Comstock Holding Companies, Inc.
Annual Report 2020

Plain-text annual report

2020 Annual Report Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. Fellow Shareholders, We entered 2020 with great enthusiasm about the prospects for our company as we sought to build on our achievements of 2019. Key achievements during 2019 included completion of the multi-year transformation of our operating platform to focus primarily on commercial real estate asset management and development of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties in high-growth areas of the Washington, DC region, expanding the scope to solidify the value of asset management agreements covering Comstock’s ~$3 Billion Anchor Portfolio at full build-out, vertically integrating operations to create multiple new revenue sources, securing high quality corporate tenants for significant portions of our Anchor Portfolio, and enhancing our balance sheet to create access to growth capital. In late 2019 we also launched our institutional venture platform; a key strategic initiative that provides significant opportunity for Comstock going forward. By early 2020, it was evident the Covid-19 pandemic would create unprecedented challenges for world economies and the human race. In spite of these challenges, Comstock’s exceptional workforce accomplished much during 2020, most notably delivering a 133% increase of net income over 2019 results. As a result, we enter 2021 well positioned to build upon recent accomplishments and continue our recent pattern of growth in key areas of earnings and assets under management. In early 2020, when it became clear the pandemic would result in governmental shutdown orders for all but essential workforces, we promptly initiated enhanced safety protocols to ensure the safety of our workforce, deemed essential pursuant to Executive Orders of the states in which we operate. Additionally, we took steps to enhance safety of our residents, tenants and visitors at our managed portfolio of residential and commercial properties. The tumultuous year highlighted the adaptability of the Comstock team and the ability of our transformed operating platform to generate growth in earnings despite unprecedented disruptions in the global, national and regional economies; affording us with unique downside protection on our revenue streams while concurrently highlighting the strength of the market position that Comstock enjoys in one of the nation’s most desirable real estate markets. Other notable accomplishments during 2020 include increasing leased percentage and average rent per square foot of stabilized commercial properties, maintaining leased percentage and scheduled rent collections at stabilized residential properties, expansion of our stabilized assets under management to more than ~3 million square feet, advancing plans for development of key portions of our ~4 million square foot development pipeline, delivery of an additional 318 residential units at our Loudoun Station project; increasing total residential units in our Anchor Portfolio to more than 1,100, commencement of development of the next phase of our Reston Station project that will include approximately 1.4 million square feet of new development featuring Virginia’s first JW Marriott luxury hotel and branded condominium residences, origination of more than $180MM in financing on behalf of asset management clients, and the formation of a new institutional real estate investment venture in February 2020 that acquired a 211,000 transit-oriented commercial property in Arlington, Virginia. I am confident Comstock is positioned to continue its growth of earnings and assets under management in 2021 and the foreseeable future. We are scheduled to deliver additional pre-leased commercial properties in 2021 while recent increases in leasing activity across our portfolio demonstrates that the pandemic created pent-up demand for the type of high quality mixed-use and transit-oriented assets included in our Anchor Portfolio. I am also encouraged by the improved performance of the restaurants in our Anchor Portfolio in recent months as the Covid-19 vaccine roll out has progressed and governmental limits on indoor dining ease. While restaurants represent an inconsequential percentage of our overall portfolio, they are early indicators of exceptionally strong pent-up demand that we believe will lead to increased economic activity across the region in the post-pandemic reopening. In addition, capital market indicators suggest a robust investment climate in 2021 in the type of assets included in our Anchor Portfolio; adding further accelerant to the recovery. These factors, coupled with a favorable interest rate environment, give me confidence that Comstock is well positioned to continue creating value for all stakeholders; our tenants, our asset management clients, our institutional partners, and our loyal shareholders. I look forward to updating you on Comstock’s continued success. Very truly yours, Christopher Clemente Chief Executive Officer and Chairman 1900 Reston Metro Plaza | 10TH Floor | Reston, VA 20190 | 703.230.1985 | comstockcompanies.com | NASDAQ: CHCI Table of Contents (Mark One) ☒ UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 ____________________________________ FORM 10-K ____________________________________ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 OR Commission File Number 001-32375 ____________________________________ Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter) ____________________________________ Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 1900 Reston Metro Plaza, 10th Floor Reston, VA (Address of principal executive offices) 20-1164345 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 20190 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (703) 230-1985 ____________________________________ Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Trading Symbol(s) CHCI Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registered The Nasdaq Capital Market Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. ☐ Large accelerated filer ☒ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company ☐ ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on The NASDAQ Stock Market on June 30, 2020, was $6,564,736. The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of March 26, 2021 was 8,296,212. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2021 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Table of Contents COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I PART II Item 1. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART III PART IV Business Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services Item 15. SIGNATURES INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 1 1 9 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 15 15 15 15 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 22 F-1 Table of Contents PART I CAUTIONARY NOTES REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Some of the statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “may,” “likely,” “intend,” “expect,” “will,” “should,” “seeks” or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are based largely on our expectations and involve inherent risks and uncertainties including certain risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. When considering those forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risks, uncertainties and other cautionary statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement, which speaks only as of the date made. Some factors which may affect the accuracy of the forward-looking statements apply generally to the real estate industry, while other factors apply directly to us. Any number of important factors which could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include: general economic and market conditions, including interest rate levels; changes in the real estate markets; inherent risks in investment in real estate; our ability to attract and retain clients; our ability to compete in the markets in which we operate; regulatory actions; fluctuations in operating results; shortages and increased costs of labor or materials; adverse weather conditions and natural disasters; public health emergencies, including potential risks and uncertainties relating to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic; our ability to raise debt and equity capital and grow our operations on a profitable basis; and our continuing relationships with affiliates. obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking statements in light of new information or future events, except as required by law. Our actual results could differ materially from these projected or suggested by the forward-looking statements. The Company undertakes no Item 1. Business elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following business description should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes appearing Financial information for each of our reportable segments is included in Note 20 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. Throughout this annual report on Form 10-K, dollar amounts are presented in thousands, except per share data, number of units, or as otherwise noted. The Company Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. (“CHCI” or “the Company”) is a developer, operator, and asset manager of mixed-use and transit-oriented development properties in the greater Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, where we focus primarily on select high-growth urban and transitioning “sub-urban” markets. We provide a broad range of real estate asset management services, including development and construction management services, leasing and property management services, debt and equity financing origination, and other real estate related services. Our customers primarily include private and institutional owners and investors in the real estate properties that we manage and various governmental bodies that have a vested interest in public-private partnerships responsible for the development of certain properties that we develop and manage. We also invest capital on behalf of our asset management clients and institutional real estate investors in office, retail, residential and mixed-use properties, generally retaining an economic interest for the Company and providing management services to those properties, thereby enabling the Company to increase its assets under management (“AUM”) in order to realize competitive advantages of scale and enhance our overall returns. The Company also provides additional fee-based real estate services, including corporate planning, capital markets, brokerage, title insurance, design, and environmental consulting and engineering services, to properties in the Company’s managed portfolio and to other clients in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region. As of December 31, 2020, our AUM consisted of 25 operating assets comprising 12 commercial assets totaling approximately 1.7 million square feet and 4 multifamily assets totaling 1,123 units, and 9 commercial garages comprised of over 8,000 parking spaces. Additionally, we have: (i) two commercial assets currently under-construction and scheduled for delivery in 2021 and 2022 totaling approximately 460,000 square feet that are 79% pre-leased; and (ii) 18 development pipeline assets consisting of approximately 2.0 million square feet of additional planned commercial development, approximately 1,700 multifamily units and 2 hotel assets that will include 370 keys. Overview from asset management services that we provide to our managed portfolio of real estate assets on behalf As a vertically integrated real estate operating and investment company, we earn revenue from multiple sources, including fees generated 1 Table of Contents of our asset management clients, and fees from additional real estate related services, including environmental consulting and engineering services provided to our managed properties and unrelated third-party clients in the Mid-Atlantic Region. The services we provide pursuant to the asset management agreements covering our AUM properties vary by property and client, and include property management, development and construction management, leasing management, acquisition and disposition management, origination and negotiation of debt and equity facilities, risk management, and various other property-specific services. Substantially all the properties included in our managed portfolio are covered by long-term, full-service asset management agreements encompassing all aspects of design, development, construction, and operations management relating to the subject properties. Our long-term asset management contracts generally include material early termination payments to us in the event the contract is prematurely terminated by the asset owner. A limited number of properties in our managed portfolio are covered by service-specific asset management contracts that focus our services on defined critical elements of operations, such as marketing, leasing, and construction management, where the property owner continues to manage other operating functions. Our limited-service asset management agreements generally are anticipated to be short term in nature and do not include material early termination penalties. Anchoring the Company’s asset management services platform is a long-term full service asset management agreement (the “2019 AMA”) with an affiliated company owned by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Christopher Clemente, that encompasses the majority of the properties we currently manage, including two of the largest transit-oriented, mixed-use developments in the Washington, DC area: Reston Station, a 5 million square foot transit-oriented, mixed-use development located in Reston, VA, and Loudoun Station, a nearly 2.5 million square foot transit-oriented, mixed-use development in Ashburn, VA, as well as other additional development assets, which together constitute our anchor portfolio (the “Anchor Portfolio”). The 2019 AMA for our Anchor Portfolio is a long-term agreement with an original term of 10 years that provides for significant financial payments to Comstock in the case of early termination by the asset owner. In addition to the various recurring asset management fee-based revenue received by the Company, we also generate additional revenue from co-investments with our investment partners in certain property acquisitions and expect to receive performance-based incentive compensation from assets in our Anchor Portfolio and other assets in our managed portfolio. The Company can earn these incentive-based fees upon the occurrence of certain transaction-related events, including asset acquisitions or dispositions, asset related capital market transactions, leasing, marketing and property management, development and construction management, real title services, and environmental services, and when the performance of a subject property meets defined performance metrics. The co-investment business plans are property specific and therefore vary in expected duration but are generally expected to be between four and seven years; but may be accelerated or extended depending upon market conditions or the strategic objectives of the subject joint venture. Our Business Strategy In early 2018, the Company transitioned our business strategy and operating platform from being focused on the capital intensive, on-balance sheet development and sale of residential homes that, among other things required us to maintain a significant on-balance sheet land inventory, to our current lower risk, asset-light, fee-based services model focused on asset management of commercial and mixed-use real estate primarily in the greater Washington, D.C. region. We generate base fees, incentive fees, transaction fees, and profit participation by providing a broad range of real estate asset management services, including development, construction management, leasing and property management services, as well as acquisition and disposition services, employing our substantial experience in entitling, designing, developing, and managing a significant and diverse range of properties included in our Anchor Portfolio, while also co-investing with institutional partners to acquire existing, stabilized properties, which we manage as well. The Company and its management team have been active in the metropolitan Washington, D.C. region since 1985 and in other key U.S. markets, having developed, acquired, and managed large-scale portfolios of real estate assets, including thousands of rental apartments, and millions of square feet of mixed-use properties including office buildings, hotels, commercial garages, transit-oriented developments, and millions of square feet of regional shopping malls, as well as numerous public-private partnership developments that include large-scale public infrastructure improvements. We believe that our management team’s extensive experience in managing such a diverse and extensive portfolio of developments and stabilized assets provides the knowledge base necessary to distinguish our business focus and strategy, which is focused on: Properties that Generate Stable, recurring cash flows Our revenues are generated primarily from recurring asset management fees, property management fees and additional real estate services fees. Our asset management agreements provide a highly visible and reliable source of revenue and position the Company to enhance bottom line results as the Company’s Anchor Portfolio and other assets under management expand. Our Anchor Portfolio provides a stable, cost-plus fee structure foundation pursuant to the 2019 AMA. This approach enables the Company to generate consistent, positive earnings through the development and management of and the provision of 2 Table of Contents additional services related to, our Anchor Portfolio and provides the opportunity to increase our earnings through the expansion of our managed portfolio of properties pursuant to acquisitions of additional stabilized assets with institutional partners. Mixed-Use and Transit-Oriented Assets in High-Growth Areas in the greater Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area We are a developer, operator, and asset manager of high quality, mixed-use and transit-oriented development properties with a focus on select transitioning “sub-urban” markets in the greater Washington D.C. metropolitan area. These submarkets are experiencing increased short-term demand resulting from a flight to quality and perceived safety prompted by the Covid-19 pandemic and currently include the Dulles Corridor and the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor in Northern Virginia. These areas also feature strong long-term trends such as economic growth and attractive demographic attributes, as well as superior transportation infrastructure that caters to the preferences of multifamily, office and retail tenants. These trends indicate that commercial tenants are likely to continue seeking to locate (or relocate) offices to urban, mixed-use developments in “sub-urban” markets such as our key markets. These sub-markets have also demonstrated demand trends that we believe will continue to result in commercial tenants’ willingness to pay higher rents for commercial space as compared to locations that do not offer the benefits and amenities available in mixed-use and transit-oriented developments, while also attracting residential tenants willing to pay premium rents for high quality rental apartments in amenity-rich areas that, among other benefits, provides direct or easily walkable access to Metro-rail and other transit services. A significant portion of the Company’s portfolio of managed assets is located in such areas, adjacent to Metro-rail stations with multiple housing choices, popular restaurants, entertainment venues and other amenities prioritized by today’s corporate tenants and their workforce. Our business strategy focuses on development of the Anchor Portfolio while also identifying similar high-quality office, retail, residential and mixed-use properties that can be acquired in high-demand areas in the greater Washington, D.C. region that we believe provide an opportunity for appropriate risk adjusted returns and that are suitable for co-investment such with institutional real estate investors that seek investment opportunities in such real estate assets but may lack the local expertise or operational infrastructure necessary to identify, acquire, and manage such assets. Our acquisition strategy is aligned with that of institutional real estate investors and is currently focused on value-add, core, and core-plus opportunities as well as other opportunistic asset acquisitions. Capitalizing on Significant Growth Trends in the Technology and Government Sector that drive Market Demand in Northern Virginia Significant growth trends in demand for cyber security and other technology services in the government sector, as well as in the private sector, have generated substantial growth and attracted large technology companies, such as Microsoft, Google, and Amazon to the Dulles Corridor and the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor in Northern Virginia. In 2018, Northern Virginia was selected by Amazon as the location for its highly publicized “HQ2” second headquarters. Amazon’s HQ2 has recently begun operations and is reportedly expected to create 25,000 or more new jobs over the next several years as its 5 million square foot complex develops in Arlington County at the eastern end of the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor. Meanwhile, Amazon Web Services has focused its expansion in the Dulles Corridor to the west, where it has been increasing its office and data center presence in recent years. We believe Amazon’s presence in these corridors, along with the continued growth and investment by other large technology companies, will continue to benefit Northern Virginia’s employment market, which has experienced market leading job growth in the Washington, DC region. Further, Northern Virginia’s significant data infrastructure, capable of serving the growing needs of the federal government and its defense and information contractors, has spurred the expansion and/or relocation of several federal government agencies, including the FBI, CIA, NSA, and the Customs and Border Patrol agency, to the Dulles Corridor. Because of its significant information infrastructure, the Dulles Corridor has become known as the “Internet Capital of the World”. With its vast network of high-capacity data centers, primarily located in eastern Loudoun County, Virginia in the western portion of the Dulles Corridor, Loudoun County reportedly hosts upwards of 70% of the world’s internet traffic. As a result, Loudoun County continues to experience tremendous growth in data center development and employment and has become the global leader in absorption of data center capacity, accounting for more than 40% of national data center space absorption in recent years. The Company and its management team have been focused on these developing trends for more than two decades and the Company, through the 2019 AMA, controls the development and asset management of a significant portfolio of high-profile assets at the forefront of the urban transformation taking place in the Dulles Corridor. With a stabilized portfolio and development pipeline that include millions of square feet of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties located at key Metro stations in the Dulles Corridor, the Company is well positioned to capitalize on trends that are shaping the future mixed-use real estate landscape in the Washington, DC area and providing opportunities for significant growth and attractive returns to the Company. 3 Table of Contents Leveraging our Development Capabilities to Secure Public-Private Partnership Development Opportunities as a means of Further Growing Assets Under Management Affiliates of the Company have been selected by multiple local governments (including Fairfax County, Loudoun County, and the Town of Herndon, Virginia) to develop and manage large-scale mixed-use developments that include transit facilities and other public infrastructure elements through public-private partnerships at a time when local jurisdictions are focused on public-private partnerships as a means of leveraging private sector capabilities to meet public infrastructure development needs. In addition, recent changes to the Comprehensive Land Use Plans of Fairfax County and Loudoun County encourage high-density and mixed-use development proximate to the new Silver Line Metro Stations in the Dulles Corridor, resulting in compelling growth opportunities for the Company and its Anchor Portfolio, most of which is adjacent to the terminus station of Phase I of the Silver Line that opened in 2014 and the terminus station of Phase II of the Silver Line that is scheduled to open in late 2021 or early 2022. Constructing and Stabilizing Our Significant Development Pipeline We expect to generate additional fees from our significant pipeline of development opportunities. As of December 31, 2020, we had two commercial assets under-construction and scheduled to deliver in 2021 and 2022 totaling 460,000 square feet. Approximately 79% of the space in these two buildings is pre-leased. Additionally, our Anchor Portfolio includes 18 future development pipeline assets consisting of approximately 2.0 million square feet of additional planned commercial development, approximately 1,700 multifamily units and 2 hotel assets with approximately 370 rooms. At full build out, our Anchor Portfolio will be approximately 7.4 million square feet and include approximately 18 total commercial assets comprised of approximately 3.8 million square feet, 12 total residential assets comprised of approximately 2,800 units spanning 3.2 million total square feet, 15 total commercial garages comprised of approximately 17,000 parking spaces, and 2 hotels comprised of approximately 370 hotel rooms and approximately 400,000 square feet. Actively Growing our Real Estate Services Platform In addition to the asset management services we provide in connection with our AUM, we also provide a variety of supplemental real estate services in the areas of strategic corporate planning, transaction related capital markets and financial consulting, commercial mortgage brokerage, real title insurance services, design and environmental consulting and engineering services, and industrial hygiene services. Our environmental services group provides consulting and engineering services, environmental studies, remediation management services and site-specific solutions for properties that may require or benefit from environmental due diligence, site-specific assessments, and industrial hygiene services. Our real estate services business platform allows us to generate additional positive fee income from our highly qualified personnel and serves as a potential catalyst for additional strategic institutional real estate acquisition joint venture opportunities. Sustainable and Socially Responsible Business Strategy Comstock is committed to pursuing environmental sustainability, social responsibility and best corporate governance (“ESG”) practices in all of our operations. We recognize that development of real estate can have significant impact, positive or negative, for the surrounding community, the region, and the environment that we all share. We believe that companies developing real estate have a responsibility to maximize the positive impacts while taking steps to minimize negative impacts. Supporting and fostering these initiatives is instrumental in making our communities better places to live, work, and play while simultaneously bolstering asset value, reducing risk, and positively impacting all stakeholders. Our neighborhoods are transit-oriented developments that include extraordinary multifamily and commercial properties with a walkable, amenity-rich environment surrounded by restaurants, shops and entertainment venues. These transit-centric, and amenity-rich developments bring together multiple transit options and become neighborhoods with reduced carbon footprints, benefiting the local community, our shared environment, and ultimately, Comstock’s shareholders. In recognition of the positive impacts resulting from Comstock’s Reston Station design, the development was awarded the designation of Best Workplaces for Commuters in 2020 and 2021 by the Best Workplaces for Commuters Organization created by the National Center for Transit Research at the Center for Urban Transportation Research. Although the Company has long focused on ESG best practices, in response to the recent market focus on these important issues, Comstock plans to publish its first ESG Report in 2021 to highlight our prior accomplishments and lay out our future goals in this important area. We are investing in the people, processes, and products to make this reporting commitment an integral part of our long-term strategy. Our ESG team is comprised of members of our development and operations teams, as well as senior management, including our CEO. The ESG team focuses on identifying critical elements of our designs and operations that address elements of ESG best practices, while also identifying additional steps that we can take to enhance the positive impacts of our developments while further minimizing any potential negative impacts on the surrounding community, the region, and the environment that we all share. The ESG team will continuously seek to implement, manage, improve, and monitor our sustainability efforts while identifying new opportunities for enhancing our ability to position the Company as a leader in this 4 Table of Contents space. Our ESG Report will outline in significant detail the Company’s existing ESG accomplishments in the areas of energy and water conservation and resource management, social responsibility, and community improvements, as well as our corporate governance practices and focus on our important future ESG Initiatives. Managed Portfolio Reston Station Reston Station is among the largest mixed-use, transit-oriented developments in the greater Washington D.C. market. Located at the terminus of Phase I of Metro’s Silver Line, the Reston Station neighborhood spans the Dulles Toll Road and surrounds the first, and currently only, Metro rail station in the Dulles Corridor. Covering a total of approximately 60 acres, assets included in Comstock’s managed portfolio cover approximately 37 of the 60-acre neighborhood and will, upon full build-out, include approximately five million square feet of mixed-used development. The Company is providing a wide variety of its real estate and asset management services to the project pursuant to the 2019 AMA, including development and construction management services, leasing management services, property management services, capital markets services, and environmental services. The Reston Station neighborhood is being developed in four districts as follows: Metro Plaza District The Metro Plaza District has been developed with one of the largest underground commuter parking garages and bus transit facilities in the region, is located adjacent to the terminus of Phase I of Metro’s Silver Line Station and forms the foundation for up to 1.4 million square feet of mixed-use development in five buildings. To date, three buildings consisting of approximately 0.8 million square feet of stabilized mix of uses (residential, office, and retail) have been developed and stabilized while one additional building consisting of approximately 210,000 square feet scheduled to deliver in Q2-2021 and the final of five buildings, consisting of approximately 250,000 square feet, is scheduled to deliver in early 2022. The Reston Station Metro Plaza and its 1.7 million square foot subterranean garage and transit facility is the subject of a public-private partnership between affiliates of the Company and Fairfax County, Virginia. The Reston Station transit facility provides Metro rail commuters with an indoor bus transit depot designed to accommodate upwards of 110 buses per hour, 2,300 commuter parking spaces operated by Fairfax County and additional approximately 1,500 spaces for retail, office and commuter uses operated by a Company subsidiary, the only Tesla Super Charging Station in the Dulles Corridor as well as numerous other electric vehicle charging stations, numerous bicycle parking and storage facilities, and substantial storm water management vaults designed to minimize the potential of flooding in the subject area and state-of-the-art water treatment systems to minimize the environmental impact of storm water runoff. As of December 31, 2020, construction has been completed on two of the five buildings located above the Reston Station Transit Facility including a 380,000 square foot Trophy-Class office tower, a significant portion of which has been leased to Google and other corporate users, and approximately 450,000 square foot residential tower including 448 rental apartments. Two additional office buildings are currently under construction, containing approximately 460,000 square feet of Class-A office space with one scheduled for delivery in 2021 and one scheduled for delivery in 2022. All buildings on the Metro Plaza have ground floor retail, which is substantially leased to high-quality tenants, including Starbucks, CVS and others. Entitlements allow for the construction of a fifth tower, a residential or hotel building of up to approximately 120,000 square feet, above a portion of the retail space on the Metro Plaza. The three office buildings referenced above are approximately 75% leased. The residential building is approximately 86% leased. Reston Row District The Reston Row District has entitlements in place that allow for approximately 1.4 million square feet of mixed-use development, including Class-A office, multifamily units, retail and hotel uses. The Reston Row District is situated on approximately 11 acres adjacent to Reston Station’s Metro Plaza District and the Reston Station Transit Facility. Marriott International has entered into a franchise agreement with one of Comstock managed entities covered under the 2019 AMA concerning the development and operation of a JW Marriott Hotel and residential tower that is planned to be developed in the first of two phases of the Reston Row District, including approximately 240 hotel rooms, approximately 90 JW Marriott branded condominium residences and retail, entertainment, conference and meeting spaces. Commerce District The Commerce District has entitlements in place that allow for approximately 1.4 million square feet of mixed-use development, in addition to four existing Class-A office buildings that include a total of approximately 590,000 square feet. The Commerce District property is situated on approximately 16 acres located adjacent to the south entrance to the Wiehle Reston-East Metro Station and lies directly across the Dulles Toll Road from the Metro Plaza District of Reston Station and the Reston Station Transit Facility. Currently, Comstock is leasing and managing the four existing office buildings and one existing 5 Table of Contents retail building while it is also finalizing plans for the new buildings that will include up to 1.4 million square feet of office, retail, hotel and residential uses. West District The West District at Reston Station consists of approximately 3 acres of land located adjacent to the Reston Row District and owned by affiliates of the Company and approximately 13 surrounding acres owned by others. The Comstock owned portion of the West District was previously developed by an affiliate of the Company with a 90,000 square foot office building and was recently entitled for development of an additional residential building of up to approximately 260,000 square feet. An adjoining parcel in the West District is owned by an entity not affiliated with Comstock and has been developed with an existing 421-unit residential apartment building. Two additional existing office buildings owned by entities not affiliated with Comstock and a medical facility owned and operated by Kaiser Permanente are also included in the West District. Loudoun Station Loudoun Station, located at the terminus of Phase II of Metro’s Silver Line, is Loudoun County’s first Metro connected development and represents Loudoun County’s beginning transformation into a transit connected community with direct metro rail connectivity to Dulles International Airport, Reston, Tysons Corner, and downtown Washington, D.C. Currently, Loudoun Station has approximately 1,000,000 square feet of mixed-use development completed, including 675 residential units, approximately 50,000 square feet of Class-A office space, approximately 150,000 thousand square feet of retail spaces including an 11-sceen AMC Cinema, and a 1,500-space Metro commuter parking garage. The Metro Garage is the focus of a public-private partnership between an affiliate of the Company and Loudoun County, Virginia and is managed by a subsidiary of the Company. Phase II of Metro’s Silver Line is under construction and expected to commence passenger service in late 2021 or early 2022. The Company is providing a variety of its real estate and asset management services related to the existing buildings and the future development pursuant to the 2019 AMA, including development and construction management services, leasing management services, property management services, and capital markets services. Herndon Station Herndon Station will include up to approximately 340,000 square feet of residential, retail and entertainment spaces, including a performing arts center, and an approximately 700 space parking garage in the historic downtown portion of the Town of Herndon in western Fairfax County, Virginia. The commercial Garage is the focus of a public private partnership between an affiliate of the Company and the Town of Herndon. The development will also include improvements to existing connections to the adjacent WO&D trail, a popular pedestrian and bicycle route managed by Northern Virginia Regional Parks Authority and Fairfax County Parks Department. The Company is providing a variety of asset management and development services related to the Herndon Station development pursuant to the 2019 AMA. Momentum at Shady Grove Metro In mid-2018, the Company committed an approximately 2-acre site that it had previously planned to develop as for-sale condominiums, to a joint venture with Stratford Capital, LLC (the “Comstock Stratford JV”) and began development of a dedicated workforce housing development consisting of 110 multifamily dwelling units. The recently completed development, known as the Momentum, is located in Rockville, Maryland, adjacent to the Shady Grove Metro Station on Metro’s Red Line, was developed as an all work-force housing development that qualified as a low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) development. The Company received payment for the contribution of the land to the Comstock Stratford JV and received fees for managing the development of the project as construction manager for the Comstock Stratford JV. International Gateway Since 2018 the Company has, pursuant to an asset management agreement with an unaffiliated property owner, provided asset management, property management, leasing management, and consulting services for a privately owned portfolio of two mixed-use retail/office buildings in Tysons Corner, Virginia, known as International Gateway. The Hartford Building In late 2019, the Company partnered with Comstock Partners, LC (“Partners”), an entity that is controlled by our CEO, and wholly owned by Mr. Clemente and certain family members, to acquire a Class-A office building immediately adjacent to Clarendon Station on Metro’s Orange Line in Arlington County’s premier transit-oriented office market, the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor. Built in 2003, the 211,000 square foot mixed-use LEED GOLD building is approximately 78% leased to multiple high-quality tenants. In February 2020, the Company arranged for DivcoWest to purchase a majority ownership stake in the Hartford Building and secured a $87 million loan facility from MetLife. As part of the transaction, the Company entered into asset management and property management agreements to manage the property. 6 Table of Contents Segment Data segments for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2020 is set forth in Note 20 to the financial statements. We operate in the following business segments: Asset Management and Real Estate Services. Financial information related to these business Operations As a vertically integrated real estate operating and investment company, the Company has broad real estate development and management capabilities that enable us to generate fees for services provided in connection with the real estate assets we manage. Our experienced management team provides a full range of services related to acquisition, development, and operations of real estate assets. COVID-19 On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (“WHO”) announced a global health emergency because of a new strain of coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China (the “COVID-19 outbreak”) and the risks to the international community as the virus spreads globally beyond its point of origin. In March 2020, the WHO classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic, based on the rapid increase in exposure globally. While we have not seen a significant impact to our results from COVID-19 to date, if the virus continues to cause significant negative impacts to economic conditions or consumer confidence, our revenues including our property management revenues, trade receivables, related party receivables, goodwill and our fair value investments, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be adversely impacted. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”) was established under the CARES Act and administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”). Companies who met the eligibility requirements set forth by the PPP could qualify for PPP loans provided by local lenders, which supports payroll, rent and utility expenses (“qualified expenses”). If the loan proceeds are fully utilized to pay qualified expenses over the covered period, as further defined by the PPP, the full principal amount of the PPP loan may qualify for loan forgiveness, subject to potential reduction based on the level of full-time employees maintained by the organization during the covered period as compared to a baseline period. In April 2020, the Company received proceeds of $1.95 million under the PPP (the "PPP Loan") provided by Mainstreet Bank. The Company submitted the PPP loan forgiveness application to the lender in December 2020. The Lender completed its review and submitted the Company's forgiveness application to the SBA in February 2021. The SBA will, subject to any SBA review of the loan or loan application, remit the appropriate forgiveness amount to the lender, plus any interest accrued through the date of payment, not later than 90 days after the lender issues its decision to the SBA. See Note 9 - CARES Act for more information. Outlook Although the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the commercial real estate market in the greater Washington, DC area remains uncertain, we believe that our Anchor Portfolio is well positioned to withstand potential negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also believe that our management team is properly aligned with the interests of the Company and its shareholders and is committed to the Company’s objectives of providing exceptional experiences for those that we do business with while enhancing shareholder value. Further, we believe that we are properly staffed for current market conditions and the foreseeable future and that our Company has the ability to manage risk and pursue opportunities for additional growth as market conditions warrant. Our real estate development and management operations are primarily focused on the greater Washington, D.C. region, where we believe our 30-plus years of experience provides us the best opportunity to continue leveraging our significant experience acquiring, developing, and managing high quality real estate assets and capitalizing on positive growth trends, while our environmental consulting and remediation management services business is well positioned to capitalize on opportunities to continue its recent growth throughout the entire U.S. Mid-Atlantic region. Competition The real estate asset management and services industry is highly competitive. Our growth will depend upon our ability to attract and maintain the appropriate personnel and to professionally manage the assets subject to the 2019 AMA and other management agreements and to expand our services to new clients on a cost-efficient basis. We compete with other businesses in the asset management and real estate-related services businesses on the basis of price, location, experience, service and reputation. Many of these competitors are larger than us and operate on a national or global scale and they and their clients may have greater technical, marketing and financial resources. Such competitors may also enjoy competitive advantages that result from, among other things, lower costs of capital, greater business scale and enhanced operating efficiencies. Their larger 7 Table of Contents scale and broad national or global presence may allow them to offset downturns in certain localized markets or seasonality related to certain services with increased or steady operations in other markets. We also face competitors on a local and regional basis. Certain competitors may also be subject to different regulatory requirements or rules that may allow them more flexibility or better access to pursue potential investments and raise capital for themselves or their managed companies. In addition, certain competitors may have higher risk tolerance, different risk assessments or lower return thresholds, which could allow them to consider a broader range of investments and to bid more aggressively for investment opportunities than us. Our ability to continue to compete effectively will depend in large part upon the ability to attract, retain and motivate employees, and we must compete with our competitors to attract and retain experienced and talented employees. Governmental Regulation and Environmental Matters We are subject to various local, state and federal statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning finance, banking, investments, zoning, building design, construction, density requirements and similar matters. We may also be subject to periodic delays or may be precluded entirely from developing in certain communities due to building moratoriums or “slow-growth” or “no-growth” initiatives that could be implemented in the future in the states where we operate. Local and state governments also have broad discretion regarding the imposition of development fees for projects in their jurisdiction. We are also subject to a variety of local, state and federal statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning protection of the environment. Some of the laws to which we and our properties are subject to may impose requirements concerning development in waters of the United States, including wetlands, the closure of water supply wells, management of asbestos-containing materials, exposure to radon and similar issues. The particular environmental laws that apply to any given real estate asset vary based on several factors, including the environmental conditions related to a particular property and the present and former uses of the property. Technology and Intellectual Property We utilize our technology infrastructure to facilitate the management of our client’s assets and the marketing of our services. We use media and internet-based marketing platforms primarily in lieu of print advertisements. We believe that the residential renting population will continue to increase its reliance on information available on the internet to help guide its rental decision. Accordingly, through our marketing efforts, we will continue to seek to leverage this trend to lower per lease marketing costs while maximizing potential lease transactions. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, Christopher Clemente, has licensed his ownership interest in the “Comstock” brand and trademark to us in perpetuity. We have registered our trademarks and routinely take steps, and occasionally take legal action, to protect the Company against brand infringement from third parties. Mr. Clemente has retained the right to continue to use the “Comstock” brand and trademark including for real estate development projects in our current or future markets that are unrelated to the Company but, currently, substantially all of Mr. Clemente’s real estate development business is conducted with the Company pursuant to the 2019 AMA. Seasonality We experience limited seasonality across our business segments. With respect to our Asset Management segment, we do not expect seasonality to materially impact our operations. With respect to our Real Estate Services segment, we do anticipate being impacted by adverse weather conditions. The markets in which we operate are four-season markets that experience significant periods of rain and snow. Construction and remediation cycles and efforts are often adversely affected by severe weather. As a result of seasonal activity across our Real Estate Services business segment, our quarterly results of operations and financial position at the end of a particular fiscal quarter are not necessarily representative of the balance of our fiscal year. Employees At December 31, 2020, the Company had 136 full-time and 11 part-time employees. Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining agreements, and we have never experienced a work stoppage. We believe we have good relations with our employees and provide a comprehensive benefits program to attract and retain top talent, including, without limitation, paid vacation, sick leave and volunteer hours, 401K contributions, professional development funds that reset each year, community service initiatives, and online and in-person trainings and e-learning opportunities. We further encourage our employees to provide feedback on our benefits program and periodically make enhancements to our benefits program in response thereto. In response to the impacts of COVID-19, the Company commenced implementing protocols and procedures for the safety, health and comfort of employees in March 2020, which continue at present time. We assembled a COVID-19 task 8 Table of Contents force comprised of employees from multiple departments to formulate and implement health and safety protocols in our workplace, including, without limitation, implementation of CDC and Virginia required and recommended protocols, enhanced daily cleaning of workspaces, installation of protective screens between cubicles, providing temperature scanners at office locations, implementation of an Infectious Disease (COVID-19) Preparedness and Response Plan that is updated periodically as governmental mandates and guidance change, Virginia Occupational Safety and Health COVID-19 trainings for all employees, providing free lunches each workday to employees since April 2020 (continues at present time), providing reimbursements for child care expenses and partnering with the Learning Care Group to provide child care discounts to employees, and providing COVID-19 related paid leave. have the ability to manage growth as market conditions warrant. We believe that we are properly staffed for current market conditions, although the continued impacts of COVID-19 remain uncertain, and Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties Since December 31, 2009, the Company has been leasing office space located at 1886 Metro Center Drive, Reston, Virginia for its corporate headquarters from an affiliate wholly owned by our Chief Executive Officer. The amount of the leased space was 16,447 square feet. On October 31, 2020, the Company’s then-current lease for its corporate headquarters in Reston, Virginia expired following a one-month extension of the lease term. On November 1, 2020, the Company executed a new lease to relocate its corporate headquarters to new office space located at 1900 Reston Metro Plaza, Reston, Virginia for a ten year term from an affiliate wholly owned by our Chief Executive Officer. See related party transactions in Note 14 in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. On July 17, 2017, the Company, through its subsidiary, Comstock Environmental, acquired the assets and liabilities of Monridge Environmental, LLC. On August 1, 2017, Comstock Environmental entered into a lease for approximately 2,800 square feet of office space at 806 Fayette Street, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. On August 1, 2020 the Company terminated the lease. The Company subsequently executed a month-to-month lease agreement for the office space. During 2018, Comstock Environmental also opened operations in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area from the Company’s corporate offices. information regarding our projects, see Item 1 ‘Business – Our Developed Communities.’ The Company believes that its properties are adequately maintained and suitable for their intended use and the Company’s needs. For Item 3. Legal Proceedings Currently, we are not subject to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, however, we are named as a defendant in legal actions arising from our normal business activities. Although we cannot accurately predict the amount of our liability, if any, that could arise with respect to legal actions pending against us, we do not expect that any such liability will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, operating results or cash flows. We believe that we have obtained adequate insurance coverage, rights to indemnification, or where appropriate, have established reserves in connection with these legal proceedings. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 9 Table of Contents PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Company’s stock for each quarter during the past two years were as follows: Our Class A common stock is traded on NASDAQ under the symbol “CHCI”. The high and low per share closing sales prices of the March 31, 2020 June 30, 2020 September 30, 2020 December 31, 2020 March 31, 2019 June 30, 2019 September 30, 2019 December 31, 2019 Holders High 2.48 2.99 3.46 3.40 2.86 2.81 2.80 2.38 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Low 1.27 1.30 2.16 2.30 1.75 2.23 1.85 1.86 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ holder of our Class B common stock. As of December 31, 2020, there were approximately 37 record holders of our Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2020, there was 1 Dividend Policy during the foreseeable future but intend to retain any earnings for future growth of our business. We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock. We do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities We did not repurchase any securities under our share repurchase program during the year ended December 31, 2020. Recent Issues of Unregistered Securities We did not issue any unregistered securities during the year ended December 31, 2020. 10 Table of Contents Item 6. Selected Financial Data Not Applicable. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors including, but not limited to, those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly under the heading “Cautionary Notes Regarding Forward-looking Statements.” Overview In early 2018, the Company transitioned its operating platform from being primarily focused on the development and sale of residential homes to our current fee-based services model focused on commercial and mixed-use real estate primarily in the greater Washington, D.C. region. We are a developer, operator, and asset manager of mixed-use and transit-oriented development properties in the greater Washington, D.C. metropolitan area where we primarily focus on select high-growth urban and transitioning “sub-urban” markets. We also provide additional fee-based real estate services, including corporate planning, capital markets, brokerage, title insurance, design, and environmental consulting and remediation services, to properties in the Company’s managed portfolio and to other clients in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Information regarding recent accounting pronouncements is contained in Note 2 in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), which require us to make certain estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates including those related to the consolidation of variable interest entities (“VIEs”), revenue recognition and the fair value of equity method investments. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates. section is a summary of certain aspects of those accounting policies that require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments and estimates. A summary of significant accounting policies is provided in Note 2 in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. The following Goodwill impairment We test our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, and more frequently when an event occurs, or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. We believe the methodology that we use, including both a discounted cash flow model as well as a market multiple model, to review impairment of goodwill, which includes a significant amount of judgment and estimates, provides us with a reasonable basis to determine whether impairment has occurred. Investments in real estate ventures at fair value For investments in real estate ventures reported at fair value, we maintain an investment account that is increased or decreased each reporting period by the difference between the fair value of the investment and the carrying value as of the balance sheet date. These fair value adjustments are reflected as gains or losses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of these investments as of the balance sheet date is generally determined using a Discounted Cash Flow (“DCF”) analysis, income approach, or sales comparable approach, depending on the unique characteristics of the real estate venture. 11 Table of Contents Revenue recognition Revenues generated through real estate professional services such as asset and property management, administrative support, environmental design, engineering and remediation represent a series of daily performance obligations delivered over time due to the continuous transfer of control to our clients. For asset and property management, pricing is generally in the form of monthly management fees based on a cost-plus agreement, percentage of property-level cash receipts, square footage under management or some other variable metric recognized over time. For Real Estate Services, pricing is generally in the form of cost-plus contracts recognized over time. Equity-based compensation Compensation costs related to our equity-based compensation plans are recognized within our income statement or capitalized to real estate inventories reported in discontinued operations for awards issued to employees that are involved in production. The costs recognized are based on the grant-date fair value. Compensation costs for share-based grants are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award (from the date of grant through the period of the last separately vesting portion of the grant). The fair value of each option award is calculated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model which includes certain subjective assumptions. Expected volatilities are calculated based on our historical trading activities. We recognize forfeitures as they occur. The risk-free rate for the periods is based on the U.S. Treasury rates in effect at the time of grant. The expected term of options is based on the Company’s historical experience. Income taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC 740, Accounting for Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on the deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We provide a valuation allowance when we consider it “more likely than not” (greater than a 50% probability) that a deferred income tax asset will not be fully recovered. Adjustments to the valuation allowance are a component of the deferred income tax expense or benefit in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Results of Operations Year ended December 31, 2020 compared to year ended December 31, 2019 Revenue – asset management Revenue from asset management for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $21.9 million and $19.6 million, respectively. The 11.8% year over year growth of $2.3 million in revenue was primarily due to increased headcount and other costs that are reimbursable from Comstock Development Services ("CDS") under the 2019 AMA and the other asset management agreements. The reimbursable costs are recognized as revenue in the period in which the related costs are incurred. The increased headcount and associated personnel costs are primarily attributable to the additional real estate assets being managed along with the additional management agreements year over year. Please see Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for more information on the additional management agreements. Revenue – real estate services Revenue from real estate services for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $6.8 million and $5.7 million, respectively. The 19.1% increase of $1.1 million is primarily attributable to continued organic revenue growth within our Comstock Environmental business, partially offset by a decrease in closing financing transactions which generated incremental revenue of $0.6 million and $1.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Direct costs – asset management Direct costs – asset management for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $18.4 million and $16.6 million, respectively. This 11.4% increase of $1.9 million was primarily related to increased personnel expense from headcount increases as well as from the continued growth of our asset management operations. 12 Table of Contents Direct costs – real estate services Direct costs – real estate services decreased by $0.5 million to $4.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $4.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease is primarily due to the recognition of $419 thousand in direct costs related to the real estate services segment from the Paycheck Protection Program Loan ("PPP Loan") as a government grant. Please see Note 9 - CARES Act for more information on the PPP Loan and the Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP"). The grant was recognized during the covered period of the PPP Loan in the second quarter of 2020 as the related payroll costs were incurred, and the Company has complied with the forgiveness conditions attached to the PPP Loan. General and administrative General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased $1.5 million to $3.0 million, as compared to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The year-over-year increase is attributable to increases in employee headcount and general overhead increases associated with the increased headcount. General overhead costs include such items as software expense and non-capitalized computer expenses. Sales and marketing Sales and marketing expenses was $661.0 thousand and $383.0 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase is attributable to increased sales development programs launched by our Environmental business unit to grow the business. The increase in sale development costs has helped drive our 19.1%$1.1 million increase in real estate services revenue year over year. Interest expense For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 non-capitalized interest expense was $379.0 thousand and $474.0 thousand, respectively. This was a decrease of 20.0%. The $95.0 thousand decrease was primarily related to the retiring of the Comstock Growth Fund loan in 2020 that carried a higher interest rate than the CDS Note, partially offset by the April 30, 2019 Master Transfer Agreement (“MTA”). Prior to the MTA certain interest expense was capitalized to homebuilding projects and expensed when the projects were sold. After the MTA this interest expense is no longer capitalized into homebuilding projects but expensed as incurred. Income taxes During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized an income tax expense related to continuing operations of $25.0 thousand. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized an income tax expense related to continuing operations of $2.0 thousand. The de minimis income tax expense in both years is primarily attributable to state tax obligations which our federal and state NOLs cannot offset. 13 Table of Contents Loss from discontinued operations On April 30, 2019, the Company entered into the Master Transfer Agreement ("MTA") that sets forth certain transactions to complete the Company’s previously announced exit from the homebuilding and land development business in favor of a migration to an asset management model. Refer to Note 13 – Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities for further discussion regarding the accounting related to discontinued operations. The operating results of the discontinued operations that are reflected on the Consolidated Statement of Operations within the net loss from discontinued operations are as follows: Revenues Revenue—homebuilding Total revenue Expenses Cost of sales—homebuilding Sales and marketing General and administrative Operating loss Income tax benefit Net loss from discontinued operations Net income attributable to non-controlling interests Net loss attributable to Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. Liquidity and Capital Resources Year Ended December 31, 2019 14,919 14,919 14,901 270 21 (273) (15) (258) 313 (571) $ $ We finance our Asset Management and Real Estate Services operations, capital expenditures, and business acquisitions with internally generated funds, borrowings from our credit facilities and long-term debt. Pursuant to the Master Transfer Agreement (the "MTA"), the Company transferred to CDS management of its Class A membership interests in Investors X, the entity owning the Company’s residual homebuilding operations in exchange for residual cash flows. The associated debt obligations were also transferred to CDS. See Note 8 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for more details on our debt and credit facilities. On March 19, 2020, the Company entered into a Revolving Capital Line of Credit Agreement (the “Loan Documents”) with CDS, pursuant to which the Company secured a $10.0 million capital line of credit (the “Revolver”). Under the terms of the Loan Documents, the Revolver provides for an initial variable interest rate of the WSJ Prime Rate plus 1.00% per annum on advances made under the Revolver, payable monthly in arrears. The five-year term facility allows for interim draws that carry a maturity date of 12 months from the initial date of the disbursement unless a longer initial term is agreed to by CDS. On March 27, 2020 the Company borrowed $5.5 million under the Revolver. The $5.5 million borrowing has a maturity date of April 30, 2023. On April 10, 2020, the capital provided to the Company by the Revolver was utilized to retire all of the Company’s 10% corporate indebtedness maturing in 2020 owed to Comstock Growth Fund, L.C. On April 20, 2020, the Company was granted the PPP Loan in the aggregate amount of $1.95 million pursuant to the PPP under the CARES Act, which was enacted March 27, 2020. Under the terms of the PPP, PPP loans and accrued interest are forgivable after twenty-four weeks as long as the borrower uses the loan proceeds for eligible purposes, including payroll, benefits, rent and utilities, and maintains its payroll levels. The amount of loan forgiveness will be reduced if the borrower terminates employees or reduces salaries during the forgiveness period. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had used the entire loan proceeds to fund its payroll and rent expenses. As a result, the Company believes that it has met the PPP eligibility criteria for forgiveness and has concluded that the loan represents, in substance, a government grant that is expected to be forgiven. As such, in accordance with IAS 20 “Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance”, the Company has recognized the entire loan amount as a reduction to the associated expenses as at December 31, 2020. The Company does not anticipate taking any action that would cause any portion of the PPP Loan to be ineligible for forgiveness. However, to the extent that any amount is deemed unforgivable, such amount is payable over 2 to 5 years at an interest rate of 1%, with a deferral of payments for the first 6 months. 14 Table of Contents Cash Flow Net cash provided by operating activities was $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The $3.4 million net cash provided by operations in 2020 was primarily due to $2.1 million of net income generated during the year. Net cash provided by operating activities was $8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The $8.4 million net cash provided by operations in 2019 was primarily due to $7.8 million in cash provided by discontinued operations. Net cash used in investing activities was $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This was primarily attributable to the purchase of fixed assets for the new headquarters lease. Net cash used in investing activities attributable to continuing operations was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2019. Net cash used in financing activities was $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This was primarily attributable to the retirement of debt partially offset by proceeds under the Revolver of $5.5 million. Net cash used in financing activities was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2019. Net cash used in financing activities from discontinued operations was $6.0 million primarily as a result of note payoff related to each lot or unit sale in the Investors X communities. Share Repurchase Program In November 2014, our board of directors approved a new share repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to 429,000 shares of our Class A common stock in one or more open market or privately negotiated transactions. We made no share repurchases under our share repurchase program in 2020 or 2019. Trends and Uncertainties In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) surfaced in Wuhan, China. Through March 2021, the spread of this virus has caused business disruption primarily in the travel, leisure and hospitality industries and with respect to companies that have significant operations or supply chains in China. The spread of COVID-19 has also caused significant volatility in U.S. and international debt and equity markets, which can negatively impact consumer confidence. There is significant uncertainty around the breadth and duration of business disruptions related to COVID-19, as well as its impact on the U.S. economy and consumer confidence. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of COVID-19 and the actions taken to contain it or treat its impact. While we have not seen a significant impact on our business resulting from COVID-19 to date, if the virus continues to cause significant negative impacts to economic conditions or consumer confidence, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely impacted. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Not applicable. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Annual Report on Form 10-K. Reference is made to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the notes thereto, and the report thereon, commencing on page F-1 of this Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), as of December 31, 2020. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as 15 Table of Contents appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2020. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as such term is defined in We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 based on the Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020. Our management determined that, as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting is effective. Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls We do not expect that our disclosure controls and internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only assurance, at the reasonable assurance level, that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, a control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting No change has occurred in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during our last fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2020, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. The certifications of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) are filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2. The certifications of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C.1350 are furnished with this Annual Report on Form 10-K as Exhibit 32.1. Item 9B. Other Information None. 16 Table of Contents PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation Item 11. Executive Compensation 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 17 Table of Contents PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules (a) The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: (1)Consolidated Financial Statements are listed in the Index to Financial Statements on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (2)Schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or because the information required to be set forth therein is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto. (3)Exhibits Exhibit Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 16, 2015). Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 19, 2019). Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 31, 2005). Certificate of Designation of Series C Non-Convertible Preferred Stock of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc., filed with the Secretary of the State of Delaware on March 22, 2017 (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 28, 2017). Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Designation of Series C Non-Convertible Preferred Stock of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on February 15, 2019 (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 19, 2019). Specimen Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)). Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)). 2004 Long-Term Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)). + Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)). + Services Agreement, dated March 4, 2005, with Comstock Asset Management, L.C. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 31, 2005). Employment Agreement with Christopher Clemente (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)). + Confidentiality and Non-Competition Agreement with Christopher Clemente (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)). + 18 Exhibit Number 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Table of Contents 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 Trademark License Agreement (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on August 13, 2004 (No. 333-118193)). Lease Agreement, dated on or about December 31, 2009, with Comstock Asset Management, L.C. by Comstock Property Management, L.C., a subsidiary of Registrant (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 31, 2010). Credit Enhancement and Indemnification Agreement, dated February 17, 2011, by and between Registrant and Christopher D. Clemente and Gregory V. Benson (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 13, 2011). Form of warrant issued in connection with private placement by Comstock Growth Fund, L.C. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 14, 2015). Section 382 Rights Agreement between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC dated March 27, 2015 (incorporated by reference to an Exhibit to the current report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 27, 2015). Form of Subscription Agreement and Operating Agreement dated August 15, 2016, between Comstock Investors X, L.C. and [-], with accompanying Schedule A identifying subscribers (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 14, 2016). Form of Warrant issued in connection with private placement by Comstock Investors X, L.C. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 14, 2016). Operating Agreement, dated October 24, 2016, between Comstock Redland Road III, L.C. and SCG Development Partners, LLC to form Momentum General Partners, LLC (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 17, 2017). Share Exchange Agreement between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. and Investor Management, L.C., Christopher Clemente and Teresa A. Schar dated March 22, 2017 (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on March 28, 2017). Asset Purchase Agreement, dated July 14, 2017, between CDS Capital Management, L.C., and Monridge Environmental, LLC (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 16, 2017). Amendment to the Operating Agreement, dated October 13, 2017, between Comstock Investors X, L.C. and Comstock Development Services, L.C. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on November 16, 2017). Form of Warrant, dated October 13, 2017, between Comstock Investors X, L.C. and Comstock Development Services, L.C. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 16, 2017). Third Amended and Restated Promissory Note, dated May 22, 2018, between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. and Comstock Growth Fund, L.C. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2018). Second Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of Comstock Growth Fund, L.C., dated May 22, 2018 (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2018). 19 Table of Contents 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32* 10.33* 10.34* 14.1 21.1* 23.1* Membership Interest Exchange and Subscription Agreement, dated May 23, 2018, between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc., Comstock Growth Fund, L.C., and certain members of Comstock Growth Fund (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 14, 2018). Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex B to the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed on January 22, 2019).+ 2019 Master Asset Management Agreement, dated January 2, 2019, between CDS Asset Management, L.C. and Comstock Development Services, LC (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 15, 2020). Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 15, 2020). Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on April 15, 2020). Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Comstock 3101 Wilson, LC dated February 7, 2020 (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 14, 2020). Ten Million ($10,000,000) Revolving Capital Line of Credit Agreement dated March 19, 2020, between Comstock Development Services, LC and Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 28, 2020). Promissory Note dated March 27, 2020, between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. and Comstock Development Services, LC (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 28, 2020). Note dated April 16, 2020 between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. and MainStreet Bank pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program authorized under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on May 28, 2020). Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated April 27, 2020, between Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. and Christopher Clemente (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Commission on August 14, 2020).+ Letter of BDO USA, LLP dated June 24, 2020 (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on June 24, 2020). Deed of Lease dated November 1, 2020, between CRS Plaza I, LC and Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. First Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Momentum General Partners LLC dated November 9, 2020, between SCG Development Partners, LLC and Comstock Redland Road III, L.C. Assignment of Membership Interest in Momentum General Partners, LLC dated November 9, 2020, between SCG Development Partners, LLC and Comstock Redland Road III, L.C. Code of Ethics (incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission on March 31, 2005). List of subsidiaries Consent of BDO USA, LLP 20 Table of Contents 23.2* 31.1* 31.2* 32.1* 101* Consent of Grant Thornton, LLP Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The following materials from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, formatted in eXtensible Business Language (XBRL): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheet, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholder’s Equity, (iv) the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows and (v) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Filed herewith. Management contracts or compensatory plans, contracts or arrangements * + 21 Table of Contents SIGNATURES signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be Date: March 31, 2021 COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. /s/ Christopher Clemente By: Christopher Clemente Chairman and Chief Executive Officer the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of Signature /s/ Christopher Clemente Christopher Clemente /s/ Christopher Guthrie Christopher Guthrie /s/ David Guernsey David M. Guernsey /s/ James MacCutcheon James A. MacCutcheon /s/ Robert Pincus Robert P. Pincus /s/ Socrates Verses Socrates Verses /s/ Joseph Squeri Joseph M. Squeri Capacity Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) Director Director Director Director Director 22 Date March 31, 2021 March 31, 2021 March 31, 2021 March 31, 2021 March 31, 2021 March 31, 2021 March 31, 2021 Table of Contents INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-1 Page F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 Table of Contents Board of Directors and Stockholders Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. Opinion on the financial statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities As discussed in Notes 4 and 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company holds an equity investment in Comstock Investors X, L.C. (“Investors X”) and accounts for its investment as an unconsolidated variable interest entity (“VIE”) under the equity method. To reach its accounting conclusion, the Company evaluates whether it holds a controlling financial interest in Investors X. A controlling financial interest is defined as (a) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. We identified the assessment of the primary beneficiaries of Investors X as a critical audit matter. The principal consideration that the assessment of the primary beneficiaries of Investors X is a critical audit matter is that auditing the Company’s determination of whether it has power required significant auditor judgment to evaluate both the activities of the investee that most significantly impact the investee’s economics and the distribution of the power among the members of Investors X through governing documents and related service agreements that ultimately determine the outcome of such activities. The Company’s determination that it does not have the power to direct the significant activities impacting each of the investees’ economic performance (“power”) is key to its determination that it is not the primary beneficiary of Investors X and does not have to consolidate the entity. F-2 Table of Contents Our audit procedures related to the assessment of the primary beneficiary of Investors X included the following, among others: •We read the Investors X governing documents (including related service agreements) and underlying financial information and made inquiries with management to obtain a detailed understanding of the entity and its operations. •We compared the key facts included in management's analysis to the governing documents and the Company's interests in Investors X. •We evaluated whether the Company’s conclusion that Investors X met the criteria of a VIE was appropriate and in accordance with relevant accounting guidance. •Through consultation with our national office, we evaluated whether the Company's assessment effectively identified the primary beneficiary of Investors X through an analysis of the significant activities of Investors X and which parties hold the power to direct those significant activities and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from Investors X, in accordance with relevant accounting guidance. •We considered the evidence obtained in other areas of the audit to determine if there were reconsideration events that had not been identified by the Company, including, among others, reading board minutes and confirming the terms of certain agreements, if any. /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020. Arlington, Virginia March 31, 2021 F-3 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Stockholders and Board of Directors Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. Reston, Virginia Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ BDO USA, LLP We served as the Company’s auditor from 2016 to 2019. Potomac, Maryland April 14, 2020 F-4 Table of Contents COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data) ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Trade receivables, net Trade receivables - related parties Prepaid and other assets, net Total current assets Equity method investments at fair value Fixed assets, net Operating lease right-of-use assets Goodwill Intangible assets, net TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current liabilities: Accrued personnel costs Accounts payable Accrued liabilities Short term operating lease liabilities Short term notes payable - due to affiliates, net of discount Short term notes payable Total current liabilities Long term notes payable - due to affiliates Long term notes payable, net of deferred financing charges Long term operating lease liabilities, net of current portion TOTAL LIABILITIES Commitments and contingencies (Note 10) STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Series C preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 20,000,000 shares authorized, 3,440,690 shares issued and outstanding with a liquidation preference of $17,203 at December 31, 2020 and 2019 Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, 59,779,750 shares authorized, 7,953,729 and 7,849,756 issued and 7,868,159 and 7,764,186 outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively Class B common stock, $0.01 par value, 220,250 shares authorized, issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019 Additional paid-in capital Treasury stock, at cost (85,570 shares Class A common stock) Accumulated deficit TOTAL EQUITY TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7,032 1,482 3,598 242 12,354 6,307 266 7,914 1,702 36 3,511 1,886 3,644 274 9,315 8,421 278 114 1,702 103 28,579 $ 19,933 $ 2,442 523 964 569 — 5 4,503 5,500 — 7,361 17,364 $ 2,916 1,438 166 — 5,706 77 10,303 — 1,212 61 11,576 6,765 79 2 200,147 (2,662) (193,116) 11,215 28,579 $ $ $ $ 6,765 78 2 199,372 (2,662) (195,198) 8,357 19,933 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. F-5 Table of Contents COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Amounts in thousands, except per share data) Revenue Asset management Real estate services Total revenue Operating expenses Direct costs - asset management Direct costs - real estate services General and administrative Sales and marketing Operating income Interest expense Other income, net Income before income tax expense Income tax expense Loss on equity method investments carried at fair value Net income from continuing operations Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax Net income Income per share from continuing operations Basic net income per share Diluted net income per share Loss per share from discontinued operations Basic net loss per share Diluted net loss per share Income per share Basic net income per share Diluted net income per share Basic weighted average shares outstanding Diluted weighted average shares outstanding For the years ended December 31, 2019 2020 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 21,923 6,803 28,726 18,445 4,097 2,956 661 2,567 (379) 112 2,300 (25) (193) 2,082 — 2,082 0.26 0.24 — — 0.26 0.24 8,056 8,539 19,605 5,712 25,317 16,561 4,611 1,487 383 2,275 (474) 225 2,026 (2) (560) 1,464 (571) 893 0.22 0.22 (0.09) (0.09) 0.13 0.13 6,617 6,799 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. F-6 Table of Contents Balance at January 1, 2019 Stock compensation and issuances Accrued Liability settled through issuance of stock Shares withheld related to net share settlement of restricted stock awards Warrant exercises Class A stock conversion of non-controlling interest Series C conversion of non-controlling interest Gain on deconsolidation of discontinued operations Net income Balance at December 31, 2019 Stock compensation and issuances Accrued Liability settled through issuance of stock Shares withheld related to net share settlement of restricted stock awards Net income Balance at December 31, 2020 COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Amounts in thousands, except per share data) Series C Preferred Stock Class A Class B Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Additional paid-in capital Treasury stock Accumulated deficit Non- controlling interest Total 2,800 — — — — — 641 — — 3,441 — — — — 3,441 $ $ $ 7,193 — — — — — (428) — — 6,765 — — — — 6,765 3,703 71 63 (12) 200 3,824 — — 7,849 107 30 (33) — 7,953 $ $ $ 37 1 — — 2 38 — — — 78 1 — — — 79 220 — — — — — — — — 220 — — — — 220 $ $ $ 2 — — — — — — — — 2 — — — — 2 $ $ $ 181,632 509 141 — 358 16,050 — 682 — 199,372 776 68 (69) — 200,147 $ $ $ (2,662) — — — — — — — — (2,662) — — — — (2,662) $ $ $ (196,091) — — — — — — — 893 (195,198) — — — 2,082 (193,116) $ $ $ 15,706 — — — — (16,019) — — 313 — — — — — — $ $ $ 5,817 510 141 — 360 69 (428) 682 1,206 8,357 777 68 (69) 2,082 11,215 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. F-7 Table of Contents COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Amounts in thousands, except per share data) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Amortization of loan discount, loan commitment and deferred financing fees Depreciation expense Amortization expense Earnings from unconsolidated joint venture, net of distributions Stock-based compensation Loss on equity method investments carried at fair value Distributions from equity method investments carried at fair value Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Trade receivables Trade receivables - related party Deferred revenue Prepaid and other assets Lease liabilities Accrued personnel costs Accounts payable Accrued liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities of discontinued operations Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities: Contributions to equity method investments carried at fair value Distributions from equity method investments carried at fair value Purchase of fixed assets Principal received on note receivable Net cash provided by investing activities Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from notes payable Payments on notes payable Loan financing costs Proceeds from exercise of warrants Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards Net cash used in financing activities from discontinued operations Net cash used in financing activities Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents, end of period Supplemental cash flow information: Interest paid, net of interest capitalized Income taxes paid Supplemental disclosure for non-cash activity: Accrued liability settled through issuance of stock Conversion of noncontrolling interest to CHCI equity Gain on deconsolidation of Investors X recorded in APIC Increase in operating lease right-of-use assets Issuance of stock in lieu of interest due Gain on early extinguishment of debt PPP Loan proceeds received $ $ $ $ $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. F-8 $ $ $ $ For the years ended December 31, 2019 2020 2,082 27 159 67 96 777 193 103 404 46 — (64) 69 (474) (915) 866 — 3,436 — 1,818 (147) — 1,671 5,554 (7,071) — — (69) — (1,586) 3,521 3,511 7,032 397 — 68 — — 8,023 — 50 1,954 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 893 84 150 67 50 479 560 — (956) (694) (1,875) 11 — 1,520 240 72 7,793 8,394 (1,200) 1,525 (207) 27 145 — (228) (28) 360 (35) (5,951) (5,882) 2,657 854 3,511 420 — 141 16,019 682 170 66 — — Table of Contents 1. ORGANIZATION COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Amounts in thousands, except per share data, number of units, or as otherwise noted) Comstock Holding Companies, Inc., incorporated in 2004 as a Delaware corporation, is a multi-faceted asset management and services company primarily focused in the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2018, the Company made a strategic decision to transform its operating platform from being primarily focused on developing on-balance sheet, for-sale, homebuilding projects to being focused on commercial and residential asset management and real estate related services. On April 30, 2019 the Company announced the exit from the homebuilding business. The Company now operates through five primarily real estate focused subsidiaries – CDS Asset Management, LC (“CAM”), Comstock Residential Management, LC, Comstock Commercial Management, LC, Park X Management, LC and Comstock Environmental Services, LC (“CES”). See Note 21 - Subsequent Events for entity name changes that occurred on February 18, 2021. The Company’s homebuilding operations are presented in Discontinued Operations (see Note 19 – Discontinued Operations). References in these Consolidated Financial Statements to “Comstock,” “Company”, “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. together in each case with our subsidiaries unless the context suggests otherwise. 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES follows: A summary of the significant accounting policies and practices used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements is as Basis of presentation The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Investments in real estate ventures over which we exercise significant influence, but do not control, are accounted for either at fair value or under the equity method. When applying principles of consolidation, we begin by determining whether an investee entity is a variable interest entity ("VIE") or a voting interest entity. U.S. GAAP draws a distinction between voting interest entities, which are embodied by common and traditional corporate and certain partnership structures, and VIEs, broadly defined as entities for which control is achieved through means other than voting rights. For voting interest entities, the interest holder with control through majority ownership and majority voting rights consolidates the entity. For VIEs, determination of the "primary beneficiary" dictates the accounting treatment. We identify the primary beneficiary of a VIE as the enterprise having both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. We perform the primary beneficiary analysis as of the inception of our investment and upon the occurrence of a reconsideration event. When we determine we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consolidate the VIE; when we determine we are not the primary beneficiary of the VIE, we account for our investment in the VIE at fair value or under the equity method, based upon an election made at the time of investment. Our determination of the appropriate accounting method to apply for unconsolidated investments is based on the level of influence we have in the underlying entity. When we have an asset management or property management contract with a real estate limited partnership in which we also hold an ownership interest, the combination of our limited partner interest and the management agreement generally provides us with significant influence over such real estate limited partnership. Accordingly, we account for such investments either at fair value or under the equity method. We eliminate transactions with such subsidiaries to the extent of our ownership in such subsidiaries. Use of estimates The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates are utilized, including but not limited to, the valuation of equity method investments, valuation of deferred tax assets, analysis of goodwill impairment, and valuation of equity-based compensation. F-9 Table of Contents Discontinued Operations On July 23, 2019 the Company completed the transfer of Investors X subject to the Master Transfer Agreement (“MTA”). For the year ended December 31, 2019, we classified revenues and expenses related to Investors X into discontinued operations on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. See Note 19 – Discontinued Operations. Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of cash and short-term investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased. The carrying amount of cash equivalents approximates fair value due to the short-term maturity of these investments. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents in financial institutions that at times exceeds federally insured limits. Management believes that the Company’s credit risk exposure is mitigated by the financial strength of the banking institution in which the deposits are held. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $5.3 million in U.S. bank accounts which were not fully insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Trade Receivables and Concentration of Credit Risk Trade receivables are recorded at the amount invoiced. We reduce accounts receivable by estimating an allowance for amounts that may become uncollectible in the future. Management determines the estimated allowance for uncollectible amounts based on their judgements in evaluating the aging of the receivables and the financial condition of our clients, which may be dependent on the type of client and the client’s current financial condition. The Company does significant business with related party entities. Financial instruments that subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of related party receivables. The Company generally does not obtain collateral or other security to support financial instruments subject to credit risk, but monitors the credit standing of related party entities. The Company derives a substantial portion of its revenues from various related party entities; with related party entities accounting for 79% of the Company’s total consolidated revenues in 2020. See Note 14 – Related Party Transactions for more information. Investments in real estate ventures We invest in certain real estate ventures that primarily own and operate real estate in two sectors, land development and commercial office. These investments take the form of equity ownership interests and, based upon investment-specific objectives, have included three to seven year planned investment periods. Our investments in real estate ventures are not redeemable until the disposition of the underlying real estate investment. We have elected to account for these equity method investments using the fair value option. For investments in real estate ventures reported at fair value, we maintain an investment account that is increased or decreased each reporting period by the difference between the fair value of the investment and the carrying value as of the balance sheet date. These fair value adjustments are reflected as gains or losses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of these investments as of the balance sheet date is generally determined using a Discounted Cash Flow (“DCF”) analysis, based upon unobservable inputs in the fair value hierarchy. See Note 4 - Equity Method Investments in Real Estate Ventures Carried at Fair Value for additional information on Investments in real estate ventures. Fixed assets, net Fixed assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and are depreciated on the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives as follows: Leasehold improvements Furniture and fixtures Office equipment Vehicles Computer equipment Capitalized software Shorter of asset life or related lease term 7 years 5 years 3 years 3 years 3 years F-10 Table of Contents Leases Our operating leases are related to office space we lease in various buildings for our own use. The terms of these non-cancelable operating leases typically require us to pay rent and a share of operating expenses and real estate taxes, generally with an inflation-based rent increase included. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments (e.g. rent) over the lease term beginning at the commencement date. The Operating lease right-of-use assets are adjusted for lease incentives, deferred rent, and initial direct costs, if incurred. Our leases generally do not include an implicit rate; therefore, we use an incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of future minimum lease payments. The related lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. See Note 6 – Leases for more information. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business acquisition. Following an acquisition, we perform an analysis to value the acquired company’s tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities. With respect to identifiable intangible assets, we consider backlog, non-compete agreements, client relationships, trade names, patents and other assets. We amortize our intangible assets based on the period over which the contractual or economic benefits of the intangible assets are expected to be realized. We assess the recoverability of the unamortized balance of our intangible assets when indicators of impairment are present based on expected future profitability and undiscounted expected cash flows and their contribution to our overall operations. Should the review indicate that the carrying value is not fully recoverable, the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the intangible assets would be recognized as an impairment loss. We perform our annual goodwill impairment review during our fourth quarter as of October 1. In addition, we regularly evaluate whether events and circumstances have occurred that may indicate a potential change in recoverability of goodwill. We perform interim goodwill impairment reviews between our annual reviews if certain events and circumstances have occurred, including a deterioration in general economic conditions, an increased competitive environment, a change in management, key personnel, strategy or customers, significant or unusual changes in market capitalization, negative or declining cash flows, or a decline in actual or planned revenue or earnings compared with actual and projected results of relevant prior periods. When assessing goodwill for impairment, the Company may first assess qualitative factors to evaluate whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than it’s carrying amount or elect to bypass such assessment. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than it’s carrying value, or the Company elects to bypass such assessment, the Company then determines the fair value of each reporting unit. The estimate of the fair value of each reporting unit is based on a projected discounted cash flow model that includes significant assumptions and estimates including the Company's discount rate, growth rate and future financial performance as well as a market multiple model based upon similar transactions in the market. Assumptions about the discount rate are based on a weighted average cost of capital built up from various interest rate components applicable to the Company. Assumptions about the growth rate and future financial performance of a reporting unit are based on the Company's forecasts, business plans, economic projections and anticipated future cash flows. Market multiples are derived from recent transactions among businesses of a similar size and industry. The fair value of each reporting unit is compared to the carrying amount of the reporting unit. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, then an impairment loss is recognized for the difference Debt Issuance Costs Costs incurred in connection with the issuance of long-term debt are deferred and amortized as interest expense over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method for term debt and on a straight-line basis for revolving debt. To the extent that debt is outstanding, these amounts are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as direct deductions of debt and as assets for costs related to revolving debt. See Note 8 for additional information on the Company's long-term debt and related debt issuance costs. F-11 Table of Contents Revenue recognition The Company’s revenues consist primarily of •Asset Management; •Property Management; •Capital Markets; •Leasing; •Project & Development Services; and •Environmental Remediation Asset Management Asset Management primarily provides comprehensive real estate asset management services to the CDS portfolio, representing a series of daily performance obligations delivered over time. Pricing includes a cost-plus management fee or a market-rate fee form of variable consideration. The Company earns whichever is higher. See Note 14 – Related Party Transactions. The amount of revenue recognized is presented gross for any services provided by our employees, as we control them. This is evidenced by our obligation for their performance and our ability to direct and redirect their work, as well as negotiate the value of such services. In the instances where we do not control third-party services delivered to the client, we report revenues net of the third-party reimbursements. Consistent with the transfer of control for distinct, daily services to the customer, revenue is typically recognized at the end of each period for the fees associated with the services performed. Property Management Property Management provides on-site day-to-day management services for owners of office, industrial, retail, multifamily residential and various other types of properties, representing a series of daily performance obligations delivered over time. Pricing is generally in the form of a monthly management fee based upon property-level cash receipts, square footage under management or some other variable metric. Revenues from project management may also include reimbursement of payroll and related costs for personnel providing the services and subcontracted vendor costs. Project management services represent a series of distinct daily services rendered over time. Consistent with the transfer of control for distinct, daily services to the customer, revenue is typically recognized at the end of each period for the fees associated with the services performed. The amount of revenue recognized is presented gross for any services provided by our employees, as we control them. This is evidenced by our obligation for their performance and our ability to direct and redirect their work, as well as negotiate the value of such services. In the instances where we do not control third-party services delivered to the client, we report revenues net of the third-party reimbursements. Capital Markets We offer clients commercial mortgage and structured financing services. We are compensated for our services via a fee paid upon successful commercial financing from third party lenders. The fee earned is contingent upon the funding of the loan, which represents the transfer of control for services to the customer. Therefore, we typically satisfy our performance obligation at the point in time of the funding of the loan, when there is a present right to payment. Leasing We provide strategic advice and execution for owners, investors, and occupiers of real estate in connection with the leasing of office, industrial and retail space. We are compensated for our services in the form of a commission. Our commission is paid upon signing of the lease by the tenant. We satisfy our performance obligation at a point in time; generally, at the time of the contractual event where there is a present right to payment. Project & Development Services We provide project and construction management services for owners and occupiers of real estate in connection with the management and leasing of office, industrial and retail space. The fees that we earn are typically variable based upon a percentage of project cost. We are compensated for our services in the form management fees. Project and construction management services represent a series of performance obligations delivered over time and revenue is recognized over time. F-12 Table of Contents Environmental Remediation We provide environmental remediation services for owners of real estate. Remediation services are generally contracted and performed by Comstock Environmental. We are compensated for our services as well as for the services of subcontractors used to perform remediation services. Fees earned are generally based upon employee time spent as well as a cost-plus arrangement for subcontractors used. Generally, environmental remediation services represent a series of performance obligations delivered over time and revenue is recognized over time. Contract Costs Expenses, primarily employee commissions, incurred on leasing and capital markets transactions represent substantially all our incremental costs to obtain revenue contracts. We apply the applicable practical expedient offered by ASC Topic 606 when the amortization period is one year or less and, therefore, recognize these costs as an operating expense as they are incurred. Stock compensation As discussed in Note 12, the Company sponsors stock option plans and restricted stock award plans. The Company accounts for its share-based awards pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718, Share Based Payments. ASC 718 requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the financial statements over the service period based on their fair values at the date of grant. For the year ended December 31, 2020, total stock based compensation cost was $0.8 million which was charged to expenses within ‘general and administrative’ in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. For the year ended December 31, 2019, total stock based compensation cost was $0.5 million which was charged to expenses within ‘general and administrative’ and ‘Direct costs-real estate services’ in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Income taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC 740, Accounting for Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on the deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We provide a valuation allowance when we consider it “more likely than not” (greater than a 50% probability) that a deferred income tax asset will not be fully recovered. Adjustments to the valuation allowance are a component of the deferred income tax expense or benefit in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Recently adopted accounting pronouncements In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) – Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement” (“ASU 2018-13”), which removes, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements in Topic 820. ASU 2018-13 removes the following disclosure requirements: (i) the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and (ii) the entity’s valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 adds the following disclosure requirements: (i) provide information about the measurement uncertainty of Level 3 fair value measurements as of the reporting date rather than a point in the future, (ii) disclose changes in unrealized gains and losses related to Level 3 measurements for the period included in other comprehensive income, and (iii) disclose for Level 3 measurements the range and weighted average of the significant unobservable inputs and the way it is calculated. ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2018-13 prospectively as of January 1, 2020. The adoption did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), which modifies how companies recognize expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by an entity at each reporting date. Existing GAAP requires an “incurred loss” methodology whereby companies are prohibited from recording an expected loss until it is probable that the loss has been incurred. ASU 2016-13 requires companies to use a methodology that reflects current expected credit losses (“CECL”) and requires consideration of a broad range of reasonable and F-13 Table of Contents supportable information to record and report credit loss estimates, even when the CECL is remote. Companies will be required to record the allowance for credit losses and deduct that amount from the basis of the asset. The guidance is effective for the Company for financial statement periods beginning after December 15, 2022, although early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on its financial statements and related disclosures. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in ASC 740, Income Tax and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. ASU 2019-12 will be effective for public business entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those periods. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this pronouncement to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. material impact on our consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, balance sheets, or cash flows. We have evaluated all other issued and unadopted Accounting Standards Updates and believe the adoption of these standards will not have a 3. TRADE RECEIVABLES & TRADE RECEIVABLES – RELATED PARTIES Trade receivables include amounts due from real estate services, asset management and project management. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had $1.5 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of trade receivables. The Company records an allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical collection experience and the aging of receivables. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the allowance for doubtful accounts was de minimis based on the Company’s historical collection experience for receivables older than 90 days along with an analysis of collections received as of the filing date. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had $3.6 million and $3.6 million, respectively, of receivables from related parties. The Company does not record an allowance for doubtful accounts related to receivables from related parties. This is due to the related party nature of the receivables along with the collection history. 4. EQUITY METHOD INVESTMENTS IN REAL ESTATE VENTURES CARRIED AT FAIR VALUE Based upon elections made at the date of investment, the Company reports the equity method investments in real estate ventures at fair value. For such investments, the Company increases or decreases the investment each reporting period by the change in the fair value and the Company reports the fair value adjustments in the Consolidated Statement of Operations in the ‘loss on equity method investments carried at fair value’ line item. Changes in fair value of the Company's investment in Investors X (defined below) are impacted by distributions as the fair value is based on finite cash flows from the wind-down of that entity. Fair value of equity method investments are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company had equity method investments in real estate ventures at fair value of $6.3 million and $8.4 million, respectively. The table below shows the change in the Company’s investments in real estate ventures reported at fair value. Fair value of investments as of January 1 Investments Distributions Change in fair value Fair value of investments as of December 31 $ $ 2020 8,421 — (1,921) (193) 6,307 $ $ 2019 — 10,506 (1,525) (560) 8,421 See Note 14 – Related Party Transactions for additional discussion of our investments in real estate ventures at fair value. Investors X The Company has elected to account for the equity method investment in Comstock Investors X, L.C. (“Investors X”), a Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) that owns the Company’s residual homebuilding operations at fair value. Fair value is determined using a discounted cash flow model based on expected future cash flows for income and realization events of the underlying asset. Expected future cash flows includes contractually fixed revenues and expenses as well as estimates for future revenues and expenses where contracts do not currently exist. These estimates are based on prior experience as well as comparable, third party data. F-14 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the fair value of the Company’s investment in Investors X is $5.1 million and $7.2 million, respectively. The Company received distributions of $1.8 million and 1.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and recognized a loss in fair value of $0.3 million and $0.6 million, respectively. Summarized Financial Information for Investors X Statement of Operations: Total revenue Direct costs Net income (loss) Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. share of net income (loss) The Hartford For the Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 $ $ $ 14,515 12,982 1,533 — $ $ $ 6,832 8,196 (1,364) — On December 30, 2019, the Company made an investment related to the purchase of a stabilized commercial office building located at 3101 Wilson Boulevard in the Clarendon area of Arlington County, Virginia (the “Hartford”). The Company owns a 2.5% equity interest in the asset at a cost of approximately $1.2 million. The Company has elected to account for the equity method investment in the Hartford at fair value. Fair value is determined using an income approach and sales comparable approach models. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the fair value of the Company’s investment in the Hartford was $1.2 million. The Company received distributions of $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. Summarized Financial Information for the Hartford Statement of Operations: Total revenue Direct costs Other costs Net loss Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. share of net loss 5. FIXED ASSETS, NET Fixed assets consist of the following: Computer equipment and capitalized software Furniture and fixtures Office equipment Vehicles Leasehold improvements Less: accumulated depreciation Year Ended December 31, 2020 $ $ $ 9,308 2,785 8,860 (2,337) (58) December 31, 2020 957 66 224 139 56 1,442 (1,176) 266 December 31, 2019 893 63 224 141 6 1,327 (1,049) 278 $ $ $ $ Depreciation expense, included in ‘general and administrative’ in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations, amounted to $0.2 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The company did not record impairments during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. F-15 Table of Contents 6. LEASES The determination of whether an arrangement contains a lease and the classification of a lease, if applicable, is made at lease commencement, at which time the Company also measures and recognizes an ROU asset, representing the Company’s right to use the underlying asset, and a lease liability, representing the Company’s obligation to make lease payments under the terms of the arrangement. For the purposes of recognizing ROU assets and lease liabilities associated with the Company’s leases, the Company has elected the practical expedient to not recognize a ROU asset or lease liability for short-term leases, which are leases with a term of twelve months or less. The lease term is defined as the non-cancelable portion of the lease term plus any periods covered by an option to extend the lease if it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The rates implicit within the Company's leases are generally not determinable; therefore, the Company's incremental borrowing rate is used to determine the present value of lease payments. The determination of the Company’s incremental borrowing rate requires judgment. The Company looks to similar corporate credit ratings and bond yields when determining the incremental borrowing rate. The incremental borrowing rate is determined at lease commencement, or as of January 1, 2019 for operating leases in existence upon adoption of ASC 842. As of November 1, 2020, at the lease commencement of the new corporate office, the Company's incremental borrowing rate was determined to be 4.25% The Company has operating leases for its office facilities as well as for office equipment. The Company's leases have remaining terms of less than one year to 10 years. The leases can contain various renewal and termination options. The period which is subject to an option to extend the lease is included in the lease term if it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. The period which is subject to an option to terminate the lease is included if it is reasonably certain that the option will not be exercised. Lease costs related to the Company's operating leases are generally recognized as a single ratable lease cost over the lease term. See Note 14 - Related Party Transactions for rent expense paid and recognized for the corporate office to related parties. Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2020 are as follows: 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 and future years Total lease payments Less: imputed interest Present value of operating lease liabilities Operating Leases 895 917 939 961 6,083 9,795 1,865 7,930 $ $ The Company does not have any lease liabilities which have not yet commenced as of December 31, 2020. 7. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLES On July 17, 2017, Comstock Environmental, an entity wholly owned by CDS Capital Management, L.C., a subsidiary of the Company, purchased all of the business assets of Monridge Environmental, LLC for $2.3 million. Comstock Environmental operates in Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware as an environmental services company, providing consulting, remediation, and other environmental services. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, and it is not deductible for income tax purposes. As of the acquisition date, goodwill consisted primarily of synergies resulting from the combination, expected expanded opportunities for growth and production, and savings in corporate overhead costs. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019 the balance of Goodwill was $1.7 million. This Goodwill is reflected within our Real Estate Services segment. and 2019, $0.1 million of intangible asset amortization was recorded in General and Administrative expense on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Intangible assets include customer relationships which has an amortization period of four years. During the years ended December 31, 2020 F-16 Table of Contents Intangibles Less: accumulated amortization December 31, 2020 268 (232) 36 $ $ $ $ December 31, 2019 268 (165) 103 As of December 31, 2020, the future estimated amortization expense related to these intangible assets was: No impairments of the Company’s goodwill and other intangible assets were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2020 and Amortization Expense 36 36 $ $ 2021 Total 2019. 8. DEBT Notes payable, due to affiliates Revolving Capital Line of Credit On March 19, 2020, the Company entered into a Revolving Capital Line of Credit Agreement (the “Loan Documents”) with CDS, pursuant to which the Company secured a $10.0 million capital line of credit (the “Revolver”). Under the terms of the Loan Documents, the Revolver provides for an initial variable interest rate of the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate plus 1.00% per annum on advances made under the Revolver, payable monthly in arrears. The five-year term facility allows for interim draws that carry a maturity date of 12 months from the initial date of the disbursement unless a longer initial term is agreed to by CDS. This loan carries no covenants or collateral requirements. On March 27, 2020, the Company borrowed $5.5 million under the Revolver. The $5.5 million borrowed has a maturity date of April 30, 2023. Notes Payable Fully Repaid Comstock Growth Fund On October 17, 2014, the Company entered into an unsecured promissory note with Comstock Growth Fund (“CGF”) whereby CGF made a loan to the Company in the initial principal amount of $10.0 million and a maximum amount available for borrowing of up to $20.0 million with a three year term. On December 18, 2014, the loan agreement was amended and restated to provide for a maximum capacity of $25 million. On May 23, 2018, the Company entered into a Membership Interest Exchange and Subscription Agreement (the “Membership Exchange Agreement”), together with a revised promissory note agreement, in which a note (“CGF Note”) with an outstanding principal and accrued interest balance of $7.7 million was exchanged for 1,482,300 shares of the Company’s Series C Non-Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share and a stated liquidation value of $5.00 per share (the “Series C Preferred Stock”), issued by the Company to CDS. The Company exchanged the preferred equity for 91.5% of CDS membership interest in the CGF promissory note. Concurrently, the face amount of the CGF promissory note was reduced to $5.7 million as of the Effective Date. The CGF Note bore interest at a fixed rate of 10% per annum. Interest payments were made monthly in arrears. The Company is the administrative manager of CGF but does not own any membership interests. The Company had approximately $5.7 million of outstanding borrowings and accrued interest under the CGF loan, net of discounts, as of December 31, 2019. The maturity date for the CGF Note was April 16, 2020. The CGF Note was repaid prior to maturity during the year ended December 31, 2020. Secured financing As of December 31, 2019 the Company had retired two secured loans related to Comstock Environmental. One loan was used to finance the acquisition of Comstock Environmental, and carried a fixed interest rate of 6.5%, and had a maturity date of October 17, 2022. At December 31, 2019, this financing had an outstanding balance of $0.7 million. This loan was retired during 2020. Comstock Environmental had an additional secured loan with an outstanding balance of $27 thousand as of December 31, 2019 to fund the purchase of an asset used in the business. This loan was retired during 2020. These financings were secured by the assets of Comstock Environmental and were guaranteed by our Chief Executive Officer. Unsecured financing F-17 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2019, the Company had one unsecured seller-financed promissory note with an outstanding balance of $595 thousand. This financing carried an annual interest rate of LIBOR plus 3% and had a maturity date of July 17, 2022. This loan had $50 thousand due on the third and fourth loan anniversary dates with the remainder due at maturity. At December 31, 2019, the interest rate was 5.0%. During 2020, the Company retired this promissory note. term loan. As of December 31, 2020, the balance on this loan was $5 thousand. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company financed the Director’s and Officer’s insurance policy with a one year During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company made interest payments of $0.4 million and $0.6 million, respectively. make principal payments for the Revolver. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company did not make principal payments for the CGF loan. During the year ended December 31, 2020 the Company retired the $5.7 million of outstanding borrowings for the CGF Note and did not Notes payable consisted of the following: Secured financing Notes payable - due to affiliates, unsecured, net of $27 thousand discount and unamortized deferred financing charges as of December 31, 2019 Unsecured financing charges Total notes payable, net As of December 31, 2020, maturities of our borrowings are as follows: 2021 2022 2023 Total December 31, 2020 — 5,500 5 5,505 $ $ December 31, 2019 694 5,706 595 6,995 5 — 5,500 5,505 $ $ $ $ 9. CORONAVIRUS AID RELIEF AND ECONOMIC SECURITY ACT Paycheck Protection Plan Loan In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”) was established under the CARES Act and administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”). Companies who met the eligibility requirements set forth by the PPP could qualify for PPP loans provided by local lenders, which supports payroll, rent and utility expenses (“qualified expenses”). If the loan proceeds are fully utilized to pay qualified expenses over the covered period, as further defined by the PPP, the full principal amount of the PPP loan may qualify for loan forgiveness, subject to potential reduction based on the level of full-time employees maintained by the organization during the covered period as compared to a baseline period. In April 2020, the Company received proceeds of $1.95 million under the PPP (the "PPP Loan") provided by Mainstreet Bank (the “Lender”). Based on the term and conditions of the loan agreement, the term of the PPP loan is two years with an annual interest rate of 1% and principal and interest payments will be deferred for the first six-months of the loan term, which has been updated according to the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act of 2020 (“Flexibility Act”). In June 2020, the Flexibility Act was signed into law, which amended the CARES Act. The Flexibility Act changed key provisions of the PPP, including, but not limited to, (i) provisions relating to the maturity of PPP loans, (ii) the deferral period covering of PPP loan payments and (iii) the process for measurement of loan forgiveness. More specifically, the Flexibility Act provides a minimum maturity of five years for all PPP loans made on or after the date of the enactment of the Flexibility Act (“June 5, 2020”) and permits lenders and borrowers to extend the maturity date of earlier PPP loans by mutual agreement. As of the date of this filing, the Company has not approached the Lender to request an extension of the current maturity date from two years to five years. The Flexibility Act also provides that if a borrower does not apply for forgiveness of a loan within 10 months after the last day of the measurement period (“covered period”), the PPP loan is no longer deferred and the borrower must begin paying principal and interest. Therefore, the Company’s deferral period for principal and interest payments was updated from six-months according to the terms and conditions of the loan agreement to ten months. In addition, the F-18 Table of Contents Flexibility Act extended the length of the covered period from eight weeks to 24 weeks from receipt of proceeds, while allowing borrowers that received PPP loans before June 5, 2020 to determine, at their sole discretion, a covered period of either eight weeks or 24-weeks. After reviewing the applicable terms and conditions of the Flexibility Act, the Company has elected to extend the length of the covered period from the lesser of (i) period whereby qualified expenses equal loan proceeds or (ii) 24 weeks. The Company has performed initial calculations for the PPP loan forgiveness according to the terms and conditions of the SBA’s Loan Forgiveness Application (Revised June 16, 2020) and, based on such calculations, expects that the PPP loan will be forgiven in full. In addition, the Company has determined that it is probable the Company will meet all the conditions of the PPP loan forgiveness. Therefore, the Company recognized PPP funding as a contra-expense during the periods when qualified expenses were incurred. The contra-expense recognized lowered the reimbursable costs, billed as revenue, to clients under certain contracts where the Company earns revenue from expenses incurred. The balance and activity related to the PPP loan is as follows as of December 31, 2020. PPP loan proceeds Qualified expenses eligible for forgiveness PPP loan balance December 31, 2020 1,954 (1,954) — $ $ $ The Company submitted the PPP loan forgiveness application to the lender in December 2020. In accordance with the terms and conditions under the Flexibility Act, the lender has 60 days from receipt of the completed application to issue a decision to the SBA. If the lender determines that the borrower is entitled to forgiveness of some or all of the amount applied for under the statute and applicable regulations, the lender must request payment from the SBA at the time the lender issues its decision to the SBA. The Lender completed its review and submitted the Company's forgiveness application to the SBA in February 2021. The SBA will, subject to any SBA review of the loan or loan application, remit the appropriate forgiveness amount to the lender, plus any interest accrued through the date of payment, not later than 90 days after the lender issues its decision to the SBA. Pursuant to the Flexibility Act, the Company’s PPP loan agreement will be amended in the event that no amount or less than all of the PPP loan is forgiven. In addition, starting in August 2021, the Company will be required to make principal and interest payments totaling $0.1 million per month or an adjustment amount based on the loan amendment over the remaining term of the PPP loan until such time the loan is fully settled. The Company may prepay the PPP loan at any time without penalty and the loan agreement evidencing the PPP Loan contains customary events of default relating to, among other things, payment defaults, or breaches of representations and warranties, or other provisions of the loan agreement. The occurrence of an event of default may trigger the immediate repayment of all amounts outstanding, collection of all amounts owing from the Company, and/or the Lender filing suit and obtaining a judgment against the Company. Deferral of Social Security Tax Payments Pursuant to sections 2302(a)(1) and (a)(2) of the CARES Act, the Company has elected to defer payments of its share of Social Security tax due during the "payroll tax deferral period". The payroll tax deferral period began on August 1, 2020 and ended December 31, 2020. At December 31, 2020 the total amount of such deferral was $0.2 million and is reflected within 'Accrued personnel costs' on our consolidated balance sheet. Per the terms of the deferral program, 50% of the deferred amount is due on December 31, 2021, and the remaining 50% is due on December 31, 2022 at 0% interest. 10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES further discussion of the Company's operating lease commitments. The Company leases its headquarters under a non-cancelable operating lease. The lease contains various renewal options. See Note 6 for Currently, and from time to time, the Company is involved in litigation incidental to the conduct of its business. In accordance with GAAP, the Company records a provision for a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. While it is possible that an unfavorable outcome may occur as a result of one or more of the Company’s current litigation matters, at this time management has concluded that the resolutions of these matters are not expected to have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial position, future results of operations or liquidity. Legal defense costs are expensed as incurred. F-19 Table of Contents 11. FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES We measure certain assets and liabilities in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, which defines fair value as the price that would be received for an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. In addition, it establishes a framework for measuring fair value according to the following three-tier fair value hierarchy: •Level 1 - Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets accessible as of the measurement date; •Level 2 - Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and •Level 3 - Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions. Financial Instruments The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities are reasonable estimates of their fair values based on their short maturities. The fair value of fixed and floating rate debt is based on unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs). The fair value of the fixed and floating rate debt was estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis on the blended borrower rates currently available to the Company for loans with similar terms. debt as of: The following table summarizes the fair value of fixed and floating rate debt and the corresponding carrying value of fixed and floating rate Carrying amount Fair value December 31, 2020 5,505 5,485 $ $ $ $ December 31, 2019 6,995 6,820 Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information about the financial instruments. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions, such as an acceleration of amounts due and payable, could significantly affect the estimates. Investments in Real Estate Ventures at Fair Value We report our two investments in real estate ventures at fair value. For such investments, we increase or decrease our investment each reporting period by the change in the fair value and we report these fair value adjustments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Please see note 4 - Equity method Investments in real estate ventures carried at fair value for additional information. For our investments in real estate ventures at fair value, we estimate the fair value using the level 3 Income Approach or a sales comparable approach to determine a fair value. Critical inputs to fair value estimates include various level 3 inputs such as valuations of the underlying real estate assets and borrowings, which incorporate investment-specific assumptions such as discount rates, capitalization rates, rental and expense growth rates, and asset-specific market borrowing rates. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, investments in the real estate ventures at fair value was approximately $6.3 million and $8.4 million, respectively. Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements basis to determine if impairment has occurred. Such fair value measurements use significant unobservable inputs and are classified as Level 3. The Company may also value its non-financial assets and liabilities, including items such as long-lived assets, at fair value on a non-recurring F-20 Table of Contents 12. STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY Common Stock Our certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of Class A common stock and Class B common stock. As of December 31, 2020, we are authorized to issue 59,780 thousand shares of Class A common stock and 220 thousand shares of Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.01 per share. Holders of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock are entitled to dividends when, as and if, declared by our board of directors, subject to the rights of the holders of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights to dividends. As of December 31, 2020, we have not declared any dividends. The holder of each share of Class A common stock is entitled to one vote, while the holder of each share of Class B common stock is entitled to fifteen votes. Shares of our Class B common stock are convertible into an equivalent number of shares of our Class A common stock and generally convert into shares of our Class A common stock upon transfer. Class A common stock and Class B common stock are referred to as common stock throughout the notes to these financial statements, unless otherwise noted. December 31, 2020, there were 220 thousand shares of Class B common stock issued and outstanding. As of December 31, 2020, there were 8.0 million shares of Class A common stock issued and 7.9 million shares outstanding. As of Preferred Stock The Company's certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of Series C non-convertible preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share and a stated value of $5.00 per share. As of December 31, 2020, the Company is authorized to issue 20.0 million shares of Series C preferred stock. As of December 31, 2020, there were 3.4 thousand shares of Series C preferred stock issued and outstanding. The Series C Preferred Stock has a discretionary, non-cumulative, dividend feature and is redeemable for $5.00 per share. The Series C Preferred Stock is redeemable by holders in the event of liquidation or change in control of the Company. Stock-based Compensation Plans On December 14, 2004, the Company adopted the 2004 Long-Term Compensation Plan (the “2004 Plan”). On February 12, 2019 the Company approved the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) which replaced the 2004 Plan. The 2019 Plan provides for the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights, or SARs, restricted stock, deferred stock, dividend equivalents, bonus stock and awards in lieu of cash compensation, other stock-based awards and performance awards. Any shares issued under the Plan typically vest over periods of four years. Stock options issued under the plan expire 10 years from the date they are granted. December 31, 2020 and 2019, there were 2.1 million shares available for issuance under the 2019 Plan. The 2019 Plan authorized 2.5 million shares of our Class A Common Stock subject to adjustment for forfeitures and tax withholding. As of The fair value of each option award is calculated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and certain subjective assumptions. Expected volatilities are calculated based on our historical trading activities. We recognize forfeitures as they occur. The risk-free rate for the periods is based on the U.S. Treasury rates in effect at the time of grant. The expected term of options is based on the Company’s historical experience. 2020. The following table summarizes the assumptions used to calculate the fair value of options during 2019. There were no options granted in Weighted average fair value of options granted Dividend yields Expected volatility Weighted average expected volatility Weighted average risk-free interest rates Weighted average expected term (in years) The following table summarizes information about stock option activity: F-21 2019 $ 1.65 — 82.03%-82.32% 82.27 % 2.15 % 8 Table of Contents Granted Exercised Forfeited or Expired Granted Exercised Forfeited or Expired Outstanding at January 1, 2019 Outstanding at December 31, 2019 Outstanding at December 31, 2020 Shares 418 104 — (7) 515 — — (79) 436 Exercisable at December 31, 2020 274 Weighted Average Exercise Price 3.42 1.89 — 12.01 2.96 — — 3.75 2.81 3.23 $ $ $ $ Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value 9 7.67 $ 7.24 $ 60 6.74 5.12 $ $ 424 256 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the weighted-average remaining contractual term of unexercised stock options was 5.1 years and 4.5 A summary of the Company’s restricted share activity is presented below: Restricted unvested at January 1, 2019 Granted Vested Forfeited or Expired Outstanding at December 31, 2019 Granted Vested Forfeited or Expired Unvested at December 31, 2020 Shares 138 254 (46) — 346 636 (112) — 870 $ $ $ Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 2.18 2.33 2.18 — 2.29 1.96 2.27 — 2.06 As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, there was $1.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively, of unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options and restricted stock issuances granted under the 2019 Plan and 2004 Plan, respectively. The Company intends to issue new shares of its common stock upon vesting of restricted stock grants or the exercise of stock options. shares of our Class A common stock in one or more open market or privately negotiated transactions depending on market price and other factors. In November 2014, our board of directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to 429 thousand repurchase agreement. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, 404 thousand shares of our Class A common stock remain available for repurchase pursuant to our share 13. CONSOLIDATION OF VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES Consolidated Real Estate Inventories in assets of discontinued operations Included within the Company’s net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax are the activities of real estate entities that were determined to be VIEs. These entities have been established to own and operate real estate property and were deemed VIEs primarily based on the fact that the equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entities to finance their activities without additional financial support. Prior to July 23, 2019 the Company determined that it was the primary beneficiary of these VIEs as a result of the Company’s majority voting rights and complete operational control of these entities. F-22 Table of Contents Prior to April 30, 2019, the Company evaluated Investors X and determined that the equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional financial support and the Company was the primary beneficiary of the VIE as a result of its complete operational control of the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance and its obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits. As a result of the April 30, 2019 Master Transfer Agreement ("MTA") entered into between the Company and CDS, the Company determined that Investors X is considered held for sale effective April 30, 2019 and Investors X activities were reclassified to discontinued operations in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. On July 23, 2019, the Investors X operating agreement was amended to clarify certain definitions resulting in the Company no longer being the primary beneficiary of Investors X. Therefore, the assets and liabilities of Investors X were deconsolidated effective July 23, 2019 in the Consolidated Balance Sheets of the Company. 14. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS Lease for Corporate Headquarters The Company previously leased its corporate headquarters from an affiliate controlled and owned by our CEO and family. On November 1, 2020, the Company relocated its corporate headquarters to a new office space pursuant to a ten year lease agreement with an affiliate controlled and owned by our Chief Executive Officer and family, as landlord. Future minimum lease payments under this lease, which expires on October 31, 2030, is $9.8 million. The Company is also responsible for the pro-rata share common area maintenance costs to the landlord. For each of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, total rental payments made were $0.5 million and $0.6 million, respectively. Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $0.6 million and $0.6 million, respectively. This is reflected within 'Direct costs - asset management' as it is a reimbursable costs under the 2019 AMA. Asset Management Agreement On March 30, 2018, CAM, an entity wholly owned by the Company, entered into that AMA with CDS. The effective date of the AMA is January 2, 2018. Pursuant to the AMA, CDS has engaged CAM to manage and administer the CDS’ commercial real estate portfolio and the day to-day operations of CDS and each property-owning subsidiary of CDS (the "CDS Portfolio"). Pursuant to the terms of the AMA, CAM will provide investment advisory, development and asset management services necessary to build out, stabilize and manage certain assets. Pursuant to the AMA, CDS will pay CAM an annual cost-plus fee (the “Annual Fee”) in an aggregate amount equal to the sum of (i) the employment expenses of personnel dedicated to providing services to the CDS Portfolio pursuant to the AMA, (ii) the costs and expenses of the Company related to maintaining the listing of its shares on a securities exchange and complying with regulatory and reporting obligations as a public company, and (iii) a fixed annual payment of $1.0 million. 2019 Amended Asset Management Agreement On April 30, 2019, CAM entered into the 2019 AMA with CDS, which amends and restates in its entirety the asset management agreement between the parties dated March 30, 2018 with an effective date as of January 1, 2018. Pursuant to the 2019 AMA, CDS will engage CAM to manage and administer the Anchor Portfolio and the day to-day operations of CDS and each property-owning subsidiary of CDS (collectively, the “CDS Entities”). Pursuant to the 2019 AMA, the Company provides asset management services related to the build out, lease-up and stabilization, and management of the Anchor Portfolio. CDS pays the Company and its subsidiaries annual fees equal to the greater of either (i) an aggregate amount equal to the sum of (a) an asset management fee equal to 2.5% of revenues generated by properties included in the Anchor Portfolio; (b) a construction management fee equal to 4% of all costs associated with Anchor Portfolio projects in development; (c) a property management fee equal to 1% of the Anchor Portfolio revenues, (d) an acquisition fee equal to up to 0.5% of the purchase price of acquired assets; and (f) a disposition fee equal to 0.5% of the sales price of an asset on disposition; or (ii) an aggregate amount equal to the sum of (x) the employment expenses of personnel dedicated to providing services to the Anchor Portfolio pursuant to the 2020 AMA, (y) the costs and expenses of the Company related to maintaining the public listing of its shares and complying with related regulatory and reporting obligations, and (z) a fixed annual payment of $1.0 million. In addition to the annual payment of the greater of either the Market Rate Fee or the Cost Plus Fee, the Company also is entitled on an annual basis to the following additional fees: (i) an incentive fee equal to 10% of the free cash flow of each of the real estate assets comprising the Anchor Portfolio after calculating a compounding preferred return of 8% on F-23 Table of Contents CDS invested capital (ii) an investment origination fee equal to 1% of raised capital, (iii) a leasing fee equal to $1.00/sf for new leases and $0.50/sf for renewals; and (iv) mutually agreeable loan origination fees related to the Anchor Portfolio. The 2019 AMA will terminate on December 31, 2027 (“Initial Term”), an extension from the original termination date of December 31, 2022, and will automatically renew for successive additional one year terms (each an “Extension Term”) unless CDS delivers written notice of non-renewal of the 2190 AMA at least 180 days prior to the termination date of the Initial Term or any Extension Term. Twenty-four months after the effective date of the 2019 AMA, CDS is entitled to terminate the 2019 AMA without cause upon 180 days advance written notice to CAM. In the event of such a termination and in addition to the payment of any accrued annual fees due and payable as of the termination date under the 2019 AMA, CDS is required to pay a termination fee equal to (i) the Market Rate Fee or the Cost Plus Fee paid to CAM for the calendar year immediately preceding the termination , and (ii) a one-time payment of the Incentive Fee as if the CRE Portfolio were liquidated for fair market value as of the termination date; or the continued payment of the Incentive Fee as if a termination had not occurred. Residential, Commercial and Parking Property Management Agreements The Company entered into separate residential property management agreements with properties owned by CDS Entities under which the Company receives fees to manage and operate the properties including tenant communications, leasing of apartment units, rent collections, building maintenance and day-to-day operations, engagement and supervision of contractors and vendors providing services for the buildings, and budget preparation and oversight. The Company entered into separate commercial property and parking management agreements with several properties owned by CDS Entities under which the Company receives fees to manage and operate the office and retail portions of the properties, including tenant communications, rent collections, building maintenance and day-to-day operations, engagement and supervision of contractors and vendors providing services for the buildings, and budget preparation and oversight. These property management agreements are each for one year initial terms with successive, automatic one year renewal terms, unless sooner terminated. The Company generally receives base management fees under these agreements based upon a percentage of gross rental revenues for the portions of the buildings being managed in addition to reimbursement of specified expenses, including employment expenses of personnel employed by the Company in the management and operation of each property. Construction Management Agreements The Company has construction management agreements with properties owned by CDS Entities under which the Company receives fees to provide certain construction management and supervision services, including construction supervision and management of the buildout of certain tenant premises. The Company receives a flat construction management fee for each engagement under a work authorization based upon the construction management or supervision fee set forth in the applicable tenant’s lease, which fee is generally 1% to 4% of the total costs (or total hard costs) of construction of the tenant’s improvements in its premises, or as otherwise agreed to by the parties. Business Management Agreements On April 30, 2019, CAM entered into a Business Management Agreement (the “BMA”) with Investors X, whereby CAM will provide Investors X with asset and professional services related to the wind down of the Company’s divested homebuilding operations and the continuation of services related to the Company’s divested land development activities. The aggregate fee payable to CAM from Investors X under the Management Agreement is $937.5 thousand, payable in fifteen quarterly installments of $62.5 thousand each. The Hartford Investment On December 30, 2019 the Company made an investment related to the purchase of the Hartford, a stabilized commercial office building located at 3101 Wilson Boulevard in the Clarendon area of Arlington County, Virginia. The Company’s maximum amount of investment related to the purchase of the Hartford is $1.2 million. In conjunction with the investment, the Company entered into an operating agreement with Partners to form Comstock 3101 Wilson, LC, to purchase the Hartford. Pursuant to the Operating Agreement, the Company holds a minority membership interest of the Hartford and the remaining membership interests of the Hartford are held by Partners. Partners is the manager of the Hartford. At the closing of the acquisition of the Hartford, the Company received an acquisition fee of $500 thousand and is entitled to asset management, property management, construction management and leasing fees for its F-24 Table of Contents management of the Property pursuant to separate agreements between the Hartford, or its affiliates, and the Company, or its affiliates. The Company is also entitled to an incentive fee related to the performance of the investment. On February 7, 2020, the Company, Partners and DWF VI 3101 Wilson Member, LLC (“DWF”), an unaffiliated, third party, equity investor in the Hartford, entered into a limited liability company agreement (the “DWC Operating Agreement”) to form DWC 3101 Wilson Venture, LLC (“DWC”) to, among other things, acquire, own and hold all interests in the Hartford Owner. In furtherance thereof, on February 7, 2020, the Original Operating Agreement for the Hartford Owner was amended and restated (the “A&R Operating Agreement”) to memorialize the Company’s and Partners’ assignment of 100% of its membership interests in the Hartford Owner to DWC. As a result thereof, DWC is the sole member of the Hartford Owner. The Company and Partners, respectively, hold minority membership interests in, and DWF holds the majority membership interest in, DWC. The Company’s ownership interest in the Hartford remains at 2.5%. Private Placements and Promissory Notes On March 19, 2020, the Company entered into a Revolving Capital Line of Credit Agreement (the “Loan Documents”) with CDS, pursuant to which the Company secured a $10.0 million capital line of credit (the “Revolver”). Under the terms of the Loan Documents, the Revolver provides for an initial variable interest rate of the WSJ Prime Rate plus 1.00% per annum on advances made under the Revolver, payable monthly in arrears. The five-year term facility allows for interim draws that carry a maturity date of 12 months from the initial date of the disbursement unless a longer initial term is agreed to by CDS. On March 27, 2020 the Company borrowed $5.5 million under the Revolver. On April 10, 2020, the capital provided to the Company by the Revolver was utilized to retire all of the Company’s 10% corporate indebtedness maturing in 2020 owed to CGF. See Note 8 - Debt for further description of the CGF Private Placement and the Revolver. Revenues from Related Parties The following table details the revenue earned from related parties. Related party revenue Asset management Real estate services Total Related Party Revenue 15. UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURE Years ended 2020 2019 $ $ 21,818 945 22,763 $ $ 19,370 1,192 20,562 The Company accounts for its interest in its title insurance joint venture using the equity method of accounting and adjusts the carrying value for its proportionate share of earnings, losses and distributions. The investment in the unconsolidated joint venture was $29.0 thousand and $125.0 thousand as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and is included within ‘Prepaid and other assets, net’ in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Earnings for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, from this unconsolidated joint venture of $33 thousand and $222 thousand, respectively, is included in ‘Other income, net’ in the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Operations. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company collected and recorded a distribution of $130 thousand and $172 thousand, respectively, from this joint venture as a return on investment. Summarized financial information for the unconsolidated joint venture is as follows: Statement of Operations: Total net revenue Total expenses Net income Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. share of net income 16. REVENUE F-25 Years ended December 31, 2020 2019 $ $ $ 185 119 66 33 $ $ $ 558 115 443 222 Table of Contents the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues are affected by economic factors. The following table presents the Company’s revenues from contracts with customers disaggregated by categories which best represents how Revenue by customer Related party Commercial Total Revenue by Customer Revenue by contract type Fixed-price Cost-plus Time and Material Total Revenue by contract type Years ended December 31, 2020 2019 22,763 5,963 28,726 $ $ 20,562 4,755 25,317 Years ended December 31, 2020 2019 5,229 13,702 9,795 28,726 $ $ 4,137 14,546 6,634 25,317 $ $ $ $ For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, $28.0 million and $23.3 million of our revenues were earned for contracts where revenue is recognized over time, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, $0.8 million and $2.1 million of our revenues were earned for contracts where revenue is recognized at a point in time, respectively. 17. NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE The weighted average shares and share equivalents used to calculate basic and diluted (loss) income for continuing and discontinued operations per share for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are presented in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. Restricted stock awards, stock options and warrants for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are included in the diluted income (loss) per share calculation using the treasury stock method and average market prices during the periods, unless their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. December 31, 2020 and 2019 as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. The following share equivalents have been excluded from the continuing operations dilutive share computation for the years ended Restricted stock awards Stock options Warrants Years Ended December 31, 2020 1 134 548 683 2019 — 237 604 841 December 31, 2020 and 2019 as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. The following share equivalents have been excluded from the discontinued operations dilutive share computation for the years ended Restricted stock awards Stock options Warrants 18. INCOME TAXES F-26 2020 Years Ended December 31, — — — — 2019 207 263 604 1,074 Table of Contents During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized income tax expense of $25 thousand from continuing operations and the effective tax rate was 0.45%. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized income tax expense of $2 thousand and the effective tax rate was 0.29%. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The Company assesses available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of existing deferred tax assets. The cumulative loss incurred by the Company over the three-year period ended December 31, 2020 constitutes a significant piece of objective negative evidence. Such objective negative evidence limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as our projections for future profitability and growth. Based on this evaluation, as of December 31, 2020, the Company maintained a full valuation allowance against net deferred tax assets as their realization did not meet the more-likely-than-not criterion. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable, however, could be adjusted in the future if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight is given to subjective evidence such as our projections for future profitability and growth. With a full valuation allowance, any change in the deferred tax asset or liability is fully offset by a corresponding change in the valuation allowance. The Company currently has approximately $146 million in Net Operating Losses (“NOLs), which is based on current statutory tax rates, including the lower corporate tax rate enacted by the Tax Act. If unused, these NOLs will begin expiring in 2027. Under Code Section 382 (“Section 382”) rules, if a change of ownership is triggered, the Company’s NOL assets and possibly certain other deferred tax assets may be impaired. We estimate that as of December 31, 2020, the three-year cumulative shift in ownership of the Company’s stock has not triggered a limitation in the use of our NOL asset. However, if an ownership change were to occur, the Section 382 limitation would not be expected to materially impact the Company’s financial position or results of operations as of December 31, 2020, because the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance on substantially all of its net deferred tax assets. The Company’s ability to use its NOLs (and in certain circumstances, future built-in losses and depreciation deductions) can be negatively affected if there is an “ownership change” as defined under Section 382. In general, an ownership change occurs whenever there is a shift in ownership by more than 50 percentage points by one or more 5% stockholders over a specified time period (generally three years). Given Section 382’s broad definition, an ownership change could be the unintended consequence of otherwise normal market trading in the Company’s stock that is outside of the Company’s control. In an effort to preserve the availability of these NOLs, Comstock adopted a Section 382 rights agreement, which expired in May 2014. In June 2015, at the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the Company’s stockholders approved a new Internal Revenue Code Section 382 Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) to protect stockholder value. The Rights Agreement expires on March 27, 2025. The Rights Agreement was adopted to reduce the likelihood of such an unintended “ownership change”, thus preserving the value of these tax benefits. Similar plans have been adopted by a number of companies holding similar significant tax assets over the past several years. The Company has not recorded any accruals related to uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We file U.S. and state income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. The 2017 through 2019 tax years remain subject to examination by federal and most state tax authorities. The income tax provision for continuing operations consists of the following as of December 31: Deferred: Federal State Valuation allowance Total income tax expense 2020 2019 $ $ (143) (26) (169) 194 25 $ $ 178 32 210 (208) 2 Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows: F-27 Table of Contents Deferred tax assets: 2020 2019 Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards $ 37,899 $ 37,440 Stock based compensation Investment in affiliates Deferred Revenue - Advance payment Other Depreciation and amortization Less - valuation allowance Net deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Depreciation and amortization Goodwill amortization Net deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) 648 264 — 14 37 38,862 (38,780) 82 — (103) (103) (21) $ $ 502 482 64 213 — 38,701 (38,601) 100 (55) (56) (111) (11) non-controlling interest follows: A reconciliation of the statutory rate and the effective tax rate after adjustments for non-includable partnership income arising from Federal statutory rate State income taxes - net of federal benefit Permanent differences Return to provision adjustments Change in valuation allowance Current state income tax Change in enacted state rates Other, net Effective tax rate 19. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS 2020 (21.00 %) (4.93 %) 22.77 % (0.81) % (8.48) % — % 13.53 % (1.53) % (0.45 %) 2019 (21.00 %) (4.74 %) (0.44 %) 0.42 % 25.47 % — % — % — % (0.29 %) On April 30, 2019, the Company entered into the MTA with CDS, an entity wholly owned by Christopher Clemente, the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and FR54, LC (“FR54”), an entity also controlled by Mr. Clemente, that sets forth certain transactions to complete the Company’s previously announced exit from the homebuilding and land development business in favor of a migration to an asset management model. Refer to Note 14 – Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities for further discussion regarding the accounting related to discontinued operations. and 2019. The Company did not carry any assets or liabilities from discontinued operations on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 F-28 Table of Contents (loss) from discontinued operations are as follows: The operating results of the discontinued operations that are reflected on the Consolidated Statement of Operations within the net income Revenues Revenue—homebuilding Total revenue Expenses Cost of sales—homebuilding Sales and marketing General and administrative Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes Income tax benefit Net loss from discontinued operations Net income attributable to non-controlling interests Net loss attributable to Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. Year Ended December 31, 2019 $ $ 14,919 14,919 14,901 270 21 (273) (15) (258) 313 (571) 20. SEGMENT DISCLOSURES We operate our business through our two segments: Asset Management, and Real Estate Services. In our Asset Management segment, we focus on providing management services to a wide range of real estate owners and businesses that include a variety of commercial real estate uses, including apartments, hotels, office buildings, commercial garages, leased lands, retail stores, mixed-use developments, and urban transit-oriented developments. The properties and businesses we currently manage are located primarily along the Washington, D.C. Metro Silver Line in Fairfax and Loudoun Counties, but we also manage projects in other jurisdictions including Maryland and Virginia. In our Real Estate Services segment, our experienced management team provides a wide range of real estate services in the areas of strategic corporate planning, capital markets, brokerage services, and environmental and design-based services. Our environmental services group provides consulting and engineering services, environmental studies, remediation services and provides site specific solutions for any project that may have an environmental impact, from environmental due diligence to site-specific assessments and remediation. The Real Estate Services segment operates in the Mid-Atlantic Region. operations, for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. The following table includes the Company’s two reportable segments of Asset Management and Real Estate Services, excluding discontinued Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2020 Gross revenue Gross profit Net income Total assets Depreciation, amortization, and stock based compensation Interest expense F-29 Asset Management Real Estate Services Total (from continuing operations) $ $ 21,923 3,478 1,542 24,886 774 344 $ $ 6,803 2,706 540 3,693 227 35 $ $ 28,726 6,184 2,082 28,579 1,001 379 Table of Contents Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2019 Gross revenue Gross profit Net income (loss) Total assets Depreciation, amortization, and stock based compensation Interest expense 21. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS Legal entity names changes Asset Management Real Estate Services Total (from continuing operations) $ $ 19,605 3,044 1,737 15,270 430 390 $ $ 5,712 1,101 (273) 4,663 266 84 $ $ 25,317 4,145 1,464 19,933 696 474 On February 18, 2021, the Company amended the entity names for several subsidiaries as part of operational efficiency enhancements initiated in the first quarter of 2021. The entity names were changed for the following Company subsidiaries: (a) CDS Asset Management, LC is now CHCI Asset Management, LC, (b) Comstock Commercial Management, LC is now CHCI Commercial Management, LC, (c) Comstock Residential Management, LC is now CHCI Residential Management, LC, CDS Capital Management, L.C. is now CHCI Capital Management, LC and Comstock Real Estate Services, LC is now CHCI Real Estate Services, L.C. Momentum at Shady Grove Metro final payment estate development management services from the Comstock Stratford JV on February 23, 2021. In connection with the Momentum at Shady Grover Metro Station project, a subsidiary of the Company received the final payment for real F-30 comstockcompanies.com Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. 1900 Reston Metro Plaza Tenth Floor Reston, Virginia 20190 703.230.1985 

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