (76) 15 (2) 275 1,154 (48) (99) (122) (607) — — — (18) — — 18 (1) (33) — — — — 8 21 (25) — — — — (1) — 9 — (6) — — (10) — — — — — — $ 633 $ 2,049 $ 26 $ 77 $ 7 $ — $ — — — (316) — — — (28) 745 Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date Change in Net Unrealized Gains/ Losses included in OCI at the Balance Sheet Date $ $ — $ 3 $ — $ 5 $ — $ — $ (316) (25) $ 17 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — (1) Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Assets Liabilities Year Ended December 31, 2020 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Non-U.S. Corporate and asset- backed securities Mortgage- backed securities Available-for-Sale Debt Securities Equity securities Short-term investments Other investments GLB (1) Balance, beginning of year $ 449 $ 1,451 $ 60 $ 69 $ 6 $ 10 $ 897 Transfers into Level 3 Transfers out of Level 3 Change in Net Unrealized Gains/Losses in OCI Net Realized Gains/Losses Purchases Sales Settlements Other Balance, end of year Net Realized Gains/Losses — 134 (16) (73) 19 (1) 274 (122) (57) — (8) (30) 708 (186) (423) — — (1) — — 2 — (1) — — (3) — 1 23 (17) — — — — — (1) 14 (2) (12) — — — — — — — — — — — — 202 — — — (10) $ 546 $ 1,573 $ 60 $ 73 $ 5 $ 10 $ 1,089 Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date Change in Net Unrealized Gains/ Losses included in OCI at the Balance Sheet Date $ $ — $ (5) $ — $ 4 $ — $ — $ 202 16 $ (6) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — (1) Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. F-36         NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries b) Financial instruments disclosed, but not measured, at fair value Chubb uses various financial instruments in the normal course of its business. Our insurance contracts are excluded from fair value of financial instruments accounting guidance, and therefore, are not included in the amounts discussed below. The carrying values of cash, other assets, other liabilities, and other financial instruments not included below approximated their fair values. Investments in partially-owned insurance companies Fair values for investments in partially-owned insurance companies are based on Chubb’s share of the net assets based on the financial statements provided by those companies and are excluded from the valuation hierarchy tables below. Short- and long-term debt, repurchase agreements, and trust preferred securities Where practical, fair values for short-term debt, long-term debt, repurchase agreements, and trust preferred securities are estimated using discounted cash flow calculations based principally on observable inputs including incremental borrowing rates, which reflect Chubb’s credit rating, for similar types of borrowings with maturities consistent with those remaining for the debt being valued. The following tables present fair value, by valuation hierarchy, and carrying value of the financial instruments not measured at fair value: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Fair Value Net Carrying Value $ 1,299 $ 71 $ — $ 1,370 $ — — — — 1,054 1,580 1,351 3,084 — — — — 1,054 1,580 1,351 3,084 1,299 $ 7,140 $ — $ 8,439 $ 1,417 1,136 1,705 1,455 3,135 8,848 — $ 1,419 $ — $ 1,419 $ 1,419 — — — 473 12,495 383 — — — 473 475 12,495 14,402 383 308 $ — $ 14,770 $ — $ 14,770 $ 16,604 $ $ December 31, 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Assets: Fixed maturities held to maturity U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal Total assets Liabilities: Repurchase agreements Short-term debt Long-term debt Trust preferred securities Total liabilities F-37 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries December 31, 2021 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Assets: Fixed maturities held to maturity U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal Total assets Liabilities: Repurchase agreements Short-term debt Long-term debt Trust preferred securities Total liabilities 5. Reinsurance Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Fair Value Net Carrying Value $ 1,192 $ 52 $ — $ 1,244 $ — — — — 1,262 2,201 1,803 4,137 — — — — 1,262 2,201 1,803 4,137 1,213 1,196 2,004 1,730 3,975 $ $ 1,192 $ 9,455 $ — $ 10,647 $ 10,118 — $ 1,406 $ — $ 1,406 $ 1,406 — — — 1,019 16,848 460 — — — 1,019 16,848 460 999 15,169 308 $ — $ 19,733 $ — $ 19,733 $ 17,882 a) Consolidated reinsurance Chubb purchases reinsurance to manage various exposures including catastrophe risks. Although reinsurance agreements contractually obligate Chubb's reinsurers to reimburse it for the agreed-upon portion of its gross paid losses, they do not discharge Chubb's primary liability. The amounts for net premiums written and net premiums earned in the Consolidated statements of operations are net of reinsurance. The following table presents direct, assumed, and ceded premiums: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Premiums written Direct Assumed Ceded Net Premiums earned Direct Assumed Ceded Net Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 $ 47,511 $ 42,811 $ 37,749 $ $ 4,502 3,969 (10,258) (8,912) 3,512 (7,441) 41,755 $ 37,868 $ 33,820 46,154 $ 41,138 $ 37,037 4,430 3,650 (10,195) (8,433) 3,323 (7,243) $ 40,389 $ 36,355 $ 33,117 Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred were $7.0 billion, $6.1 billion, and $5.0 billion for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. F-38 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries b) Reinsurance recoverable on ceded reinsurance (in millions of U.S. dollars) Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss expenses Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits (1) Net of valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance. December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Net Reinsurance Recoverable (1) Valuation allowance Net Reinsurance Recoverable (1) Valuation allowance $ $ $ 17,128 $ 289 $ 16,184 $ 1,773 62 1,182 18,901 $ 351 $ 17,366 $ 303 $ 4 $ 213 $ 271 58 329 4 The increase in reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses in 2022 was primarily due to higher underlying ceded exposures reflecting premium growth and prior period development in certain lines, partially offset by foreign currency movement. The following table presents a roll-forward of valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance related to Reinsurance recoverable on loss and loss expenses: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 Valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance - beginning of period $ 329 $ Provision for uncollectible reinsurance Write-offs charged against the valuation allowance Foreign exchange revaluation 43 (19) (2) Valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance - end of period $ 351 $ 314 66 (50) (1) 329 The following tables present a listing, at December 31, 2022, of the categories of Chubb's reinsurers: December 31, 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Categories Largest reinsurers Other reinsurers rated A- or better Other reinsurers rated lower than A- or not rated Pools Structured settlements Captives Other Total Largest Reinsurers Gross Reinsurance Recoverable on Losses and Loss Expenses Valuation allowance for Uncollectible Reinsurance % of Gross Reinsurance Recoverable $ 10,826 $ 114 4,161 443 425 507 2,455 435 47 70 14 11 13 82 $ 19,252 $ 351 1.1 % 1.1 % 15.8 % 3.3 % 2.2 % 0.5 % 18.8 % 1.8 % ABR Reinsurance Capital Holdings HDI Group (Hannover Re) Partner Re Group Swiss Re Group Alleghany Corp Lloyd's of London Renaissance Re Holdings Ltd Berkshire Hathaway Insurance Group Munich Re Group Starr International Group F-39 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Categories of Chubb's reinsurers Comprises: Largest reinsurers • All groups of reinsurers or captives where the gross recoverable exceeds one percent of Chubb's total shareholders' equity. Other reinsurers rated A- or better Other reinsurers rated lower than A- or not rated Pools Structured settlements Captives • All reinsurers rated A- or better that were not included in the largest reinsurer category. • All reinsurers rated lower than A- or not rated that were not included in the largest reinsurer category. • Related to Chubb's voluntary pool participation and Chubb's mandatory pool participation required by law in certain states. • Annuities purchased from life insurance companies to settle claims. Since we retain ultimate liability in the event that the life company fails to pay, we reflect the amounts as both a liability and a recoverable/receivable for GAAP purposes. • Companies established and owned by our insurance clients to assume a significant portion of their direct insurance risk from Chubb; structured to allow clients to self- insure a portion of their reinsurance risk. It generally is our policy to obtain collateral equal to expected losses. Where appropriate, exceptions are granted but only with review and approval at a senior officer level. Excludes captives included in the largest reinsurer category. Other • Amounts recoverable that are in dispute or are from companies that are in supervision, rehabilitation, or liquidation. The valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance is principally based on an analysis of the credit quality of the reinsurer and collateral balances. We establish the valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance for the Other category based on a case- by-case analysis of individual situations including the merits of the underlying matter, credit and collateral analysis, and consideration. 6. Goodwill, Other intangible assets, and Value of business acquired Goodwill The following table presents a roll-forward of Goodwill by segment: (in millions of U.S. dollars) North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Life Insurance Chubb Consolidated Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 6,972 $ 2,240 $ 134 $ 4,836 $ 371 $ 847 $ 15,400 Foreign exchange revaluation and other — — — (183) — (4) (187) Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 6,972 $ 2,240 $ 134 $ 4,653 $ 371 $ 843 $ 15,213 Acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia — — Foreign exchange revaluation and other (27) (10) — — 90 (138) — — 1,160 1,250 (1) (176) Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 6,945 $ 2,230 $ 134 $ 4,605 $ 371 $ 2,002 $ 16,287 Other intangible assets Other intangible assets that are subject to amortization principally relate to agency distribution relationships and renewal rights and other intangible assets that are not subject to amortization principally relate to trademarks. (in millions of U.S. dollars) Subject to amortization Not subject to amortization Total $ $ 2022 2,459 $ 2,982 5,441 $ December 31 2021 2,508 2,947 5,455 F-40 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Amortization expense related to purchased intangibles was $285 million, $287 million, and $290 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The following table presents, as of December 31, 2022, the expected estimated pre-tax amortization expense of purchased intangibles, at current foreign currency exchange rates, for the next five years: (in millions of U.S. dollars) 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Total For the Years Ending December 31 Total Amortization of purchased intangibles 281 260 242 220 205 1,208 $ $ VOBA Value of business acquired (VOBA) represents the fair value of the future profits of in-force long duration contracts, and is amortized in relation to the profit emergence of the underlying contracts, in a manner similar to deferred acquisition costs. The VOBA calculation is based on many factors including mortality, morbidity, persistency, investment yields, expenses, and the discount rate, with the discount rate being the most significant factor. The following table presents a roll-forward of VOBA: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Balance, beginning of year Acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia Amortization of VOBA (1) Foreign exchange revaluation and other Balance, end of year (1) Recognized in Policy acquisition costs in the Consolidated statements of operations. Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 $ 236 $ 263 $ 3,503 (164) 21 — (22) (5) $ 3,596 $ 236 $ 306 — (27) (16) 263 For the year ended December 31, 2022, amortization of VOBA associated with the acquisition of Cigna's business in Asia was $145 million pre-tax. The following table presents, as of December 31, 2022, the expected estimated pre-tax amortization expense related to VOBA for the next five years at current foreign currency exchange rates: For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 F-41 $ VOBA 333 299 270 243 219 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 7. Unpaid losses and loss expenses Chubb establishes reserves for the estimated unpaid ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses under the terms of its policies and agreements. Reserves include estimates for both claims that have been reported and for IBNR claims, and include estimates of expenses associated with processing and settling these claims. Reserves are recorded in Unpaid losses and loss expenses in the Consolidated balance sheets. While we believe that our reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses at December 31, 2022, are adequate, new information or trends may lead to future developments in incurred loss and loss expenses significantly greater or less than the reserves provided. Any such revisions could result in future changes in estimates of losses or reinsurance recoverable and would be reflected in our results of operations in the period in which the estimates are changed. The following table presents a reconciliation of beginning and ending Unpaid losses and loss expenses: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses, beginning of year Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses (1) Net unpaid losses and loss expenses, beginning of year Net losses and loss expenses incurred in respect of losses occurring in: Current year Prior years (2) Total Net losses and loss expenses paid in respect of losses occurring in: Current year Prior years Total Foreign currency revaluation and other Net unpaid losses and loss expenses, end of year Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses (1) Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 $ 72,943 $ 67,811 $ 62,690 (16,184) (14,647) (14,181) 56,759 53,164 48,509 24,495 22,966 22,124 (1,153) (986) (414) 23,342 21,980 21,710 8,117 12,206 20,323 7,836 10,048 17,884 (583) (501) 59,195 17,128 56,759 16,184 7,782 9,652 17,434 379 53,164 14,647 Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses, end of year $ 76,323 $ 72,943 $ 67,811 (1) Net of valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance. (2) Relates to prior period loss reserve development only and excludes prior period development related to reinstatement premiums, expense adjustments, and earned premiums totaling $277 million, $60 million, and $19 million for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The increase in gross and net unpaid losses and loss expense in 2022 is due to an increase in underlying exposure due to premium growth, increased loss severity trends and net catastrophe losses, partially offset by favorable prior period development, and favorable foreign exchange movement. The increase in gross and net unpaid losses and loss expense in 2021 is due to an increase in underlying exposure due to premium growth, partially offset by favorable prior period development. The loss development tables under section c) below, present Chubb’s historical incurred and paid claims development by broad product line through December 31, 2022, net of reinsurance, as well as the cumulative number of reported claims, IBNR balances, and other supplementary information. Recent period inflation is higher than the levels underlying our loss development triangles.  To account for this, our loss estimates for a number of product lines include explicit adjustments by accident year for the potential increase in ultimate claim severity. F-42 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents a reconciliation of the loss development tables to the liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses in the consolidated balance sheet: Reconciliation of Reserve Balances to Liability for Unpaid Loss and Loss Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Presented in the loss development tables: December 31, 2022 North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Workers' Compensation $ North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Liability North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Other Casualty North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Non-Casualty North America Personal P&C Insurance Overseas General Insurance — Casualty Overseas General Insurance — Non-Casualty Global Reinsurance — Casualty Global Reinsurance — Non-Casualty Excluded from the loss development tables: Other Net unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expense Ceded unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expense: North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Workers' Compensation North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Liability North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Other Casualty North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Non-Casualty North America Personal P&C Insurance Overseas General Insurance — Casualty Overseas General Insurance — Non-Casualty Global Reinsurance — Casualty Global Reinsurance — Non-Casualty Other Ceded unpaid loss and allocated loss adjustment expense Unpaid loss and loss expense on other than short-duration contracts (1) Unpaid unallocated loss adjustment expenses Unpaid losses and loss expenses (1) Primarily includes the claims reserve of our International A&H business and Life Insurance segment reserves. $ 9,962 20,014 2,530 3,253 3,225 7,287 3,206 1,208 494 5,210 56,389 1,274 6,920 888 1,883 530 2,481 1,702 55 171 1,410 17,314 943 1,677 76,323 F-43 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Business excluded from the loss development tables “Other” shown in the reconciliation table comprises businesses excluded from the loss development tables: • Corporate segment business, which includes run-off liabilities such as asbestos, environmental, and molestation and other mass tort exposures and which impact accident years older than those shown in the loss development tables; • North America Agricultural Insurance segment business, which is short-tailed with the majority of the liabilities expected to be resolved in the ensuing twelve months; and Certain subsets of our business due to data limitations or unsuitability to the loss development table presentation, including: • • • Various loss portfolio transfers; by convention, all premium and losses associated with these transactions are recorded to the policy period of the transaction, even though the accident dates of the claims covered may be a decade or more in the past. We also underwrite certain high attachment, high limit, multiple-line and excess of aggregate coverages for large commercial clients. Changes in incurred loss and cash flow patterns are volatile and sufficiently different from those of typical insureds. This category includes the Alternative Risk Solutions business within the North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment; 2015 and prior paid history on a subset of previously acquired international businesses, within the Overseas General Insurance segment, due to limitations on the data prior to the acquisition; Purchase accounting adjustments related to unpaid losses and loss expenses for Chubb Corp; • • Reinsurance recoverable bad debt; and • Balances with insufficient detail. a) Description of Reserving Methodologies Our recorded reserves represent management's best estimate of the provision for unpaid claims as of the balance sheet date. The process of establishing loss and loss expense reserves can be complex and is subject to considerable uncertainty as it requires the use of estimates and judgments based on circumstances underlying the insured loss at the date of accrual. The reserves for our various product lines each require different qualitative and quantitative assumptions and judgments to be made. Management's best estimate is developed after collaboration with actuarial, underwriting, claims, legal, and finance departments and culminates with the input of reserve committees. Each business unit reserve committee includes the participation of the relevant parties from actuarial, finance, claims, and unit senior management and has the responsibility for finalizing, recommending and approving the estimate to be used as management's best estimate. Reserves are further reviewed by Chubb's Chief Actuary and senior management. The objective of such a process is to determine a single estimate that we believe represents a better estimate than any other and which is viewed by management to be the best estimate of ultimate loss settlements. This estimate is based on a combination of exposure and experience-based actuarial methods (described below) and other considerations such as claims reviews, reinsurance recovery assumptions and/or input from other knowledgeable parties such as underwriting. Exposure-based methods are most commonly used on relatively immature origin years (i.e., the year in which the losses were incurred — “accident year” or “report year”), while experience-based methods provide a view based on the projection of loss experience that has emerged as of the valuation date. Greater reliance is placed upon experience-based methods as the pool of emerging loss experience grows and where it is deemed sufficiently credible and reliable as the basis for the estimate. In comparing the held reserve for any given origin year to the actuarial projections, judgment is required as to the credibility, uncertainty and inherent limitations of applying actuarial techniques to historical data to project future loss experience. Examples of factors that impact such judgments include, but are not limited to, the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • nature and complexity of underlying coverage provided and net limits of exposure provided; segmentation of data to provide sufficient homogeneity and credibility for loss projection methods; extent of credible internal historical loss data and reliance upon industry information as required; historical variability of actual loss emergence compared with expected loss emergence; reported and projected loss trends; extent of emerged loss experience relative to the remaining expected period of loss emergence; rate monitor information for new and renewal business; changes in claims handling practice, including impact of COVID-19 on adjudication environment; inflation; the legal environment, including impact of COVID-19 on judicial proceedings; facts and circumstances of large claims; terms and conditions of the contracts sold to our insured parties; impact of applicable reinsurance recoveries; and nature and extent of underlying assumptions. F-44 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries We have actuarial staff within each of our business units who analyze loss reserves (including loss expenses) and regularly project estimates of ultimate losses and the corresponding indications of the required IBNR reserve. Our reserving approach is a comprehensive ground-up process using data at a detailed level that reflects the specific types and coverages of the diverse products written by our various operations. The data presented in this disclosure was prepared on a more aggregated basis and with a focus on changes in incurred loss estimates over time as well as associated cash flows. We note that data prepared on this basis may not demonstrate the full spectrum of characteristics that are evident in the more detailed level studied internally. We perform an actuarial reserve review for each product line at least once a year. For most product lines, one or more standard actuarial reserving methods may be used to determine estimates of ultimate losses and loss expenses, and from these estimates, a single actuarial central estimate is selected. The actuarial central estimate is an input to the reserve committee process described above. For the few product lines that do not lend themselves to standard actuarial reserving methods, appropriate techniques are applied to produce the actuarial central estimates. For example, run-off asbestos and environmental liability estimates are better suited to the application of account-specific exposure-based analyses to best evaluate their associated aggregate reserve levels. b) Standard actuarial reserving methods The judgments involved in projecting the ultimate losses include the use and interpretation of various standard actuarial reserving methods that place reliance on the extrapolation of actual historical data, loss development patterns, industry data, and other benchmarks as appropriate. Standard actuarial reserving methods include, but are not limited to, expected loss ratio, paid and reported loss development, and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods. A general description of these methods is provided below. In addition to these standard methods, depending upon the product line characteristics and available data, we may use other recognized actuarial methods and approaches. Implicit in the standard actuarial methods that we generally utilize is the need for two fundamental assumptions: first, the pattern by which losses are expected to emerge over time for each origin year, and second, the expected loss ratio for each origin year. The expected loss ratio for any particular origin year is selected after consideration of a number of factors, including historical loss ratios adjusted for rate changes, premium and loss trends, industry benchmarks, the results of policy level loss modeling at the time of underwriting, and/or other more subjective considerations for the product line (e.g., terms and conditions) and external environment as noted above. The expected loss ratio for a given origin year is initially established at the start of the origin year as part of the planning process. This analysis is performed in conjunction with underwriters and management. The expected loss ratio method arrives at an ultimate loss estimate by multiplying the expected ultimate loss ratio by the corresponding premium base. This method is most commonly used as the basis for the actuarial central estimate for immature origin periods on product lines where the actual paid or reported loss experience is not yet deemed sufficiently credible to serve as the principal basis for the selection of ultimate losses. The expected loss ratio for a given origin year may be modified over time if the underlying assumptions differ from the original assumptions (e.g., the assessment of prior year loss ratios, loss trend, rate changes, actual claims, or other information). Our selected paid and reported development patterns provide a benchmark against which the actual emerging loss experience can be monitored. Where possible, development patterns are selected based on historical loss emergence by origin year. For product lines where the historical data is viewed to have low statistical credibility, the selected development patterns also reflect relevant industry benchmarks and/or experience from similar product lines written elsewhere within Chubb. This most commonly occurs for relatively new product lines that have limited historical data or for high severity/low frequency portfolios where our historical experience exhibits considerable volatility and/or lacks credibility. The paid and reported loss development methods convert the selected loss emergence pattern to a set of multiplicative factors which are then applied to actual paid or reported losses to arrive at an estimate of ultimate losses for each period. Due to their multiplicative nature, the paid and reported loss development methods will leverage differences between actual and expected loss emergence. These methods tend to be utilized for more mature origin periods and for those portfolios where the loss emergence has been relatively consistent over time. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method is a combination of the expected loss ratio method and the loss development method, where the loss development method is given more weight as the origin year matures. This approach allows a logical transition between the expected loss ratio method which is generally utilized at earlier maturities and the loss development methods which are typically utilized at later maturities. We usually apply this method using reported loss data although paid data may also be used. F-45 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Short-tail business Short-tail business generally describes product lines for which losses are typically known and paid shortly after the loss occurs. This would include, for example, most property, personal accident, and automobile physical damage policies that we write. Due to the short reporting and development pattern for these product lines, the uncertainty associated with our estimate of ultimate losses for any particular accident period diminishes relatively quickly as actual loss experience emerges. We typically assign credibility to methods that incorporate actual loss emergence, such as the paid and reported loss development and Bornhuetter- Ferguson methods, sooner than would be the case for long-tail lines at a similar stage of development for a given origin year. The reserving process for short-tail losses arising from catastrophic events typically involves an assessment by the claims department, in conjunction with underwriters and actuaries, of our exposure and estimated losses immediately following an event and then subsequent revisions of the estimated losses as our insureds provide updated actual loss information. The nature and complexity of underlying coverage provided and net limits of exposure provided; Long-tail business Long-tail business describes lines of business for which specific losses may not be known/reported for some period and for which claims can take significant time to settle/close. This includes most casualty lines such as general liability, D&O, and workers' compensation. There are various factors contributing to the uncertainty and volatility of long-tail business, including the indirect impact of COVID-19 that has changed loss reporting and development patterns. In addition, uncertain future inflationary trends, changes in future legal environments, and the potential impact of major claims, such as molestation claims including the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) agreement-in-principle, added to the uncertainty and volatility in the long-tail business. Other factors are: • • Our historical loss data and experience is sometimes too immature and lacking in credibility to rely upon for reserving purposes. Where this is the case, in our reserve analysis we may utilize industry loss ratios or industry benchmark development patterns that we believe reflect the nature and coverage of the underwritten business and its future development, where available. For such product lines, actual loss experience may differ from industry loss statistics as well as loss experience for previous underwriting years; The difficulty in estimating loss trends, claims inflation (e.g., medical and judicial) and underlying economic conditions; The need for professional judgment to estimate loss development patterns beyond that represented by historical data using supplemental internal or industry data, extrapolation, or a blend of both; The need to address shifts in business mix or volume over time when applying historical paid and reported loss development patterns from older origin years to more recent origin years. For example, changes over time in the processes and procedures for establishing case reserves can distort reported loss development patterns or changes in ceded reinsurance structures by origin year can alter the development of paid and reported losses; Loss reserve analyses typically require loss or other data be grouped by common characteristics in some manner. If data from two combined lines of business exhibit different characteristics, such as loss payment patterns, the credibility of the reserve estimate could be affected. Additionally, since casualty lines of business can have significant intricacies in the terms and conditions afforded to the insured, there is an inherent risk as to the homogeneity of the underlying data used in performing reserve analyses; and The applicability of the price change data used to estimate ultimate loss ratios for most recent origin years. • • • • • As described above, various factors are considered when determining appropriate data, assumptions, and methods used to establish the loss reserve estimates for long-tail product lines. These factors may also vary by origin year for given product lines. The derivation of loss development patterns from data and the selection of a tail factor to project ultimate losses from actual loss emergence require considerable judgment, particularly with respect to the extent to which historical loss experience is relied upon to support changes in key reserving assumptions. F-46 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries c) Loss Development Tables The tables were designed to present business with similar risk characteristics which exhibit like development patterns and generally similar trends, in order to provide insight into the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows related to our claims liabilities. Each table follows a similar format and reflects the following: • The incurred loss triangle includes both reported case reserves and IBNR liabilities. • Both the incurred and paid loss triangles include allocated loss adjustment expense (i.e., defense and investigative costs particular to individual claims) but exclude unallocated loss adjustment expense (i.e., the costs associated with internal claims staff and third-party administrators). • The amounts in both triangles for the years ended December 31, 2013, to December 31, 2021, and average historical claim duration as of December 31, 2022, are presented as supplementary information. • All data presented in the triangles is net of reinsurance recoverables. • The IBNR reserves shown to the right of each incurred loss development exhibit reflect the net IBNR recorded as of December 31, 2022. • The tables are presented retrospectively with respect to acquisitions where these are material and doing so is practicable. Most notably, the Chubb Corp acquisition is presented retrospectively. The unaudited consolidated data is presented solely for informational purposes and is not necessarily indicative of the consolidated data that might have been observed had the transactions been completed prior to the date indicated. Historical dollar amounts are presented in this footnote on a constant-dollar basis, which is achieved by assuming constant foreign exchange rates for all periods in the loss triangles, translating prior period amounts using the same local currency exchange rates as the current year end. The impact of this conversion is to show the change between periods exclusive of the effect of fluctuations in exchange rates, which would otherwise distort the change in incurred loss and cash flow patterns shown. The change in incurred loss shown will differ from other GAAP disclosures of incurred prior period reserve development amounts, which include the effect of fluctuations in exchanges rates. We provided guidance above on key assumptions that should be considered when reviewing this disclosure and information relating to how loss reserve estimates are developed. We believe the information provided in the “Loss Development Tables” section of the disclosure is of limited use for independent analysis or application of standard actuarial estimations. Cumulative Number of Reported Claims Reported claim counts, on a cumulative basis, are provided to the far right of each incurred loss development table. In our North America segments, we generally consider a reported claim to be one claim per coverage per claimant. In our Overseas General Insurance segment, we generally consider a reported claim to be on a per occurrence basis. Global Reinsurance segment’s portfolio comprises a mix of proportional and non-proportional treaties. The proportional treaties are reported on a bulk basis and do not lend themselves to meaningful claim count data. As such, we do not provide claim count information for our Global Reinsurance segment. We exclude claims closed without payment. Claims are counted on a direct basis without consideration of ceded reinsurance. Use of the presented claim counts in analysis of company experience has significant limitations, including: • • • Claims for certain events and/or product lines, such as portions of our A&H business, are not reported on an individual basis, but rather in bulk and thus not available for inclusion in this disclosure. Each segment typically has a mixture of primary and excess experience which has shifted over time. Captive business, especially in Workers' Compensation and Liability, largely represents fronted business where our net exposure to loss is minimal; however, since the claim count is based on direct claims, there is a mismatch between direct claims and net loss dollars, the extent of which varies by accident year. Reported claim counts include open claims which have case reserves but exclude claims that have been incurred but not reported. As such the reported claims are not consistent with the incurred losses in the triangle, which include incurred but not reported losses. One can calculate reported losses by subtracting incurred but not reported losses from incurred losses in the triangle. Reported claim counts are also inconsistent with losses in the paid loss triangle, since reported counts would include claims with case reserves but no payments to date. F-47 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Workers' Compensation — Long-tail This product line has a broad mix of exposures across industries as well as a mix of policy coverages. Types of coverage include risk management business predominantly with high deductible policies, loss sensitive business (i.e., retrospectively-rated policies), business fronted for captives, as well as excess and primary guaranteed cost coverages. The triangle below shows all loss and allocated expense development for the workers' compensation product line. In our prior period development disclosure, we exclude any loss development where there is a directly related premium adjustment. For workers' compensation, changes in the exposure base due to payroll audits will drive changes in ultimate losses. In addition, we record involuntary pool assumptions (premiums and losses) on a lagged basis. Both of these items will influence the development in the triangle, particularly the first prior accident year, and are included in the reconciliation table presented on page F-60. Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total 2013 2017 $ 1,109 $ 1,108 $ 1,122 $ 1,127 $ 1,086 $ 1,073 $ 1,037 $ 1,014 $ 989 $ 2020 2021 2019 2018 2014 2015 2016 2022 968 $ 1,207 1,201 1,217 1,215 1,163 1,100 1,073 1,037 1,007 1,282 1,259 1,276 1,279 1,217 1,154 1,128 1,092 1,366 1,361 1,383 1,378 1,269 1,206 1,177 1,412 1,380 1,399 1,393 1,376 1,176 1,359 1,361 1,380 1,385 1,384 1,391 1,384 1,400 1,409 1,367 1,388 1,409 1,348 1,330 1,344 $ 12,296 264 338 380 465 631 656 852 780 988 As of December 31 2022 Net IBNR Reserves 219 Reported Claims (in thousands) 43 45 50 52 50 51 48 31 37 32 Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2013 107 $ $ 2014 286 $ 113 2015 422 $ 295 116 2016 506 $ 410 301 122 2017 553 $ 484 418 326 120 2018 587 $ 532 501 452 313 130 2019 616 $ 566 564 529 437 329 143 2020 633 $ 599 606 584 516 451 341 111 Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years $ $ 2021 650 $ 617 628 621 564 528 467 282 120 2022 664 634 645 653 601 597 575 390 331 131 $ 5,221 December 31, 2022 2,887 7,075 9,962 F-48 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Workers' Compensation — Long-tail (continued) Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years December 31, 2022 $ $ (132) (305) (437) Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2022 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 2 3 10 % 16 % 10 % 4 7 % 5 5 % 6 3 % 7 3 % 8 2 % 9 10 2 % 1 % North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Liability — Long-tail This line consists of primary and excess general liability exposures, medical liability, and professional lines, including directors and officers (D&O) liability, errors and omissions (E&O) liability, employment practices liability (EPL), fidelity bonds, and fiduciary liability. The primary and excess general liability business represents the largest part of these exposures. The former includes both monoline and commercial package liability. The latter includes a substantial proportion of commercial umbrella, excess and high excess business, where loss activity can produce significant volatility in the loss triangles at later ages within an accident year (and sometimes across years) due to the size of the limits afforded and the complex nature of the underlying losses. This line includes management and professional liability products provided to a wide variety of clients, from national accounts to small firms along with private and not-for-profit organizations, distributed through brokers, agents, wholesalers, and MGAs. Many of these coverages, particularly D&O and E&O, are typically written on a claims-made form. While most of the coverages are underwritten on a primary basis, there are significant amounts of excess exposure with large policy limits. Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses Years Ended December 31 As of December 31 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Unaudited 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 $ 3,540 $ 3,534 $ 3,534 $ 3,524 $ 3,422 $ 3,208 $ 3,115 $ 2,958 $ 2,950 $ 2,997 $ 3,528 3,578 3,552 3,667 3,701 3,526 3,710 3,810 3,587 3,315 3,648 3,966 3,684 3,491 3,367 3,463 3,934 3,797 3,573 3,485 3,445 3,340 3,727 3,792 3,623 3,688 3,620 4,102 3,192 3,700 3,764 3,545 3,820 3,858 3,826 4,315 3,142 3,569 3,755 3,434 3,900 4,050 3,919 4,349 4,561 $ 37,676 Net IBNR Reserves 247 278 390 589 758 1,041 1,488 2,184 3,263 4,176 Reported Claims (in thousands) 25 24 27 27 26 28 30 24 24 24 Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total F-49 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Liability — Long-tail (continued) Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 $ 129 $ 546 $ 1,189 $ 1,593 $ 2,003 $ 2,228 $ 2,369 $ 2,460 $ 2,520 $ 2,609 164 678 138 1,248 604 171 1,801 1,203 662 161 2,199 1,852 1,334 616 189 2,439 2,287 1,973 1,160 753 175 2,580 2,527 2,331 1,698 1,301 669 152 Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years 2,669 2,743 2,593 2,000 1,773 1,245 589 174 2,753 2,921 2,820 2,322 2,335 1,888 1,147 608 144 $ 19,547 December 31, 2022 $ $ 1,885 18,129 20,014 December 31, 2022 $ $ 98 145 243 Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2022 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 4 % 2 3 4 5 13 % 16 % 16 % 12 % 6 8 % 7 5 % 8 4 % 9 10 2 % 3 % F-50 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Other Casualty — Long-tail This product line consists of the remaining commercial casualty coverages such as automobile liability and aviation as well as our foreign casualty exposures (mainly auto, general liability and employer responsibility coverages) on U.S.-based multinational accounts. The paid and reported data are impacted by some catastrophe loss activity. Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited As of December 31 2022 Net IBNR Reserves Reported Claims (in thousands) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 $ 525 $ 530 $ 521 $ 514 $ 468 $ 461 $ 461 $ 457 $ 459 $ 458 $ 594 582 580 595 554 537 538 530 486 469 500 514 457 454 462 503 501 527 523 480 479 531 565 576 616 604 535 563 574 579 605 636 685 640 633 675 526 457 469 590 575 743 656 709 782 $ 5,965 8 6 23 27 36 25 143 265 379 611 17 17 15 16 17 17 17 11 12 11 Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 $ 68 $ 196 $ 270 $ 348 $ 384 $ 410 $ 418 $ 425 $ 438 $ 80 220 47 317 137 52 391 214 145 66 454 304 246 175 74 472 370 323 312 169 70 500 394 374 381 270 189 54 508 411 398 446 365 318 156 60 441 513 423 424 496 472 465 273 176 82 Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total $ 3,765 December 31, 2022 $ $ 330 2,200 2,530 Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years F-51 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Other-Casualty — Long-tail (continued) Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years December 31, 2022 $ $ 56 77 133 Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2022 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 2 3 4 5 11 % 19 % 19 % 16 % 13 % 6 6 % 7 4 % 8 2 % 9 2 % 10 1 % North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Non-Casualty — Short-tail This product line represents first party commercial product lines that are short-tailed in nature, such as property, inland marine, ocean marine, surety, and A&H. There is a wide diversity of products, primary and excess coverages, and policy sizes. During this ten-year period, this product line was impacted by natural catastrophes mainly in the 2017 and 2018 accident years, and in accident year 2020 by direct COVID. Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses Years Ended December 31 As of December 31 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Unaudited Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 $ 1,427 $ 1,417 $ 1,330 $ 1,352 $ 1,333 $ 1,333 $ 1,330 $ 1,337 $ 1,336 $ 1,340 $ 1,639 1,655 1,573 1,552 1,543 1,544 1,552 1,545 1,544 1,730 1,740 1,645 1,633 1,600 1,585 1,587 1,592 1,904 1,884 1,794 1,775 1,811 1,824 1,820 2,699 2,602 2,501 2,517 2,509 2,519 2,047 2,234 2,169 2,161 2,170 2,046 2,031 1,953 1,944 3,139 2,942 2,726 2,941 2,824 3,048 $ 21,527 2 1 26 65 35 52 105 368 1,467 Net IBNR Reserves 3 Reported Claims (in thousands) 455 483 545 650 764 903 1,043 1,124 857 751 Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited $ Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total 816 2014 2015 2017 2018 2019 2021 2020 2016 1,368 724 1,478 1,339 844 2022 2013 647 $ 1,132 $ 1,231 $ 1,278 $ 1,304 $ 1,318 $ 1,326 $ 1,328 $ 1,329 $ 1,338 1,552 1,582 1,790 2,427 2,113 1,856 2,466 2,100 1,050 $ 18,274 1,552 1,583 1,779 2,403 2,068 1,800 2,260 1,085 1,547 1,570 1,754 2,389 2,012 1,672 1,390 1,540 1,567 1,726 2,299 1,820 1,028 1,525 1,552 1,650 2,083 1,025 1,499 1,484 1,499 977 F-52 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Commercial P&C Insurance — Non-Casualty — Short-tail (continued) Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years December 31, 2022 — 3,253 3,253 $ $ December 31, 2022 $ $ (11) (319) (330) Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2022 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 2 45 % 36 % 3 8 % 4 3 % 5 1 % 6 1 % 7 1 % 8 9 10 — % — % 1 % North America Personal P&C Insurance — Short-tail Chubb provides personal lines coverages for high-net-worth individuals and families in North America including homeowners, automobile, valuable articles (including fine art), umbrella liability, and recreational marine insurance offered through independent regional agents and brokers. During this ten-year period, this segment was also impacted by natural catastrophes, mainly in the 2017 and 2018 accident years. Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses Years Ended December 31 As of December 31 2022 Reported Claims (in thousands) 132 144 148 154 163 170 156 123 129 94 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Unaudited 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 $ 1,848 $ 1,876 $ 1,884 $ 1,888 $ 1,912 $ 1,924 $ 1,932 $ 1,935 $ 1,936 $ 1,933 $ Net IBNR Reserves 18 2,198 2,199 2,185 2,139 2,153 2,140 2,134 2,134 2,487 2,542 2,553 2,536 2,556 2,562 2,559 2,433 2,529 2,538 2,476 2,464 2,457 3,027 3,062 2,995 2,991 2,991 3,001 3,029 2,948 3,095 2,985 3,110 2,986 2,922 2,627 3,027 2,133 2,561 2,465 3,000 3,131 2,978 2,626 2,877 3,102 $ 26,806 9 12 17 16 93 116 206 245 1,217 Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total F-53 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America Personal P&C Insurance — Short-tail (continued) Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total 2015 2014 2013 2018 2021 2016 2019 2017 2020 1,306 1,759 1,495 1,919 2,078 1,449 2022 $ 1,036 $ 1,494 $ 1,676 $ 1,775 $ 1,831 $ 1,873 $ 1,884 $ 1,906 $ 1,904 $ 1,910 2,119 2,535 2,422 2,930 2,971 2,718 2,223 2,368 1,411 $ 23,607 2,116 2,526 2,391 2,863 2,857 2,610 1,990 1,583 2,109 2,501 2,364 2,793 2,699 2,431 1,330 2,100 2,472 2,308 2,661 2,542 1,663 2,073 2,385 2,205 2,514 1,922 2,028 2,264 2,046 1,693 Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years December 31, 2022 26 3,199 3,225 December 31, 2022 (5) (123) (128) $ $ $ $ Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2022 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 56 % 2 24 % 9 — % 3 7 % 8 1 % 7 1 % 4 5 % 5 3 % 6 2 % 10 — % F-54 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Overseas General Insurance — Casualty — Long-tail This product line comprises D&O liability, E&O liability, financial institutions (including crime/fidelity coverages), and non-U.S. general liability as well as aviation and political risk. Exposures are located around the world, including Europe, Latin America, and Asia. Approximately 45 percent of Chubb Overseas General business is generated by European accounts, exclusive of Lloyd's market. There is some U.S. exposure in Casualty from multinational accounts and in financial lines for Lloyd's market. The financial lines coverages are typically written on a claims-made form, while general liability coverages are typically on an occurrence basis and comprises a mix of primary and excess businesses. Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 $ 1,186 $ 1,181 $ 1,174 $ 1,217 $ 1,172 $ 1,139 $ 1,084 $ 1,054 $ 1,074 $ 1,094 $ 1,186 1,253 1,261 1,277 1,197 1,118 1,081 1,092 1,096 1,107 1,199 1,226 1,248 1,229 1,172 1,157 1,174 1,138 1,234 1,298 1,327 1,317 1,328 1,263 1,128 1,224 1,271 1,318 1,283 1,319 1,224 1,273 1,332 1,375 1,330 1,295 1,360 1,382 1,373 1,669 1,589 1,509 100 131 117 149 282 358 835 1,604 1,650 1,111 1,741 1,475 $ 13,549 As of December 31 2022 Net IBNR Reserves 65 Reported Claims (in thousands) 37 38 40 42 43 43 42 34 35 29 Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total 2013 $ 78 $ 2014 246 $ 104 2015 393 $ 273 79 2016 532 $ 440 265 119 2017 667 $ 567 460 303 90 2018 763 $ 675 631 500 296 104 2019 826 $ 754 745 642 494 309 116 2020 875 $ 815 821 760 647 465 313 101 2021 896 $ 857 895 851 805 602 440 271 110 2022 913 886 927 974 931 718 642 425 268 83 $ 6,767 Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years December 31, 2022 $ $ 505 6,782 7,287 F-55 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Overseas General Insurance — Casualty — Long-tail (continued) Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years December 31, 2022 $ $ 8 (76) (68) Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2022 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 7 % 2 3 4 5 14 % 13 % 12 % 10 % 6 8 % 7 7 % 8 4 % 9 10 2 % 2 % Overseas General Insurance — Non-Casualty — Short-tail This product line is comprised of commercial fire, marine (predominantly cargo), surety, personal automobile (in Latin America, Asia Pacific and Japan), personal cell phones, personal residential (including high net worth), energy, and construction. In general, these lines have relatively stable payment and reporting patterns although they are impacted by natural catastrophes mainly in the 2017, 2018, and 2022 accident years. For the Chubb Overseas General non-casualty book, Europe, exclusive of Lloyd's market, makes up about one third, Latin America makes up about one quarter, and Asia makes up about one fifth. Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses Years Ended December 31 As of December 31 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Unaudited 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 $ 1,656 $ 1,651 $ 1,590 $ 1,545 $ 1,540 $ 1,513 $ 1,501 $ 1,492 $ 1,483 $ 1,481 $ Net IBNR Reserves 12 1,727 1,790 1,737 1,725 1,691 1,682 1,675 1,669 1,661 1,815 1,932 1,907 1,876 1,860 1,853 1,836 1,835 1,920 1,914 1,901 1,880 1,883 1,913 1,911 2,067 2,107 2,093 2,075 2,099 2,096 2,022 2,107 2,070 2,044 2,013 5 7 35 23 39 2,044 2,060 2,000 1,989 (15) 2,378 2,244 2,120 2,462 2,374 2,728 $ 20,208 164 241 696 Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total Reported Claims (in thousands) 560 534 557 566 577 612 631 533 541 597 F-56 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Overseas General Insurance — Non-Casualty — Short-tail (continued) Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited $ Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total 699 2014 2015 2020 2018 2016 2019 2017 2021 1,327 789 1,526 1,437 938 2013 2022 643 $ 1,186 $ 1,369 $ 1,399 $ 1,433 $ 1,451 $ 1,458 $ 1,461 $ 1,458 $ 1,458 1,641 1,801 1,845 2,062 1,893 1,869 1,746 1,692 1,122 $ 17,129 1,648 1,798 1,840 2,004 1,878 1,804 1,602 944 1,641 1,781 1,831 1,964 1,812 1,620 1,003 1,627 1,754 1,807 1,893 1,620 979 1,614 1,732 1,740 1,726 930 1,585 1,656 1,554 980 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years December 31, 2022 $ $ 127 3,079 3,206 December 31, 2022 $ $ (10) (270) (280) Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2022 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 2 3 45 % 34 % 10 % 4 3 % 5 1 % 6 1 % 7 1 % 8 9 10 — % — % — % Global Reinsurance Chubb analyzes its Global Reinsurance business on a treaty year basis rather than on an accident year basis. Treaty year data was converted to an accident year basis for the purposes of this disclosure. Mix shifts are an important consideration in these product line groupings. As proportional business and excess of loss business have different earning and loss reporting and payment patterns, this change in mix will affect the cash flow patterns across the accident years. In addition, the shift from excess to proportional business over time will make the cash flow patterns of older and more recent years difficult to compare. In general, the proportional business will pay out more quickly than the excess of loss business, as such, using older years development patterns may overstate the ultimate loss estimates in more recent years. Global Reinsurance — Casualty — Long-tail This product line includes proportional and excess coverages in general, automobile liability, professional liability, medical malpractice, and workers' compensation, with exposures located around the world. In general, reinsurance exhibits less stable development patterns than primary business. In particular, general casualty reinsurance and excess coverages are long-tailed and can be very volatile. F-57 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Global Reinsurance — Casualty — Long-tail (continued) Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses Years Ended December 31 As of December 31 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Unaudited Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 $ 317 $ 323 $ 326 $ 326 $ 327 $ 320 $ 313 $ 307 $ 305 $ 302 $ 329 330 280 335 285 218 338 295 222 208 339 296 230 210 237 343 304 229 214 240 232 326 300 238 212 247 240 241 326 304 238 213 243 236 245 277 325 306 243 212 246 235 236 281 293 $ 2,679 Net IBNR Reserves 6 8 11 11 4 12 37 60 136 206 Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total 2013 $ 64 $ 2014 142 $ 91 2015 185 $ 183 89 2016 221 $ 216 157 56 2017 240 $ 247 189 111 46 2018 258 $ 262 215 140 98 40 2019 266 $ 273 230 157 120 93 39 2020 269 $ 283 247 172 137 122 88 41 2021 275 $ 292 263 189 152 145 114 98 35 2022 279 297 272 205 172 166 137 123 86 39 $ 1,776 Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years December 31, 2022 $ $ 305 903 1,208 December 31, 2022 $ $ (7) (1) (8) Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2022 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 2 3 20 % 23 % 11 % 4 9 % 5 6 % 6 6 % 7 4 % 8 2 % 9 2 % 10 1 % F-58 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Global Reinsurance — Non-Casualty — Short-tail This product line includes property, property catastrophe, marine, credit/surety, mortgage, A&H and energy. This product line is impacted by natural catastrophes, particularly in the 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021, and 2022 accident years. Of the non- catastrophe book, the mixture of business varies by year with approximately 85 percent of loss on proportional treaties in treaty year 2013 and after. This percentage has increased over time with the proportion being approximately 79 percent for treaty years 2013-2017 growing to an average of 91 percent for treaty years 2018 to 2022, with the remainder being written on an excess of loss basis. Net Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited As of December 31 2022 Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total 2016 2014 2015 2013 2017 $ 157 $ 154 $ 143 $ 137 $ 139 $ 136 $ 136 $ 135 $ 134 $ 177 158 182 395 174 152 176 175 144 2018 2019 2020 2021 159 175 158 184 421 279 174 151 187 451 287 132 173 156 183 449 290 130 209 172 154 181 453 286 127 253 340 2022 134 $ 170 154 181 456 291 121 277 350 346 $ 2,480 Net IBNR Reserves — 1 — 2 12 7 8 34 43 220 Net Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Years Ended December 31 Unaudited Accident Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Total 2013 $ 45 $ 2014 100 $ 63 2015 118 $ 125 56 2016 127 $ 147 102 56 2017 130 $ 157 130 129 191 2018 132 $ 162 140 155 321 94 2019 133 $ 164 144 166 400 250 35 2020 134 $ 166 148 172 414 266 81 62 2021 134 $ 166 150 175 427 269 95 177 158 2022 134 167 151 176 433 273 103 215 277 74 $ 2,003 Net Liabilities for Loss and Allocated Loss Adjustment Expenses (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years Supplementary Information: (Favorable)/ Adverse Prior Period Development (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accident years prior to 2013 Accident years 2013 - 2022 from tables above All Accident years F-59 December 31, 2022 $ $ 17 477 494 December 31, 2022 $ $ (4) 34 30 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Global Reinsurance — Non-Casualty — Short-tail (continued) Supplementary Information: Average Annual Percentage Payout of Net Incurred Claims by Age, as of December 31, 2022 (Unaudited) Age in Years Percentage 1 2 3 34 % 40 % 15 % 4 5 % 5 3 % 6 2 % 7 1 % 8 9 10 — % — % — % Prior Period Development — Supplementary Information The following table presents a reconciliation of the loss development triangles above to prior period development: Components of PPD Year Ended December 31, 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) (favorable)/unfavorable Accident years prior to 2013 2013 - 2021 accident years (implied PPD per loss triangles) Other (1) PPD on loss reserves RIPs, Expense adjustments, and earned premiums North America Commercial P&C Insurance Long-tail Short-tail North America Personal P&C Insurance (Short-tail) Overseas General Insurance $ (83) $ 22 $ (253) $ (314) $ (319) (11) (30) (402) 11 (283) (2) (4) (360) (674) (123) (5) (58) (186) (76) 8 3 (270) (10) (103) (346) (2) (100) (5) (1) 34 33 (7) (4) (11) 1 — 1 (65) (383) (448) (7) 30 23 Long-tail Short-tail Global Reinsurance Long-tail Short-tail Subtotal North America Agricultural Insurance (Short-tail) Corporate (Long-tail) Consolidated PPD $ (838) $ (7) $ (440) $ (1,285) $ 111 $ (1,174) $ (227) $ 166 $ 359 — (61) 359 $ (1,153) $ 277 $ (876) (1) Other includes the impact of foreign exchange. (2) Includes favorable development of $161 million related to our Alternative Risk Solutions business (U.S. and Bermuda) and an adjustment to exclude $46 million in unfavorable development in the workers' compensation line, associated with an increase in exposure for which additional premiums were collected; the remaining difference relates to a number of other items, none of which are individually material. (3) (4) (5) Includes premium returns associated with our Alternative Risk Solutions business, which is excluded from the triangles. Includes $48 million relating to the Colorado Wildfire CAT event that began December 30, 2021. Includes favorable development of $105 million related to International A&H business; the remaining difference relates to a number of other items, none of which are individually material. F-60 Total (229) (333) (562) (186) (65) (383) (448) (7) 29 22 $ 85 27 112 (3) — — — — — (1) (1) NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Prior Period Development Prior period development (PPD) arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous accident years. Long-tail lines include lines such as workers' compensation, general liability, and financial lines; while short-tail lines include lines such as most property lines, energy, personal accident, and agriculture. The following table summarizes (favorable) and adverse PPD by segment: Years Ended December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) 2022 North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Corporate Total 2021 North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Corporate Total 2020 North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Corporate Total Long-tail Short-tail Total % of beginning net unpaid reserves (1) $ (229) $ (333) $ — — (65) (7) 359 (186) (61) (383) 29 — (562) (186) (61) (448) 22 359 $ $ $ $ 58 $ (934) $ (876) (482) $ (280) $ — — (106) (25) 569 (305) 10 (335) 28 — (44) $ (882) $ (762) (305) 10 (441) 3 569 (926) (672) $ (30) $ (702) — — (49) (25) 433 63 (10) (101) (4) — $ (313) $ (82) $ 63 (10) (150) (29) 433 (395) 1.0 % 0.3 % 0.1 % 0.8 % — % 0.6 % 1.5 % 1.4 % 0.6 % — % 0.8 % — % 1.1 % 1.7 % 1.4 % 0.1 % — % 0.3 % 0.1 % 0.9 % 0.8 % (1) Calculated based on the beginning of period consolidated net unpaid losses and loss expenses. Significant prior period movements by segment, principally driven by reserve reviews completed during each respective period, are discussed in more detail below. The remaining net development for long-tail lines and short-tail business for each segment and Corporate comprises numerous favorable and adverse movements across a number of lines and accident years, none of which is significant individually or in the aggregate. North America Commercial P&C Insurance. Net favorable development in 2022 included $496 million in workers' compensation from lower than expected loss experience, updates to loss development factors, and our annual assessment of multi-claimant events, including industrial accidents. The favorable development was partially offset by net adverse development of $177 million in commercial auto liability, driven by adverse reported loss experience and explicit recognition of anticipated increases in claim severity trend, $96 million from commercial umbrella/excess portfolios, driven by higher than expected loss emergence and increases in our claims severity trend assumptions, and $82 million from medical risk where reported loss activity was higher than expected, driven by claim severity increases and large loss activity. Net favorable development on our short-tail businesses primarily included $206 million from property and marine portfolios, where paid and reported loss activity for the most recent accident years was lower than expected. Net favorable development in 2021 included favorable development of $303 million on COVID-19 reserves, including $256 million on management liability portfolios. Total favorable development on management liability portfolios of $278 million, F-61 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries including the COVID-19 referenced above, was driven by lower than expected claim frequency including securities class actions. Net favorable development also included $260 million in our workers' compensation business, driven by lower than expected loss experience and related improvements to loss development factors, and $164 million in property and marine coverages, driven by lower than expected loss development. Net favorable development of $702 million in 2020 represented 1.4 percent of the beginning consolidated net unpaid losses and loss expense reserves. North America Personal P&C Insurance. Net favorable development in 2022 primarily included favorable development in the homeowners and valuables lines of business, driven by lower than expected claims reserve development. Net favorable development in 2021 included favorable development primarily in the homeowners and valuables lines of business, which experienced better than expected non-catastrophe loss development. Net adverse development of $63 million in 2020 represented 0.1 percent of the beginning consolidated net unpaid losses and loss expense reserves. Overseas General Insurance. Net favorable development in 2022 included $105 million in A&H lines, driven by favorable loss development in the Asia Pacific, U.K., and Europe regions. Net favorable development also included $100 million in property lines, driven by favorable loss development across most regions, favorable catastrophe development in recent accident years, specific case reductions, and salvage and subrogation recoveries. Net favorable development in 2021 included favorable development of $127 million on COVID-19 reserves, including $104 million impact on financial lines. Net favorable development also included favorable development of $111 million in A&H lines across most regions. The favorable development was partially offset by adverse development of $90 million in D&O on specific claims in Australia and the U.K., and adverse professional indemnity development, including medical malpractice, in various regions. Net favorable development of $150 million in 2020 represented 0.3 percent of the beginning consolidated net unpaid losses and loss expense reserves. Corporate. Net adverse development in 2022, 2021, and 2020, included adverse development for molestation claims of $155 million, $417 million, and $254 million, respectively. The $417 million adverse development in 2021 was primarily driven by a settlement-in-principle with the BSA regarding molestation claims. Refer to the Molestation claims section below for further information. Net adverse development for all years also included adverse development for asbestos and environmental liabilities. Molestation claims Chubb's exposure to molestation claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when it purchased CIGNA's P&C business in 1999, and Chubb Corp in 2016. The vast majority of the current liability relates to exposure from recently enacted "reviver" legislation in certain states that allow civil claims relating to molestation to be asserted against policyholders that would otherwise be barred by statutes of limitations. These exposures are predominantly included in our inactive run-off operations included in the Corporate segment with an immaterial amount in the North America Commercial P&C segment. In December 2021, Chubb reached an agreement-in-principle regarding the bankruptcy of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Under this agreement, which is contingent on a variety of conditions and court approvals, our inactive run-off company, Century Indemnity Company, and certain active Chubb companies will pay their respective share of $800 million and obtain a broad release for all Chubb companies from BSA-related abuse claims. This liability was included in our Unpaid losses and loss expenses as of December 31, 2021, and is gross of reinsurance recoverable and previously carried reserves, collectively, of $425 million. In the third quarter of 2022, the bankruptcy court approved the agreement-in-principle regarding the bankruptcy of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), which will proceed to further approval before the U.S. District Court. Of the $800 million that will be paid per the agreement, $300 million was paid as of December 31, 2022, and the remaining $500 million liability is expected to be paid in 2023. F-62 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Asbestos and environmental (A&E) Chubb's exposure to A&E claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when it purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998, CIGNA's P&C business in 1999, and Chubb Corp in 2016. The following table presents a roll-forward of consolidated A&E loss reserves including allocated loss expense reserves for A&E exposures, and the valuation allowance for uncollectible paid and unpaid reinsurance recoverables: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Balance at December 31, 2019 Incurred activity Paid activity Balance at December 31, 2020 Incurred activity Paid activity Balance at December 31, 2021 Incurred activity Paid activity Asbestos Environmental Gross Net Gross Net Gross Total Net $ 1,459 $ 916 $ 529 $ 410 $ 1,988 $ 1,326 150 90 79 41 229 131 (1) (258) (133) (91) (72) (349) (205) 1,351 96 873 64 517 52 379 40 1,868 1,252 148 104 (1) (221) (137) (167) (117) (388) (254) 1,226 87 800 55 402 125 302 77 1,628 1,102 212 132 (1) (215) (152) (115) (69) (330) (221) Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 1,098 $ 703 $ 412 $ 310 $ 1,510 $ 1,013 (1) Excludes unallocated loss expenses and the net activity reflects third-party reinsurance other than the aggregate excess of loss reinsurance provided by National Indemnity Company (NICO) to Westchester Specialty (see Westchester Specialty section below). The A&E net loss reserves including allocated loss expense reserves and valuation allowance for uncollectible reinsurance at December 31, 2022 and 2021, shown in the table above is comprised of: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Brandywine operations Westchester Specialty Chubb Corp Other, mainly Overseas General Insurance Total 2022 $ 602 $ 98 266 47 December 31 2021 646 100 286 70 $ 1,013 $ 1,102 Brandywine Run-off entities – The Restructuring Plan and uncertainties relating to Chubb's ultimate Brandywine exposure In 1996, the Pennsylvania Insurance Commissioner approved a plan to restructure INA Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries (the Restructuring) which included the division of Insurance Company of North America (INA) into two separate corporations: (1) An active insurance company that retained the INA name and continued to write P&C business; and (2) An inactive run-off company, now called Century Indemnity Company (Century). As a result of the division, predominantly all A&E and certain other liabilities of INA were ascribed to Century and extinguished, as a matter of Pennsylvania law, as liabilities of INA. As part of the Restructuring, most A&E liabilities of various U.S. affiliates of INA were reinsured to Century. Century and certain other run-off companies having A&E and other liabilities were contributed to Brandywine Holdings. The U.S.-based Chubb INA companies assumed two contractual obligations in respect of the Brandywine operations in connection with the Restructuring: a surplus maintenance obligation in the form of the excess of loss (XOL) agreement and a dividend retention fund obligation. F-63 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries XOL Agreement In 1996, in connection with the Restructuring, a Chubb INA insurance subsidiary provided reinsurance coverage to Century in the amount of $800 million under an Aggregate Excess of Loss Reinsurance Agreement (XOL Agreement), triggerable if the statutory capital and surplus of Century falls below $25 million or if Century lacks liquid assets with which to pay claims as they become due. Dividend Retention Fund INA Financial Corporation established and funded a dividend retention fund (the Dividend Retention Fund) consisting of $50 million plus investment earnings. The full balance of the Dividend Retention Fund was contributed to Century as of December 31, 2002. Under the Restructuring Order, while any obligation to maintain the Dividend Retention Fund is in effect, to the extent dividends are paid by INA Holdings Corporation to its parent, INA Financial Corporation, and to the extent INA Financial Corporation then pays such dividends to INA Corporation, a portion of those dividends must be withheld to replenish the principal of the Dividend Retention Fund to $50 million. In 2022 and 2021, $75 million and $50 million, respectively, were withheld from such dividends and deposited into the Dividend Retention Fund as a result of dividends paid up to the INA Corporation. Pursuant to a 2011 amendment to the Restructuring Order, capital contributions from the Dividend Retention Fund to Century are not required until the XOL Agreement has less than $200 million of capacity remaining on an incurred basis for statutory reporting purposes. The amount of the required capital contribution shall be the lesser of the amount necessary to restore the XOL Agreement remaining capacity to $200 million or the Dividend Retention Fund balance. In 2022 and 2021, capital contributions of $106 million and $18 million were made, respectively, from the Dividend Retention Fund to Century. The Dividend Retention Fund may not be terminated without prior written approval from the Pennsylvania Insurance Commissioner. In 2004, Chubb INA contributed $100 million to Century in exchange for a surplus note. After giving effect to the surplus note, contributions from the Dividend Retention Fund, results from operations and other items impacting statutory surplus, the statutory surplus of Century at December 31, 2022, was $25 million and $669 million in statutory-basis losses have been ceded to the XOL Agreement on an inception-to-date basis. The XOL Agreement statutory-basis remaining limit at December 31, 2022, is $131 million. Century reports the amount ceded under the XOL Agreement in accordance with statutory accounting principles, which differ from GAAP by, among other things, allowing Century to discount its liabilities, including certain asbestos related and environmental pollution liabilities and Century's reinsurance payable to active companies. For GAAP reporting purposes, intercompany reinsurance recoverables related to the XOL are eliminated upon consolidation. While Chubb believes it has no legal obligation to fund Century losses above the XOL limit of coverage, Chubb's consolidated results would nevertheless continue to include any losses above the limit of coverage for so long as the Brandywine companies remain consolidated subsidiaries of Chubb. Certain active Chubb companies are primarily liable for asbestos, environmental, and other exposures that they have reinsured to Century. Accordingly, if Century were to become insolvent and placed into rehabilitation or liquidation, some or all of the recoverables due to these active Chubb companies from Century could become uncollectible. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the aggregate reinsurance recoverables owed by Century to certain active Chubb companies were approximately $1.9 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively, on an undiscounted basis. Chubb believes the active company intercompany reinsurance recoverables, which relate to direct liabilities payable over many years, are not impaired. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, Century's carried gross reserves (including reserves assumed from the active Chubb companies) were $2.1 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. Changes in laws and regulations may have an adverse effect on Century's reserves; for example, the enactment of "reviver" statutes relating to claims of sexual molestation may give rise to additional claims that would have been barred by the statutes of limitations in effect at the time of the alleged molestation. Should Century's loss reserves experience adverse development, as a result of such changes or otherwise, in the future and should Century be placed into rehabilitation or liquidation, the reinsurance recoverables due from Century to certain active Chubb companies would be payable only after the payment in full of certain expenses and liabilities, including administrative expenses and direct policy liabilities. Thus, the intercompany reinsurance recoverables would be at risk to the extent of the shortage of assets remaining to pay these recoverables. Westchester Specialty – impact of NICO contracts on Chubb’s run-off entities As part of the Westchester Specialty acquisition in 1998, NICO provided a 75 percent pro-rata share of $1.0 billion of reinsurance protection on losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred on or before December 31, 1996, in excess of a retention of $721 million. At December 31, 2022, the remaining unused incurred limit under the Westchester NICO agreement was $347 million. F-64 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 8. Taxation Under Swiss law through December 31, 2022, a resident company is subject to income tax at the federal, cantonal, and communal levels that is levied on net worldwide income. Income attributable to permanent establishments or real estate located abroad is excluded from the Swiss tax base. Furthermore, participation relief (i.e., tax relief) is granted to Chubb Limited at the federal, cantonal, and communal level for qualifying dividend income. Chubb Limited is subject to an annual cantonal and communal capital tax on the taxable equity of Chubb Limited in Switzerland. Chubb has two Swiss operating subsidiaries, an insurance company, Chubb Insurance (Switzerland) Limited and a reinsurance company, Chubb Reinsurance (Switzerland) Limited. Both are subject to federal, cantonal, and communal income tax and to annual cantonal and communal capital tax. Under current Bermuda law, Chubb Limited and its Bermuda subsidiaries are not required to pay any taxes on income or capital gains. If a Bermuda law were enacted that would impose taxes on income or capital gains, Chubb Limited and the Bermuda subsidiaries have received written assurances from the Minister of Finance in Bermuda that would exempt such companies from Bermudian taxation until March 2035. Income from Chubb's operations at Lloyd's is subject to United Kingdom (U.K.) corporation income taxes. Lloyd's is required to pay U.S. income tax on U.S. connected income written by Lloyd's syndicates. Lloyd's has a closing agreement with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) whereby the amount of tax due on this business is calculated by Lloyd's and remitted directly to the IRS. These amounts are then charged to the accounts of Chubb's Corporate Members in proportion to their participation in the relevant syndicates. Chubb's Corporate Members are subject to this arrangement but, as U.K. domiciled companies, will receive U.K. corporation tax credits for any U.S. income tax incurred up to the value of the equivalent U.K. corporation income tax charge on this income. Chubb Group Holdings and its respective subsidiaries are subject to income taxes imposed by U.S. authorities and file a consolidated U.S. Federal income tax return. Should Chubb Group Holdings pay a dividend to Chubb Limited, withholding taxes would apply. Currently, however, no withholding taxes are accrued with respect to such un-remitted earnings as management has no intention of remitting these earnings. Similarly, no taxes have been provided on the un-remitted earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries (Chubb Life Insurance Hong Kong Limited and Chubb Life Insurance Korea Company Ltd.) as management has no intention of remitting these earnings. The cumulative amount that would be subject to withholding tax, if distributed, as well as the determination of the associated tax liability are not practicable to compute; however, such amount would be material. Certain international operations of Chubb are also subject to income taxes imposed by the jurisdictions in which they operate. Chubb's domestic operations are in Switzerland, the jurisdiction where we are legally organized, incorporated, and registered. As a result of Swiss federal tax reform which was effective in 2020, the tax rate changed from 7.83 percent to 21.2 percent. The tax rate further changed to 19.7 percent for 2021 and 2022 due to changes in Cantonal tax rates. F-65 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents pre-tax income and the related provision for income taxes: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Pre-tax income: Switzerland Outside Switzerland Total pre-tax income Provision for income taxes Current tax expense: Switzerland Outside Switzerland Total current tax expense Deferred tax expense (benefit): Switzerland Outside Switzerland Total deferred tax expense (benefit) Provision for income taxes $ $ $ Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 234 $ 349 $ 6,334 9,467 6,568 $ 9,816 $ 350 3,812 4,162 15 $ 65 $ 1,066 1,081 34 140 174 1,294 1,359 (15) (67) (82) $ 1,255 $ 1,277 $ 52 876 928 2 (301) (299) 629 The most significant jurisdictions contributing to the overall taxation of Chubb are calculated using the following rates in 2022: Switzerland 19.7 percent, U.S. 21.0 percent, U.K. 19.0 percent, and Bermuda 0.0 percent. The following table presents a reconciliation of the difference between the provision for income taxes and the expected tax provision at the Swiss statutory income tax rate: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Expected tax provision at Swiss statutory tax rate Permanent differences: Taxes on earnings subject to rate other than Swiss statutory rate Net withholding taxes Other Provision for income taxes Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 $ 1,291 $ 1,934 $ 2020 880 (244) (740) (337) 75 133 78 5 $ 1,255 $ 1,277 $ 67 19 629 F-66 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents the components of net deferred tax assets and liabilities: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Deferred tax assets: Loss reserve discount Unearned premiums reserve Foreign tax credits Loss carry-forwards Investments Unrealized depreciation on investments Depreciation Other Total deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance Deferred tax liabilities: Deferred policy acquisition costs Other intangible assets, including VOBA Un-remitted foreign earnings Investments Unrealized appreciation on investments Total deferred tax liabilities 2022 December 31 2021 $ 1,001 $ 417 76 104 57 1,387 126 175 3,343 916 2,427 276 2,194 249 — — 2,719 950 544 156 139 — — 190 296 2,275 92 2,183 679 1,268 121 144 360 2,572 (389) Net deferred tax liabilities $ (292) $ The valuation allowance of $916 million and $92 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, reflects management's assessment, based on available information, that it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized due to the inability of certain subsidiaries to generate sufficient taxable income. Adjustments to the valuation allowance are made when there is a change in management's assessment of the amount of deferred tax assets that are realizable. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the tax benefit on certain unrealized losses in our investment portfolio was reduced by a valuation allowance of $815 million necessary due to limitations on the utilization of these losses. As part of evaluating whether it was more likely than not that we could realize the tax benefit of these losses, we considered realized gains, carryback ability and available tax planning strategies. At December 31, 2022, Chubb has net operating loss carry-forwards of $346 million which, if unused, will expire starting in 2023, and a foreign tax credit carry-forward in the amount of $76 million which, if unused, will expire starting in 2028. The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Balance, beginning of year Additions based on tax positions related to prior years Reductions for settlements with taxing authorities Balance, end of year Year Ended December 31 2021 2022 64 $ 4 (1) 67 $ 76 7 (19) 64 $ $ At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the gross unrecognized tax benefits of $67 million and $64 million, respectively, can be reduced by $21 million and $26 million, respectively, associated with foreign tax credits. The net amounts of $46 million and $38 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective tax rate. It is reasonably possible that over the next twelve months, that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may change further resulting F-67 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries from the re-evaluation of unrecognized tax benefits arising from examinations by taxing authorities and the lapses of statutes of limitations. Chubb recognizes accruals for interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in Income tax expense in the Consolidated statements of operations. Tax-related interest expense and penalties reported in the Consolidated statements of operations were $4 million, $1 million, and $8 million at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Liabilities for tax-related interest and penalties in our Consolidated balance sheets were $18 million and $14 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In March 2017, the IRS commenced its field examination of Chubb Group Holdings’ U.S. Federal income tax returns for 2014 and 2015 which is still ongoing. In July 2020, the IRS commenced its field examination of Chubb Group Holdings' U.S. Federal income tax returns for 2016, 2017 and 2018 which is also still ongoing. No material adjustments have been proposed by the IRS for any year under examination. As a multinational company, we also have examinations under way in non-US jurisdictions. With few exceptions, Chubb is no longer subject to income tax examinations for years prior to 2012. The following table summarizes tax years open for examination by major income tax jurisdiction: At December 31, 2022 Australia Brazil Canada France Germany Italy Korea (1) Mexico Spain Switzerland United Kingdom United States (1) Includes an examination for a pre-acquisition period subject to indemnification by Cigna Corp. 2016 - 2022 2016 - 2022 2012 - 2022 2021 - 2022 2016 - 2022 2019 - 2022 2017 - 2022 2016 - 2022 2012 - 2022 2018 - 2022 2015 - 2022 2014 - 2022 F-68 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 9. Debt (in millions of U.S. dollars) 2022 2021 Early Redemption Option Repurchase agreements (weighted average interest rate of 3.9% in 2022 and 0.2% in 2021) $ 1,419 $ 1,406 None December 31 December 31 Short-term debt Chubb INA: $1,000 million 2.875% senior notes due November 2022 $ — $ 999 Make-whole premium plus 20 bps $475 million 2.7% senior notes due March 2023 475 — Make-whole premium plus 10 bps Total short-term debt $ 475 $ 999 Long-term debt Chubb INA: $475 million 2.7% senior notes due March 2023 $ — $ $700 million 3.35% senior notes due May 2024 €700 million 0.3% senior notes due December 2024 $800 million 3.15% senior notes due March 2025 699 742 798 474 698 787 798 Make-whole premium plus 10 bps Make-whole premium plus 15 bps Make-whole premium plus 15 bps Make-whole premium plus 15 bps $1,500 million 3.35% senior notes due May 2026 1,496 1,494 Make-whole premium plus 20 bps €575 million 0.875% senior notes due June 2027 €900 million 1.55% senior notes due March 2028 $100 million 8.875% debentures due August 2029 €700 million 0.875% senior notes due December 2029 $1,000 million 1.375% senior notes due September 2030 €575 million 1.4% senior notes due June 2031 $200 million 6.8% debentures due November 2031 $300 million 6.7% senior notes due May 2036 $800 million 6.0% senior notes due May 2037 €900 million 2.5% senior notes due March 2038 $600 million 6.5% senior notes due May 2038 $475 million 4.15% senior notes due March 2043 609 952 100 740 993 606 234 298 927 949 726 471 645 Make-whole premium plus 20 bps 1,009 Make-whole premium plus 15 bps 100 785 992 642 238 298 936 None Make-whole premium plus 20 bps Make-whole premium plus 15 bps Make-whole premium plus 25 bps Make-whole premium plus 25 bps Make-whole premium plus 20 bps Make-whole premium plus 20 bps 1,007 Make-whole premium plus 25 bps 735 470 Make-whole premium plus 30 bps Make-whole premium plus 15 bps $1,500 million 4.35% senior notes due November 2045 1,485 1,485 Make-whole premium plus 25 bps $600 million 2.85% senior notes due December 2051 $1,000 million 3.05% senior notes due December 2061 593 984 593 983 Make-whole premium plus 15 bps Make-whole premium plus 20 bps Total long-term debt Trust preferred securities $ 14,402 $ 15,169 Chubb INA capital securities due April 2030 $ 308 $ 308 Redemption prices(1) (1) Redemption prices are equal to accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date plus the greater of (i) 100 percent of the principal amount thereof, or (ii) sum of present value of scheduled payments of principal and interest on the capital securities from the redemption date to April 1, 2030. a) Repurchase agreements Chubb has executed repurchase agreements with certain counterparties under which Chubb agreed to sell securities and repurchase them at a future date for a predetermined price. F-69 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries b) Short-term debt Short-term debt comprises the current maturities of our long-term debt instruments described below. These short-term debt instruments were reclassified from long-term debt and are reflected in the table above. c) Long-term debt With the exception of the $100 million of 8.875 percent debentures due August 2029, which do not have an early redemption option, the senior notes in the table above are redeemable at any time at Chubb INA's option subject to a “make-whole” premium plus additional basis points as defined in the table above. A "make-whole" premium is the present value of the remaining principal and interest discounted at the applicable U.S. Treasury rate. These debt securities are also redeemable at par plus accrued and unpaid interest in the event of certain changes in tax law. The senior notes and debentures do not have the benefit of any sinking fund and are guaranteed on a senior basis by Chubb Limited and they rank equally with all of Chubb's other senior obligations. They also contain customary limitations on lien provisions as well as customary events of default provisions which, if breached, could result in the accelerated maturity of such senior debt. d) Trust preferred securities In March 2000, ACE Capital Trust II, a Delaware statutory business trust, publicly issued $300 million of 9.7 percent Capital Securities (the Capital Securities) due to mature in April 2030. At the same time, Chubb INA purchased $9.2 million of common securities of ACE Capital Trust II. The sole assets of ACE Capital Trust II consist of $309 million principal amount of 9.7 percent Junior Subordinated Deferrable Interest Debentures (the Subordinated Debentures) issued by Chubb INA due to mature in April 2030. Distributions on the Capital Securities are payable semi-annually and may be deferred for up to ten consecutive semi-annual periods (but no later than April 1, 2030). Any deferred payments would accrue interest compounded semi-annually if Chubb INA defers interest on the Subordinated Debentures. Interest on the Subordinated Debentures is payable semi-annually. Chubb INA may defer such interest payments (but no later than April 1, 2030), with such deferred payments accruing interest compounded semi-annually. The Capital Securities and the ACE Capital Trust II Common Securities will be redeemed upon repayment of the Subordinated Debentures. Chubb Limited has guaranteed, on a subordinated basis, Chubb INA's obligations under the Subordinated Debentures, and distributions and other payments due on the Capital Securities. These guarantees, when taken together with Chubb's obligations under expense agreements entered into with ACE Capital Trust II, provide a full and unconditional guarantee of amounts due on the Capital Securities. 10. Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees a) Derivative instruments Chubb maintains positions in derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts for which the primary purposes are to manage duration and foreign currency exposure, yield enhancement, or to obtain an exposure to a particular financial market. Chubb also maintains positions in convertible securities that contain embedded derivatives. Investment derivative instruments and derivatives designated as hedges for accounting purposes are recorded in either Other assets (OA) or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities (AP); convertible bonds are recorded in Fixed maturities available for sale (FM AFS); and convertible equity securities are recorded in Equity securities (ES) in the Consolidated balance sheets. These are the most numerous and frequent derivative transactions. In addition, Chubb, from time to time, purchases to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs) as part of its investing activities. As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities, and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives discussed below. Some of Chubb's derivatives satisfy hedge accounting requirements, as discussed below. We also consider economic hedging for planned cross border transactions. Under reinsurance programs covering GLBs, Chubb assumes the risk of GLBs, principally GMIB, associated with variable annuity contracts. The GMIB risk is triggered if, at the time the contract holder elects to convert the accumulated account value to a periodic payment stream (annuitize), the accumulated account value is not sufficient to provide a guaranteed minimum level of monthly income. The GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument and is classified within F-70 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries AP. Chubb also generally maintains positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts on equity market indices to limit equity exposure in the GMDB and GLB book of business. The following table presents the balance sheet locations, fair values of derivative instruments in an asset or (liability) position, and notional values/payment provisions of our derivative instruments:  December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Consolidated Balance Sheet Location Derivative Asset Derivative (Liability) Fair Value Notional Value/ Payment Provision Fair Value Derivative Asset Derivative (Liability) Notional Value/ Payment Provision OA / (AP) $ 64 $ (115) $ 4,134 $ 25 $ (139) $ 6,182 OA / (AP) FM AFS / ES 18 30 (24) 1,511 — 37 33 11 (27) 12,944 — 12 $ 112 $ (139) $ 5,682 $ 69 $ (166) $ 19,138 OA / (AP) $ 33 $ — $ 939 $ — $ (16) $ 905 OA / (AP) — — — — — 3 $ 33 $ — $ 939 $ — $ (16) $ 908 (AP) $ — $ (736) $ 1,979 $ — $ (745) $ 1,432 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Investment and embedded derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Foreign currency forward contracts Options/Futures contracts on notes and bonds Convertible securities (1) Other derivative instruments: Futures contracts on equities (2) Other GLB (3) Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: Cross-currency swaps - fair value hedges OA / (AP) $ 17 $ — $ 1,595 $ — $ — $ — Cross-currency swaps - net investment hedges OA / (AP) — (53) 1,604 — — $ 17 $ (53) $ 3,199 $ — $ — $ — — (1) (2) (3) Includes fair value of embedded derivatives. Related to GMDB and GLB book of business. Note that the payment provision related to GLB is the net amount at risk. The concept of a notional value does not apply to the GLB reinsurance contracts. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, net derivative liabilities of $60 million and $123 million, respectively, included in the table above were subject to a master netting agreement. The remaining derivatives included in the table above were not subject to a master netting agreement. b) Hedge accounting We designate certain derivatives as fair value hedges and net investment hedges for accounting purposes to hedge for foreign currency exposure associated with portions of our euro denominated debt and the net investment in certain foreign subsidiaries, respectively. These derivatives comprise cross-currency swaps, which are agreements under which two counterparties exchange interest payments and principal denominated in different currencies at a future date. (i) Cross-currency swaps - fair value hedges In September 2022, Chubb entered into certain cross-currency swaps designated as fair value hedges. The objective of these cross-currency swaps is to hedge the foreign currency risk on €1.5 billion, or approximately $1.6 billion at December 31, 2022, of our euro denominated debt, by converting cash flows back into the U.S dollar. These fair value hedges are carried at fair value. The hedges are expected to be highly effective, with gains or losses on the fair value hedges offsetting the foreign currency remeasurement on the hedged euro denominated senior notes within Net realized gains (losses). The remaining change in fair value is recorded in Other comprehensive income (OCI), with an immaterial amount recorded in interest expense. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the fair value hedge was in a net gain position of $17 million, comprising $105 million of net realized gains, $5 million of interest expense, and the remaining change in fair value of $83 million pre-tax of other comprehensive loss recorded within OCI. F-71 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries (ii) Cross-currency swaps - net investment hedges In September 2022, Chubb entered into certain cross-currency swaps designated as net investment hedges. The objective of these cross-currency swaps is to hedge the foreign currency exposure in the net investments of certain foreign subsidiaries by converting cash flows from U.S. dollar to the British pound sterling, Japanese yen, and Swiss franc. The hedged risk is designated as the foreign currency exposure arising between the functional currency of the foreign subsidiary and the functional currency of its parent entity. These net investment hedges are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in Cumulative translation adjustments (CTA) within OCI, with an immaterial amount recorded to interest expense. The mark-to-market adjustments for foreign currency changes will remain until the underlying hedge subsidiary is deconsolidated or if hedge accounting is discontinued. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the net investment hedges were in a loss position of $53 million, comprising $57 million pre-tax of cumulative translation losses recorded in OCI, and $4 million of interest income. c) Derivative instruments not designated as hedges Derivative instruments which are not designated as hedges are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Net realized gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. The following table presents net realized gains (losses) related to derivative instrument activity in the Consolidated statements of operations: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Investment and embedded derivative instruments: Foreign currency forward contracts All other futures contracts, options, and equities Convertible securities (1) Total investment and embedded derivative instruments GLB and other derivative instruments: GLB Futures contracts on equities (2) Other Total GLB and other derivative instruments (1) (2) Includes embedded derivatives. Related to GMDB and GLB book of business.  2022 Year Ended December 31 2020 2021 $ (339) $ 297 (1) (43) $ (62) $ (10) — (72) $ (63) $ 316 $ 187 (11) 113 $ 70 $ (202) (8) 106 $ 34 $ $ $ $ $ 65 16 — 81 (202) (108) 1 (309) (228) (i) Foreign currency exposure management A foreign currency forward contract (forward) is an agreement between participants to exchange specific currencies at a future date. Chubb uses forwards to minimize the effect of fluctuating foreign currencies as discussed above. (ii) Duration management and market exposure Futures Futures contracts give the holder the right and obligation to participate in market movements, determined by the index or underlying security on which the futures contract is based. Settlement is made daily in cash by an amount equal to the change in value of the futures contract times a multiplier that scales the size of the contract. Exchange-traded futures contracts on money market instruments, notes, and bonds are used in fixed maturity portfolios to more efficiently manage duration, as substitutes for ownership of the money market instruments, bonds, and notes without significantly increasing the risk in the portfolio. Investments in futures contracts may be made only to the extent that there are assets under management not otherwise committed. Exchange-traded equity futures contracts are used to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and, therefore, an increase in future policy benefit reserves for GMDB and an increase in the fair value liability for GLB reinsurance business. F-72 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Options An option contract conveys to the holder the right, but not the obligation, to purchase or sell a specified amount or value of an underlying security at a fixed price. Option contracts are used in our investment portfolio as protection against unexpected shifts in interest rates, which would affect the duration of the fixed maturity portfolio. By using options in the portfolio, the overall interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio can be reduced. Option contracts may also be used as an alternative to futures contracts in the synthetic strategy as described above. The price of an option is influenced by the underlying security, level of interest rates, expected volatility, time to expiration, and supply and demand. The credit risk associated with the above derivative financial instruments relates to the potential for non-performance by counterparties. Although non-performance is not anticipated, in order to minimize the risk of loss, management monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties and obtains collateral. The performance of exchange-traded instruments is guaranteed by the exchange on which they trade. For non-exchange-traded instruments, the counterparties are principally banks which must meet certain criteria according to our investment guidelines. Other Included within Other are derivatives intended to reduce potential losses which may arise from certain exposures in our insurance business. The economic benefit provided by these derivatives is similar to purchased reinsurance. For example, Chubb may, from time to time, enter into crop derivative contracts to protect underwriting results in the event of a significant decline in commodity prices. (iii) Convertible security investments A convertible security is a debt instrument or preferred stock that can be converted into a predetermined amount of the issuer’s equity. The convertible option is an embedded derivative within the host instruments which are classified in the investment portfolio as either available for sale or as an equity security. Chubb purchases convertible securities for their total return and not specifically for the conversion feature. (iv) TBA By acquiring TBAs, we make a commitment to purchase a future issuance of mortgage-backed securities. For the period between purchase of the TBAs and issuance of the underlying security, we account for our position as a derivative in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Chubb purchases TBAs, from time to time, both for their total return and for the flexibility they provide related to our mortgage-backed security strategy. (v) GLB Under the GLB program, as the assuming entity, Chubb is obligated to provide coverage until the expiration or maturity of the underlying deferred annuity contracts or the expiry of the reinsurance treaty. The GLB is accounted for as a derivative and is recorded at fair value. Fair value represents management’s estimate of an exit price and, thus, includes a risk margin. We may recognize a realized loss for other changes in fair value due to adverse changes in the capital markets (e.g., declining interest rates and/or declining U.S. and/or international equity markets) and changes in actual or estimated future policyholder behavior (e.g., increased annuitization or decreased lapse rates) although we expect the business to be profitable. To mitigate adverse changes in the capital markets, we maintain positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts, as noted under section "(ii) Futures" above. These futures increase in fair value when the S&P 500 index decreases (and decrease in fair value when the S&P 500 index increases). The net impact of gains or losses related to changes in fair value of the GLB liability and the exchange-traded equity futures are included in Net realized gains (losses). d) Securities lending and secured borrowings Chubb participates in a securities lending program operated by a third-party banking institution whereby certain assets are loaned to qualified borrowers and from which we earn an incremental return. The securities lending collateral can only be drawn down by Chubb in the event that the institution borrowing the securities is in default under the lending agreement. An indemnification agreement with the lending agent protects us in the event a borrower becomes insolvent or fails to return any of the securities on loan. The collateral is recorded in Securities lending collateral and the liability is recorded in Securities lending payable in the Consolidated balance sheets. F-73 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents the carrying value of collateral held under securities lending agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Collateral held under securities lending agreements: Cash U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Equity securities Remaining contractual maturity December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Overnight and Continuous $ 820 $ 72 604 27 — — 931 128 752 12 1 7 1,831 1,831 Gross amount of recognized liability for securities lending payable $ $ 1,523 $ 1,523 $ At December 31, 2022 and 2021, our repurchase agreement obligations of $1,419 million and $1,406 million, respectively, were fully collateralized. In contrast to securities lending programs, the use of cash received is not restricted for the repurchase obligations. The fair value of the underlying securities sold remains in Fixed maturities available for sale, and the repurchase agreement obligation is recorded in Repurchase agreements in the Consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the carrying value of collateral pledged under repurchase agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Collateral pledged under repurchase agreements: Cash U.S. Treasury / Agency Mortgage-backed securities Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements Difference (1) Remaining contractual maturity December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Up to 30 Days 30-90 Days Total 30-90 Days Greater than 90 Days Total $ 12 $ — $ 12 $ — $ 29 $ 29 — 101 101 103 — 103 921 493 1,414 — 1,288 1,288 $ 933 $ 594 $ 1,527 $ 103 $ 1,317 $ 1,420 $ 1,419 $ 108 $ 1,406 $ 14 (1) Per the repurchase agreements, the amount of collateral posted is required to exceed the amount of gross liability. Potential risks exist in our secured borrowing transactions due to market conditions and counterparty exposure. With collateral that we pledge, there is a risk that the collateral may not be returned at the expiration of the agreement. If the counterparty fails to return the collateral, Chubb will have free use of the borrowed funds until our collateral is returned. In addition, we may encounter the risk that Chubb may not be able to renew outstanding borrowings with a new term or with an existing counterparty due to market conditions including a decrease in demand as well as more restrictive terms from banks due to increased regulatory and capital constraints. Should this condition occur, Chubb may seek alternative borrowing sources or reduce borrowings. Additionally, increased margins and collateral requirements due to market conditions would increase our restricted assets as we are required to provide additional collateral to support the transaction. F-74 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries e) Concentrations of credit risk Our investment portfolio is managed following prudent standards of diversification. Specific provisions limit the allowable holdings of a single issue and issuer. We believe that there are no significant concentrations of credit risk associated with our investments. Our three largest corporate exposures by issuer at December 31, 2022, were Bank of America Corp, JP Morgan Chase & Co., and Morgan Stanley. Our largest exposure by industry at December 31, 2022, was financial services. We market our insurance and reinsurance worldwide primarily through insurance and reinsurance brokers. We assume a degree of credit risk associated with brokers with whom we transact business. Approximately 11 percent of our gross premiums written were generated from or placed by Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to approximately 12 percent for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. This entity is a large, well-established company, and there are no indications that it is financially troubled at December 31, 2022. No other broker or one insured accounted for more than 10 percent of our gross premiums written for these years. f) Fixed maturities At December 31, 2022 and 2021, commitments to purchase fixed income securities over the next several years were $770 million and $771 million, respectively. g) Other investments At December 31, 2022, included in Other investments in the Consolidated balance sheet are investments in limited partnerships and partially-owned investment companies with a carrying value of $12.0 billion. In connection with these investments, we have commitments that may require funding of up to $7.4 billion over the next several years. At December 31, 2021, these investments had a carrying value of $9.8 billion with commitments that may have required funding of up to $7.2 billion. h) Letters of credit On October 6, 2022, Chubb entered into a new group syndicated credit facility through 2027, with capacity of $3.0 billion. This facility consolidated our three existing syndicated facilities with capacity of $2.7 billion. Overall, we have access to capital markets and to credit facilities with letter of credit capacity of $4.0 billion, $3.0 billion of which can be used for revolving credit. Our existing credit facilities have remaining terms expiring through October 2027. At December 31, 2022, our LOC usage was $1.4 billion. i) Legal proceedings Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to claims litigation involving disputed interpretations of policy coverages and, in some jurisdictions, direct actions by allegedly-injured persons seeking damages from policyholders. These lawsuits, involving claims on policies issued by our subsidiaries which are typical to the insurance industry in general and in the normal course of business, are considered in our loss and loss expense reserves. In addition to claims litigation, we are subject to lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business that do not arise from or directly relate to claims on insurance policies. This category of business litigation typically involves, among other things, allegations of underwriting errors or misconduct, employment claims, regulatory activity, or disputes arising from our business ventures. In the opinion of management, our ultimate liability for these matters could be, but we believe is not likely to be, material to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. F-75 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries j) Lease commitments At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the right-of-use asset was $607 million and $445 million, respectively, recorded within Other assets, and the lease liability was $633 million and $484 million, respectively, recorded within Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets. These leases consist principally of real estate operating leases that are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, which expire at various dates. As of December 31, 2022, the weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate for the operating leases was 7.8 years and 3.5 percent, respectively. Rent expense was $161 million, $149 million, and $152 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Future minimum lease payments under the operating leases are expected to be as follows: For the years ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Undiscounted cash flows: 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 Thereafter Total undiscounted lease payments Less: Present value adjustment Net lease liabilities reported as of December 31, 2022 $ $ $ 160 123 87 73 50 261 754 121 633 As of December 31, 2022, we entered into leases for office space that are not yet recorded on our Consolidated balance sheets and are not included in the total obligations referenced above. The leases are expected to commence in 2023 and 2025 with initial terms of approximately 21 years and 23 years, respectively. Total cash requirements are estimated at approximately $1.2 billion over the terms of these two leases. F-76 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 11. Shareholders’ equity a) Common Shares All of Chubb’s Common Shares are authorized under Swiss corporate law. Though the par value of Common Shares is stated in Swiss francs, Chubb continues to use U.S. dollars as its reporting currency for preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements. Under Swiss corporate law, we are generally prohibited from issuing Common Shares below their par value. If there were a need to raise common equity at a time when the trading price of Chubb's Common Shares is below par value, we would need in advance to obtain shareholder approval to decrease the par value of the Common Shares. Dividend approval At our May 2022 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $3.32 per share, expected to be paid in four quarterly installments of $0.83 per share after the annual general meeting by way of distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board of Directors (Board) will determine the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend may be paid until the date of the 2023 annual general meeting, and is authorized to abstain from distributing a dividend at its discretion. The first three quarterly installments each of $0.83 per share, have been distributed by the Board as expected. At our May 2021 and 2020 annual general meetings, our shareholders approved annual dividends for the following year of up to $3.20 per share and $3.12 per share, respectively, which were paid in four quarterly installments of $0.80 per share and $0.78 per share, respectively, at dates determined by the Board after the annual general meeting by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. Dividend distributions Under Swiss corporate law, dividends must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. We issue dividends without subjecting them to withholding tax by way of distributions from capital contribution reserves and payment out of free reserves. The following table presents dividend distributions per Common Share in Swiss francs (CHF) and U.S. dollars (USD): 2022 USD 2021 USD CHF 2020 USD CHF CHF Year Ended December 31 Total dividend distributions per common share 3.11 $ 3.29 2.88 $ 3.18 2.89 $ 3.09 b) Shares issued, outstanding, authorized, and conditional 2022 Year Ended December 31 2021 2020 Common Shares authorized and issued, beginning of year 474,021,114 477,605,264 479,783,864 Cancellation of treasury shares (27,644,500) (3,584,150) (2,178,600) Common Shares authorized and issued, end of year 446,376,614 474,021,114 477,605,264 Common Shares in treasury, beginning of year (at cost) (47,448,502) (26,872,639) (27,812,297) Net shares issued under employee share-based compensation plans 2,947,272 3,484,487 2,345,208 Shares repurchased Cancellation of treasury shares Common Shares in treasury, end of year (at cost) Common Shares outstanding, end of year (14,925,028) (27,644,500) (3,584,150) 27,644,500 3,584,150 2,178,600 (31,781,758) (47,448,502) (26,872,639) 414,594,856 426,572,612 450,732,625 Increases in Common Shares in treasury are due to open market repurchases of Common Shares, the surrender of Common Shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock, and the forfeiture of unvested restricted stock. Decreases in Common Shares in treasury are principally due to grants of restricted stock, exercises of stock options, purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), and share cancellations. At our May 2022 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved the cancellation of 13,179,100 shares purchased under our share repurchase program during the last six months of 2021. The capital reduction by cancellation of shares was subject to publication requirements and F-77 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries a two-month waiting period in accordance with Swiss law and became effective on August 4, 2022. At the Chubb Limited Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders, held on November 3, 2021, shareholders approved the cancellation of 14,465,400 shares repurchased under our share repurchase program during the first six months of 2021. The capital reduction by cancellation of shares was subject to publication requirements and a two-month waiting period in accordance with Swiss law and became effective on January 17, 2022. At our May 2021 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved the cancellation of 3,584,150 shares purchased under our share repurchase program during 2020. The capital reduction by cancellation of shares was subject to publication requirements and a two-month waiting period in accordance with Swiss law and became effective on August 4, 2021. At our May 2020 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved the cancellation of 2,178,600 shares purchased under our share repurchase program during the period beginning September 23, 2019 and ending December 31, 2019. The capital reduction by cancellation of shares was subject to publication requirements and a two-month waiting period in accordance with Swiss law and became effective on August 3, 2020. Authorized share capital for general purposes under Swiss law In accordance with Swiss law, the Board has shareholder-approved authority as set forth in the Articles of Association to increase Chubb's share capital from time to time until May 19, 2024, by the issuance for general purposes of up to 200,000,000 fully paid up Common Shares, with a par value equal to the par value of Chubb's Common Shares as set forth in the Articles of Association at the time of any such issuance. Any such increases would be subject to Swiss rules and procedure. Conditional share capital for bonds and similar debt instruments Chubb's share capital may be increased through the issuance of a maximum of 33,000,000 fully paid up Common Shares (with a par value of CHF 24.15 as of December 31, 2022) through the exercise of conversion and/or option or warrant rights granted in connection with bonds, notes, or similar instruments, issued or to be issued by Chubb, including convertible debt instruments. Conditional share capital for employee benefit plans Chubb's share capital may be increased through the issuance of a maximum of 25,410,929 fully paid up Common Shares (with a par value of CHF 24.15 as of December 31, 2022) in connection with the exercise of option rights granted to any employee of Chubb, director or other person providing services to Chubb. c) Chubb Limited securities repurchases From time to time, we repurchase shares as part of our capital management program and to partially offset potential dilution from the exercise of stock options and the granting of restricted stock under share-based compensation plans. The Board has authorized share repurchase programs as follows: • • • $1.5 billion of Chubb Common Shares from November 21, 2019 through December 31, 2020; $1.5 billion of Chubb Common Shares from November 19, 2020 through December 31, 2021; $1.0 billion increase to the November 2020 share repurchase program to a total of $2.5 billion in February 2021, effective through December 31, 2021; • One-time incremental share repurchase program of $5.0 billion of Chubb Common Shares from July 19, 2021 through June 30, 2022; and $2.5 billion of Chubb Common Shares from May 19, 2022 through June 30, 2023. • Share repurchases may be in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, block trades, accelerated repurchases and through option or other forward transactions. The following table presents repurchases of Chubb's Common Shares conducted in a series of open market transactions under the Board authorizations: (in millions of U.S. dollars, except share data) Number of shares repurchased Cost of shares repurchased Year Ended December 31 January 1, 2023 through 2022 2021 2020 February 23, 2023 14,925,028 27,644,500 3,584,150 $ 3,014 $ 4,861 $ 516 $ 1,633,300 347 F-78 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries d) General restrictions The holders of the Common Shares are entitled to receive dividends as approved by the shareholders. Holders of Common Shares are allowed one vote per share provided that, if the controlled shares of any shareholder constitute ten percent or more of the outstanding Common Shares of Chubb, only a fraction of the vote will be allowed so as not to exceed ten percent in aggregate. Entry of acquirers of Common Shares as shareholders with voting rights in the share register may be refused if it would confer voting rights with respect to ten percent or more of the registered share capital recorded in the commercial register. e) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) The following table presents changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): (in millions of U.S. dollars) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Balance – beginning of year, net of tax $ 2,256 $ 4,673 $ Change in year, before reclassification from AOCI (before tax) Amounts reclassified from AOCI (before tax) Change in year, before tax Income tax (expense) benefit Balance – end of year, net of tax Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment Balance – beginning of year, net of tax Change in year, before reclassification from AOCI (before tax) Amounts reclassified from AOCI (before tax) Change in year, before tax Income tax (expense) benefit Balance – end of year, net of tax Fair value hedging instruments Balance – beginning of year, net of tax Change in year, before reclassification from AOCI (before tax) Amounts reclassified from AOCI (before tax) Change in year, before tax Income tax benefit Balance – end of year, net of tax Postretirement benefit liability adjustment Balance – beginning of year, net of tax Change in year, before tax Income tax (expense) benefit Balance – end of year, net of tax (11,627) (2,935) 1,049 (3) (10,578) (2,938) 1,043 (7,279) 521 2,256 2,543 2,311 281 2,592 (462) 4,673 (2,146) (1,637) (1,939) (982) (4) (986) 59 (530) — (530) 21 306 — 306 (4) (3,073) (2,146) (1,637) — 17 (100) (83) 17 (66) 240 (17) 2 225 — — — — — — (167) 522 (115) 240 — — — — — — 15 (232) 50 (167) Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) $ (10,193) $ 350 $ 2,869 F-79 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to the consolidated statements of operations: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturities available for sale Income tax benefit Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment Cross-currency swaps Income tax expense Net gains (losses) of fair value hedging instruments Cross-currency swaps Cross-currency swaps Income tax expense Total amounts reclassified from AOCI 12. Share-based compensation Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 Consolidated Statement of Operations Location (1,049) $ 3 $ (281) Net realized gains (losses) 170 6 36 Income tax expense (879) $ 9 $ (245) Net income 4 $ (1) 3 $ — $ — — $ — Interest Expense — Income tax expense — Net income 105 $ — $ — Net realized gains (losses) (5) (21) 79 $ (797) $ — — — $ 9 $ — Interest Expense — Income tax expense — Net income (245) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Chubb has share-based compensation plans which currently provide the Board the ability to grant awards of stock options, restricted stock, and restricted stock units to its employees and members of the Board. In May 2021, our shareholders approved the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated (the Amended 2016 LTIP). Under the Amended 2016 LTIP, Common Shares of Chubb are authorized to be issued pursuant to awards, including stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, performance units, restricted stock, and restricted stock units. Chubb principally issues restricted stock grants and stock options on a graded vesting schedule, with equal percentages of the award subject to vesting over a number of years (typically three or four). Chubb recognizes compensation cost for vesting of restricted stock and stock option grants with only service conditions on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award were, in-substance, multiple awards. We incorporate an estimate of future forfeitures in determining compensation cost for both grants of restricted stock and stock options. In addition, Chubb grants performance-based restricted stock to certain executives that vest based on certain performance criteria as compared to a defined group of peer companies. Performance-based stock awards comprise target awards and premium awards that cliff vest at the end of a 3-year performance period based on both our tangible book value (shareholders' equity less goodwill and intangible assets, net of tax) per share growth and P&C combined ratio compared to our peer group. Premium awards are subject to an additional vesting provision based on total shareholder return (TSR) compared to our peer group. Shares representing target awards and premium awards are issued when the awards are approved and are subject to forfeiture if applicable performance criteria are not met at the end of the 3-year performance period. Prior to January 2017, performance-based restricted stock awards had a 4-year vesting period with the potential to vest as to a portion each year, and excluded the P&C combined ratio and TSR additional vesting criteria. Under the Amended 2016 LTIP, 32,900,000 Common Shares are authorized to be issued (which includes all shares available for delivery since the establishment of the Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan in 2016). This is in addition to any shares subject to awards outstanding under the ACE Limited 2004 Long-Term Incentive Plan (2004 LTIP) immediately prior to the effective date of the Amended 2016 LTIP that are forfeited, expired or canceled after such effective date without delivery of shares (or which result in forfeiture of shares back to Chubb). At December 31, 2022, a total of 15,223,940 shares remain F-80 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries available for future issuance under the Amended 2016 LTIP, which includes shares forfeited, expired or canceled relating to grants under the 2004 LTIP. Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), 6,500,000 shares are authorized to be issued. At December 31, 2022, a total of 815,172 shares remain available for issuance under the ESPP. Chubb generally issues Common Shares for the exercise of stock options, restricted stock, and purchases under the ESPP from Common Shares in treasury. The following table presents pre-tax and after-tax share-based compensation expense: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Stock options and shares issued under ESPP: Pre-tax After-tax (1) Restricted stock: Pre-tax After-tax (1) Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 $ $ $ $ 60 $ 38 $ 55 $ 36 $ 230 $ 179 $ 210 $ 164 $ 45 38 210 164 (1) The windfall tax benefit recorded to Income tax expense in the Consolidated statement of operations was $29 million, $19 million, and $10 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Unrecognized compensation expense related to the unvested portion of Chubb's employee share-based awards of restricted stock, restricted stock units, and stock options was $313 million at December 31, 2022 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.4 years. Stock options Both incentive and non-qualified stock options are principally granted at an option price per share equal to the grant date fair value of Chubb's Common Shares. Stock options are generally granted with a 3-year vesting period and a 10-year term. Stock options vest in equal annual installments over the respective vesting period, which is also the requisite service period. Chubb's 2022 share-based compensation expense includes a portion of the cost related to the 2019 through 2022 stock option grants. Stock option fair value was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model that uses the weighted-average assumptions noted below: Dividend yield Expected volatility Risk-free interest rate Expected life 2022 1.7 % 20.1 % 1.9 % Year Ended December 31 2021 1.9 % 26.0 % 1.0 % 2020 2.1 % 18.0 % 1.2 % 5.8 years 5.8 years 5.7 years The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The expected life (estimated period of time from grant to exercise date) is estimated using the historical exercise behavior of employees. The expected volatility is calculated as a blend of (a) historical volatility based on daily closing prices over a period equal to the expected life assumption and (b) implied volatility derived from Chubb's publicly traded options. F-81 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents a roll-forward of Chubb's stock options: (Intrinsic Value in millions of U.S. dollars) Number of Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price Weighted-Average Fair Value Total Intrinsic Value Options outstanding, December 31, 2019 10,885,257 $ 116.79 Granted Exercised Forfeited and expired Options outstanding, December 31, 2020 Granted Exercised Forfeited and expired Options outstanding, December 31, 2021 Granted Exercised Forfeited and expired Options outstanding, December 31, 2022 Options exercisable, December 31, 2022 1,958,279 $ 150.10 $ 19.89 (1,158,633) $ (206,720) $ 11,478,183 $ 86.90 138.77 125.09 1,805,234 $ 164.89 $ 33.05 (2,284,795) $ (236,135) $ 10,762,487 $ 112.12 150.16 133.94 1,731,904 $ 198.36 $ 35.46 (1,878,147) $ (205,966) $ 10,410,278 $ 7,134,817 $ 117.83 171.45 146.81 131.90 $ 76 $ 140 $ $ $ 163 768 633 The weighted-average remaining contractual term was 5.8 years for stock options outstanding and 4.6 years for stock options exercisable at December 31, 2022. Cash received from the exercise of stock options for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $216 million. Restricted stock and restricted stock units Grants of restricted stock and restricted stock units awarded under the Amended 2016 LTIP typically have a 4-year vesting period, subject to vesting as to one-quarter of the award each anniversary of grant. Restricted stock and restricted stock units are principally granted at market close price on the day of grant. Each restricted stock unit represents our obligation to deliver to the holder one Common Share upon vesting. Chubb also grants restricted stock awards to non-management directors which vest at the following year's annual general meeting. Chubb's 2022 share-based compensation expense includes a portion of the cost related to the restricted stock granted in the years 2018 through 2022. F-82 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents a roll-forward of our restricted stock awards. Included in the roll-forward below are 13,440 restricted stock awards, 15,586 restricted stock awards, and 27,679 restricted stock awards that were granted to non- management directors during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively: Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2019 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2020 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2021 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested restricted stock, December 31, 2022 Service-based Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units Performance-based Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Number of Shares Value Number of Shares Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value 3,294,010 $ 1,425,667 $ (1,304,308) $ (152,074) $ 3,263,295 $ 1,288,042 $ (1,283,185) $ (216,341) $ 3,051,811 $ 1,193,016 $ (1,191,452) $ (199,505) $ 2,853,870 $ 136.20 148.56 134.02 140.72 142.32 165.32 140.62 150.19 152.19 199.18 148.18 168.12 172.39 876,212 $ 186,291 $ (490,185) $ — $ 572,318 $ 294,315 $ (169,442) $ — $ 697,191 $ 296,944 $ (199,343) $ — $ 131.16 151.14 125.66 — 142.38 164.75 143.07 — 151.74 199.09 133.90 — 794,792 $ 173.83 Prior to 2009, legacy ACE granted restricted stock units with a 1-year vesting period to non-management directors. Delivery of Common Shares on account of these restricted stock units to non-management directors is deferred until after the date of the non-management directors' termination from the Board. Legacy Chubb Corp historically allowed directors and certain key employees of Chubb Corp and its subsidiaries to defer a portion of their compensation earned with respect to services performed in the form of deferred stock units. In addition, legacy Chubb Corp provided supplemental retirement benefits for certain employees through its Defined Contribution Excess Benefit Plan in the form of deferred shares of stock. The minimum vesting period under these legacy Chubb Corp deferred plans was 1-year and the maximum was 3-years. Employees and directors had the option to elect to receive their awards at a future specified date or upon their termination of service with Chubb. At December 31, 2022, there were 136,216 deferred restricted stock units. ESPP The ESPP gives participating employees the right to purchase Common Shares through payroll deductions during consecutive subscription periods at a purchase price of 85 percent of the fair value of a Common Share on the exercise date (Purchase Price). Annual purchases by participants are limited to the number of whole shares that can be purchased by an amount equal to ten percent of the participant's compensation or $25,000, whichever is less. The ESPP has two six-month subscription periods each year, the first of which runs between January 1 and June 30 and the second of which runs between July 1 and December 31. The amounts collected from participants during a subscription period are used on the exercise date to purchase full shares of Common Shares. An exercise date is generally the last trading day of a subscription period. The number of shares purchased is equal to the total amount, at the exercise date, collected from the participants through payroll deductions for that subscription period, divided by the Purchase Price, rounded down to the next full share. Participants may withdraw from an offering before the exercise date and obtain a refund of amounts withheld through payroll deductions. Pursuant to the provisions of the ESPP, during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, employees paid $48 million, $47 million, and $45 million to purchase 271,650 shares, 315,405 shares, and 383,751 shares, respectively. F-83 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 13. Postretirement benefits Chubb provides postretirement benefits to eligible employees and their dependents through various defined contribution plans sponsored by Chubb. In addition, for certain employees, Chubb sponsors other postretirement benefit plans, and prior to 2020, Chubb sponsored defined benefit pension plans. Defined contribution plans (including 401(k)) Under these plans, employees' contributions may be supplemented by Chubb matching contributions based on the level of employee contribution. These contributions are invested at the election of each employee in one or more of several investment portfolios offered by a third-party investment advisor. Expenses for these plans totaled $230 million, $214 million, and $211 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Defined benefit pension plans We maintain non-contributory defined benefit pension plans that cover certain employees located in the U.S., U.K., Canada, and various other statutorily required countries. We account for pension benefits using the accrual method. Benefits under these plans are based on employees' years of service and compensation during final years of service. All underlying plans are subject to periodic actuarial valuations by qualified actuarial firms using actuarial models to calculate the expense and liability for each plan. We use December 31 as the measurement date for our defined benefit pension plans. Under the Chubb Corp plans, prior to 2001, benefits were generally based on an employee’s years of service and average compensation during the last five years of employment. Effective January 1, 2001, the formula for providing pension benefits was changed from the final average pay formula to a cash balance formula. Under the cash balance formula, a notional account is established for each employee, which is credited semi-annually with an amount equal to a percentage of eligible compensation based on age and years of service plus interest based on the account balance. Chubb Corp employees hired prior to 2001 will generally be eligible to receive vested benefits based on the higher of the final average pay or cash balance formulas. Other postretirement benefit plans Our assumption of Chubb Corp's other postretirement benefit plans, principally healthcare and life insurance, covers retired employees, their beneficiaries, and covered dependents. Healthcare coverage is contributory. Retiree contributions vary based upon the retiree’s age, type of coverage, and years of service requirements. Life insurance coverage is non-contributory. Chubb funds a portion of the healthcare benefits obligation where such funding can be accomplished on a tax-effective basis. Benefits are paid as covered expenses are incurred. We use December 31 as the measurement date for our postretirement benefit plans. Amendments to U.S. qualified and excess pension plans and U.S. retiree healthcare plan In 2016, we harmonized and amended several of our U.S. retirement programs to create a unified retirement savings program. In 2020, we transitioned from a traditional defined benefit pension program that had been in effect for certain employees to a defined contribution program. Additionally, after 2025, we plan to eliminate a subsidized U.S. retiree healthcare and life insurance plan that is currently in place for certain employees. Both amendments required a remeasurement of the plan assets and benefit obligations with updated assumptions, including discount rates and the expected return on assets. The amendment of the retiree healthcare plan resulted in a reduction in the obligation of $383 million, of which $410 million was amortized as a reduction to expense as it relates to benefits already accrued. As of June 2021, the amendment of the retiree healthcare plan was fully amortized. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, $26 million and $79 million, respectively, were amortized as a reduction to expense. F-84 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries Obligations and funded status The funded status of the pension and other postretirement benefit plans as well as the amounts recognized in the Consolidated balance sheets and Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was as follows: (in millions of U.S. dollars) U.S. Plans Pension Benefit Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans 2021 2022 2021 U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans 2022 Non-U.S. Plans Benefit obligation, beginning of year $ 3,732 $ 1,122 $ 3,967 $ 1,199 $ 62 $ Service cost Interest cost Actuarial loss (gain) Benefits paid Curtailments Settlements Foreign currency revaluation and other Benefit obligation, end of year Plan assets at fair value, beginning of year Actual return on plan assets Employer contributions Benefits paid Settlements Foreign currency revaluation and other Plan assets at fair value, end of year Funded status at end of year — 85 4 23 (890) (391) (146) (28) — — — — — — 70 (161) (133) — (11) (33) — 4 19 (47) (33) — — (20) $ $ $ $ 2,781 $ 697 $ 3,732 $ 1,122 4,151 $ 1,318 $ 3,739 $ 1,284 (692) (285) 3 8 543 13 (146) (28) (133) — — — (11) (75) — 83 8 (33) — (24) 3,316 $ 938 $ 4,151 $ 1,318 535 $ 241 $ 419 $ 196 $ $ $ $ 1 1 (4) (16) — — (1) 43 $ (2) 1 (37) — — 81 $ 38 $ Amounts recognized in the Consolidated balance sheets: Assets Liabilities Total $ $ 601 $ 290 $ 492 $ 214 $ 56 $ (66) (49) (73) (18) (18) 535 $ 241 $ 419 $ 196 $ 38 $ Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), pre-tax, not yet recognized in net periodic cost (benefit): Net actuarial loss (gain) Prior service cost (benefit) Total $ (290) $ 7 $ (375) $ 73 $ (12) $ — 8 — 9 (4) $ (290) $ 15 $ (375) $ 82 $ (16) $ 119 $ 120 86 1 1 (10) (15) — — (1) 62 (1) 15 (15) — — 119 57 77 (20) 57 (10) (5) (15) For the U.S. pension plans, the $890 million and $161 million actuarial gains experienced in 2022 and 2021, respectively, were principally driven by the increase in the discount rate from the respective prior year. In addition, the non-U.S. pension plans experienced an actuarial gain in 2022, which was principally driven by an increase in the discount rate from 2021. The accumulated benefit obligation for the pension benefit plans was $3.4 billion and $4.8 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The accumulated benefit obligation is the present value of pension benefits earned as of the measurement date based on employee service and compensation prior to that date. It differs from the pension (projected) benefit obligation in the table above in that the accumulated benefit obligation includes no assumptions regarding future compensation levels. Chubb’s funding policy is to contribute amounts that meet regulatory requirements plus additional amounts determined based on actuarial valuations, market conditions and other factors. All benefit plans satisfy minimum funding requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA).  F-85 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table provides information on pension plans where the benefit obligation is in excess of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Plans with projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets: Projected benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets Net funded status Plans with accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets: Accumulated benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets 2022 U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans U.S. Plans $ $ $ $ 66 $ 87 $ 73 $ — 38 — (66) $ (49) $ (73) $ 66 $ — $ 61 $ 30 $ 73 $ — $ 2021 Non-U.S. Plans 418 400 (18) 380 367 For other postretirement benefit plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets, the accumulated benefit obligation was $18 million and $20 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These plans have no plan assets. At December 31, 2022, we estimate that we will contribute $38 million to the pension plans and $1 million to the other postretirement benefits plan in 2023. The estimate is subject to change due to contribution decisions that are affected by various factors including our liquidity, market performance, and management discretion. At December 31, 2022, our estimated expected future benefit payments are as follows: For the years ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028-2032 Pension Benefit Plans U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans $ 186 $ 40 $ 173 178 180 186 967 32 34 34 36 216 14 10 6 1 1 5 The weighted-average assumptions used to determine the projected benefit obligation were as follows: December 31, 2022 Discount rate Rate of compensation increase (1) Interest crediting rate December 31, 2021 Discount rate Rate of compensation increase (1) Interest crediting rate (1) For the U.S. Pension Plans, benefit accruals were frozen as of December 31, 2019. Pension Benefit Plans U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans 5.22 % N/A 4.32 % 2.75 % N/A 4.10 % 5.27 % 3.98 % 5.83 % N/A 2.23 % 3.63 % 2.06 % N/A F-86 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The projected benefit cash flows were discounted using the corresponding spot rates derived from a yield curve, which resulted in a single discount rate that would produce the same liability at the respective measurement dates. The same process was applied to service cost cash flows to determine the discount rate associated with the service cost. In general, the discount rates for the non-U.S. plans were developed using a similar methodology by using country-specific yield curves. The components of net pension and other postretirement benefit costs (benefits) reflected in Net income and other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows: Year Ended December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Costs reflected in Net income, pre-tax: Service cost Non-service cost (benefit): Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of net actuarial loss Amortization of prior service cost Curtailments Settlements Total non-service cost (benefit) Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) Net actuarial loss (gain) Prior service cost (benefit) Amortization of net actuarial loss Amortization of prior service cost Curtailments Settlements Total decrease (increase) in other comprehensive income (loss), pre-tax Pension Benefit Plans U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 $ — $ — $ — $ 4 $ 4 $ 4 $ 1 $ 1 $ 1 85 70 99 23 19 22 1 1 (283) (255) (224) (43) (44) (41) (1) (1) — — — — 4 2 — — 2 (5) — — — — — — — — (26) (83) — — — — — (1) — — — 3 3 — — — — — — — (198) (182) (122) (20) (21) (18) — (26) (86) $ (198) $ (182) $ (122) $ (16) $ (17) $ (14) $ 1 $ (25) $ (85) $ 85 $ (450) $ 102 $ (67) $ (86) $ 56 $ (1) $ (5) $ (2) — — — — — — — — — — — — (4) (2) — — — — — — — (1) — 26 — — — — — (1) — — — (3) (3) — — — — — — — 83 — — $ 85 $ (453) $ 99 $ (67) $ (90) $ 52 $ (1) $ 21 $ 81 The line items in which the service cost and non-service cost (benefit) components of net periodic benefit cost (benefit) are included in the Consolidated statements of operations were as follows: Year Ended December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Service cost: Losses and loss expenses Administrative expenses Total service cost Non-service cost (benefit): Losses and loss expenses Administrative expenses Total non-service cost (benefit) Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) F-87 Pension Benefit Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 4 4 4 4 4 4 (20) (18) (12) (198) (185) (128) (218) (203) (140) 1 1 — — — 1 1 (3) (23) (26) $ (214) $ (199) $ (136) $ 1 $ (25) $ — 1 1 (9) (77) (86) (85) NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The weighted-average assumptions used to determine the net periodic pension and other postretirement benefit costs were as follows: Year Ended December 31 2022 Discount rate in effect for determining service cost Discount rate in effect for determining interest cost Rate of compensation increase Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets Interest crediting rate 2021 Discount rate in effect for determining service cost Discount rate in effect for determining interest cost Rate of compensation increase Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets Interest crediting rate 2020 Discount rate in effect for determining service cost Discount rate in effect for determining interest cost Rate of compensation increase Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets Interest crediting rate Pension Benefit Plans U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans Other Postretirement Benefit Plans N/A 2.34 % N/A 7.00 % 4.10 % N/A 1.81 % N/A 7.00 % 4.10 % N/A 2.85 % N/A 7.00 % 4.10 % 7.23 % 2.13 % 3.63 % 3.44 % N/A 5.58 % 1.57 % 3.24 % 3.37 % N/A 6.04 % 2.24 % 3.26 % 3.83 % N/A 3.22 % 1.89 % N/A 1.00 % N/A 2.53 % 1.23 % N/A 1.00 % N/A 3.00 % 2.64 % N/A 3.00 % N/A The weighted-average healthcare cost trend rate assumptions used to measure the expected cost of healthcare benefits were as follows: Healthcare cost trend rate Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate) U.S. Plans Non-U.S. Plans 2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020 5.72 % 5.59 % 5.96 % 5.28 % 5.26 % 5.04 % 4.00 % 4.50 % 4.50 % 4.04 % 4.00 % 4.00 % Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate 2046 2038 2038 2040 2040 2040 Plan Assets The long term objective of the pension plan is to provide sufficient funding to cover expected benefit obligations, while assuming a prudent level of portfolio risk. The assets of the pension plan are invested, either directly or through pooled funds, in a diversified portfolio of predominately equity securities and fixed maturities. We seek to obtain a rate of return that over time equals or exceeds the returns of the broad markets in which the plan assets are invested. The target allocation of U.S. plan assets is 55 percent to 65 percent invested in equity securities (including certain other investments measured using NAV), with the remainder primarily invested in fixed maturities. The target allocation of non-U.S. plans varies by country, but the plan assets are principally invested in fixed maturities. We rebalance our pension assets to the target allocation as market conditions permit. We determined the expected long term rate of return assumption for each asset class based on an analysis of the historical returns and the expectations for future returns. The expected long term rate of return for the portfolio is a weighted aggregation of the expected returns for each asset class. In order to minimize risk, the Plan maintains a listing of permissible and prohibited investments. In addition, the Plan has certain concentration limits and investment quality requirements imposed on permissible investments options. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis. F-88 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following tables present the fair values of the pension plan assets, by valuation hierarchy. For additional information on how we classify these assets within the valuation hierarchy, refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. December 31, 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) U.S. Plans: Short-term investments U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. and corporate bonds Municipal Equity securities Investment derivative instruments Total U.S. Plan assets (1) Non-U.S. Plans: Short-term investments Non-U.S. and corporate bonds Equity securities Total Non-U.S. Plan assets (1) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Pension Benefit Plans $ 42 $ — $ — $ 431 — — 1,321 4 110 627 5 — — — — — — — 42 541 627 5 1,321 4 1,798 $ 742 $ — $ 2,540 10 $ — $ — $ — 107 454 146 — 4 $ 117 $ 600 $ 4 $ 10 454 257 721 $ $ (1) Excluded from the table above are $538 million and $201 million of other investments related to the U.S. Plans and Non-U.S. Plans, respectively, limited partnerships of $233 million and $16 million in U.S. Plans and Non-U.S. Plans, respectively, measured using NAV as a practical expedient, and $5 million in cash and accrued income related to the U.S. Plans. December 31, 2021 (in millions of U.S. dollars) U.S. Plans: Short-term investments U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. and corporate bonds Municipal Equity securities Investment derivative instruments Total U.S. Plan assets (1) Non-U.S. Plans: Short-term investments Non-U.S. and corporate bonds Equity securities Total Non-U.S. Plan assets (1) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Pension Benefit Plans $ 33 $ — $ — $ 380 — — 1,871 3 92 923 4 — — — — — 1 — 33 472 923 4 1,872 3 $ $ 2,287 $ 1,019 $ 1 $ 3,307 5 $ — $ — $ — 153 679 291 — — 5 679 444 $ 158 $ 970 $ — $ 1,128 (1) Excluded from the table above are $542 million and $175 million of other investments related to the U.S. Plans and Non-U.S. Plans, respectively, limited partnerships of $175 million and $15 million in U.S. Plans and Non-U.S. Plans, respectively, measured using NAV as a practical expedient, and $127 million in cash and accrued income related to the U.S. Plans. At December 31, 2022, the other postretirement benefit plan had $81 million of plan assets, of which $50 million of fixed maturities were categorized as Level 2, and $31 million of other investments were measured using NAV as a practical expedient. At December 31, 2021, the other postretirement benefit plan had $119 million of other investments measured using NAV as a practical expedient. F-89 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 14. Other income and expense (in millions of U.S. dollars) Equity in net income of partially-owned entities (1) Gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets (2) Federal excise and capital taxes Other Total Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 $ 16 $ 2,433 $ (42) (21) (27) (8) (19) (41) $ (74) $ 2,365 $ 2020 1,019 58 (22) (61) 994 (1) (2) Equity in net income (loss) of partially-owned entities includes mark-to-market gain (loss) on private equities where we own more than three percent, totaling $(219) million, $2,004 million, and $747 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. This line item also includes net income of $5 million, $233 million, and $167 million attributable to our investments in Huatai for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Related to gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. Other income and expense includes equity in net income of partially-owned entities, which includes our share of net income or loss, both underlying operating income and mark-to-market movement, related to partially-owned investment companies (private equity) and partially-owned insurance companies. Also included in Other income and expense are gains (losses) from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. The offsetting movement in the separate account liabilities is included in Policy benefits in the Consolidated statements of operations. Certain federal excise and capital taxes incurred as a result of capital management initiatives are included in Other income and expense as these are considered capital transactions and are excluded from underwriting results. Bad debt expense for uncollectible premiums is also included in Other income and expense. 15. Segment information Chubb operates through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. These segments distribute their products through various forms of brokers, agencies, and direct marketing programs. All business segments have established relationships with reinsurance intermediaries. Segment results for year ended December 31, 2022, include the results of Cigna's business in Asia from July 1, 2022, which are principally assigned to our Life Insurance segment and, to a lesser extent, our Overseas General Insurance segment according to the nature of the business written. • • • • The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide P&C and A&H insurance and services to large, middle market, and small commercial businesses in the U.S., Canada, and Bermuda. This segment includes our retail divisions: Major Accounts; Commercial Insurance, including Small Commercial Insurance; Chubb Bermuda, our high excess business; and Westchester, our wholesale and specialty division. These divisions write a variety of coverages, including property, casualty, workers’ compensation, package policies, risk management, financial lines, marine, construction, environmental, medical risk, cyber risk, surety, excess casualty, and A&H insurance. The North America Personal P&C Insurance segment comprises the business written by Chubb Personal Risk Services division, which includes high net worth personal lines business, with operations in the U.S. and Canada. This segment provides affluent and high net worth individuals and families with homeowners, high value automobile and collector cars, valuable articles (including fine arts), personal and excess liability, travel insurance, and recreational marine insurance and services. The North America Agricultural Insurance segment includes the business written by Rain and Hail Insurance Service, Inc. in the U.S. and Canada, which provides comprehensive multiple peril crop insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail insurance, and Chubb Agribusiness, which offers farm and ranch property as well as specialty P&C coverages, including commercial agriculture products. The Overseas General Insurance segment includes the business written by two Chubb divisions that provides both commercial and consumer P&C insurance and services in the 51 countries and territories outside of North America where the company operates. Chubb International, our retail division, provides commercial P&C, A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines for large corporations, middle markets and small customers through retail brokers, agents and other channels locally around the world. CGM provides commercial P&C excess and surplus lines wholesale business primarily through F-90 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries wholesale brokers in the London market and through Lloyd’s. These divisions write a variety of coverages, including traditional commercial P&C, specialty categories such as financial lines, marine, energy, aviation, political risk and construction, as well as group A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines. • • The Global Reinsurance segment includes the reinsurance business written by Chubb Tempest Re, comprising Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda, Chubb Tempest Re USA, Chubb Tempest Re International, and Chubb Tempest Re Canada. Chubb Tempest Re provides a broad range of traditional and specialty reinsurance coverages to a diverse array of primary P&C companies, including small, mid-sized, and multinational ceding companies. The Life Insurance segment includes our international life operations (Chubb Life) which, commencing on July 1, 2022, includes the acquired Cigna A&H and life insurance business in Korea, Taiwan, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and Indonesia. The Life Insurance segment also includes Chubb Tempest Life Re (Chubb Life Re), and the North American supplemental A&H and life insurance business of Combined Insurance. Corporate primarily includes the results of all run-off A&E exposures, run-off Brandywine business, Westchester specialty operations for 1996 and prior years, and certain other run-off exposures, including molestation claims. In addition, Corporate includes the results of our non-insurance companies including Chubb Limited, Chubb Group Management and Holdings Ltd., and Chubb INA Holdings Inc. Our exposure to A&E and molestation claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when we purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998, CIGNA’s P&C business in 1999, and Chubb Corp in 2016. Management uses underwriting income (loss) as the basis for segment performance. Chubb calculates underwriting income (loss) by subtracting Losses and loss expenses, Policy benefits, Policy acquisition costs, and Administrative expenses from Net premiums earned. Segment income (loss) includes underwriting income (loss), net investment income (loss), and other operating income and expense items such as each segment's share of the operating income (loss) related to partially-owned entities and miscellaneous income and expense items for which the segments are held accountable. Our main measure of segment performance is Segment income (loss), which also includes amortization of purchased intangibles acquired by the segment. We determined that this definition of segment income (loss) is appropriate and aligns with how the business is managed. We continue to evaluate our segments as our business continues to evolve and may further refine our segments and segment income (loss) measures. Revenue and expenses managed at the corporate level, including net realized gains (losses), interest expense, Cigna integration expenses, and income tax are reported within Corporate. Cigna integration expenses are one-time costs that are directly attributable to third-party consulting fees, employee-related retention costs, and other professional and legal fees related to the acquisition of Cigna's A&H and Life insurance companies in several Asian markets. These items are not allocated to the segment level as they are one-time in nature and are not related to the ongoing business activities of the segment. The Chief Executive Officer does not manage segment results or allocate resources to segments when considering these costs, and therefore are excluded from our definition of segment income (loss). Certain items are presented in a different manner for segment reporting purposes than in the Consolidated Financial Statements. These items are reconciled to the consolidated presentation in the Segment measure reclass column below and include: • Losses and loss expenses include realized gains and losses on crop derivatives. These derivatives were purchased to provide economic benefit, in a manner similar to reinsurance protection, in the event that a significant decline in commodity pricing impacts underwriting results. We view gains and losses on these derivatives as part of the results of our underwriting operations, and therefore, realized gains (losses) from these derivatives are reclassified to losses and loss expenses. • Policy benefits include fair value changes on separate accounts that do not qualify for separate accounting under U.S. GAAP. These gains and losses have been reclassified from Other (income) expense. We view gains and losses from fair value changes in both separate account assets and liabilities as part of the results of our underwriting operations, and therefore these gains and losses are reclassified to policy benefits. • Net investment income includes investment income reclassified from Other (income) expense related to partially-owned investment companies (private equity partnerships) where our ownership interest is in excess of three percent. We view investment income from these equity-method private equity partnerships as net investment income for segment reporting purposes. F-91 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following tables present the Statement of Operations by segment: North America For the Year Ended Commercial December 31, 2022 P&C (in millions of U.S. dollars) Insurance Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income (loss) Net investment income Other (income) expense 10,828 17,107 2,313 2,853 1,113 2,247 17 — North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Life Insurance Corporate Segment Measure Reclass Chubb Consolidated $ 17,889 $ 5,313 $ 2,907 $ 11,060 $ 943 $ 3,643 $ — $ — $ 41,755 5,180 2,838 10,803 922 3,539 3,186 2,557 5,252 670 497 — — — — 1,534 1,057 126 2,818 (10) 1,070 165 1,663 (24) 240 36 838 510 160 509 626 2 281 1 291 646 283 4 — 363 — — 385 (748) — 40,389 (11) 23,342 (42) 1,492 — — 53 7,392 3,395 4,768 — (240) 3,742 (45) 292 (198) 74 Amortization expense of purchased intangibles — 10 $ 5,083 $ 915 $ Segment income (loss) Net realized gains (losses) Interest expense Cigna integration expenses Income tax expense Net income (loss) 57 — 10 182 — 285 174 $ 2,230 $ 256 $ 704 $ (1,222) $ 11 $ 8,151 (954) (11) (965) 570 48 1,255 — — — 570 48 1,255 $ (4,049) $ — $ 5,313 36 1 26 North America For the Year Ended Commercial December 31, 2021 P&C (in millions of U.S. dollars) Insurance Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income (loss) Net investment income (loss) Other (income) expense 15,461 10,015 2,082 1,052 2,312 2,078 31 — Amortization expense of purchased intangibles Segment income North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Life Insurance Corporate Segment Measure Reclass Chubb Consolidated $ 16,415 $ 5,002 $ 2,388 $ 10,713 $ 873 $ 2,477 $ — $ — $ 37,868 4,915 2,338 10,441 798 2,402 2,924 1,962 5,143 — — — 1,001 124 2,799 (3) 1,078 632 — 200 35 740 707 712 333 — 572 — — 365 276 714 249 (2) — 10 255 1,421 (69) (90) (937) 28 1 26 597 — 331 — 407 (55) (179) 3,456 (106) (2,118) (171) (2,365) 48 — 5 198 — 287 — 36,355 (8) 21,980 (8) 699 — — 16 6,918 3,136 3,622 $ 4,359 $ 955 $ 256 $ 1,970 $ 262 $ 418 $ 928 $ 8 $ 9,156 Net realized gains (losses) Interest expense Income tax expense Net income 1,160 (8) 1,152 492 1,277 — — 492 1,277 $ 319 $ — $ 8,539 F-92 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries North America For the Year Ended Commercial December 31, 2020 P&C (in millions of U.S. dollars) Insurance Net premiums written Net premiums earned Losses and loss expenses Policy benefits Policy acquisition costs Administrative expenses Underwriting income (loss) Net investment income (loss) Other (income) expense 10,129 13,964 2,061 1,942 1,006 887 23 — North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Life Insurance Corporate Segment Measure Reclass Chubb Consolidated $ 14,474 $ 4,920 $ 1,846 $ 9,335 $ 731 $ 2,514 $ — $ — $ 33,820 4,866 1,822 9,285 698 2,482 3,187 1,544 5,255 — 974 270 435 260 5 — — 123 2,568 9 1,034 146 30 1 428 534 13 435 — 174 37 52 307 2 — 435 — — 303 — 1 58 — — 33,117 21,710 784 6,547 2,979 724 726 766 320 (54) (738) (59) 1,097 385 (87) (115) 3,375 (74) (791) (173) (994) Amortization expense of purchased intangibles Segment income (loss) Net realized gains (losses) Interest expense Income tax expense Net income (loss) — 11 27 45 — 4 203 — 290 $ 2,925 $ 679 $ 148 $ 904 $ 357 $ 401 $ (237) $ (1) $ 5,176 (499) 516 629 1 — — (498) 516 629 $ (1,881) $ — $ 3,533 Underwriting assets are reviewed in total by management for purposes of decision-making. Other than Unpaid losses and loss expenses, Future policy benefits, Reinsurance recoverables, Goodwill and Other intangible assets, Chubb does not allocate assets to its segments. F-93 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries The following table presents net premiums earned for each segment by line of business: (in millions of U.S. dollars) North America Commercial P&C Insurance Property & other short-tail lines Casualty & all other A&H Total North America Commercial P&C Insurance North America Personal P&C Insurance Personal automobile Personal homeowners Personal other Total North America Personal P&C Insurance North America Agricultural Insurance Overseas General Insurance Property & other short-tail lines Casualty & all other Personal lines A&H Total Overseas General Insurance Global Reinsurance Property Property catastrophe Casualty & all other Total Global Reinsurance Life Insurance Life A&H Total Life Insurance Total net premiums earned For the Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 $ 3,383 $ 2,942 $ 2,423 13,056 11,905 10,812 668 614 729 17,107 15,461 13,964 811 3,557 812 5,180 2,838 3,382 3,232 2,020 2,169 781 3,384 750 4,915 2,338 3,105 3,114 2,109 2,113 10,803 10,441 211 208 503 922 1,484 2,055 3,539 151 190 457 798 1,320 1,082 2,402 822 3,327 717 4,866 1,822 2,468 2,738 1,981 2,098 9,285 104 173 421 698 1,317 1,165 2,482 $ 40,389 $ 36,355 $ 33,117 The following table presents net premiums earned by geographic region. Allocations have been made on the basis of location of risk: 2022 2021 2020 (1) Europe includes Middle East and Africa regions. North America Europe (1) Asia Pacific / Japan Latin America 69 % 70 % 70 % 11 % 12 % 11 % 14 % 12 % 12 % 6 % 6 % 7 % F-94 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 16. Earnings per share (in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data) 2022 2021 2020 Year Ended December 31 Numerator: Net income Denominator: Denominator for basic earnings per share: Weighted-average shares outstanding Denominator for diluted earnings per share: Share-based compensation plans Weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share Potential anti-dilutive share conversions $ 5,313 $ 8,539 $ 3,533 419,779,847 439,968,422 451,602,820 3,747,597 3,228,856 1,838,692 423,527,444 443,197,278 453,441,512 $ $ 12.66 $ 19.41 $ 12.55 $ 19.27 $ 7.82 7.79 1,467,840 1,532,066 6,811,966 Excluded from weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions is the impact of securities that would have been anti-dilutive during the respective years. These securities consisted of stock options in which the underlying exercise prices were greater than the average market prices of our Common Shares. Refer to Note 12 for additional information on stock options. 17. Related party transactions Starr Indemnity & Liability Company and its affiliates (collectively, Starr) We have agency, claims services and underwriting services agreements with Starr, the Chairman of which is related to a member of our senior management team. The Board has reviewed and approved our arrangements with Starr. We have agency, claims services and underwriting services agreements with various Starr subsidiaries. Under the agency agreement, we secure the ability to sell our insurance policies through Starr as one of our non-exclusive agents for writing policies, contracts, binders, or agreements of insurance or reinsurance. Under the claims services agreements, Starr adjusts the claims under policies and arranges for third party treaty and facultative agreements covering such policies. Under the underwriting services agreements, Starr underwrites insurance policies on our behalf and we agree to reinsure such policies to Starr under quota share reinsurance agreements. The agency agreement also contains a profit-sharing arrangement based on loss ratios, triggered if Starr underwrites a minimum of $20 million of annual program business net premiums written on our behalf. No profit share commission has been payable yet under this arrangement. Transactions generated under Starr agreements were as follows: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Consolidated statement of operations Gross premiums written Ceded premiums written Commissions paid Commissions received Losses and loss expenses Consolidated balance sheets Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses Ceded reinsurance premium payable F-95 Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 618 $ 353 $ 122 $ 79 $ 592 $ 321 $ 114 $ 73 $ 225 $ 157 $ 507 253 97 59 170 541 $ 96 $ 516 88 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries ABR Re At December 31, 2022, we own 18.8 percent of the common equity of ABR Reinsurance Capital Holdings Ltd. and warrants to acquire 0.5 percent of additional equity. ABR Reinsurance Capital Holdings Ltd., is the parent company of ABR Reinsurance Ltd. (ABR Re), an independent reinsurance company. Through long-term arrangements, Chubb will be the sole source of reinsurance risks ceded to ABR Re, and BlackRock, Inc. serves as an investment management service provider. As an investor, Chubb is expected to benefit from underwriting profit generated by ABR Re’s reinsuring a wide range of Chubb’s primary insurance business and the income and capital appreciation BlackRock, Inc. seeks to deliver through its investment management services. In addition, Chubb has an arrangement with BlackRock, Inc. under which both Chubb and BlackRock, Inc. will be entitled to an equal share of the aggregate amount of certain fees, including underwriting and investment management performance related fees, in connection with their respective reinsurance and investment management arrangements with ABR Re. In connection with this arrangement with BlackRock, Inc., we recorded income of $7 million, $11 million, and $3 million in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, which is recorded in Other (income) expense on the Consolidated statements of operations. ABR Re is a variable interest entity; however, Chubb is not the primary beneficiary and does not consolidate ABR Re because Chubb does not have the power to control and direct ABR Re’s most significant activities, including investing and underwriting. Our ownership interest is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Chubb cedes premiums to ABR Re and recognizes the associated commissions. Transactions generated under ABR Re agreements were as follows: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Consolidated statements of operations Ceded premiums written Commissions received Consolidated balance sheets Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses Ceded reinsurance premium payable Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 507 $ 138 $ 442 $ 133 $ 350 100 1,050 $ 110 $ 963 107 $ $ $ $ Aquiline Capital Partners LLC Chubb invests in private investment funds managed by Aquiline Capital Partners LLC (collectively, Aquiline Funds), of which its chief executive officer is related to a member of our senior management team. We have more than a three percent ownership interest in these funds and therefore account for them under the equity method of accounting. At December 31, 2022, Chubb has approximately $267 million of future contribution commitments to Aquiline Funds. Transactions generated from investments in Aquiline Funds are as follows: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Consolidated statements of operations Other income (expense) Consolidated balance sheets Other investments Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 8 $ 68 $ 2 271 $ 245 $ $ F-96 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries 18. Statutory financial information Our subsidiaries file financial statements prepared in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by insurance regulators. Statutory accounting differs from GAAP in the reporting of certain reinsurance contracts, investments, subsidiaries, acquisition expenses, fixed assets, deferred income taxes, and certain other items. Some jurisdictions impose complex regulatory requirements on insurance companies while other jurisdictions impose fewer requirements. In some jurisdictions, we must obtain licenses issued by governmental authorities to conduct local insurance business. These licenses may be subject to reserves and minimum capital and solvency tests. Jurisdictions may impose fines, censure, and/or criminal sanctions for violation of regulatory requirements. The 2022 amounts below are based on estimates. Chubb's insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are subject to insurance laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which they operate. These regulations include restrictions that limit the amount of dividends or other distributions, such as loans or cash advances, available to shareholders without prior approval of the local insurance regulatory authorities. The amount of dividends available to be paid in 2023 without prior approval totals $5.7 billion. The statutory capital and surplus of our insurance subsidiaries met regulatory requirements for 2022, 2021, and 2020. The minimum amounts of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements was $36.9 billion and $34.0 billion for December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These minimum regulatory capital requirements were significantly lower than the corresponding amounts required by the rating agencies which review Chubb’s insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries. The following tables present the combined statutory capital and surplus and statutory net income (loss) of our Property and casualty and Life subsidiaries: (in millions of U.S. dollars) Statutory capital and surplus Property and casualty Life (in millions of U.S. dollars) Statutory net income (loss) Property and casualty Life December 31 2021 2022 $ $ 40,824 $ 46,662 4,834 $ 2,294 2022 Year Ended December 31 2020 2021 $ $ 4,028 $ 7,983 $ 4,354 1,425 $ 424 $ (245) Several insurance subsidiaries follow accounting practices prescribed or permitted by the jurisdiction of domicile that differ from the applicable local statutory practice. The application of prescribed or permitted accounting practices does not have a material impact on Chubb's statutory surplus and income. As prescribed by the Restructuring discussed previously in Note 7, certain of our U.S. subsidiaries discount certain A&E liabilities, which increased statutory capital and surplus by approximately $120 million and $129 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Federal Insurance Company (Federal), a direct subsidiary of Chubb INA Holdings Inc., has a permitted practice granted by the Indiana Department of Insurance that relates to its investment in a foreign affiliate. Under Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles No. 97, Investments in Subsidiary, Controlled and Affiliated Entities, in order for a reporting entity to admit its investments in foreign subsidiaries and affiliates, audited financial statements of the subsidiary or affiliate must be obtained to support the carrying value. Such financial statements must be prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, or alternatively, in accordance with the local statutory requirements in the subsidiary’s or affiliate’s country of domicile, with an audited footnote reconciliation of net income and shareholder’s equity as reported to a U.S. GAAP basis. With the explicit permission of the Indiana Department of Insurance, Federal obtains audited financial statements for its admitted foreign affiliate, which had an aggregate carrying value of approximately $79 million and $72 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, prepared in accordance with their respective local statutory requirements and supplemented with a separate unaudited reconciliation of shareholder’s equity as reported to a U.S. GAAP basis. F-97 SCHEDULE I Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS – OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES December 31, 2022 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Fixed maturities available for sale U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal Total fixed maturities available for sale Fixed maturities held to maturity U.S. Treasury / Agency Non-U.S. Corporate and asset-backed securities Mortgage-backed securities Municipal Total fixed maturities held to maturity Equity securities Industrial, miscellaneous, and all other Short-term investments Other investments (2) Cost or Amortized Cost, Net (1) Fair Value Amount at Which Shown in the Balance Sheet $ 2,792 $ 2,626 $ 28,005 40,440 17,868 4,081 93,186 1,417 1,136 1,705 1,455 3,135 8,848 827 4,962 13,425 25,908 36,955 15,851 3,880 85,220 1,370 1,054 1,580 1,351 3,084 8,439 827 4,960 13,425 2,626 25,908 36,955 15,851 3,880 85,220 1,417 1,136 1,705 1,455 3,135 8,848 827 4,960 13,425 Total investments - other than investments in related parties $ 121,248 $ 112,871 $ 113,280 (1) Net of valuation allowance for expected credit losses. (2) Excludes $271 million of related party investments. F-98 SCHEDULE II Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT BALANCE SHEETS (Parent Company Only) (in millions of U.S. dollars) Assets December 31 December 31 2022 2021 Investments in subsidiaries and affiliates on equity basis $ 50,393 $ Total investments Cash Due from subsidiaries and affiliates, net Other assets Total assets Liabilities Affiliated notional cash pooling programs Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities Total liabilities Shareholders' equity Common Shares Common Shares in treasury Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income Total shareholders' equity Total liabilities and shareholders' equity 51,408 $ 60,085 $ $ 50,393 40 959 16 252 $ 616 868 10,346 (5,113) 7,166 48,334 (10,193) 50,540 $ 51,408 $ 58,850 58,850 1 1,218 16 8 363 371 10,985 (7,464) 8,478 47,365 350 59,714 60,085 The condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto. F-99 SCHEDULE II (continued) Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Parent Company Only) (in millions of U.S. dollars) Revenues Investment income (1) Equity in net income of subsidiaries and affiliates Total revenues Expenses Administrative and other (income) expense Cigna integration expenses Income tax expense Total expenses Net income Comprehensive income (loss) Year Ended December 31 2022 2021 2020 $ 83 $ 96 $ 5,323 5,406 65 10 18 93 8,514 8,610 56 — 15 71 $ $ 5,313 $ (5,230) $ 8,539 $ 6,020 $ 155 3,457 3,612 55 — 24 79 3,533 5,783 (1) Includes net investment income, interest income, and net realized gains (losses). The condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto. STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Parent Company Only) Year Ended December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Net cash flows from operating activities (1) Cash flows from investing activities Capital contribution Other Net cash flows used for investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Dividends paid on Common Shares Common Shares repurchased Repayment of intercompany loans Net proceeds from affiliated notional cash pooling programs (2) 2022 2021 $ 7,831 $ 4,167 $ (4,046) $ — (4,046) $ (1,375) (2,894) 279 245 — — — (1,401) (4,861) 2,003 8 Net cash flows used for financing activities (3,745) (4,251) Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and restricted cash Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash Cash and restricted cash – beginning of year Cash and restricted cash – end of year (1) 39 1 40 $ 1 (83) 84 1 $ $ (1) Includes cash dividends received from subsidiaries of $7.7 billion, $3.7 billion, and $2.0 billion in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. (2) Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Refer to Note 1 g) for additional information. The condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto. 2020 1,933 (1,200) (2) (1,202) (1,388) (523) 1,265 — (646) (3) 82 2 84 F-100 SCHEDULE IV Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION CONCERNING REINSURANCE Premiums Earned For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) Direct Amount Ceded To Other Companies Assumed From Other Companies Net Amount Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net $ 39,449 $ 9,678 $ 4,242 $ 34,013 5,206 1,499 411 106 97 91 4,892 1,484 $ 46,154 $ 10,195 $ 4,430 $ 40,389 $ 35,767 $ 7,982 $ 3,441 $ 31,226 4,062 1,309 362 89 109 100 3,809 1,320 $ 41,138 $ 8,433 $ 3,650 $ 36,355 $ 31,546 $ 6,782 $ 3,044 $ 27,808 4,249 1,242 368 93 111 168 3,992 1,317 $ 37,037 $ 7,243 $ 3,323 $ 33,117 12 % 2 % 6 % 11 % 11 % 3 % 8 % 10 % 11 % 3 % 13 % 10 % 2022 Property and Casualty Accident and Health Life Total 2021 Property and Casualty Accident and Health Life Total 2020 Property and Casualty Accident and Health Life Total F-101 SCHEDULE VI Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION CONCERNING PROPERTY AND CASUALTY OPERATIONS As of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (in millions of U.S. dollars) Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Net Reserves for Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses Unearned Premiums Net Premiums Earned Net Investment Income Net Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred Related to Current Year Prior Year Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs Net Paid Losses and Loss Expenses Net Premiums Written 2022 2021 2020 $ $ $ 4,462 $ 59,195 $ 20,360 $ 38,905 $ 3,381 $ 24,495 $ (1,153) $ 6,873 $ 20,323 $ 40,170 4,260 $ 56,759 $ 19,101 $ 35,035 $ 3,133 $ 22,966 $ (986) $ 6,440 $ 17,884 $ 36,474 4,244 $ 53,164 $ 17,652 $ 31,800 $ 3,074 $ 22,124 $ (414) $ 6,076 $ 17,434 $ 32,471 F-102 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (US GAAP) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of the statutory auditor on the consolidated financial statements Opinion We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries (the "Company"), which comprise the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity and consolidated statements of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes, including a summary of significant accounting policies (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements (pages F-7 to F-97) present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (US GAAP) and comply with Swiss law. Basis for opinion We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America (US GAAS), Swiss law and Swiss Standards on Auditing (SA-CH). Our responsibilities under those provisions and standards are further described in the Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the consolidated financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the Company and have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities, in accordance with the relevant ethical requirements relating to our audit. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. Key audit matters Key audit matters are those matters that were communicated with those charged with governance and, in our professional judgement, were of most significance in our audit of the consolidated financial statements of the current period. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the consolidated financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters. F-103 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (US GAAP) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Valuation of Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance Key audit matter How our audit addressed the key audit matter Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the Company’s valuation of unpaid losses and loss expenses, net of reinsurance, including controls over the selection of actuarial reserving methods and development of significant assumptions. These procedures also included, among others, the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing one or a combination of procedures, including (i) independently estimating reserves on a sample basis using actual historical data and loss development patterns, as well as industry data and other benchmarks, to develop an independent estimate and comparing the independent estimate to management’s actuarially determined reserves and (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of management’s actuarial reserving methods and the reasonableness of the aforementioned assumptions, as well as assessing qualitative adjustments to carried reserves and the consistency of management’s approach period-over- period. Performing these procedures involved testing the completeness and accuracy of data provided by management. As described in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2022, the Company's liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses, net of reinsurance, was $59.2 billion. The majority of the Company's net unpaid losses and loss expenses arise from the Company's long-tail casualty business (such as general liability and professional liability), U.S. sourced workers' compensation, asbestos-related, environmental pollution and other exposures with high estimation uncertainty. The process of establishing loss and loss expense reserves requires the use of estimates and judgments based on circumstances underlying the insured loss at the date of accrual. The judgments involved in projecting the ultimate losses include the use and interpretation of various standard actuarial reserving methods that place reliance on the extrapolation of actual historical data, loss development patterns, industry data, and other benchmarks as appropriate. The reserves for the various product lines each require different qualitative and quantitative assumptions and judgments, including changes in business mix or volume, changes in ceded reinsurance structures, changes in claims handling practices, reported and projected loss trends, inflation, the legal environment, and the terms and conditions of the contracts sold to the Company's insured parties. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of unpaid losses and loss expenses, net of reinsurance, from the long-tail and other exposures as described above, is a key audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management in determining the reserve liability, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor subjectivity and judgment in performing procedures relating to the valuation; (ii) the significant audit effort and judgment in evaluating the audit evidence relating to the actuarial reserving methods and assumptions related to extrapolation of actual historical data, loss development patterns, industry data, other benchmarks, and the impact of qualitative and quantitative subjective assumptions and judgments; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge. F- 104 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (US GAAP) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Acquisition of Cigna's Life and Accident and Health Insurance Business in Asian Markets - Valuation of Business Acquired Intangible Asset Key audit matter How our audit addressed the key audit matter As described in Notes 1 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed the acquisition of Cigna's life and accident and health insurance business in several Asian markets on July 1, 2022 for a total purchase price of $5.4 billion, which generated $3.5 billion of value of business acquired (VOBA). VOBA represents the fair value of the future profits of in-force long duration contracts. Management determined the fair value of VOBA by calculating the present value of estimated net cash flows for the contracts in force at the acquisition date. As described in Note 6, management judgment was applied in estimating VOBA, which was based on many factors including mortality, morbidity, persistency, investment yields, expenses and the discount rate, with the discount rate being the most significant factor. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of VOBA is a key audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when determining the fair value; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating the significant assumption related to the discount rate; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the valuation of VOBA and controls over the development of the discount rate significant assumption. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing management's process for developing the fair value estimate of VOBA, (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the present value of estimated net cash flows method, (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of the data used in the method, and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the discount rate significant assumption. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of the method used by management and evaluating the reasonableness of the discount rate significant assumption. Other matter Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (US GAAP) requires that the supplementary information based on the requirements of ASU 2015-09, Disclosures about Short-Duration Contracts, on pages F-46 to F-57 be presented to supplement the consolidated financial statements. Such information is the responsibility of management and, although not part of the consolidated financial statements, is required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, which considers it an essential part of financial reporting for placing the consolidated financial statements in an appropriate operational, economic, or historical context. We have applied certain limited procedures to the required supplementary information in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America (US GAAS), which consisted of inquiries of management about the methods of preparing the information and comparing the information for consistency with management's responses to our inquiries, the consolidated financial statements and other knowledge we obtained during our audit of the consolidated financial statements. We do not express an opinion or provide any assurance on the supplementary information because the limited procedures do not provide us with sufficient evidence to express an opinion or provide any assurance. Responsibilities of the Board of Directors for the consolidated financial statements The Board of Directors is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with US GAAP and the provisions of Swiss law, and for the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. In preparing the consolidated financial statements, the Board of Directors is required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date the financial statements are available to be issued; to disclose, as applicable, matters related to going concern; and to use the going concern basis of accounting unless the Board of Directors either intends to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so. F-105 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (US GAAP) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the consolidated financial statements Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not absolute assurance and therefore is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with US GAAS, Swiss law and SA-CH will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control. Misstatements are considered material if there is a substantial likelihood that, individually or in the aggregate, they would influence the judgment made by a reasonable user based on the consolidated financial statements. In performing an audit in accordance with US GAAS, Swiss law and SA-CH, we: • • Exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit. Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. • Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control. Accordingly, no such opinion is expressed. • • • Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made, as well as evaluate the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Conclude whether, in our judgment, there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time. Conclude on the appropriateness of the Board of Directors' use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditor's report to the related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditor's report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Company to cease to continue as a going concern. • Obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the financial information of the entities or business activities within the Company to express an opinion on the financial statements. We are responsible for the direction, supervision, and performance of the Company audit. We remain solely responsible for our audit opinion. We are required to communicate with the Board of Directors regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit, significant audit findings, and certain internal control-related matters that we identified during the audit. We also provide the Board of Directors or its relevant committee with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, actions taken to eliminate threats or safeguards applied. From the matters communicated with the Board of Directors or its relevant committee, we determine those matters that were of most significance in the audit of the consolidated financial statements of the current period and are therefore the key audit matters. We describe these matters in our auditor’s report unless law or regulation precludes public disclosure about the matter or when, in extremely rare circumstances, we determine that a matter should not be communicated in our report because the adverse consequences of doing so would reasonably be expected to outweigh the public interest benefits of such communication. F- 106 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (US GAAP) CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Other information The Board of Directors is responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the information included in the annual report, but does not include the consolidated financial statements, the Swiss statutory financial statements of Chubb Limited, the Swiss statutory compensation report of Chubb Limited and our auditor's reports thereon. The annual report is expected to be made available to us after the date of this auditor's report. Our opinion on the consolidated financial statements does not cover the other information and we will not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. In connection with our audit of the consolidated financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information when it becomes available and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the consolidated financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. Report on other legal and regulatory requirements In accordance with article 728a paragraph 1 item 3 CO and PS-CH 890, we confirm that an internal control system exists, which has been designed for the preparation of consolidated financial statements according to the instructions of the Board of Directors. We recommend that the consolidated financial statements submitted to you be approved. PricewaterhouseCoopers AG /s/ Peter Eberli Peter Eberli Audit expert Auditor in charge Zurich, February 24, 2023 /s/ Beat Walter Beat Walter Audit expert F-107 CHUBB LIMITED SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2022 S-1 December 31 December 31 2022 2021 37 11 49 97 38,184 1,495 7 39,686 39,783 388 1,289 326 32 2,035 2,035 1 9 40 50 34,074 1,495 7 35,576 35,626 27 991 317 10 1,345 1,345 10,780 11,448 6,858 1,213 2,224 8,115 1,257 2,599 (2,879) (4,445) 11,904 7,648 37,748 39,783 10,977 4,330 34,281 35,626 SWISS STATUTORY BALANCE SHEET (Unconsolidated) Chubb Limited (in millions of Swiss francs) Assets Cash and cash equivalents Prepaid expenses and other assets Receivable from subsidiaries Total current assets Investments in subsidiaries Loans to subsidiaries Other assets Total non-current assets Total assets Liabilities Accounts payable Payable to subsidiaries Capital distribution payable Deferred unrealized exchange gain Total short-term liabilities Total liabilities Shareholders' equity Share capital Statutory capital reserves: Capital contribution reserves Reserve for dividends from capital contributions Reserves for treasury shares Treasury shares Statutory retained earnings: Retained earnings Profit for the year Total shareholders' equity Total liabilities and shareholders' equity The accompanying notes form an integral part of these statutory financial statements S-2 SWISS STATUTORY STATEMENT OF INCOME (Unconsolidated) Chubb Limited For the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in millions of Swiss francs) Dividend income Interest income from subsidiaries Debt guarantee fee income Other income Administrative and other expenses Foreign exchange gains/(losses) Operating results Interest income (expense) third-party only Earnings before taxes Tax expense Profit for the year The accompanying notes form an integral part of these statutory financial statements 2022 7,661 53 43 7 (125) 16 7,655 (1) 7,654 (6) 7,648 2021 4,304 102 38 10 (96) (17) 4,341 3 4,344 (14) 4,330 S-3 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Chubb Limited 1. Basis of presentation Chubb Limited (Chubb), domiciled in Zurich, Switzerland, is the holding company of Chubb Group (Group) with a listing on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Chubb's principal activity is the holding of subsidiaries. Revenues consist mainly of dividend and interest income. The accompanying financial statements comply with Swiss law. The financial statements present the financial position of the holding company on a standalone basis and do not represent the consolidated financial position of the holding company and its subsidiaries. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the provisions of commercial accounting as set out in the Swiss Code of Obligations (Art. 957 to 963b CO, effective since January 1, 2013). All amounts in the notes are shown in millions of Swiss francs unless otherwise stated. 2. Significant accounting policies a) Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand and deposits with an original maturity of three months or less at time of purchase. Chubb and certain of its subsidiaries (participating entities) have agreements with a third-party bank provider which implemented two international multi-currency notional cash pooling programs. In each program, participating entities establish deposit accounts in different currencies with the bank provider and each day the credit or debit balances in every account are notionally translated into a single currency (U.S. dollars) and then notionally pooled. Participants of the notional pool either pay or receive interest from the third-party bank provider. The bank extends overdraft credit to any participating entity as needed, provided that the overall notionally-pooled balance of all accounts in each pool at the end of each day is at least zero. Actual cash balances are not physically converted and are not commingled between legal entities. Any overdraft balances incurred under this program by a participating entity would be guaranteed by Chubb up to CHF 278 million ($300 million) in the aggregate. Our syndicated letter of credit facility allows for same day drawings to fund a net pool overdraft should participating entities withdraw contributed funds from the pool. b) Investments in subsidiaries Investments in subsidiaries are equity interests, which are held on a long-term basis for the purpose of the holding company's business activities. They are carried at a value no higher than their cost less adjustments for impairment. An impairment analysis of the investments in subsidiaries is performed on an annual basis. c) Translation of foreign currencies The financial statements are translated from U.S. dollar into Swiss francs using the following exchange rates: • Investments in subsidiaries at historical exchange rates; • Other assets and liabilities at period end exchange rates; • Treasury shares and shareholders' equity at historical exchange rates; and • Revenues and expenses at average exchange rates (where approximatively accurate), otherwise at transaction date exchange rates Exchange losses are recorded in the statement of income and unrealized exchange gains are recorded on the balance sheet and deferred until realized. d) Dividend income Chubb collects dividend income from its direct subsidiaries. Dividends are recognized in the year they are declared. e) Interest income (expense) from subsidiaries Chubb collects interest income from loans issued to its subsidiaries which are reflected within operating income. Additionally, Chubb either collects or pays interest related to a reciprocal line of credit with one of its subsidiaries. f) Debt guarantee fee income Chubb collects a fee for Chubb's guarantee of the debt issued by one of its subsidiaries. S-4 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited g) Other Income Chubb has entered into an arrangement with BlackRock, Inc. under which both Chubb and BlackRock, Inc. will be entitled to an equal share of the aggregate amount of certain fees, including underwriting and investment management performance related fees, in connection with their respective reinsurance and investment management arrangements with ABR Re, an independent reinsurance Company. The fees received by Chubb were CHF 7 million and CHF 10 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 3. Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees a) Letters of credit (LOC) Chubb has access to capital markets and credit facilities with a letter of credit capacity of CHF 3.7 billion ($4.0 billion), CHF 2.8 billion ($3.0 billion) of which can be used for revolving credit. Chubb's LOC usage was CHF 1.3 billion ($1.4 billion) and CHF 1.4 billion ($1.4 billion) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The letter of credit facility required that Chubb maintains certain financial covenants, all of which were met at December 31, 2022 and 2021. b) Lease commitments Chubb leases property under an operating lease which was extended in February 2023. The new agreement will extend the operating lease for an additional one-year period through September 2024 for an additional commitment of CHF 1.5 million. The following table presents future annual minimum lease payments as of December 31, 2022. Year ending December 31 (in millions of Swiss francs) 2023 Thereafter Total minimum future lease commitments 1.1 — 1.1 At December 31, 2021, the total minimum future lease commitments were CHF 2.6 million. c) Guarantee of debt Chubb fully and unconditionally guarantees certain subsidiary debt totaling CHF 14.1 billion ($15.2 billion) and CHF 14.9 billion ($16.4 billion) at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and receives a fee. S-5 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited 4. Significant investments a) Share capital The following table presents information regarding share capital held of subsidiaries at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Amounts are expressed in whole U.S. dollars, Swiss francs, or Korean wons. In addition, the table shows the shareholdings as a percentage of total share capital of the subsidiary, which is equal to the voting rights. Holdings as of December 31, 2022 and 2021: Year Country Chubb Group Holdings, Inc. Chubb INA Holdings, Inc. 2022 2021 2022 2021 U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. U.S.A. Chubb Insurance (Switzerland) Limited 2022 Switzerland Chubb Reinsurance (Switzerland) Limited 2022 Switzerland 2021 Switzerland Chubb Group Management and Holdings Ltd. LINA Life Insurance Co. of Korea (1) 2021 Switzerland 2022 2021 2022 2021 Bermuda Bermuda Korea — (1) Share capital is CHF 25.9 million at the time of acquisition, July 1, 2022. % of Possession & Voting 100 % 100 % 20 % 20 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % — Currency Share Capital Purpose USD USD USD USD 11 11 1 1 Holding company Holding company Holding company Holding company CHF 100,000,000 Insurance company CHF 100,000,000 Insurance company CHF 44,000,000 Reinsurance company CHF 44,000,000 Reinsurance company USD USD 100 100 Holding company Holding company KRW 34,860,000,000 Insurance company — — — b) Investments in subsidiaries The following table presents information regarding investments in subsidiaries at December 31, 2022 and 2021. On July 1, 2022, Chubb and its subsidiaries completed the acquisition of the life and non-life insurance companies that house the personal accident, supplemental health, and life insurance business of Cigna in six Asian markets, inclusive of the LINA Life Insurance Co. of Korea, a direct subsidiary of Chubb Limited, for CHF 3.8 billion ($3.9 billion). (in millions of Swiss francs) Chubb Group Holdings, Inc. Chubb INA Holdings, Inc. Chubb Group Management Holdings Ltd. Chubb Insurance (Switzerland) Limited Chubb Reinsurance (Switzerland) Limited LINA Life Insurance Co. of Korea Balance - end of year 2022 17,004 2,062 14,928 185 242 3,763 38,184 2021 17,004 2,043 14,600 185 242 — 34,074 S-6 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited 5. Common Share ownership of the Board of Directors and Group Executives a) Board of Directors The following table presents information, at December 31, 2022 and 2021, with respect to the ownership of Common Shares by each member of the Board of Directors. Unless otherwise indicated, the named individual has sole voting and investment power over the Common Shares listed in the Common Shares Beneficially Owned column. Common Share ownership of Evan G. Greenberg, the Chairman of the Board, is included in Note 5 b) below. Name of Beneficial Owner Michael G. Atieh (3) Kathy Bonanno Sheila P. Burke Mary A. Cirillo Michael P. Connors Robert J. Hugin (4) Robert W. Scully (5) Eugene B. Shanks, Jr. Theodore E. Shasta David H. Sidwell Olivier Steimer Luis Tellez Frances F. Townsend Total Number of Common Shares Beneficially Owned 1,159 847 — — 6,056 5,244 27,537 26,070 15,091 14,279 15,087 13,251 44,337 42,802 — 11,369 14,556 15,017 11,962 11,150 20,276 19,251 812 — 2,102 1,290 Year 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 Number of Restricted Stock Units (1) 37,422 36,812 — — 39,987 39,805 15,582 15,328 — — — — — — — — — — — — 3,775 3,713 — — — — Number of Restricted Common Stock (2) 932 1,083 932 — 932 1,083 1,692 1,956 932 1,083 1,594 1,836 1,766 2,047 — 1,083 932 1,083 932 1,083 932 1,083 932 1,083 932 1,083 2022 158,975 2021 160,570 96,766 95,658 13,440 15,586 (1) Represents Common Shares that will be issued to the director upon his or her separation from the Board. These Common Shares relate to stock units granted as director's compensation prior to 2008 and associated dividend reinvestment accruals. For Ms. Burke includes deferred stock units and market value units granted prior to the merger that will settle following separation from service. The number of vested market value units for Ms. Burke was 11,150 at December 31, 2022. The market value units include dividend reinvestment accruals for 2022 valued at $35,973. (2) Represents Common Shares with respect to which the individual has the power to vote (but not to dispose of). (3) Common Shares beneficially owned includes 847 shares held by a family foundation. Mr. Atieh has no pecuniary interest in these shares. (4) Common Shares beneficially owned includes 335 shares held by Mr. Hugin's sons, of which Mr. Hugin disclaims beneficial ownership. (5) Common Shares beneficially owned includes 2,775 shares held by Mr. Scully's daughter, of which Mr. Scully disclaims beneficial ownership. S-7 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited b) Group Executives The following table presents information, at December 31, 2022 and 2021, with respect to the beneficial ownership of Common Shares by each of the following Group Executives. Unless otherwise indicated, the named individual has sole voting and investment power over the Common Shares listed in the Common Shares Beneficially Owned column.   Name of Beneficial Owner Evan G. Greenberg (3) (4) Peter C. Enns John W. Keogh (5) Joseph Wayland Total Number of Common Shares Beneficially Owned Number of Common Shares Subject to Options (1) Weighted Average Option Exercise Price in CHF Year 2022 720,351 730,287 2021 753,083 790,532 2022 2021 4,662 3,000 14,084 — 2022 165,166 228,345 2021 182,178 224,670 2022 40,847 2021 34,552 97,370 84,869 2022 931,026 1,070,086 2021 972,813 1,100,071 126.40 109.58 162.75 — 132.75 117.42 129.56 119.30 Option Exercise Years 4.55 4.38 8.51 — 5.18 5.19 4.87 5.39 Number of Restricted Common Stock (2) 170,383 163,646 25,020 19,374 73,621 69,082 21,002 22,452 290,026 274,554 (1) Represents Common Shares that the individual has the right to acquire within 60 days of December 31, 2022 and 2021, through option exercises, both vested and unvested. (2) (3) Represents Common Shares with respect to which the individual has the power to vote (but not to dispose of). Mr. Greenberg shares with other persons the power to vote and/or dispose of 41,564 and 72,085 of the Common Shares listed at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The amount included in the table for Mr. Greenberg also contains 444,738 and 318,885 additional pledged Common shares that are owned by trusts or entities in which adult family members of Mr. Greenberg are beneficiaries at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. (4) Mr. Greenberg pledged 240,000 Common Shares Beneficially Owned in connection with a margin account at December 31, 2022 and 2021. (5) Mr. Keogh shares with other persons the power to vote and/or dispose of 13,675 and 7,978 of the Common Shares listed at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 6. Shareholders' equity The following table presents issued, authorized, and conditional share capital, at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Treasury shares held by Chubb which are issued, but not outstanding totaled 14,925,028 and 27,644,500 shares for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition to the treasury shares held by Chubb, subsidiaries of Chubb held 16,856,730 treasury shares at a cost of CHF 2.2 billion ($2.3 billion) and 19,804,002 treasury shares at a cost of CHF 2.6 billion ($2.7 billion), for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Shares Issued Authorized share capital for general purposes Conditional share capital for bonds and similar debt instruments Conditional share capital for employee benefit plans Year ended December 31 2022 2021 446,376,614 474,021,114 200,000,000 200,000,000 33,000,000 33,000,000 25,410,929 25,410,929 S-8 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited a) Shares authorized and issued All Common Shares are authorized under Swiss Corporate law. Chubb's share capital consisted of 446,376,614 and 474,021,114 Common Shares, with a par value of CHF 24.15 per share for the period ending December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Board has shareholder-approved authority as set forth in the Articles of Association to increase for general purposes Chubb's share capital from time to time until May 19, 2024, by the issuance of up to 200,000,000 fully paid up Common Shares with a par value equal to the par value of Chubb's Common Shares as set forth in the Articles of Association at the time of any such issuance. b) Conditional share capital (i) Conditional share capital for bonds and similar debt instruments At both December 31, 2022 and 2021, the share capital of Chubb was authorized to be increased through the issuance of a maximum of 33,000,000 fully paid up shares each with a par value of CHF 24.15 per share through the exercise of conversion and/or option or warrant rights granted in connection with bonds, notes, or similar instruments, issued or to be issued by Chubb, including convertible debt instruments. (ii) Conditional share capital for employee benefit plans At both December 31, 2022 and 2021, the share capital of Chubb was authorized to be increased through the issuance of a maximum of 25,410,929 fully paid up shares each with a par value of CHF 24.15 per share in connection with the exercise of option rights granted to any employee of Chubb or a subsidiary, and any consultant, director, or other person providing services to Chubb or a subsidiary. c) Capital contribution reserves At our May 2021 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $3.20 per share, which were paid in four quarterly installments of $0.80 per share after the annual general meeting by way of distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. At our May 2022 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $3.32 per share, expected to be paid in four quarterly installments of $0.83 per share after the annual general meeting by way of distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board will determine the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend may be paid until the date of the 2023 annual general meeting, and is authorized to abstain from distributing a dividend at its discretion. The first three quarterly installments each of $0.83 per share have been distributed by the Board as expected. The following table presents dividend distributions per Common Share in Swiss francs (CHF) and U.S. dollars (USD) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: Dividends - distributed from Capital contribution reserves Total dividend distributions per common share CHF 3.11 $ 3.11 $ 2022 USD 3.29 3.29 CHF 2.88 $ 2.88 $ 2021 USD 3.18 3.18 S-9 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited d) Treasury Shares - Owned by Chubb Treasury shares held by Chubb are carried at cost. At our May 2022 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved the cancellation of 13,179,100 shares purchased under our share repurchase program during the last six months of 2021. The capital reduction by cancellation of shares was subject to publication requirements and a two-month waiting period in accordance with Swiss law and became effective on August 4, 2022. At the Chubb Limited Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders, held on November 3, 2021, shareholders approved the cancellation of 14,465,400 shares repurchased under our share repurchase program during the first six months of 2021. The capital reduction by cancellation of shares was subject to publication requirements and a two-month waiting period in accordance with Swiss law and became effective on January 17, 2022. The following table presents a roll-forward of treasury shares held by Chubb for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: (cost in millions of Swiss francs) Balance – beginning of year Repurchase of shares Cancellation of shares Number of Shares 2022 Cost Number of Shares 27,644,500 4,445 3,606,053 2021 Cost 486 14,925,028 2,879 27,644,500 4,445 (27,644,500) (4,445) (3,584,150) (484) (2) Redeemed under share-based compensation plans — — (21,903) Balance – end of year 14,925,028 2,879 27,644,500 4,445 e) Treasury Shares - Reserve for Treasury Shares Treasury shares held by Chubb subsidiaries are carried at cost. The following table presents a roll-forward of treasury shares held by Chubb subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: (cost in millions of Swiss francs) Balance – beginning of year Number of Shares 2022 Cost Number of Shares 19,804,002 2,599 23,266,586 Additions related to share-based compensation plans 709,528 138 717,377 Redeemed under share-based compensation plans (3,656,800) (513) (4,179,961) 2021 Cost 3,046 104 (551) Balance – end of year 16,856,730 2,224 19,804,002 2,599 Increases in treasury shares held by Chubb and its subsidiaries are due to the surrender of Common Shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock and the forfeiture of unvested restricted stock. Decreases in treasury shares are principally due to grants of restricted stock, exercises of stock options, and purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). f) Movements in Statutory Retained earnings (in millions of Swiss francs) Balance – beginning of year Attribution to / release reserve for treasury shares Cancellation of treasury shares Profit for the year Balance – end of year S-10 Year ended December 31 2022 2021 15,307 10,928 374 (3,777) 7,648 19,552 447 (398) 4,330 15,307 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited g) Chubb securities repurchase authorization From time to time, Chubb repurchases shares as part of our capital management program and to partially offset potential dilution from the exercise of stock options and the granting of restricted stock under share-based compensation plans. Our Board of Directors has authorized share repurchase programs as follows: • • $1.5 billion of Chubb Common Shares from November 19, 2020 through December 31, 2021; $1.0 billion increase to the November 2020 share repurchase program to a total $2.5 billion in February 2021, effective through December 31, 2021; • One-time incremental share repurchase program of $5.0 billion of Chubb Common Shares from July 19, 2021 through June 30, 2022; and $2.5 billion of Chubb Common Shares from May 19, 2022 through June 30, 2023. • Share repurchases may be in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, block trades, accelerated repurchases and/or through option or other forward transactions. The following table presents repurchases of Chubb's Common Shares conducted in a series of open market transactions under the Board authorizations: (cost in millions of Swiss francs) Number of shares repurchased Cost of shares repurchased Year ended December 31 2022 2021 14,925,028 27,644,500 2,879 4,445 h) General restrictions Holders of Common Shares are entitled to receive dividends as proposed by the Board and approved by the shareholders. Holders of Common Shares are allowed one vote per share provided that, if the controlled shares of any shareholder constitute ten percent or more of the outstanding Common Shares of Chubb, only a fraction of the vote will be allowed so as not to exceed ten percent. Entry of acquirers of Common Shares as shareholders with voting rights in the share register may be refused if it would confer voting rights with respect to ten percent or more of the registered share capital recorded in the commercial register. 7. Significant shareholders The following table presents information regarding each person, including corporate groups, known to Chubb to own beneficially or of record more than five percent of Chubb's outstanding Common Shares at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Name of Beneficial Owner Vanguard Group, Inc. BlackRock, Inc. T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. Wellington Management Group, LLP State Street Corporation Capital International Investors * Represented less than five percent 8. Other disclosures required by Swiss law 2022 2021 Number of Shares Beneficially Owned Percent of Class Number of Shares Beneficially Owned Percent of Class 38,144,673 9.19 % 35,503,624 28,694,321 6.90 % 27,072,528 24,611,406 5.90 % 22,571,047 * * * * * * 27,645,799 21,994,670 21,774,217 8.24 % 6.30 % 5.20 % 6.42 % 5.11 % 5.10 % a) Expenses Total personnel expenses amounted to CHF 11.1 million and CHF 10.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The number of full-time positions on an annual average was no more than 50 for years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. S-11 NOTES TO SWISS STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Chubb Limited Total amortization expense related to tangible property amounted to CHF 0.5 million and CHF 0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. b) Fees paid to auditors Fees paid to auditors by Chubb Limited totaled CHF 5.2 million and CHF 3.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. An allocation of audit fees for professional services rendered in connection with the integrated audit of our consolidated financial statements and internal controls over financial reporting and audit fees for the standalone Swiss statutory financial statements totaled CHF 4.8 million and CHF 3.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Tax fees totaled CHF 0.4 million and CHF 0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. c) Loans to subsidiaries The following table presents information regarding loans to subsidiaries at December 31, 2022 and 2021. (in millions of Swiss francs) Loans to Chubb Group Holdings, Inc. Loans to Chubb INA International Holdings Ltd., Agencia en Chile Total loans to subsidiaries 2022 1,230 265 1,495 d) Receivables from subsidiaries The following table presents information regarding receivables from subsidiaries at December 31, 2022 and 2021. (in millions of Swiss francs) Receivables from Chubb Group Holdings, Inc. Receivables from Chubb Group Management and Holdings, Ltd. Total receivables from subsidiaries 2022 48 1 49 e) Payable to subsidiaries The following table presents information regarding payables to subsidiaries at December 31, 2022 and 2021. (in millions of Swiss francs) Payable to Chubb Group Holdings, Inc. Payable to Chubb INA Holdings, Inc. Payable to Chubb Group Management and Holdings, Ltd. Payable to Chubb Insurance (Switzerland) Ltd. Payable to Chubb Reinsurance (Switzerland) Ltd. Total payable to subsidiaries 2022 538 542 203 6 — 1,289 2021 1,229 266 1,495 2021 39 1 40 2021 475 317 191 4 4 991 S-12 PROPOSED APPROPRIATION OF AVAILABLE EARNINGS Chubb Limited Proposed appropriation of available earnings Our Board of Directors proposes to the Annual General Meeting that the Company's disposable profit (including the net income and the other items as shown below) be carried forward. The following table shows the appropriation of available earnings as proposed by the Board of Directors for the year ended December 31, 2022. (in millions of Swiss francs) Balance brought forward Profit for the year Cancellation of treasury shares Attribution to reserve for treasury shares Balance carried forward 2022 15,307 7,648 (3,777) 374 19,552 2021 10,928 4,330 (398) 447 15,307 In order to pay dividends, our Board of Directors proposes that an aggregate amount equal to CHF 2.2 billion be released from the capital contribution reserves account in 2023 and allocated to a segregated reserve for dividends account (the "Dividend Reserve"). The Board proposes to distribute a dividend to the shareholders up to an aggregate amount totaling $3.44 per Common Share from, and limited at a maximum to the amount of, the Dividend Reserve in one or more installments, in such amounts and on such record and payment dates as determined by the Board in its discretion. If the Board deems it advisable for the Company, the Board shall be authorized to abstain (in whole or in part) from distributing a dividend in its discretion. The authorization of the Board to distribute the installments from the Dividend Reserve will expire on the date of the 2024 annual general meeting, on which date any balance remaining in the Dividend Reserve will be automatically reallocated to the capital contribution reserves account. If the Annual General Meeting approves this proposal, our Board currently intends to distribute the dividend in four equal installments of $0.86 each, on record dates at about the end of June, September, December and March, respectively, with payment dates about 21 days thereafter. At December 31, 2022, 414,594,856 of the Company's Common Shares were eligible for dividends. At the 2022 annual general meeting, the Company’s shareholders approved an aggregate annual dividend by way of a distribution from Capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves at the time of payment in 2022 totaling $3.32 per Common Share. The annual dividend was payable in four installments, each denominated in CHF but adjusted appropriately so that the U.S. dollar value of the installment remained at $0.83. The installments were subject to a dividend cap expressed in CHF which was not reached for 2022. S-13 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (SWISS STATUTORY) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report on the audit of the financial statements Opinion We have audited the Swiss statutory financial statements of Chubb Limited (the Company), which comprise the Swiss statutory balance sheet as at December 31, 2022, and the Swiss statutory statement of income for the year then ended, and notes to Swiss statutory financial statements, including significant accounting policies. In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements comply with Swiss law and the company's articles of association. Basis for opinion We conducted our audit in accordance with Swiss law and Swiss Standards on Auditing (SA-CH). Our responsibilities under those provisions and standards are further described in the 'Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements' section of our report. We are independent of the Company in accordance with the provisions of Swiss law and the requirements of the Swiss audit profession, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. Our audit approach Overview Overall materiality: CHF 250 million We tailored the scope of our audit in order to perform sufficient work to enable us to provide an opinion on the financial statements as a whole, taking into account the structure of the Company, the accounting processes and controls, and the industry in which the Company operates. As key audit matter the following area of focus has been identified: • Investments in subsidiaries Materiality The scope of our audit was influenced by our application of materiality. Our audit opinion aims to provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free from material misstatement. Misstatements may arise due to fraud or error. They are considered material if, individually or in aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements. S-14 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (SWISS STATUTORY) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Based on our professional judgement, we determined certain quantitative thresholds for materiality, including the overall materiality for the financial statements as a whole as set out in the table below. These, together with qualitative considerations, helped us to determine the scope of our audit and the nature, timing and extent of our audit procedures and to evaluate the effect of misstatements, both individually and in aggregate, on the financial statements as a whole. Overall materiality CHF 250 million Benchmark applied Net Assets Rationale for the materiality benchmark applied We chose Net Assets as the benchmark because, in our view, it is the benchmark which best reflects the purpose of the Company, that is to hold investments in affiliates, but not to conduct its own operations. We agreed with the Audit Committee that we would report to them misstatements above CHF 12 million identified during our audit as well as any misstatements below that amount which, in our view, warranted reporting for qualitative reasons. Audit scope We designed our audit by determining materiality and assessing the risks of material misstatement in the financial statements. In particular, we considered where subjective judgements were made; for example, in respect of significant accounting estimates that involved making assumptions and considering future events that are inherently uncertain. As in all of our audits, we also addressed the risk of management override of internal controls, including among other matters consideration of whether there was evidence of bias that represented a risk of material misstatement due to fraud. Key audit matters Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgement, were of most significance in our audit of the financial statements of the current period. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters. S-15 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (SWISS STATUTORY) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Investments in subsidiaries Key audit matter How our audit addressed the key audit matter As set out in the balance sheet and at footnote 4, the Company owns six direct subsidiaries as at December 31, 2022 with a total book value of CHF 38.2 billion, representing 96% of the Company’s total assets. We obtained an understanding of management's process and controls and assessed and tested the design and operating effectiveness of a selected key control over the recoverability of the carrying value of investments in subsidiaries. The acquisition of LINA Life Insurance Co. of Korea on July 1, 2022 contributed CHF 3.8 billion to this balance. In relation to the particular matters set out opposite, our testing procedures included the following: We focused on investments in subsidiaries due to the size of this area relative to the total assets, and the fact that there is judgment involved in assessing whether the carrying values of the investments in subsidiaries were impaired. The Swiss accounting law generally requires an individual impairment assessment at the investment or unit of account level. Tje • For the LINA Life Insurance Co. of Korea acquisition we agreed the initial acquisition value of the investment to the Stock Purchase Agreement. • We tested the Company’s impairment analyses performed for the six direct subsidiaries. The assessment of potential impairment indicators included as a first step the comparison of the recorded Swiss statutory carrying value with the net asset value of each subsidiary. In case the net asset value was smaller than the carrying value, a more detailed assessment was performed, to assess whether there was any potential need for impairment. • Where a more detailed assessment was triggered, we challenged management as to whether the subsidiaries' performance was in line with expectation and whether there are any other indicators such as adverse volume, claims, regulatory or other market developments. Based on the work performed we consider management's impairment analyses including the assumptions used to support the carrying value of investments in subsidiaries as reasonable. Other information The Board of Directors is responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the information included in the annual report, but does not include the Swiss statutory financial statements, the consolidated financial statements, the Swiss statutory compensation report and our auditor's reports thereon. The annual report is expected to be made available to us after the date of this auditor's report. Our opinion on the Swiss statutory financial statements does not cover the other information and we will not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. In connection with our audit of the Swiss statutory financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information when it becomes available and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the Swiss statutory financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. S-16 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (SWISS STATUTORY) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued) Board of Directors' responsibilities for the financial statements The Board of Directors is responsible for the preparation of the financial statements in accordance with the provisions of Swiss law and the company's articles of incorporation, and for such internal control as the Board of Directors determines is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. In preparing the financial statements, the Board of Directors is responsible for assessing the Company's ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the Board of Directors either intends to liquidate the Company or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so. Auditor's responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor's report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with Swiss law and SA-CH will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements. A more detailed description of our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements can be found on the EXPERTsuisse website: http://www.expertsuisse.ch/en/audit-report. This description forms an integral part of our report. Report on other legal and regulatory requirements In accordance with article 728a paragraph 1 item 3 CO and PS-CH 890, we confirm that an internal control system exists which has been designed for the preparation of financial statements according to the instructions of the Board of Directors. We further confirm that the proposed appropriation of available earnings complies with Swiss law and the company’s articles of association. We recommend that the financial statements submitted to you be approved. PricewaterhouseCoopers AG /s/ Peter Eberli Peter Eberli Audit expert Auditor in charge Zurich, February 27, 2023 /s/ Beat Walter Beat Walter Audit expert S-17 CHUBB LIMITED SWISS STATUTORY COMPENSATION REPORT December 31, 2022 SC- 1 SWISS STATUTORY COMPENSATION REPORT A. General Under the Swiss ordinance against excessive compensation in stock exchange listed companies (the “Ordinance”) and our Articles of Association, we are required to prepare a separate Swiss Statutory Compensation Report each year that contains specific items in a presentation format determined by these regulations. This compensation report covers compensation for our Board of Directors and Executive Management for the 2022 financial year. Our Executive Management (as defined under Swiss law) is appointed by our Board. For 2022, our Executive Management consisted of Evan G. Greenberg, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer; Peter C. Enns, Chief Financial Officer; John W. Keogh, President and Chief Operating Officer; and Joseph F. Wayland, General Counsel and Secretary. For 2021, our Executive Management consisted of Messrs. Greenberg, Enns (from July 1), Keogh and Wayland, as well as Mr. Philip V. Bancroft, former Chief Financial Officer (through June 30). For more detailed information about compensation for our Board of Directors and Executive Management, please review our Proxy Statement in connection with our 2023 annual general meeting of shareholders. You may access this report on the Investor Information section of our website at investors.chubb.com/governance/general-meeting-of-shareholders/default.aspx or by contacting Investor Relations by telephone, email or mail at: Telephone: +1 (212) 827-4445 Email: Mail: investorrelations@chubb.com Investor Relations, Chubb Limited, 1133 Avenue of the Americas, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10036 References in this report to “we,” “our” or “Chubb” are to Chubb Limited. B. Compensation of the Board of Directors and Executive Management Basis of Presentation The following information sets forth the compensation for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, of the members of the Board and Executive Management for all of the functions that they have performed for Chubb. Compensation of the Board is paid by Chubb. Compensation of Executive Management is paid by Chubb and the Chubb group entities where they are employed. Compensation is paid as a combination of both U.S. dollars, our functional reporting currency, with translation of certain amounts to whole Swiss francs. Where presented, 2022 and 2021 Swiss franc compensation figures have been translated at the average exchange rates. Swiss franc-equivalent total compensation of the Board and Executive Management is included in Tables 1 and 2 below. The average exchange rate we used for U.S. dollars into Swiss francs was 0.95497047 for 2022 and 0.9143082 for 2021. This report is established in accordance with the provisions of the Ordinance. Compensation of the Board of Directors Our directors receive compensation in accordance with our Outside Directors Compensation Parameters. The Board made changes to the Outside Directors Compensation Parameters effective at the May 2022 annual general meeting. The changes were based on, among other things, a comparison of our compensation structure to that of our competitors and other insurance and similarly sized companies, finding that total director compensation was below the median of such companies, and the fact that the annual cash and equity retainers had not been increased since 2019. As a result, the annual cash retainer was increased from $125,000 to $135,000 and the annual equity retainer was increased from $180,000 to $190,000. The compensation for the Board for the financial year 2022 set forth in Table 1 is therefore composed of compensation under the prior parameters from January 1 to the date of our 2022 annual general meeting, and compensation under the revised parameters from such date through the end of 2022. No changes were made to our Outside Director Compensation Parameters in 2021. The equity retainer noted above is in the form of restricted stock awards, based on the fair value of Chubb's Common Shares as of the date of the award. Restricted stock awards vest at the following year's annual general meeting. The cash retainer is paid SC- 2 SWISS STATUTORY COMPENSATION REPORT (continued) to non-employee directors quarterly, although directors may elect to receive up to all of their compensation, other than compensation for special meetings, in the form of restricted stock awards. The Lead Director received a fee of $50,000 (CHF 47,749) in 2022, which was unchanged from 2021. Committee chair fees, also unchanged from 2021, were received as follows: Audit Committee - $35,000 (CHF 33,424) Compensation Committee - $25,000 (CHF 23,874) Nominating & Governance Committee - $20,000 (CHF 19,099) Risk & Finance Committee - $25,000 (CHF 23,874) Directors are not paid fees for attending regular Board or committee meetings, but, at the discretion of the Chairman of the Board and the Lead Director, Chubb may pay an additional $2,000 fee for each special meeting attended by telephone and $3,000 for each special meeting attended in person. Meeting fees were not paid in 2022. A $2,000 (CHF 1,829) meeting fee was paid to each non-employee director that attended a special Board meeting in 2021. Chubb’s Corporate Governance Guidelines specify director equity ownership requirements. Chubb awards non-employee directors restricted stock awards and mandates minimum equity ownership. The minimum equity ownership during 2022 and 2021 was $600,000 (based on the stock price on the date of award). In February 2023 the Board increased the minimum equity ownership going forward from $600,000 to $700,000. Each director has until the fifth anniversary of his or her initial election to the Board to achieve this minimum. The previously granted restricted stock awards (whether or not vested) are counted toward achieving this minimum. Once a director has achieved the minimum equity ownership, this requirement will remain satisfied going forward as long as he or she retains the number of shares valued at the minimum amount based on the New York Stock Exchange closing price for Chubb’s Common Shares as of the date the minimum threshold is initially met. Any vested shares held by a director in excess of the minimum share equivalent specified above may be sold at the director's discretion after consultation with Chubb’s General Counsel. No compensation was paid to former directors nor did any former director receive any benefits in kind or waivers of claims during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, no current directors received benefits in kind or waivers of claims and no compensation had been paid to any related party of current or former directors, except as noted below with respect to our director charitable contributions program. Additionally, no related party of current or former directors received any benefits in kind or waivers of claims during 2022 or 2021. At each of December 31, 2022 and 2021, no current or former directors or any related party of current or former directors had outstanding loans or credits from Chubb. Chubb has a matching contribution program for directors under which Chubb will match director charitable contributions to eligible registered charities, churches, and other places of worship or schools up to a maximum, which was $40,000 per year for both 2022 and 2021. For Swiss law purposes, some of these matching contributions during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 qualified as related party transactions because our directors or members of their immediate family were directors or officers of the organization. Chubb matched a total of $70,000 (CHF 66,848) in contributions to six organizations in 2022 and $62,000 (CHF 56,687) in contributions to four such organizations in 2021. The following Table 1 presents information concerning director compensation paid or, in the case of restricted stock awards, earned in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Although Evan G. Greenberg is Chairman of the Board, Mr. Greenberg received no compensation in respect of these duties. Details of Mr. Greenberg's compensation in his capacity as a member of Executive Management are included in Table 2 below. SC- 3 SWISS STATUTORY COMPENSATION REPORT (continued) Michael P. Connors 2022 Lead Director 182,500 186,250 Table 1 — audited Name Michael G. Atieh Kathy Bonanno (3) Sheila P. Burke James I. Cash Mary Cirillo Year 2022 2021 2022 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 John A. Edwardson Robert J. Hugin Robert W. Scully 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 Eugene B. Shanks, Jr. 2022 Theodore E. Shasta David H. Sidwell Olivier Steimer Luis Tellez (3) 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 Frances F. Townsend 2022 Total 2021 2022 2021 Board Function Fees Earned or Paid Stock Awards (1) All Other (2) Total in USD Total in CHF Member $ Member $ 132,500 $ 127,000 $ 186,250 $ 180,000 $ — $ — $ Member Member Member Retired Member (Retired) Member Chair - Nominating & Governance Member Chair - Nominating & Governance 101,250 132,500 127,000 — 33,250 118,750 186,250 180,000 — 67,500 — 337,500 2,000 325,000 Lead Director 183,250 180,000 Retired Member (Retired) Member Member Member Chair - Audit Member Chair - Audit Member (Retired) Member Member Member Member Member Member Chair - Risk & Finance Member Chair - Risk & Finance Member Member Member Chair - Compensation Member Chair - Compensation — 2,000 — 2,000 — 114,375 317,500 305,000 — 352,500 2,000 340,000 31,250 127,000 132,500 127,000 132,500 127,000 67,500 180,000 186,250 180,000 186,250 180,000 157,500 186,250 152,000 180,000 132,500 93,750 157,500 145,750 186,250 112,500 186,250 180,000 318,750 307,000 220,000 318,750 307,000 — 107,706 CHF 304,397 CHF 280,693 210,094 304,397 280,693 — 98,476 337,500 322,303 327,000 298,979 368,750 352,145 363,250 332,122 — 119,679 317,500 307,000 352,500 342,000 103,143 307,000 318,750 307,000 318,750 307,000 — 109,423 303,203 280,693 336,627 312,693 98,499 280,693 304,397 280,693 304,397 280,693 343,750 328,271 332,000 303,550 318,750 206,250 343,750 325,750 304,397 188,576 328,271 297,836 — — — — 6,956 — — — — — 3,304 — — — — 4,393 — — — — — — — — — — — $ 1,292,500 $ 2,683,750 $ 4,393 $ 3,980,643 CHF 3,801,398 $ 1,251,000 $ 2,704,375 $ 10,260 $ 3,965,635 CHF 3,625,813 (1) The Stock Awards column reflects restricted stock awards earned during 2022 and 2021. These stock awards were granted at fair value in May 2022 and May 2021, respectively, at the annual general meetings and vest at the subsequent year's annual general meeting. (2) The All Other column includes retirement gifts for retiring directors. (3) Prior to her election to the Board in May 2022, Ms. Kathy Bonanno served a consultant to the Board. For such service, which terminated prior to her election to the Board, Ms. Bonanno received consultant fees in 2022 of $31,250 (CHF 29,843), none of which related to service as a director. SC- 4 SWISS STATUTORY COMPENSATION REPORT (continued) Compensation of Executive Management The following table presents information concerning Executive Management’s 2022 and 2021 compensation. Table 2 — audited Name and Principal Position Evan G. Greenberg Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Chubb Limited (highest paid executive) All Other Executive Management (4) Total (5) Year Salary Bonus Stock Awards (1) Option Awards (2) All Other Compensation (3) Total in USD Total in CHF 2022 $ 1,400,000 $ 7,700,000 $ 15,650,006 $ — $ 1,404,637 $ 26,154,643 CHF 24,976,912 2021 $ 1,400,000 $ 7,500,000 $ 11,625,143 $ 3,022,290 $ 1,159,233 $ 24,706,666 CHF 22,589,507 2022 $ 2,806,924 $ 5,669,000 $ 12,300,487 $ — $ 939,787 $ 21,716,198 CHF 20,738,328 2021 $ 2,934,846 $ 6,989,100 $ 11,930,339 $ 2,814,383 $ 1,213,729 $ 25,882,397 CHF 23,664,487 2022 $ 4,206,924 $ 13,369,000 $ 27,950,493 $ — $ 2,344,424 $ 47,870,841 CHF 45,715,240 2021 $ 4,334,846 $ 14,489,100 $ 23,555,482 $ 5,836,673 $ 2,372,962 $ 50,589,063 CHF 46,253,995 (1) The Stock Awards column discloses the fair value of the stock awards granted on February 23, 2023 for 2022 and February 24, 2022 for 2021, respectively. In comparison, the Summary Compensation Table in the Company’s annual proxy statement (unaudited) only discloses equity grants for a particular fiscal year based on the grants made during that fiscal year. This column includes time-based restricted stock and performance share awards. For 2022, this column also includes the fair value of an off-cycle award granted to a member of Executive Management during 2022 and, for 2021, includes the fair value of restricted stock and performance share awards granted to Mr. Enns in April 2021 as a buyout or replacement of a portion of his unvested deferred cash and equity and a bonus he forfeited upon leaving his prior employer to join the Company. (2) The Option Awards column discloses the fair value of the stock options granted on February 24, 2022 for 2021. In comparison, the Summary Compensation Table in the Company's annual proxy statement (unaudited) only discloses equity grants for a particular fiscal year based on the grants made during that fiscal year. This column also includes the fair value of options granted to Mr. Enns in April 2021 for the purposes described in footnote (1). (3) All Other Compensation column includes perquisites and other personal benefits, consisting of the following: • For Mr. Greenberg, contributions to retirement plans of $1,068,000 for 2022 (CHF 1,019,908) and $852,000 (CHF 778,991) in 2021, personal use of corporate aircraft of $302,815 for 2022 (CHF 289,179) and $269,494 (CHF 246,401) in 2021, and miscellaneous other benefits of $33,822 for 2022 (CHF 32,299) and $37,739 (CHF 34,505) in 2021, including executive medical coverage and matching contributions made under our matching charitable contributions program. In August 2022, Mr. Greenberg entered into an Aircraft Time Sharing Agreement with the Company that allows him to reimburse Chubb for his personal use of corporate aircraft based on the incremental cost of each flight to Chubb, provided that the amount does not exceed the maximum allowed under U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations. Such reimbursed amounts are not perquisites and are not included in the table above. The Board requires Mr. Greenberg to use corporate aircraft for all travel whenever practicable for security reasons and in light of the international nature of the Company’s business. • For the other members of Executive Management, contributions to retirement plans, personal use of corporate aircraft and corporate apartment, and miscellaneous other benefits, including, as applicable, club memberships, financial planning, executive medical coverage, matching contributions made under our matching charitable contributions program, car allowance or car lease and car maintenance allowance. • Personal use of the corporate aircraft was limited to space available on normally scheduled management business flights. • Other personal benefits including housing allowance. • Contributions to retirement plans for 2022 and 2021 totaled $1.71 million (CHF 1.63 million) and $1.62 million (CHF 1.48 million), respectively. These consist of discretionary and non-discretionary employer contributions. The discretionary employer contributions for 2022 have been calculated and are expected to be paid in April 2023. (4) On July 1, 2021, Peter C. Enns was appointed Chief Financial Officer and a new member of Executive Management, replacing Philip V. Bancroft who retired from the position of Chief Financial Officer and member of Executive Management on such date. As a result, "All Other Executive Management" compensation for 2021 includes Mr. Bancroft’s compensation for the first six months of 2021 in the performance of his duties as Chief Financial Officer, and Mr. Enns for all of 2021. (5) For 2021, and in accordance with Article 25(d) of Chubb's Articles of Association, compensation payable to a new member of Executive Management may be paid in addition to the aggregate maximum amount of compensation approved by shareholders, as long as the additional amount does not exceed $18.4 million, or 40% of the approved maximum aggregate amount. Mr. Enns was a new member of Executive Management in 2021. A total amount of $4.59 million of his compensation was paid out of such additional amount as per Article 25(d) of Chubb's Articles of Association, and the balance of compensation paid to Executive Management was paid out of the shareholder- approved amount. This includes a one-time equity award grant with a fair value of $3.6 million to Mr. Enns as a buyout or replacement of a portion of his unvested deferred cash and equity and a bonus he forfeited upon leaving his prior employer to join the Company, as described in footnotes (1) and (2). Compensation paid to our Executive Management for 2021 was therefore within the limits prescribed by Swiss law, our Articles of Association and the resolution adopted by shareholders at Chubb's 2020 annual general meeting. No changes to Executive Management were made in 2022. No former member of Executive Management or any related party of current or former Executive Management received non- market standard compensation from Chubb during each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Following his retirement as Chief Financial Officer and a member of Executive Management effective July 1, 2021, for the remainder of 2021 Mr. Bancroft served as an advisor to Chubb and continued to receive his base salary, which was $870,000 (CHF 795,448). No current or former member of Executive Management or any related party thereto received benefits in kind or waivers of claims during 2022 or 2021 other than as described in the footnotes to Table 2. At each of December 31, 2022 and 2021, no current or former member of Executive Management or any related party of a current or former member of Executive Management had outstanding loans or credits from Chubb. SC- 5 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (SWISS STATUTORY) COMPENSATION REPORT Report on the audit of the compensation report Opinion We have audited the compensation report of Chubb Limited (the Company) for the year ended December 31, 2022. The audit was limited to the information on remuneration, loans and advances pursuant to Art. 14 to 16 of the Ordinance against Excessive Remuneration in Listed Companies Limited by Shares (Ordinance) in the tables marked 'audited' on pages SC-4 to SC-5 of the compensation report. In our opinion, the information on remuneration, loans and advances in the accompanying compensation report complies with Swiss law and article 14 to 16 of the Ordinance. Basis for opinion We conducted our audit in accordance with Swiss law and Swiss Standards on Auditing (SA-CH). Our responsibilities under those provisions and standards are further described in the 'Auditor’s responsibilities for the audit of the compensation report' section of our report. We are independent of the Company in accordance with the provisions of Swiss law and the requirements of the Swiss audit profession, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. Other information The Board of Directors is responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the information included in the annual report, but does not include the tables marked 'audited' in the compensation report, the consolidated financial statements, the financial statements and our auditor’s reports thereon. Our opinion on the compensation report does not cover the other information and we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. In connection with our audit of the compensation report, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the audited financial information in the compensation report or our knowledge obtained in the audit, or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report in this regard. Board of Directors’ responsibilities for the compensation report The Board of Directors is responsible for the preparation of a compensation report in accordance with the provisions of Swiss law and the company's articles of incorporation, and for such internal control as the Board of Directors determines is necessary to enable the preparation of a compensation report that is free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. The Board of Directors is also responsible for designing the remuneration system and defining individual remuneration packages. Auditor’s responsibilities for the audit of the compensation report Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the information on remuneration, loans and advances pursuant to article 14 to 16 of the Ordinance is free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with Swiss law and SA-CH will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of this compensation report. As part of an audit in accordance with Swiss law and SA-CH, we exercise professional judgment and maintain professional scepticism throughout the audit. We also: • Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement in the compensation report, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control. SC- 6 REPORT OF THE STATUTORY AUDITOR TO THE GENERAL MEETING OF CHUBB LIMITED, ZURICH ON THE (SWISS STATUTORY) COMPENSATION REPORT (continued) • Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control. • Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made. We communicate with the Board of Directors or its relevant committee regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit. We also provide the Board of Directors or its relevant committee with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, actions taken to eliminate threats or safe-guards applied. PricewaterhouseCoopers AG /s/ Peter Eberli Peter Eberli Audit expert Auditor in charge Zurich, March 23, 2023 /s/ Beat Walter Beat Walter Audit expert SC- 7 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS STATEMENT As an insurance company with operations primarily conducted in office space, Chubb's operational greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are relatively modest. However, through our greenhouse gas inventory program and reduction goals, we work to minimize our contribution to global emissions. In 2019, Chubb announced companywide goals to reduce GHG emissions globally 20% on an absolute basis by 2025 and 40% by 2035. Both goals use 2016 emissions levels as the baseline and are aligned with the two-degree Celsius target outlined in the Paris Climate Agreement, as well as the quantitatively supported science-based standards (SBTi’s) methodology. Chubb achieved its first goal of reducing emissions by 20% in 2019 and its second goal of reducing emissions by 40% in 2021. Chubb’s 2021 emissions reductions build on earlier progress. In 2007, the company, then named ACE, joined the voluntary U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-sponsored Climate Leaders program and developed a robust GHG emissions Inventory Management Plan. In addition to conducting the inaugural GHG emissions inventory, Chubb set a preliminary GHG emissions reduction goal of 8% per employee. While the EPA program was discontinued in September 2011, Chubb’s corporate GHG inventory program remains active using its methodology, which is based on the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WRI/ WBCSD) GHG Protocol for data collection and analysis. In 2012, Chubb successfully met its first-generation GHG reduction goal with a 27% reduction in emissions per employee since 2006. In September 2014, the company announced a second GHG reduction target to reduce emissions 10% per employee by 2020 from a 2012 base year. From 2015 to 2018, Chubb reduced its global absolute GHG emissions by 21%. Chubb 2022 GHG Emissions (Scope 1 and Scope 2 metric tons CO2-eq.) Global Market-Based Emissions (Less) Purchased Carbon Offsets Net Global Emissions 2022 30,111 (30,500) — The data above represent 22,405 metric tons of CO2-eq. of Scope 1 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and 7,706 metric tons of CO2-eq. of market-based Scope 2 emissions from purchased electricity. Chubb purchased renewable energy in a combination of bundled and unbundled RECs in 2022, totaling 29,992 metric tons of CO2-eq. While the energy was mostly purchased in the United States and United Kingdom, Chubb purchased RECs in most of the 54 countries and territories in which it operates. Additionally, Chubb’s 2021 TCFD report stated that Chubb would be carbon neutral in 2022. To achieve this objective, Chubb purchased 30,500 metric tons of CO2-eq. from The Nature Conservancy from its Cold Hollow Carbon – Improved Forest Management Project. The offsets are issued by and registered with the American Carbon Registry and the retirement of the credits is permanent. Chubb is in the process of setting future GHG reduction goals and evaluating future use of renewable energy, carbon offsets and other emissions reductions measures. Chubb’s GHG emissions data are reviewed by a third-party on an annual basis. The company's most recent 2022 GHG inventory was reviewed by Apex Companies, LLC and the verification statement can be found on the following page. In addition to inventorying and verifying its GHG emissions, Chubb reports its GHG emissions data to the CDP, an organization that scores carbon emissions information from thousands of corporations on behalf of the global investment community. In 2022, Chubb’s response to the questionnaire resulted in a score of B. Information about Chubb's full strategy and response to the global challenge of climate change can be found in the annual Taskforce on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) report, which is available at https://about.chubb.com/citizenship/environment.html. E-1 VERIFICATION OPINION DECLARATION GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Apex Companies, LLC (Apex) was engaged to provide Limited Assurance and conduct an independent verification of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption reported by Chubb from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022. This Verification Opinion Declaration applies to the related information included within the scope of work described below. The determination of the GHG emissions is the sole responsibility of Chubb. Apex was not involved in determining the GHG emissions. Our sole responsibility was to provide independent verification on the accuracy of the GHG emissions reported, and on the underlying systems and processes used to collect, analyze and review the information. Boundaries of the reporting company GHG emissions covered by the verification: • • Operational Control Global Emissions verified in Metric tonnes of CO2-equivalent (tCO2e): • • • • • • Scope 1 Emissions: 22,405 Scope 2 Emissions (Location-Based): 37,698 Scope 2 Emissions (Market-Based): 7,706 Purchased GHG Emission Offsets (tCO2e): 30,500 Net Emissions CO2e for Scopes 1 and 2 (Scope 1 + Scope 2 Market-Based - Purchased GHG Emission Offsets): 0 Scope 3 Emissions (Business Travel – Air and Rail): 17,492 Data and information supporting the Scope 1 & Scope 2 GHG emissions were historical in nature and in some cases estimated, based on historical data for similar properties in similar locations. Data and information supporting the Scope 3 GHG emissions assertion were in some cases estimated rather than historical in nature. Period covered by GHG emissions verification: • January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 Reporting Protocols against which verification was conducted: • World Resources Institute (WRI)/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Greenhouse Gas Protocol, Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard (Scope 1 & 2) • WRI/WBCSD Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard (Scope 3) GHG Verification Protocols used to conduct the verification: • ISO 14064-3 Second Edition 2019-04: Greenhouse gases - Part 3: Specification with guidance for the verification and validation of greenhouse gas statements Level of Assurance and Qualifications: Limited • • Materiality Threshold: ±5% Verification Methodology: • • • • Interviews with relevant personnel of Chubb; Review of documentary evidence produced by Chubb; information systems and Review of Chubb data and methodology for collection, aggregation, analysis and review of information used to determine GHG emissions; Audit of samples of data used by Chubb to determine GHG emissions. Assurance Opinion: Based on the results of our verification process, Apex provides Limited Assurance of the GHG emissions and energy assertion shown above, and found no evidence that the assertion: • • is not materially correct and is not a fair representation of the GHG emissions data and information; and is not prepared in accordance with the WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard. It is our opinion that Chubb has established appropriate systems for the collection, aggregation and analysis of quantitative data for determination of GHG emissions for the stated period and boundaries. Statement of independence, impartiality and competence Apex has implemented a Code of Ethics across the business to maintain high ethical standards among staff their day-to-day business activities. We are particularly vigilant in the prevention of conflicts of interest. in No member of the verification team has a business relationship with Chubb, this assignment. We conducted this verification independently and to our knowledge there has been no conflict of interest. its Directors or Managers beyond that required of The verification team has extensive experience in conducting assurance over environmental, social, ethical and health and safety information, systems and processes, has over 30 years combined experience in this field and an excellent understanding of Apex standard methodology for the verification of greenhouse gas emissions data. Attestation: Mary E. Armstrong-Friberg, Lead Verifier Senior Project Manager Sustainability and Climate Change Services Apex Companies, LLC March 9, 2023 This verification statement, including the opinion expressed herein, is provided to Chubb and is solely for the benefit of Chubb in accordance with the terms of our agreement. We consent to the release or publication of this statement by Chubb in order to satisfy its ESG disclosure requirements and objectives, but without accepting or assuming any responsibility or liability on our part to any party who may have access to this statement. APEX Companies, LLC E-2 [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] Chubb Limited Bärengasse 32 CH—8001 Zurich Switzerland chubb.com 002CSNDA52 

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