Cognizant Technology Solutions Annual Report 2023

Plain-text annual report

2023 Annual ReportMove with purpose To our shareholders, associates, clients and partners, In 2024, we celebrate our 30th year as a digital and technology services business that is built on industry expertise, collaboration and innovation. Cognizant’s long-standing roots have allowed us to help our clients through pivotal moments over these three decades—from the emergence of cloud to digital platforms and now to generative artificial intelligence (gen AI). As I begin my second year as CEO, I see us in a far stronger position than when I wrote to you last year, one that sets us up to take our strategy, which intersects technology and industry, to the next phase. We have invested in talent, platforms and innovation to strengthen our capabilities, help our clients navigate uncertainty and embrace the opportunities ahead. In 2023, we focused on the following three capabilities to position the company for success: Deeper industry expertise. During the year, we strengthened our vertical capabilities by increasing investments in industry platforms, creating a dedicated industry solutions group and sharpening our focus on consulting- led transformation and partnerships, including with hyperscalers and next- generation software-as-a-service (SaaS) providers. One example is our strategic partnership with ServiceNow to advance the adoption of AI-driven automation across industries to help solve complex problems and enhance experiences for our employees and customers. Closer collaborative innovation. We also drove deeper into understanding our clients’ businesses from their perspectives. To do this, we launched an internal grassroots idea incubator called Bluebolt that capitalizes on the scale and diversity of our teams and our belief that the drive 3 2023 Cognizant Annual Reportfor innovation lives within everyone. We invited all employees, regardless of role or title, to think as big as possible by participating in Bluebolt, providing them a platform to challenge the status quo. Since Bluebolt’s launch, our employees have developed more than 115,000 ideas, 22,000 of which we have already implemented and we have more to come, helped in part by our new Innovation Assistant, a gen AI-powered tool we developed with Microsoft. These projects have already produced a positive economic impact for our clients and for Cognizant. Broader engagement flexibility. Our culture of client centricity focuses on partnering with clients to better align our offerings with their most relevant needs, reinforcing our belief in our flexible operating model. By co-creating solutions with those clients, we help them build their own technology muscle. For example, we signed an agreement with biopharmaceutical leader Takeda to support its transformation of its infrastructure and application management approaches. This kind of successful co-creation and growth is rewarding for our employees and clients in a self-reinforcing virtuous cycle. The effective execution of these three business imperatives helps us get closer to our clients and helps them better understand their own customers’ challenges. Cognizant’s support has complemented our continuous innovation and digital growth. This continued relationship will enable Takeda to accelerate our digital transformation journey, modernize our operational model, and speed time to market.” Sanjay Patel Global Head of Innovation Capability Solutions, Data, Digital & Technology at Takeda 4 2023 Cognizant Annual ReportAccelerating revenue growth In 2023, we pivoted our strategy and operations towards the goal of recapturing our place as a market leader in growth. We improved our overall bookings growth last year, with full-year bookings growth of 9%, driven by strong growth in large deals and new business. Increasing our value to clients Our clients shared their feedback in our 2023 client Net Promoter Score (NPS) survey, which significantly improved year over year, earning us our highest-ever NPS result. Clients remarked that our leadership, account management and delivery are especially important to them, and the survey results reflect our progress in these areas. Innovation and thought leadership are also critical priorities for our clients, reaffirming our investments in Bluebolt and our co-innovation labs. As we drive to win, we understand that building momentum requires successful execution against Cognizant’s three strategic priorities: • Accelerating revenue growth • Becoming an employer of choice in our industry • Simplifying our operations “Through this collaboration, Cognizant has provided critical expertise to progress our digital transformation journey while enabling more stable, more secure operations. This has allowed us to further advance research and commercialization of transformative treatments for some of the world’s most challenging diseases. We look forward to expanding this partnership to advance to the next phases of our capability roadmap.” Marc Berson Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer at Gilead Sciences help Gilead get products to market faster. This is an expansion of an existing Gilead- Cognizant partnership. We’re also succeeding across other industries. Earlier this year, Technicolor Creative Studios—which brought “The Wizard of Oz” and countless other films, television shows and games to colorful life— chose Cognizant as its global IT and Digital Transformation partner. Under the five-year agreement, Cognizant will provide an end- to-end managed service for Technicolor’s users, applications and infrastructure. An important element of our strategy is winning larger deals and accelerating Cognizant’s commercial momentum, which forms the foundation for improved revenue growth and forward-planning visibility. During 2023, we saw strong total contract value (TCV) growth among large deals, with TCV for deals above $100 million increasing 42% year-over-year. We’ve shown pronounced deal strength in healthcare, including Horizon Healthcare’s choice of Cognizant to manage its complex claims processing, provider configuration and enrollment services for more than one million of its members. In addition, Gilead Sciences chose Cognizant to manage its global IT infrastructure and lead digital transformation initiatives designed to enhance overall client experience and 6 2023 Cognizant Annual Report We selected Cognizant as it was important for us that we partner with an organization that understands our industry and comes with the right mindset to collaborate on a challenging transformation that brings mutual success. We look forward to collaborating with Cognizant as we bring that vision to life.” Robin Underwood Head of Enterprise Technology at Technicolor Creative Studios We believe this growing cross-industry strength is a result of reorienting our teams to large-deal demand generation and execution across all service lines while building our ability to seed, shape and sell large deals. Moreover, we made progress industrializing delivery with automation and productivity tools to create repeatable solutions and enable a consistent and efficient delivery operating model for large deals. We have worked to establish a distinctive position developing industry- specific platforms for our clients. These include Cognizant TriZetto, designed to drive administrative efficiency and improve quality of healthcare; our Shared Investigator Platform, built to streamline clinical trials; and Asset Performance Excellence, which enables the remote monitoring and predictive maintenance of assets. We see a future where modern business is powered by artificial intelligence, and we believe our ongoing investments in gen AI capabilities help put Cognizant in position to be a leader in driving gen AI-led transformation. We are currently building platforms and infrastructure to advance the power of gen AI foundation models to enterprise grade. At this scale, our work includes building accuracy in output to reduce false or misleading information known as “hallucinations,” continuously reinforcing learning and testing, incorporating transparency and accountability, and iteratively driving performance optimization. Through our platforms, we are also managing, governing and optimizing gen AI initiatives to help ensure the responsible use of this nascent technology. 7 2023 Cognizant Annual ReportIn 2023, we launched a deliberate investment strategy to support our gen AI capabilities spanning people, platforms, partnerships, and mergers and acquisitions. We believe gen AI will drive tomorrow’s economy and society. This belief is underscored by our recent study in partnership with Oxford Economics, which predicts gen AI could inject up to $1 trillion into the US economy over 10 years. Our joint research also predicts that 90% of jobs will be disrupted in some way by this technology. a partnership with Google where we are building on Google Cloud’s gen AI technology to tackle highly complex healthcare administration tasks across provider, patient and administrative users. We sharpened this focus in early 2024, when we joined with Microsoft through our TriZetto platform to infuse gen AI into healthcare administration, helping to increase productivity and efficiency for healthcare payers and providers while improving care for patients. Gen AI could inject up to $1 trillion into the US economy over 10 years and 90% of jobs in the US will be disrupted in some way by this technology. Cognizant Research in partnership with Oxford Economics, “New Work, New World” These findings have helped inform and reaffirm our work preparing and dissecting the anatomy of tasks, occupations and work for key operational roles across all our clients’ industries. We are expanding this exercise to all operations jobs across our key client industries, measuring AI exposure scores and proposing the AI tooling needed to drive significant transformation and repurpose tasks and jobs in the gen AI age. In healthcare, for example, we see a robust pipeline of opportunities to drive AI-led transformation. In 2023, we expanded We continue to push deeper into designing gen AI offerings for industry solutions and cross-industry use cases under themes such as productivity enablement, transforming core processes, improving the customer and employee experience, innovating products at clock speed and developing software. We also introduced several new AI solutions and platforms in 2023. These include Cognizant Neuro® IT Operations, an AI-led platform built to reduce the complexity and costs of enterprise infrastructure; Cognizant Skygrade,™ a cloud orchestration platform designed to help clients rapidly transition to modern cloud-native architectures; and Cognizant Neuro® AI, a new platform designed to speed clients’ adoption of gen AI by quickly building AI enablement use cases tailored to their businesses. We also recently launched Cognizant Flowsource,™ a gen AI-enabled platform that tracks and expedites every stage of the software delivery lifecycle. To provide clients with best-in-class industry solutions based on AI systems, we expanded 8 2023 Cognizant Annual Reportour alliance with Google Cloud, which includes launching the Cognizant Google Cloud AI University—a program that aims to train 25,000 Cognizant professionals on Google Cloud AI technologies. We are offering this program to our clients as well. We have expanded our relationship with Microsoft to deliver industry solutions and enable AI-led business transformation. We are broadening the focus of our Microsoft Center of Excellence in AI and other next- gen technologies to drive competencies across architecture, technology leadership, value delivery tools and enablement. Innovation inside Cognizant is happening at an accelerated pace. In addition to our global co-innovation AI lab network, in March 2024, we launched Cognizant Advanced AI Labs, where our most sophisticated researchers can research, design, enable and showcase advanced applications. This effort contributes to AI-augmented business decision-making built on a foundation of research and Cognizant’s own intellectual property. This lab joins new AI co-innovation labs that we launched in 2023 in New York, Bangalore, Dallas and London to provide clients with an immersive experience as we help drive the art of the possible with them. We are also utilizing our acquisition strategy to further support our AI investments. In early 2024, we acquired Thirdera, an Elite ServiceNow partner that specializes in solutions for the ServiceNow platform. Adding Thirdera brings an on-and- near-shore global presence to our own ServiceNow Business Group and supports our strategy to rapidly scale this partnership in the years ahead. Becoming an employer of choice We believe that when our employees feel valued and respected, so do our clients—and it’s a combination that helps differentiate us. To this end, our value proposition to our teams includes the prospect of internal mobility, the opportunity to work on cutting-edge technology and access to lifelong learning. This opportunity to learn and develop was one of the highest-scoring engagement drivers in Cognizant’s 2023 People Engagement Survey, confirming our strong investment in our employees’ continuous training and reskilling. In 2023, 90% of our global workforce invested in learning, with 270,000 of our employees acquiring at least one new skill or proficiency and 88,000 completing courses on AI and gen AI. We have encouraged our employees to incorporate AI into their thinking and skilling and to take advantage of our company’s AI investments and infrastructure to prepare for a future of work shaped by this new era of technology. Our 2023 People Engagement Survey showed meaningfully improved engagement over the previous year and we saw significant increases in three areas strongly correlated to engagement: Would you recommend Cognizant as a great place to work? Are you excited about Cognizant’s future? And do you plan to 9 2023 Cognizant Annual Report10 2023 Cognizant Annual Report be working at Cognizant two years from now? It is my belief that we can create a virtuous cycle of positive growth when happy employees drive positive client engagement. It drives up our NPS, feeds relationships and enhances the possibility to win more opportunities with clients. Overall, I believe the cultural renewal at Cognizant has produced a new level of teamwork, responsiveness and confidence. And we are optimistic these characteristics will expand through Shakti, a unified framework of women-centric programs and policies to accelerate careers and boost women’s leadership in technology and our next step in weaving diversity and inclusion into everything we do. Simplifying our operations During 2023, we executed well on our NextGen program, which aims to simplify our operating model, optimize corporate functions and consolidate and realign office space to reflect the post-pandemic work environment. Our cost management enabled us to achieve an adjusted operating margin performance in 2023 that exceeded our expectations from earlier in the year. We intend to reinvest the majority of our savings into growth opportunities, while continuing to target modest margin expansion in 2024. We remain focused on driving further efficiencies in our business model by improving utilization, increasing our operational discipline, and automating more of our tools and processes. Simplifying our business goes beyond structurally reducing costs. It also helps us become more agile, productive and innovative. Last year, we further streamlined our operating model to focus primarily on our markets and integrated practice groups. We are moving toward having fewer layers in the organization in order to bring us closer to our clients and associates, help drive stronger coordination across the company and further empower account teams to make decisions. Empowering the future technology workforce In our view, the traditional skilling model is not keeping pace with the evolving workforce or tomorrow’s jobs. So, in 2023, we launched a new program, Synapse, that aims to train one million individuals in our client and employee communities around the world with technology skills that can support gainful employment by 2026. We also plan to build a consortium of partners for training and jobs that then will employ individuals upskilled through the Synapse program. Skilling and upskilling are key to addressing our business needs while also unleashing prosperity in the underserved communities where Cognizant and our clients do business. Cognizant’s heritage of volunteerism prepares us to lead in this area, especially in partnership with clients, by focusing on increasing inclusion 11 2023 Cognizant Annual Reportin technology and using technology for good. In 2023, approximately 53,000 of our employees devoted over 165,000 hours to this kind of volunteering. Future-ready In 2024, we will continue our work accelerating revenue growth. We will keep pushing to be our industry’s employer of choice and continue optimizing to further simplify our operations. We believe this new comprehensive strategy best positions Cognizant to help clients identify and apply best-in-class AI-led innovation to enterprise landscapes. I recognize what a privilege it is to lead Cognizant and to be a steward of its vast talent, capabilities and resources. I am indebted to our board of directors for their guidance and support throughout the year and to our associates, who deliver for our clients. Thank you for the opportunity to earn your confidence and trust. Ravi Kumar S Chief Executive Officer April 23, 2024 12 12 2023 Cognizant Annual Report 2023 Cognizant Annual ReportAbout Cognizant We are a global professional services company that engineers modern businesses to improve everyday life. Our technical and business experts in nearly 50 countries combine proven industry expertise and industry-leading collaboration to help our clients become intuitive enterprises—so they can sense what’s next and stay ahead in a fast- changing world. What we do Industry recognition We transform experiences so our clients reach new levels of growth and brand loyalty. We reimagine processes with automation and capabilities that instill insight, precision and speed. We modernize technologies that help our clients remain relevant and ready for the future. Why clients choose us Industry expertise Collaborative innovation Engagement flexibility America’s Greatest Workplaces for Diversity Newsweek America’s Most Innovative Companies Fortune Equality 100 Award Human Rights Campaign Foundation Forbes’ World’s Best Employers Forbes Gold Employer The India Workplace Equality Index 2023 Cognizant Annual Report 13 Financial performance In 2023, against a backdrop of macroeconomic uncertainty, revenue declined modestly while we delivered adjusted operating margin above our expectations, strong cash flow and significantly improved employee attrition. We remain committed to investing in future revenue growth while focusing on gradual margin expansion, which we believe will help drive increasing shareholder returns over the long term. Financial results $19.4B Revenue 0.4% decline Y/Y as reported 0.3% decline Y/Y constant currency1 13.9% GAAP Operating Margin 15.1% Adjusted Operating Margin1 Capital allocation $1.7B Returned to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends $409M Capital deployed on acquisitions Cash generation $2.3B Cash Flow from Operations $2.0B Free Cash Flow1 Global delivery capabilities Revenue mix By industry 30% 17% 24% 29% Financial Services Communications, Media & Technology Products & Resources Health Sciences By geography* North America Rest of world Continental Europe 7% 10% 74% 10% United Kingdom *Does not sum to 100% due to rounding We ended 2023 with approximately 347,700 associates supporting our clients around the world. 254,000 India 40,500 North America 16,300 Continental Europe 8,500 United Kingdom 28,400 Rest of world 14 14 2023 Cognizant Annual Report 1 Constant currency revenue growth, adjusted operating margin and free cash flow are not measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in our 10-K, pages 35-36, for more information and a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, as applicable. 2023 Cognizant Annual Report UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 0-24429 OR COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 13-3728359 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 300 Frank W. Burr Blvd. Teaneck, New Jersey 07666 (Address of Principal Executive Offices including Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (201) 801-0233 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered CTSH The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☒ Yes ☐ No ☐ Yes ☒ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this ☒ Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large Accelerated Filer Accelerated Filer ☒ Non-accelerated Filer ☐ Smaller Reporting Company Emerging Growth Company ☐ ☐ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting shares of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2023, based on $65.28 per share, the last reported sale price on the Nasdaq Global Select Market of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC on that date, was $32.9 billion. The number of shares of Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, of the registrant outstanding as of February 9, 2024 was 497,842,032 shares. The following documents are incorporated by reference into the Annual Report on Form 10-K: Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE TABLE OF CONTENTS Item GLOSSARY FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS PART I 1. Business 1A. Risk Factors 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 1C. Cybersecurity 2. 3. Properties Legal Proceedings 4. Mine Safety Disclosures PART II PART III PART IV 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities 6. [Reserved] 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 8. 9. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 9A. Controls and Procedures 9B. Other Information 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 11. Executive Compensation 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements Schedules 16. Form 10-K Summary SIGNATURES INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE Page 1 3 5 5 14 23 24 25 25 25 26 26 27 28 41 42 42 42 43 43 44 44 44 44 44 44 45 45 48 49 F-1 Defined Term 10b5-1 Plan 2009 Incentive Plan 2017 Incentive Plan 2023 Incentive Plan GLOSSARY Definition Trading plan adopted pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Amended and Restated 2009 Incentive Compensation Plan Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2017 Incentive Award Plan Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2023 Incentive Award Plan Adjusted Diluted EPS Adjusted diluted earnings per share AustinCSI CODM COVID-19 Devbridge DevOps AI APA ASC CC CE CEO CFO CIO CITA CMT CPI CSO D&I DOJ DPDP DSO DTSA EPS ESG EU EVP FCPA FS GAAP GenAI HR HRC HS Credit Agreement Credit agreement with a commercial bank syndicate dated October 6, 2022 CTS India Our principal operating subsidiary in India Artificial Intelligence Advance Pricing Agreement Accounting Standards Codification Austin CSI, LLC Constant Currency Continental Europe Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial Officer Chief Information Officer Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) in India Communications, Media and Technology Chief Operating Decision Maker The novel coronavirus disease Consumer Price Index Agile relationship between development and IT operations United States Department of Justice Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 Chief Security Officer Diversity and Inclusion Devbridge Group LLC Days Sales Outstanding Defend Trade Secrets Act Earnings Per Share ESG Mobility GmbH European Union Executive Vice President ESG Mobility Environmental, social and corporate governance Exchange Act Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended Executive Committee Cognizant's Chief Executive Officer and his key direct reports Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Financial Services Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States of America High Court Madras, India High Court Generative Artificial Intelligence Human Resources Human Rights Campaign Health Sciences Cognizant 1 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS Item GLOSSARY PART I FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS 1. Business 1A. Risk Factors 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 1C. Cybersecurity 2. 3. Properties Legal Proceedings 4. Mine Safety Disclosures PART II Equity Securities 6. [Reserved] 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 8. 9. 9A. Controls and Procedures 9B. Other Information 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections PART III 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 11. Executive Compensation Matters 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services PART IV SIGNATURES 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements Schedules 16. Form 10-K Summary INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE Page 1 3 5 5 14 23 24 25 25 25 26 26 27 28 41 42 42 42 43 43 44 44 44 44 44 44 45 45 48 49 F-1 Defined Term 10b5-1 Plan 2009 Incentive Plan 2017 Incentive Plan 2023 Incentive Plan GLOSSARY Definition Trading plan adopted pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Amended and Restated 2009 Incentive Compensation Plan Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2017 Incentive Award Plan Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2023 Incentive Award Plan Adjusted Diluted EPS Adjusted diluted earnings per share AI APA ASC AustinCSI CC CE CEO CFO CIO CITA CMT CODM COVID-19 CPI Artificial Intelligence Advance Pricing Agreement Accounting Standards Codification Austin CSI, LLC Constant Currency Continental Europe Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial Officer Chief Information Officer Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) in India Communications, Media and Technology Chief Operating Decision Maker The novel coronavirus disease Consumer Price Index Credit Agreement CSO Credit agreement with a commercial bank syndicate dated October 6, 2022 Chief Security Officer CTS India D&I Devbridge DevOps DOJ DPDP DSO DTSA EPS ESG ESG Mobility EU EVP Exchange Act Executive Committee FCPA FS GAAP GenAI Our principal operating subsidiary in India Diversity and Inclusion Devbridge Group LLC Agile relationship between development and IT operations United States Department of Justice Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 Days Sales Outstanding Defend Trade Secrets Act Earnings Per Share Environmental, social and corporate governance ESG Mobility GmbH European Union Executive Vice President Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended Cognizant's Chief Executive Officer and his key direct reports Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Financial Services Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States of America Generative Artificial Intelligence High Court Madras, India High Court HR HRC HS Cognizant Human Resources Human Rights Campaign Health Sciences 1 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Defined Term Hunter India Defined Contribution Obligation Definition Certain net assets of Hunter Technical Resources, LLC Certain statutory defined contribution obligations of employees and employers in India India Tax Law New tax regime enacted by the Government of India enacted December 2019 IP IoT IRS IT ITAT ITD Linium Magenic Mobica NA NASSCOM OECD PSU Purchase Plan P&R ROU RoW RSU SCI SEC Second Circuit Servian SEZ SG&A SVP Syntel Tax Reform Act Term Loan Thirdera TQS TriZetto UK USDC-NJ USDC-SDNY Utegration Intellectual property Internet of Things Internal Revenue Service Information Technology Income Tax Appellate Tribunal in India Indian Income Tax Department The ServiceNow business of Ness Digital Engineering Magenic Technologies, LLC MOBICA HOLDINGS LIMITED North America National Association of Software and Services Companies Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Performance Stock Units Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended Products and Resources Right of Use Rest of World Restricted Stock Units Supreme Court of India United States Securities and Exchange Commission United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit SVN HoldCo Pty Limited Special Economic Zone Selling, general and administrative Senior Vice President Syntel Sterling Best Shores Mauritius Ltd. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act Unsecured term loan under the Credit Agreement Thirdera Holdings, LLC TQS Integration Limited The TriZetto Group, Inc., now known as Cognizant Technology Software Group, Inc. United Kingdom United States District Court for the District of New Jersey United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Utegration, LLC Forward Looking Statements The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements (within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act) that involve risks and uncertainties. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by, among other things, the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believe,” “expect,” “may,” “could,” “would,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “should” or “anticipate” or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy that involve risks and uncertainties. From time to time, we or our representatives have made or may make forward-looking statements, orally or in writing. Such forward-looking statements may be included in various filings made by us with the SEC, in press releases or in oral statements made by or with the approval of one of our authorized executive officers. These forward-looking statements, such as statements regarding our anticipated future revenues, operating margin, earnings, capital expenditures, impacts to our business, financial results and financial condition as a result of the competitive marketplace for talent and future attrition trends, anticipated effective income tax rate and income tax expense, liquidity, financing strategy, access to capital, capital return strategy, investment strategies, cost management, plans and objectives, including those related to the NextGen program, investment in our business, potential acquisitions, industry trends, client behaviors and trends, the outcome of and costs associated with regulatory and litigation matters, the appropriateness of the accrual related to the India Defined Contribution Obligation and other statements regarding matters that are not historical facts, are based on our current expectations, estimates and projections, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Actual results, performance, achievements and outcomes could differ materially from the results expressed in, or anticipated or implied by, these forward-looking statements. There are a number of important factors that could cause our results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements, including: economic and geopolitical conditions globally, in particular in the markets in which our clients and operations are concentrated; control; achieve our targeted growth rates; ultimate benefits of such plans; our ability to attract, train and retain skilled employees, including highly skilled technical personnel and personnel with experience in key digital areas and senior management to lead our business globally, at an acceptable cost; unexpected terminations of client contracts on short notice or reduced spending by clients for reasons beyond our challenges related to growing our business organically as well as inorganically through acquisitions, and our ability to our ability to successfully implement our NextGen program and the amount of costs, timing of incurring costs, and our ability to achieve our profitability goals and maintain our capital return strategy; fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, or the failure of our hedging strategies to mitigate such fluctuations; our ability to meet specified service levels or milestones required by certain of our contracts; intense and evolving competition and significant technological advances that our service offerings must keep pace with in the rapidly changing markets we compete in; our ability to successfully use AI-based technologies in our client offerings and our own internal operations; legal, reputation and financial risks if we fail to protect client and/or our data from security breaches and/or cyber attacks; the impact of future pandemics, epidemics or other outbreaks of disease, on our business, results of operations, liquidity and financial condition; climate change impact on our business; our ability to meet ESG expectations and commitments; the effectiveness of our risk management, business continuity and disaster recovery plans and the potential that our global delivery capabilities could be impacted; restrictions on visas, in particular in the United States, UK and EU, or immigration more generally or increased costs of such visas or the wages we are required to pay employees on visas, which may affect our ability to compete for and provide services to our clients; risks related to anti-outsourcing legislation, if adopted, and negative perceptions associated with offshore outsourcing, both of which could impair our ability to serve our clients; • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Cognizant 2 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 3 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Defined Term Hunter Obligation India Tax Law India Defined Contribution Definition Certain net assets of Hunter Technical Resources, LLC Certain statutory defined contribution obligations of employees and employers in India New tax regime enacted by the Government of India enacted December 2019 NASSCOM National Association of Software and Services Companies Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Purchase Plan Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended IP IoT IRS IT ITAT ITD Linium Magenic Mobica NA OECD PSU P&R ROU RoW RSU SCI SEC Servian SEZ SG&A SVP Syntel Thirdera TQS TriZetto UK Intellectual property Internet of Things Internal Revenue Service Information Technology Income Tax Appellate Tribunal in India Indian Income Tax Department The ServiceNow business of Ness Digital Engineering Magenic Technologies, LLC MOBICA HOLDINGS LIMITED North America Performance Stock Units Products and Resources Right of Use Rest of World Restricted Stock Units Supreme Court of India SVN HoldCo Pty Limited Special Economic Zone Selling, general and administrative Senior Vice President Thirdera Holdings, LLC TQS Integration Limited United Kingdom Second Circuit United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit United States Securities and Exchange Commission Tax Reform Act Term Loan Syntel Sterling Best Shores Mauritius Ltd. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act Unsecured term loan under the Credit Agreement The TriZetto Group, Inc., now known as Cognizant Technology Software Group, Inc. USDC-NJ USDC-SDNY Utegration United States District Court for the District of New Jersey United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Utegration, LLC Forward Looking Statements The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements (within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act) that involve risks and uncertainties. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by, among other things, the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believe,” “expect,” “may,” “could,” “would,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “should” or “anticipate” or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy that involve risks and uncertainties. From time to time, we or our representatives have made or may make forward-looking statements, orally or in writing. Such forward-looking statements may be included in various filings made by us with the SEC, in press releases or in oral statements made by or with the approval of one of our authorized executive officers. These forward-looking statements, such as statements regarding our anticipated future revenues, operating margin, earnings, capital expenditures, impacts to our business, financial results and financial condition as a result of the competitive marketplace for talent and future attrition trends, anticipated effective income tax rate and income tax expense, liquidity, financing strategy, access to capital, capital return strategy, investment strategies, cost management, plans and objectives, including those related to the NextGen program, investment in our business, potential acquisitions, industry trends, client behaviors and trends, the outcome of and costs associated with regulatory and litigation matters, the appropriateness of the accrual related to the India Defined Contribution Obligation and other statements regarding matters that are not historical facts, are based on our current expectations, estimates and projections, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Actual results, performance, achievements and outcomes could differ materially from the results expressed in, or anticipated or implied by, these forward-looking statements. There are a number of important factors that could cause our results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements, including: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • economic and geopolitical conditions globally, in particular in the markets in which our clients and operations are concentrated; our ability to attract, train and retain skilled employees, including highly skilled technical personnel and personnel with experience in key digital areas and senior management to lead our business globally, at an acceptable cost; unexpected terminations of client contracts on short notice or reduced spending by clients for reasons beyond our control; challenges related to growing our business organically as well as inorganically through acquisitions, and our ability to achieve our targeted growth rates; our ability to successfully implement our NextGen program and the amount of costs, timing of incurring costs, and ultimate benefits of such plans; our ability to achieve our profitability goals and maintain our capital return strategy; fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, or the failure of our hedging strategies to mitigate such fluctuations; our ability to meet specified service levels or milestones required by certain of our contracts; intense and evolving competition and significant technological advances that our service offerings must keep pace with in the rapidly changing markets we compete in; our ability to successfully use AI-based technologies in our client offerings and our own internal operations; legal, reputation and financial risks if we fail to protect client and/or our data from security breaches and/or cyber attacks; the impact of future pandemics, epidemics or other outbreaks of disease, on our business, results of operations, liquidity and financial condition; climate change impact on our business; our ability to meet ESG expectations and commitments; the effectiveness of our risk management, business continuity and disaster recovery plans and the potential that our global delivery capabilities could be impacted; restrictions on visas, in particular in the United States, UK and EU, or immigration more generally or increased costs of such visas or the wages we are required to pay employees on visas, which may affect our ability to compete for and provide services to our clients; risks related to anti-outsourcing legislation, if adopted, and negative perceptions associated with offshore outsourcing, both of which could impair our ability to serve our clients; Cognizant 2 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 3 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K • • • • risks and costs related to complying with numerous and evolving legal and regulatory requirements and client expectations in the many jurisdictions in which we operate; potential changes in tax laws, or in their interpretation or enforcement, failure by us to adapt our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements, or adverse outcomes of tax audits, investigations or proceedings; potential exposure to litigation and legal claims in the conduct of our business; and the other factors set forth in Part I, in the section entitled “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this report. You are advised to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in the reports we file with the SEC, including this report in the sections titled “Part I, Item 1. Business,” “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws. Item 1. Business Overview PART I Cognizant is one of the world’s leading professional services companies, engineering modern businesses and delivering strategic outcomes for our clients. We help clients modernize technology, reimagine processes and transform experiences so they can stay ahead in a fast-changing world. We provide industry expertise and close client collaboration, combining critical perspective with a flexible engagement style. We tailor our services and solutions to specific industries with an integrated global delivery model that employs client service and delivery teams based at client locations and dedicated global and regional delivery centers. Our collaborative services include digital services and solutions, consulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance, application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services and automation. Digital services continue to be an important part of our portfolio, aligning with our clients' focus on becoming data-enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses. Our purpose, vision and values are central to Cognizant's strategic approach. In order to achieve this vision and support our clients, we are focusing our business on six strategic initiatives to simplify our operations, become an employer of choice and accelerate growth. These strategic initiatives include: Growing in select industries - investing in prioritized industries to drive differentiation across our value chain; Expanding internationally - growing by prioritizing strategic growth accounts; Building large deal capabilities - enhancing creative deal generation with the right solutions, deal modeling Capturing the AI opportunity - protecting and expanding in target areas while improving efficiency; Delivering our talent strategy - embedding our cultural values and building a future-relevant talent model; and Continuing to implement our IT roadmap – continuing to modernize and execute critical projects necessary to • • • • • • and governance; lead with AI. We seek to drive organic growth through investments in our digital capabilities across industries and geographies, including the extensive training and reskilling of our technical teams and the expansion of our local workforces in the United States and other markets around the world. Additionally, we pursue select strategic acquisitions that can expand our talent, experience and capabilities in key digital areas or in particular geographies or industries. In 2023, we completed two such acquisitions to complement the nine acquisitions we completed during 2021 and 2022. See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information. Responsible operations and transparency around environmental and social efforts are important to our stakeholders, which is why our ESG program is designed to align with our clients’ and employees’ focus on ESG-related topics in our value chain, including but not limited to, our supply chain, delivery and solutions. Cognizant 4 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 5 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K • • • • risks and costs related to complying with numerous and evolving legal and regulatory requirements and client expectations in the many jurisdictions in which we operate; potential changes in tax laws, or in their interpretation or enforcement, failure by us to adapt our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements, or adverse outcomes of tax audits, investigations or proceedings; potential exposure to litigation and legal claims in the conduct of our business; and the other factors set forth in Part I, in the section entitled “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this report. You are advised to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in the reports we file with the SEC, including this report in the sections titled “Part I, Item 1. Business,” “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws. Item 1. Business Overview PART I Cognizant is one of the world’s leading professional services companies, engineering modern businesses and delivering strategic outcomes for our clients. We help clients modernize technology, reimagine processes and transform experiences so they can stay ahead in a fast-changing world. We provide industry expertise and close client collaboration, combining critical perspective with a flexible engagement style. We tailor our services and solutions to specific industries with an integrated global delivery model that employs client service and delivery teams based at client locations and dedicated global and regional delivery centers. Our collaborative services include digital services and solutions, consulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance, application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services and automation. Digital services continue to be an important part of our portfolio, aligning with our clients' focus on becoming data-enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses. Our purpose, vision and values are central to Cognizant's strategic approach. In order to achieve this vision and support our clients, we are focusing our business on six strategic initiatives to simplify our operations, become an employer of choice and accelerate growth. These strategic initiatives include: • • • • • • Growing in select industries - investing in prioritized industries to drive differentiation across our value chain; Expanding internationally - growing by prioritizing strategic growth accounts; Building large deal capabilities - enhancing creative deal generation with the right solutions, deal modeling and governance; Capturing the AI opportunity - protecting and expanding in target areas while improving efficiency; Delivering our talent strategy - embedding our cultural values and building a future-relevant talent model; and Continuing to implement our IT roadmap – continuing to modernize and execute critical projects necessary to lead with AI. We seek to drive organic growth through investments in our digital capabilities across industries and geographies, including the extensive training and reskilling of our technical teams and the expansion of our local workforces in the United States and other markets around the world. Additionally, we pursue select strategic acquisitions that can expand our talent, experience and capabilities in key digital areas or in particular geographies or industries. In 2023, we completed two such acquisitions to complement the nine acquisitions we completed during 2021 and 2022. See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information. Responsible operations and transparency around environmental and social efforts are important to our stakeholders, which is why our ESG program is designed to align with our clients’ and employees’ focus on ESG-related topics in our value chain, including but not limited to, our supply chain, delivery and solutions. Cognizant 4 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 5 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Reportable Business Segments We go to market across seven industry-based operating segments, which are aggregated into four reportable business segments: For the year ended December 31, 2023, the distribution of our revenues across our four reportable business segments was as follows: Revenues by business segment for 2023 • • • • Financial Services (FS) ◦ ◦ Banking Insurance Health Sciences (HS) - This reportable business segment is comprised of a single operating segment of the same name. Products and Resources (P&R) ◦ ◦ ◦ Retail and Consumer Goods Manufacturing, Logistics, Energy and Utilities Travel and Hospitality Communications, Media and Technology (CMT) - This reportable business segment is comprised of a single operating segment of the same name. Our clients seek to partner with service providers that have a deep understanding of their businesses, industry initiatives, customers, markets and cultures and the ability to create solutions tailored to meet their individual business needs. Across industries, our clients are confronted with the risk of being disrupted by nimble, digital-native competitors. They are therefore redirecting their focus and investment to digital operating models and embracing DevOps and key technologies that enable quick adjustments to shifts in their markets. We believe that our deep knowledge of the industries we serve and our clients’ businesses has been central to our growth and high client satisfaction, and we continue to develop and deploy our client-centric culture, innovating together to produce transformative outcomes. Our FS segment includes banking, capital markets, payments and insurance companies. Demand in this segment is driven by our clients’ need to adopt and integrate digital technologies to serve their customers while complying with significant regulatory requirements and adapting to regulatory change. These digital technologies enable enhanced customer experience, robotic process automation, analytics and AI in areas such as digital lending, fraud detection and next generation payments. In addition to having platforms that drive outcomes at speed, demand is also created by our clients’ desire to reduce complexity through packaged solutions and suppliers with embedded product partners. Our HS segment consists of healthcare providers and payers, and life sciences companies, including pharmaceutical, biotech and medical device companies. Demand in this segment is driven by emerging industry trends, including the shift towards consumerism, outcome-based contracting, digital health and delivering integrated seamless, omni-channel, patient- centered experiences. These trends result in increased demand for services that drive operational improvements in areas such as clinical development, pharmacovigilance and manufacturing, as well as claims processing, enrollment, membership and billing. Demand is also created by the adoption and integration of digital technologies such as AI to shape personalized care plans and predictive data analytics to improve clinical trial designs, patient engagement and care outcomes. Our P&R segment includes manufacturers, automakers, retailers and travel and hospitality companies, as well as companies providing logistics, energy and utility services. Demand in this segment is driven by our clients’ focus on improving the efficiency and sustainability of their operations; the enablement and integration of mobile platforms to support sales and other omni-channel commerce initiatives; the generational shift from mechanical to software-defined, experience-driven vehicles; grid modernization to prepare for a decarbonized and consumer-driven energy landscape; and their adoption and integration of digital technologies, such as the application of intelligent systems to manage supply chains and enhance overall customer experiences, and IoT to instrument functions for factories, real estate, fleets and products to increase access to insight- generating data. Our CMT segment includes global communications, media and entertainment, education, information services and technology companies. Demand in this segment is driven by our clients’ need for services related to digital content, business process improvement, technology modernization, the creation of unified and compelling user experiences and identifying new revenue streams to drive growth. In response to this demand, we are focusing on services and solutions in the areas of monetization and evolution of networks, media supply chain transformation, product engineering and verticalization as well as data modernization and customer experience design. Financial Services: 30.0% Health Sciences: 29.3% Communications, Media and Technology: 16.8% Products and Resources: 23.9% The services we provide are distributed among a number of clients in each of our reportable business segments. A loss of a significant client or a few significant clients in a particular segment could materially reduce revenues for that segment. The services we provide to our larger clients are often critical to their operations and a termination of our services would typically require an extended transition period with gradually declining revenues. Nevertheless, the volume of work performed for specific clients may vary significantly from year to year. See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information related to disaggregation of revenues by client location, service line and contract-type for each of our reportable business segments. Services and Solutions Our services include digital services and solutions, consulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance, application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services and automation. Additionally, we develop, license, implement and support proprietary and third-party software products and platforms. Central to our strategy to align with our clients’ need to modernize is our continued investment in new technologies, including AI, cloud, data modernization, automation, digital engineering and IoT. These four capabilities enable clients to put data at the core of their operations, improve the experiences they offer to their customers, tap into new revenue streams, automate operations, defend against technology-enabled competitors and reduce costs. In many cases, our clients' new digital systems are built on the backbone of their existing legacy systems, which can increase complexity and impact business continuity. In the post-pandemic environment, our clients have a sustained need to modernize their businesses, which has led to increased demand for digital capabilities such as mobile workplace solutions, e-commerce, automation, AI and cybersecurity services and solutions. We believe our deep knowledge of our clients' infrastructure and systems provides us with a significant advantage as we work with them to build new digital capabilities to make their operations more modern and intuitive. We deliver all our services and solutions across our four reportable business segments to best address our clients' individual needs. Our services and solutions are organized into five integrated practices, which help us better serve our clients through integrated solutioning and delivery. These practices are Core Technologies and Insights, Enterprise Platform Services, Industry Solutions, Intuitive Operations and Automation and Software and Platform Engineering. Our consulting professionals have deep industry-specific expertise and work closely across our practices to create intuitive operating models that leverage a wide range of digital technologies across our clients’ enterprises to deliver higher levels of efficiency, new value for their customers and business outcomes that align to their industries. Core Technologies and Insights Our Core Technologies and Insights practice helps clients build agile and relevant organizations that apply the power of cloud, data and IoT to help them perform better and innovate faster. Our clients can harness data securely in cloud-first architectures, enabling them to become highly resilient enterprises that are capable of quickly adapting to market dynamics. Areas of focus within this practice are: business opportunities; • Cloud, infrastructure and security, which helps simplify, modernize and safeguard IT environments, creating new • AI and analytics, which helps clients formulate actionable insights from unstructured data to drive a greater understanding of their customers and operations; and • IoT, which unlocks greater insights and new business models. Cognizant 6 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 7 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Reportable Business Segments segments: We go to market across seven industry-based operating segments, which are aggregated into four reportable business For the year ended December 31, 2023, the distribution of our revenues across our four reportable business segments was as follows: Revenues by business segment for 2023 Health Sciences (HS) - This reportable business segment is comprised of a single operating segment of the Financial Services (FS) Banking Insurance same name. Products and Resources (P&R) Retail and Consumer Goods ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Manufacturing, Logistics, Energy and Utilities Travel and Hospitality • • • • Communications, Media and Technology (CMT) - This reportable business segment is comprised of a single operating segment of the same name. Our clients seek to partner with service providers that have a deep understanding of their businesses, industry initiatives, customers, markets and cultures and the ability to create solutions tailored to meet their individual business needs. Across industries, our clients are confronted with the risk of being disrupted by nimble, digital-native competitors. They are therefore redirecting their focus and investment to digital operating models and embracing DevOps and key technologies that enable quick adjustments to shifts in their markets. We believe that our deep knowledge of the industries we serve and our clients’ businesses has been central to our growth and high client satisfaction, and we continue to develop and deploy our client-centric culture, innovating together to produce transformative outcomes. Our FS segment includes banking, capital markets, payments and insurance companies. Demand in this segment is driven by our clients’ need to adopt and integrate digital technologies to serve their customers while complying with significant regulatory requirements and adapting to regulatory change. These digital technologies enable enhanced customer experience, robotic process automation, analytics and AI in areas such as digital lending, fraud detection and next generation payments. In addition to having platforms that drive outcomes at speed, demand is also created by our clients’ desire to reduce complexity through packaged solutions and suppliers with embedded product partners. Our HS segment consists of healthcare providers and payers, and life sciences companies, including pharmaceutical, biotech and medical device companies. Demand in this segment is driven by emerging industry trends, including the shift towards consumerism, outcome-based contracting, digital health and delivering integrated seamless, omni-channel, patient- centered experiences. These trends result in increased demand for services that drive operational improvements in areas such as clinical development, pharmacovigilance and manufacturing, as well as claims processing, enrollment, membership and billing. Demand is also created by the adoption and integration of digital technologies such as AI to shape personalized care plans and predictive data analytics to improve clinical trial designs, patient engagement and care outcomes. Our P&R segment includes manufacturers, automakers, retailers and travel and hospitality companies, as well as companies providing logistics, energy and utility services. Demand in this segment is driven by our clients’ focus on improving the efficiency and sustainability of their operations; the enablement and integration of mobile platforms to support sales and other omni-channel commerce initiatives; the generational shift from mechanical to software-defined, experience-driven vehicles; grid modernization to prepare for a decarbonized and consumer-driven energy landscape; and their adoption and integration of digital technologies, such as the application of intelligent systems to manage supply chains and enhance overall customer experiences, and IoT to instrument functions for factories, real estate, fleets and products to increase access to insight- generating data. Our CMT segment includes global communications, media and entertainment, education, information services and technology companies. Demand in this segment is driven by our clients’ need for services related to digital content, business process improvement, technology modernization, the creation of unified and compelling user experiences and identifying new revenue streams to drive growth. In response to this demand, we are focusing on services and solutions in the areas of monetization and evolution of networks, media supply chain transformation, product engineering and verticalization as well as data modernization and customer experience design. Financial Services: 30.0% Health Sciences: 29.3% Communications, Media and Technology: 16.8% Products and Resources: 23.9% The services we provide are distributed among a number of clients in each of our reportable business segments. A loss of a significant client or a few significant clients in a particular segment could materially reduce revenues for that segment. The services we provide to our larger clients are often critical to their operations and a termination of our services would typically require an extended transition period with gradually declining revenues. Nevertheless, the volume of work performed for specific clients may vary significantly from year to year. See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information related to disaggregation of revenues by client location, service line and contract-type for each of our reportable business segments. Services and Solutions Our services include digital services and solutions, consulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance, application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services and automation. Additionally, we develop, license, implement and support proprietary and third-party software products and platforms. Central to our strategy to align with our clients’ need to modernize is our continued investment in new technologies, including AI, cloud, data modernization, automation, digital engineering and IoT. These four capabilities enable clients to put data at the core of their operations, improve the experiences they offer to their customers, tap into new revenue streams, automate operations, defend against technology-enabled competitors and reduce costs. In many cases, our clients' new digital systems are built on the backbone of their existing legacy systems, which can increase complexity and impact business continuity. In the post-pandemic environment, our clients have a sustained need to modernize their businesses, which has led to increased demand for digital capabilities such as mobile workplace solutions, e-commerce, automation, AI and cybersecurity services and solutions. We believe our deep knowledge of our clients' infrastructure and systems provides us with a significant advantage as we work with them to build new digital capabilities to make their operations more modern and intuitive. We deliver all our services and solutions across our four reportable business segments to best address our clients' individual needs. Our services and solutions are organized into five integrated practices, which help us better serve our clients through integrated solutioning and delivery. These practices are Core Technologies and Insights, Enterprise Platform Services, Industry Solutions, Intuitive Operations and Automation and Software and Platform Engineering. Our consulting professionals have deep industry-specific expertise and work closely across our practices to create intuitive operating models that leverage a wide range of digital technologies across our clients’ enterprises to deliver higher levels of efficiency, new value for their customers and business outcomes that align to their industries. Core Technologies and Insights Our Core Technologies and Insights practice helps clients build agile and relevant organizations that apply the power of cloud, data and IoT to help them perform better and innovate faster. Our clients can harness data securely in cloud-first architectures, enabling them to become highly resilient enterprises that are capable of quickly adapting to market dynamics. Areas of focus within this practice are: • Cloud, infrastructure and security, which helps simplify, modernize and safeguard IT environments, creating new business opportunities; • AI and analytics, which helps clients formulate actionable insights from unstructured data to drive a greater understanding of their customers and operations; and • IoT, which unlocks greater insights and new business models. Cognizant 6 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 7 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Enterprise Platform Services Our Enterprise Platform Services practice helps our clients digitally transform multiple front- and back-office business processes, implementing enterprise-wide platforms that enable customer experience, customer relationship management, human capital management, supply chain management, enterprise resource planning and finance. Our services decrease time to market, drive efficiencies and deliver impactful experiences. Our clients can better share information, simplify IT processes, automate workflow and improve flexibility. This practice focuses on application services, which help enterprises engage their partner ecosystems more productively, and run their operations and financial organizations more efficiently while enabling improved employee and customer experiences. We work closely with partners including Adobe, Amazon Web Services, Cisco, Google, Microsoft, Oracle, Pegasystems, Salesforce, SAP, ServiceNow, Workday and many others. Industry Solutions Our Industry Solutions was established in 2023 as part of Cognizant’s strategy to build differentiation at the industry level. The practice integrates industry technologists and thought leaders specialized in vertical micro-segments. These teams work with specialized partners to develop industry-specific products and services that enable clients to improve productivity, increase operational excellence and accelerate innovation. Intuitive Operations and Automation Our Intuitive Operations and Automation practice helps clients build and run modern operations through two main vehicles: AI-led automation and business process outsourcing services. Our automation advisory, implementation and managed services experts partner with clients to transform end-to-end processes, design and manage the next-generation human and digital workforce, enable seamless experiences and achieve multi-fold productivity increases. Our technology-driven business process outsourcing services help clients transform and run functions and industry-specific processes such as finance and accounting, omni-channel customer care, loan origination, annotation services, location-based services and medical data management. Areas of focus are: • Business process outsourcing services, which help deliver business outcomes including revenue growth, increased customer and employee satisfaction, and cost savings; and • AI-led automation, which includes advisory and process and IT automation solutions designed to simplify and accelerate automation adoption. Software and Platform Engineering Our Software and Platform Engineering practice helps clients develop modern enterprises through digital products, services and solutions that help them improve employee experiences and deliver new value for their customers. Our clients can leverage data, technologies and our digital engineering, design and product development capabilities to build world-class experiences, and a responsive, agile and intuitive framework for continuous innovation. Areas of focus are: • Digital engineering, which delivers modern business software; and • Application development and management, which improves or reimagines applications. Global Delivery Model We operate in an integrated global delivery model, with delivery centers worldwide to provide our full range of services to our clients. Our delivery model includes employees deployed at client sites, local or in-country delivery centers, regional delivery centers and offshore delivery centers, as required to best serve our clients. As we continue to scale our digital services and solutions, we are focused on hiring in the United States and other countries where we deliver services to our clients to expand our in-country delivery capabilities. Our extensive facilities, technology and communications infrastructure are designed to enable the effective collaboration of our global workforce across locations and geographies. Competition The markets for our services are highly competitive, characterized by a large number of participants and subject to rapid change. Competitors may include systems integration firms, contract programming companies, application software companies, cloud computing service providers, traditional consulting firms, professional services groups of computer equipment companies, infrastructure management companies, outsourcing companies and boutique digital companies. Our direct competitors include, among others, Accenture, Atos, Capgemini, Deloitte Digital, DXC Technology, EPAM Systems, Genpact, HCL Technologies, IBM Consulting, Infosys Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services and Wipro. In addition, we compete with numerous smaller local companies in the various geographic markets in which we operate. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. The principal competitive factors affecting the markets for our services include the provider’s reputation and experience, strategic advisory capabilities, digital services capabilities, performance and reliability, responsiveness to customer needs, financial stability, corporate governance and competitive pricing of services. Accordingly, we rely on the following to compete effectively: investments to scale our AI capabilities; our recruiting, training and retention model; our global delivery model; an entrepreneurial culture and approach to our work; a broad client referral base; investment in process improvement and knowledge capture; financial stability and good corporate governance; • • • • • • • • • continued focus on responsiveness to client needs, quality of services and competitive prices; and project management capabilities and technical expertise. Intellectual Property, Certain Trademarks, Trade Names and Service Marks We provide value to our clients based, in part, on our proprietary innovations, methodologies, software, reusable knowledge capital and other IP assets. We recognize the importance of IP and its ability to differentiate us from our competitors. We seek IP protection for many of our innovations and rely on a combination of patent, copyright and trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions, to protect our IP. We have registered, and applied for the registration of, U.S. and international trademarks, service marks, and domain names to protect our brands, including our Cognizant brand, which is one of our most valuable assets. We own or are licensed under a number of patents, trademarks and copyrights of varying duration, relating to our products and services. We also have policies requiring our employees to respect the IP rights of others. While our proprietary IP rights are important to our success, we believe our business as a whole is not materially dependent on any particular IP right or any particular group of patents, trademarks, copyrights or licenses, other than our Cognizant brand. Cognizant® and other trademarks appearing in this report are registered trademarks or trademarks of Cognizant and its affiliates in the United States and other countries, or third parties, as applicable. This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes trademarks and service marks owned by us. This Annual Report on Form 10- K also contains trademarks, trade names and service marks of other companies, which are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may appear without the ®, ™ or SM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to these trademarks, trade names and service marks. We do not intend our use or display of other parties’ trademarks, trade names or service marks to imply, and such use or display should not be construed to imply, a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, these other parties. Workforce We had approximately 347,700 employees at the end of 2023, with 254,000 in India, 40,500 in North America, 16,300 in Continental Europe, 8,500 in the United Kingdom and 28,400 in various other locations throughout the rest of the world. This represents a decrease of 7,600 employees as compared to December 31, 2022. We utilize subcontractors to provide additional capacity and flexibility in meeting client demand, though the number of subcontractors has historically been immaterial relative to our employee headcount. We are not party to any significant collective bargaining agreements. We balance the portion of our employees in the United States and other jurisdictions that rely on visas with consideration of the needs of our business to fulfill client demand and risks to our business from potential changes in immigration laws and regulations that may increase the costs associated with and ability to staff employees on visas to work in-country. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. Cognizant 8 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 9 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Enterprise Platform Services Our Enterprise Platform Services practice helps our clients digitally transform multiple front- and back-office business processes, implementing enterprise-wide platforms that enable customer experience, customer relationship management, human capital management, supply chain management, enterprise resource planning and finance. Our services decrease time to market, drive efficiencies and deliver impactful experiences. Our clients can better share information, simplify IT processes, automate workflow and improve flexibility. This practice focuses on application services, which help enterprises engage their partner ecosystems more productively, and run their operations and financial organizations more efficiently while enabling improved employee and customer experiences. We work closely with partners including Adobe, Amazon Web Services, Cisco, Google, Microsoft, Oracle, Pegasystems, Salesforce, SAP, ServiceNow, Workday and many others. Industry Solutions Our Industry Solutions was established in 2023 as part of Cognizant’s strategy to build differentiation at the industry level. The practice integrates industry technologists and thought leaders specialized in vertical micro-segments. These teams work with specialized partners to develop industry-specific products and services that enable clients to improve productivity, increase operational excellence and accelerate innovation. Intuitive Operations and Automation Our Intuitive Operations and Automation practice helps clients build and run modern operations through two main vehicles: AI-led automation and business process outsourcing services. Our automation advisory, implementation and managed services experts partner with clients to transform end-to-end processes, design and manage the next-generation human and digital workforce, enable seamless experiences and achieve multi-fold productivity increases. Our technology-driven business process outsourcing services help clients transform and run functions and industry-specific processes such as finance and accounting, omni-channel customer care, loan origination, annotation services, location-based services and medical data management. Areas of focus are: • Business process outsourcing services, which help deliver business outcomes including revenue growth, increased customer and employee satisfaction, and cost savings; and • AI-led automation, which includes advisory and process and IT automation solutions designed to simplify and accelerate automation adoption. Software and Platform Engineering Our Software and Platform Engineering practice helps clients develop modern enterprises through digital products, services and solutions that help them improve employee experiences and deliver new value for their customers. Our clients can leverage data, technologies and our digital engineering, design and product development capabilities to build world-class experiences, and a responsive, agile and intuitive framework for continuous innovation. Areas of focus are: • Digital engineering, which delivers modern business software; and • Application development and management, which improves or reimagines applications. Global Delivery Model We operate in an integrated global delivery model, with delivery centers worldwide to provide our full range of services to our clients. Our delivery model includes employees deployed at client sites, local or in-country delivery centers, regional delivery centers and offshore delivery centers, as required to best serve our clients. As we continue to scale our digital services and solutions, we are focused on hiring in the United States and other countries where we deliver services to our clients to expand our in-country delivery capabilities. Our extensive facilities, technology and communications infrastructure are designed to enable the effective collaboration of our global workforce across locations and geographies. Competition The markets for our services are highly competitive, characterized by a large number of participants and subject to rapid change. Competitors may include systems integration firms, contract programming companies, application software companies, cloud computing service providers, traditional consulting firms, professional services groups of computer equipment companies, infrastructure management companies, outsourcing companies and boutique digital companies. Our direct competitors include, among others, Accenture, Atos, Capgemini, Deloitte Digital, DXC Technology, EPAM Systems, Genpact, HCL Technologies, IBM Consulting, Infosys Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services and Wipro. In addition, we compete with numerous smaller local companies in the various geographic markets in which we operate. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. The principal competitive factors affecting the markets for our services include the provider’s reputation and experience, strategic advisory capabilities, digital services capabilities, performance and reliability, responsiveness to customer needs, financial stability, corporate governance and competitive pricing of services. Accordingly, we rely on the following to compete effectively: • investments to scale our AI capabilities; • our recruiting, training and retention model; • our global delivery model; • • • • • an entrepreneurial culture and approach to our work; a broad client referral base; investment in process improvement and knowledge capture; financial stability and good corporate governance; continued focus on responsiveness to client needs, quality of services and competitive prices; and • project management capabilities and technical expertise. Intellectual Property, Certain Trademarks, Trade Names and Service Marks We provide value to our clients based, in part, on our proprietary innovations, methodologies, software, reusable knowledge capital and other IP assets. We recognize the importance of IP and its ability to differentiate us from our competitors. We seek IP protection for many of our innovations and rely on a combination of patent, copyright and trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions, to protect our IP. We have registered, and applied for the registration of, U.S. and international trademarks, service marks, and domain names to protect our brands, including our Cognizant brand, which is one of our most valuable assets. We own or are licensed under a number of patents, trademarks and copyrights of varying duration, relating to our products and services. We also have policies requiring our employees to respect the IP rights of others. While our proprietary IP rights are important to our success, we believe our business as a whole is not materially dependent on any particular IP right or any particular group of patents, trademarks, copyrights or licenses, other than our Cognizant brand. Cognizant® and other trademarks appearing in this report are registered trademarks or trademarks of Cognizant and its affiliates in the United States and other countries, or third parties, as applicable. This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes trademarks and service marks owned by us. This Annual Report on Form 10- K also contains trademarks, trade names and service marks of other companies, which are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may appear without the ®, ™ or SM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to these trademarks, trade names and service marks. We do not intend our use or display of other parties’ trademarks, trade names or service marks to imply, and such use or display should not be construed to imply, a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, these other parties. Workforce We had approximately 347,700 employees at the end of 2023, with 254,000 in India, 40,500 in North America, 16,300 in Continental Europe, 8,500 in the United Kingdom and 28,400 in various other locations throughout the rest of the world. This represents a decrease of 7,600 employees as compared to December 31, 2022. We utilize subcontractors to provide additional capacity and flexibility in meeting client demand, though the number of subcontractors has historically been immaterial relative to our employee headcount. We are not party to any significant collective bargaining agreements. We balance the portion of our employees in the United States and other jurisdictions that rely on visas with consideration of the needs of our business to fulfill client demand and risks to our business from potential changes in immigration laws and regulations that may increase the costs associated with and ability to staff employees on visas to work in-country. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. Cognizant 8 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 9 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Engaging Our People As a global professional services company, Cognizant competes on the basis of the knowledge, experience, insights, skills and talent of its employees and the value they can provide to clients. We aim to be the employer of choice in our industry and for our employees to feel motivated, engaged, and empowered to do their best work through careers they find meaningful. • Engagement & Retention: In a market where competition for skilled IT professionals is intense, we routinely focus on listening to, engaging with and investing in our people through a comprehensive talent approach. Highlights include: – We maintain and regularly enhance our employee value proposition (the benefits and experiences we offer our associates) as the strategic guide for our people programs, including our recruitment, talent management and employee engagement efforts; – We monitor engagement levels and assess employee sentiment through a third-party engagement survey. In Highlights include: 2023, we saw meaningful increases in our employee engagement scores; – On an annual basis, after each engagement survey, we develop action plans designed to continue to build on our strengths and address shortfalls. People managers are also asked to assess their scores and build actions plans for their teams; and – We regularly assess retention levels. Despite continued competition for skilled employees in the technology industry, Cognizant experienced meaningfully lower attrition in 2023 compared to the prior year. We closely monitor attrition trends focusing on the metric that we believe is most relevant to our business. This metric, which we refer to as Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services, includes all voluntary separations with the exception of employees in our Intuitive Operations and Automation practice. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services was 13.8% and 25.6%, respectively. • Diversity & Inclusion: We believe a diverse and inclusive workforce strengthens our ability to innovate and to understand our clients’ needs and aspirations. Highlights from our D&I efforts include: – Global D&I organization embedded within our HR function to drive accountability through our people, processes and systems; – Global D&I training and programs for leaders; – Hiring policies and initiatives such as our Returnship Program, a 3-month paid, immersive experience for experienced professionals who have taken an extended career break; – Eight global affinity groups sponsored by Executive Committee members that welcome, nurture and provide safe spaces in which our employees can share their unique interests and aspirations; – Our sponsorships with the PGA, LPGA, where we doubled the Cognizant Founders Cup purse, and the Aston Martin Cognizant Formula One Team, where we partnered with Racing Pride to promote LGBTQ+ inclusivity in motor racing, demonstrate our commitment to equality around the world; and – In 2023, we were recognized as a "Best Place to Work for the LGBTQ+ Equality" by HRC Equidad MX in Mexico and HRC Equidade BR in Brazil; each of these is a foremost benchmarking survey related to LGBTQ+ workplace equality. As of each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, women represented approximately 38% of our workforce. In our 2023 engagement survey, D&I continued to score higher than external benchmarks, showing as a consistent strength for Cognizant. • High Performance Culture: We aim to create a work environment where every person is inspired to achieve, driven to perform and rewarded for their contributions. Our culture of meritocracy fosters individual and team high performance to fuel our growth. Highlights include: – Structured performance evaluation processes to ensure that expectations are clear and employees are rewarded for achieving and exceeding established goals; – Annual performance-based promotions and merit increases for eligible employees at all levels; – Encouraging regular role movement and career growth through our internal job moves initiative. This program is enhancing career velocity and bringing fresh thinking to our clients as employees identify new lateral and next-level opportunities across our organization; and – Continuously fostering a culture focused on recognition, Cognizant has created programs to reward all levels of employees through both monetary recognition as well as peer-driven non-monetary recognition. • Learning & Upskilling: From campus hire training for entry-level workforce to providing capability assurance programs for professional practitioners, our skilling ecosystem offers growth for employees at all levels. Training our talent in new digital skills supports career growth, internal talent movement, and helps build capabilities in new and emerging technologies and subject areas. These trainings are provided in collaboration with the world’s leading educational and technology partners. – In 2023, more than 265,000 of our employees acquired one or more skills utilizing our learning ecosystem; – Robust technical programs that reskill and upskill our employees with a focus on building digital skills in areas such as AI, GenAI, IoT, digital engineering, data and cloud. We trained 137,000 employees across a variety of digital skills; – Innovative pre-employment training programs for graduates and early to mid-career professionals that focus on cultivating technology skills required for the next-generation workforce; – Our in-house, access-from-anywhere learning experience platform provides a marketplace recognizing both formal and informal learning, as well as recommended learning journeys; – Development plans for all levels to encourage employees to own and prioritize their growth; and – Our approach to talent development has been recognized by leading learning and development organizations, such as the Association for Talent Development, NASSCOM and the Brandon Hall group. • Leadership Development & Talent Management: Cognizant continuously fosters its pipeline of high-performing leaders who have the breadth and versatility to drive growth. We are focused on building leadership capability at all levels - whether someone is a first-time manager, taking on a larger team or scope of responsibility, or leading at an executive level - through continuous assessment and high impact development opportunities. Highlights include: – Targeted talent programs for key talent pools that include various training opportunities, digital leadership programs, custom leadership development initiatives and leadership transition programs to equip employees for taking on a leadership role; – Fast-tracking high-performing and high-potential leadership talent through personalized assessments, executive coaching and executive education programs; – More than 1,300 leaders have participated in our LEAD@Cognizant partnership with Harvard University, which is a 4.5-month leadership capability program designed exclusively for Cognizant leaders to learn, practice and internalize how to set the course, connect the dots, inspire followership and deliver results through strategic alignment, collaboration and building high performing teams; – Accelerating a diverse leadership pipeline through programs like Propel, an initiative focused on priming the next level of women leaders within Cognizant. More than 1,600 women have progressed through this initiative; and – Periodic talent processes such as talent reviews aim to help individuals develop in role and prepare for the future, while strengthening our leadership pipeline overall. Cognizant 10 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 11 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K – We monitor engagement levels and assess employee sentiment through a third-party engagement survey. In Highlights include: – Annual performance-based promotions and merit increases for eligible employees at all levels; – Encouraging regular role movement and career growth through our internal job moves initiative. This program is enhancing career velocity and bringing fresh thinking to our clients as employees identify new lateral and next-level opportunities across our organization; and – Continuously fostering a culture focused on recognition, Cognizant has created programs to reward all levels of employees through both monetary recognition as well as peer-driven non-monetary recognition. • Learning & Upskilling: From campus hire training for entry-level workforce to providing capability assurance programs for professional practitioners, our skilling ecosystem offers growth for employees at all levels. Training our talent in new digital skills supports career growth, internal talent movement, and helps build capabilities in new and emerging technologies and subject areas. These trainings are provided in collaboration with the world’s leading educational and technology partners. – In 2023, more than 265,000 of our employees acquired one or more skills utilizing our learning ecosystem; – Robust technical programs that reskill and upskill our employees with a focus on building digital skills in areas such as AI, GenAI, IoT, digital engineering, data and cloud. We trained 137,000 employees across a variety of digital skills; – Innovative pre-employment training programs for graduates and early to mid-career professionals that focus on cultivating technology skills required for the next-generation workforce; – Our in-house, access-from-anywhere learning experience platform provides a marketplace recognizing both formal and informal learning, as well as recommended learning journeys; – Development plans for all levels to encourage employees to own and prioritize their growth; and – Our approach to talent development has been recognized by leading learning and development organizations, such as the Association for Talent Development, NASSCOM and the Brandon Hall group. • Leadership Development & Talent Management: Cognizant continuously fosters its pipeline of high-performing leaders who have the breadth and versatility to drive growth. We are focused on building leadership capability at all levels - whether someone is a first-time manager, taking on a larger team or scope of responsibility, or leading at an executive level - through continuous assessment and high impact development opportunities. Highlights include: – Targeted talent programs for key talent pools that include various training opportunities, digital leadership programs, custom leadership development initiatives and leadership transition programs to equip employees for taking on a leadership role; – Fast-tracking high-performing and high-potential leadership talent through personalized assessments, executive coaching and executive education programs; – More than 1,300 leaders have participated in our LEAD@Cognizant partnership with Harvard University, which is a 4.5-month leadership capability program designed exclusively for Cognizant leaders to learn, practice and internalize how to set the course, connect the dots, inspire followership and deliver results through strategic alignment, collaboration and building high performing teams; – Accelerating a diverse leadership pipeline through programs like Propel, an initiative focused on priming the next level of women leaders within Cognizant. More than 1,600 women have progressed through this initiative; and – Periodic talent processes such as talent reviews aim to help individuals develop in role and prepare for the future, while strengthening our leadership pipeline overall. Engaging Our People As a global professional services company, Cognizant competes on the basis of the knowledge, experience, insights, skills and talent of its employees and the value they can provide to clients. We aim to be the employer of choice in our industry and for our employees to feel motivated, engaged, and empowered to do their best work through careers they find meaningful. • Engagement & Retention: In a market where competition for skilled IT professionals is intense, we routinely focus on listening to, engaging with and investing in our people through a comprehensive talent approach. Highlights include: – We maintain and regularly enhance our employee value proposition (the benefits and experiences we offer our associates) as the strategic guide for our people programs, including our recruitment, talent management and employee engagement efforts; 2023, we saw meaningful increases in our employee engagement scores; – On an annual basis, after each engagement survey, we develop action plans designed to continue to build on our strengths and address shortfalls. People managers are also asked to assess their scores and build actions plans for their teams; and – We regularly assess retention levels. Despite continued competition for skilled employees in the technology industry, Cognizant experienced meaningfully lower attrition in 2023 compared to the prior year. We closely monitor attrition trends focusing on the metric that we believe is most relevant to our business. This metric, which we refer to as Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services, includes all voluntary separations with the exception of employees in our Intuitive Operations and Automation practice. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services was 13.8% and 25.6%, respectively. • Diversity & Inclusion: We believe a diverse and inclusive workforce strengthens our ability to innovate and to understand our clients’ needs and aspirations. Highlights from our D&I efforts include: processes and systems; – Global D&I training and programs for leaders; – Global D&I organization embedded within our HR function to drive accountability through our people, – Hiring policies and initiatives such as our Returnship Program, a 3-month paid, immersive experience for experienced professionals who have taken an extended career break; – Eight global affinity groups sponsored by Executive Committee members that welcome, nurture and provide safe spaces in which our employees can share their unique interests and aspirations; – Our sponsorships with the PGA, LPGA, where we doubled the Cognizant Founders Cup purse, and the Aston Martin Cognizant Formula One Team, where we partnered with Racing Pride to promote LGBTQ+ inclusivity in motor racing, demonstrate our commitment to equality around the world; and – In 2023, we were recognized as a "Best Place to Work for the LGBTQ+ Equality" by HRC Equidad MX in Mexico and HRC Equidade BR in Brazil; each of these is a foremost benchmarking survey related to LGBTQ+ workplace equality. As of each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, women represented approximately 38% of our workforce. In our 2023 engagement survey, D&I continued to score higher than external benchmarks, showing as a consistent strength for Cognizant. • High Performance Culture: We aim to create a work environment where every person is inspired to achieve, driven to perform and rewarded for their contributions. Our culture of meritocracy fosters individual and team high performance to fuel our growth. Highlights include: – Structured performance evaluation processes to ensure that expectations are clear and employees are rewarded for achieving and exceeding established goals; Cognizant 10 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 11 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K • Supporting Wellbeing at Work and Home: Our Be Well program offers a portfolio of benefits and rewards across all dimensions of wellbeing - physical, mental, financial and life & work. These offerings aim to care for the diverse needs of our employees to assist them in feeling resilient, innovative and engaged. These include total compensation programs, health benefits, risk protection coverage, overall wellbeing and family care, tax savings programs, income protection, retirement and financial planning resources, time off programs, recognition and voluntary programs. We continually review and enhance our offerings to best meet the needs of today's modern workforce. 2002 from the General Electric Company, where he began his career in 1999. Mr. Dalal holds a bachelor’s degree in engineering from the National Institute of Technology in Surat, India. He also has a postgraduate diploma in business administration with a specialization in finance and international business from Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies in Mumbai, India. In addition, Mr. Dalal is a Chartered Accountant (India), a Chartered Management Accountant (UK) and a Chartered Financial Analyst (USA). Mr. Dalal is also an alumnus of the Advanced Management Program of The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Highlights include: – Our WorkFlex program, which provides employees greater flexibility to complete their required hours outside 2022 and assumed additional responsibilities for Industry Solutions in April 2023. Previously, he was Executive Vice President their standard schedule or to transition to a part-time schedule to accommodate personal priorities; – We provide access and support for mental health for our employees globally through a robust Employee Assistance Program; – We provide various resources and access to third party mental health platforms, webinars, and events throughout the year. This includes global and regional wellbeing challenges that bring employees and their families together (in person and virtually) to partake in physical activities and mental health events; and – Managers are equipped with tools and resources to support the engagement and wellbeing of their teams. These tools include guides and training on topics such as engaging hybrid teams, preventing fatigue and burnout, and more. Governmental Regulation As a result of the size, breadth and geographic diversity of our business, our operations are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including with respect to import and export controls, temporary work authorizations or work permits and other immigration laws, content requirements, trade restrictions, tariffs, taxation, anti- corruption, the environment, government affairs, internal and disclosure control obligations, data privacy, intellectual property, employee and labor relations. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors as well as the "Business Outlook" section within Part I. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Executive Summary. Information About Our Executive Officers The following table identifies our current executive officers: Name Ravi Kumar S Jatin Dalal Age 52 Chief Executive Officer 49 Chief Financial Officer Capacities in Which Served Balu Ganesh Ayyar 62 EVP and President, Intuitive Operations and Automation and Industry Solutions Kathryn Diaz Surya Gummadi John Kim Robert Telesmanic 54 EVP, Chief People Officer 47 EVP and President, Americas 56 EVP, General Counsel, Chief Corporate Affairs Officer and Secretary 57 SVP, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer Ravi Kumar Singisetti (also referred to as Ravi Kumar S or Ravi Kumar) has been our Chief Executive Officer since January 2023. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Kumar was the President of Infosys, where he led the Infosys Global Services Organization across all global industry segments from January 2016 to October 2022. While serving as President of Infosys, he also served as Chairman of the Board of various Infosys subsidiaries. Prior to such role, Mr. Kumar served in positions of increasing authority at PricewaterhouseCoopers, Cambridge Technology Partners, Oracle Corporation, Sapient and Infosys. He is a member of the Board of Directors of Transunion, where he is a member of the Compensation Committee and the Mergers, Acquisitions and Integration Committee. Mr. Kumar has a bachelor’s degree in Engineering from Shivaji University and an MBA from Xavier Institute of Management, India. Jatin Dalal has been our Chief Financial Officer since December 2023. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Dalal served as Chief Financial Officer of Wipro Limited, a publicly traded multinational technology and services consulting company, from April 2015 to November 2023 and assumed additional responsibilities as President from December 2019 to November 2023. Previously, he held various leadership positions at Wipro, including CFO, IT Business from 2011 to 2015. He joined Wipro in Balu Ganesh Ayyar has been our Executive Vice President and President, Intuitive Operations and Automation since July and President, Digital Operations from August 2019 to June 2022. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Ayyar was the CEO of Mphasis, a global IT services company listed in India, from 2009 to 2017. Prior to Mphasis, Mr. Ayyar spent nearly two decades with Hewlett-Packard, holding a variety of leadership roles across multiple geographies. Kathryn (Kathy) Diaz has been our Executive Vice President, Chief People Officer since September 2023. She held the role on an interim basis from May 2023 to September 2023. Prior to being appointed Chief People Officer, Ms. Diaz served as the Head of Global Total Rewards at Cognizant from July 2020 until September 2023. Prior to joining Cognizant in 2020, Ms. Diaz was VP, Total Rewards at Pearson, a multinational publishing and education company. She was the VP of Global Compensation, Global Mobility and HR Systems at PVH (the parent company of Calvin Klein and Tommy Hilfiger). Previously, Ms. Diaz spent over 20 years in a series of HR leadership positions at Merck & Co, Inc. She holds a bachelor’s degree in Accounting from Rider University and an MBA from Lehigh University. Surya Gummadi has been our Executive Vice President and President, Americas since January 2023. He held the role on an interim basis from late June 2022 to January 2023. Prior to being appointed President of the Americas, Mr. Gummadi served as Senior Vice President of our Health Sciences business segment from April 2022 to January 2023, Senior Vice President and head of our Healthcare business from July 2020 to April 2022, Vice President and market leader of our Healthcare business from February 2020 to July 2020 and Vice President and market head for our Health Plans business from October 2017 to February 2020. Prior to that, he served in a variety of roles during his more than 20-year tenure with Cognizant. He holds a degree in mechanical engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. John Kim has been our Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Corporate Affairs Officer and Secretary since March 2021. Previously, he served as our Senior Vice President and Deputy General Counsel, Global Commercial Contracts. Prior to joining Cognizant in 2019, Mr. Kim held a variety of senior leadership roles at Capgemini from January 2012 to November 2019, including Global Head of Big Deals. Prior to Capgemini, Mr. Kim served as U.S. Counsel for WNS Global Services from July 2009 to June 2011 and held a variety of leadership roles at Cendant Travel Distribution Services (now known as Travelport) from January 2001 to June 2006, including General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer. He holds a bachelor’s degree in English Literature from Columbia University and obtained his law degree from Cornell Law School. Robert Telesmanic has been our Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer since January 2017, a Senior Vice President since 2010 and our Corporate Controller since 2004. Prior to that, he served as our Assistant Corporate Controller from 2003 to 2004. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Telesmanic spent over 14 years with Deloitte & Touche LLP. Mr. Telesmanic has a Bachelor of Science degree from New York University and an MBA from Columbia University. None of our executive officers are related to any other executive officer or to any of our Directors. Our executive officers are appointed annually by the Board of Directors and generally serve until their successors are duly appointed and qualified. Corporate History Available Information We began our IT development and maintenance services business in early 1994 as an in-house technology development center for The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation and its operating units. In 1996, we were spun-off from The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation and, in 1998, we completed an initial public offering to become a public company. We make our SEC filings available free of charge through our website at www.cognizant.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the SEC. No information on our website is incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K or any other public filing made by us with the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Cognizant 12 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 13 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K • Supporting Wellbeing at Work and Home: Our Be Well program offers a portfolio of benefits and rewards across all dimensions of wellbeing - physical, mental, financial and life & work. These offerings aim to care for the diverse needs of our employees to assist them in feeling resilient, innovative and engaged. These include total compensation programs, health benefits, risk protection coverage, overall wellbeing and family care, tax savings programs, income protection, retirement and financial planning resources, time off programs, recognition and voluntary programs. We continually review and enhance our offerings to best meet the needs of today's modern workforce. 2002 from the General Electric Company, where he began his career in 1999. Mr. Dalal holds a bachelor’s degree in engineering from the National Institute of Technology in Surat, India. He also has a postgraduate diploma in business administration with a specialization in finance and international business from Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies in Mumbai, India. In addition, Mr. Dalal is a Chartered Accountant (India), a Chartered Management Accountant (UK) and a Chartered Financial Analyst (USA). Mr. Dalal is also an alumnus of the Advanced Management Program of The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Highlights include: – Our WorkFlex program, which provides employees greater flexibility to complete their required hours outside their standard schedule or to transition to a part-time schedule to accommodate personal priorities; – We provide access and support for mental health for our employees globally through a robust Employee Assistance Program; – We provide various resources and access to third party mental health platforms, webinars, and events throughout the year. This includes global and regional wellbeing challenges that bring employees and their families together (in person and virtually) to partake in physical activities and mental health events; and – Managers are equipped with tools and resources to support the engagement and wellbeing of their teams. These tools include guides and training on topics such as engaging hybrid teams, preventing fatigue and burnout, and more. Governmental Regulation As a result of the size, breadth and geographic diversity of our business, our operations are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including with respect to import and export controls, temporary work authorizations or work permits and other immigration laws, content requirements, trade restrictions, tariffs, taxation, anti- corruption, the environment, government affairs, internal and disclosure control obligations, data privacy, intellectual property, employee and labor relations. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors as well as the "Business Outlook" section within Part I. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Executive Summary. Information About Our Executive Officers The following table identifies our current executive officers: Name Ravi Kumar S Jatin Dalal 52 Chief Executive Officer 49 Chief Financial Officer Age Capacities in Which Served Balu Ganesh Ayyar 62 EVP and President, Intuitive Operations and Automation and Industry Solutions Kathryn Diaz 54 EVP, Chief People Officer Surya Gummadi 47 EVP and President, Americas John Kim 56 EVP, General Counsel, Chief Corporate Affairs Officer and Secretary Robert Telesmanic 57 SVP, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer Ravi Kumar Singisetti (also referred to as Ravi Kumar S or Ravi Kumar) has been our Chief Executive Officer since January 2023. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Kumar was the President of Infosys, where he led the Infosys Global Services Organization across all global industry segments from January 2016 to October 2022. While serving as President of Infosys, he also served as Chairman of the Board of various Infosys subsidiaries. Prior to such role, Mr. Kumar served in positions of increasing authority at PricewaterhouseCoopers, Cambridge Technology Partners, Oracle Corporation, Sapient and Infosys. He is a member of the Board of Directors of Transunion, where he is a member of the Compensation Committee and the Mergers, Acquisitions and Integration Committee. Mr. Kumar has a bachelor’s degree in Engineering from Shivaji University and an MBA from Xavier Institute of Management, India. Jatin Dalal has been our Chief Financial Officer since December 2023. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Dalal served as Chief Financial Officer of Wipro Limited, a publicly traded multinational technology and services consulting company, from April 2015 to November 2023 and assumed additional responsibilities as President from December 2019 to November 2023. Previously, he held various leadership positions at Wipro, including CFO, IT Business from 2011 to 2015. He joined Wipro in Balu Ganesh Ayyar has been our Executive Vice President and President, Intuitive Operations and Automation since July 2022 and assumed additional responsibilities for Industry Solutions in April 2023. Previously, he was Executive Vice President and President, Digital Operations from August 2019 to June 2022. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Ayyar was the CEO of Mphasis, a global IT services company listed in India, from 2009 to 2017. Prior to Mphasis, Mr. Ayyar spent nearly two decades with Hewlett-Packard, holding a variety of leadership roles across multiple geographies. Kathryn (Kathy) Diaz has been our Executive Vice President, Chief People Officer since September 2023. She held the role on an interim basis from May 2023 to September 2023. Prior to being appointed Chief People Officer, Ms. Diaz served as the Head of Global Total Rewards at Cognizant from July 2020 until September 2023. Prior to joining Cognizant in 2020, Ms. Diaz was VP, Total Rewards at Pearson, a multinational publishing and education company. She was the VP of Global Compensation, Global Mobility and HR Systems at PVH (the parent company of Calvin Klein and Tommy Hilfiger). Previously, Ms. Diaz spent over 20 years in a series of HR leadership positions at Merck & Co, Inc. She holds a bachelor’s degree in Accounting from Rider University and an MBA from Lehigh University. Surya Gummadi has been our Executive Vice President and President, Americas since January 2023. He held the role on an interim basis from late June 2022 to January 2023. Prior to being appointed President of the Americas, Mr. Gummadi served as Senior Vice President of our Health Sciences business segment from April 2022 to January 2023, Senior Vice President and head of our Healthcare business from July 2020 to April 2022, Vice President and market leader of our Healthcare business from February 2020 to July 2020 and Vice President and market head for our Health Plans business from October 2017 to February 2020. Prior to that, he served in a variety of roles during his more than 20-year tenure with Cognizant. He holds a degree in mechanical engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. John Kim has been our Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Corporate Affairs Officer and Secretary since March 2021. Previously, he served as our Senior Vice President and Deputy General Counsel, Global Commercial Contracts. Prior to joining Cognizant in 2019, Mr. Kim held a variety of senior leadership roles at Capgemini from January 2012 to November 2019, including Global Head of Big Deals. Prior to Capgemini, Mr. Kim served as U.S. Counsel for WNS Global Services from July 2009 to June 2011 and held a variety of leadership roles at Cendant Travel Distribution Services (now known as Travelport) from January 2001 to June 2006, including General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer. He holds a bachelor’s degree in English Literature from Columbia University and obtained his law degree from Cornell Law School. Robert Telesmanic has been our Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer since January 2017, a Senior Vice President since 2010 and our Corporate Controller since 2004. Prior to that, he served as our Assistant Corporate Controller from 2003 to 2004. Prior to joining Cognizant, Mr. Telesmanic spent over 14 years with Deloitte & Touche LLP. Mr. Telesmanic has a Bachelor of Science degree from New York University and an MBA from Columbia University. None of our executive officers are related to any other executive officer or to any of our Directors. Our executive officers are appointed annually by the Board of Directors and generally serve until their successors are duly appointed and qualified. Corporate History We began our IT development and maintenance services business in early 1994 as an in-house technology development center for The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation and its operating units. In 1996, we were spun-off from The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation and, in 1998, we completed an initial public offering to become a public company. Available Information We make our SEC filings available free of charge through our website at www.cognizant.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the SEC. No information on our website is incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K or any other public filing made by us with the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Cognizant 12 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 13 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Item 1A. Risk Factors We face various important risks and uncertainties, including those described below, that could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition and, as a result, cause a decline in the trading price of our common stock. Risks Related to our Business and Operations Our results of operations could be adversely affected by economic and political conditions globally and in particular in the markets in which our clients and operations are concentrated. Global macroeconomic conditions have a significant effect on our business as well as the businesses of our clients. Volatile, negative or uncertain economic conditions have in the past and could in the future cause our clients to reduce, postpone or cancel spending on projects with us, making it more difficult for us to accurately forecast client demand and have available the right resources to profitably address such client demand. For example, in 2023 some of our clients reduced their discretionary spending in response to economic uncertainty, which negatively impacted our revenues. Clients may reduce demand for services quickly and with little warning, which may cause us to incur extra costs where we have employed more personnel than client demand supports. Our business is particularly susceptible to economic and political conditions in the markets where our clients or operations are concentrated. Our revenues are highly dependent on clients located in the United States and Europe, and any adverse economic, political or legal uncertainties or adverse developments, including due to the uncertainty related to the economic environment and inflation, may cause clients in these geographies to reduce their spending and materially adversely impact our business. Many of our clients are in the financial services and healthcare industries, so any decrease in growth or significant consolidation in these industries or regulatory policies that restrict these industries may reduce demand for our services. Economic and political developments in India, where a significant majority of our operations and technical personnel are located, or in other countries where we maintain delivery operations, may also have a significant impact on our business and costs of operations. As a developing country, India has experienced and may continue to experience high inflation and wage growth, fluctuations in gross domestic product growth and volatility in currency exchange rates, any of which could materially adversely affect our cost of operations. Additionally, we benefit from governmental policies in countries that encourage foreign investment and promote the ease of doing business, such as tax incentives, and any change in policy or circumstances that results in the elimination of such benefits or degradation of the rule of law, or imposition of new adverse restrictions or costs on our operations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we are unable to attract, train and retain skilled employees to satisfy client demand, including highly skilled technical personnel and personnel with experience in key digital areas, as well as senior management to lead our business globally, our business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. Our success is dependent, in large part, on our ability to keep our supply of skilled employees, including project managers, IT engineers and senior technical personnel, in particular those with experience in key digital areas, in balance with client demand around the world and on our ability to attract and retain senior management with the knowledge and skills to lead our business globally. In 2021 and most of 2022, we, and we believe the IT industry as a whole, experienced unprecedented attrition. As a result, we hired over a hundred thousand new employees in each of 2021 and 2022, and over sixty thousand in 2023. Correspondingly, we have needed to reskill, retain, integrate and motivate our large workforce with diverse skills and expertise in order to serve client demands across the globe, respond quickly to rapid and ongoing technological, industry and macroeconomic developments and grow and manage our business. The rate of attrition began to decrease in the second half of 2022, but if such attrition levels increase again in the future, it could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. We also must continue to maintain a senior leadership team that, among other things, is effective in executing on our strategic goals and growing our digital business. The loss of senior executives, or the failure to attract, integrate and retain new senior executives as the needs of our business require, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Competition for skilled labor is intense and, in some jurisdictions in which we operate and in key digital areas, there are more open positions than qualified persons to fill these positions. We compete for employees not only with other companies in our industry but also with companies in other industries, such as software services, engineering services and financial services companies. Our business has experienced in the past and may experience in the future significant employee attrition, which has caused us to incur increased costs to hire new employees with the desired skills. While we strive to adjust pricing to reduce the impact of compensation increases on our operating margin, we may not be successful in recovering these increases, which could adversely affect our profitability and operating margin. Costs associated with recruiting and training employees are significant. If we are unable to hire or deploy employees with the needed skillsets or if we are unable to adequately equip our employees with the skills needed, this could materially adversely affect our business. Additionally, if we are unable to offer our employees a value proposition that is competitive and appealing, it could have an adverse effect on engagement and retention, which may materially adversely affect our business. Many of our contracts with clients are short-term, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected if our clients terminate their contracts on short notice. Consistent with industry practice, many of our contracts with clients are short-term or can be terminated by our clients with short notice and without significant early termination cost. Even if not terminated, clients may be able to delay, reduce or eliminate spending on the services and solutions we provide, choose not to retain us for additional stages of a project, try to renegotiate the terms of a contract or cancel or delay additional planned work. Terminations and such other events may result from factors that are beyond our control and unrelated to our work product or the progress of the project, including the business, financial or labor conditions of a client, changes in ownership, management or the strategy of a client or economic or market conditions generally or specific to a client’s industry. When contracts are terminated or spending delayed, we lose the anticipated revenues and might not be able to eliminate our associated costs in a timely manner. In particular, the loss of a significant client or a few significant clients could materially reduce revenues for the Company as a whole or for a particular business segment. In addition, our operating margins in subsequent periods could be lower than expected. If we are unable to replace the lost revenues with other work on terms we find acceptable or effectively eliminate costs, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. We face challenges related to growing our business organically as well as inorganically through acquisitions, and we may not be able to achieve our targeted growth rates. Achievement of our targeted growth rates requires continued significant organic growth of our business as well as inorganic growth through acquisitions. To achieve such growth, we must, among other things, continue to significantly expand our global operations, in particular with respect to digital, and scale our infrastructure to support such business growth and ensure that our service offerings remain responsive to market demand. Continued business growth increases the complexity of our business and places significant strain on our management, employees, operations, systems, delivery, financial resources, and internal financial control and reporting functions, which we will have to continue to develop and improve to sustain such growth. Our ability to successfully manage change associated with the various business transformation initiatives is critical for the overall strategy execution. We must continually recruit and train new employees, retain and reskill, as necessary, existing sales, technical, finance, marketing and management employees with the knowledge, skills and experience that our business model requires and effectively manage our employees worldwide to support our culture, values, strategies and goals. Additionally, we expect to continue pursuing strategic and targeted acquisitions and investments to enhance our offerings of services and solutions or to enable us to expand our talent, experience and capabilities in key digital areas or in particular geographies or industries. We may not be successful in identifying suitable opportunities, completing targeted transactions or achieving the desired results in the timeframe we expect or at all, such opportunities may divert our management's time and focus away from our core business and realizing the desired results of a particular transaction may depend upon competition, market trends, regulatory developments, additional costs or investments and the actions of suppliers or other third parties. We may face challenges in effectively integrating acquired businesses into our ongoing operations and in assimilating and retaining employees of those businesses into our culture and organizational structure, and these risks may be magnified by the size and number of transactions we execute. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, complete acquisitions of the number, magnitude and nature we have targeted, or successfully integrate any acquired businesses into our operations, we may not be able to achieve our targeted growth rates or improve our market share, profitability or competitive position generally or in specific markets or services. Our NextGen program and the associated reductions in headcount and consolidation of office space could disrupt our business, may not result in anticipated savings, and could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected. Guided by our strategic priorities, in the second quarter of 2023 we initiated the NextGen program aimed at simplifying our operating model, optimizing corporate functions and consolidating and realigning office space to reflect the post-pandemic hybrid work environment. Our drive for simplification will include operating with fewer layers in an effort to enhance agility and enable faster decision making. In connection with the NextGen program, in 2023 we incurred $115 million of employee separation costs and $114 million of facility exit and other costs totaling $229 million. See Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements. We Cognizant 14 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 15 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K We face various important risks and uncertainties, including those described below, that could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition and, as a result, cause a decline in the trading price of our common Item 1A. Risk Factors stock. Risks Related to our Business and Operations Our results of operations could be adversely affected by economic and political conditions globally and in particular in the markets in which our clients and operations are concentrated. Global macroeconomic conditions have a significant effect on our business as well as the businesses of our clients. Volatile, negative or uncertain economic conditions have in the past and could in the future cause our clients to reduce, postpone or cancel spending on projects with us, making it more difficult for us to accurately forecast client demand and have available the right resources to profitably address such client demand. For example, in 2023 some of our clients reduced their discretionary spending in response to economic uncertainty, which negatively impacted our revenues. Clients may reduce demand for services quickly and with little warning, which may cause us to incur extra costs where we have employed more personnel than client demand supports. Our business is particularly susceptible to economic and political conditions in the markets where our clients or operations are concentrated. Our revenues are highly dependent on clients located in the United States and Europe, and any adverse economic, political or legal uncertainties or adverse developments, including due to the uncertainty related to the economic environment and inflation, may cause clients in these geographies to reduce their spending and materially adversely impact our business. Many of our clients are in the financial services and healthcare industries, so any decrease in growth or significant consolidation in these industries or regulatory policies that restrict these industries may reduce demand for our services. Economic and political developments in India, where a significant majority of our operations and technical personnel are located, or in other countries where we maintain delivery operations, may also have a significant impact on our business and costs of operations. As a developing country, India has experienced and may continue to experience high inflation and wage growth, fluctuations in gross domestic product growth and volatility in currency exchange rates, any of which could materially adversely affect our cost of operations. Additionally, we benefit from governmental policies in countries that encourage foreign investment and promote the ease of doing business, such as tax incentives, and any change in policy or circumstances that results in the elimination of such benefits or degradation of the rule of law, or imposition of new adverse restrictions or costs on our operations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we are unable to attract, train and retain skilled employees to satisfy client demand, including highly skilled technical personnel and personnel with experience in key digital areas, as well as senior management to lead our business globally, our business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. Our success is dependent, in large part, on our ability to keep our supply of skilled employees, including project managers, IT engineers and senior technical personnel, in particular those with experience in key digital areas, in balance with client demand around the world and on our ability to attract and retain senior management with the knowledge and skills to lead our business globally. In 2021 and most of 2022, we, and we believe the IT industry as a whole, experienced unprecedented attrition. As a result, we hired over a hundred thousand new employees in each of 2021 and 2022, and over sixty thousand in 2023. Correspondingly, we have needed to reskill, retain, integrate and motivate our large workforce with diverse skills and expertise in order to serve client demands across the globe, respond quickly to rapid and ongoing technological, industry and macroeconomic developments and grow and manage our business. The rate of attrition began to decrease in the second half of 2022, but if such attrition levels increase again in the future, it could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. We also must continue to maintain a senior leadership team that, among other things, is effective in executing on our strategic goals and growing our digital business. The loss of senior executives, or the failure to attract, integrate and retain new senior executives as the needs of our business require, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Competition for skilled labor is intense and, in some jurisdictions in which we operate and in key digital areas, there are more open positions than qualified persons to fill these positions. We compete for employees not only with other companies in our industry but also with companies in other industries, such as software services, engineering services and financial services companies. Our business has experienced in the past and may experience in the future significant employee attrition, which has caused us to incur increased costs to hire new employees with the desired skills. While we strive to adjust pricing to reduce the impact of compensation increases on our operating margin, we may not be successful in recovering these increases, which could adversely affect our profitability and operating margin. Costs associated with recruiting and training employees are significant. If we are unable to hire or deploy employees with the needed skillsets or if we are unable to adequately equip our employees with the skills needed, this could materially adversely affect our business. Additionally, if we are unable to offer our employees a value proposition that is competitive and appealing, it could have an adverse effect on engagement and retention, which may materially adversely affect our business. Many of our contracts with clients are short-term, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected if our clients terminate their contracts on short notice. Consistent with industry practice, many of our contracts with clients are short-term or can be terminated by our clients with short notice and without significant early termination cost. Even if not terminated, clients may be able to delay, reduce or eliminate spending on the services and solutions we provide, choose not to retain us for additional stages of a project, try to renegotiate the terms of a contract or cancel or delay additional planned work. Terminations and such other events may result from factors that are beyond our control and unrelated to our work product or the progress of the project, including the business, financial or labor conditions of a client, changes in ownership, management or the strategy of a client or economic or market conditions generally or specific to a client’s industry. When contracts are terminated or spending delayed, we lose the anticipated revenues and might not be able to eliminate our associated costs in a timely manner. In particular, the loss of a significant client or a few significant clients could materially reduce revenues for the Company as a whole or for a particular business segment. In addition, our operating margins in subsequent periods could be lower than expected. If we are unable to replace the lost revenues with other work on terms we find acceptable or effectively eliminate costs, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. We face challenges related to growing our business organically as well as inorganically through acquisitions, and we may not be able to achieve our targeted growth rates. Achievement of our targeted growth rates requires continued significant organic growth of our business as well as inorganic growth through acquisitions. To achieve such growth, we must, among other things, continue to significantly expand our global operations, in particular with respect to digital, and scale our infrastructure to support such business growth and ensure that our service offerings remain responsive to market demand. Continued business growth increases the complexity of our business and places significant strain on our management, employees, operations, systems, delivery, financial resources, and internal financial control and reporting functions, which we will have to continue to develop and improve to sustain such growth. Our ability to successfully manage change associated with the various business transformation initiatives is critical for the overall strategy execution. We must continually recruit and train new employees, retain and reskill, as necessary, existing sales, technical, finance, marketing and management employees with the knowledge, skills and experience that our business model requires and effectively manage our employees worldwide to support our culture, values, strategies and goals. Additionally, we expect to continue pursuing strategic and targeted acquisitions and investments to enhance our offerings of services and solutions or to enable us to expand our talent, experience and capabilities in key digital areas or in particular geographies or industries. We may not be successful in identifying suitable opportunities, completing targeted transactions or achieving the desired results in the timeframe we expect or at all, such opportunities may divert our management's time and focus away from our core business and realizing the desired results of a particular transaction may depend upon competition, market trends, regulatory developments, additional costs or investments and the actions of suppliers or other third parties. We may face challenges in effectively integrating acquired businesses into our ongoing operations and in assimilating and retaining employees of those businesses into our culture and organizational structure, and these risks may be magnified by the size and number of transactions we execute. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, complete acquisitions of the number, magnitude and nature we have targeted, or successfully integrate any acquired businesses into our operations, we may not be able to achieve our targeted growth rates or improve our market share, profitability or competitive position generally or in specific markets or services. Our NextGen program and the associated reductions in headcount and consolidation of office space could disrupt our business, may not result in anticipated savings, and could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected. Guided by our strategic priorities, in the second quarter of 2023 we initiated the NextGen program aimed at simplifying our operating model, optimizing corporate functions and consolidating and realigning office space to reflect the post-pandemic hybrid work environment. Our drive for simplification will include operating with fewer layers in an effort to enhance agility and enable faster decision making. In connection with the NextGen program, in 2023 we incurred $115 million of employee separation costs and $114 million of facility exit and other costs totaling $229 million. See Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements. We Cognizant 14 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 15 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K currently expect to incur total costs of approximately $300 million with approximately $70 million of such costs anticipated in 2024. The NextGen program may result in the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise, as well as the reallocation of certain roles and responsibilities across the Company, all of which could adversely affect our operations. Such effects from our NextGen program could have a material adverse effect on our ability to execute on our business plan. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in implementing our NextGen program, which may be disruptive to our operations, or may cause difficulties in the retention of our remaining employees or reduced productivity among remaining employees. In addition, we may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits, savings and improvements in our cost structure from the NextGen program due to unforeseen difficulties, delays or unexpected costs. If the actual amount and timing of costs differ from our current expectations and estimates or we are unable to realize the expected operational efficiencies and cost savings from the NextGen program, our operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected. Furthermore, we may incur unanticipated charges or be required to make cash payments as a result of our NextGen program that were not previously contemplated, which could result in an adverse effect on our business or results of operations. We may not be able to achieve our profitability goals and maintain our capital return strategy. Our goals for profitability and capital return rely upon a number of assumptions, including our ability to improve the efficiency of our operations and make successful investments to grow and further develop our business. Our profitability is impacted by our ability to accurately estimate, attain, and sustain revenues from client engagements, margins and cash flows over contract periods and general economic and political conditions. Our profitability also depends on the efficiency with which we run our operations (including changes in our internal organizational structure) and the cost of our operations, especially the compensation and benefits costs of our employees. We have incurred, and may continue to incur, substantial costs related to implementing our strategy to optimize such costs, and we may not realize the ultimate cost savings that we expect. We may not be able to efficiently utilize our employees if increased regulation, policy changes or administrative burdens of immigration, work visas or client worksite placement prevents us from deploying our employees on a timely basis, or at all, to fulfill the needs of our clients. Our utilization rates are further affected by a number of factors, including our ability to transition employees from completed projects to new assignments, hire and assimilate new employees, forecast demand for our services and thereby maintain an appropriate headcount in each of our geographies and workforce and manage attrition, and our need to devote time and resources to training, professional development and other typically non-chargeable activities. Increases in wages and other costs, including as a result of attrition, may also put pressure on our profitability. With respect to capital return, our ability and decisions to pay dividends and repurchase shares depend on a variety of factors, including the cash flow generated from operations, our cash and investment balances, our net income, our overall liquidity position, potential alternative uses of cash, such as acquisitions, and anticipated future economic conditions and financial results. Failure to carry out our capital return strategy may adversely impact our reputation with shareholders and shareholders’ perception of our business and the trading price of our common stock. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, or the failure of our hedging strategies to mitigate such fluctuations, can adversely impact our profitability, results of operations and financial condition. profitability. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates can also have adverse effects on our revenues, income from operations and net income when items denominated in other currencies are translated or remeasured into U.S. dollars for presentation of our consolidated financial statements. We have entered into foreign exchange forward contracts intended to partially offset the impact of the movement of the exchange rates on future operating costs and to mitigate foreign currency risk on foreign currency denominated net monetary assets. However, the hedging strategies that we have implemented, or may in the future implement, to mitigate foreign currency exchange rate risks may not reduce or completely offset our exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations and may expose our business to unexpected market, operational and counterparty credit risks. We are particularly susceptible to wage and cost pressures in India and the exchange rate of the Indian rupee relative to the currencies of our client contracts due to the fact that the substantial majority of our employees are in India while our contracts with clients are typically in the local currency of the country where our clients are located. Our failure to meet specified service levels or milestones required by certain of our client contracts may result in our client contracts being less profitable, potential liability for penalties or damages or reputational harm. Many of our client contracts include clauses that tie our compensation to the achievement of agreed-upon performance standards or milestones. Failure to satisfy these requirements could significantly reduce our fees under the contracts, increase the cost to us of meeting performance standards or milestones, delay expected payments, subject us to potential damage claims under the contract terms or harm our reputation. The use of new technologies in our offerings (including GenAI) can expose us to additional risks if those technologies fail to work as predicted, which could lead to cost overruns, project delays, financial penalties, or damage to our reputation. Clients also often have the right to terminate a contract and pursue damages claims for serious or repeated failure to meet these service commitments. Some of our contracts provide that a portion of our compensation depends on performance measures such as cost-savings, revenue enhancement, benefits produced, business goals attained and adherence to schedule. These goals can be complex and may depend on our clients’ actual levels of business activity or may be based on assumptions that are later determined not to be achievable or accurate. As such, these provisions may increase the variability in revenues and margins earned on those contracts and have in the past resulted, and could in the future result, in significant losses on such contracts. Further, if we do not accurately estimate the effort, costs or timing for meeting our contractual commitments or completing engagements to a client's satisfaction, our contracts could have delivery inefficiencies and be less profitable than expected or unprofitable. We face intense and evolving competition and our service offerings must keep pace with significant technological advances in the rapidly changing markets we compete in. The markets we serve and operate in are highly competitive, subject to rapid change and characterized by a large number of participants, as described in “Part I, Item 1. Business-Competition.” We compete on the basis of reputation and experience, strategic advisory capabilities, digital services capabilities, performance and reliability, responsiveness to customer needs, financial stability, corporate governance and competitive pricing of services. The less we are able to differentiate our services and solutions and/or clearly convey the value of our services and solutions, the more difficulty we have in winning new work in sufficient volumes and at our target pricing and overall economics. In addition to large, global competitors, we face competition in many geographic markets from numerous smaller, local competitors that may have more experience with operations in these markets, have well-established relationships with our desired clients, or be able to provide services and solutions at lower costs or on terms more attractive to clients than we can. Consolidation activity may also result in new competitors with greater scale, a broader footprint or vertical integration that makes them more attractive to clients as a single provider of integrated products and services. In addition, concurrent use by many clients of multiple professional service providers means that we are required to be continually competitive on the quality, scope and pricing of our offerings or face a reduction or elimination of our business. Competitors may also be willing, at times, to take on more risk or price contracts lower than us in an effort to enter the market or increase market share. If we are not able to supply clients with services that they deem superior and successfully apply current business models with market level pricing while managing discounts, we may lose business to competitors and face downward pressure on gross margins and profitability. Any inability to compete effectively would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our relationships with our third-party alliance partners, who supply us with necessary components to the services and solutions we offer our clients, are also critical to our ability to provide many of our services and solutions that address client demands. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain such relationships or that such components will be available on the expected timelines or for anticipated prices. Among other things, such alliance partners may in the future decide to compete with us, form exclusive or more favorable arrangements with our competitors or otherwise reduce our access to their products, thereby impairing our ability to provide the services and solutions demanded by clients. Any performance failure on the part of our alliance partners, or the discontinuance by such alliance partners of services that we have relied on them to perform for our clients, could delay our performance or require us to engage alternative third parties to perform the services at our cost or to perform them ourselves, any of which could deprive us of potential revenue or adversely impact our Our competitiveness also depends on our ability to continue to develop and implement services and solutions that anticipate and respond to rapid and continuing changes in technology to serve the evolving needs of our clients. Examples of areas of significant change include digital-, cloud- and security-related offerings, which are continually evolving, as well as developments in areas such as AI, augmented reality, automation, blockchain, IoT, quantum computing and as-a-service solutions, among others. If we do not sufficiently invest in new technologies, successfully adapt to industry developments and changing demand, and evolve and expand our business at sufficient speed and scale to keep pace with the demands of the markets we serve, we may be unable to develop and maintain a competitive advantage and execute on our growth strategy, which would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, our clients may delay spending under existing contracts and engagements or delay entering into new contracts while evaluating new technologies. Such delays can negatively impact our results of operations if we are unable to adapt our pricing or the pace and level of spending on new technologies is not sufficient to make up any shortfall. Further, as we expand into these areas, we may be exposed to operational, legal, regulatory, ethical, technological and other risks specific to such new areas, which may negatively affect our reputation and demand for our services and solutions. Our use of AI technologies may not be successful and may present business, financial, legal, and reputational risks. We increasingly use AI-based technologies, including GenAI, in our client offerings and our own internal operations. As with many innovations, AI presents risks and challenges that could adversely impact our business. The development, adoption, and use of AI technologies are still in their early stages and ineffective or inadequate AI development or deployment practices by us, our clients, or third parties with whom we do business could result in unintended Cognizant 16 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 17 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K currently expect to incur total costs of approximately $300 million with approximately $70 million of such costs anticipated in 2024. The NextGen program may result in the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise, as well as the reallocation of certain roles and responsibilities across the Company, all of which could adversely affect our operations. Such effects from our NextGen program could have a material adverse effect on our ability to execute on our business plan. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in implementing our NextGen program, which may be disruptive to our operations, or may cause difficulties in the retention of our remaining employees or reduced productivity among remaining employees. In addition, we may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits, savings and improvements in our cost structure from the NextGen program due to unforeseen difficulties, delays or unexpected costs. If the actual amount and timing of costs differ from our current expectations and estimates or we are unable to realize the expected operational efficiencies and cost savings from the NextGen program, our operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected. Furthermore, we may incur unanticipated charges or be required to make cash payments as a result of our NextGen program that were not previously contemplated, which could result in an adverse effect on our business or results of operations. We may not be able to achieve our profitability goals and maintain our capital return strategy. Our goals for profitability and capital return rely upon a number of assumptions, including our ability to improve the efficiency of our operations and make successful investments to grow and further develop our business. Our profitability is impacted by our ability to accurately estimate, attain, and sustain revenues from client engagements, margins and cash flows over contract periods and general economic and political conditions. Our profitability also depends on the efficiency with which we run our operations (including changes in our internal organizational structure) and the cost of our operations, especially the compensation and benefits costs of our employees. We have incurred, and may continue to incur, substantial costs related to implementing our strategy to optimize such costs, and we may not realize the ultimate cost savings that we expect. We may not be able to efficiently utilize our employees if increased regulation, policy changes or administrative burdens of immigration, work visas or client worksite placement prevents us from deploying our employees on a timely basis, or at all, to fulfill the needs of our clients. Our utilization rates are further affected by a number of factors, including our ability to transition employees from completed projects to new assignments, hire and assimilate new employees, forecast demand for our services and thereby maintain an appropriate headcount in each of our geographies and workforce and manage attrition, and our need to devote time and resources to training, professional development and other typically non-chargeable activities. Increases in wages and other costs, including as a result of attrition, may also put pressure on our profitability. With respect to capital return, our ability and decisions to pay dividends and repurchase shares depend on a variety of factors, including the cash flow generated from operations, our cash and investment balances, our net income, our overall liquidity position, potential alternative uses of cash, such as acquisitions, and anticipated future economic conditions and financial results. Failure to carry out our capital return strategy may adversely impact our reputation with shareholders and shareholders’ perception of our business and the trading price of our common stock. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, or the failure of our hedging strategies to mitigate such fluctuations, can adversely impact our profitability, results of operations and financial condition. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates can also have adverse effects on our revenues, income from operations and net income when items denominated in other currencies are translated or remeasured into U.S. dollars for presentation of our consolidated financial statements. We have entered into foreign exchange forward contracts intended to partially offset the impact of the movement of the exchange rates on future operating costs and to mitigate foreign currency risk on foreign currency denominated net monetary assets. However, the hedging strategies that we have implemented, or may in the future implement, to mitigate foreign currency exchange rate risks may not reduce or completely offset our exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations and may expose our business to unexpected market, operational and counterparty credit risks. We are particularly susceptible to wage and cost pressures in India and the exchange rate of the Indian rupee relative to the currencies of our client contracts due to the fact that the substantial majority of our employees are in India while our contracts with clients are typically in the local currency of the country where our clients are located. Our failure to meet specified service levels or milestones required by certain of our client contracts may result in our client contracts being less profitable, potential liability for penalties or damages or reputational harm. Many of our client contracts include clauses that tie our compensation to the achievement of agreed-upon performance standards or milestones. Failure to satisfy these requirements could significantly reduce our fees under the contracts, increase the cost to us of meeting performance standards or milestones, delay expected payments, subject us to potential damage claims under the contract terms or harm our reputation. The use of new technologies in our offerings (including GenAI) can expose us to additional risks if those technologies fail to work as predicted, which could lead to cost overruns, project delays, financial penalties, or damage to our reputation. Clients also often have the right to terminate a contract and pursue damages claims for serious or repeated failure to meet these service commitments. Some of our contracts provide that a portion of our compensation depends on performance measures such as cost-savings, revenue enhancement, benefits produced, business goals attained and adherence to schedule. These goals can be complex and may depend on our clients’ actual levels of business activity or may be based on assumptions that are later determined not to be achievable or accurate. As such, these provisions may increase the variability in revenues and margins earned on those contracts and have in the past resulted, and could in the future result, in significant losses on such contracts. Further, if we do not accurately estimate the effort, costs or timing for meeting our contractual commitments or completing engagements to a client's satisfaction, our contracts could have delivery inefficiencies and be less profitable than expected or unprofitable. We face intense and evolving competition and our service offerings must keep pace with significant technological advances in the rapidly changing markets we compete in. The markets we serve and operate in are highly competitive, subject to rapid change and characterized by a large number of participants, as described in “Part I, Item 1. Business-Competition.” We compete on the basis of reputation and experience, strategic advisory capabilities, digital services capabilities, performance and reliability, responsiveness to customer needs, financial stability, corporate governance and competitive pricing of services. The less we are able to differentiate our services and solutions and/or clearly convey the value of our services and solutions, the more difficulty we have in winning new work in sufficient volumes and at our target pricing and overall economics. In addition to large, global competitors, we face competition in many geographic markets from numerous smaller, local competitors that may have more experience with operations in these markets, have well-established relationships with our desired clients, or be able to provide services and solutions at lower costs or on terms more attractive to clients than we can. Consolidation activity may also result in new competitors with greater scale, a broader footprint or vertical integration that makes them more attractive to clients as a single provider of integrated products and services. In addition, concurrent use by many clients of multiple professional service providers means that we are required to be continually competitive on the quality, scope and pricing of our offerings or face a reduction or elimination of our business. Competitors may also be willing, at times, to take on more risk or price contracts lower than us in an effort to enter the market or increase market share. If we are not able to supply clients with services that they deem superior and successfully apply current business models with market level pricing while managing discounts, we may lose business to competitors and face downward pressure on gross margins and profitability. Any inability to compete effectively would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our relationships with our third-party alliance partners, who supply us with necessary components to the services and solutions we offer our clients, are also critical to our ability to provide many of our services and solutions that address client demands. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain such relationships or that such components will be available on the expected timelines or for anticipated prices. Among other things, such alliance partners may in the future decide to compete with us, form exclusive or more favorable arrangements with our competitors or otherwise reduce our access to their products, thereby impairing our ability to provide the services and solutions demanded by clients. Any performance failure on the part of our alliance partners, or the discontinuance by such alliance partners of services that we have relied on them to perform for our clients, could delay our performance or require us to engage alternative third parties to perform the services at our cost or to perform them ourselves, any of which could deprive us of potential revenue or adversely impact our profitability. Our competitiveness also depends on our ability to continue to develop and implement services and solutions that anticipate and respond to rapid and continuing changes in technology to serve the evolving needs of our clients. Examples of areas of significant change include digital-, cloud- and security-related offerings, which are continually evolving, as well as developments in areas such as AI, augmented reality, automation, blockchain, IoT, quantum computing and as-a-service solutions, among others. If we do not sufficiently invest in new technologies, successfully adapt to industry developments and changing demand, and evolve and expand our business at sufficient speed and scale to keep pace with the demands of the markets we serve, we may be unable to develop and maintain a competitive advantage and execute on our growth strategy, which would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, our clients may delay spending under existing contracts and engagements or delay entering into new contracts while evaluating new technologies. Such delays can negatively impact our results of operations if we are unable to adapt our pricing or the pace and level of spending on new technologies is not sufficient to make up any shortfall. Further, as we expand into these areas, we may be exposed to operational, legal, regulatory, ethical, technological and other risks specific to such new areas, which may negatively affect our reputation and demand for our services and solutions. Our use of AI technologies may not be successful and may present business, financial, legal, and reputational risks. We increasingly use AI-based technologies, including GenAI, in our client offerings and our own internal operations. As with many innovations, AI presents risks and challenges that could adversely impact our business. The development, adoption, and use of AI technologies are still in their early stages and ineffective or inadequate AI development or deployment practices by us, our clients, or third parties with whom we do business could result in unintended Cognizant 16 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 17 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K consequences. Such consequences may include, for example, employees making decisions based on biased or inaccurate information; disclosure of sensitive information; deliberate misuse; or infringement of third-party intellectual property rights. In turn, these consequences may cause decreased demand for our services or harm to our business, results of operations, or reputation. AI technology and services are part of a highly competitive and rapidly evolving market. We plan to incur significant development and operational costs to build and support our AI capabilities to meet the needs of our clients. We face significant competition from our traditional competitors as well as other third parties, including those that are new to the market, and our clients may develop their own AI-related capabilities. In addition, as these technologies evolve, we expect that some services that we currently perform for our clients will be replaced by AI or forms of automation. Each of the foregoing may lead to reduced demand for our services or harm our ability to obtain favorable pricing or other terms for our services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, the legal and regulatory landscape surrounding AI technologies is rapidly evolving and uncertain including in the areas of intellectual property, cybersecurity, and privacy and data protection. Compliance with new or changing laws, regulations, industry standards or ethical requirements and expectations relating to AI may impose significant operational costs requiring us to change our service offerings or business practices, or may limit or prevent our ability to develop, deploy, or use AI technologies. Failure to appropriately conform to this evolving landscape may result in legal liability, regulatory action, or brand and reputational harm. We face legal, reputational and financial risks if we fail to protect client and/or Cognizant data from security breaches and/or cyberattacks. In order to provide our services and solutions, we depend on global information technology networks and systems, to process, transmit, host and securely store electronic information (including our confidential information and the confidential information of our clients) and to communicate among our locations around the world and with our clients, suppliers and alliance partners (including numerous cloud service providers). Security breaches, employee malfeasance, or human or technological error create risks of shutdowns or disruptions of our operations and potential unauthorized access and/or disclosure of our or our clients’ sensitive data, which in turn could jeopardize projects that are critical to our operations or the operations of our clients’ businesses and have other adverse impacts on our business or the business of our clients. In addition, the products, services and software that we provide to our clients, or the third-party components we use to provide such products, services and software, may unintentionally contain or introduce cybersecurity threats or vulnerabilities to our clients’ information technology networks. Our clients may maintain their own proprietary, sensitive, or confidential information that could be compromised in a cybersecurity attack, or their systems may be disabled or disrupted as a result of such an attack. Our clients, regulators, or other third parties may attempt to hold us liable for any such losses or damages resulting from such an attack, including through contractual indemnification clauses. Like other global companies, we and our clients, suppliers, alliance partners (including numerous cloud service providers) and other vendors we interact with face threats to data and systems, including by nation state threat actors, insider threats (including inappropriate access), perpetrators of random or targeted malicious cyberattacks, computer viruses, malware, worms, bot attacks or other destructive or disruptive software and attempts to misappropriate client information and cause system failures and disruptions. For example, in April 2020, we announced a security incident involving a Maze ransomware attack. The attack resulted in unauthorized access to certain data and caused significant disruption to our business. In addition, recent international tensions (including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East) have heightened the overall risk of cyber-threats and, while we have taken steps to mitigate such risks, those steps may not be successful. A security compromise of our information systems, or of those of businesses with which we interact, that results in confidential information being accessed by unauthorized or improper persons, could harm our reputation and expose us to regulatory actions, up to and including criminal prosecution, client attrition due to reputational concerns or otherwise, containment and remediation expenses, and claims brought by our clients or others for breaching contractual confidentiality and security provisions or data protection laws. Monetary damages imposed on us could be significant and may impose costs in excess of insurance policy limits or not be covered by our insurance at all, and our insurers may not continue to provide coverage on reasonable terms or may disclaim coverage as to any future claims. Techniques used by bad actors to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems continuously evolve and may not immediately produce signs of intrusion, and we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, a security breach could require that we expend substantial additional resources related to the security of our information systems, diverting resources from other projects and disrupting our businesses. Our clients, suppliers, subcontractors, and other third parties with whom we do business, including in particular cloud service providers and software vendors, generally face similar cybersecurity threats, and we must rely on the safeguards adopted by these parties. If these third parties do not have adequate safeguards or their safeguards fail, it might result in breaches of our systems or applications and unauthorized access to or disclosure of our and our clients’ confidential data. In addition, we are subject to vulnerabilities in third-party technology components we use in our business and are typically not aware of such vulnerabilities until we receive notice from the third parties who have created the exposure. Due to this delay, our responses to such vulnerabilities may not be adequate or prompt enough to prevent their exploitation. Any remediation measures that we have taken or that we may undertake in the future in response to the security incident announced in April 2020 or other security threats may be insufficient to prevent future attacks or insufficient for us to quickly recover from any future attack to efficiently continue our business operations. Failure to comply with data security and privacy regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business operations and operating results. We are required to comply with increasingly complex and changing data security and privacy regulations in the United States, the EU, India and in other jurisdictions in which we operate. These laws regulate the collection, use and transfer of personal data and can include significant financial penalties for noncompliance. We may also face audits or investigations by one or more domestic or foreign government agencies or our customers pursuant to our contractual obligations relating to our compliance with these regulations. Despite positive developments, such as the new EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, which provides a mechanism for the transfer of personal data from the EU to the United States, there remains regulatory uncertainty for businesses transferring data globally. New rules and restrictions on the movement of data across national borders could increase compliance costs, as well as the risk of regulatory enforcement action (including potential financial penalties), private lawsuits, reputational damage, blockage of international data transfers, disruption to business and loss of customers. In the United States, federal sectoral laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, alongside growing state level legislation impose or will impose extensive privacy requirements on organizations that handle personal data. Proposals for federal comprehensive privacy legislation continue and other new state laws are under consideration. In India, the DPDP was approved on August 11, 2023 and is expected to come into effect in phases over the next 6-12 months. The DPDP is designed to encourage growth in the technology sector; however, much detail (including on requirements for cross border transfers) has been left to subordinate legislation which will be prescribed by the executive arm of the government. The DPDP limits penalties that can be imposed to 2.5 billion Indian rupees or approximately $30 million. Other countries have enacted or are considering enacting privacy or data localization laws that require certain data to stay within their borders. Developing new regulations in AI and data use more broadly continue to add to the complexity of the legal environment and managing the privacy elements of these new rules will be critical to our ability to serve our customers as well as to achieve operational efficiencies. Complying with these changing regulatory requirements that apply to us directly or indirectly from our impacted customers requires us to incur substantial costs, exposes us to potential regulatory action or litigation, and may require changes to our business practices in certain jurisdictions, any of which could materially adversely affect our business operations and operating results. Pandemics, epidemics or other outbreaks of disease have had and may in the future have a material adverse impact upon our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition. Any pandemic, epidemic or other outbreak of disease may have, widespread, rapidly evolving, and unpredictable impacts on global society, economies, financial markets and business practices by, among other things, causing significant loss of life, curtailing congregation of people and disrupting communications and travel. Such events may have a material adverse impact upon, our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition, including as a result of the following: • Reduced client demand for services – Pandemics, epidemics, or other outbreaks of disease could reduce demand for our services, particularly in regions or industries that are significantly impacted by such events. The vast majority of our business is with clients in the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries in Europe, all regions that were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and could be impacted by other future outbreaks of disease. • Delivery challenges – We could face closures of our clients' facilities that materially impair our ability to deliver services to our clients and satisfy contractually agreed upon service levels during pandemics, epidemics, or other outbreaks of disease. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in India, but also in the Philippines and other countries where we have near-shore or offshore delivery operations for clients, as well as our in-country offices and offices of clients where our employees may normally work, impacted our ability to deliver services to clients. • Increased strain on employees and management – The significant challenges presented by a pandemic or other outbreak of disease, such as the potentially life-threatening health risks to employees and their loved ones and the unavailability of various services our employees may rely upon, such as childcare, may be a cause of employee morale concerns and may adversely impact employee productivity, as they did during the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing Cognizant 18 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 19 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K consequences. Such consequences may include, for example, employees making decisions based on biased or inaccurate information; disclosure of sensitive information; deliberate misuse; or infringement of third-party intellectual property rights. In turn, these consequences may cause decreased demand for our services or harm to our business, results of operations, or reputation. AI technology and services are part of a highly competitive and rapidly evolving market. We plan to incur significant development and operational costs to build and support our AI capabilities to meet the needs of our clients. We face significant competition from our traditional competitors as well as other third parties, including those that are new to the market, and our clients may develop their own AI-related capabilities. In addition, as these technologies evolve, we expect that some services that we currently perform for our clients will be replaced by AI or forms of automation. Each of the foregoing may lead to reduced demand for our services or harm our ability to obtain favorable pricing or other terms for our services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, the legal and regulatory landscape surrounding AI technologies is rapidly evolving and uncertain including in the areas of intellectual property, cybersecurity, and privacy and data protection. Compliance with new or changing laws, regulations, industry standards or ethical requirements and expectations relating to AI may impose significant operational costs requiring us to change our service offerings or business practices, or may limit or prevent our ability to develop, deploy, or use AI technologies. Failure to appropriately conform to this evolving landscape may result in legal liability, regulatory action, or brand and reputational harm. breaches and/or cyberattacks. We face legal, reputational and financial risks if we fail to protect client and/or Cognizant data from security In order to provide our services and solutions, we depend on global information technology networks and systems, to process, transmit, host and securely store electronic information (including our confidential information and the confidential information of our clients) and to communicate among our locations around the world and with our clients, suppliers and alliance partners (including numerous cloud service providers). Security breaches, employee malfeasance, or human or technological error create risks of shutdowns or disruptions of our operations and potential unauthorized access and/or disclosure of our or our clients’ sensitive data, which in turn could jeopardize projects that are critical to our operations or the operations of our clients’ businesses and have other adverse impacts on our business or the business of our clients. In addition, the products, services and software that we provide to our clients, or the third-party components we use to provide such products, services and software, may unintentionally contain or introduce cybersecurity threats or vulnerabilities to our clients’ information technology networks. Our clients may maintain their own proprietary, sensitive, or confidential information that could be compromised in a cybersecurity attack, or their systems may be disabled or disrupted as a result of such an attack. Our clients, regulators, or other third parties may attempt to hold us liable for any such losses or damages resulting from such an attack, including through contractual indemnification clauses. Like other global companies, we and our clients, suppliers, alliance partners (including numerous cloud service providers) and other vendors we interact with face threats to data and systems, including by nation state threat actors, insider threats (including inappropriate access), perpetrators of random or targeted malicious cyberattacks, computer viruses, malware, worms, bot attacks or other destructive or disruptive software and attempts to misappropriate client information and cause system failures and disruptions. For example, in April 2020, we announced a security incident involving a Maze ransomware attack. The attack resulted in unauthorized access to certain data and caused significant disruption to our business. In addition, recent international tensions (including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East) have heightened the overall risk of cyber-threats and, while we have taken steps to mitigate such risks, those steps may not be successful. A security compromise of our information systems, or of those of businesses with which we interact, that results in confidential information being accessed by unauthorized or improper persons, could harm our reputation and expose us to regulatory actions, up to and including criminal prosecution, client attrition due to reputational concerns or otherwise, containment and remediation expenses, and claims brought by our clients or others for breaching contractual confidentiality and security provisions or data protection laws. Monetary damages imposed on us could be significant and may impose costs in excess of insurance policy limits or not be covered by our insurance at all, and our insurers may not continue to provide coverage on reasonable terms or may disclaim coverage as to any future claims. Techniques used by bad actors to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems continuously evolve and may not immediately produce signs of intrusion, and we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, a security breach could require that we expend substantial additional resources related to the security of our information systems, diverting resources from other projects and disrupting our businesses. Our clients, suppliers, subcontractors, and other third parties with whom we do business, including in particular cloud service providers and software vendors, generally face similar cybersecurity threats, and we must rely on the safeguards adopted by these parties. If these third parties do not have adequate safeguards or their safeguards fail, it might result in breaches of our systems or applications and unauthorized access to or disclosure of our and our clients’ confidential data. In addition, we are subject to vulnerabilities in third-party technology components we use in our business and are typically not aware of such vulnerabilities until we receive notice from the third parties who have created the exposure. Due to this delay, our responses to such vulnerabilities may not be adequate or prompt enough to prevent their exploitation. Any remediation measures that we have taken or that we may undertake in the future in response to the security incident announced in April 2020 or other security threats may be insufficient to prevent future attacks or insufficient for us to quickly recover from any future attack to efficiently continue our business operations. Failure to comply with data security and privacy regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business operations and operating results. We are required to comply with increasingly complex and changing data security and privacy regulations in the United States, the EU, India and in other jurisdictions in which we operate. These laws regulate the collection, use and transfer of personal data and can include significant financial penalties for noncompliance. We may also face audits or investigations by one or more domestic or foreign government agencies or our customers pursuant to our contractual obligations relating to our compliance with these regulations. Despite positive developments, such as the new EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, which provides a mechanism for the transfer of personal data from the EU to the United States, there remains regulatory uncertainty for businesses transferring data globally. New rules and restrictions on the movement of data across national borders could increase compliance costs, as well as the risk of regulatory enforcement action (including potential financial penalties), private lawsuits, reputational damage, blockage of international data transfers, disruption to business and loss of customers. In the United States, federal sectoral laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, alongside growing state level legislation impose or will impose extensive privacy requirements on organizations that handle personal data. Proposals for federal comprehensive privacy legislation continue and other new state laws are under consideration. In India, the DPDP was approved on August 11, 2023 and is expected to come into effect in phases over the next 6-12 months. The DPDP is designed to encourage growth in the technology sector; however, much detail (including on requirements for cross border transfers) has been left to subordinate legislation which will be prescribed by the executive arm of the government. The DPDP limits penalties that can be imposed to 2.5 billion Indian rupees or approximately $30 million. Other countries have enacted or are considering enacting privacy or data localization laws that require certain data to stay within their borders. Developing new regulations in AI and data use more broadly continue to add to the complexity of the legal environment and managing the privacy elements of these new rules will be critical to our ability to serve our customers as well as to achieve operational efficiencies. Complying with these changing regulatory requirements that apply to us directly or indirectly from our impacted customers requires us to incur substantial costs, exposes us to potential regulatory action or litigation, and may require changes to our business practices in certain jurisdictions, any of which could materially adversely affect our business operations and operating results. Pandemics, epidemics or other outbreaks of disease have had and may in the future have a material adverse impact upon our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition. Any pandemic, epidemic or other outbreak of disease may have, widespread, rapidly evolving, and unpredictable impacts on global society, economies, financial markets and business practices by, among other things, causing significant loss of life, curtailing congregation of people and disrupting communications and travel. Such events may have a material adverse impact upon, our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition, including as a result of the following: • • • Reduced client demand for services – Pandemics, epidemics, or other outbreaks of disease could reduce demand for our services, particularly in regions or industries that are significantly impacted by such events. The vast majority of our business is with clients in the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries in Europe, all regions that were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and could be impacted by other future outbreaks of disease. Delivery challenges – We could face closures of our clients' facilities that materially impair our ability to deliver services to our clients and satisfy contractually agreed upon service levels during pandemics, epidemics, or other outbreaks of disease. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in India, but also in the Philippines and other countries where we have near-shore or offshore delivery operations for clients, as well as our in-country offices and offices of clients where our employees may normally work, impacted our ability to deliver services to clients. Increased strain on employees and management – The significant challenges presented by a pandemic or other outbreak of disease, such as the potentially life-threatening health risks to employees and their loved ones and the unavailability of various services our employees may rely upon, such as childcare, may be a cause of employee morale concerns and may adversely impact employee productivity, as they did during the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing Cognizant 18 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 19 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K these employee morale and productivity concerns as well as other significant challenges presented by such events, including various business continuity measures demands significant management time and attention. If our risk management, business continuity and disaster recovery plans are not effective and our global delivery capabilities are impacted, our business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected and we may suffer The ultimate extent to which any future pandemics, epidemics or other outbreaks of disease impact our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the severity of the disease to which the pandemic, epidemic or other outbreak relates; delivery, adoption and effectiveness of vaccines or other treatments for the disease, including any variants; the duration and extent of the event and waves of infection; travel restrictions and social distancing; the duration and extent of business closures and business disruptions; and the effectiveness of actions taken to contain, treat and prevent the disease. If we or our clients experience prolonged shutdowns or other business disruptions, our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and the trading price of our common stock may be materially adversely affected, and our ability to access the capital markets may be limited. Further, any future pandemic, epidemic or other outbreak of disease, and the volatile regional and global economic conditions stemming from such an event, could precipitate or amplify the other risk factors that we identify in this report, any of which could have a material adverse impact to our business. Climate change and risks arising from the transition to a lower-carbon economy may impact our business. There are inherent climate-related risks everywhere that we conduct our business. Developments related to regulatory, social or market dynamics, stakeholder expectations, national and international climate change policies, the actual or perceived frequency or intensity of extreme weather events or the availability and functionality of critical infrastructure and resources, in addition to other factors resulting from such developments or that may not otherwise be known to or anticipated by us, could significantly disrupt our supply chain, our clients' operations and our ability to deliver services. Such events could significantly increase our costs and expenses and harm our revenues, cash flows and financial performance. Further, natural disasters and adverse weather events, such as droughts, wildfires, storms, sea-level rise and flooding, occurring more frequently, with less predictability or with greater intensity, could cause community disruptions and impact our employees’ abilities to commute or to work from home safely and effectively. For example, we have substantial global delivery operations in Chennai, India, a city that has experienced severe rains and related flooding. Our exposure to these economic and other risks from climate change could be exacerbated if government or market action to address climate change and its effects is insufficient or unsuccessful. Failure to meet ESG expectations or standards or achieve our ESG commitments could adversely affect our business or damage our reputation. Our failure or perceived failure to achieve our ESG commitments, maintain ESG practices, or meet evolving stakeholder expectations could harm our reputation, adversely impact our ability to attract and retain clients and employees, and expose us to increased scrutiny from the investment community and enforcement authorities. Our ability to achieve our ESG commitments is subject to numerous risks, many of which are outside of our control. Examples of such risks include the availability and cost of low- or non-carbon based energy sources and technologies and the availability of suppliers that can meet our ESG and other standards. Our reputation also may be harmed by the perceptions that our stakeholders have about our action or inaction on certain ESG-related issues, or because they may disagree with our goals and initiatives. Damage to our reputation may reduce demand for our services and thus have an adverse effect on our future financial performance, as well as require additional resources to rebuild our reputation. In addition, governmental bodies, investors, clients, businesses, employees and potential employees are increasingly focused on ESG issues, including climate change, diversity and inclusion, human rights and supply-chain issues, which has resulted and may in the future continue to result in the adoption of new laws and regulations, reporting requirements and changing bid and buying practices. Further, we are subject to, and expect to become increasingly subject to, laws, regulations and international treaties relating to climate change, such as carbon pricing or product energy efficiency requirements. As these new laws, regulations, treaties and similar initiatives and programs continue to be adopted and implemented, we will be required to comply or potentially face market access limitations, enforcement actions, civil suits or sanctions, including fines. If new laws or regulations are more stringent than current legal or regulatory requirements, we may experience increased compliance burdens and costs to meet such obligations. If we fail to comply with new laws, regulations, treaties, or reporting requirements, our reputation and business could be adversely impacted. Cognizant 20 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K 21 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K harm to our reputation. Our business model is dependent on our global delivery capabilities, which include coordination between our delivery centers in India, our other global and regional delivery centers, the offices of our clients and our associates worldwide. System failures, outages and operational disruptions may be caused by factors outside of our control, such as hostilities (including the ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East), political unrest, terrorist attacks, cybersecurity incidents, power or water shortages or telecommunications failures, natural or man-made disasters or other catastrophic events (including extreme weather conditions and other events that may be caused or exacerbated by climate change), and public health emergencies, epidemics and pandemics, affecting the geographies where our people, equipment and clients are located. Our risk management, business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not be effective at predicting or mitigating the effects of such disruptions, particularly in the case of catastrophic events or longer term, increasingly severe developments that may occur as a result of climate change. Even if our operations are unaffected or recover quickly from any such events, if our clients cannot timely resume their own operations due to a catastrophic event, they may reduce or terminate our services, which may adversely affect our results of operations. Any such disruption may result in lost revenues, a loss of clients, liabilities relating to disruptions in service, expenditures to repair or replace damaged property and reputational damage, and could demand significant management time and attention, any of which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Legal, Regulatory and Legislative Risks A substantial portion of our employees in the United States, United Kingdom, EU and other jurisdictions rely on visas to work in those areas such that any restrictions on such visas or immigration more generally or increased costs of obtaining such visas or increases in the wages we are required to pay employees on visas may affect our ability to compete for and provide services to clients in these jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. A substantial portion of our employees in the United States and in many other jurisdictions, including countries in Europe, rely upon temporary work authorization or work permits, which makes our business particularly vulnerable to changes and variations in immigration laws and regulations, including written changes and policy changes to the manner in which the laws and regulations are interpreted or enforced, and potential enforcement actions and penalties that might cause us to lose access to such visas. The political environment in the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries in recent years has included significant support for anti-immigrant legislation and administrative changes. Many of these recent changes have resulted in, and various proposed changes may result in, increased difficulty in obtaining timely visas that could impact our ability to staff projects, including as a result of visa application rejections and delays in processing applications, and significantly increased costs for us in obtaining visas or as a result of prevailing wage requirements for our employees on visas. The current U.S. administration has continued to explore visa and immigration reform and there continues to be political support for potential new laws and regulations relating to visas or immigration and the implementation of these or similar measures in the future may have a material adverse impact on companies like ours that have a substantial percentage of our employees on visas. Our principal operating subsidiary in the United States utilizes a high number of skilled workers holding H-1B and L-1 visas and, as a result, may be subject to increased costs if any such laws, regulations, policy changes or executive orders go into effect. In the EU, many countries continue to implement new regulations to move into compliance with the EU Directive of 2014 to harmonize immigration rules for intracompany transferees in most EU member states and to facilitate the transfer of managers, specialists and graduate trainees both into and within the region. The changes have had significant impact on mobility programs and have led to new notification and documentation requirements for companies sending employees to EU countries. Recent changes or any additional adverse revisions to immigration laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate may cause us delays, staffing shortages, additional costs or an inability to bid for or fulfill projects for clients, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Anti-outsourcing legislation, if adopted, and negative perceptions associated with offshore outsourcing could impair our ability to serve our clients and materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial The practice of outsourcing services to organizations operating in other countries is a topic of political discussion in the United States, which is our largest market, as well as other regions in which we have clients. For example, in the United States, measures aimed at limiting or restricting the performance of services from an offshore location or imposing burdens on U.S. companies that utilize such services have been put forward for consideration at both the federal and state levels to address concerns over the perceived association between offshore outsourcing and the loss of jobs domestically. If any such measure is enacted in the United States or another region in which we have clients, our ability to provide services to our clients could be condition. impaired. Cognizant these employee morale and productivity concerns as well as other significant challenges presented by such events, including various business continuity measures demands significant management time and attention. The ultimate extent to which any future pandemics, epidemics or other outbreaks of disease impact our business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the severity of the disease to which the pandemic, epidemic or other outbreak relates; delivery, adoption and effectiveness of vaccines or other treatments for the disease, including any variants; the duration and extent of the event and waves of infection; travel restrictions and social distancing; the duration and extent of business closures and business disruptions; and the effectiveness of actions taken to contain, treat and prevent the disease. If we or our clients experience prolonged shutdowns or other business disruptions, our business, liquidity, results of operations, financial condition and the trading price of our common stock may be materially adversely affected, and our ability to access the capital markets may be limited. Further, any future pandemic, epidemic or other outbreak of disease, and the volatile regional and global economic conditions stemming from such an event, could precipitate or amplify the other risk factors that we identify in this report, any of which could have a material adverse impact to our business. Climate change and risks arising from the transition to a lower-carbon economy may impact our business. There are inherent climate-related risks everywhere that we conduct our business. Developments related to regulatory, social or market dynamics, stakeholder expectations, national and international climate change policies, the actual or perceived frequency or intensity of extreme weather events or the availability and functionality of critical infrastructure and resources, in addition to other factors resulting from such developments or that may not otherwise be known to or anticipated by us, could significantly disrupt our supply chain, our clients' operations and our ability to deliver services. Such events could significantly increase our costs and expenses and harm our revenues, cash flows and financial performance. Further, natural disasters and adverse weather events, such as droughts, wildfires, storms, sea-level rise and flooding, occurring more frequently, with less predictability or with greater intensity, could cause community disruptions and impact our employees’ abilities to commute or to work from home safely and effectively. For example, we have substantial global delivery operations in Chennai, India, a city that has experienced severe rains and related flooding. Our exposure to these economic and other risks from climate change could be exacerbated if government or market action to address climate change and its effects is insufficient or unsuccessful. Failure to meet ESG expectations or standards or achieve our ESG commitments could adversely affect our business or damage our reputation. Our failure or perceived failure to achieve our ESG commitments, maintain ESG practices, or meet evolving stakeholder expectations could harm our reputation, adversely impact our ability to attract and retain clients and employees, and expose us to increased scrutiny from the investment community and enforcement authorities. Our ability to achieve our ESG commitments is subject to numerous risks, many of which are outside of our control. Examples of such risks include the availability and cost of low- or non-carbon based energy sources and technologies and the availability of suppliers that can meet our ESG and other standards. Our reputation also may be harmed by the perceptions that our stakeholders have about our action or inaction on certain ESG-related issues, or because they may disagree with our goals and initiatives. Damage to our reputation may reduce demand for our services and thus have an adverse effect on our future financial performance, as well as require additional resources to rebuild our reputation. In addition, governmental bodies, investors, clients, businesses, employees and potential employees are increasingly focused on ESG issues, including climate change, diversity and inclusion, human rights and supply-chain issues, which has resulted and may in the future continue to result in the adoption of new laws and regulations, reporting requirements and changing bid and buying practices. Further, we are subject to, and expect to become increasingly subject to, laws, regulations and international treaties relating to climate change, such as carbon pricing or product energy efficiency requirements. As these new laws, regulations, treaties and similar initiatives and programs continue to be adopted and implemented, we will be required to comply or potentially face market access limitations, enforcement actions, civil suits or sanctions, including fines. If new laws or regulations are more stringent than current legal or regulatory requirements, we may experience increased compliance burdens and costs to meet such obligations. If we fail to comply with new laws, regulations, treaties, or reporting requirements, our reputation and business could be adversely impacted. If our risk management, business continuity and disaster recovery plans are not effective and our global delivery capabilities are impacted, our business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected and we may suffer harm to our reputation. Our business model is dependent on our global delivery capabilities, which include coordination between our delivery centers in India, our other global and regional delivery centers, the offices of our clients and our associates worldwide. System failures, outages and operational disruptions may be caused by factors outside of our control, such as hostilities (including the ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East), political unrest, terrorist attacks, cybersecurity incidents, power or water shortages or telecommunications failures, natural or man-made disasters or other catastrophic events (including extreme weather conditions and other events that may be caused or exacerbated by climate change), and public health emergencies, epidemics and pandemics, affecting the geographies where our people, equipment and clients are located. Our risk management, business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not be effective at predicting or mitigating the effects of such disruptions, particularly in the case of catastrophic events or longer term, increasingly severe developments that may occur as a result of climate change. Even if our operations are unaffected or recover quickly from any such events, if our clients cannot timely resume their own operations due to a catastrophic event, they may reduce or terminate our services, which may adversely affect our results of operations. Any such disruption may result in lost revenues, a loss of clients, liabilities relating to disruptions in service, expenditures to repair or replace damaged property and reputational damage, and could demand significant management time and attention, any of which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Legal, Regulatory and Legislative Risks A substantial portion of our employees in the United States, United Kingdom, EU and other jurisdictions rely on visas to work in those areas such that any restrictions on such visas or immigration more generally or increased costs of obtaining such visas or increases in the wages we are required to pay employees on visas may affect our ability to compete for and provide services to clients in these jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. A substantial portion of our employees in the United States and in many other jurisdictions, including countries in Europe, rely upon temporary work authorization or work permits, which makes our business particularly vulnerable to changes and variations in immigration laws and regulations, including written changes and policy changes to the manner in which the laws and regulations are interpreted or enforced, and potential enforcement actions and penalties that might cause us to lose access to such visas. The political environment in the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries in recent years has included significant support for anti-immigrant legislation and administrative changes. Many of these recent changes have resulted in, and various proposed changes may result in, increased difficulty in obtaining timely visas that could impact our ability to staff projects, including as a result of visa application rejections and delays in processing applications, and significantly increased costs for us in obtaining visas or as a result of prevailing wage requirements for our employees on visas. The current U.S. administration has continued to explore visa and immigration reform and there continues to be political support for potential new laws and regulations relating to visas or immigration and the implementation of these or similar measures in the future may have a material adverse impact on companies like ours that have a substantial percentage of our employees on visas. Our principal operating subsidiary in the United States utilizes a high number of skilled workers holding H-1B and L-1 visas and, as a result, may be subject to increased costs if any such laws, regulations, policy changes or executive orders go into effect. In the EU, many countries continue to implement new regulations to move into compliance with the EU Directive of 2014 to harmonize immigration rules for intracompany transferees in most EU member states and to facilitate the transfer of managers, specialists and graduate trainees both into and within the region. The changes have had significant impact on mobility programs and have led to new notification and documentation requirements for companies sending employees to EU countries. Recent changes or any additional adverse revisions to immigration laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate may cause us delays, staffing shortages, additional costs or an inability to bid for or fulfill projects for clients, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Anti-outsourcing legislation, if adopted, and negative perceptions associated with offshore outsourcing could impair our ability to serve our clients and materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. The practice of outsourcing services to organizations operating in other countries is a topic of political discussion in the United States, which is our largest market, as well as other regions in which we have clients. For example, in the United States, measures aimed at limiting or restricting the performance of services from an offshore location or imposing burdens on U.S. companies that utilize such services have been put forward for consideration at both the federal and state levels to address concerns over the perceived association between offshore outsourcing and the loss of jobs domestically. If any such measure is enacted in the United States or another region in which we have clients, our ability to provide services to our clients could be impaired. Cognizant 20 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 21 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K In addition, from time to time there has been publicity about purported negative experiences associated with offshore outsourcing, such as alleged domestic job loss and theft and misappropriation of sensitive client data, particularly involving service providers in India. Current or prospective clients may elect to perform certain services themselves or may be discouraged from utilizing global service delivery providers like us due to negative perceptions that may be associated with using global service delivery models or firms. Any slowdown or reversal of existing industry trends toward global service delivery would seriously harm our ability to compete effectively with competitors that provide the majority of their services from within the country in which our clients operate. We are subject to numerous and evolving legal and regulatory requirements and client expectations in the many jurisdictions in which we operate, and violations of, unfavorable changes in or an inability to meet such requirements or expectations could harm our business. We provide services to clients and have operations in many parts of the world and in a wide variety of different industries, subjecting us to numerous, evolving, and sometimes conflicting, laws and regulations on matters as diverse as trade controls and sanctions, immigration (including temporary work authorizations or work permits), content requirements, trade restrictions, tariffs, taxation, antitrust laws, anti-money laundering and anti-corruption laws (including the FCPA and the U.K. Bribery Act), the environment, including climate change regulation and reporting requirements, government affairs, internal and disclosure control obligations, data privacy, intellectual property, employment and labor relations, human rights and AI. We face significant regulatory compliance costs and risks as a result of the size and breadth of our business. For example, we may experience increased costs in 2024 and future years for employment and post-employment benefits in India as a result of the issuance of the Code on Social Security, 2020, which enhanced social security coverage (a portion of which is paid by the employer) and extended such benefits to all workers. We are also subject to a wide range of potential enforcement actions, audits or investigations regarding our compliance with these laws or regulations in the conduct of our business, and any finding of a violation could subject us to a wide range of civil or criminal penalties, including fines, debarment, or suspension or disqualification from government contracting, prohibitions or restrictions on doing business in one or more jurisdictions, loss of clients and business, legal claims by clients and unfavorable publicity or damage to our reputation. We could also face significant compliance and operational burdens and incur significant costs in our efforts to comply with or rectify non-compliance with these laws or regulations. Such burdens or costs may result in an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We commit significant financial and managerial resources to comply with our internal control over financial reporting requirements, but we have in the past identified and may in the future identify material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that cause us to incur incremental remediation costs in order to maintain adequate controls. Our employees, subcontractors, vendors, agents, alliance partners, the companies we acquire and their employees, vendors and agents, and other third parties with which we associate, could take actions that violate policies or procedures designed to promote legal and regulatory compliance or applicable anticorruption laws or regulations. Violations of these laws or regulations by us, our employees or any of these third parties could subject us to criminal or civil enforcement actions (whether or not we participated or knew about the actions leading to the violations), including fines or penalties, disgorgement of profits and suspension or disqualification from work, including U.S. federal contracting, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, including our results of operations and our reputation. Changes in tax laws or in their interpretation or enforcement, failure by us to adapt our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements or adverse outcomes of tax audits, investigations or proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our effective tax rate, results of operations and financial condition. The interpretation of tax laws and regulations in the many jurisdictions in which we operate and the related tax accounting principles are complex and require considerable judgment to determine our income taxes and other tax liabilities worldwide. Tax laws and regulations affecting us and our clients, including applicable tax rates, and the interpretation and enforcement of such laws and regulations are subject to change as a result of economic, political and other factors, and any such changes or changes in tax accounting principles could increase our effective worldwide income tax rate and have a material adverse effect on our net income, cash flows and financial condition. We routinely review and update our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements, including transfer pricing policies, consistent with applicable laws and regulations, to align with our evolving business operations across the numerous jurisdictions, such as the United States, India and the United Kingdom, in which we operate. Failure to successfully adapt our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements to align with our evolving business operations may increase our worldwide effective tax rate and have a material adverse effect on our earnings, cash flows and financial condition. Our worldwide effective income tax rate may increase or our financial condition may be materially impacted as a result of developments, changes in interpretations and assumptions made, additional guidance that may be issued and ongoing and future actions the Company has or may take with respect to our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements. For example, our cash flows could be materially affected by the issuance of additional interpretive guidance by the U.S. Treasury regarding the capitalization and amortization of research and experimental expenses for tax purposes, as more fully described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements. Additionally, we are subject to routine tax audits, investigations and proceedings in various jurisdictions. Tax authorities have disagreed, and may in the future disagree, with our judgments, and are taking increasingly aggressive positions, including with respect to our intercompany transactions. For example, we are currently involved in an ongoing dispute with the ITD in which the ITD asserts that we owe additional taxes for two transactions by which CTS India repurchased shares from its shareholders, as more fully described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements. We may not accurately predict the outcomes of these audits, investigations and proceedings and the amounts ultimately paid upon their resolution could be materially different from the amounts previously included in our income tax provision. Adverse outcomes in any such audits, investigations or proceedings could increase our tax exposure and cause us to incur increased expense, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our business subjects us to considerable potential exposure to litigation and legal claims and could be materially adversely affected if we incur legal liability. We are subject to, and may become a party to, a variety of litigation or other claims and suits that arise from time to time in the conduct of our business. Our business is subject to the risk of litigation involving current and former employees, clients, alliance partners, subcontractors, suppliers, competitors, shareholders, government agencies or others through private actions, class actions, whistleblower claims, administrative proceedings, regulatory actions or other litigation. While we maintain insurance for certain potential liabilities, such insurance does not cover all types and amounts of potential liabilities and is subject to various exclusions as well as deductibles and caps on amounts recoverable. Our client engagements expose us to significant potential legal liability and litigation expense if we fail to meet our contractual obligations or otherwise breach obligations to third parties or if our subcontractors breach or dispute the terms of our agreements with them and impede our ability to meet our obligations to our clients. For example, third parties could claim that we or our clients, whom we typically contractually agree to indemnify with respect to the services and solutions we provide, infringe upon their IP rights. Any such claims of IP infringement could harm our reputation, cause us to incur substantial costs in defending ourselves, expose us to considerable legal liability or prevent us from offering some services or solutions in the future. We may have to engage in legal action to protect our own IP rights, and enforcing our rights may require considerable time, money and oversight, and existing laws in the various countries in which we provide services or solutions may offer only limited protection. We also face considerable potential legal liability from a variety of other sources. Our acquisition activities have in the past and may in the future be subject to litigation or other claims, including claims from employees, clients, stockholders, or other third parties. We have also been the subject of a number of putative securities class action complaints and putative shareholder derivative complaints relating to the matters that were the subject of our now concluded internal investigation into potential violations of the FCPA and other applicable laws, and may be subject to such legal actions for these or other matters in the future. See "Part I, Item 3. Legal Proceedings" for more information. We establish reserves for these and other matters when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated; however, the estimation of legal reserves and possible losses involves significant judgment and may not reflect the full range of uncertainties and unpredictable outcomes inherent in litigation, and the actual losses arising from particular matters may exceed our estimates and materially adversely affect our results of operations. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Cognizant 22 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 23 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K In addition, from time to time there has been publicity about purported negative experiences associated with offshore outsourcing, such as alleged domestic job loss and theft and misappropriation of sensitive client data, particularly involving service providers in India. Current or prospective clients may elect to perform certain services themselves or may be discouraged from utilizing global service delivery providers like us due to negative perceptions that may be associated with using global service delivery models or firms. Any slowdown or reversal of existing industry trends toward global service delivery would seriously harm our ability to compete effectively with competitors that provide the majority of their services from within the country in which our clients operate. We are subject to numerous and evolving legal and regulatory requirements and client expectations in the many jurisdictions in which we operate, and violations of, unfavorable changes in or an inability to meet such requirements or expectations could harm our business. We provide services to clients and have operations in many parts of the world and in a wide variety of different industries, subjecting us to numerous, evolving, and sometimes conflicting, laws and regulations on matters as diverse as trade controls and sanctions, immigration (including temporary work authorizations or work permits), content requirements, trade restrictions, tariffs, taxation, antitrust laws, anti-money laundering and anti-corruption laws (including the FCPA and the U.K. Bribery Act), the environment, including climate change regulation and reporting requirements, government affairs, internal and disclosure control obligations, data privacy, intellectual property, employment and labor relations, human rights and AI. We face significant regulatory compliance costs and risks as a result of the size and breadth of our business. For example, we may experience increased costs in 2024 and future years for employment and post-employment benefits in India as a result of the issuance of the Code on Social Security, 2020, which enhanced social security coverage (a portion of which is paid by the employer) and extended such benefits to all workers. We are also subject to a wide range of potential enforcement actions, audits or investigations regarding our compliance with these laws or regulations in the conduct of our business, and any finding of a violation could subject us to a wide range of civil or criminal penalties, including fines, debarment, or suspension or disqualification from government contracting, prohibitions or restrictions on doing business in one or more jurisdictions, loss of clients and business, legal claims by clients and unfavorable publicity or damage to our reputation. We could also face significant compliance and operational burdens and incur significant costs in our efforts to comply with or rectify non-compliance with these laws or regulations. Such burdens or costs may result in an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We commit significant financial and managerial resources to comply with our internal control over financial reporting requirements, but we have in the past identified and may in the future identify material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that cause us to incur incremental remediation costs in order to maintain adequate controls. Our employees, subcontractors, vendors, agents, alliance partners, the companies we acquire and their employees, vendors and agents, and other third parties with which we associate, could take actions that violate policies or procedures designed to promote legal and regulatory compliance or applicable anticorruption laws or regulations. Violations of these laws or regulations by us, our employees or any of these third parties could subject us to criminal or civil enforcement actions (whether or not we participated or knew about the actions leading to the violations), including fines or penalties, disgorgement of profits and suspension or disqualification from work, including U.S. federal contracting, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, including our results of operations and our reputation. Changes in tax laws or in their interpretation or enforcement, failure by us to adapt our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements or adverse outcomes of tax audits, investigations or proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our effective tax rate, results of operations and financial condition. The interpretation of tax laws and regulations in the many jurisdictions in which we operate and the related tax accounting principles are complex and require considerable judgment to determine our income taxes and other tax liabilities worldwide. Tax laws and regulations affecting us and our clients, including applicable tax rates, and the interpretation and enforcement of such laws and regulations are subject to change as a result of economic, political and other factors, and any such changes or changes in tax accounting principles could increase our effective worldwide income tax rate and have a material adverse effect on our net income, cash flows and financial condition. We routinely review and update our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements, including transfer pricing policies, consistent with applicable laws and regulations, to align with our evolving business operations across the numerous jurisdictions, such as the United States, India and the United Kingdom, in which we operate. Failure to successfully adapt our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements to align with our evolving business operations may increase our worldwide effective tax rate and have a material adverse effect on our earnings, cash flows and financial condition. Our worldwide effective income tax rate may increase or our financial condition may be materially impacted as a result of developments, changes in interpretations and assumptions made, additional guidance that may be issued and ongoing and future actions the Company has or may take with respect to our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements. For example, our cash flows could be materially affected by the issuance of additional interpretive guidance by the U.S. Treasury regarding the capitalization and amortization of research and experimental expenses for tax purposes, as more fully described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements. Additionally, we are subject to routine tax audits, investigations and proceedings in various jurisdictions. Tax authorities have disagreed, and may in the future disagree, with our judgments, and are taking increasingly aggressive positions, including with respect to our intercompany transactions. For example, we are currently involved in an ongoing dispute with the ITD in which the ITD asserts that we owe additional taxes for two transactions by which CTS India repurchased shares from its shareholders, as more fully described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements. We may not accurately predict the outcomes of these audits, investigations and proceedings and the amounts ultimately paid upon their resolution could be materially different from the amounts previously included in our income tax provision. Adverse outcomes in any such audits, investigations or proceedings could increase our tax exposure and cause us to incur increased expense, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our business subjects us to considerable potential exposure to litigation and legal claims and could be materially adversely affected if we incur legal liability. We are subject to, and may become a party to, a variety of litigation or other claims and suits that arise from time to time in the conduct of our business. Our business is subject to the risk of litigation involving current and former employees, clients, alliance partners, subcontractors, suppliers, competitors, shareholders, government agencies or others through private actions, class actions, whistleblower claims, administrative proceedings, regulatory actions or other litigation. While we maintain insurance for certain potential liabilities, such insurance does not cover all types and amounts of potential liabilities and is subject to various exclusions as well as deductibles and caps on amounts recoverable. Our client engagements expose us to significant potential legal liability and litigation expense if we fail to meet our contractual obligations or otherwise breach obligations to third parties or if our subcontractors breach or dispute the terms of our agreements with them and impede our ability to meet our obligations to our clients. For example, third parties could claim that we or our clients, whom we typically contractually agree to indemnify with respect to the services and solutions we provide, infringe upon their IP rights. Any such claims of IP infringement could harm our reputation, cause us to incur substantial costs in defending ourselves, expose us to considerable legal liability or prevent us from offering some services or solutions in the future. We may have to engage in legal action to protect our own IP rights, and enforcing our rights may require considerable time, money and oversight, and existing laws in the various countries in which we provide services or solutions may offer only limited protection. We also face considerable potential legal liability from a variety of other sources. Our acquisition activities have in the past and may in the future be subject to litigation or other claims, including claims from employees, clients, stockholders, or other third parties. We have also been the subject of a number of putative securities class action complaints and putative shareholder derivative complaints relating to the matters that were the subject of our now concluded internal investigation into potential violations of the FCPA and other applicable laws, and may be subject to such legal actions for these or other matters in the future. See "Part I, Item 3. Legal Proceedings" for more information. We establish reserves for these and other matters when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated; however, the estimation of legal reserves and possible losses involves significant judgment and may not reflect the full range of uncertainties and unpredictable outcomes inherent in litigation, and the actual losses arising from particular matters may exceed our estimates and materially adversely affect our results of operations. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Cognizant 22 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 23 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Item 2. Properties We have operations in major metro areas across nearly 50 countries around the world, with our worldwide headquarters located in a leased facility in Teaneck, New Jersey in the United States. We utilize a global delivery model with delivery centers worldwide, including in-country, regional and global delivery centers. We have over 24 million square feet of owned and leased facilities for our delivery centers. Our largest delivery center presence is in India, representing 90% of our total delivery centers on a square-foot basis, with the largest presence in Chennai (9 million square feet), Hyderabad (3 million square feet), Pune (3 million square feet), Kolkata (3 million square feet) and Bangalore (2 million square feet). We also have a significant number of delivery centers in other countries, including the United States, Philippines, Germany, Canada, Mexico and countries throughout Europe. In addition, we have sales and marketing offices, innovation labs, and digital design and consulting centers in major business markets, including New York, London, Paris, Melbourne, and Singapore, among others. Our facilities are used to support clients across all four reportable business segments. We believe our current facilities are adequate to support our operations in the immediate future, and that we will be able to obtain suitable additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms as needed. Item 3. Legal Proceedings See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. Item 1C. Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Cybersecurity risk management is an integral part of our overall enterprise risk management program. Our cybersecurity risk management program, which is managed by Cognizant’s Corporate Security team, is designed to identify, assess and manage risks from cybersecurity threats and provides a framework for handling cybersecurity threats and incidents. The program is also aligned with the risk assessment framework that has been established by the enterprise risk management team. Our cybersecurity risk management framework includes steps for assessing the severity of a cybersecurity threat (including an escalation process for potentially material cybersecurity threats and incidents to an internal committee comprised of members of senior management), identifying the source of a cybersecurity threat (including whether the cybersecurity threat is associated with a third-party service provider), implementing cybersecurity countermeasures and mitigation strategies. The internal committee is responsible for assessing the materiality of cybersecurity threats and incidents and informs designated members of executive leadership and of the Board of Directors of material cybersecurity threats and incidents. Cognizant's cyber risk management program is periodically audited as part of external certification audits. We also engage third-party cybersecurity experts to assist with risk assessment and conduct penetration testing among other items. Key findings from the audits and third-party risk assessments are summarized and communicated to the Company’s senior leadership and the Audit Committee, and remediation actions are implemented to enhance our overall cybersecurity program. We require our vendors to comply with privacy and cybersecurity requirements, and we perform risk assessments of vendors, including their ability to protect data from unauthorized access. We include data protection and security content as part of annual training required of employees. In 2023, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. In 2020, we experienced a previously-disclosed cybersecurity incident that resulted in unauthorized access to certain data and caused significant disruptions to our business operations. In response, we engaged leading outside forensics and cybersecurity experts, launched a comprehensive containment and remediation effort and forensic investigation, restored the security of our internal systems and networks and adopted various enhancements to the security of our systems and networks. Governance As part of our overall enterprise risk management program, we prioritize the identification and management of cybersecurity risk at several levels. Our Board of Directors has overall oversight responsibility for our risk management, and delegates cybersecurity risk management oversight to the Audit Committee, which is responsible for ensuring that management has processes in place designed to identify and evaluate cybersecurity risks and implement processes and programs to manage cybersecurity risks and mitigate cybersecurity incidents. The Audit Committee previously utilized an IT Cybersecurity Subcommittee, comprised of members of the Audit Committee, to assist in carrying out a portion of these responsibilities. In December 2023, the Audit Committee transitioned away from use of the subcommittee structure. At all times, the full Audit Committee has maintained and continues to maintain oversight responsibility for cybersecurity risk management. Management is responsible for identifying, considering and assessing material cybersecurity risks on an ongoing basis, establishing processes to ensure that such potential cybersecurity risk exposures are monitored, putting in place appropriate mitigation measures and maintaining cybersecurity programs. Our cyber risk assessment program is managed by our Corporate Security team, which is led by our CSO, who has over 25 years of experience in the cybersecurity and technology industry. The CSO reports to Cognizant's Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Corporate Affairs Officer and Secretary. The CSO manages multiple teams within Corporate Security that are operationally responsible for the security of the Company, including Global Cyber Operations, Business Information Security, Global Business Resilience and Integrated Risk Management, each of which provides regular updates to the CSO regarding cyber threat intelligence, cyber incidents and cyber risk metrics as part of their security responsibilities. The CSO works closely with the CIO, who is responsible for Cognizant's information technology and digital transformation strategy. Together, the CSO and CIO have a mutual set of responsibilities to align, implement, and govern security policies, standards, and technology controls throughout the enterprise. On a periodic basis, the CSO and CIO provide updates to the Audit Committee on, among other things, key cybersecurity metrics, status of projects to strengthen the Company's information security systems and assessments of the Company's security program. The Audit Committee reports to the Board of Directors, which also receives periodic updates on such matters. Cognizant 24 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 25 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Item 2. Properties We have operations in major metro areas across nearly 50 countries around the world, with our worldwide headquarters located in a leased facility in Teaneck, New Jersey in the United States. We utilize a global delivery model with delivery centers worldwide, including in-country, regional and global delivery centers. We have over 24 million square feet of owned and leased facilities for our delivery centers. Our largest delivery center presence is in India, representing 90% of our total delivery centers on a square-foot basis, with the largest presence in Chennai (9 million square feet), Hyderabad (3 million square feet), Pune (3 million square feet), Kolkata (3 million square feet) and Bangalore (2 million square feet). We also have a significant number of delivery centers in other countries, including the United States, Philippines, Germany, Canada, Mexico and countries throughout Europe. In addition, we have sales and marketing offices, innovation labs, and digital design and consulting centers in major business markets, including New York, London, Paris, Melbourne, and Singapore, among others. Our facilities are used to support clients across all four reportable business segments. We believe our current facilities are adequate to support our operations in the immediate future, and that we will be able to obtain suitable additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms as needed. Item 3. Legal Proceedings See Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. Item 1C. Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Cybersecurity risk management is an integral part of our overall enterprise risk management program. Our cybersecurity risk management program, which is managed by Cognizant’s Corporate Security team, is designed to identify, assess and manage risks from cybersecurity threats and provides a framework for handling cybersecurity threats and incidents. The program is also aligned with the risk assessment framework that has been established by the enterprise risk management team. Our cybersecurity risk management framework includes steps for assessing the severity of a cybersecurity threat (including an escalation process for potentially material cybersecurity threats and incidents to an internal committee comprised of members of senior management), identifying the source of a cybersecurity threat (including whether the cybersecurity threat is associated with a third-party service provider), implementing cybersecurity countermeasures and mitigation strategies. The internal committee is responsible for assessing the materiality of cybersecurity threats and incidents and informs designated members of executive leadership and of the Board of Directors of material cybersecurity threats and incidents. Cognizant's cyber risk management program is periodically audited as part of external certification audits. We also engage third-party cybersecurity experts to assist with risk assessment and conduct penetration testing among other items. Key findings from the audits and third-party risk assessments are summarized and communicated to the Company’s senior leadership and the Audit Committee, and remediation actions are implemented to enhance our overall cybersecurity program. We require our vendors to comply with privacy and cybersecurity requirements, and we perform risk assessments of vendors, including their ability to protect data from unauthorized access. We include data protection and security content as part of annual training required of employees. In 2023, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. In 2020, we experienced a previously-disclosed cybersecurity incident that resulted in unauthorized access to certain data and caused significant disruptions to our business operations. In response, we engaged leading outside forensics and cybersecurity experts, launched a comprehensive containment and remediation effort and forensic investigation, restored the security of our internal systems and networks and adopted various enhancements to the security of our systems and networks. Governance As part of our overall enterprise risk management program, we prioritize the identification and management of cybersecurity risk at several levels. Our Board of Directors has overall oversight responsibility for our risk management, and delegates cybersecurity risk management oversight to the Audit Committee, which is responsible for ensuring that management has processes in place designed to identify and evaluate cybersecurity risks and implement processes and programs to manage cybersecurity risks and mitigate cybersecurity incidents. The Audit Committee previously utilized an IT Cybersecurity Subcommittee, comprised of members of the Audit Committee, to assist in carrying out a portion of these responsibilities. In December 2023, the Audit Committee transitioned away from use of the subcommittee structure. At all times, the full Audit Committee has maintained and continues to maintain oversight responsibility for cybersecurity risk management. Management is responsible for identifying, considering and assessing material cybersecurity risks on an ongoing basis, establishing processes to ensure that such potential cybersecurity risk exposures are monitored, putting in place appropriate mitigation measures and maintaining cybersecurity programs. Our cyber risk assessment program is managed by our Corporate Security team, which is led by our CSO, who has over 25 years of experience in the cybersecurity and technology industry. The CSO reports to Cognizant's Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Corporate Affairs Officer and Secretary. The CSO manages multiple teams within Corporate Security that are operationally responsible for the security of the Company, including Global Cyber Operations, Business Information Security, Global Business Resilience and Integrated Risk Management, each of which provides regular updates to the CSO regarding cyber threat intelligence, cyber incidents and cyber risk metrics as part of their security responsibilities. The CSO works closely with the CIO, who is responsible for Cognizant's information technology and digital transformation strategy. Together, the CSO and CIO have a mutual set of responsibilities to align, implement, and govern security policies, standards, and technology controls throughout the enterprise. On a periodic basis, the CSO and CIO provide updates to the Audit Committee on, among other things, key cybersecurity metrics, status of projects to strengthen the Company's information security systems and assessments of the Company's security program. The Audit Committee reports to the Board of Directors, which also receives periodic updates on such matters. Cognizant 24 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 25 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K PART II Performance Graph Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our Class A common stock trades on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol “CTSH.” As of December 31, 2023, the number of holders of record of our Class A common stock was 102 and the approximate number of beneficial holders of our Class A common stock was 575,000. Cash Dividends During 2023, we paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.29 per share, or $1.16 per share in total for the year. In February 2024, our Board of Directors approved a cash dividend of $0.30 per share with a record date of February 20, 2024 and a payment date of February 28, 2024. We intend to continue to pay quarterly cash dividends in accordance with our capital allocation framework. Future dividend payments depend on a variety of factors, including our cash flow generated from operations, cash and investment balances, net income, overall liquidity position, potential alternative uses of cash, such as acquisitions, and anticipated future economic conditions and financial results. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our stock repurchase program, as amended in November 2022, allows for the repurchase of up to $11.5 billion, excluding fees and expenses, of our Class A common stock through open market purchases, including under a 10b5-1 Plan in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The repurchase program does not have an expiration date and had a remaining balance of $1,777 million as of December 31, 2023. The timing of repurchases and the exact number of shares to be purchased are determined by management, in its discretion, or pursuant to a 10b5-1 Plan, and depend upon market conditions and other factors. During the three months ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased $298 million of our Class A common stock under our stock repurchase program as follows: Month October 1, 2023 - October 31, 2023 November 1, 2023 - November 30, 2023 December 1, 2023 - December 31, 2023 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share — $ 2,287,032 1,930,988 4,218,020 $ — 68.38 73.15 70.56 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased under the Plans or Programs (in millions) — $ 2,287,032 1,930,988 4,218,020 2,075 1,919 1,777 We regularly purchase shares in connection with our stock-based compensation plans as shares of our Class A common stock are tendered by employees for payment of applicable statutory tax withholdings. For the three months ended December 31, 2023, we purchased 0.2 million shares at an aggregate cost of $15 million in connection with employee tax withholding obligations. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities None. $350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our Class A common stock with the cumulative total return on the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Information Technology Index for the period beginning December 31, 2018 and ending on the last day of our last completed fiscal year. The stock performance shown on the graph below is not indicative of future price performance. COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN(1)(2) Among Cognizant, the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Information Technology Index Comparison of Cumulative Five Year Total Return $50 12/31/18 12/31/19 12/31/20 12/31/21 12/31/22 12/31/23 S&P 500 Information Technology Index Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation S&P 500 Index Company / Index S&P 500 Index Cognizant Technology Solutions Corp $ 100 $ 98.93 $ 132.49 $ 145.26 $ 95.09 $ 127.78 S&P 500 Information Technology Index 100 100 131.49 155.68 200.37 164.08 207.21 150.29 216.25 290.92 208.90 329.73 Base Period 12/31/18 12/31/19 12/31/20 12/31/21 12/31/22 12/31/23 (1) Graph assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2018 in our Class A common stock, the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Information Technology Index. (2) Cumulative total return assumes reinvestment of dividends. Item 6. [Reserved] Cognizant 26 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 27 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K PART II Performance Graph The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our Class A common stock with the cumulative total return on the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Information Technology Index for the period beginning December 31, 2018 and ending on the last day of our last completed fiscal year. The stock performance shown on the graph below is not indicative of future price performance. COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN(1)(2) Among Cognizant, the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Information Technology Index Comparison of Cumulative Five Year Total Return $350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 12/31/18 12/31/19 12/31/20 12/31/21 12/31/22 12/31/23 S&P 500 Information Technology Index Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation S&P 500 Index Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our Class A common stock trades on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol “CTSH.” As of December 31, 2023, the number of holders of record of our Class A common stock was 102 and the approximate number of beneficial holders of our Class A common stock was 575,000. Cash Dividends During 2023, we paid quarterly cash dividends of $0.29 per share, or $1.16 per share in total for the year. In February 2024, our Board of Directors approved a cash dividend of $0.30 per share with a record date of February 20, 2024 and a payment date of February 28, 2024. We intend to continue to pay quarterly cash dividends in accordance with our capital allocation framework. Future dividend payments depend on a variety of factors, including our cash flow generated from operations, cash and investment balances, net income, overall liquidity position, potential alternative uses of cash, such as acquisitions, and anticipated future economic conditions and financial results. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our stock repurchase program, as amended in November 2022, allows for the repurchase of up to $11.5 billion, excluding fees and expenses, of our Class A common stock through open market purchases, including under a 10b5-1 Plan in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The repurchase program does not have an expiration date and had a remaining balance of $1,777 million as of December 31, 2023. The timing of repurchases and the exact number of shares to be purchased are determined by management, in its discretion, or pursuant to a 10b5-1 Plan, and depend upon market conditions and other factors. During the three months ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased $298 million of our Class A common stock under our stock repurchase program as follows: Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share — $ 2,287,032 1,930,988 4,218,020 $ — 68.38 73.15 70.56 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased under the Plans or Programs (in millions) — $ 2,287,032 1,930,988 4,218,020 2,075 1,919 1,777 Month October 1, 2023 - October 31, 2023 November 1, 2023 - November 30, 2023 December 1, 2023 - December 31, 2023 Total withholding obligations. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities None. We regularly purchase shares in connection with our stock-based compensation plans as shares of our Class A common stock are tendered by employees for payment of applicable statutory tax withholdings. For the three months ended December 31, 2023, we purchased 0.2 million shares at an aggregate cost of $15 million in connection with employee tax Company / Index Cognizant Technology Solutions Corp S&P 500 Index S&P 500 Information Technology Index Base Period 12/31/18 $ 100 $ 98.93 $ 132.49 $ 145.26 $ 95.09 $ 127.78 207.21 329.73 (1) Graph assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2018 in our Class A common stock, the S&P 500 Index and the S&P 500 Information Technology Index. (2) Cumulative total return assumes reinvestment of dividends. Item 6. [Reserved] Cognizant 26 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 27 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K 164.08 208.90 200.37 290.92 155.68 216.25 131.49 150.29 100 100 12/31/20 12/31/19 12/31/22 12/31/21 12/31/23 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Executive Summary Cognizant is one of the world’s leading professional services companies, engineering modern businesses and delivering strategic outcomes for our clients. We help clients modernize technology, reimagine processes and transform experiences so they can stay ahead in a fast-changing world. We provide industry expertise and close client collaboration, combining critical perspective with a flexible engagement style. We tailor our services and solutions to specific industries with an integrated global delivery model that employs client service and delivery teams based at client locations and dedicated global and regional delivery centers. Our collaborative services include digital services and solutions, consulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance, application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services and automation. Digital services continue to be an important part of our portfolio, aligning with our clients' focus on becoming data-enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses. In the second quarter of 2023, we initiated the NextGen program aimed at simplifying our operating model, optimizing corporate functions and consolidating and realigning office space to reflect the post-pandemic hybrid work environment. Our drive for simplification includes operating with fewer layers in an effort to enhance agility and enable faster decision making. We expect the savings generated by the program to help fund continued investments in our people, revenue growth opportunities and the modernization of our office space. In connection with the NextGen program, in 2023 we incurred $115 million of employee separation costs and $114 million of facility exit and other costs totaling $229 million. See Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements. We currently expect to incur total costs of approximately $300 million with approximately $70 million of such costs anticipated in 2024. The estimates of the charges and expenditures that we expect to incur in connection with the NextGen program, and the timing thereof, are subject to a number of assumptions, including local law requirements in various jurisdictions, and actual amounts may differ materially from estimates. In addition, we may incur other charges or cash expenditures not currently contemplated due to unanticipated events that may occur in connection with the NextGen program. 2023 Financial Results1 Revenues Income from Operations Operating Margin Diluted EPS $19,428M $19,353M $2.97B $2.97B $2.92B 15.3% 15.3% 15.1% $2.69B 13.9% $4.41 $4.21 $4.40 $4.55 FY '22 FY '23 FY '22 FY '23 FY '22 FY '23 FY '22 FY '23 FY '22 FY '23 FY '22 FY '23 FY '22 FY '23 GAAP Adjusted1 GAAP Adjusted1 GAAP Adjusted1 Revenue declined $75 million or 0.4% from 2022; a decline of 0.3% in constant currency1 Income from Operations declined $279 million or 9.4% from 2022 Adjusted Income from Operations1 declined $50 million or 1.7% from 2022 Operating margin down 140 bps compared to 2022 Diluted EPS declined $0.20 or 4.5% from 2022 Adjusted Operating Margin1 down 20 basis points from 2022 Adjusted Diluted EPS1 increased $0.15 or 3.4% from 2022 During the year ended December 31, 2023, revenues decreased by $75 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, representing a decrease of 0.4%, or a decrease of 0.3% on a constant currency basis2. Revenue decline was driven by our Financial Services segment, which was negatively impacted by weakness in the banking sector, partially offset by growth in our Communications, Media and Technology, Products and Resources and Health Sciences segments. Our recently completed acquisitions contributed 110 basis points to revenue growth, primarily benefiting our Products and Resources and Communications, Media and Technology segments. Our operating margin and Adjusted Operating Margin2 was 13.9% and 15.1%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023. This compares to operating margin and Adjusted Operating Margin of 15.3% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our 2023 GAAP and Adjusted Operating Margins were negatively impacted by increased compensation costs, primarily as a result of two merit increase cycles for the majority of our employees since October 2022, partially offset by the benefit of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar, savings generated from our NextGen program and improvement in profitability of a large contract with a Health Sciences client in 2023. In addition, as discussed in Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements, our 2023 GAAP operating margin was negatively impacted by the NextGen charges, which were excluded from our Adjusted Operating Margin. As a global professional services company, we compete on the basis of the knowledge, experience, insights, skills and talent of our employees and the value they can provide to our clients. We closely monitor attrition trends focusing on the metric that we believe is most relevant to our business. This metric, which we refer to as Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services, includes all voluntary separations with the exception of employees in our Intuitive Operations and Automation practice. For the year ended December 31, 2023 our Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services was 13.8% as compared to 25.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022. We finished 2023 with approximately 347,700 employees as compared to 355,300 employees at the end of 2022. Business Outlook See "Overview" within Part I, Item 1. Business for information on our six strategic priorities. We continue to expect the long-term focus of our clients to be on their digital transformation into software-driven, data- enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses. We believe clients will continue to contend with industry-specific changes driven by evolving digital technologies, uncertainty in the regulatory environment, industry consolidation and convergence as well as international trade policies and other macroeconomic and geopolitical factors, including the increasing uncertainty related to the global economy, which has affected and may continue to affect their demand for our services. We are focused on expanding our partner ecosystem across a broad range of technology companies, including hyperscalers, cloud providers, enterprise software companies, best-in-class digital software enterprises and emerging start-ups. We believe this partner ecosystem will enable us to enhance our innovative, integrated offerings, by combining third-party products with our service solutions, to deliver enterprise-wide digital transformation. We increasingly use AI-based technologies, including GenAI, in our client offerings and our own internal operations. AI technologies and services are part of a highly competitive and rapidly evolving market. We plan to make significant investments in our AI capabilities to meet the needs of our clients and harness its value in a flexible, secure, scalable and responsible way. As AI-based technologies evolve, we expect that some services that we currently perform for our clients will be replaced by AI or forms of automation. This may lead to reduced demand for certain services or harm our ability to obtain favorable pricing or other terms for our services. In connection with the NextGen program, in 2023 we incurred $229 million in employee separation, facility exit and other costs. We currently expect to incur total costs of approximately $300 million in connection with the NextGen program, with approximately $70 million of such costs anticipated in 2024. In addition to the NextGen program, potential tax law and other regulatory changes, including possible U.S. corporate income tax reform and potentially increased costs for employment and post-employment benefits in India as a result of the Code on Social Security, 2020, among other items, may impact our future results. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. 1 Adjusted Income From Operations, Adjusted Operating Margin, Adjusted Diluted EPS and constant currency revenue growth are not measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. 2 Adjusted Operating Margin and constant currency revenue growth are not measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. Cognizant 28 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 29 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Executive Summary Cognizant is one of the world’s leading professional services companies, engineering modern businesses and delivering strategic outcomes for our clients. We help clients modernize technology, reimagine processes and transform experiences so they can stay ahead in a fast-changing world. We provide industry expertise and close client collaboration, combining critical perspective with a flexible engagement style. We tailor our services and solutions to specific industries with an integrated global delivery model that employs client service and delivery teams based at client locations and dedicated global and regional delivery centers. Our collaborative services include digital services and solutions, consulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance, application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services and automation. Digital services continue to be an important part of our portfolio, aligning with our clients' focus on becoming data-enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses. In the second quarter of 2023, we initiated the NextGen program aimed at simplifying our operating model, optimizing corporate functions and consolidating and realigning office space to reflect the post-pandemic hybrid work environment. Our drive for simplification includes operating with fewer layers in an effort to enhance agility and enable faster decision making. We expect the savings generated by the program to help fund continued investments in our people, revenue growth opportunities and the modernization of our office space. In connection with the NextGen program, in 2023 we incurred $115 million of employee separation costs and $114 million of facility exit and other costs totaling $229 million. See Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements. We currently expect to incur total costs of approximately $300 million with approximately $70 million of such costs anticipated in 2024. The estimates of the charges and expenditures that we expect to incur in connection with the NextGen program, and the timing thereof, are subject to a number of assumptions, including local law requirements in various jurisdictions, and actual amounts may differ materially from estimates. In addition, we may incur other charges or cash expenditures not currently contemplated due to unanticipated events that may occur in connection with the NextGen program. 2023 Financial Results1 Revenues Income from Operations Operating Margin Diluted EPS $19,428M $19,353M $2.97B $2.97B $2.92B 15.3% 15.3% 15.1% $4.41 $4.21 $4.40 $4.55 $2.69B 13.9% FY '22 FY '23 FY '22 FY '23 FY '22 FY '23 FY '22 FY '23 FY '22 FY '23 FY '22 FY '23 FY '22 FY '23 GAAP Adjusted1 GAAP Adjusted1 GAAP Adjusted1 Revenue declined $75 million or 0.4% from 2022; a decline of 0.3% in constant currency1 from 2022 Income from Operations declined $279 million or 9.4% Operating margin down 140 bps compared to 2022 Diluted EPS declined $0.20 or 4.5% from 2022 Adjusted Income from Operations1 declined $50 million or 1.7% from 2022 Adjusted Operating Margin1 down 20 basis points from Adjusted Diluted EPS1 increased $0.15 or 3.4% from 2022 2022 During the year ended December 31, 2023, revenues decreased by $75 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, representing a decrease of 0.4%, or a decrease of 0.3% on a constant currency basis2. Revenue decline was driven by our Financial Services segment, which was negatively impacted by weakness in the banking sector, partially offset by growth in our Communications, Media and Technology, Products and Resources and Health Sciences segments. Our recently completed acquisitions contributed 110 basis points to revenue growth, primarily benefiting our Products and Resources and Communications, Media and Technology segments. Our operating margin and Adjusted Operating Margin2 was 13.9% and 15.1%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023. This compares to operating margin and Adjusted Operating Margin of 15.3% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our 2023 GAAP and Adjusted Operating Margins were negatively impacted by increased compensation costs, primarily as a result of two merit increase cycles for the majority of our employees since October 2022, partially offset by the benefit of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar, savings generated from our NextGen program and improvement in profitability of a large contract with a Health Sciences client in 2023. In addition, as discussed in Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements, our 2023 GAAP operating margin was negatively impacted by the NextGen charges, which were excluded from our Adjusted Operating Margin. As a global professional services company, we compete on the basis of the knowledge, experience, insights, skills and talent of our employees and the value they can provide to our clients. We closely monitor attrition trends focusing on the metric that we believe is most relevant to our business. This metric, which we refer to as Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services, includes all voluntary separations with the exception of employees in our Intuitive Operations and Automation practice. For the year ended December 31, 2023 our Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services was 13.8% as compared to 25.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022. We finished 2023 with approximately 347,700 employees as compared to 355,300 employees at the end of 2022. Business Outlook See "Overview" within Part I, Item 1. Business for information on our six strategic priorities. We continue to expect the long-term focus of our clients to be on their digital transformation into software-driven, data- enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses. We believe clients will continue to contend with industry-specific changes driven by evolving digital technologies, uncertainty in the regulatory environment, industry consolidation and convergence as well as international trade policies and other macroeconomic and geopolitical factors, including the increasing uncertainty related to the global economy, which has affected and may continue to affect their demand for our services. We are focused on expanding our partner ecosystem across a broad range of technology companies, including hyperscalers, cloud providers, enterprise software companies, best-in-class digital software enterprises and emerging start-ups. We believe this partner ecosystem will enable us to enhance our innovative, integrated offerings, by combining third-party products with our service solutions, to deliver enterprise-wide digital transformation. We increasingly use AI-based technologies, including GenAI, in our client offerings and our own internal operations. AI technologies and services are part of a highly competitive and rapidly evolving market. We plan to make significant investments in our AI capabilities to meet the needs of our clients and harness its value in a flexible, secure, scalable and responsible way. As AI-based technologies evolve, we expect that some services that we currently perform for our clients will be replaced by AI or forms of automation. This may lead to reduced demand for certain services or harm our ability to obtain favorable pricing or other terms for our services. In connection with the NextGen program, in 2023 we incurred $229 million in employee separation, facility exit and other costs. We currently expect to incur total costs of approximately $300 million in connection with the NextGen program, with approximately $70 million of such costs anticipated in 2024. In addition to the NextGen program, potential tax law and other regulatory changes, including possible U.S. corporate income tax reform and potentially increased costs for employment and post-employment benefits in India as a result of the Code on Social Security, 2020, among other items, may impact our future results. For additional information, see Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. 1 Adjusted Income From Operations, Adjusted Operating Margin, Adjusted Diluted EPS and constant currency revenue growth are not measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. 2 Adjusted Operating Margin and constant currency revenue growth are not measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. Cognizant 28 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 29 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Results of Operations Revenues - Reportable Business Segments and Geographic Markets For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021, including a year-to-year comparison between 2022 and 2021, refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. December 31, 2023: Revenues of $19,353 million across our business segments and geographies were as follows for the year ended The Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to The Year Ended December 31, 2022 The following table sets forth certain financial data for the years ended December 31: (Dollars in millions, except per share data) Revenues Cost of revenues(a) Selling, general and administrative expenses(a) Restructuring charges Depreciation and amortization expense Income from operations and operating margin Other income (expense), net Income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Income (loss) from equity method investments Net income Diluted EPS Other Financial Information 3 Adjusted Income From Operations and Adjusted Operating Margin Adjusted Diluted EPS % of Revenues 100.0 65.4 16.8 1.2 2.7 13.9 14.4 11.0 15.1 2023 $ 19,353 12,664 3,252 229 519 2,689 98 2,787 (668) 7 2,126 4.21 $ $ $ $ 2,918 4.55 % of Increase / Decrease 2022 $ 19,428 12,448 3,443 — 569 2,968 48 3,016 (730) 4 2,290 4.41 $ $ $ $ 2,968 4.40 Revenues 100.0 64.1 17.7 — 2.9 15.3 15.5 11.8 15.3 $ (75) 216 (191) 229 (50) (279) 50 (229) 62 3 (164) (0.20) % (0.4) 1.7 (5.5) N/A (8.8) (9.4) 104.2 (7.6) (8.5) 75.0 (7.2) (4.5) (50) 0.15 (1.7) 3.4 $ $ $ $ $ (a) N/A Exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense Not applicable3 Revenues During the year ended December 31, 2023, revenues declined by $75 million as compared to the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, representing a decline of 0.4%, or a decline of 0.3% on a constant currency basis.3 Our recently completed acquisitions contributed 110 basis points of growth to the change in revenues. Business Segments Geographic Markets CMT $3,242M P&R $4,628M FS $5,809M HS $5,674M RoW $1,296M CE $1,909M UK $1,885M NA $14,263M Increase / (Decrease) $ % CC %4 75 114 189 (92) (75) 4.1 6.4 5.2 3.5 4.3 3.9 (6.6) (0.4) (2.6) (0.3) 2023 as compared to 2022 Increase / (Decrease) 2023 as compared to 2022 $ % CC %4 (Dollars in millions) $ (263) (4.3) (4.2) North America $ (172) (1.2) (1.1) (Dollars in millions) Financial Services Health Sciences Products and Resources CMT 43 62 83 0.8 1.4 2.6 0.5 1.5 3.1 United Kingdom Continental Europe Europe - Total Total revenues $ (75) (0.4) (0.3) Rest of World Total revenues $ Change in revenues was driven by the following factors: • • • • • Reduced demand for discretionary work negatively impacted revenues across all segments, and primarily in North America. Banking clients in our Financial Services segment, retail and consumer goods clients in our Products and Resources segment and clients in our Communications, Media and Technology segment were particularly affected; Recently completed acquisitions which contributed 110 basis points of growth to the overall change in revenues, including 230 basis points of growth to our Products and Resources segment (primarily in North America) and 290 basis points of growth to our Communications, Media and Technology segment (primarily in Continental Europe and the United Kingdom); • North America revenues in the Communications, Media and Technology segment included growing demand among the largest clients in this segment, including for services related to digital content; • The resale of third-party products in North America in connection with our integrated offerings strategy, primarily in the Financial Services and Products and Resources segments, contributed 70 basis points of growth to the overall change in revenue; • North America revenues in the Communications, Media and Technology and Products and Resources segments were positively impacted by the ramp up of several recently won large deals; Revenue growth in the United Kingdom was driven by expansion of work public sector clients included in our Communications, Media and Technology and Financial Services segments; Revenues in the Continental Europe region were driven by increased demand from pharmaceutical clients within the Health Sciences segment and automotive clients within the Products and Resources segment; and Revenue decline in our Rest of World region was primarily driven by weakness in the Financial Services segment and the negative impact of foreign currency exchange rate movements. 3 Adjusted Income from Operations, Adjusted Operating Margin, Adjusted Diluted EPS and constant currency revenue growth are not measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, as applicable. 4 Constant currency revenue growth is not a measure of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non- GAAP Financial Measures” for more information. Cognizant 30 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 31 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Results of Operations Revenues - Reportable Business Segments and Geographic Markets For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021, including a year-to-year comparison between 2022 and 2021, refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to The Year Ended December 31, 2022 The following table sets forth certain financial data for the years ended December 31: (Dollars in millions, except per share data) 2023 Revenues 2022 Revenues $ % $ 19,353 100.0 $ 19,428 100.0 $ % of Increase / Decrease % of 65.4 16.8 1.2 2.7 13.9 14.4 11.0 15.1 12,448 3,443 — 569 2,968 48 3,016 (730) 4 2,290 4.41 2,968 4.40 $ $ $ $ 64.1 17.7 — 2.9 15.3 15.5 11.8 15.3 (75) 216 (191) 229 (50) (279) (229) 62 3 $ $ (164) (0.20) (0.4) 1.7 (5.5) N/A (8.8) (9.4) (7.6) (8.5) 75.0 (7.2) (4.5) 50 104.2 $ $ (50) 0.15 (1.7) 3.4 Revenues Cost of revenues(a) Selling, general and administrative expenses(a) Restructuring charges Depreciation and amortization expense Income from operations and operating margin Other income (expense), net Income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Income (loss) from equity method investments Net income Diluted EPS Other Financial Information 3 Adjusted Income From Operations and Adjusted Operating Margin Adjusted Diluted EPS 12,664 3,252 229 519 2,689 98 2,787 (668) 7 2,126 4.21 2,918 4.55 $ $ $ $ (a) N/A Not applicable3 Exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense Revenues During the year ended December 31, 2023, revenues declined by $75 million as compared to the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, representing a decline of 0.4%, or a decline of 0.3% on a constant currency basis.3 Our recently completed acquisitions contributed 110 basis points of growth to the change in revenues. Revenues of $19,353 million across our business segments and geographies were as follows for the year ended December 31, 2023: Business Segments Geographic Markets CMT $3,242M P&R $4,628M FS $5,809M HS $5,674M RoW $1,296M CE $1,909M UK $1,885M NA $14,263M 2023 as compared to 2022 Increase / (Decrease) 2023 as compared to 2022 Increase / (Decrease) (Dollars in millions) Financial Services Health Sciences Products and Resources CMT Total revenues $ $ (263) 43 62 83 (75) $ % (4.3) 0.8 1.4 2.6 (0.4) CC %4 (4.2) 0.5 1.5 3.1 (0.3) (Dollars in millions) North America United Kingdom Continental Europe Europe - Total Rest of World Total revenues $ $ (172) 75 114 189 (92) (75) $ % (1.2) 4.1 6.4 5.2 (6.6) (0.4) CC %4 (1.1) 3.5 4.3 3.9 (2.6) (0.3) Change in revenues was driven by the following factors: • • Reduced demand for discretionary work negatively impacted revenues across all segments, and primarily in North America. Banking clients in our Financial Services segment, retail and consumer goods clients in our Products and Resources segment and clients in our Communications, Media and Technology segment were particularly affected; Recently completed acquisitions which contributed 110 basis points of growth to the overall change in revenues, including 230 basis points of growth to our Products and Resources segment (primarily in North America) and 290 basis points of growth to our Communications, Media and Technology segment (primarily in Continental Europe and the United Kingdom); • North America revenues in the Communications, Media and Technology segment included growing demand among the largest clients in this segment, including for services related to digital content; • The resale of third-party products in North America in connection with our integrated offerings strategy, primarily in the Financial Services and Products and Resources segments, contributed 70 basis points of growth to the overall change in revenue; • North America revenues in the Communications, Media and Technology and Products and Resources segments were positively impacted by the ramp up of several recently won large deals; • • • Revenue growth in the United Kingdom was driven by expansion of work public sector clients included in our Communications, Media and Technology and Financial Services segments; Revenues in the Continental Europe region were driven by increased demand from pharmaceutical clients within the Health Sciences segment and automotive clients within the Products and Resources segment; and Revenue decline in our Rest of World region was primarily driven by weakness in the Financial Services segment and the negative impact of foreign currency exchange rate movements. 3 Adjusted Income from Operations, Adjusted Operating Margin, Adjusted Diluted EPS and constant currency revenue growth are not measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, as applicable. 4 Constant currency revenue growth is not a measure of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non- GAAP Financial Measures” for more information. Cognizant 30 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 31 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cost of Revenues (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization Expense) $12,448M $12,664M 64.1% 65.4% 2022 2023 é $216M é 1.3% as a % of revenues ¡ % of Revenues Our cost of revenues consists primarily of salaries, incentive- based compensation, stock-based compensation expense, employee benefits, project-related immigration and travel for technical personnel, subcontracting and costs of third-party products and services relating to revenues. The increase, as a percentage of revenues, was due to higher compensation costs for delivery personnel, primarily as a result of two merit increase cycles for the majority of our employees since October 2022, partially offset by the benefit of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar and improvement in profitability of a large contract with a Health Sciences client in 2023. SG&A Expenses (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization Expense) immigration, SG&A expenses consist primarily of salaries, incentive-based compensation, stock-based compensation expense, employee benefits, travel, marketing, communications, management, finance, administrative and occupancy costs. The decrease, as a percentage of revenues, was primarily due to the savings generated from our NextGen program and beneficial rate movements, partially offset by higher compensation costs, primarily as a result of two merit increase cycles for the majority of our employees since October 2022. foreign currency exchange impact of $3,443M $3,252M 17.7% 16.8% 2022 2023 ê $191M ê 0.9% as a % of revenues ¡ % of Revenues Restructuring Charges Restructuring charges consist of costs related to the NextGen program. Restructuring charges were $229 million or 1.2%, as a percentage of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023. For further detail on our restructuring charges see Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements. Depreciation and Amortization Expense Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by 8.8%, and by 0.2% as a percentage of revenues, in 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily driven by a reduction in amortization expense due to certain intangible assets reaching the end of their useful lives and savings generated from our NextGen program. Operating Margin and Adjusted Operating Margin5 - Overall Operating Income and Margin Adjusted Operating Income and Margin $2,968M $2,689M $2,968M $2,918M 15.3% 13.9% 15.3% 15.1% 2022 2023 2022 2023 Our 2023 operating margin and Adjusted Operating Margin5 were negatively impacted by increased compensation costs, primarily as a result of two merit increase cycles for the majority of our employees since October 2022, partially offset by the benefit of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar, savings generated from our NextGen program and improvement in profitability of a large contract with a Health Sciences client in 2023. In addition, as discussed in Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements, our 2023 GAAP operating margin was negatively impacted by the NextGen charges, which were excluded from our Adjusted Operating Margin5. 5 Adjusted Income From Operations and Adjusted Operating Margin are not measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, as applicable. Cognizant 32 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 33 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K A predominant portion of our costs in India are denominated in the Indian rupee, representing approximately 24% of our global operating costs during the year ended December 31, 2023. These costs are subject to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, which have an impact on our results of operations. We enter into foreign exchange derivative contracts to hedge certain Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These hedges are intended to mitigate the volatility of the changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Indian rupee. Net of the impact of the hedges, the depreciation of the Indian rupee contributed 90 basis points to the improvement in our operating margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022. Excluding the impact of applicable designated cash flow hedges, the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar positively impacted our operating margin by approximately 96 basis points in 2023. Each additional 1.0% change in exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar will have the effect of moving our operating margin by approximately 19 basis points (excluding the impact of our cash flow hedges). In 2023, the settlement of our cash flow hedges negatively impacted our operating margin by approximately 13 basis points, compared to a negative impact of 7 basis points in 2022. We finished the year ended December 31, 2023 with approximately 347,700 employees as compared to 355,300 employees for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023 our Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services was 13.8% as compared to 25.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services 25.6% 13.8% 2022 2023 Segment Operating Profit In 2023, we made certain changes to the internal measurement of segment operating profit for the purpose of evaluating segment performance and resource allocation. The primary reason for the change was to reflect a more complete cost of delivery. Specifically, segment operating profit now includes an allocation of both SG&A costs related to our integrated practices and the excess or shortfall of incentive-based compensation for commercial and delivery employees as compared to target, which were previously included in "unallocated costs." We have reported 2023 segment operating profits using the new allocation methodology and have recast the 2022 and 2021 results to conform to the new methodology. See Note 18 to our audited consolidated financial statements for the recast 2021 segment operating profits. Segment operating profit and operating margin percentage were as follows: Financial Services Health Sciences Products and Resources CMT $1,323M $1,156M $1,190M $1,352M $1,071M $984M 21.8% 2022 19.9% 2023 21.1% 2022 23.8% 2023 23.5% 2022 21.3% 2023 $769M 24.3% 2022 $625M 19.3% 2023 Segment operating profit % Segment operating margin In 2023, segment operating margins across all our segments were negatively impacted by increased compensation costs, primarily as a result of two merit increase cycles for the majority of our employees since October 2022, partially offset by the benefit of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar and savings generated from our NextGen program. In addition, 2023 segment operating margin in Health Sciences benefited from the improvement in profitability of a large contract with a payer client, while segment operating profit in Communications, Media and Technology was negatively affected by higher costs typical to the initial phases of several recently won large deals in this segment. Cost of Revenues (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization Expense) $12,448M $12,664M 64.1% 65.4% 2022 2023 é $216M é 1.3% as a % of revenues ¡ % of Revenues Our cost of revenues consists primarily of salaries, incentive- based compensation, stock-based compensation expense, employee benefits, project-related immigration and travel for technical personnel, subcontracting and costs of third-party products and services relating to revenues. The increase, as a percentage of revenues, was due to higher compensation costs for delivery personnel, primarily as a result of two merit increase cycles for the majority of our employees since October 2022, partially offset by the benefit of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar and improvement in profitability of a large contract with a Health Sciences client in 2023. SG&A Expenses (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization Expense) SG&A expenses consist primarily of salaries, incentive-based compensation, stock-based compensation expense, employee benefits, immigration, travel, marketing, communications, management, finance, administrative and occupancy costs. The decrease, as a percentage of revenues, was primarily due to savings generated from our NextGen program and the beneficial impact of foreign currency exchange rate movements, partially offset by higher compensation costs, primarily as a result of two merit increase cycles for the majority of our employees since October 2022. Restructuring Charges $3,443M $3,252M 17.7% 16.8% 2022 2023 ê $191M ê 0.9% as a % of revenues ¡ % of Revenues Restructuring charges consist of costs related to the NextGen program. Restructuring charges were $229 million or 1.2%, as a percentage of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023. For further detail on our restructuring charges see Note 4 to our Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by 8.8%, and by 0.2% as a percentage of revenues, in 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily driven by a reduction in amortization expense due to certain intangible assets reaching the end of their useful audited consolidated financial statements. Depreciation and Amortization Expense lives and savings generated from our NextGen program. Operating Margin and Adjusted Operating Margin5 - Overall Operating Income and Margin Adjusted Operating Income and Margin $2,968M $2,968M $2,918M $2,689M 15.3% 13.9% 15.3% 15.1% 2022 2023 2022 2023 Our 2023 operating margin and Adjusted Operating Margin5 were negatively impacted by increased compensation costs, primarily as a result of two merit increase cycles for the majority of our employees since October 2022, partially offset by the benefit of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar, savings generated from our NextGen program and improvement in profitability of a large contract with a Health Sciences client in 2023. In addition, as discussed in Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements, our 2023 GAAP operating margin was negatively impacted by the NextGen charges, which were excluded from our Adjusted Operating Margin5. 5 Adjusted Income From Operations and Adjusted Operating Margin are not measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, as applicable. A predominant portion of our costs in India are denominated in the Indian rupee, representing approximately 24% of our global operating costs during the year ended December 31, 2023. These costs are subject to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, which have an impact on our results of operations. We enter into foreign exchange derivative contracts to hedge certain Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These hedges are intended to mitigate the volatility of the changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Indian rupee. Net of the impact of the hedges, the depreciation of the Indian rupee contributed 90 basis points to the improvement in our operating margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022. Excluding the impact of applicable designated cash flow hedges, the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar positively impacted our operating margin by approximately 96 basis points in 2023. Each additional 1.0% change in exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar will have the effect of moving our operating margin by approximately 19 basis points (excluding the impact of our cash flow hedges). In 2023, the settlement of our cash flow hedges negatively impacted our operating margin by approximately 13 basis points, compared to a negative impact of 7 basis points in 2022. We finished the year ended December 31, 2023 with approximately 347,700 employees as compared to 355,300 employees for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023 our Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services was 13.8% as compared to 25.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Voluntary Attrition - Tech Services 25.6% 13.8% 2022 2023 Segment Operating Profit In 2023, we made certain changes to the internal measurement of segment operating profit for the purpose of evaluating segment performance and resource allocation. The primary reason for the change was to reflect a more complete cost of delivery. Specifically, segment operating profit now includes an allocation of both SG&A costs related to our integrated practices and the excess or shortfall of incentive-based compensation for commercial and delivery employees as compared to target, which were previously included in "unallocated costs." We have reported 2023 segment operating profits using the new allocation methodology and have recast the 2022 and 2021 results to conform to the new methodology. See Note 18 to our audited consolidated financial statements for the recast 2021 segment operating profits. Segment operating profit and operating margin percentage were as follows: Financial Services Health Sciences Products and Resources CMT $1,323M $1,156M $1,190M $1,352M $1,071M $984M 21.8% 2022 19.9% 2023 21.1% 2022 23.8% 2023 23.5% 2022 21.3% 2023 $769M 24.3% 2022 $625M 19.3% 2023 Segment operating profit % Segment operating margin In 2023, segment operating margins across all our segments were negatively impacted by increased compensation costs, primarily as a result of two merit increase cycles for the majority of our employees since October 2022, partially offset by the benefit of the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar and savings generated from our NextGen program. In addition, 2023 segment operating margin in Health Sciences benefited from the improvement in profitability of a large contract with a payer client, while segment operating profit in Communications, Media and Technology was negatively affected by higher costs typical to the initial phases of several recently won large deals in this segment. Cognizant 32 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 33 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Portions of our disclosure include non-GAAP financial measures. These non-GAAP financial measures are not based on any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles and should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, and may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. In addition, these non-GAAP financial measures should be read in conjunction with our financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. The reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures to the corresponding GAAP measures set forth below should be carefully evaluated. Our non-GAAP financial measures Adjusted Operating Margin and Adjusted Income from Operations exclude unusual items, such as NextGen charges. Our non-GAAP financial measure Adjusted Diluted EPS excludes unusual items, such as NextGen charges and the effect of recognition in the third quarter of 2022 of an income tax benefit related to a specific uncertain tax position that was previously unrecognized in our prior-year consolidated financial statements, and net non- operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses and the tax impact of all the applicable adjustments. For further detail on the NextGen charges, see Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements. The income tax impact of each item excluded from Adjusted Diluted EPS is calculated by applying the statutory rate and local tax regulations in the jurisdiction in which the item was incurred. Constant currency revenue growth is defined as revenues for a given period restated at the comparative period’s foreign currency exchange rates measured against the comparative period's reported revenues. Free cash flow is defined as cash flows from operating activities net of purchases of property and equipment. We believe providing investors with an operating view consistent with how we manage the Company provides enhanced transparency into our operating results. For internal management reporting and budgeting purposes, we use various GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures for financial and operational decision-making, to evaluate period-to-period comparisons, to determine portions of the compensation for executive officers and for making comparisons of our operating results to those of our competitors. We believe that the presentation of non-GAAP financial measures, which exclude certain costs, read in conjunction with our reported GAAP results and reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measure, as applicable, can provide useful supplemental information to our management and investors regarding financial and business trends relating to our financial condition and results of operations. A limitation of using non-GAAP financial measures versus financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP is that non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect all of the amounts associated with our operating results as determined in accordance with GAAP and may exclude costs that are recurring such as net non-operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses. In addition, other companies may calculate non-GAAP financial measures differently than us, thereby limiting the usefulness of these non-GAAP financial measures as a comparative tool. We compensate for these limitations by providing specific information regarding the GAAP amounts excluded from non-GAAP financial measures to allow investors to evaluate such non-GAAP financial measures. Total segment operating profit was as follows for the year ended December 31: Non-GAAP Financial Measures (Dollars in millions) Total segment operating profit Less: unallocated costs Income from operations 2023 % of Revenues 2022 % of Revenues Increase / (Decrease) $ 4,117 21.3 $ 4,353 22.4 $ (236) 1,428 7.4 1,385 7.1 43 $ 2,689 13.9 $ 2,968 15.3 $ (279) The increase in unallocated costs for 2023 as compared to 2022 was primarily driven by the NextGen charges in 2023, see Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements, partially offset by lower corporate expenses. Other Income (Expense), Net Total other income (expense), net consists primarily of foreign currency exchange gains and losses, interest income and interest expense. The following table sets forth total other income (expense), net for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Foreign currency exchange gains (losses) (Losses) gains on foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net Interest income Interest expense Other, net Total other income (expense), net 2023 2022 Increase / Decrease $ 42 $ (16) $ 58 (40) 2 126 (41) 11 98 $ 23 7 59 (19) 1 48 $ (63) (5) 67 (22) 10 50 $ The foreign currency exchange losses were attributed to the remeasurement of net monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our subsidiaries. The gains on foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments related to the realized and unrealized gains and losses on contracts entered into to offset our foreign currency exposures. As of December 31, 2023, the notional value of our undesignated hedges was $1,317 million. The increase in interest income and interest expense was each primarily attributable to higher interest rates in the current period. Provision for Income Taxes $730M $668M 24.2% 24.0% 2022 2023 ê $62M ¡ Effective Income Tax Rate ê 0.2% The effective income tax rate decreased primarily driven by the geographical mix of earnings in 2023 as compared to 2022. See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information. In December 2021, the OECD adopted model rules for a global framework to impose a 15% global minimum tax referred to as Pillar Two with a targeted effective date of January 1, 2024. The OECD has continued and is continuing to issue additional guidance on the operation of the model rules. While the United States has not enacted Pillar Two, certain countries in which we operate have adopted their own version of the Pillar Two model rules. Although Management continues to monitor additional guidance from the OECD and countries’ implementation of Pillar Two, based on current guidance, we believe that our net income, cash flows, or financial condition will not be materially impacted by Pillar Two. Net Income The decrease in net income was primarily driven by lower income from operations, partially offset by higher interest income and lower provision for income taxes in 2023. $2,290M $2,126M ê $164M 11.8% 11.0% 2022 2023 ê 0.8% as a % of revenues ¡ % of Revenues Cognizant 34 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 35 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Total segment operating profit was as follows for the year ended December 31: Non-GAAP Financial Measures Portions of our disclosure include non-GAAP financial measures. These non-GAAP financial measures are not based on any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles and should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, and may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. In addition, these non-GAAP financial measures should be read in conjunction with our financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. The reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures to the corresponding GAAP measures set forth below should be carefully evaluated. Our non-GAAP financial measures Adjusted Operating Margin and Adjusted Income from Operations exclude unusual items, such as NextGen charges. Our non-GAAP financial measure Adjusted Diluted EPS excludes unusual items, such as NextGen charges and the effect of recognition in the third quarter of 2022 of an income tax benefit related to a specific uncertain tax position that was previously unrecognized in our prior-year consolidated financial statements, and net non- operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses and the tax impact of all the applicable adjustments. For further detail on the NextGen charges, see Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements. The income tax impact of each item excluded from Adjusted Diluted EPS is calculated by applying the statutory rate and local tax regulations in the jurisdiction in which the item was incurred. Constant currency revenue growth is defined as revenues for a given period restated at the comparative period’s foreign currency exchange rates measured against the comparative period's reported revenues. Free cash flow is defined as cash flows from operating activities net of purchases of property and equipment. We believe providing investors with an operating view consistent with how we manage the Company provides enhanced transparency into our operating results. For internal management reporting and budgeting purposes, we use various GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures for financial and operational decision-making, to evaluate period-to-period comparisons, to determine portions of the compensation for executive officers and for making comparisons of our operating results to those of our competitors. We believe that the presentation of non-GAAP financial measures, which exclude certain costs, read in conjunction with our reported GAAP results and reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measure, as applicable, can provide useful supplemental information to our management and investors regarding financial and business trends relating to our financial condition and results of operations. A limitation of using non-GAAP financial measures versus financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP is that non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect all of the amounts associated with our operating results as determined in accordance with GAAP and may exclude costs that are recurring such as net non-operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses. In addition, other companies may calculate non-GAAP financial measures differently than us, thereby limiting the usefulness of these non-GAAP financial measures as a comparative tool. We compensate for these limitations by providing specific information regarding the GAAP amounts excluded from non-GAAP financial measures to allow investors to evaluate such non-GAAP financial measures. 2023 % of Revenues 2022 % of Revenues Increase / (Decrease) $ 4,117 21.3 $ 4,353 22.4 $ (236) 1,428 7.4 1,385 7.1 43 $ 2,689 13.9 $ 2,968 15.3 $ (279) (Dollars in millions) Total segment operating profit Less: unallocated costs Income from operations Other Income (Expense), Net The increase in unallocated costs for 2023 as compared to 2022 was primarily driven by the NextGen charges in 2023, see Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements, partially offset by lower corporate expenses. Total other income (expense), net consists primarily of foreign currency exchange gains and losses, interest income and interest expense. The following table sets forth total other income (expense), net for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Foreign currency exchange gains (losses) (Losses) gains on foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net instruments Interest income Interest expense Other, net 2023 2022 Increase / Decrease $ 42 $ (16) $ 58 (40) 2 126 (41) 11 98 23 7 59 1 48 (19) (63) (5) 67 (22) 10 50 Total other income (expense), net $ $ $ The foreign currency exchange losses were attributed to the remeasurement of net monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our subsidiaries. The gains on foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments related to the realized and unrealized gains and losses on contracts entered into to offset our foreign currency exposures. As of December 31, 2023, the notional value of our undesignated hedges was $1,317 million. The increase in interest income and interest expense was each primarily attributable to higher interest rates in the current period. Provision for Income Taxes $730M $668M 24.2% 24.0% 2022 2023 The effective income tax rate decreased primarily driven by the geographical mix of earnings in 2023 as compared to 2022. See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements for additional ê $62M ¡ Effective Income Tax Rate ê 0.2% information. In December 2021, the OECD adopted model rules for a global framework to impose a 15% global minimum tax referred to as Pillar Two with a targeted effective date of January 1, 2024. The OECD has continued and is continuing to issue additional guidance on the operation of the model rules. While the United States has not enacted Pillar Two, certain countries in which we operate have adopted their own version of the Pillar Two model rules. Although Management continues to monitor additional guidance from the OECD and countries’ implementation of Pillar Two, based on current guidance, we believe that our net income, cash flows, or financial condition will not be materially impacted by Pillar Two. Net Income The decrease in net income was primarily driven by lower income from operations, partially offset by higher interest income and lower provision for income taxes in 2023. $2,290M $2,126M ê $164M 11.8% 11.0% 2022 2023 ê 0.8% as a % of revenues ¡ % of Revenues Cognizant 34 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 35 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K The following table presents a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most comparable GAAP measure, as applicable, for the years ended December 31: Liquidity and Capital Resources (Dollars in millions, except per share data) GAAP income from operations and operating margin NextGen charges (1) Adjusted Income From Operations and Adjusted Operating Margin GAAP diluted EPS Effect of NextGen charges, pre-tax Effect of non-operating foreign currency exchange losses (gains), pre-tax (2) Tax effect of above adjustments (3) Effect of recognition of income tax benefit related to an uncertain tax position (4) Adjusted Diluted EPS Net cash provided by operating activities Purchases of property and equipment Free cash flow 2023 % of Revenues 2022 % of Revenues $ 2,689 13.9 % $ 2,968 15.3 % Cash generated from operations has historically been our primary source of liquidity to fund operations and investments to grow our business. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $2,635 million. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, we had available capacity under our credit facilities of approximately $2.0 billion. — 15.3 % The following table provides a summary of our cash flows for the years ended December 31: $ $ $ $ 229 2,918 4.21 0.45 — (0.11) — 4.55 2,330 (317) 1.2 15.1 % $ $ $ $ — 2,968 4.41 — (0.01) 0.07 (0.07) 4.40 2,568 (332) $ 2,013 $ 2,236 (1) (2) (3) (4) As part of the NextGen program, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred employee separation, facility exit and other costs. See Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements for additional information. Non-operating foreign currency exchange gains and losses, inclusive of gains and losses on related foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes, are reported in "Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net" in our consolidated statements of operations. Presented below are the tax impacts of each of our non-GAAP adjustments to pre-tax income for the years ended December 31: (in millions) 2023 2022 Non-GAAP income tax benefit (expense) related to: NextGen charges Foreign currency exchange gains and losses $ 59 $ (6) — (39) The effective tax rate related to non-operating foreign currency exchange gains and losses varies depending on the jurisdictions in which such income and expenses are generated and the statutory rates applicable in those jurisdictions. As such, the income tax effect of non-operating foreign currency exchange gains and losses shown in the above table may not appear proportionate to the net pre-tax foreign currency exchange gains and losses reported in our consolidated statements of operations. As previously reported in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, during the three months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized an income tax benefit of $36 million related to a specific uncertain tax position that was previously unrecognized in our prior-year consolidated financial statements. The recognition of the benefit in the third quarter of 2022 was based on management’s reassessment regarding whether this unrecognized tax benefit met the more-likely- than-not threshold in light of the lapse in the statute of limitations as to a portion of such benefit. (in millions) Net cash provided by (used in): Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities Other Cash Flow Information6 Free cash flow Operating activities6 2023 2022 Increase / Decrease $ 2,330 $ 2,568 $ (331) (106) (1,609) (1,939) (238) (225) 330 2,013 2,236 (223) The decrease in cash provided by operating activities in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily driven by an increase in income tax payments. In 2023, we made tax payments related to the mandatory capitalization of research and experimental expenditures for the 2022 tax year of approximately $300 million as well as the estimated tax payments for 2023 of approximately $230 million. Cash provided by operating activities for 2023 benefited from improved collections of our trade accounts receivable as compared to 2022. We monitor turnover, aging and the collection of trade accounts receivable by client. Our DSO calculation includes trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses, and contract assets, reduced by the uncollected portion of our deferred revenue. DSO was 77 days as of December 31, 2023, 74 days as of December 31, 2022 and 69 days as of December 31, 2021. Investing activities Financing activities common stock. The increase in cash used in investing activities in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily driven by lower net maturities of investments in 2023 as compared to 2022 and higher payments for business combinations in 2023. The decrease in cash used in financing activities in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily driven by lower repurchases of We have a Credit Agreement providing for a $650 million Term Loan and a $1,850 million unsecured revolving credit facility, which are each due to mature in October 2027. We are required under the Credit Agreement to make scheduled quarterly principal payments on the Term Loan beginning in December 2023. See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. We believe that we currently meet all conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement to borrow thereunder, and we are not aware of any conditions that would prevent us from borrowing part or all of the remaining available capacity under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2023 and through the date of this filing. As of December 31, 2023, we had no outstanding balance on our revolving credit facility. In March 2023, our India subsidiary renewed its working capital facility at 15 billion Indian rupee ($180 million at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate). This facility requires us to repay any balances drawn down within 90 days from the date of disbursement. There is a 1.0% prepayment penalty applicable to payments made within 30 days after disbursement. This working capital facility contains affirmative and negative covenants and may be renewed annually. As of December 31, 2023, we have not borrowed funds under this facility or any of its predecessor facilities. Cognizant 36 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 37 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K 6 Free cash flow is not a measurement of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information. The following table presents a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most comparable GAAP Liquidity and Capital Resources measure, as applicable, for the years ended December 31: GAAP income from operations and operating margin $ 2,689 13.9 % $ 2,968 15.3 % Adjusted Income From Operations and Adjusted Operating Margin 2023 % of Revenues 2022 % of Revenues 1.2 15.1 % — 15.3 % (Dollars in millions, except per share data) NextGen charges (1) GAAP diluted EPS Effect of NextGen charges, pre-tax pre-tax (2) Tax effect of above adjustments (3) tax position (4) Adjusted Diluted EPS Net cash provided by operating activities Purchases of property and equipment Free cash flow Effect of non-operating foreign currency exchange losses (gains), Effect of recognition of income tax benefit related to an uncertain $ $ $ $ 229 2,918 4.21 0.45 — (0.11) — 4.55 2,330 (317) $ $ $ $ — 2,968 4.41 — (0.01) 0.07 (0.07) 4.40 2,568 (332) $ 2,013 $ 2,236 (1) As part of the NextGen program, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred employee separation, facility exit and other costs. See Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements for additional information. (2) Non-operating foreign currency exchange gains and losses, inclusive of gains and losses on related foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes, are reported in "Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net" in our consolidated statements of operations. (3) Presented below are the tax impacts of each of our non-GAAP adjustments to pre-tax income for the years ended Non-GAAP income tax benefit (expense) related to: NextGen charges Foreign currency exchange gains and losses $ 59 $ (6) — (39) The effective tax rate related to non-operating foreign currency exchange gains and losses varies depending on the jurisdictions in which such income and expenses are generated and the statutory rates applicable in those jurisdictions. As such, the income tax effect of non-operating foreign currency exchange gains and losses shown in the above table may not appear proportionate to the net pre-tax foreign currency exchange gains and losses reported in our consolidated statements of operations. (4) As previously reported in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, during the three months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized an income tax benefit of $36 million related to a specific uncertain tax position that was previously unrecognized in our prior-year consolidated financial statements. The recognition of the benefit in the third quarter of 2022 was based on management’s reassessment regarding whether this unrecognized tax benefit met the more-likely- than-not threshold in light of the lapse in the statute of limitations as to a portion of such benefit. Cash generated from operations has historically been our primary source of liquidity to fund operations and investments to grow our business. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $2,635 million. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, we had available capacity under our credit facilities of approximately $2.0 billion. The following table provides a summary of our cash flows for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Net cash provided by (used in): Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities Other Cash Flow Information6 Free cash flow Operating activities6 2023 2022 Increase / Decrease $ 2,330 $ (331) (1,609) 2,568 $ (106) (1,939) (238) (225) 330 2,013 2,236 (223) The decrease in cash provided by operating activities in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily driven by an increase in income tax payments. In 2023, we made tax payments related to the mandatory capitalization of research and experimental expenditures for the 2022 tax year of approximately $300 million as well as the estimated tax payments for 2023 of approximately $230 million. Cash provided by operating activities for 2023 benefited from improved collections of our trade accounts receivable as compared to 2022. We monitor turnover, aging and the collection of trade accounts receivable by client. Our DSO calculation includes trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses, and contract assets, reduced by the uncollected portion of our deferred revenue. DSO was 77 days as of December 31, 2023, 74 days as of December 31, 2022 and 69 days as of December 31, 2021. Investing activities December 31: (in millions) 2023 2022 investments in 2023 as compared to 2022 and higher payments for business combinations in 2023. The increase in cash used in investing activities in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily driven by lower net maturities of Financing activities The decrease in cash used in financing activities in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily driven by lower repurchases of common stock. We have a Credit Agreement providing for a $650 million Term Loan and a $1,850 million unsecured revolving credit facility, which are each due to mature in October 2027. We are required under the Credit Agreement to make scheduled quarterly principal payments on the Term Loan beginning in December 2023. See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements. We believe that we currently meet all conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement to borrow thereunder, and we are not aware of any conditions that would prevent us from borrowing part or all of the remaining available capacity under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2023 and through the date of this filing. As of December 31, 2023, we had no outstanding balance on our revolving credit facility. In March 2023, our India subsidiary renewed its working capital facility at 15 billion Indian rupee ($180 million at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate). This facility requires us to repay any balances drawn down within 90 days from the date of disbursement. There is a 1.0% prepayment penalty applicable to payments made within 30 days after disbursement. This working capital facility contains affirmative and negative covenants and may be renewed annually. As of December 31, 2023, we have not borrowed funds under this facility or any of its predecessor facilities. Cognizant 36 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 37 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K 6 Free cash flow is not a measurement of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information. Capital Allocation Framework $2,353M $367M $1,422M $2,064M $409M $1,064M $564M $591M 2022 2023 Our capital allocation framework anticipates the deployment of approximately 50% of our free cash flow7 for acquisitions, 25% for share repurchases and 25% for dividend payments. We review our capital allocation on an ongoing basis, considering our financial performance and liquidity position, investments required to execute our strategic plans and initiatives, acquisition opportunities, the economic outlook, regulatory changes and other relevant factors. As these factors may change over time, the actual amounts expended on stock repurchase activity, dividends, and acquisitions, if any, during any particular period cannot be predicted and may fluctuate from time to time. Acquisitions Share repurchases Dividend payments Other Liquidity and Capital Resources Information We seek to ensure that our worldwide cash is available in the locations in which it is needed. As part of our ongoing liquidity assessments, we regularly monitor the mix of our domestic and international cash flows and cash balances. We evaluate on an ongoing basis what portion of the non-U.S. cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments is needed locally to execute our strategic plans and what amount is available for repatriation back to the United States. We expect operating cash flows, cash and short-term investment balances, together with the available capacity under our revolving credit facilities, to be sufficient to meet our operating requirements, including purchase commitments, tax payments, including Tax Reform Act transition tax payments, and servicing our debt for the next twelve months. Our remaining Tax Reform Act transition tax payments are $123 million and $157 million in the years 2024 and 2025, respectively. In 2023, our Tax Reform Act transition tax payment was $94 million. In addition, we also have purchase commitments of approximately $615 million that will be paid over the next four years, of which approximately $180 million will be paid during the next twelve months. In addition, see Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements for a description of our operating lease obligations. In connection with our ongoing dispute with the ITD, on January 8, 2024, the SCI ruled that, in order to proceed with our appeal, we must deposit 30 billion Indian rupees ($355 million at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate), representing the time deposits of CTS India under lien, on the condition that, if CTS India prevails at the High Court, the amount deposited will be returned to CTS India, along with interest accrued, within 4 weeks of the judgment. The SCI also requested the High Court to consider and dispose of the appeal as expeditiously as possible, preferably within 6 weeks of the January 8, 2024 ruling. We made the required deposit in January 2024. See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. The ability to expand and grow our business in accordance with current plans, make acquisitions, meet long-term capital requirements beyond a twelve-month period and execute our capital return plan will depend on many factors, including the rate, if any, at which cash flow increases, our ability and willingness to pay for acquisitions with capital stock and the availability of public and private debt, including the ability to extend the maturity of or refinance our existing debt, and equity financing. We cannot be certain that additional financing, if required, will be available on terms and conditions acceptable to us, if at all. Critical Accounting Estimates Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our accompanying consolidated financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. We base our estimates on historical experience, current trends and on various other assumptions that are believed to be relevant at the time our consolidated financial statements are prepared. We evaluate our estimates on a continuous basis. However, the actual amounts may differ from the estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. We believe the following accounting estimates are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial statements as they require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Changes to these estimates could have a material effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements. 7 Free cash flow is not a measurement of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information. Revenue Recognition. Revenues related to fixed-price contracts for application development and systems integration services, consulting or other technology services are recognized as the service is performed using the cost-to-cost method, under which the total value of revenues is recognized on the basis of the percentage that each contract’s total labor cost to-date bears to the total expected labor costs. Revenues related to fixed-price application maintenance, quality engineering and assurance and business process services are recognized using the cost-to-cost method, if the right to invoice is not representative of the value being delivered. The cost-to-cost method requires estimation of future costs, which is updated as the project progresses to reflect the latest available information. Such estimates and changes in estimates involve the use of judgment. The cumulative impact of any revision in estimates is reflected in the financial reporting period in which the change in estimate becomes known. Net changes in estimates of such future costs were immaterial to the consolidated results of operations for the periods presented. Income Taxes. Determining the consolidated provision for income taxes, deferred income tax assets (and related valuation allowance, if any) and liabilities requires significant judgment. We are required to calculate and provide for income taxes in each of the jurisdictions where we operate. Changes in the geographic mix of income before taxes or estimated level of annual pre-tax income can affect our overall effective income tax rate. In addition, transactions between our affiliated entities are arranged in accordance with applicable transfer pricing laws, regulations and relevant guidelines. As a result, and due to the interpretive nature of certain aspects of these laws and guidelines, we have pending applications for APAs before the taxing authorities in some of our most significant jurisdictions. It could take years for the relevant taxing authorities to negotiate and conclude these applications. The consolidated provision for income taxes may change period to period based on changes in facts and circumstances, such as settlements of income tax audits, the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations or finalization of our applications for APAs. Our provision for income taxes also includes the impact of reserves established for uncertain income tax positions, as well as the related interest, which may require us to apply judgment to complex issues and may require an extended period of time to resolve. Although we believe we have adequately reserved for our uncertain tax positions, no assurance can be given that the final outcome of these matters will not differ from our recorded amounts. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit or the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations. To the extent that the final outcome of these matters differs from the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. Business Combinations, Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Goodwill and intangible assets, including indefinite-lived intangible assets, arise from the accounting for business combinations. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method which requires us to estimate the fair value of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, including any contingent consideration, and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree to properly allocate purchase price to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The allocation of the purchase price utilizes estimates and assumptions in determining the fair values of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, especially with respect to intangible assets, including the timing and amount of forecasted revenues and cash flows, anticipated growth rates, client attrition rates and the discount rate reflecting the risk inherent in future cash flows. At each acquisition date, we allocate goodwill and intangible assets to our reporting units based on how we expect each reporting unit to benefit from the respective business combination. Our seven industry-based operating segments are our reporting units. We exercise judgment to allocate goodwill to the reporting units expected to benefit from each business combination. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, regulatory environment, established business plans, operating performance indicators or competition. Evaluation of goodwill for impairment requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets, liabilities and goodwill to reporting units and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. We estimate the fair value of our reporting units using a combination of an income approach, utilizing a discounted cash flow analysis, and a market approach, using market multiples. Under the income approach, we estimate projected future cash flows, the timing of such cash flows and long-term growth rates, and determine the appropriate discount rate that reflects the risk inherent in the projected future cash flows. The discount rate used is based on a market participant weighted-average cost of capital and may be adjusted for the relevant risk associated with business-specific characteristics and the uncertainty related to the reporting unit’s ability to execute on the projected future cash flows. Under the market approach, we estimate fair value based on market multiples of revenues and earnings derived from comparable publicly-traded companies with characteristics similar to the reporting unit. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results, market conditions and other factors. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit. Cognizant 38 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 39 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Capital Allocation Framework $2,353M $367M $1,422M $2,064M $409M $1,064M $564M $591M 2022 2023 Our capital allocation framework anticipates the deployment of approximately 50% of our free cash flow7 for acquisitions, 25% for share repurchases and 25% for dividend payments. We review our capital allocation on an ongoing basis, considering our financial performance and liquidity position, investments required to execute our strategic plans and initiatives, acquisition opportunities, the economic outlook, regulatory changes and other relevant factors. As these factors may change over time, the actual amounts expended on stock Acquisitions Share repurchases Dividend payments repurchase activity, dividends, and acquisitions, if any, during any particular period cannot be predicted and may fluctuate from time to time. Other Liquidity and Capital Resources Information We seek to ensure that our worldwide cash is available in the locations in which it is needed. As part of our ongoing liquidity assessments, we regularly monitor the mix of our domestic and international cash flows and cash balances. We evaluate on an ongoing basis what portion of the non-U.S. cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments is needed locally to execute our strategic plans and what amount is available for repatriation back to the United States. We expect operating cash flows, cash and short-term investment balances, together with the available capacity under our revolving credit facilities, to be sufficient to meet our operating requirements, including purchase commitments, tax payments, including Tax Reform Act transition tax payments, and servicing our debt for the next twelve months. Our remaining Tax Reform Act transition tax payments are $123 million and $157 million in the years 2024 and 2025, respectively. In 2023, our Tax Reform Act transition tax payment was $94 million. In addition, we also have purchase commitments of approximately $615 million that will be paid over the next four years, of which approximately $180 million will be paid during the next twelve months. In addition, see Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements for a description of our operating lease obligations. In connection with our ongoing dispute with the ITD, on January 8, 2024, the SCI ruled that, in order to proceed with our appeal, we must deposit 30 billion Indian rupees ($355 million at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate), representing the time deposits of CTS India under lien, on the condition that, if CTS India prevails at the High Court, the amount deposited will be returned to CTS India, along with interest accrued, within 4 weeks of the judgment. The SCI also requested the High Court to consider and dispose of the appeal as expeditiously as possible, preferably within 6 weeks of the January 8, 2024 ruling. We made the required deposit in January 2024. See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. The ability to expand and grow our business in accordance with current plans, make acquisitions, meet long-term capital requirements beyond a twelve-month period and execute our capital return plan will depend on many factors, including the rate, if any, at which cash flow increases, our ability and willingness to pay for acquisitions with capital stock and the availability of public and private debt, including the ability to extend the maturity of or refinance our existing debt, and equity financing. We cannot be certain that additional financing, if required, will be available on terms and conditions acceptable to us, if at all. Critical Accounting Estimates Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our accompanying consolidated financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. We base our estimates on historical experience, current trends and on various other assumptions that are believed to be relevant at the time our consolidated financial statements are prepared. We evaluate our estimates on a continuous basis. However, the actual amounts may differ from the estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. We believe the following accounting estimates are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial statements as they require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Changes to these estimates could have a material effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements. 7 Free cash flow is not a measurement of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information. Revenue Recognition. Revenues related to fixed-price contracts for application development and systems integration services, consulting or other technology services are recognized as the service is performed using the cost-to-cost method, under which the total value of revenues is recognized on the basis of the percentage that each contract’s total labor cost to-date bears to the total expected labor costs. Revenues related to fixed-price application maintenance, quality engineering and assurance and business process services are recognized using the cost-to-cost method, if the right to invoice is not representative of the value being delivered. The cost-to-cost method requires estimation of future costs, which is updated as the project progresses to reflect the latest available information. Such estimates and changes in estimates involve the use of judgment. The cumulative impact of any revision in estimates is reflected in the financial reporting period in which the change in estimate becomes known. Net changes in estimates of such future costs were immaterial to the consolidated results of operations for the periods presented. Income Taxes. Determining the consolidated provision for income taxes, deferred income tax assets (and related valuation allowance, if any) and liabilities requires significant judgment. We are required to calculate and provide for income taxes in each of the jurisdictions where we operate. Changes in the geographic mix of income before taxes or estimated level of annual pre-tax income can affect our overall effective income tax rate. In addition, transactions between our affiliated entities are arranged in accordance with applicable transfer pricing laws, regulations and relevant guidelines. As a result, and due to the interpretive nature of certain aspects of these laws and guidelines, we have pending applications for APAs before the taxing authorities in some of our most significant jurisdictions. It could take years for the relevant taxing authorities to negotiate and conclude these applications. The consolidated provision for income taxes may change period to period based on changes in facts and circumstances, such as settlements of income tax audits, the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations or finalization of our applications for APAs. Our provision for income taxes also includes the impact of reserves established for uncertain income tax positions, as well as the related interest, which may require us to apply judgment to complex issues and may require an extended period of time to resolve. Although we believe we have adequately reserved for our uncertain tax positions, no assurance can be given that the final outcome of these matters will not differ from our recorded amounts. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit or the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations. To the extent that the final outcome of these matters differs from the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. Business Combinations, Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Goodwill and intangible assets, including indefinite-lived intangible assets, arise from the accounting for business combinations. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method which requires us to estimate the fair value of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed, including any contingent consideration, and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree to properly allocate purchase price to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The allocation of the purchase price utilizes estimates and assumptions in determining the fair values of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, especially with respect to intangible assets, including the timing and amount of forecasted revenues and cash flows, anticipated growth rates, client attrition rates and the discount rate reflecting the risk inherent in future cash flows. At each acquisition date, we allocate goodwill and intangible assets to our reporting units based on how we expect each reporting unit to benefit from the respective business combination. Our seven industry-based operating segments are our reporting units. We exercise judgment to allocate goodwill to the reporting units expected to benefit from each business combination. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, regulatory environment, established business plans, operating performance indicators or competition. Evaluation of goodwill for impairment requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets, liabilities and goodwill to reporting units and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. We estimate the fair value of our reporting units using a combination of an income approach, utilizing a discounted cash flow analysis, and a market approach, using market multiples. Under the income approach, we estimate projected future cash flows, the timing of such cash flows and long-term growth rates, and determine the appropriate discount rate that reflects the risk inherent in the projected future cash flows. The discount rate used is based on a market participant weighted-average cost of capital and may be adjusted for the relevant risk associated with business-specific characteristics and the uncertainty related to the reporting unit’s ability to execute on the projected future cash flows. Under the market approach, we estimate fair value based on market multiples of revenues and earnings derived from comparable publicly-traded companies with characteristics similar to the reporting unit. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results, market conditions and other factors. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit. Cognizant 38 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 39 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Based on our most recent evaluation of goodwill performed during the fourth quarter of 2023, we concluded that the goodwill in each of our reporting units was not at risk of impairment. As of December 31, 2023, our goodwill balance was $6,085 million. Foreign Currency Risk Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk We review our finite-lived assets, including our finite-lived intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. The carrying amount may not be recoverable when the sum of undiscounted expected future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of such asset groups. The impairment loss is determined as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value. Assessing the fair value of asset groups involves significant estimates and assumptions including estimation of future cash flows, the timing of such cash flows and discount rates reflecting the risk inherent in future cash flows. Recently Adopted and New Accounting Pronouncements See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk in the ordinary course of doing business as we transact or hold a portion of our funds in foreign currencies. Accordingly, we periodically evaluate the need for hedging strategies, including the use of derivative financial instruments, to mitigate the effect of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and expect to continue to use such instruments in the future to reduce foreign currency exposure to changes in the value of certain foreign currencies. All hedging transactions are authorized and executed pursuant to regularly reviewed policies and procedures. Revenues from our clients in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe and Rest of World represented 9.7%, 9.9% and 6.7%, respectively, of our 2023 revenues, and are typically denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, our revenues may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rates, primarily the British pound and the Euro, as compared to the U.S. dollar. A predominant portion of our costs in India are denominated in the Indian rupee, representing 24% of our global operating costs during 2023, and are subject to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. These foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations have an impact on our results of operations. We have entered into a series of foreign exchange forward and option contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges of certain Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These U.S. dollar / Indian rupee hedges are intended to partially offset the impact of movement of exchange rates on future operating costs. As of December 31, 2023, the notional value and weighted average contract rates of these contracts by year of maturity were as follows: 2024 2025 Total Notional Value (in millions) Weighted Average Contract Rate (Indian rupee to U.S. dollar) $ $ 1,878 1,020 2,898 84.3 86.3 85.0 As of December 31, 2023, the net unrealized gain on our outstanding foreign exchange forward and option contracts designated as cash flow hedges was $13 million. Based upon a sensitivity analysis at December 31, 2023, which estimates the fair value of the contracts assuming certain market exchange rate fluctuations, a 10.0% change in the foreign currency exchange rate against the U.S. dollar with all other variables held constant would have resulted in a change in the fair value of our foreign exchange forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges of approximately $278 million. A portion of our balance sheet is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, which may result in non- operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses upon remeasurement. In 2023, we reported foreign currency exchange gains, exclusive of hedging gains, of approximately $42 million, which were primarily attributed to the remeasurement of net monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our subsidiaries. We use foreign exchange forward contracts that are scheduled to mature in the first quarter of 2024 to provide an economic hedge against balance sheet exposure to certain monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the subsidiary. At December 31, 2023, the notional value of these outstanding contracts was $1,317 million and the net unrealized loss was $8 million. Based upon a sensitivity analysis of our foreign exchange forward contracts at December 31, 2023, which estimates the fair value of the contracts assuming certain market exchange rate fluctuations, a 10.0% change in the foreign currency exchange rate against the U.S. dollar with all other variables held constant would have resulted in a change in the fair value of our foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedges of approximately $87 million. Interest Rate Risk We have a Credit Agreement providing for a $650 million Term Loan and a $1,850 million unsecured revolving credit facility, which are due to mature in October 2027. The Credit Agreement requires interest to be paid, at our option, at either the Term Benchmark, Adjusted Daily Simple RFR or the ABR Rate (each as defined in the Credit Agreement), plus, in each case, an Applicable Margin (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The Term Loan is a Term Benchmark loan. Thus, our debt exposes us to market risk from changes in interest rates. We performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the effect of interest rate fluctuations on our interest expense. A 100 basis point change in interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would have an immaterial effect on our reported interest expense. Cognizant 40 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 41 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Based on our most recent evaluation of goodwill performed during the fourth quarter of 2023, we concluded that the goodwill in each of our reporting units was not at risk of impairment. As of December 31, 2023, our goodwill balance was $6,085 million. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Foreign Currency Risk We review our finite-lived assets, including our finite-lived intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. The carrying amount may not be recoverable when the sum of undiscounted expected future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of such asset groups. The impairment loss is determined as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value. Assessing the fair value of asset groups involves significant estimates and assumptions including estimation of future cash flows, the timing of such cash flows and discount rates reflecting the risk inherent in future cash flows. Recently Adopted and New Accounting Pronouncements See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk in the ordinary course of doing business as we transact or hold a portion of our funds in foreign currencies. Accordingly, we periodically evaluate the need for hedging strategies, including the use of derivative financial instruments, to mitigate the effect of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and expect to continue to use such instruments in the future to reduce foreign currency exposure to changes in the value of certain foreign currencies. All hedging transactions are authorized and executed pursuant to regularly reviewed policies and procedures. Revenues from our clients in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe and Rest of World represented 9.7%, 9.9% and 6.7%, respectively, of our 2023 revenues, and are typically denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, our revenues may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rates, primarily the British pound and the Euro, as compared to the U.S. dollar. A predominant portion of our costs in India are denominated in the Indian rupee, representing 24% of our global operating costs during 2023, and are subject to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. These foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations have an impact on our results of operations. We have entered into a series of foreign exchange forward and option contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges of certain Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These U.S. dollar / Indian rupee hedges are intended to partially offset the impact of movement of exchange rates on future operating costs. As of December 31, 2023, the notional value and weighted average contract rates of these contracts by year of maturity were as follows: 2024 2025 Total Notional Value (in millions) Weighted Average Contract Rate (Indian rupee to U.S. dollar) $ $ 1,878 1,020 2,898 84.3 86.3 85.0 As of December 31, 2023, the net unrealized gain on our outstanding foreign exchange forward and option contracts designated as cash flow hedges was $13 million. Based upon a sensitivity analysis at December 31, 2023, which estimates the fair value of the contracts assuming certain market exchange rate fluctuations, a 10.0% change in the foreign currency exchange rate against the U.S. dollar with all other variables held constant would have resulted in a change in the fair value of our foreign exchange forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges of approximately $278 million. A portion of our balance sheet is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, which may result in non- operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses upon remeasurement. In 2023, we reported foreign currency exchange gains, exclusive of hedging gains, of approximately $42 million, which were primarily attributed to the remeasurement of net monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our subsidiaries. We use foreign exchange forward contracts that are scheduled to mature in the first quarter of 2024 to provide an economic hedge against balance sheet exposure to certain monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the subsidiary. At December 31, 2023, the notional value of these outstanding contracts was $1,317 million and the net unrealized loss was $8 million. Based upon a sensitivity analysis of our foreign exchange forward contracts at December 31, 2023, which estimates the fair value of the contracts assuming certain market exchange rate fluctuations, a 10.0% change in the foreign currency exchange rate against the U.S. dollar with all other variables held constant would have resulted in a change in the fair value of our foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedges of approximately $87 million. Interest Rate Risk We have a Credit Agreement providing for a $650 million Term Loan and a $1,850 million unsecured revolving credit facility, which are due to mature in October 2027. The Credit Agreement requires interest to be paid, at our option, at either the Term Benchmark, Adjusted Daily Simple RFR or the ABR Rate (each as defined in the Credit Agreement), plus, in each case, an Applicable Margin (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The Term Loan is a Term Benchmark loan. Thus, our debt exposes us to market risk from changes in interest rates. We performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the effect of interest rate fluctuations on our interest expense. A 100 basis point change in interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would have an immaterial effect on our reported interest expense. Cognizant 40 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 41 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K We have $1,161 million of cash equivalents, $14 million of short-term investments and $435 million of long-term investments as of December 31, 2023. Our cash equivalents consist of money market funds and time deposits. Our short-term investments consist primarily of a U.S. dollar denominated investment in a fixed income mutual fund. Our investments are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and the fair market value of our investments. Our long-term investments primarily consist of restricted time deposits and cash equivalents related to the ITD dispute and equity method investments. As of December 31, 2023, a 100 basis point change in interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would have an immaterial effect on the fair value of our cash equivalents as well as short- and long-term investments. financial statements included in this annual report, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting, as stated in their report which is included on page F-2. Inherent Limitations of Internal Controls Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Information provided by the sensitivity analysis of foreign currency risk and interest rate risk does not necessarily represent the actual changes that would occur under normal market conditions. Item 9B. Other Information Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The financial statements required to be filed pursuant to this Item 8 are appended to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A list of the financial statements filed herewith is found in Part IV, “Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedule.” K). Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Not applicable. During the three months ended December 31, 2023, no director or Section 16 officer adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements (in each case, as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S- Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of December 31, 2023. Based on this evaluation, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our chief executive and chief financial officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: • • • Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Our management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on its evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Cognizant 42 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 43 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K We have $1,161 million of cash equivalents, $14 million of short-term investments and $435 million of long-term investments as of December 31, 2023. Our cash equivalents consist of money market funds and time deposits. Our short-term investments consist primarily of a U.S. dollar denominated investment in a fixed income mutual fund. Our investments are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and the fair market value of our investments. Our long-term investments primarily consist of restricted time deposits and cash equivalents related to the ITD dispute and equity method investments. As of December 31, 2023, a 100 basis point change in interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would have an immaterial effect on the fair value of our cash equivalents as well as short- and long-term investments. financial statements included in this annual report, has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting, as stated in their report which is included on page F-2. Inherent Limitations of Internal Controls Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Information provided by the sensitivity analysis of foreign currency risk and interest rate risk does not necessarily represent the actual changes that would occur under normal market conditions. Item 9B. Other Information Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The financial statements required to be filed pursuant to this Item 8 are appended to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A list of the financial statements filed herewith is found in Part IV, “Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statements and Financial During the three months ended December 31, 2023, no director or Section 16 officer adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements (in each case, as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S- K). Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Not applicable. Statement Schedule.” None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of December 31, 2023. Based on this evaluation, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our chief executive and chief financial officers and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. • • • Our management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on its evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Cognizant 42 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 43 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III PART IV The information relating to our executive officers in response to this item is contained in part under the caption Reference is made to the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on Page F-1. “Information About Our Executive Officers” in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have adopted a written code of ethics, entitled “Code of Ethics,” that applies to all of our directors, executive officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and controller, or persons performing similar functions. We make available our code of ethics free of charge through our website which is located at www.cognizant.com. We intend to post on our website all disclosures that are required by law or Nasdaq Stock Market listing standards concerning any amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of our code of ethics. The remaining information required by this item will be included under the caption "Corporate governance" in our definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement. Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a) (1) Consolidated Financial Statements. (2) Consolidated Financial Statement Schedule. Reference is made to the Index to Financial Statement Schedule on Page F-1. (3) Exhibits. EXHIBIT INDEX Schedules other than as listed above are omitted as not required or inapplicable or because the required information is provided in the consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto. Number Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Date Filed or Furnished Herewith Incorporated by Reference Restated Certificate of Incorporation, dated June 5, 2018 Amended and Restated Bylaws, as adopted on September 14, 2018 Specimen Certificate for shares of Class A common stock Description of Capital Stock 8-K 000-24429 3.1 6/7/2018 8-K 000-24429 3.1 9/20/2018 S-4/A 333-101216 10-K 000-24429 4.2 4.2 1/30/2003 2/14/2020 10.1† Form of Indemnification Agreement for Directors and Officers 10-Q 000-24429 10.1 8/7/2013 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 10.2† 10.3† 10.4† 10.5† 10.6† 10.7† Form of Amended and Restated Executive Employment and Non-Disclosure, Non- Competition, and Invention Assignment Agreement, between the Company and each of the following current or former Executive Officers: Brian Humphries, Jan Siegmund, Becky Schmitt, Robert Telesmanic, Balu Ganesh Ayyar and John Kim 2022 Form of Executive Employment and Non-Disclosure, Non-Competition and Invention Assignment Agreement between the Company and each of the following current or former Executive Officers: Surya Gummadi, Kathryn Diaz and Jatin Dalal UK Form of Executive Employment and Non-Disclosure, Non-Competition and Invention Assignment Agreement, entered into between the Company and the Executive Employment and Non-Disclosure, Non-Competition and Invention Assignment Agreement, entered into between the Company and Ravi Kumar Singisetti, dated effective January 12, 2023 Letter Agreement, dated as of December 9, 2022, by and between the Company and Brian Humphries regarding Base Pay Denomination Adjustment Letter Agreement, dated as of January 9, 2023, by and among Cognizant Worldwide Limited, the Company and Brian Humphries amendment Employment Agreement 10-K 000-24429 10.3 2/27/2018 10-Q 000-24429 10.1 7/28/2022 8-K 000-24429 10.2 1/12/2023 10-K 000-24429 10.6 2/15/2023 8-K 000-24429 10.3 1/12/2023 following Executive Officer: Robert Walker 10-Q 000-24429 10.2 7/28/2022 Cognizant 44 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 45 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules PART III PART IV The information relating to our executive officers in response to this item is contained in part under the caption “Information About Our Executive Officers” in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have adopted a written code of ethics, entitled “Code of Ethics,” that applies to all of our directors, executive officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer and controller, or persons performing similar functions. We make available our code of ethics free of charge through our website which is located at www.cognizant.com. We intend to post on our website all disclosures that are required by law or Nasdaq Stock Market listing standards concerning any amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of our code of ethics. The remaining information required by this item will be included under the caption "Corporate governance" in our definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference to such proxy statement. (a) (1) Consolidated Financial Statements. Reference is made to the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements on Page F-1. (2) Consolidated Financial Statement Schedule. Reference is made to the Index to Financial Statement Schedule on Page F-1. (3) Exhibits. Schedules other than as listed above are omitted as not required or inapplicable or because the required information is provided in the consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto. EXHIBIT INDEX Number 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 10.1† 10.2† 10.3† 10.4† 10.5† 10.6† 10.7† Exhibit Description Restated Certificate of Incorporation, dated June 5, 2018 Amended and Restated Bylaws, as adopted on September 14, 2018 Specimen Certificate for shares of Class A common stock Description of Capital Stock Form of Indemnification Agreement for Directors and Officers Form of Amended and Restated Executive Employment and Non-Disclosure, Non- Competition, and Invention Assignment Agreement, between the Company and each of the following current or former Executive Officers: Brian Humphries, Jan Siegmund, Becky Schmitt, Robert Telesmanic, Balu Ganesh Ayyar and John Kim 2022 Form of Executive Employment and Non-Disclosure, Non-Competition and Invention Assignment Agreement between the Company and each of the following current or former Executive Officers: Surya Gummadi, Kathryn Diaz and Jatin Dalal UK Form of Executive Employment and Non-Disclosure, Non-Competition and Invention Assignment Agreement, entered into between the Company and the following Executive Officer: Robert Walker Executive Employment and Non-Disclosure, Non-Competition and Invention Assignment Agreement, entered into between the Company and Ravi Kumar Singisetti, dated effective January 12, 2023 Letter Agreement, dated as of December 9, 2022, by and between the Company and Brian Humphries regarding Base Pay Denomination Adjustment Letter Agreement, dated as of January 9, 2023, by and among Cognizant Worldwide Limited, the Company and Brian Humphries amendment Employment Agreement Incorporated by Reference Form File No. Exhibit Date Filed or Furnished Herewith 8-K 000-24429 3.1 6/7/2018 8-K 000-24429 3.1 9/20/2018 S-4/A 333-101216 10-K 000-24429 4.2 4.2 1/30/2003 2/14/2020 10-Q 000-24429 10.1 8/7/2013 10-K 000-24429 10.3 2/27/2018 10-Q 000-24429 10.1 7/28/2022 10-Q 000-24429 10.2 7/28/2022 8-K 000-24429 10.2 1/12/2023 10-K 000-24429 10.6 2/15/2023 8-K 000-24429 10.3 1/12/2023 Cognizant 44 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 45 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Number 10.8† 10.9† 10.10† 10.11† 10.12† 10.13† 10.14† 10.15† 10.16† 10.17† 10.18† 10.19† 10.20† 10.21† 10.22† 10.23† 10.24† 10.25† 10.26† 10.27† Exhibit Description Offer Letter, by and between the Company and Brian Humphries, acknowledged and agreed November 30, 2018 Offer Letter, by and between the Company and Jan Siegmund, acknowledged and agreed July 8, 2020 Offer Letter, by and between the Company and Becky Schmitt, acknowledged and agreed November 26, 2019 Offer Letter, by and between the Company and Ravi Kumar Singisetti, acknowledged and agreed January 9, 2023 Offer Letter, by and between the Company and Jatin Dalal, acknowledged and agreed September 25, 2023 Non-Employee Director Compensation Guidelines (effective as of June 6, 2023) 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (as amended and restated effective as of January 1, 2022) Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Amended and Restated 2009 Incentive Compensation Plan, effective March 9, 2015 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement Non-Employee Director Deferred Issuance Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Notice of Award of Restricted Stock Units Non-Employee Director Deferred Issuance Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2017 Incentive Award Plan Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice Form of Stock Option Grant Notice and Stock Option Agreement Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice (March 5, 2020 form) Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice (March 5, 2020 form) Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2023 Incentive Award Plan Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice for Employees, including Executive Officers Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice Incorporated by Reference Form File No. Exhibit Date Filed or Furnished Herewith Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Date Filed or Furnished Herewith Incorporated by Reference 10-K 000-24429 10.4 2/19/2019 8-K 000-24429 10.1 7/29/2020 10-K 000-24429 10.6 2/12/2021 8-K 000-24429 10.1 1/12/2023 8-K 000-24429 10.1 9/28/2023 10-Q 000-24429 10.9 8/3/2023 10-K 000-24429 10.7 2/16/2022 10.34 Credit Agreement, dated as of October 6, 10-Q 000-24429 10.1 5/4/2015 8-K 000-24429 10.7 7/6/2009 8-K 000-24429 10.8 7/6/2009 8-K 000-24429 10.1 6/7/2017 10-Q 000-24429 10.2 8/3/2017 10-Q 000-24429 10.3 8/3/2017 10-Q 000-24429 10.4 8/3/2017 10-Q 000-24429 10.5 8/3/2017 10-Q 000-24429 10.1 5/8/2020 10-Q 000-24429 10.2 5/8/2020 S-8 333-27244 99.1 6/6/2023 101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema 10-Q 000-24429 10.3 8/3/2023 10-Q 000-24429 10.4 8/3/2023 10-Q 000-24429 10.5 8/3/2023 10-Q 000-24429 10.6 8/3/2023 10-Q 000-24429 10.7 8/3/2023 10-Q 10-Q 000-24429 10.8 8/3/2023 000-24429 10.1 7/30/2020 8-K 000-24429 10.1 3/6/2023 8-K 000-24429 10.1 10/7/2022 Number 10.28† 10.29† 10.30† 10.31† 10.32† 10.33† 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 97.1 Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice for Non-Employee Director (Non-Deferred) Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice Non-Employee Director (Deferred Settlement) Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Deferred Stock Unit Award Grant Notice Non-Employee Director (for Deferred Equity in lieu of Cash Retainer) Letter Agreement with each of Steven Rohleder and Sandra Wijnberg regarding grant of dividend equivalents on previously issued Deferred Stock Units Retirement, Death and Disability Policy Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Senior Executive Cash Severance Policy 2022, among Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation, Cognizant Worldwide Limited, certain financial institutions party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent List of subsidiaries of the Company Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer) Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Financial Officer) Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (Chief Executive Officer) Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (Chief Financial Officer) Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Rule 10D-1 Compensation Recoupment (Clawback) Policy adopted September 6, 2023 101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. Document 101.CAL 101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document Furnished Furnished Filed Filed Filed Filed Filed Filed Filed Filed Filed Filed Cognizant 46 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 47 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Incorporated by Reference Incorporated by Reference Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Date Filed or Furnished Herewith 10-K 000-24429 10.4 2/19/2019 8-K 000-24429 10.1 7/29/2020 10-K 000-24429 10.6 2/12/2021 Number 10.8† Offer Letter, by and between the Company and Brian Humphries, acknowledged and agreed November 30, 2018 10.9† Offer Letter, by and between the Company and Jan Siegmund, acknowledged and agreed July 8, 2020 10.10† Offer Letter, by and between the Company and Becky Schmitt, acknowledged and agreed November 26, 2019 10.11† Offer Letter, by and between the Company and Ravi Kumar Singisetti, acknowledged 10.12† Offer Letter, by and between the Company and Jatin Dalal, acknowledged and agreed 10.14† 2004 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (as amended and restated effective as of January 10.15† 10.16† 10.17† Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Amended and Restated 2009 Incentive Compensation Plan, effective March 9, 2015 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement Non-Employee Director Deferred Issuance Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Notice of Award of Restricted Stock Units Non-Employee Director Deferred Issuance 10.18† Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2017 Incentive Award Plan 10.19† Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant and agreed January 9, 2023 8-K 000-24429 10.1 1/12/2023 September 25, 2023 8-K 000-24429 10.1 9/28/2023 10.13† Non-Employee Director Compensation Guidelines (effective as of June 6, 2023) 10-Q 000-24429 10.9 8/3/2023 1, 2022) 10-K 000-24429 10.7 2/16/2022 10-Q 000-24429 10.1 5/4/2015 8-K 000-24429 10.7 7/6/2009 8-K 000-24429 10.8 7/6/2009 8-K 000-24429 10.1 6/7/2017 10-Q 000-24429 10.2 8/3/2017 Notice Notice 10.20† Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice 10-Q 000-24429 10.3 8/3/2017 10.21† Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant 10-Q 000-24429 10.4 8/3/2017 10.22† Form of Stock Option Grant Notice and Stock Option Agreement 10-Q 000-24429 10.5 8/3/2017 10.23† Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice (March 5, 2020 form) 10-Q 000-24429 10.1 5/8/2020 10.24† 10.25† 10.26† 10.27† Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice (March 5, 2020 form) Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation 2023 Incentive Award Plan Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice for Employees, including Executive Officers Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice 10-Q 000-24429 10.2 5/8/2020 S-8 333-27244 99.1 6/6/2023 10-Q 000-24429 10.3 8/3/2023 10-Q 000-24429 10.4 8/3/2023 Number 10.28† 10.29† 10.30† 10.31† 10.32† 10.33† 10.34 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 97.1 101.INS 101.SCH 101.CAL 101.DEF 101.LAB Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Date Filed or Furnished Herewith 10-Q 000-24429 10.5 8/3/2023 10-Q 000-24429 10.6 8/3/2023 10-Q 000-24429 10.7 8/3/2023 10-Q 10-Q 000-24429 10.8 8/3/2023 000-24429 10.1 7/30/2020 8-K 000-24429 10.1 3/6/2023 8-K 000-24429 10.1 10/7/2022 Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice for Non-Employee Director (Non-Deferred) Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Restricted Stock Unit Award Grant Notice Non-Employee Director (Deferred Settlement) Form of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Deferred Stock Unit Award Grant Notice Non-Employee Director (for Deferred Equity in lieu of Cash Retainer) Letter Agreement with each of Steven Rohleder and Sandra Wijnberg regarding grant of dividend equivalents on previously issued Deferred Stock Units Retirement, Death and Disability Policy Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Senior Executive Cash Severance Policy Credit Agreement, dated as of October 6, 2022, among Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation, Cognizant Worldwide Limited, certain financial institutions party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent List of subsidiaries of the Company Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer) Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Financial Officer) Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (Chief Executive Officer) Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (Chief Financial Officer) Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Rule 10D-1 Compensation Recoupment (Clawback) Policy adopted September 6, 2023 Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document Filed Filed Filed Filed Furnished Furnished Filed Filed Filed Filed Filed Filed Cognizant 46 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 47 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Number 101.PRE 104 Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Date Filed or Furnished Herewith Incorporated by Reference Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) Filed Filed † A management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit pursuant to Item 15(a)(3) of Form 10-K. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION SIGNATURES By: /S/ RAVI KUMAR S Ravi Kumar S, Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Date: February 14, 2024 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ RAVI KUMAR S Ravi Kumar S /s/ JATIN DALAL Jatin Dalal Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ ROBERT TELESMANIC Robert Telesmanic Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ STEPHEN J. ROHLEDER Chair of the Board and Director Director Director Stephen J. Rohleder /s/ ZEIN ABDALLA Zein Abdalla /s/ VINITA BALI Vinita Bali Eric Branderiz Archana Deskus John M. Dineen /s/ ERIC BRANDERIZ Director /s/ ARCHANA DESKUS Director /s/ JOHN M. DINEEN Director /s/ LEO S. MACKAY, JR. Director Leo S. Mackay, Jr. /s/ MICHAEL PATSALOS-FOX Director Michael Patsalos-Fox /s/ ABRAHAM SCHOT Abraham Schot Director /s/ JOSEPH M. VELLI Director Joseph M. Velli /s/ SANDRA S. WIJNBERG Director Sandra S. Wijnberg February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 Cognizant 48 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 49 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Number 101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) Item 15(a)(3) of Form 10-K. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. † A management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit pursuant to Filed Filed Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Date Filed or Furnished Herewith Incorporated by Reference Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION SIGNATURES By: /S/ RAVI KUMAR S Ravi Kumar S, Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Date: February 14, 2024 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ RAVI KUMAR S Ravi Kumar S /s/ JATIN DALAL Jatin Dalal /s/ ROBERT TELESMANIC Robert Telesmanic /s/ STEPHEN J. ROHLEDER Stephen J. Rohleder /s/ ZEIN ABDALLA Zein Abdalla /s/ VINITA BALI Vinita Bali /s/ ERIC BRANDERIZ Eric Branderiz Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Senior Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) Chair of the Board and Director Director Director Director /s/ ARCHANA DESKUS Director Archana Deskus /s/ JOHN M. DINEEN John M. Dineen /s/ LEO S. MACKAY, JR. Leo S. Mackay, Jr. /s/ MICHAEL PATSALOS-FOX Michael Patsalos-Fox /s/ ABRAHAM SCHOT Abraham Schot /s/ JOSEPH M. VELLI Joseph M. Velli /s/ SANDRA S. WIJNBERG Sandra S. Wijnberg Director Director Director Director Director Director February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 February 14, 2024 Cognizant 48 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant 49 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE Consolidated Financial Statements: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 238) Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Financial Statement Schedule: Page F-2 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 Schedule of Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 F-41 issued by the COSO. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) Basis for Opinions The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Cognizant F-1 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-2 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE Consolidated Financial Statements: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 238) Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Financial Statement Schedule: Schedule of Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 F-41 Page F-2 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income, of stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Basis for Opinions The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Cognizant F-1 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-2 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Revenue Recognition – Expected Labor Costs to Complete for Certain Fixed-Price Contracts As described in Notes 1 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements, fixed-price contracts comprised $8.7 billion of the Company’s total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023, which includes performance obligations where control is transferred over time. For performance obligations where control is transferred over time, revenues are recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the deliverables to be provided. Management recognizes revenues related to fixed-price contracts for application development and systems integration services, consulting or other technology services as the service is performed using the cost-to-cost method, under which the total value of revenues is recognized on the basis of the percentage that each contract’s total labor cost to date bears to the total expected labor costs. The cost-to-cost method requires estimation of future costs, which is updated as the project progresses to reflect the latest available information. Revenues related to fixed-price application maintenance, quality engineering and assurance as well as business process services are recognized based on management’s right to invoice for services performed for contracts in which the invoicing is representative of the value being delivered. If management’s invoicing is not consistent with the value delivered, revenues are recognized as the service is performed based on the cost-to-cost method described above. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition – expected labor costs to complete for certain fixed-price contracts is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management when developing the estimated total expected labor costs to complete fixed-price contracts and the significant auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to management’s estimate of total expected labor costs. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the revenue recognition process, including controls over the development of the estimated total expected labor costs to complete fixed-price contracts. These procedures also included, among others, evaluating and testing management’s process for developing the estimated total expected labor costs for a sample of contracts, which included evaluating the reasonableness of the total expected labor cost assumptions used by management. Evaluating the reasonableness of the assumptions related to the total expected labor costs involved assessing management’s ability to reasonably develop total expected labor costs by (i) performing a comparison of expected labor cost metrics at project inception with actual cost metrics for similar completed projects and (ii) evaluating the timely identification of circumstances that may warrant a modification to previous labor cost estimates, including actual labor costs in excess of estimates. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP New York, New York February 14, 2024 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1997. (in millions, except par values) Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Short-term investments Trade accounts receivable, net Other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Operating lease assets, net Goodwill Intangible assets, net Deferred income tax assets, net Long-term investments Other noncurrent assets Total assets Current liabilities: Accounts payable Deferred revenue Short-term debt Operating lease liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Total current liabilities Deferred revenue, noncurrent Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent Deferred income tax liabilities, net Long-term debt Long-term income taxes payable Other noncurrent liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (See Note 15) Stockholders’ equity: Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity Assets December 31, 2023 2022 $ 2,621 $ Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity $ 18,483 $ 17,852 $ $ 14 3,849 1,022 7,506 1,048 611 6,085 1,149 993 435 656 337 385 33 153 2,425 3,333 42 523 226 606 157 369 2,191 310 3,796 969 7,266 1,101 876 5,710 1,168 642 427 662 360 398 8 174 2,407 3,347 19 714 180 638 283 362 5,256 5,543 — 5 15 13,301 (94) 13,227 18,483 $ $ — 5 15 12,588 (299) 12,309 17,852 Preferred stock, $0.10 par value, 15 shares authorized, none issued Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, 1,000 shares authorized, 498 and 509 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. Cognizant F-3 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-4 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Revenue Recognition – Expected Labor Costs to Complete for Certain Fixed-Price Contracts As described in Notes 1 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements, fixed-price contracts comprised $8.7 billion of the Company’s total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023, which includes performance obligations where control is transferred over time. For performance obligations where control is transferred over time, revenues are recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the deliverables to be provided. Management recognizes revenues related to fixed-price contracts for application development and systems integration services, consulting or other technology services as the service is performed using the cost-to-cost method, under which the total value of revenues is recognized on the basis of the percentage that each contract’s total labor cost to date bears to the total expected labor costs. The cost-to-cost method requires estimation of future costs, which is updated as the project progresses to reflect the latest available information. Revenues related to fixed-price application maintenance, quality engineering and assurance as well as business process services are recognized based on management’s right to invoice for services performed for contracts in which the invoicing is representative of the value being delivered. If management’s invoicing is not consistent with the value delivered, revenues are recognized as the service is performed based on the cost-to-cost method described above. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition – expected labor costs to complete for certain fixed-price contracts is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management when developing the estimated total expected labor costs to complete fixed-price contracts and the significant auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to management’s estimate of total expected labor costs. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the revenue recognition process, including controls over the development of the estimated total expected labor costs to complete fixed-price contracts. These procedures also included, among others, evaluating and testing management’s process for developing the estimated total expected labor costs for a sample of contracts, which included evaluating the reasonableness of the total expected labor cost assumptions used by management. Evaluating the reasonableness of the assumptions related to the total expected labor costs involved assessing management’s ability to reasonably develop total expected labor costs by (i) performing a comparison of expected labor cost metrics at project inception with actual cost metrics for similar completed projects and (ii) evaluating the timely identification of circumstances that may warrant a modification to previous labor cost estimates, including actual labor costs in excess of estimates. /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP New York, New York February 14, 2024 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1997. Assets (in millions, except par values) Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Short-term investments Trade accounts receivable, net Other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment, net Operating lease assets, net Goodwill Intangible assets, net Deferred income tax assets, net Long-term investments Other noncurrent assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Deferred revenue Short-term debt Operating lease liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Total current liabilities Deferred revenue, noncurrent Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent Deferred income tax liabilities, net Long-term debt Long-term income taxes payable Other noncurrent liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (See Note 15) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $0.10 par value, 15 shares authorized, none issued Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, 1,000 shares authorized, 498 and 509 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity December 31, 2023 2022 2,621 14 3,849 1,022 7,506 1,048 611 6,085 1,149 993 435 656 18,483 337 385 33 153 2,425 3,333 42 523 226 606 157 369 5,256 $ $ $ 2,191 310 3,796 969 7,266 1,101 876 5,710 1,168 642 427 662 17,852 360 398 8 174 2,407 3,347 19 714 180 638 283 362 5,543 — — 5 15 13,301 (94) 13,227 18,483 $ 5 15 12,588 (299) 12,309 17,852 $ $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. Cognizant F-3 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-4 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Change in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustments Unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges Other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 $ 2,126 $ 2,290 $ 2,137 144 61 205 (228) (108) (336) (75) 2 (73) $ 2,331 $ 1,954 $ 2,064 (in millions, except per share data) Revenues Operating expenses: Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 $ 19,353 $ 19,428 $ 18,507 (in millions) Net income separately below) Selling, general and administrative expenses Restructuring charges Depreciation and amortization expense Income from operations Other income (expense), net: Interest income Interest expense Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net Other, net Total other income (expense), net Income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Income (loss) from equity method investments Net income Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—Basic Dilutive effect of shares issuable under stock-based compensation plans Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—Diluted 12,664 3,252 229 519 2,689 12,448 3,443 — 569 2,968 126 (41) 2 11 98 59 (19) 7 1 48 2,787 3,016 (668) (730) 7 4 11,604 3,503 — 574 2,826 30 (9) (20) — 1 2,827 (693) 3 $ $ $ 2,126 $ 2,290 $ 2,137 4.21 $ 4.21 $ 4.42 $ 4.41 $ 505 — 505 518 1 519 4.06 4.05 527 1 528 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. Cognizant F-5 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-6 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (in millions) Net income Change in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation adjustments Unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges Other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 $ 2,126 $ 2,290 $ 2,137 144 61 205 (228) (108) (336) (75) 2 (73) $ 2,331 $ 1,954 $ 2,064 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown (in millions, except per share data) Revenues Operating expenses: separately below) Selling, general and administrative expenses Restructuring charges Depreciation and amortization expense Income from operations Other income (expense), net: Interest income Interest expense Other, net Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net Total other income (expense), net Income before provision for income taxes Provision for income taxes Income (loss) from equity method investments Net income Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 $ 19,353 $ 19,428 $ 18,507 12,664 3,252 229 519 2,689 12,448 3,443 — 569 2,968 126 (41) (19) 2,787 3,016 (668) (730) 59 7 1 48 4 518 1 519 2 11 98 7 505 — 505 11,604 3,503 — 574 2,826 30 (9) (20) — 1 2,827 (693) 3 4.06 4.05 527 1 528 $ $ $ 2,126 $ 2,290 $ 2,137 4.21 $ 4.21 $ 4.42 $ 4.41 $ Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—Basic Dilutive effect of shares issuable under stock-based compensation plans Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—Diluted The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. Cognizant F-5 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-6 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in millions, except per share data) Balance, December 31, 2020 Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans Stock-based compensation expense Repurchases of common stock (10) Dividends declared, $0.96 per share Balance, December 31, 2021 Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans Stock-based compensation expense — 525 — — 4 — Repurchases of common stock (20) Dividends declared, $1.08 per share Balance, December 31, 2022 Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans Stock-based compensation expense Repurchases of common stock Dividends declared, $1.16 per share Balance, December 31, 2023 Class A Common Stock Shares Amount Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Total 530 $ 5 $ 32 $ 10,689 $ 110 $ 10,836 — — 5 — — 509 — — 4 — (15) — — — — — — — 5 — — — — — — 5 — — — — — — — — 130 246 (381) — 27 — — 86 261 2,137 — — — (394) (510) 11,922 2,290 — — — (359) (1,059) — 15 — — 71 176 (247) — (565) 12,588 2,126 — — — (823) (590) — (73) 2,137 (73) — — — — 37 — 130 246 (775) (510) 11,991 2,290 (336) (336) — — — — 86 261 (1,418) (565) (299) 12,309 — 205 — — — — 2,126 205 71 176 (1,070) (590) 498 $ 5 $ 15 $ 13,301 $ (94) $ 13,227 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. Cognizant F-7 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-8 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Cash flows from operating activities: (in millions) Net income Depreciation and amortization Deferred income taxes Stock-based compensation expense Other Changes in assets and liabilities: Trade accounts receivable Other current and noncurrent assets Accounts payable Deferred revenue, current and noncurrent Other current and noncurrent liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of property and equipment Purchases of available-for-sale investment securities Proceeds from maturity of available-for-sale investment securities Purchases of held-to-maturity investment securities Proceeds from maturity of held-to-maturity investment securities Purchases of other investments Proceeds from maturity or sale of other investments Proceeds from sales of businesses Payments for business combinations, net of cash acquired Net cash (used in) investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans Repurchases of common stock Repayment of term loan borrowings and finance lease and earnout obligations Proceeds from debt refinancing Debt issuance costs Dividends paid Net cash (used in) financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of year Supplemental information: Cash paid for income taxes during the year Cash interest paid during the year Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 $ 2,126 $ 2,290 $ 2,137 574 27 246 (1) (407) 348 (35) 19 (413) 2,495 (279) (430) 120 (203) 180 1,078 — (970) (2,164) 130 (771) (53) — — (509) 555 (339) 176 1 (43) 123 (23) (4) (242) 2,330 (317) (59) 285 (3) 24 527 — (409) (331) 569 (273) 261 45 (238) 343 (11) (26) (392) 2,568 (332) (1,227) 1,315 (44) 54 1,013 28 (367) (106) (379) (546) (1,660) 71 86 (1,064) (1,422) (25) — — (591) (686) 650 (3) (564) (1,609) (1,939) (1,203) 33 423 (21) 502 (16) (888) 2,294 1,792 2,680 $ 2,717 $ 2,294 $ 1,792 $ 1,245 $ 40 $ $ 813 15 $ $ 625 7 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in millions, except per share data) Balance, December 31, 2020 Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans Stock-based compensation expense Repurchases of common stock Dividends declared, $0.96 per share Balance, December 31, 2021 Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans Stock-based compensation expense Repurchases of common stock Dividends declared, $1.08 per share Balance, December 31, 2022 Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans Stock-based compensation expense Dividends declared, $1.16 per share Balance, December 31, 2023 (10) (381) — — 5 — — 525 — — 4 — — 509 — — 4 — — — — — — — — 5 — — — — — — 5 — — — — — — — — 130 246 — 27 — — 86 261 — 15 — — 2,137 — — — (394) (510) 11,922 2,290 — — — — — — (565) 12,588 2,126 71 176 (247) — (823) (590) — (73) 2,137 (73) (336) (336) (299) 12,309 130 246 (775) (510) 11,991 2,290 86 261 (1,418) (565) 2,126 205 71 176 (1,070) (590) — — — — 37 — — — — — — 205 — — — — (20) (359) (1,059) Repurchases of common stock (15) 498 $ 5 $ 15 $ 13,301 $ (94) $ 13,227 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. Class A Common Stock Shares Amount Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Total 530 $ 5 $ 32 $ 10,689 $ 110 $ 10,836 (in millions) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Deferred income taxes Stock-based compensation expense Other Changes in assets and liabilities: Trade accounts receivable Other current and noncurrent assets Accounts payable Deferred revenue, current and noncurrent Other current and noncurrent liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of property and equipment Purchases of available-for-sale investment securities Proceeds from maturity of available-for-sale investment securities Purchases of held-to-maturity investment securities Proceeds from maturity of held-to-maturity investment securities Purchases of other investments Proceeds from maturity or sale of other investments Proceeds from sales of businesses Payments for business combinations, net of cash acquired Net cash (used in) investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans Repurchases of common stock Repayment of term loan borrowings and finance lease and earnout obligations Proceeds from debt refinancing Debt issuance costs Dividends paid Net cash (used in) financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents, end of year Supplemental information: Cash paid for income taxes during the year Cash interest paid during the year Year Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 $ 2,126 $ 2,290 $ 2,137 555 (339) 176 1 (43) 123 (23) (4) (242) 2,330 (317) (59) 285 (3) 24 569 (273) 261 45 (238) 343 (11) (26) (392) 2,568 (332) (1,227) 1,315 (44) 54 574 27 246 (1) (407) 348 (35) 19 (413) 2,495 (279) (430) 120 (203) 180 (379) (546) (1,660) 527 — (409) (331) 1,013 28 (367) (106) 71 86 (1,064) (1,422) (25) — — (591) (1,609) (686) 650 (3) (564) (1,939) 1,078 — (970) (2,164) 130 (771) (53) — — (509) (1,203) 33 423 2,294 $ 2,717 (21) 502 1,792 $ 2,294 (16) (888) 2,680 $ 1,792 $ 1,245 $ 40 $ $ 813 15 $ $ 625 7 Cognizant F-7 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-8 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in millions, except share data) Note 1 — Business Description and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies The terms “Cognizant,” “we,” “our,” “us” and “the Company” refer to Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and deemed uncollectible. its subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise. Description of Business. We are one of the world’s leading professional services companies, engineering modern businesses and delivering strategic outcomes for our clients. We help clients modernize technology, reimagine processes and transform experiences so they can stay ahead in a fast-changing world. We provide industry expertise and close client collaboration, combining critical perspective with a flexible engagement style. We tailor our services and solutions to specific industries with an integrated global delivery model that employs client service and delivery teams based at client locations and dedicated global and regional delivery centers. Our collaborative services include digital services and solutions, consulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance, application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services and automation. Digital services continue to be an important part of our portfolio, aligning with our clients' focus on becoming data-enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses. Basis of Presentation, Principles of Consolidation and Use of Estimates. The consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with GAAP and reflect the consolidated financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income and cash flows of our consolidated subsidiaries for all periods presented. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying disclosures. We evaluate our estimates on a continuous basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The actual amounts may vary from the estimates used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments. Cash and cash equivalents consist of all cash balances, including money market funds, time deposits, certificates of deposits and commercial paper that have a maturity, at the date of purchase, of 90 days or less. We determine the appropriate classification of our investments in marketable securities at the date of purchase and reevaluate such designation at each balance sheet date. We classify and account for our marketable debt securities as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. After consideration of our risk versus reward objectives, as well as our liquidity requirements, we may sell our available-for-sale securities prior to their stated maturities. We classify these marketable securities with maturities at the date of purchase beyond 90 days as short-term investments based on their highly liquid nature and because such marketable securities represent an investment of cash that is available for current operations. Available-for- sale securities are reported at fair value with changes in unrealized gains and losses recorded as a separate component of "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" on the consolidated statements of financial position until realized. We determine the cost of the securities sold based on the specific identification method. Our held-to-maturity investment securities are financial instruments that we have the intent and ability to hold to maturity and we classify these securities with maturities less than one year as short-term investments. Any held-to-maturity investment securities with maturities beyond one year from the balance sheet date are classified as long-term investments. Held-to-maturity securities are reported at amortized cost. Interest and amortization of premiums and discounts for debt securities are included in interest income. For available-for-sale debt securities, if we do not intend to sell the security or it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of our amortized cost, we evaluate qualitative criteria, such as the financial health of and specific prospects for the issuer, to determine whether we do not expect to recover the amortized cost basis of the security. We also evaluate quantitative criteria including determining whether there has been an adverse change in expected future cash flows. If we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, we consider the security to contain an expected credit loss, and we record the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its recoverable amount in earnings as an allowance for credit loss and the difference between the security’s recoverable amount and fair value in other comprehensive income. If we intend to sell the security or it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the security is considered impaired, and we recognize the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value in earnings. On initial recognition and on an ongoing basis, we evaluate our held-to-maturity investment securities for expected credit losses collectively when they share similar risk characteristics or individually, when the risk characteristics are different. The allowance for expected credit losses is determined using our historical loss experience. We monitor the credit ratings of the securities in our portfolio to evaluate the need for any changes to the allowance. An increase or a decrease in the allowance for expected credit losses is recorded through income as a credit loss expense or a reversal thereof. The allowance for expected credit losses is presented as a deduction from the amortized cost. A held-to-maturity investment security is written off when Financial Assets and Liabilities. Cash and certain cash equivalents, time deposits, trade receivables, accounts payable and other accrued liabilities are short-term in nature and, accordingly, their carrying values approximate fair value. Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the asset. Deposits paid towards acquisition of long-lived assets and the cost of assets not put in use by the balance sheet date are disclosed under the caption "Capital work-in-progress" in Note 6. Leases. Our lease asset classes primarily consist of operating leases for office space, data centers and IT equipment. At inception of a contract, we determine whether a contract contains a lease, and if a lease is identified, whether it is an operating or finance lease. In determining whether a contract contains a lease we consider whether (1) we have the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the asset throughout the term of the contract, (2) we have the right to direct how and for what purpose the asset is used throughout the term of the contract and (3) we have the right to operate the asset throughout the term of the contract without the lessor having the right to change the terms of the contract. Some of our lease agreements contain both lease and non-lease components that we account for as a single lease component for all of our lease asset classes. Our ROU lease assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and may include any advance lease payments made and any initial direct costs and exclude lease incentives. Our lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the terms of the lease. ROU lease assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement of the lease and are calculated using the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Typically, our lease agreements do not provide sufficient detail to determine the rate implicit in the lease. Therefore, we use our estimated country-specific incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the commencement date of the lease to calculate the present value of the lease payments. In estimating our country-specific incremental borrowing rates, we consider market rates of comparable collateralized borrowings for similar terms. Our lease terms may include the option to extend or terminate the lease before the end of the contractual lease term. Our ROU lease assets and lease liabilities include these options when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised. A portion of our real estate lease costs is subject to annual changes in the CPI. Changes in CPI subsequent to the lease commencement are treated as variable lease payments and are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. Other variable lease costs primarily relate to adjustments for common area maintenance, utilities, property tax and lease concessions. These variable costs are recognized in the period in which the obligation is incurred. We elect not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases with a term equal to or less than 12 months. We recognize the lease payments in our income statement on a straight-line basis over the lease term and variable lease payments in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. Both ROU assets and finance lease assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the related asset group may not be recoverable. Internal Use Software. We capitalize certain costs that are incurred to purchase, develop and implement internal-use software during the application development phase, which primarily include coding, testing and certain data conversion activities. Capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the software. Costs incurred in performing planning and post-implementation activities are expensed as incurred. Cloud Computing Arrangements. We defer certain implementation costs that are incurred when implementing cloud computing service or software-as-a-service arrangements, which primarily include efforts associated with configuration and development activities. Once the service is ready for use, deferred costs are expensed over the term of the arrangement and recognized in income from operations. Cognizant F-9 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-10 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in millions, except share data) Note 1 — Business Description and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies The terms “Cognizant,” “we,” “our,” “us” and “the Company” refer to Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and its subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise. Description of Business. We are one of the world’s leading professional services companies, engineering modern businesses and delivering strategic outcomes for our clients. We help clients modernize technology, reimagine processes and transform experiences so they can stay ahead in a fast-changing world. We provide industry expertise and close client collaboration, combining critical perspective with a flexible engagement style. We tailor our services and solutions to specific industries with an integrated global delivery model that employs client service and delivery teams based at client locations and dedicated global and regional delivery centers. Our collaborative services include digital services and solutions, consulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance, application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services and automation. Digital services continue to be an important part of our portfolio, aligning with our clients' focus on becoming data-enabled, customer-centric and differentiated businesses. Basis of Presentation, Principles of Consolidation and Use of Estimates. The consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with GAAP and reflect the consolidated financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income and cash flows of our consolidated subsidiaries for all periods presented. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying disclosures. We evaluate our estimates on a continuous basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The actual amounts may vary from the estimates used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements. days or less. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments. Cash and cash equivalents consist of all cash balances, including money market funds, time deposits, certificates of deposits and commercial paper that have a maturity, at the date of purchase, of 90 We determine the appropriate classification of our investments in marketable securities at the date of purchase and reevaluate such designation at each balance sheet date. We classify and account for our marketable debt securities as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. After consideration of our risk versus reward objectives, as well as our liquidity requirements, we may sell our available-for-sale securities prior to their stated maturities. We classify these marketable securities with maturities at the date of purchase beyond 90 days as short-term investments based on their highly liquid nature and because such marketable securities represent an investment of cash that is available for current operations. Available-for- sale securities are reported at fair value with changes in unrealized gains and losses recorded as a separate component of "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" on the consolidated statements of financial position until realized. We determine the cost of the securities sold based on the specific identification method. Our held-to-maturity investment securities are financial instruments that we have the intent and ability to hold to maturity and we classify these securities with maturities less than one year as short-term investments. Any held-to-maturity investment securities with maturities beyond one year from the balance sheet date are classified as long-term investments. Held-to-maturity securities are reported at amortized cost. Interest and amortization of premiums and discounts for debt securities are included in interest income. For available-for-sale debt securities, if we do not intend to sell the security or it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of our amortized cost, we evaluate qualitative criteria, such as the financial health of and specific prospects for the issuer, to determine whether we do not expect to recover the amortized cost basis of the security. We also evaluate quantitative criteria including determining whether there has been an adverse change in expected future cash flows. If we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, we consider the security to contain an expected credit loss, and we record the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its recoverable amount in earnings as an allowance for credit loss and the difference between the security’s recoverable amount and fair value in other comprehensive income. If we intend to sell the security or it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the security is considered impaired, and we recognize the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value in earnings. On initial recognition and on an ongoing basis, we evaluate our held-to-maturity investment securities for expected credit losses collectively when they share similar risk characteristics or individually, when the risk characteristics are different. The allowance for expected credit losses is determined using our historical loss experience. We monitor the credit ratings of the securities in our portfolio to evaluate the need for any changes to the allowance. An increase or a decrease in the allowance for expected credit losses is recorded through income as a credit loss expense or a reversal thereof. The allowance for expected credit losses is presented as a deduction from the amortized cost. A held-to-maturity investment security is written off when deemed uncollectible. Financial Assets and Liabilities. Cash and certain cash equivalents, time deposits, trade receivables, accounts payable and other accrued liabilities are short-term in nature and, accordingly, their carrying values approximate fair value. Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the asset. Deposits paid towards acquisition of long-lived assets and the cost of assets not put in use by the balance sheet date are disclosed under the caption "Capital work-in-progress" in Note 6. Leases. Our lease asset classes primarily consist of operating leases for office space, data centers and IT equipment. At inception of a contract, we determine whether a contract contains a lease, and if a lease is identified, whether it is an operating or finance lease. In determining whether a contract contains a lease we consider whether (1) we have the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the asset throughout the term of the contract, (2) we have the right to direct how and for what purpose the asset is used throughout the term of the contract and (3) we have the right to operate the asset throughout the term of the contract without the lessor having the right to change the terms of the contract. Some of our lease agreements contain both lease and non-lease components that we account for as a single lease component for all of our lease asset classes. Our ROU lease assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and may include any advance lease payments made and any initial direct costs and exclude lease incentives. Our lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the terms of the lease. ROU lease assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement of the lease and are calculated using the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Typically, our lease agreements do not provide sufficient detail to determine the rate implicit in the lease. Therefore, we use our estimated country-specific incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the commencement date of the lease to calculate the present value of the lease payments. In estimating our country-specific incremental borrowing rates, we consider market rates of comparable collateralized borrowings for similar terms. Our lease terms may include the option to extend or terminate the lease before the end of the contractual lease term. Our ROU lease assets and lease liabilities include these options when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised. A portion of our real estate lease costs is subject to annual changes in the CPI. Changes in CPI subsequent to the lease commencement are treated as variable lease payments and are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. Other variable lease costs primarily relate to adjustments for common area maintenance, utilities, property tax and lease concessions. These variable costs are recognized in the period in which the obligation is incurred. We elect not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases with a term equal to or less than 12 months. We recognize the lease payments in our income statement on a straight-line basis over the lease term and variable lease payments in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. Both ROU assets and finance lease assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the related asset group may not be recoverable. Internal Use Software. We capitalize certain costs that are incurred to purchase, develop and implement internal-use software during the application development phase, which primarily include coding, testing and certain data conversion activities. Capitalized costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the software. Costs incurred in performing planning and post-implementation activities are expensed as incurred. Cloud Computing Arrangements. We defer certain implementation costs that are incurred when implementing cloud computing service or software-as-a-service arrangements, which primarily include efforts associated with configuration and development activities. Once the service is ready for use, deferred costs are expensed over the term of the arrangement and recognized in income from operations. Cognizant F-9 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-10 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Software to be Sold, Leased or Marketed. We capitalize costs incurred after technological feasibility is reached but before software is available for general release to clients, which primarily include coding and testing activities. Once the product is ready for general release, capitalized costs are amortized over the useful life of the software. Business Combinations. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method, which requires the identification of the acquirer, the determination of the acquisition date and the allocation of the purchase price paid by the acquirer to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, including any contingent consideration and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets. Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their expected useful lives. Acquisition-related costs are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in our consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date. Equity Method Investments. Equity investments that give us the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over an investee are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and recorded in the caption "Long-term investments" on our consolidated statements of financial position. Equity method investments are initially recorded at cost. We periodically review the carrying value of our equity method investments to determine if there has been an other-than-temporary decline in the carrying value. The investment balance is increased to reflect contributions and our share of earnings and decreased to reflect our share of losses, distributions and other-than-temporary impairments. Our proportionate share of the net income or loss of the investee is recorded in the caption "Income (loss) from equity method investments" on our consolidated statements of operations. Long-lived Assets and Finite-lived Intangible Assets. We review long-lived assets and certain finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. The carrying amount may not be recoverable when the sum of undiscounted expected future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of such asset groups. The impairment loss is determined as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value. Intangible assets consist primarily of customer relationships and developed technology, which are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets. At each acquisition date, we allocate goodwill and intangible assets to our reporting units based on how we expect each reporting unit to benefit from the respective business combination. Our seven industry-based operating segments are our reporting units. We evaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, or as circumstances warrant. Goodwill is evaluated at the reporting unit level by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount including goodwill. An impairment of goodwill exists if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. For indefinite-lived intangible assets, if our qualitative assessment indicates that it is more-likely-than-not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, we test the assets for impairment by comparing the fair value of such assets to their carrying value. If an impairment is indicated, a write down to the fair value of indefinite-lived intangible asset is recorded. Stock Repurchase Program. Under the Board of Directors authorized stock repurchase program, the Company is authorized to repurchase its Class A common stock through open market purchases, including under a 10b5-1 Plan, in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. We account for the repurchased shares as constructively retired. Shares are returned to the status of authorized and unissued shares at the time of repurchase. To reflect share repurchases in the consolidated statements of financial position, we (1) reduce common stock for the par value of the shares, (2) reduce additional paid-in capital for the amount in excess of par during the period in which the shares are repurchased and (3) record any residual amount in excess of available additional paid-in capital as a reduction to retained earnings. Revenue Recognition. We recognize revenues as we transfer control of deliverables (products, solutions and services) to our clients in an amount reflecting the consideration to which we expect to be entitled. To recognize revenues, we apply the following five step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenues when a performance obligation is satisfied. We account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from all parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectibility of consideration is probable. We apply judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intention to pay based on a variety of factors including the customer’s historical payment experience. For performance obligations where control is transferred over time, revenues are recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based primarily on the nature of the deliverables to be provided. Revenues related to fixed-price contracts for application development and systems integration services, consulting or other technology services are recognized as the service is performed using the cost-to-cost method, under which the total value of revenues is recognized on the basis of the percentage that each contract’s total labor cost to date bears to the total expected labor costs. Revenues related to fixed-price application maintenance, quality engineering and assurance as well as business process services are recognized based on our right to invoice for services performed for contracts in which the invoicing is representative of the value being delivered. If our invoicing is not consistent with the value delivered, revenues are recognized as the service is performed based on the cost-to-cost method described above. The cost-to-cost method requires estimation of future costs, which is updated as the project progresses to reflect the latest available information. Such estimates and changes in estimates involve the use of judgment. The cumulative impact of any revision in estimates is reflected in the financial reporting period in which the change in estimate becomes known and any anticipated losses on contracts are recognized immediately, where appropriate. Revenues related to fixed-price hosting and infrastructure and security services are recognized based on our right to invoice for services performed for contracts in which the invoicing is representative of the value being delivered. If our invoicing is not consistent with the value delivered, revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis unless revenues are earned and obligations are fulfilled in a different pattern. The revenue recognition method applied to the types of contracts described above provides the most faithful depiction of performance towards satisfaction of our performance obligations; for example, the cost-to-cost method is used when the value of services provided to the customer is best represented by the costs expended to deliver those services. Revenues related to our time-and-materials, transaction-based or volume-based contracts are recognized over the period the services are provided either using an output method such as labor hours, or a method that is otherwise consistent with the way in which value is delivered to the customer. Revenues related to our non-hosted software license arrangements that do not require significant modification or customization of the underlying software are recognized when the software is delivered as control is transferred at a point in time. For software license arrangements that require significant functionality enhancements or modification of the software, revenues for the software license and related services are recognized as the services are performed in accordance with the methods applicable to application development and systems integration services described above. In software hosting arrangements, the rights provided to the customer, such as ownership of a license, contract termination provisions and the feasibility of the client to operate the software, are considered in determining whether the arrangement includes a license or a service. Sales and usage-based fees promised in exchange for licenses of intellectual property are not recognized as revenue until the uncertainty related to the variable amounts is resolved. Revenues related to software maintenance and support are generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract period. Incentive revenues, volume discounts, or any other form of variable consideration is estimated using either the sum of probability weighted amounts in a range of possible consideration amounts (expected value) or the single most likely amount in a range of possible consideration amounts (most likely amount), depending on which method better predicts the amount of consideration to which we may be entitled. We include in the transaction price variable consideration only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of revenues recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether and when to include estimated amounts in the transaction price may involve judgment and are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information that is reasonably available to us. Revenues also include the reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses. Our warranties generally provide a customer with assurance that the related deliverable will function as the parties intended because it complies with agreed-upon specifications and are therefore not considered an additional performance obligation in the contract. We may enter into arrangements that consist of multiple performance obligations. Such arrangements may include any combination of our deliverables. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised deliverables, we apply judgment to determine whether promised deliverables are capable of being distinct and are distinct in the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met, the promised deliverables are accounted for as a combined performance obligation. For arrangements with multiple distinct performance obligations, we allocate consideration among the performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling price. Standalone selling price is the price at which we would sell a promised good or service separately to the customer. When not directly observable, we typically estimate standalone selling price by using the expected cost plus margin or, in limited circumstances, the residual value approach. We typically establish a standalone selling price range for our deliverables, which is reassessed on a periodic basis or when facts and circumstances change. Cognizant F-11 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-12 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Software to be Sold, Leased or Marketed. We capitalize costs incurred after technological feasibility is reached but before software is available for general release to clients, which primarily include coding and testing activities. Once the product is ready for general release, capitalized costs are amortized over the useful life of the software. Business Combinations. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method, which requires the identification of the acquirer, the determination of the acquisition date and the allocation of the purchase price paid by the acquirer to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, including any contingent consideration and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets. Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their expected useful lives. Acquisition-related costs are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in our consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date. Equity Method Investments. Equity investments that give us the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over an investee are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and recorded in the caption "Long-term investments" on our consolidated statements of financial position. Equity method investments are initially recorded at cost. We periodically review the carrying value of our equity method investments to determine if there has been an other-than-temporary decline in the carrying value. The investment balance is increased to reflect contributions and our share of earnings and decreased to reflect our share of losses, distributions and other-than-temporary impairments. Our proportionate share of the net income or loss of the investee is recorded in the caption "Income (loss) from equity method investments" on our consolidated statements of operations. Long-lived Assets and Finite-lived Intangible Assets. We review long-lived assets and certain finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. The carrying amount may not be recoverable when the sum of undiscounted expected future cash flows is less than the carrying amount of such asset groups. The impairment loss is determined as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value. Intangible assets consist primarily of customer relationships and developed technology, which are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets. At each acquisition date, we allocate goodwill and intangible assets to our reporting units based on how we expect each reporting unit to benefit from the respective business combination. Our seven industry-based operating segments are our reporting units. We evaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, or as circumstances warrant. Goodwill is evaluated at the reporting unit level by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount including goodwill. An impairment of goodwill exists if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. For indefinite-lived intangible assets, if our qualitative assessment indicates that it is more-likely-than-not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, we test the assets for impairment by comparing the fair value of such assets to their carrying value. If an impairment is indicated, a write down to the fair value of indefinite-lived intangible asset is recorded. Stock Repurchase Program. Under the Board of Directors authorized stock repurchase program, the Company is authorized to repurchase its Class A common stock through open market purchases, including under a 10b5-1 Plan, in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. We account for the repurchased shares as constructively retired. Shares are returned to the status of authorized and unissued shares at the time of repurchase. To reflect share repurchases in the consolidated statements of financial position, we (1) reduce common stock for the par value of the shares, (2) reduce additional paid-in capital for the amount in excess of par during the period in which the shares are repurchased and (3) record any residual amount in excess of available additional paid-in capital as a reduction to retained earnings. Revenue Recognition. We recognize revenues as we transfer control of deliverables (products, solutions and services) to our clients in an amount reflecting the consideration to which we expect to be entitled. To recognize revenues, we apply the following five step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenues when a performance obligation is satisfied. We account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from all parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectibility of consideration is probable. We apply judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intention to pay based on a variety of factors including the customer’s historical payment experience. For performance obligations where control is transferred over time, revenues are recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based primarily on the nature of the deliverables to be provided. Revenues related to fixed-price contracts for application development and systems integration services, consulting or other technology services are recognized as the service is performed using the cost-to-cost method, under which the total value of revenues is recognized on the basis of the percentage that each contract’s total labor cost to date bears to the total expected labor costs. Revenues related to fixed-price application maintenance, quality engineering and assurance as well as business process services are recognized based on our right to invoice for services performed for contracts in which the invoicing is representative of the value being delivered. If our invoicing is not consistent with the value delivered, revenues are recognized as the service is performed based on the cost-to-cost method described above. The cost-to-cost method requires estimation of future costs, which is updated as the project progresses to reflect the latest available information. Such estimates and changes in estimates involve the use of judgment. The cumulative impact of any revision in estimates is reflected in the financial reporting period in which the change in estimate becomes known and any anticipated losses on contracts are recognized immediately, where appropriate. Revenues related to fixed-price hosting and infrastructure and security services are recognized based on our right to invoice for services performed for contracts in which the invoicing is representative of the value being delivered. If our invoicing is not consistent with the value delivered, revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis unless revenues are earned and obligations are fulfilled in a different pattern. The revenue recognition method applied to the types of contracts described above provides the most faithful depiction of performance towards satisfaction of our performance obligations; for example, the cost-to-cost method is used when the value of services provided to the customer is best represented by the costs expended to deliver those services. Revenues related to our time-and-materials, transaction-based or volume-based contracts are recognized over the period the services are provided either using an output method such as labor hours, or a method that is otherwise consistent with the way in which value is delivered to the customer. Revenues related to our non-hosted software license arrangements that do not require significant modification or customization of the underlying software are recognized when the software is delivered as control is transferred at a point in time. For software license arrangements that require significant functionality enhancements or modification of the software, revenues for the software license and related services are recognized as the services are performed in accordance with the methods applicable to application development and systems integration services described above. In software hosting arrangements, the rights provided to the customer, such as ownership of a license, contract termination provisions and the feasibility of the client to operate the software, are considered in determining whether the arrangement includes a license or a service. Sales and usage-based fees promised in exchange for licenses of intellectual property are not recognized as revenue until the uncertainty related to the variable amounts is resolved. Revenues related to software maintenance and support are generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract period. Incentive revenues, volume discounts, or any other form of variable consideration is estimated using either the sum of probability weighted amounts in a range of possible consideration amounts (expected value) or the single most likely amount in a range of possible consideration amounts (most likely amount), depending on which method better predicts the amount of consideration to which we may be entitled. We include in the transaction price variable consideration only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of revenues recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether and when to include estimated amounts in the transaction price may involve judgment and are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information that is reasonably available to us. Revenues also include the reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses. Our warranties generally provide a customer with assurance that the related deliverable will function as the parties intended because it complies with agreed-upon specifications and are therefore not considered an additional performance obligation in the contract. We may enter into arrangements that consist of multiple performance obligations. Such arrangements may include any combination of our deliverables. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised deliverables, we apply judgment to determine whether promised deliverables are capable of being distinct and are distinct in the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met, the promised deliverables are accounted for as a combined performance obligation. For arrangements with multiple distinct performance obligations, we allocate consideration among the performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling price. Standalone selling price is the price at which we would sell a promised good or service separately to the customer. When not directly observable, we typically estimate standalone selling price by using the expected cost plus margin or, in limited circumstances, the residual value approach. We typically establish a standalone selling price range for our deliverables, which is reassessed on a periodic basis or when facts and circumstances change. Cognizant F-11 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-12 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K We assess the timing of the transfer of goods or services to the customer as compared to the timing of payments to determine whether a significant financing component exists. As a practical expedient, we do not assess the existence of a significant financing component when the difference between payment and transfer of deliverables is a year or less. If the difference in timing arises for reasons other than the provision of finance to either the customer or us, no financing component is deemed to exist. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our services, not to receive or provide financing from or to customers. We do not consider set up or transition fees paid upfront by our customers to represent a financing component, as such fees are required to encourage customer commitment to the project and protect us from early termination of the contract. Our contracts may be modified to add, remove or change existing performance obligations. The accounting for modifications to our contracts involves assessing whether the services added to an existing contract are distinct and whether the pricing is at the standalone selling price. Services added that are not distinct are accounted for on a cumulative catch up basis, while those that are distinct are accounted for prospectively, either as a separate contract if the additional services are priced at the standalone selling price, or as a termination of the existing contract and creation of a new contract if not priced at the standalone selling price. Services added to our application development and systems integration service contracts are typically not distinct, while services added to our other contracts, including application maintenance, quality engineering and assurance as well as business process services contracts, are typically distinct. From time to time, we may enter into arrangements with third party suppliers to resell products or services. In such cases, we evaluate whether we are the principal (i.e., report revenues on a gross basis) or agent (i.e., report revenues on a net basis). In doing so, we evaluate whether we control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer. If we control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer, we are the principal; if not, we are the agent. Determining whether we control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer requires significant judgment. Trade Accounts Receivable, Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities. We classify our right to consideration in exchange for deliverables as either a receivable or a contract asset. A receivable is a right to consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment is due). For example, we recognize a receivable for revenues related to our time and materials and transaction or volume-based contracts when earned regardless of whether amounts have been billed. We present such receivables in "Trade accounts receivable, net" in our consolidated statements of financial position at their net estimated realizable value. A contract asset is a right to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. Contract assets are presented in "Other current assets" or "Other noncurrent assets" in our consolidated statements of financial position, based on the expected timing of billing, and primarily relate to unbilled amounts on fixed-price contracts utilizing the cost-to-cost method of revenue recognition. Our contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, consist of advance payments from clients and billings in excess of revenues recognized. We classify deferred revenue as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when we expect to recognize the revenues. Our contract assets and contract liabilities are reported on a net basis by contract at the end of each reporting period. The difference between the opening and closing balances of our contract assets and contract liabilities primarily results from the timing difference between our performance obligations and the client’s payment. We receive payments from clients based on the terms established in our contracts, which vary from contract to contract. Allowance for Credit Losses. We calculate expected credit losses for our trade accounts receivable and contract assets. Expected credit losses include losses expected based on known credit issues with specific customers as well as a general expected credit loss allowance based on relevant information, including historical loss rates, current conditions, and reasonable economic forecasts that affect collectibility. We update our allowance for credit losses on a quarterly basis with changes in the allowance recognized in income from operations. Costs to Fulfill. Recurring operating costs for contracts with customers are recognized as incurred. Certain eligible, nonrecurring costs (i.e., set-up or transition costs) are capitalized when such costs (1) relate directly to the contract, (2) generate or enhance resources of the Company that will be used in satisfying the performance obligation in the future, and (3) are expected to be recovered. These costs are expensed ratably over the estimated life of the customer relationship, including expected contract renewals. In determining the estimated life of the customer relationship, we evaluate the average contract term on a portfolio basis by nature of the services to be provided, and apply judgment in evaluating the rate of technological and industry change. Capitalized amounts are monitored regularly for impairment. Impairment losses are recorded when projected remaining consideration that has not already been recognized as revenue less costs related to the services being provided are not sufficient to recover the carrying amount of the capitalized costs to fulfill. Costs to fulfill are recorded in "Other noncurrent assets" in our consolidated statements of financial position and the amortization expense of costs to fulfill is included in "Cost of revenues" in our consolidated statements of operations. Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation expense for awards of equity instruments to employees and non- employee directors is determined based on the grant date fair value of those awards. We recognize these compensation costs net of an estimated forfeiture rate over the requisite service period of the award. Forfeitures are estimated on the date of grant and revised if actual or expected forfeiture activity differs materially from original estimates. Stock-based compensation expense relating to RSUs and PSUs is recognized as shares vest over the requisite service period. If the minimum performance targets are not met, no compensation cost is recognized and any recognized compensation cost is reversed, except for awards subject to a market condition. The fair value of RSUs and PSUs is determined based on the number of stock units granted and the quoted price of our stock at the date of grant. The fair value of PSUs granted subject to a market condition is determined using a Monte Carlo valuation model. Foreign Currency. The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates while revenues and expenses are translated at average monthly exchange rates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in the caption "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" on the consolidated statements of financial position. Foreign currency transactions and balances are those that are denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency. An entity's functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates. The U.S. dollar is the functional currency for some of our foreign subsidiaries. For these subsidiaries, transactions and balances denominated in the local currency are foreign currency transactions. Foreign currency transactions and balances related to non- monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured to the functional currency of the entity at historical exchange rates while monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured to the functional currency of the entity at current exchange rates. Foreign currency exchange gains or losses from remeasurement are included in the caption "Foreign currency exchange gain (losses), net" on our consolidated statements of operations together with gains or losses on our undesignated foreign currency hedges. Derivative Financial Instruments. Derivative financial instruments are recorded on our consolidated statements of financial position as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value as of the reporting date. Our derivative financial instruments consist primarily of foreign exchange forward and option contracts. For derivative financial instruments to qualify for hedge accounting, the following criteria must be met: (1) the hedging instrument must be designated as a hedge; (2) the hedged exposure must be specifically identifiable and must expose us to risk; and (3) it must be expected that a change in fair value of the hedging instrument and an opposite change in the fair value of the hedged exposure will have a high degree of correlation. Changes in our derivatives’ fair values are recognized in net income unless specific hedge accounting and documentation criteria are met (i.e., the instruments are designated and accounted for as hedges). We record the effective portion of the unrealized gains and losses on our derivative financial instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges in the caption "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in the consolidated statements of financial position. Any ineffectiveness or excluded portion of a designated cash flow hedge is recognized in net income. Upon occurrence of the hedged transaction, the gains and losses on the derivative are recognized in net income. Income Taxes. We provide for income taxes utilizing the asset and liability method of accounting. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recorded to reflect the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each balance sheet date, based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that future tax benefits associated with a deferred income tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is provided. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred income tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the provision for income taxes in the period that includes the enactment date. Our provision for income taxes also includes the impact of provisions established for uncertain income tax positions, as well as any related penalties and interest. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit or the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations. To the extent that the final outcome of these matters differs from the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. Earnings Per Share. Basic EPS is computed by dividing earnings available to common stockholders by the weighted- average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS includes all potential dilutive common stock in the weighted average shares outstanding. We excluded less than 1 million of anti-dilutive shares in each of 2023, 2022 and 2021 from our diluted EPS calculation. We include PSUs in the dilutive common shares when they become contingently issuable per the authoritative guidance and exclude them when they are not contingently issuable. Restructuring Charges. Restructuring charges principally consist of severance and related separation costs, facility exit costs and other related third-party costs necessary to execute the restructuring program. The Company accrues for severance and other related separation costs when it is probable that termination benefits will be paid and the amount is reasonably Cognizant F-13 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-14 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K We assess the timing of the transfer of goods or services to the customer as compared to the timing of payments to determine whether a significant financing component exists. As a practical expedient, we do not assess the existence of a significant financing component when the difference between payment and transfer of deliverables is a year or less. If the difference in timing arises for reasons other than the provision of finance to either the customer or us, no financing component is deemed to exist. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our services, not to receive or provide financing from or to customers. We do not consider set up or transition fees paid upfront by our customers to represent a financing component, as such fees are required to encourage customer commitment to the project and protect us from early termination of the contract. Our contracts may be modified to add, remove or change existing performance obligations. The accounting for modifications to our contracts involves assessing whether the services added to an existing contract are distinct and whether the pricing is at the standalone selling price. Services added that are not distinct are accounted for on a cumulative catch up basis, while those that are distinct are accounted for prospectively, either as a separate contract if the additional services are priced at the standalone selling price, or as a termination of the existing contract and creation of a new contract if not priced at the standalone selling price. Services added to our application development and systems integration service contracts are typically not distinct, while services added to our other contracts, including application maintenance, quality engineering and assurance as well as business process services contracts, are typically distinct. From time to time, we may enter into arrangements with third party suppliers to resell products or services. In such cases, we evaluate whether we are the principal (i.e., report revenues on a gross basis) or agent (i.e., report revenues on a net basis). In doing so, we evaluate whether we control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer. If we control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer, we are the principal; if not, we are the agent. Determining whether we control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer requires significant judgment. Trade Accounts Receivable, Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities. We classify our right to consideration in exchange for deliverables as either a receivable or a contract asset. A receivable is a right to consideration that is unconditional (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment is due). For example, we recognize a receivable for revenues related to our time and materials and transaction or volume-based contracts when earned regardless of whether amounts have been billed. We present such receivables in "Trade accounts receivable, net" in our consolidated statements of financial position at their net estimated realizable value. A contract asset is a right to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. Contract assets are presented in "Other current assets" or "Other noncurrent assets" in our consolidated statements of financial position, based on the expected timing of billing, and primarily relate to unbilled amounts on fixed-price contracts utilizing the cost-to-cost method of revenue recognition. Our contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, consist of advance payments from clients and billings in excess of revenues recognized. We classify deferred revenue as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when we expect to recognize the revenues. Our contract assets and contract liabilities are reported on a net basis by contract at the end of each reporting period. The difference between the opening and closing balances of our contract assets and contract liabilities primarily results from the timing difference between our performance obligations and the client’s payment. We receive payments from clients based on the terms established in our contracts, which vary from contract to contract. Allowance for Credit Losses. We calculate expected credit losses for our trade accounts receivable and contract assets. Expected credit losses include losses expected based on known credit issues with specific customers as well as a general expected credit loss allowance based on relevant information, including historical loss rates, current conditions, and reasonable economic forecasts that affect collectibility. We update our allowance for credit losses on a quarterly basis with changes in the allowance recognized in income from operations. Costs to Fulfill. Recurring operating costs for contracts with customers are recognized as incurred. Certain eligible, nonrecurring costs (i.e., set-up or transition costs) are capitalized when such costs (1) relate directly to the contract, (2) generate or enhance resources of the Company that will be used in satisfying the performance obligation in the future, and (3) are expected to be recovered. These costs are expensed ratably over the estimated life of the customer relationship, including expected contract renewals. In determining the estimated life of the customer relationship, we evaluate the average contract term on a portfolio basis by nature of the services to be provided, and apply judgment in evaluating the rate of technological and industry change. Capitalized amounts are monitored regularly for impairment. Impairment losses are recorded when projected remaining consideration that has not already been recognized as revenue less costs related to the services being provided are not sufficient to recover the carrying amount of the capitalized costs to fulfill. Costs to fulfill are recorded in "Other noncurrent assets" in our consolidated statements of financial position and the amortization expense of costs to fulfill is included in "Cost of revenues" in our consolidated statements of operations. Stock-Based Compensation. Stock-based compensation expense for awards of equity instruments to employees and non- employee directors is determined based on the grant date fair value of those awards. We recognize these compensation costs net of an estimated forfeiture rate over the requisite service period of the award. Forfeitures are estimated on the date of grant and revised if actual or expected forfeiture activity differs materially from original estimates. Stock-based compensation expense relating to RSUs and PSUs is recognized as shares vest over the requisite service period. If the minimum performance targets are not met, no compensation cost is recognized and any recognized compensation cost is reversed, except for awards subject to a market condition. The fair value of RSUs and PSUs is determined based on the number of stock units granted and the quoted price of our stock at the date of grant. The fair value of PSUs granted subject to a market condition is determined using a Monte Carlo valuation model. Foreign Currency. The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates while revenues and expenses are translated at average monthly exchange rates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in the caption "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" on the consolidated statements of financial position. Foreign currency transactions and balances are those that are denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency. An entity's functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates. The U.S. dollar is the functional currency for some of our foreign subsidiaries. For these subsidiaries, transactions and balances denominated in the local currency are foreign currency transactions. Foreign currency transactions and balances related to non- monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured to the functional currency of the entity at historical exchange rates while monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured to the functional currency of the entity at current exchange rates. Foreign currency exchange gains or losses from remeasurement are included in the caption "Foreign currency exchange gain (losses), net" on our consolidated statements of operations together with gains or losses on our undesignated foreign currency hedges. Derivative Financial Instruments. Derivative financial instruments are recorded on our consolidated statements of financial position as either an asset or liability measured at its fair value as of the reporting date. Our derivative financial instruments consist primarily of foreign exchange forward and option contracts. For derivative financial instruments to qualify for hedge accounting, the following criteria must be met: (1) the hedging instrument must be designated as a hedge; (2) the hedged exposure must be specifically identifiable and must expose us to risk; and (3) it must be expected that a change in fair value of the hedging instrument and an opposite change in the fair value of the hedged exposure will have a high degree of correlation. Changes in our derivatives’ fair values are recognized in net income unless specific hedge accounting and documentation criteria are met (i.e., the instruments are designated and accounted for as hedges). We record the effective portion of the unrealized gains and losses on our derivative financial instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges in the caption "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in the consolidated statements of financial position. Any ineffectiveness or excluded portion of a designated cash flow hedge is recognized in net income. Upon occurrence of the hedged transaction, the gains and losses on the derivative are recognized in net income. Income Taxes. We provide for income taxes utilizing the asset and liability method of accounting. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recorded to reflect the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each balance sheet date, based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that future tax benefits associated with a deferred income tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is provided. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred income tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the provision for income taxes in the period that includes the enactment date. Our provision for income taxes also includes the impact of provisions established for uncertain income tax positions, as well as any related penalties and interest. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit or the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations. To the extent that the final outcome of these matters differs from the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. Earnings Per Share. Basic EPS is computed by dividing earnings available to common stockholders by the weighted- average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS includes all potential dilutive common stock in the weighted average shares outstanding. We excluded less than 1 million of anti-dilutive shares in each of 2023, 2022 and 2021 from our diluted EPS calculation. We include PSUs in the dilutive common shares when they become contingently issuable per the authoritative guidance and exclude them when they are not contingently issuable. Restructuring Charges. Restructuring charges principally consist of severance and related separation costs, facility exit costs and other related third-party costs necessary to execute the restructuring program. The Company accrues for severance and other related separation costs when it is probable that termination benefits will be paid and the amount is reasonably Cognizant F-13 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-14 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K estimable. Recognition of employee severance and other separation costs is also dependent on requirements established by severance policy, statutory laws, or historical experience. Facility exit costs generally reflect the accelerated lease expense for right-of-use assets, expected lease termination costs, and asset impairments in connection with closure of certain sites, net of gains on exit-related disposals. Restructuring costs are recorded in “Restructuring charges” in the consolidated statements of operations. The restructuring liability related to accrued employee separation costs is included in "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" in the consolidated statements of financial position. At the end of each reporting period, the Company evaluates the remaining accrued balances to ensure these balances are properly stated. New Accounting Pronouncements Description Impact standard requires enhanced The new segment disclosures but does not change the definition of a segment for the guidance for determining a reportable segment. The amendments require disclosure of significant segment expenses regularly provided to the CODM included within segment operating profit or loss and a description of how the CODM utilizes segment operating profit or loss to assess segment performance and allocating resources. The new standard also allows companies to disclose multiple measures of segment profit or loss if those measures are used to allocate resources. The new standard requires enhanced income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. is The Company currently evaluating the impact of the new standard related disclosures. on its is The Company currently evaluating the impact of the new standard related disclosures. on its Date Issued and Topic November 2023 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures Effective Date Annual period starting in 2024 and interim periods starting in 2025 Retrospective basis December 2023 Annual period starting in 2025 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures Prospective basis although retrospective application is permitted Note 2 — Revenues Disaggregation of Revenues The tables below present disaggregated revenues from contracts with clients by client location, service line and contract type for each of our reportable business segments. We believe this disaggregation best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenues and cash flows are affected by industry, market and other economic factors. Our consulting and technology services include consulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance services as well as software solutions and related services while our outsourcing services include application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services. Revenues are attributed to geographic regions based upon client location, which is the client's billing address. Substantially all revenues in our North America region relate to clients in the United States. Consulting and technology services 4,207 $ 3,226 $ 3,017 $ 1,775 $ 1,865 2,405 1,549 1,384 6,072 $ 5,631 $ 4,566 $ 3,159 $ Transaction or volume-based Total 3,516 $ 2,010 $ 1,856 $ 1,797 $ 2,265 291 2,471 1,150 2,357 353 1,206 156 6,072 $ 5,631 $ 4,566 $ 3,159 $ 19,428 Cognizant F-15 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-16 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Consulting and technology services 3,965 $ 3,238 $ 3,010 $ 1,751 $ 1,844 2,436 1,618 1,491 5,809 $ 5,674 $ 4,628 $ 3,242 $ Transaction or volume-based Total (in millions) Revenues Geography: North America United Kingdom Continental Europe Europe - Total Rest of World Total Service line: Outsourcing services Total Type of contract: Time and materials Fixed-price (in millions) Revenues Geography: North America United Kingdom Continental Europe Europe - Total Rest of World Total Service line: Outsourcing services Total Type of contract: Time and materials Fixed-price $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ FS HS P&R CMT Total Year Ended December 31, 2023 $ 4,091 $ 4,865 $ 3,102 $ 2,205 $ 14,263 613 605 1,218 500 167 533 700 109 534 612 1,146 380 571 159 730 307 5,809 $ 5,674 $ 4,628 $ 3,242 $ 19,353 3,215 $ 2,004 $ 1,837 $ 1,832 $ 2,369 225 2,600 1,070 2,435 356 1,260 150 5,809 $ 5,674 $ 4,628 $ 3,242 $ 19,353 FS HS P&R CMT Total Year Ended December 31, 2022 $ 4,312 $ 4,853 $ 3,078 $ 2,192 $ 14,435 599 590 1,189 571 171 483 654 124 521 585 1,106 382 519 137 656 311 6,072 $ 5,631 $ 4,566 $ 3,159 $ 19,428 1,885 1,909 3,794 1,296 11,964 7,389 19,353 8,888 8,664 1,801 1,810 1,795 3,605 1,388 12,225 7,203 19,428 9,179 8,299 1,950 estimable. Recognition of employee severance and other separation costs is also dependent on requirements established by severance policy, statutory laws, or historical experience. Facility exit costs generally reflect the accelerated lease expense for right-of-use assets, expected lease termination costs, and asset impairments in connection with closure of certain sites, net of gains on exit-related disposals. Restructuring costs are recorded in “Restructuring charges” in the consolidated statements of operations. The restructuring liability related to accrued employee separation costs is included in "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" in the consolidated statements of financial position. At the end of each reporting period, the Company evaluates the remaining accrued balances to ensure these balances are properly stated. New Accounting Pronouncements Date Issued and Topic November 2023 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures Effective Date Annual period starting in 2024 and interim periods starting in 2025 Retrospective basis Description Impact The new standard requires enhanced segment The Company is currently disclosures but does not change the definition of a evaluating the impact of the new segment for the guidance for determining a reportable standard on its related segment. The amendments require disclosure of disclosures. significant segment expenses regularly provided to the CODM included within segment operating profit or loss and a description of how the CODM utilizes segment operating profit or loss to assess segment performance and allocating resources. The new standard also allows companies to disclose multiple measures of segment profit or loss if those measures are used to allocate resources. December 2023 Annual period starting in 2025 The new standard requires enhanced income tax The Company is currently disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation evaluating the impact of the new and income taxes paid information. standard on its related disclosures. Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures Prospective basis although retrospective application is permitted Note 2 — Revenues Disaggregation of Revenues The tables below present disaggregated revenues from contracts with clients by client location, service line and contract type for each of our reportable business segments. We believe this disaggregation best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenues and cash flows are affected by industry, market and other economic factors. Our consulting and technology services include consulting, application development, systems integration, quality engineering and assurance services as well as software solutions and related services while our outsourcing services include application maintenance, infrastructure and security as well as business process services. Revenues are attributed to geographic regions based upon client location, which is the client's billing address. Substantially all revenues in our North America region relate to clients in the United States. (in millions) Revenues Geography: North America United Kingdom Continental Europe Europe - Total Rest of World Total Service line: Consulting and technology services Outsourcing services Total Type of contract: Time and materials Fixed-price Transaction or volume-based Total (in millions) Revenues Geography: North America United Kingdom Continental Europe Europe - Total Rest of World Total Service line: Consulting and technology services Outsourcing services Total Type of contract: Time and materials Fixed-price Transaction or volume-based Total $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ FS HS P&R CMT Total Year Ended December 31, 2023 4,091 $ 613 605 1,218 500 5,809 $ 4,865 $ 167 533 700 109 5,674 $ 3,102 $ 534 612 1,146 380 4,628 $ 2,205 $ 571 159 730 307 3,242 $ 14,263 1,885 1,909 3,794 1,296 19,353 3,965 $ 1,844 5,809 $ 3,238 $ 2,436 5,674 $ 3,010 $ 1,618 4,628 $ 1,751 $ 1,491 3,242 $ 11,964 7,389 19,353 3,215 $ 2,369 225 5,809 $ 2,004 $ 2,600 1,070 5,674 $ 1,837 $ 2,435 356 4,628 $ 1,832 $ 1,260 150 3,242 $ 8,888 8,664 1,801 19,353 FS HS P&R CMT Total Year Ended December 31, 2022 4,312 $ 599 590 1,189 571 6,072 $ 4,853 $ 171 483 654 124 5,631 $ 3,078 $ 521 585 1,106 382 4,566 $ 2,192 $ 519 137 656 311 3,159 $ 14,435 1,810 1,795 3,605 1,388 19,428 4,207 $ 1,865 6,072 $ 3,226 $ 2,405 5,631 $ 3,017 $ 1,549 4,566 $ 1,775 $ 1,384 3,159 $ 12,225 7,203 19,428 3,516 $ 2,265 291 6,072 $ 2,010 $ 2,471 1,150 5,631 $ 1,856 $ 2,357 353 4,566 $ 1,797 $ 1,206 156 3,159 $ 9,179 8,299 1,950 19,428 Cognizant F-15 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-16 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K (in millions) Revenues Geography: North America United Kingdom Continental Europe Europe - Total Rest of World Total Service line: Consulting and technology services Outsourcing services Total Type of contract: Time and materials Fixed-price Transaction or volume-based Total Costs to Fulfill $ $ $ $ $ $ FS HS P&R CMT Total Year Ended December 31, 2021 Contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenues recognized. The table below shows significant movements in the deferred revenue balances (current and noncurrent): 4,204 $ 547 745 1,292 555 6,051 $ 4,571 $ 168 477 645 121 5,337 $ 2,937 $ 471 539 1,010 329 4,276 $ 1,924 $ 456 158 614 305 2,843 $ 13,636 1,642 1,919 3,561 1,310 18,507 4,079 $ 1,972 6,051 $ 3,090 $ 2,247 5,337 $ 2,725 $ 1,551 4,276 $ 1,693 $ 1,150 2,843 $ 11,587 6,920 18,507 in previous periods were immaterial. Remaining Performance Obligations 3,613 $ 2,063 375 6,051 $ 2,063 $ 2,157 1,117 5,337 $ 1,785 $ 2,085 406 4,276 $ 1,679 $ 1,032 132 2,843 $ 9,140 7,337 2,030 18,507 criteria: Customers," The following table shows significant movements in the capitalized costs to fulfill: (in millions) Beginning balance Costs capitalized Amortization expense Impairment charges (1) Ending balance 2023 2022 265 $ 67 (87) — 245 $ 394 39 (109) (59) 265 $ $ (1) The impairment charges in 2022 are related to costs to fulfill a large volume-based contract with a Health Sciences client. Costs to obtain contracts were immaterial for the periods disclosed. Contract Balances A contract asset is a right to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. The table below shows significant movements in contract assets (current and noncurrent): (in millions) Beginning balance Revenues recognized during the period but not billed Amounts reclassified to trade accounts receivable Amounts acquired in business combinations Effect of foreign currency exchange movements Ending balance 2023 2022 326 $ 308 (327) 9 — 316 $ 310 308 (285) — (7) 326 $ $ (in millions) Beginning balance Amounts billed but not recognized as revenues Revenues recognized related to the beginning balance of deferred revenue Amounts acquired in business combinations Effect of foreign currency exchange movements Ending balance 2023 2022 $ $ 417 $ 406 (409) 13 — 427 $ 443 397 (416) — (7) 417 Revenues recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 for performance obligations satisfied or partially satisfied As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations, was $4,007 million, of which approximately 55% is expected to be recognized as revenues within 2 years and 85% is expected to be recognized as revenues within 5 years. Disclosure is not required for performance obligations that meet any of the following (1) contracts with a duration of one year or less as determined under ASC Topic 606 "Revenue from Contracts with (2) contracts for which we recognize revenues based on the right to invoice for services performed, (3) variable consideration allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with ASC 606-10-25-14(b), for which the criteria in ASC 606-10-32-40 have been met, or (4) variable consideration in the form of a sales-based or usage based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property. Many of our performance obligations meet one or more of these exemptions and therefore are not included in the remaining performance obligation amount disclosed above. Trade Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the trade accounts receivable: (in millions) Beginning balance Credit loss expense (1) Write-offs charged against the allowance Ending balance 2023 2022 2021 $ $ 43 $ 12 (23) 32 $ 50 $ 9 (16) 43 $ 57 6 (13) 50 (1) Reported in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our audited consolidated statements of operations. Cognizant F-17 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-18 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K FS HS P&R CMT Total Year Ended December 31, 2021 Contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenues recognized. The table below shows significant movements in the deferred revenue balances (current and noncurrent): (in millions) Beginning balance Amounts billed but not recognized as revenues Revenues recognized related to the beginning balance of deferred revenue Amounts acquired in business combinations Effect of foreign currency exchange movements Ending balance 2023 2022 417 $ 406 (409) 13 — 427 $ 443 397 (416) — (7) 417 $ $ Revenues recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 for performance obligations satisfied or partially satisfied in previous periods were immaterial. Remaining Performance Obligations As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations, was $4,007 million, of which approximately 55% is expected to be recognized as revenues within 2 years and 85% is expected to be recognized as revenues within 5 years. Disclosure is not required for performance obligations that meet any of the following criteria: (1) contracts with a duration of one year or less as determined under ASC Topic 606 "Revenue from Contracts with 6,051 $ 5,337 $ 4,276 $ 2,843 $ 18,507 Customers," (2) contracts for which we recognize revenues based on the right to invoice for services performed, (3) variable consideration allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with ASC 606-10-25-14(b), for which the criteria in ASC 606-10-32-40 have been met, or (4) variable consideration in the form of a sales-based or usage based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property. Many of our performance obligations meet one or more of these exemptions and therefore are not included in the remaining performance obligation amount disclosed above. Trade Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses for the trade accounts receivable: (in millions) Beginning balance Credit loss expense (1) Write-offs charged against the allowance Ending balance 2023 2022 2021 $ $ 43 $ 12 (23) 32 $ 50 $ 9 (16) 43 $ 57 6 (13) 50 (1) Reported in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our audited consolidated statements of operations. $ 4,204 $ 4,571 $ 2,937 $ 1,924 $ 13,636 547 745 1,292 555 168 477 645 121 471 539 1,010 329 456 158 614 305 6,051 $ 5,337 $ 4,276 $ 2,843 $ 18,507 (in millions) Revenues Geography: North America United Kingdom Continental Europe Europe - Total Rest of World Total Service line: Outsourcing services Total Type of contract: Time and materials Fixed-price Transaction or volume-based Total Costs to Fulfill (in millions) Beginning balance Costs capitalized Amortization expense Impairment charges (1) Ending balance $ $ $ $ $ Consulting and technology services 4,079 $ 3,090 $ 2,725 $ 1,693 $ 1,972 2,247 1,551 1,150 6,051 $ 5,337 $ 4,276 $ 2,843 $ 3,613 $ 2,063 $ 1,785 $ 1,679 $ 2,063 375 2,157 1,117 2,085 406 1,032 132 The following table shows significant movements in the capitalized costs to fulfill: 2023 2022 (1) The impairment charges in 2022 are related to costs to fulfill a large volume-based contract with a Health Sciences client. Costs to obtain contracts were immaterial for the periods disclosed. Contract Balances A contract asset is a right to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. The table below shows significant movements in contract assets (current and noncurrent): 2023 2022 (in millions) Beginning balance Revenues recognized during the period but not billed Amounts reclassified to trade accounts receivable Amounts acquired in business combinations Effect of foreign currency exchange movements Ending balance $ $ $ $ 265 $ 67 (87) — 245 $ 326 $ 308 (327) 9 — 316 $ 1,642 1,919 3,561 1,310 11,587 6,920 18,507 9,140 7,337 2,030 394 39 (109) (59) 265 310 308 (285) — (7) 326 Cognizant F-17 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-18 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 3 — Business Combinations Acquisitions completed during each of the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were not individually or in the aggregate material to our operations. Accordingly, pro forma results have not been presented. We have allocated the purchase price related to these transactions to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including goodwill, based on their estimated fair values. The primary items that generated goodwill are the value of the acquired assembled workforces and synergies between the acquired companies and us, neither of which qualify as an identifiable intangible asset. 2023 In 2023, we acquired 100% ownership in each of the following: • certain net assets of OneSource Virtual, the professional and application management services business of OneSource Virtual, Inc. and OneSource Virtual (UK) Ltd., a leading provider of Workday services, solutions and products, acquired to complement our existing finance and human resources advisory implementation services related to Workday (acquired January 1, 2023), and • Mobica, an IoT software engineering services provider, acquired to expand our IoT embedded software engineering capabilities (acquired March 10, 2023). The allocations of purchase price to the fair value of the aggregate assets acquired and liabilities assumed were as follows: (in millions) Cash Trade accounts receivable Other current assets Property and equipment and other assets Non-deductible goodwill Tax-deductible goodwill Customer relationship assets Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Purchase price OneSource Virtual Mobica Total Weighted Average Useful Life $ — $ 20 $ — 4 1 18 88 11 10 8 6 202 — 120 (18) (1) (9) (32) 20 10 12 7 220 88 131 (27) (33) $ 103 $ 325 $ 428 For the year ended December 31, 2022, revenues from acquisitions completed in 2022, since the dates of acquisition, 10.9 years • Linium, a cloud transformation consultancy group specializing in the ServiceNow platform and solutions for smart digital enterprise workflows, acquired to broaden our enterprise service management capabilities (acquired January In 2021, we acquired 100% ownership in each of the following: Goodwill from our acquisition of OneSource Virtual is expected to benefit all of our reportable segments and has been allocated as such. Goodwill from our acquisition of Mobica has been allocated to our Financial Services, Products and Resources and Communications, Media and Technology segments. For the year ended December 31, 2023, revenues from acquisitions completed in 2023, since the dates of acquisition, were $130 million. On December 30, 2022, $103 million was placed in an escrow account in advance of the closing date of our acquisition of certain net assets of OneSource Virtual on January 1, 2023. This balance was deemed to be restricted cash as of December 31, 2022 and was presented in "Other noncurrent assets" in our consolidated statement of financial position and as restricted cash in our consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022. 2022 In 2022, we acquired 100% ownership in each of the following: • AustinCSI, a digital transformation consultancy specializing in enterprise cloud and data analytics advisory services, acquired to complement our technology and industry expertise (acquired December 15, 2022); and • Utegration, a full service consulting and solutions provider specializing in SAP technology and SAP-certified products for the energy and utilities sectors, acquired to expand and strengthen our industry expertise in our SAP practice (acquired December 19, 2022). The allocations of purchase price to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were as follows: Property and equipment and other assets (dollars in millions) Cash Trade accounts receivable Non-deductible goodwill Tax-deductible goodwill Customer relationship assets Other intangible assets Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Purchase price were immaterial. 2021 AustinCSI Utegration Total Useful Life Weighted Average $ — $ 5 $ 9 4 — 83 69 — 5 28 10 23 181 151 2 19 6 23 98 82 2 (3) (1) (18) (21) (3) (4) $ 161 $ 214 $ 375 12.7 years 6.7 years 31, 2021); 2021); • Magenic, a provider of agile software and cloud development, DevOps, experience design and advisory services across a range of industries, acquired to enhance our global software engineering expertise (acquired February 1, • Servian, an Australia-based enterprise transformation consultancy specializing in data analytics, AI, digital services, experience design and cloud, acquired to enhance our digital portfolio and market presence in Australia and New Zealand (acquired April 1, 2021); • ESG Mobility, a digital automotive engineering research and development provider for connected, autonomous and electric vehicles, acquired to expand our digital engineering expertise, particularly in connected vehicles (acquired June 1, 2021); (acquired July 30, 2021); • TQS, a global industrial data and intelligence company, acquired to accelerate our growth in IoT, data and analytics • Hunter, a provider of digital engineering and project management services, acquired to extend our talent network in key markets, expanding our digital engineering resources in the United States (acquired August 16, 2021); and • Devbridge, a software consultancy and product development company, acquired to expand our software product engineering capabilities and global delivery footprint (acquired December 9, 2021). Cognizant F-19 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-20 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 3 — Business Combinations Acquisitions completed during each of the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were not individually or in the aggregate material to our operations. Accordingly, pro forma results have not been presented. We have allocated the purchase price related to these transactions to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including goodwill, based on their estimated fair values. The primary items that generated goodwill are the value of the acquired assembled workforces and synergies between the acquired companies and us, neither of which qualify as an identifiable intangible asset. 2023 In 2023, we acquired 100% ownership in each of the following: • certain net assets of OneSource Virtual, the professional and application management services business of OneSource Virtual, Inc. and OneSource Virtual (UK) Ltd., a leading provider of Workday services, solutions and products, acquired to complement our existing finance and human resources advisory implementation services related to Workday (acquired January 1, 2023), and • Mobica, an IoT software engineering services provider, acquired to expand our IoT embedded software engineering capabilities (acquired March 10, 2023). The allocations of purchase price to the fair value of the aggregate assets acquired and liabilities assumed were as follows: (in millions) Cash Trade accounts receivable Other current assets Property and equipment and other assets Non-deductible goodwill Tax-deductible goodwill Customer relationship assets Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Purchase price OneSource Virtual Mobica Total Weighted Average Useful Life $ — $ 20 $ — 4 1 18 88 11 10 8 6 202 — 120 20 10 12 7 220 88 131 (27) (33) 10.9 years (18) (1) (9) (32) $ 103 $ 325 $ 428 Goodwill from our acquisition of OneSource Virtual is expected to benefit all of our reportable segments and has been allocated as such. Goodwill from our acquisition of Mobica has been allocated to our Financial Services, Products and Resources and Communications, Media and Technology segments. For the year ended December 31, 2023, revenues from acquisitions completed in 2023, since the dates of acquisition, were $130 million. On December 30, 2022, $103 million was placed in an escrow account in advance of the closing date of our acquisition of certain net assets of OneSource Virtual on January 1, 2023. This balance was deemed to be restricted cash as of December 31, 2022 and was presented in "Other noncurrent assets" in our consolidated statement of financial position and as restricted cash in our consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022. 2022 In 2022, we acquired 100% ownership in each of the following: • AustinCSI, a digital transformation consultancy specializing in enterprise cloud and data analytics advisory services, acquired to complement our technology and industry expertise (acquired December 15, 2022); and • Utegration, a full service consulting and solutions provider specializing in SAP technology and SAP-certified products for the energy and utilities sectors, acquired to expand and strengthen our industry expertise in our SAP practice (acquired December 19, 2022). The allocations of purchase price to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were as follows: (dollars in millions) Cash Trade accounts receivable Property and equipment and other assets Non-deductible goodwill Tax-deductible goodwill Customer relationship assets Other intangible assets Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Purchase price AustinCSI Utegration Total Weighted Average Useful Life $ — $ 5 $ 9 4 — 83 69 — 19 6 23 98 82 2 5 28 10 23 181 151 2 (3) (1) (18) (21) (3) (4) $ 161 $ 214 $ 375 12.7 years 6.7 years For the year ended December 31, 2022, revenues from acquisitions completed in 2022, since the dates of acquisition, were immaterial. 2021 In 2021, we acquired 100% ownership in each of the following: • Linium, a cloud transformation consultancy group specializing in the ServiceNow platform and solutions for smart digital enterprise workflows, acquired to broaden our enterprise service management capabilities (acquired January 31, 2021); • Magenic, a provider of agile software and cloud development, DevOps, experience design and advisory services across a range of industries, acquired to enhance our global software engineering expertise (acquired February 1, 2021); • Servian, an Australia-based enterprise transformation consultancy specializing in data analytics, AI, digital services, experience design and cloud, acquired to enhance our digital portfolio and market presence in Australia and New Zealand (acquired April 1, 2021); • ESG Mobility, a digital automotive engineering research and development provider for connected, autonomous and electric vehicles, acquired to expand our digital engineering expertise, particularly in connected vehicles (acquired June 1, 2021); • TQS, a global industrial data and intelligence company, acquired to accelerate our growth in IoT, data and analytics (acquired July 30, 2021); • Hunter, a provider of digital engineering and project management services, acquired to extend our talent network in key markets, expanding our digital engineering resources in the United States (acquired August 16, 2021); and • Devbridge, a software consultancy and product development company, acquired to expand our software product engineering capabilities and global delivery footprint (acquired December 9, 2021). Cognizant F-19 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-20 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 5 — Investments (in millions) Short-term investments: Equity investment security Available-for-sale investment securities Held-to-maturity investment securities Time deposits Total short-term investments Long-term investments: Other investments Restricted time deposits(1) Total long-term investments Equity Investment Security 2023 2022 $ $ $ $ 11 — 3 — 14 80 355 435 $ $ $ $ 10 225 24 51 310 70 357 427 The allocations of purchase price to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were as follows: Devbridge Servian Magenic ESG Mobility Linium Other Total Weighted Average Useful Life Our investments were as follows as of December 31: (dollars in millions) Cash Trade accounts receivable Property and equipment and other assets Operating lease assets, net Non-deductible goodwill Tax-deductible goodwill Customer relationship assets Other intangible assets Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Purchase price, inclusive of contingent consideration $ 7 $ 4 $ 13 $ 28 $ — $ 2 $ 12 5 11 41 15 6 5 184 140 — 72 — 77 2 17 4 10 10 137 90 30 8 27 26 24 77 5 1 — — 57 24 12 4 1 18 10 32 1 — — — 54 91 28 54 279 368 372 3 9.8 years 3.8 years (11) (12) (29) (22) (2) (7) (83) (9) (29) (7) (66) — (6) (117) $ 268 $ 252 $ 246 $ 132 $ 85 $ 66 $ 1,049 For the year ended December 31, 2021, revenues from acquisitions completed in 2021, since the dates of acquisition, of December 31, 2022 the balance consisted solely of restricted investments. See Note 11. (1) As of December 31, 2023 the balance of restricted time deposits contains $96 million of restricted cash equivalents. As were $301 million. Note 4 — Restructuring Charges In the second quarter of 2023, we initiated the NextGen program aimed at simplifying our operating model, optimizing corporate functions and consolidating and realigning office space to reflect the post-pandemic hybrid work environment. We expect the NextGen program to be completed by the end of 2024. ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Available-for-Sale Investment Securities The total costs related to our NextGen program are reported in "Restructuring charges" in our audited consolidated statements of operations. We do not allocate these charges to individual segments in internal management reports used by the CODM. Accordingly, such expenses are separately disclosed in our segment reporting as “unallocated costs”. See Note 18. (in millions) Employee separation costs Facility exit costs (1) Third party and other costs (2) Total restructuring charges Year Ended December 31, 2023 $ $ 115 108 6 229 (1) (2) For the year ended December 31, 2023, facility exit costs include lease restructuring of $71 million, related accelerated depreciation of $36 million and impairment of long-lived assets of $1 million. Third party and other costs include certain non-facility related asset impairments, as well as legal and other professional services fees directly related to the NextGen program. hierarchy. We expect to record total costs of approximately $300 million in connection with the NextGen program, inclusive of the $229 million of costs incurred for the year ended December 31, 2023. Changes in our accrued employee separation costs included in "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" in our consolidated statements of financial position are presented in the table below for the year ended December 31: Our equity investment security is a U.S. dollar denominated investment in a fixed income mutual fund. During 2022, we sold $15 million of our investment in the fund. Realized and unrealized gains and losses were immaterial for each of the years As of December 31, 2023, we had no available-for-sale investment securities. As of December 31, 2022, the amortized cost and fair value of the available-for-sale investments were each $225 million. Our available-for-sale investment securities consisted of highly rated U.S. dollar denominated investments in certificates of deposit and commercial paper maturing within one year. Unrealized losses were immaterial as of December 31, 2022. There were no realized gains or losses related to the available-for-sale investment securities during each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. There were no sales of available-for-sale investment securities during each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Held-to-Maturity Investment Securities Our held-to-maturity investment securities consist of Indian rupee denominated investments primarily in commercial paper and international corporate bonds. Our investment guidelines are to purchase securities that are investment grade at the time of acquisition. The basis for the measurement of fair value of our held-to-maturity investments is Level 2 in the fair value The amortized cost and fair value of commercial paper securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were each $3 million and $12 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there were no corporate debt securities. As of December 31, 2022 the amortized cost and fair value of corporate debt securities was $12 million. As of December 31, 2023, our portfolio of $3 million included a single commercial paper security in an unrealized loss position. The total unrealized loss was less than $1 million and the security had not been in an unrealized loss position for longer than 12 months. As of December 31, 2022, $12 million of corporate debt securities and $12 million of commercial paper were in an unrealized loss position. The total unrealized loss was less than $1 million and none of the securities had been in an (in millions) Beginning balance Employee separation costs accrued Payments made Ending balance There were no restructuring charges during 2022 or 2021. 2023 unrealized loss position for longer than 12 months. $ $ — 115 (73) 42 Other Investments The securities in our portfolio are highly rated and short-term in nature. As of December 31, 2023, the commercial paper security was rated A-1+ by CRISIL, an Indian subsidiary of S&P Global. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had equity method investments of $74 million and $68 million, respectively, primarily related to an investment in the technology sector. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had equity securities without a readily determinable fair value of $6 million and $2 million, respectively. Cognizant F-21 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-22 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Devbridge Servian Magenic Mobility Linium Other Total Useful Life ESG Weighted Average $ 7 $ 4 $ 13 $ 28 $ — $ 2 $ (dollars in millions) Cash Trade accounts receivable Property and equipment and other assets Operating lease assets, net Non-deductible goodwill Tax-deductible goodwill Customer relationship assets Other intangible assets Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Purchase price, inclusive of contingent consideration 12 5 11 41 72 — 15 6 5 184 77 2 140 — 17 4 10 10 137 90 30 8 27 26 24 77 — — 5 1 57 24 12 4 1 18 10 32 1 — — — 54 91 28 54 279 368 372 3 (11) (12) (29) (22) (2) (7) (83) (9) (29) (7) (66) — (6) (117) $ 268 $ 252 $ 246 $ 132 $ 85 $ 66 $ 1,049 9.8 years 3.8 years were $301 million. Note 4 — Restructuring Charges In the second quarter of 2023, we initiated the NextGen program aimed at simplifying our operating model, optimizing corporate functions and consolidating and realigning office space to reflect the post-pandemic hybrid work environment. We expect the NextGen program to be completed by the end of 2024. The total costs related to our NextGen program are reported in "Restructuring charges" in our audited consolidated statements of operations. We do not allocate these charges to individual segments in internal management reports used by the CODM. Accordingly, such expenses are separately disclosed in our segment reporting as “unallocated costs”. See Note 18. (in millions) Employee separation costs Facility exit costs (1) Third party and other costs (2) Total restructuring charges (1) (2) For the year ended December 31, 2023, facility exit costs include lease restructuring of $71 million, related accelerated depreciation of $36 million and impairment of long-lived assets of $1 million. Third party and other costs include certain non-facility related asset impairments, as well as legal and other professional services fees directly related to the NextGen program. We expect to record total costs of approximately $300 million in connection with the NextGen program, inclusive of the $229 million of costs incurred for the year ended December 31, 2023. Changes in our accrued employee separation costs included in "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" in our consolidated statements of financial position are presented in the table below for the year ended December 31: (in millions) Beginning balance Payments made Ending balance Employee separation costs accrued There were no restructuring charges during 2022 or 2021. Year Ended December 31, 2023 $ $ 115 108 6 229 2023 — 115 (73) 42 $ $ The allocations of purchase price to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were as follows: Note 5 — Investments Our investments were as follows as of December 31: (in millions) Short-term investments: Equity investment security Available-for-sale investment securities Held-to-maturity investment securities Time deposits Total short-term investments Long-term investments: Other investments Restricted time deposits(1) Total long-term investments 2023 2022 $ $ $ $ 11 — 3 — 14 80 355 435 $ $ $ $ 10 225 24 51 310 70 357 427 For the year ended December 31, 2021, revenues from acquisitions completed in 2021, since the dates of acquisition, (1) As of December 31, 2023 the balance of restricted time deposits contains $96 million of restricted cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2022 the balance consisted solely of restricted investments. See Note 11. Equity Investment Security Our equity investment security is a U.S. dollar denominated investment in a fixed income mutual fund. During 2022, we sold $15 million of our investment in the fund. Realized and unrealized gains and losses were immaterial for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Available-for-Sale Investment Securities As of December 31, 2023, we had no available-for-sale investment securities. As of December 31, 2022, the amortized cost and fair value of the available-for-sale investments were each $225 million. Our available-for-sale investment securities consisted of highly rated U.S. dollar denominated investments in certificates of deposit and commercial paper maturing within one year. Unrealized losses were immaterial as of December 31, 2022. There were no realized gains or losses related to the available-for-sale investment securities during each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. There were no sales of available-for-sale investment securities during each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Held-to-Maturity Investment Securities Our held-to-maturity investment securities consist of Indian rupee denominated investments primarily in commercial paper and international corporate bonds. Our investment guidelines are to purchase securities that are investment grade at the time of acquisition. The basis for the measurement of fair value of our held-to-maturity investments is Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The amortized cost and fair value of commercial paper securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were each $3 million and $12 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, there were no corporate debt securities. As of December 31, 2022 the amortized cost and fair value of corporate debt securities was $12 million. As of December 31, 2023, our portfolio of $3 million included a single commercial paper security in an unrealized loss position. The total unrealized loss was less than $1 million and the security had not been in an unrealized loss position for longer than 12 months. As of December 31, 2022, $12 million of corporate debt securities and $12 million of commercial paper were in an unrealized loss position. The total unrealized loss was less than $1 million and none of the securities had been in an unrealized loss position for longer than 12 months. The securities in our portfolio are highly rated and short-term in nature. As of December 31, 2023, the commercial paper security was rated A-1+ by CRISIL, an Indian subsidiary of S&P Global. Other Investments As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had equity method investments of $74 million and $68 million, respectively, primarily related to an investment in the technology sector. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had equity securities without a readily determinable fair value of $6 million and $2 million, respectively. Cognizant F-21 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-22 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 6 — Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment were as follows as of December 31: Estimated Useful Life 2023 2022 immaterial. Buildings Computer equipment Computer software Furniture and equipment Land Capital work-in-progress Leasehold improvements Sub-total Accumulated depreciation and amortization Property and equipment, net (in years) 30 3 – 5 3 – 8 5 – 9 Shorter of the lease term or the life of the asset (in millions) 769 $ 794 1,007 733 7 88 422 3,820 (2,772) 1,048 $ 771 729 1,033 768 7 111 398 3,817 (2,716) 1,101 $ $ Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment was $390 million, $385 million and $392 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, $36 million of our depreciation and amortization expense was reported in "Restructuring charges". The gross amount of property and equipment recorded under finance leases was $25 million and $17 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Accumulated amortization for our ROU finance lease assets was $13 million and $9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization expense related to our ROU finance lease assets was $4 million, $4 million and $7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The gross amount of property and equipment recorded for software to be sold, leased or marketed reported in the caption "Computer software" above was $279 million and $241 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Accumulated amortization for software to be sold, leased or marketed was $177 million and $143 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization expense for software to be sold, leased or marketed recorded as property and equipment was $37 million, $37 million and $33 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Note 7 — Leases The following table provides information on the components of our operating and finance leases included in our consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31: Location on Statement of Financial Position 2023 2022 Leases Assets ROU operating lease assets ROU finance lease assets Operating lease assets, net Property and equipment, net Total Liabilities Current Operating lease Finance lease Noncurrent Operating lease Finance lease Operating lease liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent Other noncurrent liabilities Total $ $ $ $ (in millions) 611 $ 12 623 $ 153 $ 8 523 16 700 $ 876 8 884 174 5 714 8 901 For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our operating lease costs were $304 million, $256 million and $293 million, respectively, including variable lease costs of $21 million, $17 million and $10 million, respectively. Our short- term lease rental expense was $15 million, $21 million and $22 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Lease interest expense related to our finance leases for years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was The following table provides information on the weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate for our operating leases as of December 31: 2023 2022 5.6 years 5.4 % 6.2 years 5.4 % Operating Lease Term and Discount Rate Weighted average remaining lease term Weighted average discount rate December 31: (in millions) The following table provides supplemental cash flow and non-cash information related to our operating leases as of Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities $ 240 $ 241 $ ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities Reduction of ROU assets and lease liabilities as a result of our NextGen program 86 (110) 164 — 274 100 — 2023 2022 2021 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of finance lease liabilities and ROU assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities were each immaterial for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The following table provides the schedule of maturities of our operating lease liabilities and a reconciliation of the undiscounted cash flows to the operating lease liabilities recognized in the statement of financial position as of December 31: (in millions) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Interest Total operating lease payments Total operating lease liabilities $ 2023 $ 183 155 128 104 72 138 780 (104) 676 As of December 31, 2023, we had $21 million of additional obligations related to operating leases whose lease term had yet to commence and which are therefore not included in our statement of financial position. These leases are primarily related to real estate and will commence in 2024 with lease terms of 5 to 10 years. Note 8 — Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net Changes in goodwill by our reportable business segments were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022: Segment Financial Services Health Sciences Products and Resources Communications, Media and Technology Total goodwill January 1, 2023 Goodwill Additions and Adjustments Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments December 31, 2023 $ $ 1,073 2,819 1,062 756 $ 5,710 $ (in millions) 19 15 137 148 319 $ $ 17 6 18 15 56 $ 1,109 2,840 1,217 919 $ 6,085 Cognizant F-23 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-24 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 6 — Property and Equipment, net Property and equipment were as follows as of December 31: Buildings Computer equipment Computer software Furniture and equipment Land Capital work-in-progress Leasehold improvements Sub-total Accumulated depreciation and amortization Property and equipment, net Estimated Useful Life 2023 2022 $ (in millions) $ (in years) 30 3 – 5 3 – 8 5 – 9 769 794 1,007 733 7 88 422 3,820 (2,772) 771 729 1,033 768 7 111 398 3,817 (2,716) $ 1,048 $ 1,101 Shorter of the lease term or the life of the asset Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment was $390 million, $385 million and $392 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, $36 million of our depreciation and amortization expense was reported in "Restructuring charges". The gross amount of property and equipment recorded under finance leases was $25 million and $17 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Accumulated amortization for our ROU finance lease assets was $13 million and $9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization expense related to our ROU finance lease assets was $4 million, $4 million and $7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The gross amount of property and equipment recorded for software to be sold, leased or marketed reported in the caption "Computer software" above was $279 million and $241 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Accumulated amortization for software to be sold, leased or marketed was $177 million and $143 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization expense for software to be sold, leased or marketed recorded as property and equipment was $37 million, $37 million and $33 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Note 7 — Leases Leases Assets Liabilities Current Operating lease Finance lease Noncurrent Operating lease Finance lease The following table provides information on the components of our operating and finance leases included in our consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31: Location on Statement of Financial Position 2023 2022 ROU operating lease assets Operating lease assets, net ROU finance lease assets Property and equipment, net Total $ $ $ $ (in millions) 611 $ 12 623 $ 153 $ 8 523 16 700 $ 876 8 884 174 5 714 8 901 Operating lease liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent Other noncurrent liabilities Total For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our operating lease costs were $304 million, $256 million and $293 million, respectively, including variable lease costs of $21 million, $17 million and $10 million, respectively. Our short- term lease rental expense was $15 million, $21 million and $22 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Lease interest expense related to our finance leases for years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was immaterial. The following table provides information on the weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate for our operating leases as of December 31: Operating Lease Term and Discount Rate Weighted average remaining lease term Weighted average discount rate 2023 2022 5.6 years 5.4 % 6.2 years 5.4 % The following table provides supplemental cash flow and non-cash information related to our operating leases as of December 31: (in millions) 2023 2022 2021 Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities $ 240 $ 241 $ ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities Reduction of ROU assets and lease liabilities as a result of our NextGen program 86 (110) 164 — 274 100 — Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of finance lease liabilities and ROU assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities were each immaterial for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The following table provides the schedule of maturities of our operating lease liabilities and a reconciliation of the undiscounted cash flows to the operating lease liabilities recognized in the statement of financial position as of December 31: 2023 $ (in millions) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Total operating lease payments Interest Total operating lease liabilities $ 183 155 128 104 72 138 780 (104) 676 As of December 31, 2023, we had $21 million of additional obligations related to operating leases whose lease term had yet to commence and which are therefore not included in our statement of financial position. These leases are primarily related to real estate and will commence in 2024 with lease terms of 5 to 10 years. Note 8 — Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net Changes in goodwill by our reportable business segments were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022: Segment Financial Services Health Sciences Products and Resources Communications, Media and Technology Total goodwill January 1, 2023 Goodwill Additions and Adjustments Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments December 31, 2023 $ $ 1,073 2,819 1,062 756 $ 5,710 $ (in millions) 19 15 137 148 319 $ $ 17 6 18 15 56 $ 1,109 2,840 1,217 919 $ 6,085 Cognizant F-23 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-24 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Segment Financial Services Health Sciences Products and Resources Communications, Media and Technology Total goodwill January 1, 2022 Goodwill Additions and Adjustments Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments December 31, 2022 $ $ 1,109 2,831 967 713 5,620 $ $ (in millions) $ 5 2 127 59 193 $ (41) (14) (32) (16) (103) $ $ 1,073 2,819 1,062 756 5,710 Based on our most recent goodwill impairment assessment performed as of October 31, 2023, we concluded that the goodwill in each of our reporting units was not at risk of impairment. We have not recognized any impairment losses on our goodwill. Components of intangible assets were as follows as of December 31: 2023 2022 Gross Carrying Amount $ Accumulated Amortization $ Net Carrying Amount Gross Carrying Amount Net Carrying Amount (in millions) Customer relationships Developed technology Indefinite lived trademarks Finite lived trademarks and other Total intangible assets $ 1,957 385 72 82 2,495 (902) $ (376) — (67) (1,346) $ $ 1,054 9 72 15 1,149 $ $ 1,803 383 72 81 2,339 Accumulated Amortization $ (738) $ (369) — (64) (1,171) $ $ 1,065 14 72 17 1,168 Other than certain trademarks with indefinite lives, our intangible assets have finite lives and, as such, are subject to amortization. Amortization of intangible assets totaled $165 million, $184 million and $182 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The following table provides the estimated amortization expense related to our existing intangible assets for the next five years. (in millions) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Estimated Amortization $ 162 159 155 144 121 Note 9 — Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities were as follows as of December 31: (in millions) Compensation and benefits Customer volume and other incentives Income taxes Professional fees Other Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities 2023 2022 1,511 241 27 146 500 2,425 $ $ 1,446 222 217 165 357 2,407 $ $ Cognizant F-25 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-26 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 10 — Debt In 2022, we entered into the Credit Agreement providing for the $650 million Term Loan and a $1,850 million unsecured revolving credit facility, which are each due to mature in October 2027. We are required under the Credit Agreement to make scheduled quarterly principal payments on the Term Loan. The Credit Agreement requires interest to be paid, at our option, at either the Term Benchmark, Adjusted Daily Simple RFR or the ABR Rate (each as defined in the Credit Agreement), plus, in each case, an Applicable Margin (as defined in the Credit Agreement). Initially, the Applicable Margin is 0.875% with respect to Term Benchmark loans and RFR loans and 0.00% with respect to ABR loans. Subsequently, the Applicable Margin with respect to Term Benchmark loans and RFR loans will be determined quarterly and may range from 0.75% to 1.125%, depending on our public debt ratings or, if we have not received public debt ratings, from 0.875% to 1.125%, depending on our Leverage Ratio, which is the ratio of indebtedness for borrowed money to Consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the Credit Agreement. Since issuance of the Term Loan, the Term Loan has been a Term Benchmark loan. The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants as well as a financial covenant. The financial covenant is tested at the end of each fiscal quarter and requires us to maintain a Leverage Ratio not in excess of 3.50:1.00, or for a period of up to four quarters following certain material acquisitions, 3.75:1.00. We were in compliance with all debt covenants and representations of the Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2023. In March 2023, our India subsidiary renewed its working capital facility at 15 billion Indian rupees ($180 million at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate). The facility requires us to repay any balances within 90 days from the date of disbursement. There is a 1.0% prepayment penalty applicable to payments made within 30 days of disbursement. This working capital facility contains affirmative and negative covenants and may be renewed annually. As of December 31, 2023, we have not borrowed funds under this facility or any of its predecessor facilities. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $33 million and $8 million of short-term debt related to current maturities of our Term Loan, with a weighted average interest rate of 6.3% and 5.2%, respectively. The following summarizes our long-term debt balances as of December 31: Current maturities Unamortized deferred financing costs Long-term debt, net of current maturities The following represents the schedule of maturities of our Term Loan: 2023 2022 642 $ (33) (3) 606 $ 650 (8) (4) 638 $ $ Short-term Debt Long-term Debt (in millions) Term Loan Less: Year Amounts (in millions) 2024 2025 2026 2027 Total $ 33 33 33 543 642 Segment Financial Services Health Sciences Products and Resources Communications, Media and Technology Total goodwill January 1, 2022 Goodwill Additions and Adjustments Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments December 31, 2022 $ $ 1,109 2,831 967 713 $ 5,620 $ (in millions) 5 2 127 59 193 $ $ $ (41) (14) (32) (16) 1,073 2,819 1,062 756 (103) $ 5,710 Based on our most recent goodwill impairment assessment performed as of October 31, 2023, we concluded that the goodwill in each of our reporting units was not at risk of impairment. We have not recognized any impairment losses on our goodwill. Components of intangible assets were as follows as of December 31: 2023 2022 (in millions) Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Customer relationships $ 1,957 $ (902) $ 1,054 $ 1,803 $ (738) $ 1,065 Developed technology Indefinite lived trademarks Finite lived trademarks and other 385 72 82 (376) — (67) 9 72 15 383 72 81 (369) — (64) 14 72 17 Total intangible assets $ 2,495 $ (1,346) $ 1,149 $ 2,339 $ (1,171) $ 1,168 Other than certain trademarks with indefinite lives, our intangible assets have finite lives and, as such, are subject to amortization. Amortization of intangible assets totaled $165 million, $184 million and $182 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The following table provides the estimated amortization expense related to our existing intangible assets for the next five years. (in millions) Estimated Amortization $ 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 162 159 155 144 121 Note 9 — Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities Accrued expenses and other current liabilities were as follows as of December 31: (in millions) Compensation and benefits Customer volume and other incentives Income taxes Professional fees Other 2023 2022 $ 1,511 $ 1,446 241 27 146 500 222 217 165 357 Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ 2,425 $ 2,407 Note 10 — Debt In 2022, we entered into the Credit Agreement providing for the $650 million Term Loan and a $1,850 million unsecured revolving credit facility, which are each due to mature in October 2027. We are required under the Credit Agreement to make scheduled quarterly principal payments on the Term Loan. The Credit Agreement requires interest to be paid, at our option, at either the Term Benchmark, Adjusted Daily Simple RFR or the ABR Rate (each as defined in the Credit Agreement), plus, in each case, an Applicable Margin (as defined in the Credit Agreement). Initially, the Applicable Margin is 0.875% with respect to Term Benchmark loans and RFR loans and 0.00% with respect to ABR loans. Subsequently, the Applicable Margin with respect to Term Benchmark loans and RFR loans will be determined quarterly and may range from 0.75% to 1.125%, depending on our public debt ratings or, if we have not received public debt ratings, from 0.875% to 1.125%, depending on our Leverage Ratio, which is the ratio of indebtedness for borrowed money to Consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the Credit Agreement. Since issuance of the Term Loan, the Term Loan has been a Term Benchmark loan. The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants as well as a financial covenant. The financial covenant is tested at the end of each fiscal quarter and requires us to maintain a Leverage Ratio not in excess of 3.50:1.00, or for a period of up to four quarters following certain material acquisitions, 3.75:1.00. We were in compliance with all debt covenants and representations of the Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2023. In March 2023, our India subsidiary renewed its working capital facility at 15 billion Indian rupees ($180 million at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate). The facility requires us to repay any balances within 90 days from the date of disbursement. There is a 1.0% prepayment penalty applicable to payments made within 30 days of disbursement. This working capital facility contains affirmative and negative covenants and may be renewed annually. As of December 31, 2023, we have not borrowed funds under this facility or any of its predecessor facilities. Short-term Debt As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $33 million and $8 million of short-term debt related to current maturities of our Term Loan, with a weighted average interest rate of 6.3% and 5.2%, respectively. Long-term Debt The following summarizes our long-term debt balances as of December 31: (in millions) Term Loan Less: Current maturities Unamortized deferred financing costs Long-term debt, net of current maturities 2023 2022 642 $ (33) (3) 606 $ 650 (8) (4) 638 $ $ The following represents the schedule of maturities of our Term Loan: Year Amounts (in millions) 2024 2025 2026 2027 Total $ 33 33 33 543 642 Cognizant F-25 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-26 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 11 — Income Taxes The reconciliation between the U.S. federal statutory rate and our effective income tax rate were as follows for the years Income before provision for income taxes shown below is based on the geographic location to which such income was attributed for years ended December 31: (in millions) United States Foreign Income before provision for income taxes 2023 2022 2021 $ $ 813 1,974 2,787 $ $ 975 2,041 3,016 $ $ 818 2,009 2,827 The provision for income taxes consisted of the following components for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Current: Federal and state Foreign Total current provision Deferred: Federal and state Foreign Total deferred (benefit) provision Total provision for income taxes 2023 2022 2021 $ $ 522 485 1,007 (354) 15 (339) 668 $ $ 492 511 1,003 (240) (33) (273) 730 $ $ 210 456 666 (50) 77 27 693 We are involved in two separate ongoing disputes with the ITD in connection with previously disclosed share repurchase transactions undertaken by CTS India in 2013 and 2016 to repurchase shares from its shareholders (non-Indian Cognizant entities) valued at $523 million and $2.8 billion, respectively. The 2016 transaction was undertaken pursuant to a plan approved by the High Court in Chennai, India, and resulted in the payment of $135 million in Indian income taxes - an amount we believe includes all the applicable taxes owed for this transaction under Indian law. In March 2018, the ITD asserted that it is owed an additional 33 billion Indian rupees ($397 million at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate) on the 2016 transaction. We deposited 5 billion Indian rupees, representing 15% of the disputed tax amount related to the 2016 transaction, with the ITD. As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, the deposit with the ITD was $60 million, presented in "Other noncurrent assets." Additionally, certain time deposits of CTS India were placed under lien in favor of the ITD, representing the remainder of the disputed tax amount. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balance of deposits under lien was 30 billion Indian rupees, including previously earned interest, or $355 million and $357 million, respectively, as presented in "Long-term investments." As of December 31, 2023, $96 million of the $355 million deposits under lien were held in time deposits with a maturity of less than 30 days qualifying as cash equivalent instruments and thus are presented as restricted cash equivalents on the consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023. In April 2020, we received a formal assessment from the ITD on the 2016 transaction, which was consistent with the ITD's previous assertions. Our appeal was ruled on unfavorably by the CITA in March 2022 and by the ITAT in September 2023. We filed an appeal against the order of the ITAT with the High Court. On January 8, 2024, the SCI ruled that, in order to proceed with the appeal, we must deposit 30 billion Indian rupees ($355 million at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate), representing the time deposits of CTS India under lien, on the condition that, if CTS India prevails at the High Court, the amount deposited will be returned to CTS India, along with interest accrued, within 4 weeks of the judgment. The SCI also requested the High Court to consider and dispose of the appeal as expeditiously as possible, preferably within 6 weeks of the January 8, 2024 ruling. We made the required deposit in January 2024. The dispute in relation to the 2013 share repurchase transaction is also in litigation. At this time, the ITD has not made specific demands with regards to the 2013 transaction. We continue to believe we have paid all applicable taxes owed on both the 2016 and the 2013 transactions and we continue to defend our positions with respect to both matters. Accordingly, we have not recorded any reserves for these matters as of December 31, 2023. Tax expense, at U.S. federal statutory rate $ 585 21.0 $ 633 21.0 $ 594 2023 % 2022 % 2021 ended December 31: (Dollars in millions) State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit Non-taxable income for Indian tax purposes Rate differential on foreign earnings Recognition of benefits related to uncertain tax Credits and other incentives positions Other 55 — 95 (33) (37) 3 2.0 — 3.4 (1.2) (1.3) 0.1 63 (6) 98 (43) (17) 2 2.1 (0.2) 3.2 (1.4) (0.6) 0.1 50 (36) 137 (14) (42) 4 Total provision for income taxes $ 668 24.0 $ 730 24.2 $ 693 Our Indian subsidiaries are primarily export-oriented and, through March 31, 2022, benefited from certain income tax holiday benefits granted by the government of India for export activities conducted within SEZs. In December 2019, India enacted the India Tax Law, which enables Indian companies to elect to be taxed at a lower income tax rate of 25.17%, as compared to the otherwise applicable income tax rate of 34.94%. Once a company elects into the lower income tax rate, a company may not benefit from any income tax holidays associated with SEZs and certain other tax incentives and carryforwards, and may not reverse its election. We elected into the new tax regime starting with the India fiscal year beginning on April 1, 2022, and as a result, there was no impact from income tax holidays on our income tax provision or net income for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the effect of the income tax holidays granted by the Indian government was to reduce the overall income tax provision and increase net income by $6 million and $36 million, respectively, and increase diluted EPS by $0.01 and $0.07, respectively. During 2023, we reached an agreement with the IRS, which settled tax years 2017 and 2018, as well as a settlement related to U.S. state income taxes, each of which decreased our effective income tax rate for 2023. The significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated statements of financial position were as follows as of December 31: % 21.0 1.8 (1.3) 4.8 (0.5) (1.5) 0.2 24.5 46 37 159 16 498 756 (41) 715 194 48 11 253 462 2023 2022 $ $ 52 126 172 16 672 1,038 (53) 985 184 31 3 218 767 $ $ Revenue recognition (including intercompany revenue) (in millions) Deferred income tax assets: Net operating losses Compensation and benefits Credit carryforwards Expenses not currently deductible Less: valuation allowance Deferred income tax assets, net Deferred income tax liabilities: Depreciation and amortization Deferred costs Other Deferred income tax liabilities Net deferred income tax assets At December 31, 2023, we had foreign and U.S. net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $128 million and $103 million, respectively. We have recorded valuation allowances on certain net operating loss carryforwards. Cognizant F-27 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-28 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 11 — Income Taxes attributed for years ended December 31: (in millions) United States Foreign Income before provision for income taxes (in millions) Current: Federal and state Foreign Total current provision Deferred: Federal and state Foreign Total deferred (benefit) provision Total provision for income taxes Income before provision for income taxes shown below is based on the geographic location to which such income was The provision for income taxes consisted of the following components for the years ended December 31: $ $ $ 2023 2022 2021 813 1,974 2,787 975 2,041 3,016 818 2,009 2,827 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2023 2022 2021 522 485 1,007 (354) 15 (339) 492 511 1,003 (240) (33) (273) $ 668 $ 730 $ 210 456 666 (50) 77 27 693 We are involved in two separate ongoing disputes with the ITD in connection with previously disclosed share repurchase transactions undertaken by CTS India in 2013 and 2016 to repurchase shares from its shareholders (non-Indian Cognizant entities) valued at $523 million and $2.8 billion, respectively. The 2016 transaction was undertaken pursuant to a plan approved by the High Court in Chennai, India, and resulted in the payment of $135 million in Indian income taxes - an amount we believe includes all the applicable taxes owed for this transaction under Indian law. In March 2018, the ITD asserted that it is owed an additional 33 billion Indian rupees ($397 million at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate) on the 2016 transaction. We deposited 5 billion Indian rupees, representing 15% of the disputed tax amount related to the 2016 transaction, with the ITD. As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, the deposit with the ITD was $60 million, presented in "Other noncurrent assets." Additionally, certain time deposits of CTS India were placed under lien in favor of the ITD, representing the remainder of the disputed tax amount. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balance of deposits under lien was 30 billion Indian rupees, including previously earned interest, or $355 million and $357 million, respectively, as presented in "Long-term investments." As of December 31, 2023, $96 million of the $355 million deposits under lien were held in time deposits with a maturity of less than 30 days qualifying as cash equivalent instruments and thus are presented as restricted cash equivalents on the consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023. In April 2020, we received a formal assessment from the ITD on the 2016 transaction, which was consistent with the ITD's previous assertions. Our appeal was ruled on unfavorably by the CITA in March 2022 and by the ITAT in September 2023. We filed an appeal against the order of the ITAT with the High Court. On January 8, 2024, the SCI ruled that, in order to proceed with the appeal, we must deposit 30 billion Indian rupees ($355 million at the December 31, 2023 exchange rate), representing the time deposits of CTS India under lien, on the condition that, if CTS India prevails at the High Court, the amount deposited will be returned to CTS India, along with interest accrued, within 4 weeks of the judgment. The SCI also requested the High Court to consider and dispose of the appeal as expeditiously as possible, preferably within 6 weeks of the January 8, 2024 ruling. We made the required deposit in January 2024. The dispute in relation to the 2013 share repurchase transaction is also in litigation. At this time, the ITD has not made specific demands with regards to the 2013 transaction. We continue to believe we have paid all applicable taxes owed on both the 2016 and the 2013 transactions and we continue to defend our positions with respect to both matters. Accordingly, we have not recorded any reserves for these matters as of December 31, 2023. The reconciliation between the U.S. federal statutory rate and our effective income tax rate were as follows for the years ended December 31: (Dollars in millions) Tax expense, at U.S. federal statutory rate State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit Non-taxable income for Indian tax purposes Rate differential on foreign earnings Recognition of benefits related to uncertain tax positions Credits and other incentives Other 2023 % 2022 % 2021 $ 585 21.0 $ 633 21.0 $ 594 55 — 95 (33) (37) 3 2.0 — 3.4 (1.2) (1.3) 0.1 63 (6) 98 (43) (17) 2 2.1 (0.2) 3.2 (1.4) (0.6) 0.1 50 (36) 137 (14) (42) 4 Total provision for income taxes $ 668 24.0 $ 730 24.2 $ 693 % 21.0 1.8 (1.3) 4.8 (0.5) (1.5) 0.2 24.5 Our Indian subsidiaries are primarily export-oriented and, through March 31, 2022, benefited from certain income tax holiday benefits granted by the government of India for export activities conducted within SEZs. In December 2019, India enacted the India Tax Law, which enables Indian companies to elect to be taxed at a lower income tax rate of 25.17%, as compared to the otherwise applicable income tax rate of 34.94%. Once a company elects into the lower income tax rate, a company may not benefit from any income tax holidays associated with SEZs and certain other tax incentives and carryforwards, and may not reverse its election. We elected into the new tax regime starting with the India fiscal year beginning on April 1, 2022, and as a result, there was no impact from income tax holidays on our income tax provision or net income for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the effect of the income tax holidays granted by the Indian government was to reduce the overall income tax provision and increase net income by $6 million and $36 million, respectively, and increase diluted EPS by $0.01 and $0.07, respectively. During 2023, we reached an agreement with the IRS, which settled tax years 2017 and 2018, as well as a settlement related to U.S. state income taxes, each of which decreased our effective income tax rate for 2023. The significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated statements of financial position were as follows as of December 31: (in millions) Deferred income tax assets: Net operating losses Revenue recognition (including intercompany revenue) Compensation and benefits Credit carryforwards Expenses not currently deductible Less: valuation allowance Deferred income tax assets, net Deferred income tax liabilities: Depreciation and amortization Deferred costs Other Deferred income tax liabilities Net deferred income tax assets 2023 2022 $ $ 52 126 172 16 672 1,038 (53) 985 184 31 3 218 767 $ $ 46 37 159 16 498 756 (41) 715 194 48 11 253 462 At December 31, 2023, we had foreign and U.S. net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $128 million and $103 million, respectively. We have recorded valuation allowances on certain net operating loss carryforwards. Cognizant F-27 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-28 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Provisions enacted in the Tax Reform Act in December 2017 related to the capitalization of research and experimental expenditures became effective on January 1, 2022. These provisions require us to capitalize research and experimental expenditures and amortize them for tax purposes over five or fifteen years, depending on where the research is conducted. Previously these expenses could be deducted in the year incurred. The implementation of these provisions increased our deferred tax asset in the United States on a year-over-year basis by approximately $206 million and $300 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. We conduct business globally and file income tax returns in the United States, including federal and state, as well as various foreign jurisdictions. Tax years that remain subject to examination by the IRS are 2019 and onward, and years that remain subject to examination by state authorities vary by state. Years under examination by foreign tax authorities are 2003 and onward. In addition, transactions between our affiliated entities are arranged in accordance with applicable transfer pricing laws, regulations and relevant guidelines. As a result, and due to the interpretive nature of certain aspects of these laws and guidelines, we have pending applications for APAs before the taxing authorities in some of our most significant jurisdictions. We record incremental tax expense, based upon the more-likely-than-not standard, for any uncertain tax positions. In addition, when applicable, we adjust the previously recorded income tax expense to reflect examination results when the position is effectively settled or otherwise resolved. Our ongoing evaluations of the more-likely-than-not outcomes of the examinations and related tax positions require judgment and can result in adjustments that increase or decrease our effective income tax rate, as well as impact our operating results. The specific timing of when the resolution of each tax position will be reached is uncertain. Changes in unrecognized income tax benefits were as follows for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Balance, beginning of year Additions based on tax positions related to the current year Additions for tax positions of prior years Additions for tax positions of acquired subsidiaries Reductions for tax positions due to lapse of statutes of limitations Reductions for tax positions related to prior years Settlements Foreign currency exchange movement Balance, end of year 2023 2022 2021 $ $ 269 32 22 — (15) (33) (14) — 260 $ $ 194 53 65 — (43) — — — 269 $ $ 193 34 16 12 (17) — (43) (1) 194 In the third quarter of 2022, we recognized an income tax benefit of $36 million related to a specific uncertain tax position that was previously unrecognized in our prior year consolidated financial statements. The recognition of the benefit in the third quarter of 2022 was based on management’s reassessment regarding whether this unrecognized tax benefit met the more-likely- than-not threshold in light of the lapse in the statute of limitations as to a portion of such benefit. In 2021, we reached an agreement with the IRS, which settled tax years 2012 through 2016. As a result of this settlement, in the first quarter of 2021, we recorded a $14 million discrete benefit to the provision for income taxes. The unrecognized income tax benefits would affect our effective income tax rate, if recognized. While the Company believes uncertain tax positions may be settled or resolved within the next twelve months, it is difficult to estimate the income tax impact of these potential resolutions at this time. We recognize accrued interest and any penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as part of our provision for income taxes. The total amount of accrued net interest and penalties at both December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $33 million, and related to U.S. and foreign tax matters. The total amount of net interest and penalties recorded in the provision for income taxes in each of 2023, 2022 and 2021 was immaterial. Note 12 — Derivative Financial Instruments In the normal course of business, we use foreign exchange forward and option contracts to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk. Derivatives may give rise to credit risk from the possible non-performance by counterparties. Credit risk is limited to the fair value of those contracts that are favorable to us. We have limited our credit risk by limiting the amount of credit exposure with any one financial institution and conducting ongoing evaluation of the creditworthiness of the financial institutions with which we do business. In addition, all the assets and liabilities related to the foreign exchange derivative contracts set forth in the below table are subject to master netting arrangements, such as the International Swaps and Derivatives Association Master Agreement, with each individual counterparty. These master netting arrangements generally provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with the counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event. We have presented all the assets and liabilities related to the foreign exchange derivative contracts, as applicable, on a gross basis, with no offsets, in our consolidated statements of financial position. There is no financial collateral (including cash collateral) posted or received by us related to the foreign exchange derivative contracts. The following table provides information on the location and fair values of derivative financial instruments included in our consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31: (in millions) 2023 2022 Location on Statement of Financial Position Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Designation of Derivatives Foreign exchange forward and option contracts – Designated as cash flow hedging instruments Other current assets $ $ $ $ Other noncurrent assets Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Other noncurrent liabilities Total Total Other current assets Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 14 5 — — 19 1 — 1 20 — — 5 1 6 9 9 — 1 1 — — 2 4 — 4 6 $ $ 15 $ $ — — 53 17 70 — 5 5 75 Foreign exchange forward contracts - Not designated as hedging instruments Total Cash Flow Hedges We have entered into a series of foreign exchange derivative contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges of Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These contracts are intended to partially offset the impact of movement of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar on future operating costs and are scheduled to mature each month during 2024 and 2025. The changes in fair value of these contracts are initially reported in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in our consolidated statements of financial position and are subsequently reclassified to earnings within "Cost of revenues" and "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our consolidated statements of operations in the same period that the forecasted Indian rupee denominated payments are recorded in earnings. As of December 31, 2023, we estimate that $6 million, net of tax, of the net gains related to derivatives designated as cash flow hedges reported in the caption "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in our consolidated statements of financial position is expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months. The notional value of our outstanding contracts by year of maturity was as follows as of December 31: (in millions) 2023 2024 2025 Total notional value of contracts outstanding (1) 2023 2022 $ $ — $ 1,878 1,020 2,898 $ 1,865 1,010 — 2,875 (1) Includes $45 million notional value of option contracts as of December 31, 2023, with the remaining notional value related to forward contracts. There were no option contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2022. Cognizant F-29 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-30 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Provisions enacted in the Tax Reform Act in December 2017 related to the capitalization of research and experimental expenditures became effective on January 1, 2022. These provisions require us to capitalize research and experimental expenditures and amortize them for tax purposes over five or fifteen years, depending on where the research is conducted. Previously these expenses could be deducted in the year incurred. The implementation of these provisions increased our deferred tax asset in the United States on a year-over-year basis by approximately $206 million and $300 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. We conduct business globally and file income tax returns in the United States, including federal and state, as well as various foreign jurisdictions. Tax years that remain subject to examination by the IRS are 2019 and onward, and years that remain subject to examination by state authorities vary by state. Years under examination by foreign tax authorities are 2003 and onward. In addition, transactions between our affiliated entities are arranged in accordance with applicable transfer pricing laws, regulations and relevant guidelines. As a result, and due to the interpretive nature of certain aspects of these laws and guidelines, we have pending applications for APAs before the taxing authorities in some of our most significant jurisdictions. We record incremental tax expense, based upon the more-likely-than-not standard, for any uncertain tax positions. In addition, when applicable, we adjust the previously recorded income tax expense to reflect examination results when the position is effectively settled or otherwise resolved. Our ongoing evaluations of the more-likely-than-not outcomes of the examinations and related tax positions require judgment and can result in adjustments that increase or decrease our effective income tax rate, as well as impact our operating results. The specific timing of when the resolution of each tax position will be Changes in unrecognized income tax benefits were as follows for the years ended December 31: reached is uncertain. (in millions) Balance, beginning of year Additions based on tax positions related to the current year Additions for tax positions of prior years Additions for tax positions of acquired subsidiaries Reductions for tax positions due to lapse of statutes of limitations Reductions for tax positions related to prior years Settlements Foreign currency exchange movement Balance, end of year 2023 2022 2021 $ 269 $ 194 $ 193 32 22 — (15) (33) (14) — 260 (43) 53 65 — — — — 34 16 12 (17) — (43) (1) $ $ 269 $ 194 In the third quarter of 2022, we recognized an income tax benefit of $36 million related to a specific uncertain tax position that was previously unrecognized in our prior year consolidated financial statements. The recognition of the benefit in the third quarter of 2022 was based on management’s reassessment regarding whether this unrecognized tax benefit met the more-likely- than-not threshold in light of the lapse in the statute of limitations as to a portion of such benefit. In 2021, we reached an agreement with the IRS, which settled tax years 2012 through 2016. As a result of this settlement, in the first quarter of 2021, we recorded a $14 million discrete benefit to the provision for income taxes. The unrecognized income tax benefits would affect our effective income tax rate, if recognized. While the Company believes uncertain tax positions may be settled or resolved within the next twelve months, it is difficult to estimate the income tax impact of these potential resolutions at this time. We recognize accrued interest and any penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as part of our provision for income taxes. The total amount of accrued net interest and penalties at both December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $33 million, and related to U.S. and foreign tax matters. The total amount of net interest and penalties recorded in the provision for income taxes in each of 2023, 2022 and 2021 was immaterial. Note 12 — Derivative Financial Instruments In the normal course of business, we use foreign exchange forward and option contracts to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk. Derivatives may give rise to credit risk from the possible non-performance by counterparties. Credit risk is limited to the fair value of those contracts that are favorable to us. We have limited our credit risk by limiting the amount of credit exposure with any one financial institution and conducting ongoing evaluation of the creditworthiness of the financial institutions with which we do business. In addition, all the assets and liabilities related to the foreign exchange derivative contracts set forth in the below table are subject to master netting arrangements, such as the International Swaps and Derivatives Association Master Agreement, with each individual counterparty. These master netting arrangements generally provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with the counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event. We have presented all the assets and liabilities related to the foreign exchange derivative contracts, as applicable, on a gross basis, with no offsets, in our consolidated statements of financial position. There is no financial collateral (including cash collateral) posted or received by us related to the foreign exchange derivative contracts. The following table provides information on the location and fair values of derivative financial instruments included in our consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31: (in millions) 2023 2022 Designation of Derivatives Foreign exchange forward and option contracts – Designated as cash flow hedging instruments Foreign exchange forward contracts - Not designated as hedging instruments Total Cash Flow Hedges Location on Statement of Financial Position Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities Other current assets Other noncurrent assets Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Other noncurrent liabilities Total Other current assets Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Total $ $ 14 5 — — 19 1 — 1 20 $ $ — — 5 1 6 — 9 9 $ 15 $ 1 1 — — 2 4 — 4 6 $ $ — — 53 17 70 — 5 5 75 We have entered into a series of foreign exchange derivative contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges of Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These contracts are intended to partially offset the impact of movement of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar on future operating costs and are scheduled to mature each month during 2024 and 2025. The changes in fair value of these contracts are initially reported in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in our consolidated statements of financial position and are subsequently reclassified to earnings within "Cost of revenues" and "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our consolidated statements of operations in the same period that the forecasted Indian rupee denominated payments are recorded in earnings. As of December 31, 2023, we estimate that $6 million, net of tax, of the net gains related to derivatives designated as cash flow hedges reported in the caption "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in our consolidated statements of financial position is expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months. The notional value of our outstanding contracts by year of maturity was as follows as of December 31: (in millions) 2023 2024 2025 Total notional value of contracts outstanding (1) 2023 2022 $ $ — 1,878 1,020 2,898 $ $ 1,865 1,010 — 2,875 (1) Includes $45 million notional value of option contracts as of December 31, 2023, with the remaining notional value related to forward contracts. There were no option contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2022. Cognizant F-29 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-30 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K The following table provides information on the location and amounts of pre-tax losses and gains on our cash flow hedges for the year ended December 31: Note 13 — Fair Value Measurements (in millions) Change in Derivative Gains and Losses Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (effective portion) 2023 2022 Location of Net (Losses) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Income (effective portion) Net (Losses) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Income (effective portion) 2023 2022 Foreign exchange forward and option contracts – Designated as cash flow hedging instruments $ 55 $ (153) Cost of revenues SG&A expenses Total $ $ (23) $ (13) (3) (26) $ (1) (14) The activity related to the change in net unrealized gains and losses on the cash flow hedges included in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in our consolidated statements of stockholders' equity is presented in Note 14. Other Derivatives We use foreign exchange forward contracts to provide an economic hedge against balance sheet exposures to certain monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries. We entered into foreign exchange forward contracts that are scheduled to mature in the first quarter of 2024. Realized gains or losses and changes in the estimated fair value of these derivative financial instruments are recorded in the caption "Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net" in our consolidated statements of operations. Additional information related to our outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments was as follows as of December 31: (in millions) 2023 2022 Contracts outstanding Notional Fair Value Notional Fair Value $ 1,317 $ (8) $ 1,433 $ (1) The following table provides information on the location and amounts of realized and unrealized pre-tax gains and losses on our other derivative financial instruments for the year ended December 31: (in millions) Location of Net (Losses) Gains on Derivative Instruments Amount of Net (Losses) Gains on Derivative Instruments 2023 2022 Foreign exchange forward contracts - Not designated as hedging instruments Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net $ (40) $ 23 The related cash flow impacts of all of the derivative activities are reflected as cash flows from operating activities. We measure our cash equivalents, certain investments, contingent consideration liabilities and foreign exchange forward and option contracts at fair value. Fair value is the exit price, or the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy is based on inputs to valuation techniques that are used to measure fair value that are either observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources while unobservable inputs reflect a reporting entity’s pricing based upon their own market assumptions. The fair value hierarchy consists of the following three levels: • Level 1 – Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2 – Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in an active market, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and market-corroborated inputs which are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. • Level 3 – Inputs are derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or value drivers are The following table summarizes the financial assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of unobservable. December 31, 2023: (in millions) Cash equivalents: Money market funds Time deposits Short-term investments: Equity investment security Other current assets Foreign exchange forward contracts Long-term investments: Restricted time deposits (1) Other noncurrent assets Foreign exchange forward contracts Accrued expenses and other current liabilities: Foreign exchange forward contracts Contingent consideration liabilities Other noncurrent liabilities Foreign exchange forward contracts (1) See Note 11. Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ $ 327 — $ — 834 $ — — — — — — — (30) — 327 834 11 15 355 5 (14) (30) (1) 11 — — — — — — — 15 355 5 (14) — (1) Cognizant F-31 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-32 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K The following table provides information on the location and amounts of pre-tax losses and gains on our cash flow Note 13 — Fair Value Measurements hedges for the year ended December 31: We measure our cash equivalents, certain investments, contingent consideration liabilities and foreign exchange forward and option contracts at fair value. Fair value is the exit price, or the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy is based on inputs to valuation techniques that are used to measure fair value that are either observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources while unobservable inputs reflect a reporting entity’s pricing based upon their own market assumptions. The fair value hierarchy consists of the following three levels: • Level 1 – Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2 – Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in an active market, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and market-corroborated inputs which are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. • Level 3 – Inputs are derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or value drivers are The activity related to the change in net unrealized gains and losses on the cash flow hedges included in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in our consolidated statements of stockholders' equity is presented in Note 14. unobservable. The following table summarizes the financial assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023: (in millions) Cash equivalents: Money market funds Time deposits Short-term investments: Equity investment security Other current assets Foreign exchange forward contracts Long-term investments: Restricted time deposits (1) Other noncurrent assets Foreign exchange forward contracts Accrued expenses and other current liabilities: Foreign exchange forward contracts Contingent consideration liabilities Other noncurrent liabilities Foreign exchange forward contracts (1) See Note 11. Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total $ $ 327 — $ — 834 11 — — — — — — — 15 355 5 (14) — (1) $ — — — — — — — (30) — 327 834 11 15 355 5 (14) (30) (1) (in millions) Foreign exchange forward and option contracts – Designated as cash flow hedging instruments Derivative Gains and Losses Change in Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (effective portion) 2023 2022 Location of Net (Losses) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Income (effective portion) Net (Losses) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Income (effective portion) 2023 2022 $ 55 $ (153) Cost of revenues (23) $ (13) SG&A expenses Total (3) (26) $ (1) (14) $ $ Other Derivatives We use foreign exchange forward contracts to provide an economic hedge against balance sheet exposures to certain monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries. We entered into foreign exchange forward contracts that are scheduled to mature in the first quarter of 2024. Realized gains or losses and changes in the estimated fair value of these derivative financial instruments are recorded in the caption "Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net" in our consolidated statements of operations. Additional information related to our outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments was as follows as of December 31: (in millions) 2023 2022 Contracts outstanding Notional Fair Value Notional Fair Value $ 1,317 $ (8) $ 1,433 $ (1) The following table provides information on the location and amounts of realized and unrealized pre-tax gains and losses on our other derivative financial instruments for the year ended December 31: Foreign exchange forward contracts - Not designated as hedging Foreign currency exchange Location of Net (Losses) Gains on Derivative Instruments Amount of Net (Losses) Gains on Derivative Instruments 2023 2022 gains (losses), net $ (40) $ 23 (in millions) instruments The related cash flow impacts of all of the derivative activities are reflected as cash flows from operating activities. Cognizant F-31 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-32 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K The following table summarizes the financial assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Changes in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" by component were as follows for the year ended December 31, 2022: (in millions) Cash equivalents: Money market funds Time deposits Commercial paper Short-term investments: Time deposits Equity investment security Available-for-sale investment securities: Certificates of deposit and commercial paper Other current assets: Foreign exchange forward contracts Long-term investments Restricted time deposits (1) Other noncurrent assets: Foreign exchange forward contracts Accrued expenses and other current liabilities: Foreign exchange forward contracts Contingent consideration liabilities Other noncurrent liabilities: Foreign exchange forward contracts Contingent consideration liabilities (1) See Note 11 $ $ 367 — — — 10 — — — — — — — — $ — 359 512 51 — 225 5 357 1 (58) — (17) — $ — — — — — — — — — — (9) — (13) The following table summarizes the changes in Level 3 contingent consideration liabilities: (in millions) Beginning balance Initial measurement recognized at acquisition Change in fair value recognized in SG&A expenses Payments and other adjustments Ending balance 2023 2022 $ $ 22 $ — 17 (9) 30 $ 367 359 512 51 10 225 5 357 1 (58) (9) (17) (13) 35 1 (1) (13) 22 We measure the fair value of money market funds based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and measure the fair value of our equity investment security based on the published daily net asset value at which investors can freely subscribe to or redeem from the fund. The fair value of certificates of deposit and commercial paper is measured based on relevant trade data, dealer quotes, or model-driven valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data, such as yield curves and credit spreads. The carrying value of the time deposits approximated fair value as of each of December 31, 2023 and 2022. We estimate the fair value of each foreign exchange forward contract by using a present value of expected cash flows model. This model calculates the difference between the current market forward price and the contracted forward price for each foreign exchange forward contract and applies the difference in the rates to each outstanding contract. The market forward rates include a discount and credit risk factor. We estimate the fair value of each foreign exchange option contract by using a variant of the Black-Scholes model. This model uses present value techniques and reflects the time value and intrinsic value based on observable market rates. We estimate the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities associated with acquisitions using a variation of the income approach, which utilizes one or more significant inputs that are unobservable. This approach calculates the fair value of such liabilities based on the probability-weighted expected performance of the acquired entity against the target performance metric, discounted to present value when appropriate. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 there were no transfers among Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 financial assets and liabilities. Cognizant F-33 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-34 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 14 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) December 31, 2023: (in millions) Foreign currency translation adjustments: Change in foreign currency translation adjustments Unrealized (losses) gains on cash flow hedges: Unrealized gains arising during the period Reclassifications of net losses to: Beginning balance Ending balance Beginning balance Cost of revenues SG&A expenses Net change Ending balance Beginning balance Ending balance Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Other comprehensive income (loss) Before Tax Amount 2023 Tax Effect Net of Tax Amount $ $ $ $ $ $ (256) 147 (109) (68) 55 23 3 81 13 (324) 228 (96) $ $ $ $ $ $ (248) 144 (104) (51) 41 18 2 61 10 (299) 205 (94) $ $ $ $ $ $ 8 (3) 5 17 (14) (5) (1) (20) (3) 25 (23) 2 2021 Tax Effect Changes in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" by component were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: Before Tax Amount Net of Tax Amount Before Tax Amount Net of Tax Amount 2022 Tax Effect Beginning balance $ (22) $ $ (20) $ 56 $ (1) $ 55 (234) (256) $ $ (228) $ (248) $ (78) (22) $ 3 2 $ (75) (20) (in millions) Foreign currency translation adjustments: Change in foreign currency translation adjustments Ending balance Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges: Beginning balance Unrealized (losses) gains arising during the period Reclassifications of net losses (gains) to: Cost of revenues SG&A expenses Net change Ending balance Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Beginning balance Other comprehensive income (loss) Ending balance 2 6 8 (3) — 31 17 $ 71 $ (14) $ 57 $ 67 $ (12) $ (153) 34 (119) 67 (13) 13 1 (139) 10 1 (108) (55) (8) 4 71 10 1 (2) $ (68) $ $ (51) $ $ (14) $ $ 49 $ (12) $ 37 $ 123 $ (13) $ 110 (373) (324) $ $ 37 25 (336) (74) 1 $ (299) $ 49 $ (12) $ 55 54 (45) (7) 2 57 (73) 37 The following table summarizes the financial assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of Note 14 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Changes in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" by component were as follows for the year ended $ 367 $ $ $ December 31, 2023: (in millions) Foreign currency translation adjustments: Beginning balance Change in foreign currency translation adjustments Ending balance Unrealized (losses) gains on cash flow hedges: Beginning balance Unrealized gains arising during the period Reclassifications of net losses to: Cost of revenues SG&A expenses Net change Ending balance Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Beginning balance Other comprehensive income (loss) Ending balance Before Tax Amount 2023 Tax Effect Net of Tax Amount $ $ $ $ $ $ (256) 147 (109) (68) 55 23 3 81 13 (324) 228 (96) $ $ $ $ $ $ 8 (3) 5 17 (14) (5) (1) (20) (3) 25 (23) 2 $ $ $ $ $ $ (248) 144 (104) (51) 41 18 2 61 10 (299) 205 (94) Changes in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" by component were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: (in millions) Foreign currency translation adjustments: Before Tax Amount 2022 Tax Effect Net of Tax Amount Before Tax Amount 2021 Tax Effect Net of Tax Amount Beginning balance Change in foreign currency translation adjustments Ending balance $ (22) $ (234) (256) $ $ 2 6 8 $ (20) $ 56 $ (1) $ 55 (228) $ (248) $ (78) (22) $ 3 2 $ (75) (20) Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges: Beginning balance Unrealized (losses) gains arising during the period Reclassifications of net losses (gains) to: $ 71 $ (14) $ 57 $ 67 $ (12) $ (153) 34 (119) 67 (13) Cost of revenues SG&A expenses Net change Ending balance 13 1 (139) (68) $ (3) — 31 17 $ 10 1 (108) (51) $ $ (55) (8) 4 71 $ 10 1 (2) (14) $ 55 54 (45) (7) 2 57 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): Beginning balance Other comprehensive income (loss) Ending balance $ 49 $ (12) $ 37 $ 123 $ (13) $ 110 (373) (324) $ $ 37 25 (336) (74) 1 $ (299) $ 49 $ (12) $ (73) 37 December 31, 2022: (in millions) Cash equivalents: Money market funds Time deposits Commercial paper Short-term investments: Time deposits Equity investment security Available-for-sale investment securities: Certificates of deposit and commercial paper Other current assets: Foreign exchange forward contracts Long-term investments Restricted time deposits (1) Other noncurrent assets: Foreign exchange forward contracts Accrued expenses and other current liabilities: Foreign exchange forward contracts Contingent consideration liabilities Other noncurrent liabilities: Foreign exchange forward contracts Contingent consideration liabilities (1) See Note 11 (in millions) Beginning balance Initial measurement recognized at acquisition Change in fair value recognized in SG&A expenses Payments and other adjustments Ending balance — — — 10 — — — — — — — — — 359 512 51 — 225 357 5 1 (58) — (17) — $ $ — — — — — — — — — — (9) — (13) 22 $ — 17 (9) 30 $ 367 359 512 51 10 225 357 5 1 (58) (9) (17) (13) 35 1 (1) (13) 22 The following table summarizes the changes in Level 3 contingent consideration liabilities: 2023 2022 We measure the fair value of money market funds based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and measure the fair value of our equity investment security based on the published daily net asset value at which investors can freely subscribe to or redeem from the fund. The fair value of certificates of deposit and commercial paper is measured based on relevant trade data, dealer quotes, or model-driven valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data, such as yield curves and credit spreads. The carrying value of the time deposits approximated fair value as of each of December 31, 2023 and 2022. We estimate the fair value of each foreign exchange forward contract by using a present value of expected cash flows model. This model calculates the difference between the current market forward price and the contracted forward price for each foreign exchange forward contract and applies the difference in the rates to each outstanding contract. The market forward rates include a discount and credit risk factor. We estimate the fair value of each foreign exchange option contract by using a variant of the Black-Scholes model. This model uses present value techniques and reflects the time value and intrinsic value based on observable market rates. We estimate the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities associated with acquisitions using a variation of the income approach, which utilizes one or more significant inputs that are unobservable. This approach calculates the fair value of such liabilities based on the probability-weighted expected performance of the acquired entity against the target performance metric, discounted to present value when appropriate. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 there were no transfers among Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 financial assets and liabilities. Cognizant F-33 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-34 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 15 — Commitments and Contingencies We are involved in various claims and legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We accrue a liability when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When a material loss contingency is reasonably possible but not probable, we do not record a liability, but instead disclose the nature and the amount of the claim, and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, if such an estimate can be made. Legal fees are expensed as incurred. While we do not expect that the ultimate resolution of any existing claims and proceedings (other than the specific matters described below, if decided adversely), individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, an unfavorable outcome in some or all of these proceedings could have a material adverse impact on results of operations or cash flows for a particular period. This assessment is based on our current understanding of relevant facts and circumstances. As such, our view of these matters is subject to inherent uncertainties and may change in the future. On January 15, 2015, Syntel sued TriZetto and Cognizant in the USDC-SDNY. Syntel’s complaint alleged breach of contract against TriZetto, and tortious interference and misappropriation of trade secrets against Cognizant and TriZetto, stemming from Cognizant’s hiring of certain former Syntel employees. Cognizant and TriZetto countersued on March 23, 2015, for breach of contract, misappropriation of trade secrets and tortious interference, based on Syntel’s misuse of TriZetto confidential information and abandonment of contractual obligations. Cognizant and TriZetto subsequently added federal DTSA and copyright infringement claims for Syntel’s misuse of TriZetto’s proprietary technology. The parties’ claims were narrowed by the court and the case was tried before a jury, which on October 27, 2020, returned a verdict in favor of Cognizant in the amount of $855 million, including $570 million in punitive damages. On April 20, 2021, the USDC-SDNY issued a post- trial order that, among other things, affirmed the jury’s award of $285 million in actual damages, but reduced the award of punitive damages from $570 million to $285 million, thereby reducing the overall damages award from $855 million to $570 million. The USDC-SDNY subsequently issued a final judgment consistent with the April 20th order. On May 26, 2021, Syntel filed a notice of appeal to the Second Circuit, and on June 3, 2021 the USDC-SDNY stayed execution of judgment pending appeal. On May 25, 2023, the Second Circuit issued an opinion affirming in part and vacating in part the judgment of the USDC-SDNY and remanding the case for further proceedings consistent with its opinion. The Second Circuit affirmed the judgment in all respects on liability but vacated the $570 million award that had been based on avoided development costs under the DTSA, and it remanded the case to the USDC-SDNY for further evaluation of damages. On June 23, 2023, the Second Circuit issued its mandate returning the case to the USDC-SDNY, and the proceedings there regarding damages remain ongoing. We will not record any gain in our financial statements until it becomes realizable. On February 28, 2019, a ruling of the SCI interpreting the India Defined Contribution Obligation altered historical understandings of the obligation, extending it to cover additional portions of the employee’s income. As a result, the ongoing contributions of our affected employees and the Company were required to be increased. In the first quarter of 2019, we accrued $117 million with respect to prior periods, assuming retroactive application of the SCI’s ruling, in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our audited consolidated statement of operations. There is significant uncertainty as to how the liability should be calculated as it is impacted by multiple variables, including the period of assessment, the application with respect to certain current and former employees and whether interest and penalties may be assessed. Since the ruling, a variety of trade associations and industry groups have advocated to the Indian government, highlighting the harm to the information technology sector, other industries and job growth in India that would result from a retroactive application of the ruling. It is possible the Indian government will review the matter and there is a substantial question as to whether the Indian government will apply the SCI’s ruling on a retroactive basis. As such, the ultimate amount of our obligation may be materially different from the amount accrued. On October 31, 2016, November 15, 2016 and November 18, 2016, three putative shareholder derivative complaints were filed in New Jersey Superior Court, Bergen County, naming us, all of our then current directors and certain of our current and former officers at that time as defendants. These actions were consolidated in an order dated January 24, 2017. The complaints assert claims for breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, mismanagement, and/or insider selling by defendants. On April 26, 2017, the New Jersey Superior Court deferred further proceedings by dismissing the consolidated putative shareholder derivative litigation without prejudice but permitting the parties to file a motion to vacate the dismissal in the future. On February 22, 2017, April 7, 2017, May 10, 2017 and March 11, 2019, four additional putative shareholder derivative complaints were filed in the USDC-NJ, naming us and certain of our current and former directors and officers at that time as defendants. These actions were consolidated in an order dated May 14, 2019. On August 3, 2020, lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint. The consolidated amended complaint asserts claims similar to those in the previously-filed putative shareholder derivative actions. On February 14, 2022, we and certain of our current and former directors and officers moved to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint. On September 27, 2022, the USDC-NJ granted those motions and dismissed the consolidated amended complaint in its entirety with prejudice. Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal on October 27, 2022. On June 1, 2021, an eighth putative shareholder derivative complaint was filed in the USDC-NJ, naming us and certain of our current and former directors and officers at that time as defendants. The complaint asserts claims similar to those in the previously-filed putative shareholder derivative actions. On March 31, 2022, we and certain of our current and former directors and officers moved to dismiss the complaint. On November 30, 2022, the USDC-NJ denied without prejudice those motions. The USDC-NJ ordered the parties to conduct limited discovery related to the issue of whether our board of directors wrongfully refused the plaintiff’s earlier litigation demand and, after the conclusion of such limited discovery, to file targeted motions for summary judgment on the issue of wrongful refusal. We are presently unable to predict the duration, scope or result of the putative shareholder derivative actions. Although the Company continues to defend the putative shareholder derivative actions vigorously, these lawsuits are subject to inherent uncertainties, the actual cost of such litigation will depend upon many unknown factors and the outcome of the litigation is necessarily uncertain. We have indemnification and expense advancement obligations pursuant to our bylaws and indemnification agreements with respect to certain current and former members of senior management and the Company’s board of directors. In connection with the matters that were the subject of our previously disclosed internal investigation, the DOJ and SEC investigations and the related litigation, we have received and expect to continue to receive requests under such indemnification agreements and our bylaws to provide funds for legal fees and other expenses. There are no amounts remaining available to us under applicable insurance policies for our ongoing indemnification and advancement obligations with respect to certain of our current and former officers and directors or incremental legal fees and other expenses related to the above matters. See Note 11 for information relating to the ITD Dispute. Many of our engagements involve projects that are critical to the operations of our clients’ business and provide benefits that are difficult to quantify. Any failure in a client’s systems or our failure to meet our contractual obligations to our clients, including any breach involving a client’s confidential information or sensitive data, or our obligations under applicable laws or regulations could result in a claim for substantial damages against us, regardless of our responsibility for such failure. Although we attempt to contractually limit our liability for damages arising from negligent acts, errors, mistakes, or omissions in rendering our services, there can be no assurance that the limitations of liability set forth in our contracts will be enforceable in all instances or will otherwise protect us from liability for damages. Although we have general liability insurance coverage, including coverage for errors or omissions, we retain a significant portion of risk through our insurance deductibles and there can be no assurance that such coverage will cover all types of claims, continue to be available on reasonable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims, or that the insurer will not disclaim coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed or are not covered by our insurance coverage or changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows for a particular period. In the normal course of business and in conjunction with certain client engagements, we have entered into contractual arrangements through which we may be obligated to indemnify clients or other parties with whom we conduct business with respect to certain matters. These arrangements can include provisions whereby we agree to hold the indemnified party and certain of their affiliated entities harmless with respect to third-party claims related to such matters as our breach of certain representations or covenants, our intellectual property infringement, our gross negligence or willful misconduct or certain other claims made against certain parties. Payments by us under any of these arrangements are generally conditioned on the client making a claim and providing us with full control over the defense and settlement of such claim. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential liability under these indemnification agreements due to the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, we have not made material payments under these indemnification agreements and therefore they have not had a material impact on our operating results, financial position, or cash flows. However, if events arise requiring us to make payment for indemnification claims under our indemnification obligations in contracts we have entered, such payments could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows for a particular period. Cognizant F-35 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-36 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 15 — Commitments and Contingencies We are involved in various claims and legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We accrue a liability when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When a material loss contingency is reasonably possible but not probable, we do not record a liability, but instead disclose the nature and the amount of the claim, and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, if such an estimate can be made. Legal fees are expensed as incurred. While we do not expect that the ultimate resolution of any existing claims and proceedings (other than the specific matters described below, if decided adversely), individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, an unfavorable outcome in some or all of these proceedings could have a material adverse impact on results of operations or cash flows for a particular period. This assessment is based on our current understanding of relevant facts and circumstances. As such, our view of these matters is subject to inherent uncertainties and may change in the future. On January 15, 2015, Syntel sued TriZetto and Cognizant in the USDC-SDNY. Syntel’s complaint alleged breach of contract against TriZetto, and tortious interference and misappropriation of trade secrets against Cognizant and TriZetto, stemming from Cognizant’s hiring of certain former Syntel employees. Cognizant and TriZetto countersued on March 23, 2015, for breach of contract, misappropriation of trade secrets and tortious interference, based on Syntel’s misuse of TriZetto confidential information and abandonment of contractual obligations. Cognizant and TriZetto subsequently added federal DTSA and copyright infringement claims for Syntel’s misuse of TriZetto’s proprietary technology. The parties’ claims were narrowed by the court and the case was tried before a jury, which on October 27, 2020, returned a verdict in favor of Cognizant in the amount of $855 million, including $570 million in punitive damages. On April 20, 2021, the USDC-SDNY issued a post- trial order that, among other things, affirmed the jury’s award of $285 million in actual damages, but reduced the award of punitive damages from $570 million to $285 million, thereby reducing the overall damages award from $855 million to $570 million. The USDC-SDNY subsequently issued a final judgment consistent with the April 20th order. On May 26, 2021, Syntel filed a notice of appeal to the Second Circuit, and on June 3, 2021 the USDC-SDNY stayed execution of judgment pending appeal. On May 25, 2023, the Second Circuit issued an opinion affirming in part and vacating in part the judgment of the USDC-SDNY and remanding the case for further proceedings consistent with its opinion. The Second Circuit affirmed the judgment in all respects on liability but vacated the $570 million award that had been based on avoided development costs under the DTSA, and it remanded the case to the USDC-SDNY for further evaluation of damages. On June 23, 2023, the Second Circuit issued its mandate returning the case to the USDC-SDNY, and the proceedings there regarding damages remain ongoing. We will not record any gain in our financial statements until it becomes realizable. On February 28, 2019, a ruling of the SCI interpreting the India Defined Contribution Obligation altered historical understandings of the obligation, extending it to cover additional portions of the employee’s income. As a result, the ongoing contributions of our affected employees and the Company were required to be increased. In the first quarter of 2019, we accrued $117 million with respect to prior periods, assuming retroactive application of the SCI’s ruling, in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our audited consolidated statement of operations. There is significant uncertainty as to how the liability should be calculated as it is impacted by multiple variables, including the period of assessment, the application with respect to certain current and former employees and whether interest and penalties may be assessed. Since the ruling, a variety of trade associations and industry groups have advocated to the Indian government, highlighting the harm to the information technology sector, other industries and job growth in India that would result from a retroactive application of the ruling. It is possible the Indian government will review the matter and there is a substantial question as to whether the Indian government will apply the SCI’s ruling on a retroactive basis. As such, the ultimate amount of our obligation may be materially different from the amount accrued. On October 31, 2016, November 15, 2016 and November 18, 2016, three putative shareholder derivative complaints were filed in New Jersey Superior Court, Bergen County, naming us, all of our then current directors and certain of our current and former officers at that time as defendants. These actions were consolidated in an order dated January 24, 2017. The complaints assert claims for breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, mismanagement, and/or insider selling by defendants. On April 26, 2017, the New Jersey Superior Court deferred further proceedings by dismissing the consolidated putative shareholder derivative litigation without prejudice but permitting the parties to file a motion to vacate the dismissal in the future. On February 22, 2017, April 7, 2017, May 10, 2017 and March 11, 2019, four additional putative shareholder derivative complaints were filed in the USDC-NJ, naming us and certain of our current and former directors and officers at that time as defendants. These actions were consolidated in an order dated May 14, 2019. On August 3, 2020, lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint. The consolidated amended complaint asserts claims similar to those in the previously-filed putative shareholder derivative actions. On February 14, 2022, we and certain of our current and former directors and officers moved to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint. On September 27, 2022, the USDC-NJ granted those motions and dismissed the consolidated amended complaint in its entirety with prejudice. Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal on October 27, 2022. On June 1, 2021, an eighth putative shareholder derivative complaint was filed in the USDC-NJ, naming us and certain of our current and former directors and officers at that time as defendants. The complaint asserts claims similar to those in the previously-filed putative shareholder derivative actions. On March 31, 2022, we and certain of our current and former directors and officers moved to dismiss the complaint. On November 30, 2022, the USDC-NJ denied without prejudice those motions. The USDC-NJ ordered the parties to conduct limited discovery related to the issue of whether our board of directors wrongfully refused the plaintiff’s earlier litigation demand and, after the conclusion of such limited discovery, to file targeted motions for summary judgment on the issue of wrongful refusal. We are presently unable to predict the duration, scope or result of the putative shareholder derivative actions. Although the Company continues to defend the putative shareholder derivative actions vigorously, these lawsuits are subject to inherent uncertainties, the actual cost of such litigation will depend upon many unknown factors and the outcome of the litigation is necessarily uncertain. We have indemnification and expense advancement obligations pursuant to our bylaws and indemnification agreements with respect to certain current and former members of senior management and the Company’s board of directors. In connection with the matters that were the subject of our previously disclosed internal investigation, the DOJ and SEC investigations and the related litigation, we have received and expect to continue to receive requests under such indemnification agreements and our bylaws to provide funds for legal fees and other expenses. There are no amounts remaining available to us under applicable insurance policies for our ongoing indemnification and advancement obligations with respect to certain of our current and former officers and directors or incremental legal fees and other expenses related to the above matters. See Note 11 for information relating to the ITD Dispute. Many of our engagements involve projects that are critical to the operations of our clients’ business and provide benefits that are difficult to quantify. Any failure in a client’s systems or our failure to meet our contractual obligations to our clients, including any breach involving a client’s confidential information or sensitive data, or our obligations under applicable laws or regulations could result in a claim for substantial damages against us, regardless of our responsibility for such failure. Although we attempt to contractually limit our liability for damages arising from negligent acts, errors, mistakes, or omissions in rendering our services, there can be no assurance that the limitations of liability set forth in our contracts will be enforceable in all instances or will otherwise protect us from liability for damages. Although we have general liability insurance coverage, including coverage for errors or omissions, we retain a significant portion of risk through our insurance deductibles and there can be no assurance that such coverage will cover all types of claims, continue to be available on reasonable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims, or that the insurer will not disclaim coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed or are not covered by our insurance coverage or changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows for a particular period. In the normal course of business and in conjunction with certain client engagements, we have entered into contractual arrangements through which we may be obligated to indemnify clients or other parties with whom we conduct business with respect to certain matters. These arrangements can include provisions whereby we agree to hold the indemnified party and certain of their affiliated entities harmless with respect to third-party claims related to such matters as our breach of certain representations or covenants, our intellectual property infringement, our gross negligence or willful misconduct or certain other claims made against certain parties. Payments by us under any of these arrangements are generally conditioned on the client making a claim and providing us with full control over the defense and settlement of such claim. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential liability under these indemnification agreements due to the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, we have not made material payments under these indemnification agreements and therefore they have not had a material impact on our operating results, financial position, or cash flows. However, if events arise requiring us to make payment for indemnification claims under our indemnification obligations in contracts we have entered, such payments could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows for a particular period. Cognizant F-35 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-36 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 16 — Employee Benefits We contribute to defined contribution plans, including 401(k) savings and supplemental retirement plans in the United States. Total expenses for our contributions to these plans, excluding the India plans described below, were $185 million, $172 million and $135 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition, we maintain employee benefit plans that cover substantially all India-based employees. The employees’ provident fund, pension and family pension plans are statutorily defined contribution retirement benefit plans. Under the plans, employees contribute up to 12.0% of their eligible compensation, which is matched by an equal contribution by the Company. For these plans, we recognized a contribution expense of $149 million, $143 million and $121 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We also maintain a gratuity plan in India that is a statutory post-employment benefit plan providing defined lump sum benefits. We make annual contributions to the employees’ gratuity fund established with a government-owned insurance corporation to fund a portion of the estimated obligation. Our liability for the gratuity plan reflected the undiscounted benefit obligation payable as of the balance sheet date, which was based upon the employees’ salary and years of service. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the amount accrued under the gratuity plan was $130 million and $99 million, which is net of fund assets of $221 million and $206 million, respectively. Expense recognized by us was $56 million, $45 million and $70 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Note 17 — Stock-Based Compensation Plans Our 2023 Incentive Plan provides for the issuance of a total of 25.0 million shares of Class A common stock to eligible employees, less (i) the number of shares granted under the 2017 Incentive Plan between March 24, 2023 and June 6, 2023, plus (ii) any shares subject to awards under the prior 2017 and 2009 Incentive Plans that are forfeited after June 6, 2023. The Purchase Plan provides for the issuance of up to 50.0 million shares of Class A common stock to eligible employees. The 2023 Incentive Plan does not affect any awards outstanding under the prior plans. As of December 31, 2023, we have 25.1 million and 11.5 million shares available for grant under the 2023 Incentive Plan and the Purchase Plan, respectively. The allocation of total stock-based compensation expense between cost of revenues, selling, general and administrative expenses and restructuring charges as well as the related income tax benefit were as follows for the three years ended December 31: (in millions) Cost of revenues SG&A expenses Restructuring charges Total stock-based compensation expense Income tax benefit 2023 2022 2021 $ $ $ 30 153 (7) 176 34 $ $ $ 33 228 — 261 59 $ $ $ 49 197 — 246 59 Restricted Stock Units and Performance Stock Units We granted RSUs that vest in quarterly or annual installments over periods of up to four years to employees, including our executive officers. A summary of the activity for RSUs granted under our stock-based compensation plans as of December 31, 2023 and changes during the year then ended is presented below: Unvested at January 1, 2023 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested at December 31, 2023 Number of Units (in millions) Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars) 3.4 3.6 (2.7) (1.0) 3.3 $ $ 74.54 65.95 70.99 71.32 69.10 The weighted-average grant date fair value of RSUs granted in 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $65.95, $78.20 and $74.66, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, $159 million of total remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to RSUs is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service period of 1.6 years. We granted PSUs that vest over periods up to four years to employees, including our executive officers. The vesting of PSUs is contingent on meeting certain financial performance targets, market conditions and continued service. A summary of the activity for PSUs granted under our stock-based compensation plans as of December 31, 2023 and changes during the year then ended is presented below. The presentation reflects the number of PSUs at the maximum performance milestones. Unvested at January 1, 2023 Granted Vested Forfeited Adjustment at the conclusion of the performance measurement period Unvested at December 31, 2023 Number of Units (in millions) Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars) 2.4 1.2 (0.4) (1.4) (0.3) 1.5 $ $ 76.93 67.82 59.48 77.72 72.39 74.13 The weighted-average grant date fair value of PSUs granted in 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $67.82, $90.92 and $73.38, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, $13 million of the total remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to PSUs is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service period of 1.3 years. All RSUs and PSUs have dividend equivalent rights, which entitle holders to the same dividend value per share as holders of common stock. Dividend equivalent rights are subject to the same vesting and other terms and conditions as the corresponding unvested RSUs and PSUs and are accumulated and paid when the underlying shares vest. Purchase Plan For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Purchase Plan provided for eligible employees to purchase shares of Class A common stock at a price equal to 95% of the fair market value per share of our Class A common stock on the last date of the purchase period. This plan has been deemed non-compensatory and, therefore, no compensation expense has been recorded. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we issued 1.1 million shares and 1.3 million shares, respectively, of Class A common stock under the Purchase Plan. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Purchase Plan provided for eligible employees to purchase shares of Class A common stock at a price of 90% of the lesser of: (a) the fair market value of a share of Class A common stock on the first date of the purchase period or (b) the fair market value of a share of Class A common stock on the last date of the purchase period. Stock-based compensation expense for the Purchase Plan was recognized over the vesting period of three months on a straight- line basis. The fair values of the options granted under the Purchase Plan were estimated at the date of grant during the year ended December 31, 2021, based upon the following assumptions, and were as follows: Dividend yield Weighted average volatility factor Weighted average risk-free interest rate Weighted average expected life (in years) Weighted average grant date fair value 2021 1.3 % 27.5 % 0.03 % 0.25 $ 11.72 Cognizant F-37 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-38 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 16 — Employee Benefits We contribute to defined contribution plans, including 401(k) savings and supplemental retirement plans in the United States. Total expenses for our contributions to these plans, excluding the India plans described below, were $185 million, $172 million and $135 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In addition, we maintain employee benefit plans that cover substantially all India-based employees. The employees’ provident fund, pension and family pension plans are statutorily defined contribution retirement benefit plans. Under the plans, employees contribute up to 12.0% of their eligible compensation, which is matched by an equal contribution by the Company. For these plans, we recognized a contribution expense of $149 million, $143 million and $121 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We also maintain a gratuity plan in India that is a statutory post-employment benefit plan providing defined lump sum benefits. We make annual contributions to the employees’ gratuity fund established with a government-owned insurance corporation to fund a portion of the estimated obligation. Our liability for the gratuity plan reflected the undiscounted benefit obligation payable as of the balance sheet date, which was based upon the employees’ salary and years of service. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the amount accrued under the gratuity plan was $130 million and $99 million, which is net of fund assets of $221 million and $206 million, respectively. Expense recognized by us was $56 million, $45 million and $70 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Note 17 — Stock-Based Compensation Plans Our 2023 Incentive Plan provides for the issuance of a total of 25.0 million shares of Class A common stock to eligible employees, less (i) the number of shares granted under the 2017 Incentive Plan between March 24, 2023 and June 6, 2023, plus (ii) any shares subject to awards under the prior 2017 and 2009 Incentive Plans that are forfeited after June 6, 2023. The Purchase Plan provides for the issuance of up to 50.0 million shares of Class A common stock to eligible employees. The 2023 Incentive Plan does not affect any awards outstanding under the prior plans. As of December 31, 2023, we have 25.1 million and 11.5 million shares available for grant under the 2023 Incentive Plan and the Purchase Plan, respectively. The allocation of total stock-based compensation expense between cost of revenues, selling, general and administrative expenses and restructuring charges as well as the related income tax benefit were as follows for the three years ended December 31: (in millions) Cost of revenues SG&A expenses Restructuring charges Income tax benefit Total stock-based compensation expense Unvested at January 1, 2023 Granted Vested Forfeited Unvested at December 31, 2023 2023 2022 2021 $ $ $ 30 153 (7) 176 34 $ $ $ 33 228 — 261 59 $ $ $ 49 197 — 246 59 Number of Units (in millions) Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars) 3.4 3.6 (2.7) (1.0) 3.3 $ $ 74.54 65.95 70.99 71.32 69.10 Restricted Stock Units and Performance Stock Units We granted RSUs that vest in quarterly or annual installments over periods of up to four years to employees, including our executive officers. A summary of the activity for RSUs granted under our stock-based compensation plans as of December 31, 2023 and changes during the year then ended is presented below: The weighted-average grant date fair value of RSUs granted in 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $65.95, $78.20 and $74.66, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, $159 million of total remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to RSUs is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service period of 1.6 years. We granted PSUs that vest over periods up to four years to employees, including our executive officers. The vesting of PSUs is contingent on meeting certain financial performance targets, market conditions and continued service. A summary of the activity for PSUs granted under our stock-based compensation plans as of December 31, 2023 and changes during the year then ended is presented below. The presentation reflects the number of PSUs at the maximum performance milestones. Unvested at January 1, 2023 Granted Vested Forfeited Adjustment at the conclusion of the performance measurement period Unvested at December 31, 2023 Number of Units (in millions) Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars) 2.4 1.2 (0.4) (1.4) (0.3) 1.5 $ $ 76.93 67.82 59.48 77.72 72.39 74.13 The weighted-average grant date fair value of PSUs granted in 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $67.82, $90.92 and $73.38, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, $13 million of the total remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to PSUs is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service period of 1.3 years. All RSUs and PSUs have dividend equivalent rights, which entitle holders to the same dividend value per share as holders of common stock. Dividend equivalent rights are subject to the same vesting and other terms and conditions as the corresponding unvested RSUs and PSUs and are accumulated and paid when the underlying shares vest. Purchase Plan For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Purchase Plan provided for eligible employees to purchase shares of Class A common stock at a price equal to 95% of the fair market value per share of our Class A common stock on the last date of the purchase period. This plan has been deemed non-compensatory and, therefore, no compensation expense has been recorded. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we issued 1.1 million shares and 1.3 million shares, respectively, of Class A common stock under the Purchase Plan. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Purchase Plan provided for eligible employees to purchase shares of Class A common stock at a price of 90% of the lesser of: (a) the fair market value of a share of Class A common stock on the first date of the purchase period or (b) the fair market value of a share of Class A common stock on the last date of the purchase period. Stock-based compensation expense for the Purchase Plan was recognized over the vesting period of three months on a straight- line basis. The fair values of the options granted under the Purchase Plan were estimated at the date of grant during the year ended December 31, 2021, based upon the following assumptions, and were as follows: Dividend yield Weighted average volatility factor Weighted average risk-free interest rate Weighted average expected life (in years) Weighted average grant date fair value 2021 1.3 % 27.5 % 0.03 % 0.25 11.72 $ Cognizant F-37 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-38 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K In January 2024, we acquired 100% ownership in Thirdera, an Elite ServiceNow Partner specializing in advisory, implementation and optimization solutions related to the ServiceNow platform, for a preliminary purchase price of $430 million. This acquisition augments our on-and-near-shore global ServiceNow expertise. Note 18 — Segment Information Note 19 — Subsequent Events We have seven industry-based operating segments, which are aggregated into four reportable business segments: Dividend • Financial Services, which consists of the banking and insurance operating segments; On February 5, 2024, our Board of Directors approved the Company's declaration of a $0.30 per share dividend with a • Health Sciences (previously referred to as Healthcare), which consists of a single operating segment of the same name; record date of February 20, 2024 and a payment date of February 28, 2024. • Products and Resources, which consists of the retail and consumer goods; manufacturing, logistics, energy, and utilities; and travel and hospitality operating segments; and Acquisitions • Communications, Media and Technology, which consists of a single operating segment of the same name. Our segments are industry-based, and as such, we report revenue from clients in the segment with which our clients are most closely aligned. Our client partners, account executives and client relationship managers are aligned in accordance with the specific industries they serve. Our CODM evaluates the Company's performance and allocates resources based on segment revenues and operating profit. Segment operating profit is defined as income from operations before unallocated costs. Generally, operating expenses for each operating segment have similar characteristics and are subject to the same factors, pressures and challenges. However, the economic environment and its effects on industries served by the operating segments may affect revenues and operating expenses to differing degrees. In 2023, we made certain changes to the internal measurement of segment operating profit for the purpose of evaluating segment performance and resource allocation. The primary reason for the change was to reflect a more complete cost of delivery. Specifically, segment operating profit now includes an allocation of both SG&A costs related to our integrated practices and the excess or shortfall of incentive-based compensation for commercial and delivery employees as compared to target, which were previously included in "unallocated costs." We have reported 2023 segment operating profits using the new allocation methodology and have recast the 2022 and 2021 results to conform to the new methodology. Corporate expenses, expenses related to our NextGen program, a portion of depreciation and amortization and the impact of the settlements of the cash flow hedges are not allocated to individual segments in internal management reports used by the CODM. Accordingly, such expenses are excluded from segment operating profit and are included below as “unallocated costs” and adjusted against our total income from operations. Additionally, we do not disclose assets by segment as a significant portion of the assets is used interchangeably among the segments and the CODM does not review such information. For revenues by reportable business segment and geographic area see Note 2. Segment operating profits by reportable business segment were as follows: (in millions) Financial Services Health Sciences Products and Resources Communications, Media and Technology Total segment operating profit Less: unallocated costs Income from operations Geographic Area Information Long-lived assets by geographic area are as follows: (in millions) Long-lived Assets:(1) North America(2) Europe Rest of World(3) Total 2023 2022 2021 1,156 1,352 984 625 4,117 1,428 2,689 $ $ 1,323 1,190 1,071 769 4,353 1,385 2,968 $ $ 1,296 1,247 960 691 4,194 1,368 2,826 2023 2022 2021 335 90 623 1,048 $ $ 354 86 661 1,101 $ $ 377 75 719 1,171 $ $ $ $ (1) (2) (3) Long-lived assets include property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Substantially all relates to the United States. Substantially all relates to India. Cognizant F-39 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-40 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Note 18 — Segment Information Note 19 — Subsequent Events We have seven industry-based operating segments, which are aggregated into four reportable business segments: Dividend • Financial Services, which consists of the banking and insurance operating segments; On February 5, 2024, our Board of Directors approved the Company's declaration of a $0.30 per share dividend with a • Health Sciences (previously referred to as Healthcare), which consists of a single operating segment of the same name; record date of February 20, 2024 and a payment date of February 28, 2024. • Products and Resources, which consists of the retail and consumer goods; manufacturing, logistics, energy, and utilities; and travel and hospitality operating segments; and Acquisitions In January 2024, we acquired 100% ownership in Thirdera, an Elite ServiceNow Partner specializing in advisory, implementation and optimization solutions related to the ServiceNow platform, for a preliminary purchase price of $430 million. This acquisition augments our on-and-near-shore global ServiceNow expertise. • Communications, Media and Technology, which consists of a single operating segment of the same name. Our segments are industry-based, and as such, we report revenue from clients in the segment with which our clients are most closely aligned. Our client partners, account executives and client relationship managers are aligned in accordance with the specific industries they serve. Our CODM evaluates the Company's performance and allocates resources based on segment revenues and operating profit. Segment operating profit is defined as income from operations before unallocated costs. Generally, operating expenses for each operating segment have similar characteristics and are subject to the same factors, pressures and challenges. However, the economic environment and its effects on industries served by the operating segments may affect revenues and operating expenses to differing degrees. In 2023, we made certain changes to the internal measurement of segment operating profit for the purpose of evaluating segment performance and resource allocation. The primary reason for the change was to reflect a more complete cost of delivery. Specifically, segment operating profit now includes an allocation of both SG&A costs related to our integrated practices and the excess or shortfall of incentive-based compensation for commercial and delivery employees as compared to target, which were previously included in "unallocated costs." We have reported 2023 segment operating profits using the new allocation methodology and have recast the 2022 and 2021 results to conform to the new methodology. Corporate expenses, expenses related to our NextGen program, a portion of depreciation and amortization and the impact of the settlements of the cash flow hedges are not allocated to individual segments in internal management reports used by the CODM. Accordingly, such expenses are excluded from segment operating profit and are included below as “unallocated costs” and adjusted against our total income from operations. Additionally, we do not disclose assets by segment as a significant portion of the assets is used interchangeably among the segments and the CODM does not review such information. For revenues by reportable business segment and geographic area see Note 2. Segment operating profits by reportable business segment were as follows: (in millions) Financial Services Health Sciences Products and Resources Communications, Media and Technology Total segment operating profit Less: unallocated costs Income from operations Geographic Area Information (in millions) Long-lived Assets:(1) North America(2) Europe Rest of World(3) Total Long-lived assets by geographic area are as follows: $ $ $ 2023 2022 2021 1,156 1,352 984 625 4,117 1,428 2,689 1,323 1,190 1,071 769 4,353 1,385 2,968 1,296 1,247 960 691 4,194 1,368 2,826 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2023 2022 2021 335 90 623 354 86 661 377 75 719 $ 1,048 $ 1,101 $ 1,171 Long-lived assets include property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. (1) (2) (3) Substantially all relates to the United States. Substantially all relates to India. Cognizant F-39 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant F-40 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Valuation and Qualifying Accounts For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in millions) Description Warranty accrual: 2023 2022 2021 Valuation allowance—deferred income tax assets:2023 2022 2021 Balance at Beginning of Period Charged to Costs and Expenses Charged to Other Accounts (in millions) Deductions /Other Balance at End of Period $ $ $ $ $ $ 41 39 32 41 46 29 $ $ $ $ $ $ 40 41 36 14 3 17 $ $ $ $ $ $ — — 3 — — — $ $ $ $ $ $ 41 39 32 2 8 — $ $ $ $ $ $ 40 41 39 53 41 46 EXHIBIT 31.1 I, Ravi Kumar S, certify that: CERTIFICATION 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Dated: February 14, 2024 c) d) a) b) /s/ RAVI KUMAR S Ravi Kumar S Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Cognizant F-41 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Valuation and Qualifying Accounts For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in millions) Description Warranty accrual: 2023 2022 2021 assets:2023 2022 2021 Valuation allowance—deferred income tax Balance at Beginning of Period Charged to Costs and Expenses Charged to Other Accounts (in millions) Deductions /Other Balance at End of Period $ $ $ $ $ $ 41 39 32 41 46 29 $ $ $ $ $ $ 40 41 36 14 3 17 $ $ $ $ $ $ — — 3 — — — $ $ $ $ $ $ 41 39 32 2 8 — $ $ $ $ $ $ 40 41 39 53 41 46 EXHIBIT 31.1 I, Ravi Kumar S, certify that: CERTIFICATION 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) b) c) d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Dated: February 14, 2024 /s/ RAVI KUMAR S Ravi Kumar S Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Cognizant F-41 December 31, 2023 Form 10-K EXHIBIT 31.2 EXHIBIT 32.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002* In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation (the “Company”) for the period ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, Ravi Kumar S, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that: and of operations of the Company. Dated: February 14, 2024 (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results /s/ RAVI KUMAR S Ravi Kumar S Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) _____________________ * A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and will be retained by Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. I, Jatin Dalal, certify that: CERTIFICATION 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) b) c) d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Dated: February 14, 2024 /s/ JATIN DALAL Jatin Dalal Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) EXHIBIT 31.2 EXHIBIT 32.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002* In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation (the “Company”) for the period ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, Ravi Kumar S, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Dated: February 14, 2024 /s/ RAVI KUMAR S Ravi Kumar S Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) _____________________ * A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and will be retained by Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. I, Jatin Dalal, certify that: CERTIFICATION 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Dated: February 14, 2024 c) d) a) b) /s/ JATIN DALAL Jatin Dalal Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002* EXHIBIT 32.2 In connection with the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation (the “Company”) for the period ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, Jatin Dalal, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Dated: February 14, 2024 /s/ JATIN DALAL Jatin Dalal Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) _____________________ * A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and will be retained by Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. Corporate information Directors Stephen (Steve) J. Rohleder (AC) (FC) (GC) Chair of Cognizant Board Former Group Chief Executive, North America and Chief Operating Officer Accenture Executive Committee Ravi Kumar S Chief Executive Officer Jatin Dalal Chief Financial Officer Executive offices 300 Frank W Burr Blvd. Suite 36, 6th Floor Teaneck, NJ 07666 USA Phone: 201.801.0233 www.cognizant.com Zein Abdalla (CC) (GC*) Former President PepsiCo Vinita Bali (CC) (GC) Former CEO and Managing Director Britannia Industries Former Vice President The Coca-Cola Company Eric Branderiz (AC) (CC) Former EVP and CFO Enphase Energy Archana (Archie) Deskus (AC) (CC) (FC) EVP and CTO PayPal John M. Dineen (AC) (FC*) Former President and CEO GE Healthcare Ravi Kumar S CEO Cognizant Leo S. Mackay Jr. (AC) (CC*) (GC) Senior Vice President Ethics and Enterprise Assurance Lockheed Martin Michael Patsalos-Fox (CC) (FC) Former Chair, Board of Directors Cognizant Former Chairman, the Americas McKinsey & Company Former CEO Stroz Friedberg Abraham (Bram) Schot (FC) (GC) Former Chairman and CEO Audi AG Joseph (Joe) M. Velli (AC) (CC) Former Senior EVP The Bank of New York Sandra S. Wijnberg (AC*) (FC) Former CFO Marsh & McLennan Companies Former CAO Aquiline Holdings Ganesh Ayyar Executive Vice President and President Intuitive Operations and Automation and Industry Solutions Form 10-K A copy of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K is available without charge upon request by contacting Investor Relations. Common stock information The Company’s Class A Common Stock (CTSH) is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select market. Annual meeting date The Company’s annual meeting of stockholders will be held on Tuesday, June 4, 2024, via live webcast—Please visit www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/ CTSH2024 Online check-in begins: 9:15 am Meeting begins: 9:30 am (All times U.S. Eastern Time) Independent registered public accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP 300 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10017 Transfer agent Equiniti Trust Company, LLC (formerly American Stock Transfer & Trust Co.) 55 Challenger Road, Floor 2 Ridgefield Park, NJ 07660 Investor relations For more information, contact: Tyler Scott, Global Head of Investor Relations Tyler.Scott@cognizant.com Gaurav Chand Executive Vice President, Chief Marketing Officer Kathryn (Kathy) Diaz Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer Annadurai (Anna) Elango Executive Vice President Core Technologies and Insights Surya Gummadi Executive Vice President and President, Americas John Kim Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, Chief Administrative Officer and Corporate Secretary Jane Livesey Head of Cognizant Asia Pacific and Japan Manoj Mehta Head of Cognizant Europe, Middle East and Africa Rajesh Nambiar Executive Vice President, Chairman and Managing Director Cognizant India Prasad Sankaran Executive Vice President Software and Platform Engineering Rob Vatter Executive Vice President Enterprise Platform Services The Annual Report includes statements which may constitute forward-looking statements made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, the accuracy of which are necessarily subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions as to future events that may not prove to be accurate. These statements include but are not limited to, express or implied forward-looking statements relating to our vision, strategy and initiatives, including our ability to become the employer of choice in our industry, continue simplifying our operations, and to accelerate growth; strategic partnerships and collaborations; competitive position and opportunities in the marketplace; investment in and growth of our business; the pace Finance and Strategy Committee Board committees AC Audit Committee FC CC Compensation and Human Capital Committee GC Governance and Sustainability Committee * Denotes committee chairperson and magnitude of change and client needs related to generative AI; the effectiveness of our recruiting and talent retention efforts and related costs; the success of our Synapse skilling initiative; and the benefits of our focus on ecological, social and economic threats. These statements are neither promises nor guarantees but are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated in these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied include general economic and industry conditions, changes in the regulatory environment, including with respect to immigration and taxes, and the other factors discussed in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and other filings with the SEC. Cognizant undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities law.

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