Crown Castle Annual Report 2008

FY2008 Annual Report · Crown Castle

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K
[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008
or

[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ____ to ____

Commission File Number 001-16441
CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction
of incorporation or organization)

76-0470458
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

1220 Augusta Drive, Suite 500, Houston, Texas 77057-2261
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(713) 570-3000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities Registered Pursuant to
Section 12(b) of the Act
Common Stock, $.01 par value
Rights to Purchase Series A Participating
Cumulative Preferred Stock

Name of Each Exchange
on Which Registered
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NONE.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Role 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  No 

Indicated by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been
subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be
contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form
10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a small reporting

company. See definitions of a ―large accelerated filer,‖ ―accelerated filer‖ and ―smaller reporting company‖ in rule 12B-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer 
Non-accelerated filer 

Accelerated filer 
Smaller reporting company 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes  No 

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $10.6
billion as of June 30, 2008, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based on the New York Stock
Exchange closing price on that day of $38.73 per share.

As of February 17, 2009, there were 288,665,752 shares of Common Stock outstanding.

Applicable Only to Corporate Registrants

Documents Incorporated by Reference

The information required to be furnished pursuant to Part III of this Form 10-K will be set forth in, and incorporated by reference from, the
registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders (the ―2009 Proxy Statement‖), which will be filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008.

CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PART I

Item 1. Business .................................................................................................................................................... 1
Item 1A. Risk Factors .............................................................................................................................................. 8
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments ..................................................................................................................... 14
Item 2. Properties .................................................................................................................................................. 14
Item 3. Legal Proceedings .....................................................................................................................................
15
Item 4. Submissions of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders ............................................................................. 15

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of

Equity Securities ................................................................................................................................... 16
Item 6. Selected Financial Data ............................................................................................................................ 18
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ................... 20
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk .................................................................. 40
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ......................................................................................... 43
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure .................. 87
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures ........................................................................................................................... 87
Item 9B. Other Information ..................................................................................................................................... 90

PART III

Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant .................................................................................. 90
Item 11. Executive Compensation .......................................................................................................................... 90
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management ...................................................... 90
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions ....................................................................................... 90
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services ................................................................................................... 90

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules .................................................................................................. 91

Signatures ................................................................................................................................................................ 98

PART IV

Cautionary Language Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s
expectations as of the filing date of this report with the Securities and Exchange Commission (―SEC‖). Statements that
are not historical facts are hereby identified as forward-looking statements. In addition, words such as ―estimate,‖
―anticipate,‖ ―project,‖ ―plan,‖ ―intend,‖ ―believe,‖ ―expect,‖ ―likely,‖ ―predicted,‖ and similar expressions are intended to
identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include plans, projections and estimates contained in ―Item 1.
Business,‖ ―Item 3. Legal Proceedings,‖ ―Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations‖ (―MD&A‖) and ―Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk‖ herein.

Such forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including prevailing
market conditions, the risk factors described under ―Item 1A. Risk Factors‖ herein and other factors. Should one or more
of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary
materially from those expected.

Unless this Form 10-K indicates otherwise or the context otherwise requires, the terms, ―we,‖ ―our,‖ ―our
company,‖ ―the company‖ or ―us‖ as used in this Form 10-K refer to Crown Castle International Corp. (―CCIC‖), a
Delaware corporation organized on April 20, 1995, and its subsidiaries. Unless this Form 10-K indicates otherwise
or the context otherwise requires, ―Global Signal‖ refers to the former Global Signal Inc. and its subsidiaries which
merged into a subsidiary of ours in January 2007 (―Global Signal Merger‖). Unless this Form 10-K indicates
otherwise or the context otherwise requires, the terms ―CCUSA‖ and ―in the U.S.‖ refer to our CCUSA segment.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Overview

We own, operate and lease towers and other communication structures, including certain rooftop installations
(collectively, ―towers‖), for wireless communications. Our core business is renting space on our towers via long-
term contracts in various forms, including license, sublease and lease agreements. Generally, our towers can
accommodate multiple customers (―co-location‖) for antennas and other equipment necessary for the transmission of
wireless signals for mobile telephones and other devices. Revenues derived from this site rental business
represented 92% of our 2008 consolidated revenues.

Information concerning our tower portfolio as of December 31, 2008 is as follows:

 We owned, leased or managed approximately 24,100 towers.
 We have approximately 22,300 towers in the United States (―U.S.‖), approximately 1,600 towers in

Australia, and the remainder of our towers are located in Puerto Rico and Canada.

 Our customers include many of the world’s major wireless communications companies. In the U.S., Sprint
Nextel, AT&T, Verizon Wireless (inclusive of Alltel) and T-Mobile accounted for 76% and 72% of our
2008 CCUSA and consolidated revenues, respectively. In Australia, our customers include Vodafone,
Optus, Telstra and Hutchison.

 Approximately 54% and 71% of our towers in the U.S. and Puerto Rico were located in the 50 and 100
largest basic trading areas, or ―BTAs‖, respectively. Through our Australia tower portfolio, we have a
strategic presence in each of Australia’s major metropolitan areas, including Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane,
Adelaide and Perth.

 We owned in fee or had perpetual or long-term easements in the land and other properties (collectively
―land‖) on which approximately 5,500 of our towers reside, and we leased, subleased or licensed the land
on which approximately 17,900 of our towers reside. In addition, we managed approximately 700 towers
owned by third parties where we had the right to market space on the tower or where we had sublease
agreements with the tower owner.

Our site rental revenues typically result from long-term contracts with (1) initial terms of five to fifteen years,
(2) multiple renewal periods at the option of the tenant of five to ten years each, and (3) contractual escalators of the
rental price. As a result, the vast majority of our site rental revenues is of a recurring nature and has been contracted
for in a prior year. We seek to increase our site rental revenues by adding more tenants on our towers, which we
expect to result in significant incremental cash flow due to our relatively fixed tower operating costs.

To a much lesser extent, we also provide certain network services relating to our towers, including antenna
installations and subsequent augmentation, network design and site selection, site acquisition, site development and
other services.

Strategy

Our strategy is to increase long-term stockholder value by translating anticipated future growth in our core site
rental business into growth of our results of operations on a per share basis. We believe our strategy is consistent
with our mission to deliver the highest level of service to our customers at all times – striving to be their critical
partner as we assist them in growing efficient, ubiquitous wireless networks. The key elements of our strategy are
to:

 Organically grow the revenues and cash flows from our towers. We seek to maximize the site rental
revenues of our towers by co-locating additional tenants on our towers as wireless carriers deploy and
improve their wireless networks. We seek to maximize additional tenant co-locations through our focus on
customer service and deployment speed and by leveraging our web-based proprietary tools. Due to the
relatively fixed nature of the costs to operate our towers (which tend to increase at approximately the rate
of inflation), we expect the increased revenues from additional co-locations and contracted escalators to
result in significant incremental site rental gross margin and growth in our operating cash flows. We
believe there is considerable additional future demand for our existing towers based on their location
(significant presence in 91 of the top 100 BTAs in the U.S. and Puerto Rico) and the anticipated growth in
the wireless communications industry.

 Allocate capital efficiently. We seek to allocate the cash produced by our operations in a manner that will
enhance per share operating results. Given the current conditions in the credit markets, we currently expect
to use the majority of our cash to purchase or repay our debt and severely limit our other discretionary
investments. Historically, we have invested our available cash in discretionary investments such as those
shown below (in no particular order), which we expect to resume in the future depending upon the then
state of the credit environment and availability of liquidity in the capital markets:

enter into acquisitions of tower businesses;
selectively construct or acquire towers and distributed antenna systems;
acquire land under towers;

○ purchase shares of our own common stock (―common stock‖) from time to time;
○
○
○
○ make improvements and structural enhancements to our existing towers; and
○ purchase or redeem our debt or preferred stock.

Our long-term strategy is based on our belief that opportunities will be created by the expected continuation of
growth in the wireless communications industry, which depends on the demand for wireless telephony and data
services by consumers. Thus far, the wireless communications industry has not been impacted by the recent slowing
economy to any significant degree. The following is a discussion of certain growth trends in the wireless
communications industry:

 We expect wireless carriers will continue their focus on improving network quality by adding additional
antennas for the transmission of their services in an effort to improve customer retention and satisfaction.
 Consumers are increasing their use of wireless voice and data services. According to a Cellular
Telecommunications & Internet Association (―CTIA‖) U.S. wireless industry survey and other published
reports:

○ Minutes of use exceeded 1.1 trillion for the first half of 2008, which represents a year-over-year

increase of 11%.

○ Wireless data service revenues were nearly $15 billion for the first half of 2008, which represents

a year-over-year increase of 40%.

○ Wireless users totaled 262 million as of June 30, 2008, which represents a year-over-year increase

of nearly 20 million subscribers, or 8%.

○ The percentage of U.S. households with no wireline communications and only wireless

communications increased to approximately 18% as of June 30, 2008.
○ Wireless penetration in the U.S. increased to 87% as of June 30, 2008.

 Our customers have introduced, and we believe they plan to continue to deploy, next generation wireless
technologies, including third generation (―3G‖) and wireless data technology, such as email, internet and
mobile video. We expect these next generation technologies and others, such as fourth generation (―4G‖)
technology (including long-term evolution), to translate into additional demand for tower space.

 We have seen and anticipate there could be other new entrants into the wireless communications industry

that should deploy regional or national wireless networks for voice and data services.

 The Federal Communications Commission (―FCC‖) auctioned spectrum licenses in the Advanced Wireless
Services Auction No. 66 during the third quarter of 2006 and the 700 MHz Band Auction No. 73 in March
2008. We expect that these spectrum auctions and future auctions should enable next generation networks
and possibly enable one or more new entrants into the wireless communications industry.

 Many countries outside of the U.S. have wireless penetration rates approaching or exceeding 100% and
have wireless networks faster and even more robust than the U.S. This wireless activity outside of the U.S.
may be a leading indicator for U.S. wireless communications. See also ―Item 1. The Company―CCAL.‖

2008 Highlights and Recent Developments

See ―Item 7. MD&A‖ and our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of developments and activities
occurring in 2008 and the beginning of 2009, including the issuance of our 9% senior notes in January 2009 and the
challenging credit markets.

The Company

We operate our business primarily in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico) and Australia, with nominal operations in
Canada and the United Kingdom (―U.K.‖). We conduct our operations principally through subsidiaries of Crown
Castle Operating Company (―CCOC‖), including (1) certain subsidiaries which operate our tower portfolios in the
U.S., Puerto Rico and Canada (collectively referred to as ―CCUSA‖) and (2) a 77.6% owned subsidiary that operates
our Australia tower portfolio (referred to as ―CCAL‖). For more information about our operating segments, as well
as financial information about the geographic areas in which we operate, see note 18 to our consolidated financial
statements and ―Item 7. MD&A.‖

CCUSA

Overview. The core business of CCUSA is the renting of antenna space on our towers predominately to
wireless carriers under long-term contracts. Supporting our competitive position in the site rental business, we offer
our tenants certain network services relating to our towers, including antenna installations and other services. At
December 31, 2008, CCUSA owned, leased or managed approximately 22,500 towers. Although we own, lease or
manage approximately 200 towers located in Puerto Rico and Canada that are included in CCUSA, our towers are
predominately located in the U.S., with concentrations in the 50 and 100 largest BTAs.

Most of our CCUSA towers were acquired through transactions consummated within the past nine years,

including through the transactions summarized below:

Acquisition

Transaction
Closing Dates

Current No. of
Towers

Global Signal(a) ..................................................

2007

10,684

Mountain Union Telecom, LLC..........................

Trintel Communications Inc. ..............................

2006

2005

GTE Wireless(d) .................................................

2000(b)

Bell South Mobility(e) and Bell South DCS(e) ..

Bell Atlantic Mobile(d) .......................................

1999 –
2000(c)
1999

Powertel(f) ..........................................................

1999

480

467

2,870

3,035

2,014

674

Primary Tower Locations

Southeastern, Southwestern, Midwestern,
Pacific Coast and Northeastern U.S.

Puerto Rico and Southern U.S.

Midwestern U.S.

Eastern, Midwestern, Southwestern and
Pacific Coast U.S.

Southeastern and Midwestern U.S.

Eastern, Southwestern U.S.

Southeastern U.S.

(a) 6,553 towers were originally acquired by Global Signal from Sprint (a predecessor of Sprint Nextel). See ―Item 7. MD&A—General

Overview—Acquisition of Global Signal‖ and note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the Global Signal Merger.

(b) The towers from GTE Wireless were acquired in multiple closings from January 2000 through September 2000.
(c) The towers from Bell South Mobility and Bell South DCS were acquired in multiple closings from June 1999 through December 2000.
(d) Now part of Verizon Wireless.
(e) Now part of AT&T.
(f) Now part of T-Mobile.

Site Rental. CCUSA rents space on its towers for antennas and other equipment and leases access to our
distributed antenna systems for the transmission of a variety of wireless signals predominately related to wireless
voice and data transmission.

We generally receive monthly rental payments from tenants, payable under site leases. Over the last several
years, our new leases have generally had initial terms of seven to fifteen years (with three or four optional renewal
periods of five years each) and provide for annual price increases based upon a consumer price index, a fixed
percentage or a combination thereof. The lease agreements with our tenants relating to tower network acquisitions
generally have an original term of ten years, with multiple renewal options at the option of the tenant, each typically
ranging from five to ten years. We have existing master lease agreements with most wireless carriers, including
Sprint Nextel, AT&T, Verizon Wireless, and T-Mobile, which provide certain terms (including economic terms)
that govern leases on our towers entered into by such parties during the term of their master lease agreements.

The average monthly rental payment of a new tenant added to a tower varies among the different regions in the
U.S. and the type of service being provided by the tenant, with broadband tenants paying more than narrowband
tenants (such as paging), primarily as a result of the physical size of the antenna installation. We also routinely
receive rental payment increases in connection with lease amendments which authorize carriers to add additional
antennas or other equipment to towers on which they already have equipment pursuant to pre-existing lease
agreements.

The operating expenditures of our site rental business consist predominately of ground lease expense, property
taxes, repairs and maintenance, employee compensation and related benefit costs, and utilities, which tend to
escalate at approximately the rate of inflation. As a result of the relative fixed nature of these expenditures, the co-
location of additional tenants is achieved at a low incremental cost resulting in high incremental cash flows.

Network Services. We also provide network services, on a limited basis, primarily relating to our towers for our
tenants. Our service offerings consist of antenna installations and subsequent augmentation, network design and site
selection, site acquisition, site development and other services. We have the capability and expertise to install, with
the assistance of our network of subcontractors, equipment and antenna systems for our customers. These activities
are typically non-recurring and highly competitive, with a number of local competitors in most markets. We
typically bill for our antenna installation services on a fixed price basis. Network services revenues are received
primarily from wireless communications companies or their agents.

Customers. In both the site rental and network services businesses, we work with a number of customers. We
work extensively with large national wireless carriers such as Sprint Nextel, AT&T, Verizon Wireless, and T-
Mobile. Approximately 48% of 2008 CCUSA site rental revenues are with customers (or their parent companies)
who are rated investment grade including AT&T, Verizon Wireless (a joint venture of Verizon Communications and
Vodafone) and T-Mobile (a subsidiary of Deutsche Telecom). In addition to the four largest customers, our 2008
net revenues and new tenant additions were derived from second tier and emerging wireless customers, such as
those offering flat rate calling plans and wireless data technologies. The following table summarizes the net
revenues from our four largest customers expressed as a percentage of CCUSA’s and our consolidated revenues for
2008. See ―Item 1A. Risk Factors.‖

Customer

Sprint Nextel ............................................................................................
AT&T ......................................................................................................
Verizon Wireless (a) ................................................................................
T-Mobile ..................................................................................................

Total .........................................................................................................

(a)

Inclusive of Alltel as a result of the merger that occurred in January 2009.

% of 2008
CCUSA
Net Revenues

% of 2008
Consolidated
Net Revenues

25%
20%
18%
13%

76%

23%
19%
18%
12%

72%

Sales and Marketing. The CCUSA sales organization markets our towers within the wireless communications
industry with the objective of renting space on existing towers and on new towers prior to construction. We seek to
become the critical partner and preferred independent tower provider for our customers and increase customer
satisfaction relative to our peers.

We use public and proprietary databases to develop targeted marketing programs focused on carrier network
build-outs, modifications, site additions, new tower builds, distributed antenna systems and network services.
Information about carriers’ existing location of antenna space, leases, marketing strategies, capital spend plans,
deployment status, and actual wireless carrier signal strength measurements taken in the field is analyzed to match
specific towers in our portfolios with potential new site demand. We have developed a patented web-based tool that
stores key tower information above and beyond normal property management information, including data on actual
customer signal strength, demographics, site readiness and competitive structures. In addition, the web-based tool
assists us in estimating potential demand for our towers with greater speed and accuracy. Through these and other
tools we have developed, we seek to have proactive discussions with our customers regarding their wireless
infrastructure deployment plans and the timing and location of their demand for our towers.

A team of national account directors maintains our relationships with our largest customers. These directors
work to develop new tower leasing opportunities, network services contracts and site management opportunities, as
well as to ensure that customers’ tower needs are efficiently translated into new leases on our towers. Sales
personnel in our area offices develop and maintain local relationships with carriers that are expanding their
networks, entering new markets, bringing new technologies to market or requiring maintenance or add-on business.
In addition to our full-time sales and marketing staff, a number of senior managers and officers spend a significant
portion of their time on sales and marketing activities and call on existing and prospective customers.

Competition. CCUSA competes with (1) other independent tower owners which also provide site rental and
network services; (2) wireless carriers which build, own and operate their own tower networks and lease space to
other wireless communication companies, and (3) owners of alternative facilities including rooftops, broadcast
towers, distributed antenna systems, utility poles, and outdoor advertisers. Wireless carriers that own and operate
their own tower networks generally are substantially larger and have greater financial resources than we have. We
believe that tower location and capacity, deployment speed, quality of service and price have been and will continue
to be the most significant competitive factors affecting the leasing of a tower.

Some of the larger independent tower companies with which CCUSA competes in the U.S. include American
Tower Corporation, SBA Communications Corporation, Global Tower Partners and TowerCo. Significant
additional site rental competition comes from the renting of rooftops, utility structures and other alternative sites for
antennas.

Competitors in the network services business include site acquisition consultants, zoning consultants, real estate
firms, right-of-way consulting firms, construction companies, tower owners and managers, radio frequency
engineering consultants, telecommunications equipment vendors who can provide turnkey site development services
through multiple subcontractors, and our customers’ internal staffs. We believe that carriers base their decisions on
the outsourcing of network services on criteria such as a company’s experience, track record, local reputation, price
and time for completion of a project.

CCAL

Our primary business in Australia is the renting of antenna space on towers to our customers. CCAL is owned
77.6% by us and 22.4% by Permanent Nominees (Aust) Ltd, acting on behalf of a group of professional and private
investors led by Todd Capital Limited. CCAL is the largest independent tower operator in Australia. As of
December 31, 2008, CCAL had approximately 1,600 towers, with a strategic presence in each of Australia’s major
metropolitan areas, including Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. The vast majority of CCAL’s
towers were acquired from Optus (in 2000) and Vodafone (in 2001). CCAL also provides a range of services
including site maintenance and property management services for towers owned by third parties.

For 2008, CCAL comprised 6% of our consolidated net revenues. CCAL’s principal customers are Vodafone,
Optus, Telstra and Hutchison. For 2008, these four carriers accounted for approximately 95% of CCAL’s revenues,
with Vodafone and Optus accounting for 36% and 35%, respectively. In February 2009, Vodafone and Hutchison
agreed to merge their Australian operations in a joint venture named VHA Pty Ltd. We are evaluating the impact
this joint venture may have on CCAL; however, we currently do not believe it will have a material adverse impact.

In Australia, CCAL competes with wireless carriers, which own and operate their own tower networks; service
companies that provide site maintenance and property management services; and other site owners, such as

broadcasters and building owners. The two other significant tower owners in Australia are Broadcast Australia, an
independent operator of broadcast towers, and Telstra, a wireless carrier. We believe that tower location, capacity,
quality of service, deployment speed and price within a geographic market are the most significant competitive
factors affecting the leasing of a tower.

All four of the major carriers in Australia have deployed extensive 3G networks which provide high bandwidth
wireless services that are generally more robust and faster than typically experienced in the U.S. In addition, the
wireless penetration rate in Australia exceeds 100% (e.g., number of devices exceeds population). These 3G
networks utilize a large number of our towers.

Employees

At February 17, 2009, we employed approximately 1,300 people worldwide. We are not a party to any
collective bargaining agreements. We have not experienced any strikes or work stoppages, and management
believes that our employee relations are satisfactory.

Regulatory Matters

To date, we have not incurred any material fines or penalties or experienced any material adverse effects to our
business as a result of any domestic or international regulations. The summary below is based on regulations
currently in effect, and such regulations are subject to review and modification by the applicable governmental
authority from time to time. If we fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we may be fined or even lose
our rights to conduct some of our business.

United States

Federal Regulations. Both the FCC and the Federal Aviation Administration (―FAA‖) regulate towers used for
wireless communications, radio and television broadcasting. Such regulations control the siting, lighting and
marking of towers and may, depending on the characteristics of particular towers, require the registration of tower
facilities with the FCC and the issuance of determinations confirming no hazard to air traffic. Wireless
communications devices operating on towers are separately regulated and independently licensed based upon the
particular frequency used. In addition, the FCC and the FAA have developed standards to consider proposals for
new or modified tower and antenna structures based upon the height and location, including proximity to airports.
Proposals to construct or to modify existing tower and antenna structures above certain heights are reviewed by the
FAA to ensure the structure will not present a hazard to aviation, which determination may be conditioned upon
compliance with lighting and marking requirements. The FCC requires its licensees to operate communications
devices only on towers that comply with FAA rules and are registered with the FCC, if required by its regulations.
Where tower lighting is required by FAA regulation, tower owners bear the responsibility of notifying the FAA of
any tower lighting outage and ensuring the timely restoration of such outages. Failure to comply with the applicable
requirements may lead to civil penalties.

Local Regulations. The U.S. Telecommunications Act of 1996 amended the Communications Act of 1934 to
preserve state and local zoning authorities’ jurisdiction over the siting of communications towers. The law,
however, limits local zoning authority by prohibiting actions by local authorities that discriminate between different
service providers of wireless services or ban altogether the provision of wireless services. Additionally, the law
prohibits state and local restrictions based on the environmental effects of radio frequency emissions to the extent
the facilities comply with FCC regulations.

Local regulations include city and other local ordinances (including subdivision and zoning ordinances),
approvals for construction, modification and removal of towers, and restrictive covenants imposed by community
developers. These regulations vary greatly, but typically require us to obtain approval from local officials prior to
tower construction. Local zoning authorities may render decisions that prevent the construction or modification of
towers or place conditions on such construction or modifications that are responsive to community residents’
concerns regarding the height, visibility and other characteristics of the towers. Decisions of local zoning authorities
may also adversely affect the timing and cost of tower construction and modification.

Other Regulations. We hold, through certain of our subsidiaries, certain licenses for radio transmission
facilities granted by the FCC, including licenses for common carrier microwave service, commercial and private

mobile radio service, specialized mobile radio and paging service, which are subject to additional regulation by the
FCC. Our FCC license relating to our 1670-1675 MHz U.S. nationwide spectrum license (―Spectrum‖) contains
certain conditions related to the services that may be provided thereunder, the technical equipment used in
connection therewith and the circumstances under which it may be renewed. We are required to obtain the FCC’s
approval prior to assigning or transferring control of our FCC licenses.

Australia

Federal Regulations. Carrier licenses and nominated carrier declarations issued under the Australian
Telecommunications Act 1997 authorize the use of network units for the supply of telecommunications services to
the public. The definition of ―network units‖ includes line links and base stations used for wireless telephony
services but does not include tower infrastructure. Accordingly, CCAL as a tower owner and operator does not
require a carrier license under the Australian Telecommunications Act 1997. Similarly, because CCAL does not
own any transmitters or spectrum, it does not currently require any apparatus or spectrum licenses issued under the
Australian Radiocommunications Act 1992.

Carriers have a statutory obligation to provide other carriers with access to towers, and if there is a dispute
(including a pricing dispute), the matter may be referred to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
for resolution. As a non-carrier, CCAL is not subject to this regime, and our customers negotiate site access on a
commercial basis.

While the Australian Telecommunications Act 1997 grants certain exemptions from planning laws for the
installation of ―low impact facilities,‖ newly constructed towers are expressly excluded from the definition of ―low
impact facilities.‖ Accordingly, in connection with the construction of towers, CCAL is subject to state and local
planning laws which vary on a site by site basis. Structural enhancements may be undertaken on behalf of a carrier
without state and local planning approval under the general ―maintenance power‖ under the Australian
Telecommunications Act 1997, although these enhancements may be subject to state and local planning laws if
CCAL is unable to obtain carrier co-operation to use that legislative power. For a limited number of towers, CCAL
is also required to install aircraft warning lighting in compliance with federal aviation regulations. In Australia, a
carrier may arguably be able to utilize the ―maintenance power‖ under the Australian Telecommunications Act 1997
to remain as a tenant on a tower after the expiration of a site license or sublease; however, CCAL’s customer access
agreements generally limit the ability of customers to do this, and, even if a carrier did utilize this power, the carrier
would be required to pay for CCAL’s financial loss, which would roughly equal the site rental revenues that would
have otherwise been payable.

Local Regulations. In Australia there are various local, state and territory laws and regulations which relate to,
among other things, town planning and zoning restrictions, standards and approvals for the design, construction or
alteration of a structure or facility, and environmental regulations. As in the U.S., these laws vary greatly, but
typically require tower owners to obtain approval from governmental bodies prior to tower construction and to
comply with environmental laws on an ongoing basis.

Environmental Matters

To date, we have not incurred any material fines or penalties or experienced any material adverse effects to our
business as a result of any domestic or international environmental regulations or matters. See ―Item 1A. Risk
Factors.‖

The construction of new towers in the U.S. may be subject to environmental review under the National
Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended (―NEPA‖) which requires federal agencies to evaluate the
environmental impact of major federal actions. The FCC has promulgated regulations implementing NEPA which
require applicants to investigate the potential environmental impact of the proposed tower construction. Should the
proposed tower construction present a significant environmental impact, the FCC must prepare an environmental
impact statement, subject to public comment. If a proposed tower may have a significant impact on the
environment, the FCC’s approval of the construction could be significantly delayed.

Our operations are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the management, use,
storage, disposal, emission, and remediation of, and exposure to, hazardous and non-hazardous substances, materials
and wastes. As an owner, lessee or operator of real property, we are subject to certain environmental laws that

impose strict, joint-and-several liability for the cleanup of on-site or off-site contamination relating to existing or
historical operations; and we could also be subject to personal injury or property damage claims relating to such
contamination. We are potentially subject to environmental and cleanup liabilities in the U.S. (including Puerto
Rico) and Australia.

As licensees and tower owners, we are also subject to regulations and guidelines that impose a variety of
operational requirements relating to radio frequency emissions. As employers, we are subject to OSHA (and similar
occupational health and safety legislation in Australia) and similar guidelines regarding employee protection from
radio frequency exposure. The potential connection between radio frequency emissions and certain negative health
effects, including some forms of cancer, has been the subject of substantial study by the scientific community in
recent years.

We have compliance programs and monitoring projects to help assure that we are in substantial compliance
with applicable environmental laws. Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that the costs of compliance with
existing or future environmental laws will not have a material adverse effect on us.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider all of the risks described below, as well as the other information contained in this

document, when evaluating your investment in our securities.

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness, the majority, if not all, of which we anticipate refinancing or
repaying within the next three years. In the event we do not repay or refinance such indebtedness, we could face
substantial liquidity issues and might be required to issue equity securities or securities convertible into equity
securities, or sell some of our assets to meet our debt payment obligations.

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness (approximately $6.8 billion as of February 17, 2009), and we
anticipate refinancing the majority, if not all, of this indebtedness and our preferred stock within the next three years.
If our tower revenue notes, which were issued by our U.S. tower subsidiaries that comprised substantially all of our
tower business prior to the Global Signal Merger and had an aggregate outstanding principal amount of $3.45 billion
as of December 31, 2008, are not repaid in full by their anticipated repayment dates (five years from their original
issuances in 2005 and 2006), then the interest rates on those notes will increase substantially (by the greater of (1) an
additional 5% per annum over their current rates or (2) the amount, if any, by which the sum of the following
exceeds the note rate for a class of tower revenue notes: the yield to maturity on the applicable anticipated
repayment date of the United States treasury security having a term closest to 10 years, plus 5%, plus the post-
anticipated repayment date spread for such class of tower revenue notes) and monthly amortization payments will
commence. If this occurs, then substantially all of the cash flows of those tower subsidiaries must be applied to
repay principal of the tower revenue notes. As of February 17, 2009, our mortgage loans, which were issued by the
Global Signal tower subsidiaries prior to the Global Signal Merger, in the aggregate principal amounts of $246.5
million and $1.46 billion, have contractual maturities in December 2009 and February 2011, respectively. If we fail
to repay or refinance such mortgage loans when due, it would constitute an event of default under such mortgage
loans, as well as some of our other indebtedness. We are also required to redeem all outstanding shares of our
6.25% convertible preferred stock in August 2012 for approximately $323.0 million, including accrued but unpaid
dividends. There can be no assurances we will be able to effect these anticipated refinancings on commercially
reasonable terms, or terms, including with respect to interest rates, as favorable as our current debt and preferred
stock, or at all.

In early 2007, a crisis began in the subprime mortgage sector, as a result of rising delinquencies and credit
quality deterioration, and the conditions in the general credit markets have continued to deteriorate with widening
credit spreads and a lack of liquidity, including certain debt markets being unavailable. In addition to a lack of
liquidity in the general credit markets, the current credit crisis has resulted in a widening of credit spreads in the
marketplace in general and for us specifically. This crisis together with the global economic recession have
adversely impacted our access to capital, and there can be no assurances that the global economic recession or the
liquidity crisis will not worsen or negatively impact the availability and cost of debt financing, including with
respect to any refinancings of the obligations described above.

obligations under our convertible preferred stock or fund our planned capital expenditures. In such an event, we
could face substantial liquidity issues and might be required to issue equity securities or securities convertible into
equity securities, or sell some of our assets to meet our debt payment obligations. Failure to refinance indebtedness
when required could result in a default under such indebtedness. Assuming we meet certain financial ratios, we
have the ability under our debt instruments to incur additional indebtedness, and any additional indebtedness we
incur could exacerbate the risks described above. See the risk factors below concerning our obligations relating to
our interest rate swaps.

Our substantial level of indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to react to changes in our business, and
the terms of our debt instruments limit our ability to take a number of actions that our management might
otherwise believe to be in our best interests. In addition, if we fail to comply with our covenants, our debt could
be accelerated.

As a result of our need to repay and refinance debt in the current difficult credit markets, demands on our cash
resources are higher than they otherwise would be, which could negatively impact our business, results of operations
and financial condition.

As a result of our substantial indebtedness:

 we may be more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions;
 we may find it more difficult to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital

expenditures and other general corporate requirements or to refinance our existing indebtedness;

 we are required to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations (approximately $360.6
million of our total cash flows from operations for 2008) to the payment of principal and interest on our
debt, reducing the available cash flow to fund other projects;

 we may have limited flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and in the industry;
 we may have a competitive disadvantage relative to other companies in our industry with less debt;
 we may be required to issue equity securities or securities convertible into equity or sell some of our assets,

possibly on unfavorable terms, in order to meet payment obligations; and

 we may be limited in our ability to take advantage of strategic business opportunities, including tower

development and mergers and acquisitions.

Currently we have debt instruments in place that limit in certain circumstances our ability to incur indebtedness,
pay dividends, create liens, sell assets and engage in certain mergers and acquisitions. Our subsidiaries, under their
debt instruments, are also required to maintain specific financial ratios. Our ability to comply with the financial
ratio covenants under these instruments and to satisfy our debt obligations will depend on our future operating
performance. If we fail to comply with the debt restrictions, we will be in default under those instruments, which in
some cases would cause the maturity of substantially all of our long-term indebtedness to be accelerated. If our
subsidiaries that issued the tower revenue notes and mortgage loans were to default on the debt, the trustee could
seek to foreclose upon or otherwise convert the ownership of the securitized towers, in which case we could lose the
towers and the revenues associated with the towers.

CCIC and CCOC are holding companies and conduct all of their operations through their subsidiaries.
Accordingly, each of CCIC’s and CCOC’s source of cash to pay interest and principal on their outstanding
indebtedness and preferred stock is distributions relating to their ownership interests in their subsidiaries from the
net earnings and cash flow generated by such subsidiaries or from proceeds of debt or equity offerings. Earnings
and cash flow generated by their subsidiaries are first applied by such subsidiaries in conducting their operations,
including the service of their respective debt obligations after which any excess cash flow generally may be paid to a
holding company. However, their subsidiaries are legally distinct from the holding companies and, unless they
guarantee such debt, have no obligation to pay amounts due on their debt or to make funds available to us for such
payment.

Our interest rate swaps are currently in a substantial liability position and will need to be cash settled within the
next three years, which could adversely affect our financial condition.

We have used interest rate swaps to hedge our interest rate risk related to variability in LIBOR, which could
adversely affect our financial condition. As a result of our interest rate swaps we would not benefit from the recent
declines in LIBOR if the declines remain when we will need to cash settle these obligations, generally on the

anticipated issuance date of the forecasted transaction. As of February 17, 2009, our outstanding forward-starting
interest rate swaps had a combined notional amount of $5.3 billion; and the liability on a settlement basis totaled
$503.1 million on a settlement basis. In addition as of February 17, 2009, we have two interest rate swaps, with a
combined notional amount of $625.0 million that will be settled in 2009 and would currently result in total payments
by us of $17.4 million. See ―Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk‖ for the cash
obligations by year of maturity, based on current interest rates and the yield curve in effect as of December 31, 2008,
required to settle the forward-starting interest rate swaps.

Our business depends on the demand for wireless communications and towers, and we may be adversely affected
by any slowdown in such demand.

Demand for our towers depends on the demand for antenna space from our customers, which, in turn, depends
on the demand for wireless telephony and data services by their customers. The willingness of our customers to
utilize our infrastructure, or renew existing leases on our towers, is affected by numerous factors, including:

increased use of network sharing, roaming, joint development, or resale agreements by our customers;

consumer demand for wireless services;
availability and capacity of our towers and the land under those towers;
location of our towers and alternative towers;
financial condition of our customers, including their availability and cost of capital;





 willingness of our customers to maintain or increase their capital expenditures;

 mergers or consolidations among our customers;




governmental regulations, including local and state restrictions on the proliferation of towers;
cost of constructing towers;
technological changes, including those affecting (1) the number or type of towers or other communications
sites needed to provide wireless communications services to a given geographic area and (2) the
obsolescence of certain existing wireless networks; and
our ability to efficiently satisfy our customers’ service requirements.



A slowdown in demand for wireless communications or our towers may negatively impact our revenues or

otherwise have a material adverse effect on us.

A substantial portion of our revenues is derived from a small number of customers, and the loss, consolidation or
financial instability of, or network sharing among, any of our limited number of customers may materially
decrease revenues.

For 2008, approximately 72% of our consolidated revenues was derived from Sprint Nextel, AT&T, Verizon
Wireless and T-Mobile, which represented 23%, 19%, 18% and 12%, respectively, of our consolidated net revenues.
The loss of any one of our large customers as a result of bankruptcy, insolvency, consolidation, merger with other
customers of ours or otherwise may materially decrease our revenues and have other adverse effects on our business.
We cannot guarantee that the leases (including management agreements) with our major wireless carriers will not be
terminated or that these carriers will renew such agreements. See also ―Item 1. Business―The Company.‖

Consolidation among our customers may result in duplicate or overlapping parts of networks, which may result
in a reduction of sites and have a negative effect on revenues and cash flows.

Consolidation among our customers will likely result in duplicate or overlapping parts of networks, which may
result in a reduction of cell sites and impact revenues from our towers. In addition, consolidation may result in a
reduction in such customers’ future capital expenditures in the aggregate because their expansion plans may be
similar. In the last several years, certain of our larger carrier customers have merged, including Cingular Wireless
(now known as AT&T) with AT&T Wireless in October 2004 and Sprint with Nextel in August 2005. Any industry
consolidation could decrease the demand for our towers, which in turn may result in a reduction in our revenues and
cash flows.

Sales or issuances of a substantial number of shares of our common stock may adversely affect the market price
of our common stock.

Future sales or issuances of a substantial number of shares of common stock or other equity related securities
may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. As of February 17, 2009, we had 288.7 million shares
of common stock outstanding. In addition, we reserved (1) 15.6 million shares of common stock for future issuance
under our various stock compensation plans and (2) 8.6 million shares of common stock for the conversion of our
outstanding convertible preferred stock. If conditions in the credit markets do not improve, we may face liquidity
issues and might be required to issue equity securities or securities convertible into equity securities which may
cause the price of our common stock to decline significantly.

In addition, a small number of stockholders own a significant percentage of our outstanding common stock. If
any one of these stockholders, or any group of our stockholders, sells a large quantity of shares of our common
stock, or the public market perceives that existing stockholders might sell a large quantity of shares of our common
stock, the market price of our common stock may significantly decline.

A wireless communications industry slowdown may materially and adversely affect our business (including
reducing demand for our towers and network services) and the business of our customers.

In past years, the wireless communications industry has periodically experienced significant general slowdowns
which negatively affected the factors described in these risk factors, influencing demand for tower space and
network services. Similar slowdowns in the future may reduce consumer demand for wireless services or negatively
impact the debt and equity markets, thereby causing carriers to delay or abandon implementation of new systems
and technologies. The global economic recession is predicted by many to continue and perhaps worsen during 2009.
There can be no assurances that such a difficult economic environment will not adversely impact the wireless
communications industry, which may materially and adversely affect our business, including by reducing demand
for our towers and network services. A wireless communications industry slowdown may result in the write-off of
some or all of our goodwill and our inability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards.

As a result of competition in our industry, including from some competitors with significantly more resources or
less debt than we have, we may find it more difficult to achieve favorable rental rates on our towers.

We face competition for site rental customers from various sources, including:

other independent tower owners;


 wireless carriers that own and operate their own towers and lease antenna space to other wireless

communication companies;
alternative facilities including rooftops, distributed antenna systems, broadcast towers and utility poles; and
new alternative deployment methods.




Wireless carriers that own and operate their own tower portfolios are generally substantially larger and have
greater financial resources than we have. Competition for tenants on towers may adversely affect rental rates and
revenues.

New technologies may significantly reduce demand for our towers and negatively impact our revenues.

Improvements in the efficiency of wireless networks could reduce the demand for our towers. For example,
signal combining technologies that permit one antenna to service multiple frequencies and, thereby, multiple
customers, may reduce the need for our towers. In addition, other technologies, such as wireless mesh networks,
voice-over-Wi-Fi, femtocells, satellite transmission systems (such as low earth orbiting), and distributed antenna
systems, may, in the future, serve as substitutes for or alternatives to leasing that might otherwise be anticipated or
expected on our towers had such technologies not existed. Any significant reduction in tower leasing demand
resulting from the previously mentioned technologies or other technologies may negatively impact our revenues or
otherwise have a material adverse effect on us.

New wireless technologies may not deploy or be adopted by customers as rapidly or in the manner projected.

There can be no assurances that 3G, 4G, wireless data services such as e-mail, internet and mobile video, or
other new wireless technologies will be introduced or deployed as rapidly or in the manner projected by the wireless
or broadcast industries. In addition, demand and customer adoption rates for such new technologies may be lower
or slower than anticipated for numerous reasons. As a result, growth opportunities and demand for our towers as a
result of such technologies may not be realized at the times or to the extent anticipated.

If we fail to retain rights to the land under our towers, our business may be adversely affected.

Our real property interests relating to the land on which our towers reside consist primarily of leasehold and
sub-leasehold interests, fee interests, easements, licenses and rights-of-way. A loss of these interests may interfere
with our ability to conduct our business and generate revenues. For various reasons, we may not always have the
ability to access, analyze and verify all information regarding titles and other issues prior to completing an
acquisition of towers. Further, we may not be able to renew ground leases on commercially viable terms. Our
ability to retain rights to the land on which our towers reside depends on our ability to renegotiate and extend the
terms of the ground leases, subleases and licenses relating to the land on which our towers reside or purchase the
land on which such towers reside. Approximately 11% of our towers are on land where our property interests in
such land have a final expiration date of less than ten years. Our inability to retain rights to the land on which our
towers reside may have a material adverse effect on us.

If we are unable to raise capital in the future when needed, we may not be able to fund future growth
opportunities.

We may need additional sources of debt or equity capital in the future to fund growth opportunities, including
other alternatives to funding discretionary capital expenditures given the global economic recession and current
capital constraints. Additional financing may be unavailable, may be prohibitively expensive, or may be restricted
by the terms of our outstanding indebtedness. Additional sales of equity securities would dilute our existing
stockholders. If we are unable to raise capital when our needs arise, we may not be able to fund future growth
opportunities.

Our lease relating to our Spectrum has certain risk factors different from our core tower business, including that
the Spectrum lease may not be renewed or continued, that the option to acquire the Spectrum license may not be
exercised, and that the Spectrum may not be deployed, which may result in the revenues derived from the
Spectrum being less than those that may otherwise have been anticipated.

We entered into a lease as lessor relating to the Spectrum rights we acquired in 2003 pursuant to an FCC
license. Our Spectrum lease has an initial term for a $13 million annual lease fee beginning July 23, 2007 until
October 1, 2013. Upon the expiration of the initial term of the lease, the lessee will have the right to acquire the
Spectrum for $130 million (with a consumer price index adjustment from July 2007) or to renew the lease for a
period of up to ten years on the same terms, subject to the annual lease fee increasing to $14.3 million. The lessee’s
right to renew the lease or acquire the Spectrum following the initial term is subject to FCC license renewal and
approval, which may not be obtained. In the event that the lessee defaults on the Spectrum lease, that the option to
acquire the Spectrum license or renew the Spectrum lease is not exercised, or that the Spectrum is not deployed, the
revenues derived from the Spectrum may be substantially less than anticipated.

If we fail to comply with laws or regulations which regulate our business and which may change at any time, we
may be fined or even lose our right to conduct some of our business.

A variety of federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations apply to our business. Failure to comply with
applicable requirements may lead to civil penalties or require us to assume indemnification obligations or breach
contractual provisions. We cannot guarantee that existing or future laws or regulations, including state and local tax
laws, will not adversely affect our business, increase delays or result in additional costs. These factors may have a
material adverse effect on us.

Our network services business has historically experienced significant volatility in demand, which reduces the
predictability of our results.

The operating results of our network services business for any particular period may vary significantly and
should not necessarily be considered indicative of longer-term results for this activity. In the foreseeable future,
network services revenues may decline as a percentage of our total revenues due to our focus on our core rental
business, increased competition or other factors. The global economic recession is predicted by many to continue
and perhaps worsen during 2009. There can be no assurances that such a difficult economic environment will not
adversely impact our network services business.

If radio frequency emissions from wireless handsets or equipment on our towers are demonstrated to cause
negative health effects, potential future claims could adversely affect our operations, costs and revenues.

The potential connection between radio frequency emissions and certain negative health effects, including some
forms of cancer, has been the subject of substantial study by the scientific community in recent years. We cannot
guarantee that claims relating to radio frequency emissions will not arise in the future or that the results of such
studies will not be adverse to us.

Public perception of possible health risks associated with cellular and other wireless communications may slow
or diminish the growth of wireless companies, which may in turn slow or diminish our growth. In particular,
negative public perception of, and regulations regarding, these perceived health risks may slow or diminish the
market acceptance of wireless communications services. If a connection between radio emissions and possible
negative health effects were established, our operations, costs and revenues may be materially and adversely
affected. We currently do not maintain any significant insurance with respect to these matters.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation, by-laws and operative agreements and domestic and
international competition laws may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us or for us to
acquire control of a third party, even if such a change in control would be beneficial to our stockholders.

We have a number of anti-takeover devices in place that will hinder takeover attempts and may reduce the

market value of our common stock. Our anti-takeover provisions include:






a staggered board of directors;
the authority of the board of directors to issue preferred stock without approval of the holders of our
common stock; and
advance notice requirements for director nominations and actions to be taken at annual meetings.

Our by-laws permit special meetings of the stockholders to be called only upon the request of our Chief
Executive Officer or a majority of the board of directors, and deny stockholders the ability to call such meetings.
Such provisions, as well as the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, may impede a
merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination or discourage a potential acquirer from making a
tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

In addition, domestic and international competition laws may prevent or discourage us from acquiring towers or
tower networks in certain geographical areas or impede a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business
combination or discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control
of us.

We are exposed to counterparty risk through our interest rate swaps and a counterparty default could adversely
affect our financial condition.

As a consequence of the global financial crisis, the credit worthiness of certain of our contracted counterparties
(particularly financial institutions) has deteriorated; and therefore, we are exposed to an increased risk that one or
more of the counterparties to our hedging transactions could default on their obligations to us, which could
adversely affect our financial condition. For example, a subsidiary of Lehman Brothers Holding Inc. (―Lehman
Brothers‖) that is the counterparty for two of our interest rate swaps filed for bankruptcy in October 2008. These
two interest rate swaps had a combined notional value of $475 million and represented a liability to us of
approximately $46.3 million as of December 31, 2008. Our arrangements with Lehman Brothers are subject to the
resolution of Lehman’s bankruptcy proceedings and may result in an assignment of our arrangement by Lehman to a

third party. While we have certain rights to object to an assignment, the outcome of such proceedings is uncertain.
We also have interest rate swaps with other financial institutions, including Morgan Stanley and the Royal Bank of
Scotland PLC. To the extent the financial crisis and LIBOR increases cause our credit exposure to contracted
counterparties to become an asset, such increased exposure could have a material adverse effect on our results of
operations, cash flows and financial condition.

We may be adversely effected by exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates relating to our
operations in Australia.

Our Australian operations expose us to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. For 2008,
approximately 6% of our consolidated net revenues were denominated in Australian dollars. We have not
historically engaged in significant hedging activities relating to our Australian operations, and we may suffer future
losses as a result of changes in currency exchange rates.

Available Information and Certifications

We maintain an internet website at www.crowncastle.com. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports
on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K (and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to
Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) are made available, free of charge, through the
investor relations section of our internet website at http://investor.crowncastle.com/sec.cfm as soon as reasonably
practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.

In addition, our corporate governance guidelines, business practices and ethics policy and the charters of our
Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee are available
through the investor relations section of our internet website at http://www.crowncastle.com/investor/corpgovernance.asp,
and such information is also available in print to any stockholder who requests it.

We submitted the Chief Executive Officer certification required by Section 303A.12(a) of the New York Stock
Exchange (―NYSE‖) Listed Company Manual, relating to compliance with the NYSE’s corporate governance listing
standards, to the NYSE on May 30, 2008 with no qualifications. We have included the certifications of our Chief
Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and
related rules as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

Our principal CCUSA corporate offices are located in Houston, Texas and Canonsburg, Pennsylvania and are
owned. Our principal CCAL corporate office is located in Sydney, Australia and is leased. In the U.S., we lease
and maintain area offices located in (1) Charlotte, North Carolina, (2) Alpharetta, Georgia, and (3) Phoenix,
Arizona, which are in addition to the area office operated from our Canonsburg, Pennsylvania corporate office. The
principal responsibilities of these area offices are to manage the renting of tower space on a local basis, maintain the
towers already located in the area and service our customers in the area. In addition, we lease additional, smaller
district offices, which report to the area offices, in locations with high tower concentrations.

Towers are vertical metal structures generally ranging in height from 50 to 1,500 feet. In addition, wireless
communications equipment may also be placed on building rooftops. Towers are generally located on tracts of land
of up to ten acres. These tracts of land support the towers, equipment shelters and, where applicable, guy wires to
stabilize the structure.

We are and expect to continue to endeavor to renegotiate and extend the terms of ground leases and in some
cases are acquiring the land on which such towers reside to further our control of the property interests in the land on
which our towers are located. For a tabular presentation of the remaining terms to final expiration of the ground
leases, subleases, or licenses for the land which we do not own and on which our towers are located as of December
31, 2008. See ―Item 7. MD&ALiquidity and Capital ResourcesContractual Cash Obligations.‖

As of December 31, 2008, we owned in fee or had perpetual or long-term easements in the land on which
approximately 23% of our towers reside (up from 20% as of December 31, 2007), and we leased, subleased or
licensed the land on which approximately 74% of our towers reside. In addition, as of December 31, 2008,
approximately 3% of our towers were owned by third parties where we had the right to market space on the tower or
where we had sublease arrangements with the tower owner. Our ground leases, subleases and licenses generally
have five or ten year initial terms at CCUSA and ten to 15 year initial terms at CCAL, and frequently contain one or
more renewal options.

Our tower revenue notes issued in 2005 and 2006 are effectively secured by approximately 6,800 of our towers
and the cash flows from those towers. Governing documents relating to another approximately 4,900 towers prevent
liens from being granted on those towers without approval of a subsidiary of Verizon; however, distributions paid
from the entities that own those towers will also service the tower revenue notes. In addition, approximately 9,000
of our towers and the cash flows derived from these towers are effectively pledged as security for our mortgage
loans. See note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.

Substantially all of our CCUSA towers can accommodate another tenant either as currently constructed or with
appropriate modifications to the tower. Additionally, if so inclined as a result of customer demand, we could
generally also tear down an existing tower and reconstruct another tower in its place with additional capacity,
subject to certain restrictions. As of December 31, 2008, the weighted-average number of tenants per tower is
approximately 2.7 on our CCUSA towers. A summary of the number of existing tenants per CCUSA tower as of
December 31, 2008, is as follows:

Number of Tenants

Greater than five ............................................................................................................................................
Five ................................................................................................................................................................
Four ...............................................................................................................................................................
Three ..............................................................................................................................................................
Two ................................................................................................................................................................
Less than two .................................................................................................................................................

Percent of
CCUSA Towers

7%
7%
12%
18%
24%
32%

Total ...............................................................................................................................................................

100%

See ―Item 1. Business‖ for a discussion of the location of our towers in the U.S. and Australia, including the
percentage of our U.S. towers in the top 50 and 100 BTAs and the primary location of our U.S. towers by
acquisition.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We are periodically involved in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business along with a
stockholder derivative lawsuit as described below. Most of these proceedings arising in the ordinary course of
business involve disputes with landlords, vendors, collection matters involving bankrupt customers, zoning and
variance matters, condemnation or wrongful termination claims. While the outcome of these matters cannot be
predicted with certainty, management does not expect any pending matters to have a material adverse effect on us.

In February 2007, plaintiffs filed a consolidated petition styled In Re Crown Castle International Corp.
Derivative Litigation, Cause No. 2006-49592; in the 234th Judicial District Court, Harris County, Texas which
consolidated five stockholder derivative lawsuits filed in 2006. The lawsuit names various of our current and former
directors and officers. The lawsuit makes allegations relating to our historic stock option practices and alleges
claims for breach of fiduciary duty and other similar matters. Among the forms of relief, the lawsuit seeks alleged
monetary damages sustained by CCIC.

Item 4. Submissions of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders

None.

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity

PART II

Securities

Price Range of Common Stock

Our common stock is listed and traded on the NYSE under the symbol ―CCI‖. The following table sets forth
for the calendar periods indicated the high and low sales prices per share of our common stock as reported by
NYSE.

2007:

First Quarter ................................................................................................................................... $ 37.32
Second Quarter .............................................................................................................................. 37.69
Third Quarter ................................................................................................................................. 41.69
Fourth Quarter ................................................................................................................................ 43.16

2008:

First Quarter ................................................................................................................................... $ 41.67
Second Quarter .............................................................................................................................. 43.24
Third Quarter ................................................................................................................................. 38.91
Fourth Quarter ................................................................................................................................ 28.75

$ 30.42
32.00
33.40
36.11

$ 30.35
34.69
26.37
8.75

High

Low

As of February 17, 2009, there were approximately 820 holders of record of our common stock.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared nor paid any cash dividends on our common stock. It is our current policy to retain our
cash provided by operating activities to finance the expansion of our operations, to reduce our debt or to purchase
our own stock (either common or preferred). Future declaration and payment of cash dividends, if any, will be
determined in light of the then-current conditions, including our earnings, cash flows from operations, capital
requirements, financial condition, our relative market capitalization and other factors deemed relevant by the board
of directors. In addition, our ability to pay dividends is limited by the terms of our debt instruments under certain
circumstances and the terms of our convertible preferred stock.

The holders of our 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative dividends at the rate of
6.25% per annum, payable on a quarterly basis. We have the option to pay the dividends on such series of preferred
stock in cash or in shares of common stock. The number of shares of common stock required to be issued to pay
such dividends is dependent upon the market value of our common stock at the time such dividend is required to be
paid. In 2007 and 2008, dividends on our 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock were paid in each of those years
utilizing approximately $19.9 million in cash. We may choose to continue cash payments of the dividends in the
future in order to avoid dilution caused by the issuance of common stock as dividends on our preferred stock.

Equity Compensation Plans

Certain information with respect to our equity compensation plans is set forth in Item 12 herein.

Performance Graph

The following performance graph is a comparison of the five year cumulative stockholder return on our
common stock against the cumulative total return of the NYSE Market Index, the Dow Jones Telecommunication
Equipment Index and the SIC Code Index (Communications Services, NEC) for the period commencing December
31, 2003 and ending December 31, 2008. The performance graph assumes an initial investment of $100 in our
common stock and in each of the indices. The performance graph and related text are based on historical data and
are not necessarily indicative of future performance.

Company/Index/Market
Crown Castle International Corp. ............... $ 100.00
100.00
Communications Services, NEC .................
100.00
NYSE Market Index ...................................
100.00
DJ Telecommunication Equipment Index ...

2003

2004
$ 150.86
155.88
112.92
94.42

Years Ended December 31,

2005
$ 243.97
129.70
122.25
114.53

2006
$ 292.84
162.75
143.23
122.47

2007
$ 377.15
182.94
150.88
116.00

2008
$ 159.38
100.58
94.76
75.26

The performance graph above and related text are being furnished solely to accompany this annual report on
Form 10-K pursuant to Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K, and are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of ours,
whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Our selected historical consolidated financial and other data set forth below for each of the five years in the
period ended December 31, 2008, and as of December 31, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 have been derived from
our consolidated financial statements. Acquisitions and dispositions can affect the year-to-year comparability of our
results. In January 2007, we completed the Global Signal Merger. The results of operations from Global Signal
have been included in our results from January 12, 2007. The Global Signal Merger significantly increased our
tower portfolio and impacted the comparability of our 2007 and 2008 results and changes in financial condition to
prior periods. Our other significant acquisitions are discussed in ―Item 1. Business.‖ The information set forth
below should be read in conjunction with ―Item 1. Business,‖ ―Item 7. MD&A‖ and our consolidated financial
statements.

Years Ended December 31,

2004(b)

2005(b)

2006(b)

2007

2008

(In thousands of dollars, except per share amounts)

Statement of Operations Data:
Net revenues:

Site rental ................................................................................................... $ 538,309 $ 597,125 $ 696,724 $ 1,286,468 $ 1,402,559
123,945
Network services and other ........................................................................

79,634

65,893

91,497

99,018

Total net revenues ...............................................................................

604,202

676,759

788,221

1,385,486

1,526,504

Operating expenses:

Costs of operations(a):

Site rental ............................................................................................
Network services and other..................................................................

Total costs of operations ......................................................................

General and administrative ........................................................................
Restructuring charges (credits) ...................................................................
Asset write-down charges(c) ......................................................................
Integration costs(d) ....................................................................................
Depreciation, amortization and accretion ...................................................

184,273
46,752

231,025

101,193
939
7,652
—
284,991

197,355
54,630

251,985

113,910
2,615
2,925
—
281,118

Operating income (loss) ......................................................................................
Interest expense, amortization of deferred financing costs(e) ..............................
Losses on purchases and redemptions of debt(e) .................................................
Net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps(f) ..............................................................
Impairment of available-for-sale securities(g) .....................................................
Interest and other income (expense) ....................................................................

(21,598)
(206,770)
(78,036)

―
—
(228)

24,206
(133,806)
(283,797)
(1,130)
—
2,484

212,454
60,507

272,961

104,532

(391)
2,945
1,503
285,244

121,427
(162,328)
(5,843)
491
—
(2,120)

443,342
65,742

509,084

142,846
3,191
65,515
25,418
539,904

456,123
82,452

538,575

149,586
―
16,888
2,504
526,442

99,528
(350,259)

—
―

(75,623)
9,351

292,509
(354,114)
42
(37,888)
(55,869)
2,101

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and minority

interests..........................................................................................................
Benefit (provision) for income taxes(h) ...............................................................
Minority interests ................................................................................................

Income (loss) from continuing operations ...........................................................
Discontinued operations(i):

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax ..............................
Net gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax ..............

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax........................

Income (loss) before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle ..........
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle for asset retirement

(306,632)
5,370
398

(392,043)
(3,225)
3,525

(48,373)
(843)
1,666

(317,003)
94,039
151

(153,219)
104,361
―

(300,864)

(391,743)

(47,550)

(222,813)

(48,858)

40,578
494,110

534,688

(1,953)
2,801

848

—
5,657

5,657

—
—

—

―
―

―

233,824

(390,895)

(41,893)

(222,813)

(48,858)

obligations.....................................................................................................



(9,031)

—

―

Net income (loss)(j) .............................................................................................
Dividends on preferred stock, net of losses on purchases of preferred stock(k) ...

233,824
(38,618)

(399,926)
(49,356)

(41,893)
(20,806)

(222,813)
(20,805)

(48,858)
(20,806)

Net income (loss) after deduction of dividends on preferred stock, net of losses on

purchases of preferred stock .......................................................................... $ 195,206 $ (449,282) $

(62,699) $ (243,618) $

(69,664)

Per common share—basic and diluted:

Income (loss) from continuing operations .................................................. $
Income (loss) from discontinued operations ...............................................
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle .................................

(1.54) $
2.42


(2.02) $

(0.04)

(0.33) $
0.03
—

(0.87) $
—
—

Net income (loss) ....................................................................................... $

0.88 $

(2.06) $

(0.30) $

(0.87) $

(0.25)
—
—

(0.25)

Weighted-average common shares outstanding—basic and diluted (in

thousands) ..................................................................................................

221,693

217,759

207,245

279,937

282,007

Other Data:
Summary cash flow information:

Years Ended December 31,

2004(b)

2005(b)

2006(b)

2007

2008

(In thousands of dollars, except per share amounts)

Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities ........................... $ 121,501 $ 204,912 $ 275,759 $ 350,355 $ 513,001
(476,613)
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities ...........................
47,717
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities ...........................
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges(l) ............................................................
―
Balance Sheet Data (at period end):
Cash and cash equivalents ........................................................................... $ 566,707 $
Available-for-sale securities(m) ..................................................................
Property and equipment, net ........................................................................
Total assets ..................................................................................................
Total debt(e) ................................................................................................
Redeemable preferred stock(n) ....................................................................
Total stockholders’ equity ...........................................................................

75,245 $ 155,219
60,085
4,216
5,060,126
5,051,055
10,361,722
10,488,133
6,096,744
6,069,195
313,798
314,726
2,715,865
3,166,911

—
3,294,333
4,131,317
2,270,686
311,943
1,178,376

154,955
3,246,446
5,007,464
3,513,890
312,871
756,281

—
3,375,022
4,574,567
1,850,398
508,040
1,849,494

(432,499)
678,914
—

(319,200)
(1,689,601)

(264,140)
(445,636)

(791,448)
(77,782)

65,408 $ 592,716 $



—

(a) Exclusive of depreciation, amortization and accretion shown separately.
(b) See introductory remarks regarding the Global Signal Merger.
(c) 2007 is inclusive of $57.6 million related to the write-off of substantially all of our Modeo assets other than the Spectrum. See notes 17 and

(d)

19 to our consolidated financial statements.
Integration costs are related to the Global Signal Merger. The integration of Global Signal was completed in the first quarter of 2008. See
notes 2 and 19 to our consolidated financial statements.

(e) Over the last several years we have primarily utilized securitized borrowings to 1) simplify our capital structure, 2) lower our weighted-
average interest rate, 3) make discretionary investments such as tower acquisitions and purchases of our common stock, and 4) eliminate the
potential conversion of certain debt and preferred stock into common stock. The following is a discussion of our debt activity for each of
the last five years. See also note 6 to our consolidated financial statements.


During 2004, we reduced our debt by $1.6 billion primarily with proceeds from the sale of our former U.K. operating subsidiary
(―CCUK‖). We incurred losses on the purchase of the 4% convertible notes and the repayment of a credit facility.
During 2005, we lowered our weighted-average interest rate by refinancing our high yield debt with the proceeds from $1.9 billion of
tower revenue notes. We incurred losses on the purchase of the high yield notes and the 4% convertible notes.
During 2006, we increased our debt by approximately $1.2 billion and primarily used the proceeds to fund the cash consideration of
the Global Signal Merger, the Mountain Union acquisition and purchases of our common stock.
During 2007, $1.8 billion of mortgage loans remained outstanding as a result of the Global Signal Merger. We borrowed an aggregate
$725.0 million under term loans and a revolving credit facility and predominately used the proceeds to purchase our common stock.
During 2008, we made no material changes in our debt.



(f) The 2008 amount predominately represents losses on our interest rate swaps with a subsidiary of Lehman Brothers that no longer qualify for

(h)

(g)

hedge accounting.
In 2007 and 2008, we recorded impairment charges related to an other-than-temporary decline in the value of our investment in FiberTower
Corporation (―FiberTower‖). See note 5 to our consolidated financial statements. See footnote (m) below.
In 2004, 2005 and 2006, we had a full valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets. As a result of a deferred tax liability recorded in
connection with the Global Signal Merger, we recorded tax benefits during 2007 and 2008. 2008 includes tax benefits of $74.9 million
resulting from the completion of the IRS examination of our federal tax return for 2004. See note 8 to our consolidated financial statements.
(i) On August 31, 2004, we completed the sale of CCUK for over $2.0 billion. In May 2005, we sold Open Cell Corp. (―Open Cell‖) a
business that manufactured and distributed antenna systems and is our supplier. For all periods presented, CCUK’s and OpenCell’s assets,
liabilities, results of operations and cash flows are classified as amounts from discontinued operations.

(j) No cash dividends were declared or paid in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 or 2008.
(k)

Includes net losses of $12.0 million on purchases of preferred stock in 2005. Following the redemption of the 8¼% Convertible Preferred
Stock on December 16, 2005, dividends on preferred stock relate solely to the 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock.

(l) For purposes of computing the ratio of earnings to fixed charges, earnings represent income (loss) from continuing operations before
income taxes, minority interests, cumulative effect of change in accounting principle and fixed charges. Fixed charges consist of interest
expense, the interest component of operating leases, amortization of deferred financing costs and dividends on preferred stock classified as
liabilities. For 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 earnings were insufficient to cover fixed charges by $306.6 million, $392.0 million, $49.7
million, $318.4 million and $153.2 million, respectively.

(m) Represents our investment in FiberTower common stock that is classified as an available-for-sale equity security following the merger of

FiberTower and First Avenue Networks, Inc., completed in 2006. See note 5 to our consolidated financial statements.

(n) The 2004 amount represents the 8¼% Convertible Preferred Stock and the 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock. The 2005, 2006, 2007 and

2008 amounts represent the 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

General Overview

Overview

We own, operate and lease over 24,000 towers for wireless communications, including the towers acquired in
the Global Signal Merger (see ―Item 7. MD&A—General Overview—Acquisition of Global Signal‖). Revenues
generated from our core site rental business represented 92% of our 2008 consolidated revenues. CCUSA, our
largest operating segment, accounted for 94% of our 2008 site rental revenues, of which 74% were derived from the
four largest wireless carriers in the U.S. The vast majority of our site rental revenues is of a recurring nature and has
been contracted for in a prior year. See ―Item 1. Business.‖

The following are certain highlights of our business fundamentals, as further discussed in this Form 10-K,

including in ―Item 1. Business‖ and this MD&A:


potential growth resulting from wireless network expansion;

site rental revenues under long-term leases with contractual escalations;

revenues predominately from large wireless carriers;
 majority of land under our towers under long-term control;


 minimal sustaining capital expenditure requirements;
 majority of our outstanding debt rated investment grade and has fixed rate coupons; and


relatively fixed tower operating costs;
high incremental cash flows on organic revenue growth;

significant cash flows from operations.

Our long-term strategy is to increase stockholder value by translating anticipated future growth in our core site
rental business into growth in our results of operations on a per share basis. The key elements of our strategy are
(see ―Item 1. Business‖ for further discussion):



to organically grow revenues and cash flows from our towers by co-locating additional tenants on our
existing towers; and
to allocate capital efficiently (in no particular order: purchase our own common stock, enter into strategic
tower acquisitions, selectively construct or acquire towers and distributed antenna systems, acquire the land
on which towers are located, improve and structurally enhance our existing towers, and purchase or redeem
our debt or preferred stock). See ―Liquidity and Capital Resources―Overview.‖

Our long-term strategy is based on our belief that opportunities will be created by the expected continued
growth in the wireless communications industry, which depends predominately on the demand for wireless
telephony and data services by consumers. As a result of such expected growth in the wireless communications
industry, we believe that the demand for our towers will continue and result in organic growth of our revenues due
to the co-location of additional tenants on our existing towers. We expect that new tenant additions or modifications
of existing installations (collectively referred to as ―tenant additions‖) on our towers should result in significant
incremental cash flow due to the relatively fixed costs to operate a tower (which tend to increase at approximately
the rate of inflation). Certain of the growth trends in the wireless communications industry are discussed in ―Item 1.
Business―Strategy.‖

The following is a discussion of certain recent events which may impact our business and our strategy or the

wireless communications industry:

 Consumer wireless voice and data service usage increased according to a CTIA U.S. wireless industry

survey and other published reports (see ―Item 1. Business―Strategy‖).

 The auction of spectrum licenses in the FCC 700 MHz Band Auction No. 73 was completed in March 2008
for aggregate bids of $19.6 billion. Verizon Wireless and AT&T accounted for nearly 85% of the dollar
value of net bids. One block of the spectrum auctioned included a provision that the carrier provide open
access to the network (i.e., to any applications and any devices), which could encourage more innovation.



We expect this spectrum auction, FCC Advanced Wireless Services Auction No. 66, and future spectrum
auctions should enable next generation networks.
In January 2009, Verizon Wireless completed the acquisition of Alltel Corp., a provider of wireless
services to primarily rural markets. We do not expect lease cancellations from duplicate or overlapping
networks as a result of this acquisition to have a material adverse affect on our results.

 During the second half of 2008 and the beginning of 2009, the credit markets continued to be challenging
and economic growth in the U.S. continued to slow. The deterioration in the credit markets included
widening credit spreads and a further lack of liquidity, including certain debt markets being unavailable.
The global economic recession is predicted by many to continue or worsen during 2009. The following is a
discussion of the potential impact on us from the credit markets, economy and foreign exchange markets:
○ Historically, aggregate capital spending and the associated demand for our towers by wireless
communication companies have been relatively stable over the last several years, although we did see
reductions during prior economic downturns. We do not expect the current economic conditions to
significantly impact the long-term growth in wireless voice and data demand, which has historically
been the predominate driver of demand for our towers over the long-term. Consequently, we currently
do not anticipate any material impact on our revenues for 2009 or a material reduction in tenant
additions over the near term. In addition, we expect site rental revenues for 2009 of between $1.485
billion and $1.5 billion, representing growth rates from 2008 of between 6% and 7%.

○ As seen in our recent issuance of 9% senior notes, borrowing costs on new debt issuances have
increased, which will negatively impact our cash flows. Unless credit markets improve, our
prospective debt refinancings will likely have higher costs, including in 2010 and 2011 when we will
refinance or repay a significant portion of our debt. In light of the current challenges in the credit
markets, we plan to reduce our discretionary capital expenditures in order to increase liquidity
available for debt service. See ―Item 7. MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Resources‖ and ―Item 1A. Risk
Factors.‖

○ Beginning in the third quarter of 2008, the U.S. Dollar strengthened considerably against the
Australian Dollar, reversing the weakening that occurred during the first half of 2008. See ―Item 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.‖

Acquisition of Global Signal

On January 12, 2007, we completed the Global Signal Merger in a stock and cash transaction valued at
approximately $4.0 billion, exclusive of debt of approximately $1.8 billion that remained outstanding as obligations
after the Global Signal Merger. We funded the Global Signal Merger with approximately 98.1 million shares of
common stock and $550 million of cash obtained primarily from the issuance of tower revenue notes in 2006. We
entered into the Global Signal Merger primarily because of anticipated growth opportunities in the Global Signal
tower portfolio, including through leveraging our management team and customer service across an enhanced
national footprint. We believe such opportunities for growth will be driven by the previously mentioned growth
trends in the wireless communications industry.

The Global Signal Merger significantly increased our tower portfolio (by 10,749 towers) and significantly
impacted the comparability of our results of operations and changes in financial condition to prior years. The
integration of Global Signal’s operations and tower portfolio was completed in the first quarter of 2008. See note 2
to our consolidated financial statements for a further discussion of the Global Signal Merger, including (1) the
allocation of the purchase price and (2) our unaudited pro forma consolidated results of operations for 2007 as if the
Global Signal Merger were completed as of the beginning of 2007. See also notes 3, 4, 6, 8 and 19 to our
consolidated financial statements.

Results of Operations

The following discussion of our results of operations should be read in conjunction with ―Item 1. Business,‖
―Item 7. MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Resources‖ and our consolidated financial statements. The following
discussion of our results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. which require us to make estimates and judgments that affect
the reported amounts (see ―Item 7. MD&A—Accounting and Reporting Matters—Critical Accounting Policies and
Estimates‖ and note 1 to our consolidated financial statements).

The net addition of towers affects the year-to-year comparability of our operating results due to the fact that our
operating results only include these towers from the date of their addition or until their date of disposition. A large
majority of the increase between 2006 and 2007 in our site rental revenues, site rental costs of operations, general
and administrative expenses, integration costs, depreciation, amortization and accretion and income tax benefit is
attributable to the Global Signal Merger. See ―Item 7. MD&A—General Overview—Acquisition of Global Signal.‖
In addition to the towers acquired in the Global Signal Merger, we built or acquired 487, 188 and 336 towers in
2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively.

Comparison of Consolidated Results

The following is a comparison of our 2006, 2007 and 2008 consolidated results of operations:

Years Ended December 31,

% Change

2006

2007

2008

(In thousands of dollars)

Net revenues:

Site rental ............................................................... $
Network services and other ....................................

696,724
91,497

$ 1,286,468
99,018

$ 1,402,559
123,945

788,221

1,385,486

1,526,504

Operating expenses:

Costs of operations(a):

Site rental ...........................................................
Network services and other ...............................

Total costs of operations .................................
General and administrative .....................................
Restructuring charges (credits) ...............................
Asset write-down charges ......................................
Integration costs .....................................................
Depreciation, amortization and accretion ...............

Operating income (loss) ...................................................
Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing

costs .............................................................................
Losses on purchases and redemptions of debt .................
Net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps ...............................
Impairment of available-for-sale securities ......................
Interest and other income (expense) ................................

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income
taxes and minority interests ..........................................
Benefit (provision) for income taxes................................
Minority interests .............................................................

Income (loss) from continuing operations .......................

Net gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations,

212,454
60,507

272,961
104,532
(391)
2,945
1,503
285,244

121,427

(162,328)
(5,843)
491
—
(2,120)

(48,373)
(843)
1,666

(47,550)

443,342
65,742

509,084
142,846
3,191
65,515
25,418
539,904

99,528

(350,259)
―
―
(75,623)
9,351

(317,003)
94,039
151

(222,813)

456,123
82,452

538,575
149,586
―
16,888
2,504
526,442

292,509

(354,114)
42
(37,888)
(55,869)
2,101

(153,219)
104,361
―

(48,858)

net of tax ......................................................................

5,657

—

―

Net income (loss) ............................................................. $

(41,893) $

(222,813) $

(48,858)

Percentage is not meaningful

*
(a) Exclusive of depreciation, amortization and accretion shown separately.

2007
vs.
2006

2008
vs.
2007

85%
8

109
9

87
37
*
*
*
89

9%
25

3
25

6
5
*
*
*
(3 )

(18)

194

116
*
*
*
*

*
*
*

1
*
*
*
*

*
*
*

2007 and 2008. Our consolidated results of operations for 2007 and 2008, respectively, predominately consist
of our CCUSA segment, which accounted for (1) 94% and 94% of consolidated net revenues, (2) 94% and 94% of
consolidated gross margins, and (3) 96% and 79% of consolidated net loss. Our operating segment results for 2007
and 2008, including CCUSA, are discussed below (see ―Item 7. MD&A—Results of Operations—Comparison of
Operating Segments‖).

Net revenues for 2008 increased by $141.0 million, or 10%, from 2007, of which site rental revenues
represented 82% of the overall increase. This increase in site rental revenues was primarily driven by tenant
additions across our entire tower portfolio. Tenant additions were influenced by the previously mentioned growth
trends in the wireless communications industry.

Site rental gross margins (site rental revenues less site rental costs of operations) for 2008 increased by $103.3
million, or 12%, from 2007. The increase in the site rental gross margins was predominately driven by the
previously mentioned increase in site rental revenues. We expect that future increases in site rental revenues
resulting from tenant additions on our towers will have a high incremental margin (percentage of revenue growth
converted to gross margin) given the relatively fixed nature of the costs to operate our towers.

Net loss for 2008 was $48.9 million and included (1) a non-cash impairment charge of $55.9 million related to
our investment in FiberTower, (2) losses on the change in fair value of certain interest rate swaps of $37.9 million,
and (3) tax benefits of $74.9 million resulting from the completion of an IRS examination. Net loss for 2007 was
$222.8 million inclusive of (1) a non-cash impairment charge of $75.6 million related to our investment in
FiberTower, (2) the asset write-down and restructuring charges related to Modeo totaling $60.7 million, and (3)
integration costs related to the Global Signal Merger of $25.4 million. The improvement in net loss was
predominately due to the incremental gross margin in our site rental business of $103.3 million and the impact of the
previously mentioned charges and benefits.

2006 and 2007. Our consolidated results of operations for 2006 and 2007, respectively, consist predominately
of our CCUSA segment, which accounted for (1) 92% and 94% of consolidated net revenues, (2) 92% and 94% of
consolidated gross margins, and (3) 88% and 96% of consolidated net loss. Our operating segment results for 2006
and 2007, including CCUSA, are discussed below (see ―Item 7. MD&A—Results of Operations—Comparison of
Operating Segments‖).

Net revenues for 2007 increased by $597.3 million, or 76%, from 2006, of which site rental revenues
represented 99% of the overall increase. This increase in site rental revenues was driven by (1) the towers acquired
in connection with the Global Signal Merger, and to a lesser extent, (2) tenant additions on our pre-Global Signal
Merger towers (occurring during or after 2006), and (3) the 474 towers acquired from Mountain Union. Tenant
additions were influenced by the previously mentioned growth trends in the wireless communications industry.

Site rental gross margins (site rental revenues less site rental costs of operations) for 2007 increased by $358.9
million, or 74%, from 2006. The increase in the site rental gross margins was predominately driven by the
previously mentioned increase in site rental revenues. We expect that future increases in site rental revenues
resulting from tenant additions on our towers will have a high incremental margin (percentage of revenue growth
converted to gross margin) given the relatively fixed nature of the costs to operate our towers.

In addition, the Global Signal Merger resulted in (1) an increase in general and administrative expenses in
nominal dollars but a decrease in general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues as a result of
synergies from operating a larger tower portfolio, (2) the vast majority of the increase in depreciation, amortization
and accretion expense, (3) the integration costs for 2007, (4) additional interest expense and amortization of deferred
financing costs relating to the $1.8 billion of mortgage loans, and (5) our recording of income tax benefits resulting
from the deferred tax liability recorded in purchase accounting that resulted in a change from a net deferred tax asset
position to a net deferred tax liability position.

Our net loss for 2007 increased by $180.9 million from 2006, predominately due to (1) the net impact of the
previously mentioned Global Signal Merger, (2) a non-cash impairment charge of $75.6 million relating to our
investment in FiberTower, and (3) asset write-down charges ($57.6 million) and restructuring charges ($3.1 million)
related to Modeo totaling $60.7 million, offset by (4) growth in our site rental business on pre-Global Signal Merger
towers.

Comparison of Operating Segments

Our reportable operating segments for 2008 are (1) CCUSA, primarily consisting of our U.S. (including Puerto
Rico) tower operations, and (2) CCAL, our Australian tower operations. Our financial results are reported to
management and the board of directors in this manner.

See note 18 to our consolidated financial statements for segment results and a reconciliation of net income

(loss) to Adjusted EBITDA (defined below).

Our measurement of profit or loss currently used to evaluate our operating performance and operating segments
is earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and accretion, as adjusted (―Adjusted EBITDA‖). Our
measure of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, including
companies in the tower sector, and is not a measure of performance calculated in accordance with U.S. generally
accepted accounting principles (―GAAP‖).

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus restructuring charges (credits), asset write-down
charges, integration costs, depreciation, amortization and accretion, interest expense and amortization of deferred
financing costs, losses on purchases and redemptions of debt, net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps, impairment of
available-for-sale securities, interest and other income (expense), benefit (provision) for income taxes, minority
interests, cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle, income (loss) from discontinued operations and
stock-based compensation expense (see note 12 to our consolidated financial statements). The calculation of
Adjusted EBITDA for our operating segments is set forth in note 18 to our consolidated financial statements.
Adjusted EBITDA is not intended as an alternative measure of operating results or cash flows from operations as
determined in accordance with GAAP, and Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of
other companies. Adjusted EBITDA is discussed further under ―Item 7. MD&A—Accounting and Reporting
Matters—Non-GAAP Financial Measures.‖

CCUSA—2007 and 2008. Net revenues for 2008 increased by $133.4 million, or 10%, from 2007. This
increase in net revenues resulted from an increase in site rental revenues of $109.7 million, or 9%, for the same
periods. This increase in site rental revenues was driven primarily by $82 million from new tenant additions across
our entire portfolio inclusive of the impact of straight-line accounting for certain lease escalators. In addition to new
tenant additions, our site rental revenues are influenced by various factors (in no particular order) including (1)
escalations net of the impact of straight line accounting, (2) impact of straight line accounting from renewal of
customer leases, (3) new towers acquired or constructed, (4) a full year of revenues from our Spectrum lease, and (5)
cancelation of customer leases. See MD&A―Accounting and Reporting Matters―Critical Accounting Policies and
Estimates‖ for a further discussion of our revenue recognition policies. Tenant additions were influenced by the
previously mentioned growth in the wireless communications industry. We continue to derive a large portion of our
site rental revenues and new tenant additions from the four largest carriers in the U.S. In addition to the four largest
carriers, our 2008 net revenues and new tenant additions were also derived from second tier and emerging wireless
customers such as those offering flat rate calling plans and wireless data technologies.

Network services and other revenues for 2008 increased by $23.7 million, or 26%, from 2007. The increase in
network services and other revenues was as a result of performing services on a larger portfolio of towers due to the
Global Signal Merger. Global Signal did not operate a network services business, so the network services and other
revenues performed on the Global Signal towers increased during 2007 and 2008 as we began marketing services for
those towers. The network services business is typically non-recurring, and the volume of activity can vary
significantly from period to period in relation to tenant additions on our towers.

Site rental gross margins for 2008 increased by $98.3 million, or 12%, from 2007. The increase in the site
rental gross margins was related to the previously mentioned 9% increase in site rental revenues primarily driven by
tenant additions. Site rental gross margins as a percentage of site rental revenues for 2008 increased by two
percentage points from 2007 to 67% primarily as a result of the high incremental margins associated with tenant
additions given the relatively fixed costs to operate a tower. The $98.3 million incremental margin represents 90%
of the related increase in site rental revenues.

General and administrative expenses for 2008 increased by $7.3 million, or 6%, from 2007 but decreased to 9%
of total net revenues from 10% of total net revenues. General and administrative expenses are inclusive of stock-
based compensation charges as discussed further in note 12 to our consolidated financial statements. The increase in

general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the increase in stock-based compensation. Typically, our
general and administrative expenses do not significantly increase as a result of the co-location of additional tenants
on our towers as indicated by the decrease in general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues
from 2007 to 2008.

Adjusted EBITDA for 2008 increased by $102.9 million, or 14%, from 2007. Adjusted EBITDA was positively

impacted by the growth in our site rental business including the high incremental margin on the tenant additions.

Integration costs for 2008 were $2.5 million compared to $25.4 million in 2007. The decrease resulted from the
completion of the integration of the Global Signal tower portfolio during the first quarter of 2008. See ―Item 7.
MD&A—General Overview—Acquisition of Global Signal‖ and notes 2 and 19 to our consolidated financial
statements.

Depreciation, amortization and accretion for 2008 decreased by $13.6 million, or 3%, from 2007. The decrease
resulted from towers acquired from Global Signal with short useful lives (as defined by GAAP) that were fully
depreciated at December 31, 2007. Our tower assets are recorded at cost (estimated replacement cost for those
acquired) and are depreciated using a useful life that is defined as the period equal to the shorter of 20 years or the
term of the underlying ground lease (including renewal options). See ―Item 7. MD&A—Accounting and Reporting
Matters—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.‖

Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs for 2008 increased by $4.3 million, or 1%, from
2007. We made no material changes in our indebtedness during 2007 and 2008 other than the mortgage loans ($1.8
billion) that remained outstanding as obligations after the Global Signal Merger (on January 11, 2007) and the
issuance of term loans ($650.0 million) in January and March 2007. Our weighted-average interest rate for 2008
was relatively consistent with 2007 as a result of virtually all of our debt having fixed rate coupons. See ―Item 7.
MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Overview.‖

In 2007 and 2008, we recorded non-cash impairment charges of $75.6 million and $55.9 million, respectively,
related to declines in the fair value of our investment in FiberTower that was deemed other-than-temporary. Any
potential future write-downs are limited to the carrying value of our investment of $4.2 million as of December 31,
2008. See note 5 to our consolidated financial statements.

Benefit (provision) for income taxes for 2008 was a benefit of $106.6 million compared to $95.3 million for
2007. The tax benefits for 2008 include tax benefits of $74.9 million resulting from the completion of the IRS
examination of our U.S. federal tax return for 2004. The effective tax rate for 2008 differs from the federal statutory
rate due predominately to income tax benefits resulting from the completion of the IRS examination and a full
valuation allowance on our unrealized capital losses from our investment in FiberTower. See note 8 to our
consolidated financial statements.

Net loss for 2008 was $38.4 million inclusive of (1) non-cash impairment charges of $55.9 million related to
our investment in FiberTower, (2) losses on the change in fair value of certain interest rate swaps of $37.9 million,
and (3) tax benefits of $74.9 million resulting from the completion of an IRS examination. Net loss for 2007 was
$214.9 million inclusive of (1) a non-cash impairment charge of $75.6 million related to our investment in
FiberTower, (2) the asset write-down and restructuring charges related to Modeo totaling $60.7 million, and (3)
integration costs related to the Global Signal Merger of $25.4 million. The improvement in net loss was
predominately due to the incremental gross margin in our site rental business of $98.3 million and the impact of the
previously mentioned charges and benefits.

CCAL—2007 and 2008. The increases and decreases between 2007 and 2008 are inclusive of exchange rate
fluctuations. The average exchange rate of Australian dollars to U.S dollars for 2008 was approximately 0.85, an
increase of 2% from approximately 0.84 for the same period in the prior year. See ―Item 7A. Quantitative and
Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.‖

Total net revenues for 2008 increased by $7.6 million, or 9%, from 2007. The increase in total net revenues
was influenced by various factors, including tenant additions on our towers and towers acquired after the third
quarter of 2007. Network services and other revenues and tenant additions were influenced by the continued
development of several 3G networks in Australia. See ―Item 1. Business—The Company—CCAL.‖

Adjusted EBITDA for 2008 increased by $5.6 million, or 14%, from 2007. Adjusted EBITDA was positively
impacted by the same factors that drove the increase in site rental revenues. More specifically, site rental gross
margins increased by $5.0 million, or 10%, for 2008 from $49.7 million. The $5.0 million incremental margin
represents 78% of the related increase in site rental revenues.

Net income (loss) for 2008 was a loss of $10.5 million, an increase of $2.6 million from 2007. The increase in
net loss was primarily driven by a $8.9 million increase in interest expense and amortization of deferred financing
costs resulting predominately from an inter-company borrowing between segments, partially offset by the growth in
the site rental business. The proceeds of the inter-company borrowing were primarily utilized to fund the capital
return in May 2007 in order to increase the leverage of the CCAL business.

CCUSA—2006 and 2007. Net revenues for 2007 increased by $576.3 million, or 79%, from 2006. This
increase in net revenues resulted from an increase in site rental revenues of $570.9 million, or 89%, for the same
period. This increase in site rental revenues was driven by (1) the towers acquired in connection with the Global
Signal Merger, and to a lesser extent, (2) new tenant additions, and (3) the 474 towers acquired from Mountain
Union. Tenant additions were influenced by the previously mentioned growth in the wireless communications
industry. Although we continue to derive a large portion of our site rental revenues from the four largest carriers in
the U.S., we have experienced an increase in tenant additions during 2007 from emerging wireless carriers and
second tier carriers, such as those offering wireless data technologies and flat rate calling plans.

Network services and other revenues for 2007 increased by $5.4 million, or 6%, from 2006. The increase in
network services and other revenues was as a result of performing services on a larger portfolio of towers due to the
Global Signal Merger. Global Signal did not operate a network services business, so the network services and other
revenues performed on the Global Signal towers increased during each quarter of 2007 as we began marketing
services for those towers. Exclusive of network services and other revenues derived from the Global Signal towers,
network services and other revenues declined modestly from 2006 to 2007. The network services business is
typically non-recurring, and the volume of activity can vary significantly from period to period in relation to tenant
additions on our towers.

Site rental gross margins for 2007 increased by $345.6 million, or 77%, from 2006. The increase in the site
rental gross margins was related to the previously mentioned 89% increase in site rental revenues primarily driven
by the towers acquired in connection with the Global Signal Merger and, to a lesser extent, from tenant additions.
Site rental gross margins as a percentage of site rental revenues for 2007 decreased by 4.2 percentage points from
2006 to 65% primarily as a result of the less mature Global Signal towers that have lower revenues per tower and
higher ground rent expense as a percentage of revenues than our pre-Global Signal Merger towers. We believe the
Global Signal towers have significant additional revenue and margin growth opportunities provided by potential
future tenant additions on those towers.

General and administrative expenses for 2007 increased by $33.8 million from 2006 but decreased to 10% of
total net revenues from 13% of total net revenues. General and administrative expenses are inclusive of stock-based
compensation charges as discussed further below. The increase in general and administrative expenses in nominal
dollars was primarily related to headcount additions and related employee costs as a result of the Global Signal
Merger partially offset by cost reductions from the termination of the Modeo employees (see notes 17 and 19 to our
consolidated financial statements). The decrease in general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net
revenues was driven by synergies from operating a larger tower portfolio as a result of the Global Signal Merger.

Adjusted EBITDA for 2007 increased by $319.5 million, or 80%, from 2006. Adjusted EBITDA was positively
impacted by the same factors that drove the increase of 89% in our site rental revenues including the towers acquired
in connection with the Global Signal Merger and tenant additions.

We recognized stock-based compensation expense from continuing operations of $14.9 million and $23.5
million, respectively, for 2006 and 2007. The primary reason for fluctuations in the stock-based compensation
expense during 2006 to 2007 is (1) accelerated vesting of awards granted in 2004 and 2005 and (2) our grants in
2006 and 2007. During 2005, restricted stock granted during 2004 and 2005 accelerated vested based on the market
performance of our common stock. This accelerated vesting resulted in the recognition of $15.2 million of expense
in 2005 that was originally to be recognized over the original vesting period (through 2009 and 2010). In addition,
during 2006 and 2007 we granted 1.2 million and 1.4 million shares, respectively, of restricted stock with grant date

weighted-average requisite service periods of 2.5 and 2.1 years, respectively. See note 12 to our consolidated
financial statements.

In July 2007, we entered into a lease of our Spectrum. The Spectrum is leased to a venture formed by
Harbinger Capital Partners Master Fund I, Ltd., Harbinger Capital Partners Special Situations Fund, L.P., Telcom
Ventures, LLC and Columbia Capital LLC (―HHTC‖) for a $13 million annual lease fee with an initial term from
July 23, 2007 until October 1, 2013. As a result, we eliminated substantially all of the future Modeo operating and
administrative expenses, which for 2007 were $4.0 million. In addition, for 2007, we recorded (1) site revenues of
$5.7 million from the Spectrum lease, (2) asset write-down charges of $57.6 million as a result of the write-off of
substantially all of our Modeo assets other than the Spectrum, and (3) restructuring charges of $3.1 million related to
the termination of the Modeo employees. See notes 17and 19 to our consolidated financial statements.

Integration costs for 2007 were $25.4 million and related to the Global Signal Merger. These integration costs
included, among other things, expenses for retention bonus obligations with employees of the former Global Signal,
costs for contracted employees directly related to the integration and stock-based compensation charges with respect
to restricted stock awards assumed in the Global Signal Merger. See ―Item 7. MD&A—General Overview—
Acquisition of Global Signal‖ and notes 2 and 19 to our consolidated financial statements.

Depreciation, amortization and accretion for 2007 increased by $254.3 million, or 99%, from 2006. The vast
majority of this increase was related to the depreciation and amortization attributable to property and equipment and
intangible assets recorded in connection with the purchase price allocation for the Global Signal Merger. Our tower
assets are recorded at cost (estimated replacement cost for those acquired) and are depreciated using a useful life that
is defined as the period equal to the shorter of 20 years or the term of the underlying ground lease (including renewal
options). See ―Item 7. MD&A—Accounting and Reporting Matters—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.‖

Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs for 2007 increased by $188.0 million, or 118%,
from 2006. The increase was primarily attributable to additional indebtedness. The components of the increase in
indebtedness primarily include (1) the issuance of the tower revenue notes ($1.55 billion) in November 2006, (2) the
mortgage loans ($1.8 billion) that remained outstanding as obligations after the Global Signal Merger, and (3) the
issuance of term loans ($650.0 million) during the first half of 2007. This additional indebtedness was offset by our
repayment of $1.0 billion of borrowings under a credit facility using proceeds of the $1.55 billion tower revenue
notes. Exclusive of the mortgage loans, our net increase in debt during 2007 primarily related to (1) funding $550
million for the Global Signal Merger and (2) purchases of our common stock in 2007. See ―Item 7. MD&A—
Liquidity and Capital Resources—Overview.‖

In 2007, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $75.6 million related to a decline in the value of our

investment in FiberTower that was deemed other-than-temporary.

Benefit (provision) for income taxes for 2007 was a benefit of $95.3 million compared to a provision of $0.5
million for 2006. We recorded a deferred tax liability of $556.6 million as part of the allocation of the purchase
price of the Global Signal Merger, which was offset in part by the reversal of our federal valuation allowance of
$259.7 million. As a result, we (1) are no longer in a net deferred tax asset position, (2) are generally no longer
recording a valuation allowance on net deferred tax assets because of our historical net operating losses, and (3) can
generally record the benefit of tax impacts of our results in the statement of operations and comprehensive income
(loss).

Income from discontinued operations of $5.7 million for 2006 relates primarily to the reversal of liabilities
previously established in conjunction with the sale of our former CCUK operations, as a result of the termination of
related contingencies during 2006.

Net income (loss) for 2007 was a loss of $214.9 million, compared to a loss of $37.0 million for 2006. The
increased loss was primarily due to (1) the increases in depreciation, amortization and accretion and interest
expense, all of which were predominately related to the Global Signal Merger, (2) a non-cash impairment charge of
$75.6 million related to our investment in FiberTower, and (3) asset write-down charges ($57.6 million) and
restructuring charges ($3.1 million) related to Modeo totaling $60.7 million, partially offset by (1) the increase in
Adjusted EBITDA as a result of the towers acquired in the Global Signal Merger and growth in our site rental
business and (2) our benefit for income taxes.

CCAL—2006 and 2007. The increases and decreases between 2006 and 2007 are inclusive of exchange rate
fluctuations. The average exchange rate of Australian dollars to U.S. dollars for 2007 was approximately 0.84, an
increase of 11% from approximately 0.75 for the same period in the prior year. See ―Item 7A. Quantitative and
Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.‖

Total net revenues for 2007 increased by $21.0 million, or 35%, from 2006. The increase in total net revenues
was due to growth in site rental revenues primarily related to (1) tenant additions on our towers, (2) exchange rate
fluctuations, (3) contractual escalations on existing leases with variable escalations, and (4) new towers acquired
after the third quarter of 2006. See ―Item 1. Business—The Company—CCAL.‖

Adjusted EBITDA for 2007 increased by $11.7 million, or 40%, from 2006. Adjusted EBITDA was positively
impacted by the same factors that drove the increase in site rental revenues. More specifically, site rental gross
margins increased by $13.3 million, or 37%, to 70% of site rental revenues, for 2007 from $36.4 million, or 69% of
site rental revenues, for 2006. The $13.3 million incremental margin represents 71% of the related increase in site
rental revenues.

In May 2007, CCAL (our 77.6% majority-owned subsidiary) issued a capital return of approximately $166.0
million, including $37.2 million to the minority shareholders of CCAL. The capital return was funded by CCOC
through an intercompany borrowing by CCAL. Upon issuance of the capital return, we recorded a reduction in
additional paid-in capital of $8.9 million as a result of the capital return to the CCAL minority shareholders
exceeding the carrying value of the minority interests in CCAL. The intercompany borrowing and related capital
return was issued to increase the leverage of the CCAL business.

Net income (loss) for 2007 was a loss of $7.9 million, an increase in the loss of $3.0 million from 2006. The
increased net loss was primarily driven by a $9.1 million increase in interest expense and amortization of deferred
financing costs predominately as a result of an intercompany borrowing between segments and the increase in stock-
based compensation charges of $2.9 million, partially offset by the same factors that drove the improvement in
Adjusted EBITDA (see note 12 to our consolidated financial statements).

Impact of Inflation. Other than the towers acquired from Global Signal, the majority of our towers were
acquired between 1999 and 2001; tower assets and related depreciation expense do not reflect the impact of inflation
occurring subsequent to the acquisition of these towers. The impact of inflation on our results of operations for the
2006, 2007 and 2008 was not significant.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

General. Our site rental business is generally characterized by a stable cash flow stream generated by revenues
under long-term contracts that should be recurring for the foreseeable future. Over the last five years, our cash from
operations have exceeded our cash interest payments and sustaining capital expenditures and provided us with cash
available for discretionary investments. We seek to allocate the cash produced by our operations in a manner that
will enhance per share operating results. Given the current conditions in the credit markets, we currently expect to
limit our discretionary investments and use the majority of our cash to purchase or repay our debt. Historically, we
invested our available cash in discretionary investments such as those discussed in ―Item 1. Business―Strategy,‖
which we expect to resume in the future depending upon the credit environment and availability of liquidity in the
capital markets.

Liquidity Position. The following is a summary of our capitalization and liquidity position. See ―Item 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk‖ and notes 6 and 7 to our consolidated financial
statements for additional information regarding our debt.

December 31, 2008 Pro Forma(a)

(In thousands of dollars)

Cash and cash equivalents(b) .................................................................................................
Undrawn revolver availability(c) ...........................................................................................
Debt .......................................................................................................................................
Redeemable preferred stock ...................................................................................................
Stockholders’ equity ..............................................................................................................

825,471
30,000
6,775,681
314,726
2,715,865

(a) Pro forma for the issuance of 9% senior notes in January 2009 and purchases of debt in January and February 2009. See ―Item 7.

MD&A―Liquidity and Capital Resources―Financing Activities.‖

(b) Exclusive of $152.9 million of restricted cash.
(c) As of February 17, 2009.

Debt Maturities and Recent Events. Our debt and preferred stock maturities as of February 17, 2009 are

summarized as follows:



 We have $411.0 million of debt maturing by January 2010, including debt under our revolving credit
facility ($158.0 million) and a mortgage loan ($246.5 million). We currently have sufficient liquidity to
repay all of these short-term debt service obligations including our revolving credit facility.
In 2011 and 2014, our debt maturities include a mortgage loan ($1.46 billion) and a term loan ($606.1
million). We do not anticipate the need to access the capital markets to refinance our existing debt until
February 2011 when the $1.46 billion mortgage loan matures, but we may access the capital markets
sooner depending upon the state of the capital markets and our ability to obtain financing at commercially
reasonable terms.

 We are required to redeem all outstanding shares of our 6.25% convertible preferred stock in August 2012

for approximately $318.0 million.

 Our tower revenue notes (totaling $3.45 billion) have final maturities in 2035 and 2036. However, if our
tower revenue notes are not repaid in full by their anticipated repayment dates (June 2010―$1.9 billion or
November 2011―$1.55 billion) then the interest rates increase by approximately 5% per annum and then
substantially all of the cash flows of the subsidiaries issuing the tower revenue notes (Excess Cash Flow as
defined in the tower revenue notes indenture) will be used to repay principal. The Excess Cash Flow of the
issuers of the tower revenue notes was nearly $350 million for the annualized quarter ended December 31,
2008, representing approximately two-thirds of our consolidated cash flows from operations for 2008.

 Our 9% senior notes ($900 million) issued in January 2009 are due in 2015.

In light of the global economic recession and the current challenging credit markets, we have taken the

following actions to manage our debt maturities and build liquidity with cash flows from operations.

 We plan to reduce discretionary capital expenditures in 2009 in order to increase liquidity available for debt
service. Of the roughly $500 million of cash flows from operating activities that we currently expect to
generate during full year 2009, we currently expect to use approximately $150 million of such cash flow on
capital expenditures, although our aggregate capital expenditures may be greater than or less than this range
depending upon several factors, including the availability of financing.
In January 2009, we issued 9% senior notes due in 2015 and received net proceeds of $796 million. While
we are still evaluating the use of the proceeds from the 9% senior notes, which may be used for general
corporate purposes, we currently expect to use most, if not all, of such proceeds for the purchase or
repayment of certain of our existing debt.
See ―Item 7. MD&A―Liquidity and Capital
Resources―Financing Activities‖ for a further discussion of these 9% senior notes.



 During January and February 2009, we purchased an aggregate $134.8 of our debt securities, consisting of
$47.0 of mortgage loans due December 2009 and $87.8 million of mortgage loans due February 2011,
using an aggregate $125.3 million of cash (excluding accrued interest). We expect to use cash on hand,
including most, if not all, of the proceeds from our issuance of 9% senior notes in January 2009, and cash
flows from operations to effect purchases or repayments of certain of our existing debt.

These efforts to increase liquidity and purchase our debt are being undertaken to prudently manage our liquidity
as a result of the global economic recession and the current credit environment. However, we plan on endeavoring
to refinance the tower revenue notes and mortgage loans with new debt on or before their repayment dates. Our
ability to obtain borrowings that are securitized by tower cash flows and are at commercially reasonable terms will
depend on various factors, such as our ability to generate cash flows on our existing towers and the state of the
capital markets. If we are unable to refinance our debt with similar instruments, we may explore other forms of
financing, which may include other forms of debt or issuances of equity or equity related securities. See ―Item 7.
MD&A—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Factors Affecting Sources of Liquidity.‖

Long-term Strategy. Our long-term strategy contemplates funding our discretionary investments primarily with
operating cash flows and, in certain instances, potential future debt financings and issuances of equity or equity
related securities. Over the long-term, we may continue to increase our debt if we realize anticipated future growth
in our operating cash flows in order to maintain debt leverage that we believe is appropriate to drive long-term
stockholder value. The amount of future debt financings is influenced by such factors as (1) the availability of
financing at attractive rates, particularly in light of the current economic and credit environment, (2) our belief in the
potential long-term return of our previously mentioned discretionary investments, (3) self-imposed limits such as our
targeted leverage ratio of generally five to seven times Adjusted EBITDA and interest coverage ratio of Adjusted
EBITDA to interest expense of at least two times, and (4) our restrictive debt covenants, discussed further below.

Summary Cash Flows Information

Years Ended December 31,

2007

2008

Change

Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities ............... $
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities ...............
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities ...............
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash .................................

350,355
(791,448)
(77,782)
1,404

(In thousands of dollars)
$

513,001
(476,613)
47,717
(4,131)

162,646
314,835
125,499
(5,535)

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents ............. $

(517,471)

79,974

597,445

Operating Activities

The increase in net cash provided by operating activities for 2008 of $162.6 million from 2007 was due
primarily to the growth in our core site rental business. Net cash provided by operating activities is inclusive of
prepayments for long-term easements and ground leases for land under our towers. These prepayments are part of
our efforts to renegotiate and extend the terms of our interests in the land under our towers. We expect net cash
provided by operating activities for 2009 will be less than 2008, primarily as a result of higher interest costs
resulting from the 9% senior notes issued in 2009 offset by anticipated growth in our core site rental business.
Changes in working capital, and particularly changes in deferred rental revenues, prepaid ground leases and accrued
interest, can have a dramatic impact on our net cash from operating activities for interim periods, largely due to the
timing of payments and receipts.

Investing Activities

Capital Expenditures. Our capital expenditures can be generally categorized as sustaining or discretionary.
Sustaining capital expenditures include capitalized costs related to (1) maintenance activities on our towers, (2)
vehicles, (3) information technology equipment, and (4) office equipment. Discretionary capital expenditures,
which we commonly also refer to as ―revenue-generating capital expenditures,‖ include (1) purchases of land under
towers, (2) tower improvements in order to support additional site rentals, (3) the construction or purchase of towers,
and (4) the construction of distributed antenna systems.

A summary of our capital expenditures for 2007 and 2008 is as follows:

For Years Ended December 31,

2007

2008

Change

Land purchases ............................................................................. $
Construction or purchases of towers .............................................
Modeo ...........................................................................................
Sustaining .....................................................................................
Tower improvements and other ....................................................

133,032
91,490
6,347
23,318
45,818

(In thousands of dollars)
201,255
132,301
―
27,065
90,111

68,223
40,811
(6,347)
3,747
44,293

Total .............................................................................................. $

300,005

450,732

150,727

As previously mentioned, we expect to reduce our capital expenditures from recent levels in order to increase
liquidity available for debt service. We expect these reductions to include our purchases of land, construction and
purchase of towers and the construction of distributed antenna systems. We expect to continue to extend the terms
of ground leases which requires substantially less liquidity than purchases of land. Given current capital constraints,
we may seek alternative arrangements with third parties in order to continue discretionary investments including
capital expenditures. Other than sustaining capital expenditures, which we expect to be approximately $25 million
to $30 million for full year 2009, our capital expenditures are discretionary and are made with respect to activities
we believe exhibit sufficient potential to improve our long-term results of operations on a per share basis. Such
decisions are influenced by the availability and cost of capital and expected returns on alternative investments.

Acquisition of Global Signal. See ―Item 7. MD&A—General Overview—Acquisition of Global Signal.‖

Financing Activities

In light of the current challenges in the credit markets and consistent with our previously mentioned strategy to
prudently manage liquidity, our financing activities for 2008 included purchases of common stock and additional
borrowings at reduced levels from our past practices. However, we are still committed to our long-term strategy to
allocate our capital to drive long-term stockholder value, which may include making discretionary investments such
as purchases of our debt and common stock. The following is a summary of the significant financing transactions
completed in 2008 and the beginning of 2009.

9% Senior Notes. On January 27, 2009, CCIC issued $900 million principal amount of 9% senior notes due
2015 in a public offering. These 9% senior notes are general obligations of CCIC, which rank equally with all
existing and future senior debt of CCIC. The 9% senior notes are effectively subordinated to all liabilities (including
trade payables) of each subsidiary of ours. These 9% senior notes bear interest at a rate of 9.0% per annum, payable
semi-annually on January 15 and July 15 of each year, beginning on July 15, 2009.

The net proceeds from these 9% senior notes were $795.7 million inclusive of $86.3 million original issue
discount and $18.0 million of fees. The effective yield of these 9% senior notes is approximately 11.3%, inclusive
of the discount. We may use these net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including our anticipated purchases
or repayments of our existing debt.

At our option, we may redeem these 9% senior notes in whole or in part prior to January 15, 2013, by paying
100% of the principal amount, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, plus a ―make whole‖ premium. We
may also redeem some or all of these 9% senior notes on or after January 15, 2013, at the redemption prices set forth
in the indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, until January 15, 2012 and subject to certain
conditions, we may, at our option, redeem up to 35% of these 9% senior notes at the redemption price set forth in the
indenture with the proceeds of certain equity offerings.

The 9% senior notes contain restrictive covenants that are discussed in ―Item 7. MD&A―Liquidity and Capital

Resources―Factors Affecting Sources of Liquidity.‖

Debt Purchases. The following is a summary of our purchases of debt during January and February 2009.
These debt purchases were made by CCIC because of restrictions upon the subsidiaries issuing the debt; as a result,
the debt remains outstanding at our subsidiaries. We expect to continue to purchase or redeem our debt in the
future.

2004 Mortgage Loans .......................................................
2006 Mortgage Loans .......................................................

Total purchases .................................................................

47,050
87,757

134,807

(In thousands of dollars)
46,315
78,979

$ 125,294

Principal Amount

Cash Paid(a)

Gains (losses) on
Purchases

1,209
8,868

10,077

(a) Exclusive of accrued interest.

Credit Agreement. In January 2007, CCOC entered into a credit agreement that provided a $250.0 million
senior secured revolving credit facility. In January 2009, we amended the revolving credit facility to extend the
maturity until January 2010 and reduce the total revolving commitment to $188 million. We paid an extension fee
of $9.4 million, but our credit spreads were not impacted by this amendment. As of December 31, 2008, we had
$169.4 million outstanding under the revolving credit facility. Availability of the revolving credit facility at any
time is determined by certain financial ratios. We may use the availability under the revolving credit facility for
general corporate purposes, which may include financing of capital expenditures, acquisitions, and purchases of our
common or preferred stock. The revolving credit facility bears interest at prime rate or LIBOR plus a credit spread
based on our consolidated leverage ratio. As of December 31, 2008, the weighted-average interest rate of the
revolving credit facility was 2.5% (including the credit spread).

For a further discussion of the revolving credit facility and the term loans, see note 6 to our consolidated

financial statements and ―Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.‖

Common Stock Activity. A summary of common stock activity in 2007 and 2008 is as follows:

Shares outstanding at December 31, 2006 ...............................................................................................
Shares issued in the Global Signal Merger ..............................................................................................
Restricted stock awards granted ...............................................................................................................
Restricted stock awards assumed in the Global Signal Merger ................................................................
Common stock purchased ........................................................................................................................
Stock options and warrants exercised ......................................................................................................
Other activity, net ....................................................................................................................................

Shares outstanding at December 31, 2007 ...............................................................................................
Restricted stock awards granted ...............................................................................................................
Restricted stock awards forfeited .............................................................................................................
Common stock purchased ........................................................................................................................
Stock options exercised ...........................................................................................................................
Convertible notes converted ....................................................................................................................
Other activity, net ....................................................................................................................................

Shares outstanding at December 31, 2008 ...............................................................................................

(In thousands of shares)
202,081
98,049
1,390
92
(21,043)
2,053
(115)

282,507
1,400
(682)
(1,211)
526
5,891
33

288,464

During 2007 and 2008, we purchased 21.0 million and 1.2 million shares of our common stock, respectively.
We utilized $729.8 million and $44.7 million in cash, respectively, to affect these purchases and paid an average
price per share of $34.86 and $36.90, respectively. See note 11 to our consolidated financial statements. See ―Item
7. MD&A—General Overview—Acquisition of Global Signal‖ for a discussion of common stock issued in the
Global Signal Merger.

During 2008, the holders converted $63.8 million of the 4% convertible senior notes into 5.9 million shares of

our common stock. As of December 31, 2008, there are no 4% convertible senior notes outstanding.

Preferred Stock Dividends. We have the option to pay dividends on our 6.25% convertible preferred stock in
cash or shares of common stock (valued at 95% of the current market value of the common stock, as defined) (see
―Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity
Securities‖). Since 2005 we have elected to pay the dividends in cash and expect to continue to do so for the
foreseeable future. We are required to redeem all outstanding shares of our 6.25% convertible preferred stock on
August 15, 2012 at a price equal to the liquidation preference plus accumulated and unpaid dividends. The shares of
6.25% convertible preferred stock are convertible, at the option of the holder, in whole or in part at any time, into
shares of common stock at a conversion price of $36.875 per share of common stock. Under certain circumstances,
we generally have the right to convert the 6.25% convertible preferred stock, in whole or in part, into 8.6 million
shares of common stock if the price per share of our common stock equals or exceeds 120% of the conversion price
or $44.25 for at least 20 trading days in any consecutive 30-day trading period.

Interest Rate Swaps. We have used, and may continue to use when we deem prudent, interest rate swaps to
manage and reduce our interest rate risk, including the use of interest rate swaps to hedge the variability in cash
flows from changes in LIBOR on anticipated refinancing and outstanding variable rate debt. See ―Item 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk‖ and note 6 to our consolidated financial statements for
a further discussion of our use of interest rate swaps.

Restricted Cash. Pursuant to the indenture governing the tower revenue notes and the loan agreements
governing the mortgage loans, all rental cash receipts of the issuers of these debt instruments and their subsidiaries
are restricted and held by an indenture trustee. The restricted cash in excess of required reserve balances is
subsequently released to us in accordance with the terms of the indentures. See also notes 1 and 6 to our
consolidated financial statements.

Contractual Cash Obligations

The following table summarizes our contractual cash obligations, which relate primarily to our outstanding
borrowings and ground lease obligations, as of December 31, 2008 after giving effect to (1) the extension of the
revolving credit facility maturity to January 2010 from January 2009, (2) the purchases of debt in January and
February 2009, and (3) the issuance of the 9% senior notes exclusive of the impact of using the proceeds to make
future purchases or repayments of debt. The debt maturities reflect contractual maturity dates and do not consider
the impact of the principal payments that will commence following the anticipated repayment dates on the tower
revenue notes. See footnote (a).

Contractual Obligations (f)

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Thereafter

Totals

Years Ending December 31,

(In thousands of dollars)

Debt(a) (d) ......................................................................
Interest payments on debt(a) (d) .....................................
Lease obligations(b) .......................................................
Interest rate swaps(e) ......................................................
Redeemable preferred stock ...........................................
Dividend payments on redeemable

252,955 $
401,345
280,071
55,427
―

175,900 $ 1,468,743 $
409,757
429,195
284,172
281,278
332,322
228,467
―
―

6,500 $

469,277 469,277
287,208 287,481
―
―

―
318,050

6,551 $ 4,956,125 $ 6,866,774
7,948,515 10,127,366
4,925,935
3,505,725
616,216
―
318,050
―

preferred stock(c) .....................................................
Other ..............................................................................

19,877
13,194

19,877
1,155

19,877
3,113

14,907
453

―
118

―
―

74,538
18,033

Total contractual obligations .........................................

$ 1,022,869 $ 1,135,872 $ 2,517,984 $ 1,096,395 $ 763,427 $ 16,410,365 $ 22,946,912

(a) As previously discussed, if the tower revenue notes are not repaid in full by their anticipated repayment dates (June 2010 or November
2011) then the interest rate increases by an additional approximately 5% per annum and monthly principal payments commence using the
Excess Cash Flow of the Issuers of the tower revenue notes. The tower revenue notes are presented based on their contractual maturity
dates in 2035 and 2036 and include the impact of an assumed 5% increase in interest rate that would occur following the anticipated
repayment dates but exclude the impact of monthly principal payments that would commence using Excess Cash Flow of the Issuers of the
tower revenue notes. The annualized Excess Cash Flow of the Issuers is currently nearly $350 million.

(b) Amounts relate primarily to ground lease obligations for the land on which our towers reside, and are based on the assumption that
payments will be made through the end of the period for which we hold renewal rights. See table below summarizing remaining terms to
expiration.

(c) The dividends on the preferred stock can be paid in cash or common stock at our election. See note 10 to our consolidated financial

statements.

(d) Reflects the quarterly principal installments of $1.6 million on the term loans issued in 2007 and the remaining outstanding amount due in
January 2014. Interest payments on the floating rate debt are based on estimated rates in effect during the first quarter of 2009 exclusive of
the impact of our interest rate swaps.

(e) Our interest rate swaps require cash settlement to or from us in the future. Amounts represent cash settlement values as of December 31,

2008. See ―Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.‖

(f) The following items are in addition to the obligations disclosed in the above table:

 We have a legal obligation to perform certain asset retirement activities, including requirements upon lease termination to remove
towers or remediate the land upon which our towers reside. The cash obligations disclosed in the above table, as of December 31,
2008, are exclusive of estimated undiscounted future cash outlays for asset retirement obligations of approximately $1.8 billion. As of
December 31, 2008, the net present value of these asset retirement obligations was approximately $53.8 million.

 We are obligated under letters of credit to various landlords, insurers and other parties in connection with certain contingent retirement
obligations under various tower land leases and certain other contractual obligations. The letters of credit were issued through one of
CCUSA’s lenders in amounts aggregating $14.6 million and expire on various dates through August 2011.

 We are obligated to pay or reimburse others for property taxes related to our towers. See note 15 to our consolidated financial

statements.

 We have unrecognized tax benefits of $3.2 million as of December 31, 2008. See note 8 to our consolidated financial statements.

The following table summarizes as of December 31, 2008 the remaining terms to expiration (including renewal
terms at our option) of (1) the ground leases, subleases, or licenses for the land on which approximately 17,900 of
our towers reside and (2) agreements to manage approximately 700 towers owned by third parties where we had
sublease agreements with the tower owner. In addition, we own in fee or have perpetual or long-term easements in
the land on which approximately 5,500 of our towers reside (23% of total towers). See ―Item 1A. Risk Factors.‖

Remaining Term, In Years

Percent of Total Towers

15+ years ...................................................................................
10 – 15 years ..............................................................................
6 – 9 years ..................................................................................
4 – 5 years ..................................................................................
2 – 3 years ..................................................................................
0 – 1 year ...................................................................................

Total ...........................................................................................

45%
21%
6%
2%
1%
2%

77%

Factors Affecting Sources of Liquidity

Holding Companies. As holding companies, CCIC and CCOC will require distributions or dividends from their
subsidiaries, or will be forced to use their remaining cash balances, to fund their debt. The terms of the current
indebtedness of their subsidiaries allow them to distribute cash to their holding companies unless they experience a
deterioration of financial performance.

Compliance with Debt Covenants. Our debt obligations contain certain financial covenants with which CCIC or
our subsidiaries must maintain compliance in order to avoid the imposition of certain restrictions. Various of our
debt obligations also place other restrictions on CCIC or our subsidiaries, including the ability to incur debt and
liens, purchase our securities, make capital expenditures, dispose of assets, undertake transactions with affiliates,
make other investments and pay dividends. See note 6 to our consolidated financial statements for further
discussion of our debt covenants.

The financial maintenance covenants under our credit agreement are as follows:

Covenant Requirement

Actual as of
December 31, 2008 Pro forma

Consolidated Leverage Ratio(b) ..........................................................
Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio(c) .............................................

<8.25
>2.00

6.87
2.28(a)

(a) Pro forma for (1) 9% senior notes issued in January 2009 exclusive of the impact of using the proceeds to make future purchases or

repayments of debt and (2) our debt purchases in January and February 2009.

(b) For consolidated CCOC, ratio of Consolidated Total Debt (as defined in the credit agreement) to Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA (as

defined in the credit agreement) for the most recent completed quarter multiplied by four.

(c) For consolidated CCIC, ratio of Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA for the most recent completed quarter multiplied by four to Consolidated

Pro forma Debt Service (as defined in the credit agreement).

The 9% senior notes contain restrictive covenants with which we and our restricted subsidiaries must comply,
subject to a number of exceptions and qualifications, including restrictions on our ability to incur incremental debt,
issue preferred stock, guarantee debt, pay dividends, repurchase our capital stock, use assets as security in other
transactions, sell assets or merge with or into other companies, and make certain investments. Certain of these
covenants are not applicable if there is no event of default and if the ratio of our Consolidated Debt (as defined in

the senior notes indenture) and to our Adjusted Consolidated Cash Flows (as defined in the senior notes indenture) is
less than 7.0 to 1. Our Consolidated Debt to Adjusted Consolidated Cash Flow is 7.6 times, as of December 31,
2008 pro forma for (1) the 9% senior notes exclusive of the impact of using the proceeds to make future purchases
or repayments of debt and (2) our debt purchases in January and February 2009. The 9% senior notes contain the
previously mentioned restrictive covenants but do not contain any financial maintenance covenant that could result
in default.

Factors that are likely to determine our subsidiaries’ ability to comply with their current and future debt
covenants include their (1) financial performance, (2) levels of indebtedness, and (3) debt service requirements.
Given the current level of indebtedness of our subsidiaries, the primary risk of a debt covenant violation would be
from a deterioration of a subsidiary’s financial performance. Should a covenant violation occur in the future as a
result of a shortfall in financial performance (or for any other reason), we might be required to make principal
payments earlier than currently scheduled and may not have access to additional borrowings under these facilities as
long as the covenant violation continues. Any such early principal payments would have to be made from our
existing cash balances or cash from operations. If our subsidiaries that issued the tower revenue notes and mortgage
loans were to default on the debt, the trustee could seek to foreclose upon or otherwise convert the ownership of the
securitized towers, in which case we could lose the towers and the revenues associated with the towers. We
currently have no financial covenant violations; and based upon our current expectations, we believe our operating
results will be sufficient to comply with our debt covenants. See ―Item 1A. Risk Factors.‖

Financial Performance of Our Subsidiaries. A factor affecting our continued generation of cash flows from
operating activities is our ability to maintain our existing recurring site rental revenues and to convert those revenues
into operating cash flows by efficiently managing our operating costs. Our ability to service (pay principal and cash
interest) or refinance our current debt obligations and obtain additional debt will depend on our future financial
performance, which, to a certain extent, is subject to various factors that are beyond our control as discussed further
herein and in ―Item 1A. Risk Factors.‖

Levels of Indebtedness and Debt Service Requirements. Our ability to obtain cash financing in the form of debt
instruments, preferred stock or common stock in the capital markets depends on, among other things, general
economic conditions, conditions of the wireless industry, wireless carrier consolidation or network sharing, new
technologies, our financial performance and the state of the capital markets. We anticipate refinancing the majority,
if not all, of our debt and redeemable preferred stock within the next six years. There can be no assurances we will
be able to effect this anticipated financing on commercially reasonable terms or on terms, including with respect to
interest rates, as favorable as our current debt and preferred stock. Assuming we meet certain financial ratios, we
have the ability under our debt instruments to incur additional indebtedness, and any additional indebtedness we
incur could exacerbate our liquidity risks.

If we are unable to refinance or renegotiate our debt, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to generate
enough cash flows from operations or that we will be able to obtain enough capital to service our debt, pay our
obligations under our convertible preferred stock or fund our planned capital expenditures. In such an event, we
could face substantial liquidity issues and might be required to issue equity securities or securities convertible into
equity securities, or sell some of our assets to meet our debt payment obligations. Failure to refinance indebtedness
when required could result in a default under such indebtedness. If our tower revenue notes are not repaid in full by
their anticipated repayment dates (June 2010 or November 2011) then the interest rates increase by approximately
5% per annum and Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the indenture) of the Issuers of the tower revenue notes will be
used to repay principal resulting in a reduction in cash available for discretionary investments. In particular, CCIC
and CCOC are holding companies with no operations of their own, and as such will require distributions or
dividends from their subsidiaries to fund their debt. See ―Item 1A. Risk Factors.‖

The current credit environment has resulted in a substantial widening of credit spreads in the market since the
issuance of a majority of our existing debt. As we refinance our existing debt or borrow additional debt, changes in
our credit spreads may impact our interest expense and interest coverage ratios.

Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K.

Accounting and Reporting Matters

Related Party Transactions

See notes 11 and 14 to our consolidated financial statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The following is a discussion of the accounting policies and estimates that we believe (1) are most important to
the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and (2) require our most difficult, subjective or
complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently
uncertain. The critical accounting policies and estimates for 2008 are not intended to be a comprehensive list of our
accounting policies and estimates. See note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for a summary of our
significant accounting policies. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically
dictated by GAAP, with no need for management’s judgment in their application. In other cases, management is
required to exercise judgment in the application of accounting principles with respect to particular transactions.

Revenue Recognition. Site rental revenues are recognized on a monthly basis over the fixed, non-cancelable
term of the relevant lease or agreement with terms generally ranging from five to fifteen years. In accordance with
applicable accounting standards, these revenues are recognized on a monthly basis, regardless of whether the
payments from the customer are received in equal monthly amounts. If the payment terms call for fixed escalations
(as in fixed dollar or fixed percentage increases) or rent free periods, the effect is recognized on a straight-line basis
over the fixed, non-cancelable term of the agreement. When calculating our straight-line rental revenues, we
consider all fixed elements of tenant leases escalation provisions, even if such escalation provisions also include a
variable element. As a result of recognizing revenue on a straight-line basis, a portion of the revenue in a given
period represents cash collected in other periods. For 2006, 2007 and 2008, the non-cash portion of our site rental
revenues related to recognizing revenue on a straight-line basis amounted to approximately $20.5 million, $42.9
million and $40.3 million, respectively. See note 1 to our consolidated financial statements.

We provide network services, such as antenna installations and subsequent augmentation, network design and
site selection, site acquisition services, site development and other services, on a limited basis. Network services
revenues are generally recognized under a method which approximates the completed contract method. Under the
completed contract method, revenues and costs for a particular project are recognized in total at the completion date.
When using the completed contract method of accounting for network services revenues, we must accurately
determine the completion date for the project in order to record the revenues and costs in the proper period. For
antenna installations, we consider the project complete when the customer can begin transmitting its signal through
the antenna. We must also be able to estimate losses on uncompleted contracts, as such losses must be recognized
as soon as they are known. The completed contract method is used for projects that require relatively short periods
of time to complete (generally less than one year), such as our network services agreements and contracts. We do
not believe that our use of the completed contract method for network services projects produces financial position
and operating results that differ substantially from the percentage-of-completion method.

Some of our arrangements with our customers call for the performance of multiple revenue-generating
activities. Generally, these arrangements include both site rental and network services. In such cases, we determine
whether the multiple deliverables are to be accounted for separately or on a combined basis. In order to be accounted
for separately, the undelivered items must (1) have stand-alone value to the customer, (2) have reliably determinable
fair value on a separate basis, and (3) have delivery which is probable and under our control. In addition, the
delivered item must have stand-alone value to the customer. Allocation of recognized revenue in such arrangements
is based on the relative fair value of the separately delivered items. We have generally determined that it is
appropriate to account for antenna installation activities separately from the customer’s subsequent site rentals.

Accounting for Long-Lived Assets. We allocate the purchase price of acquisitions to the assets acquired and
liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. Any purchase price in excess of the
net fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is allocated to goodwill. The fair value of certain of our
assets and liabilities is determined by (1) using estimates of replacement costs for tangible fixed assets (such as
towers) and (2) using discounted cash flow valuation methods for estimating identifiable intangibles (such as site
rental contracts and above-market and below-market leases). The purchase price allocation requires subjective
estimates that, if incorrectly estimated, could be material to our consolidated financial statements including the
amount of depreciation, amortization and accretion expense. The determination of the final purchase price

allocation could extend over several quarters resulting in the use of preliminary estimates that are subject to
adjustment until finalized. During 2007, we completed the purchase price allocation for the Global Signal Merger
and had no significant acquisitions in 2008.

We are required to make subjective assessments as to the useful lives of our tangible and intangible assets for
purposes of determining depreciation, amortization and accretion expense that, if incorrectly estimated, could be
material to our consolidated financial statements. Depreciation expense for our property and equipment is computed
using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of our various classes of tangible assets. The
substantial portion of our property and equipment represents the cost of our towers which is depreciated with an
estimated useful life equal to the shorter of 20 years or the term of the lease (including optional renewals) for the
land under the tower. The useful life of our intangible assets are estimated based on the period for which the
intangible asset will benefit us. Our intangible assets predominately consist of site rental contracts that generally are
amortized over a 20 year useful life.

We record the fair value of obligations to perform certain asset retirement activities, including requirements,
pursuant to our ground leases, to remove towers or remediate the land upon which our towers reside. In determining
the fair value of these asset retirement obligations we must make several subjective and highly judgmental estimates
such as those related to: (1) timing of cash flows, (2) future costs and (3) discount rates. See notes 1 and 15 to our
consolidated financial statements.

We review the carrying values of property and equipment, intangible assets and other long-lived assets for
impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable.
If the sum of the estimated future cash flows (undiscounted) from the asset is less than its carrying amount, an
impairment loss is recognized. Measurement of an impairment loss is based on the fair value of the asset. Our
determination that an adverse event or change in circumstance has occurred will generally involve (1) a deterioration
in an asset’s financial performance compared to historical results, (2) a shortfall in an asset’s financial performance
compared to forecasted results, or (3) a change in strategy affecting the utility of the asset. Our measurement of the
fair value of an impaired asset will generally be based on an estimate of discounted future cash flows.

We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, regardless of whether adverse events or changes in
circumstances have occurred. The annual test begins with goodwill and all intangible assets being allocated to
applicable reporting units. Goodwill is then tested using a two-step process that begins with an estimation of fair
value of the reporting unit using an income approach, which looks to the present value of expected future cash
flows. The first step is a screen for potential impairment while the second step measures the amount of impairment
if there is an indication from the first step that one exists. Our reporting units are the operating segments since
segment management operates their respective tower portfolios as a single network. Our measurement of the fair
value for goodwill is based on an estimate of discounted future cash flows of the reporting unit. The most important
estimates for such calculations are the expected additions of new tenants on our towers, the terminal multiple for our
projected cash flows, our weighted-average cost of capital and control premium.

On October 1, 2008, we performed our annual goodwill impairment test. The results of this test indicated that
goodwill was not impaired at any of our reporting units. Despite the decline in our common stock price during the
fourth quarter, our market capitalization was in excess of 80% above the aggregate carrying amount of the reporting
units as of December 31, 2008. Future declines in our site rental business could result in an impairment of goodwill,
property and equipment and intangible assets in the future. If impairment were to occur in the future, the
calculations to measure the impairment could result in the write-off of some portion, to substantially all, of our
goodwill, property and equipment and intangible assets.

Interest Rate Swaps. We enter into interest rate swaps to manage and reduce our interest rate risk. The
designation of our interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges requires judgment including with respect to the required
assessment of the effectiveness of hedging relationships both at inception and on an on-going basis. We have
designated certain of our interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges. The effective portion of changes in fair value of
interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income
(―AOCI‖) and is recognized in earnings when the hedged item affects earnings. In contrast, the change in fair value
of interest rate swaps related to hedge ineffectiveness and for those not designated as cash flow hedges is
immediately marked to market in earnings.

Our interest rate swaps are predominately forward-starting. In assessing effectiveness of our forward starting
swaps both at inception and on an on-going basis, we must make several highly subjective and judgmental estimates
such as: (1) those related to the timing, amount, nature and probability of these future expected refinancings and (2)
assessing whether it is probable that the counterparties to our swaps will not default. The state of the current credit
markets makes these estimates regarding future refinancings especially difficult. As of December 31, 2008, we have
estimated that it is probable the expected refinancings will occur. Changes in our assessment of hedge effectiveness
including as result of changes in estimates regarding these future refinancings may result in prospectively
discontinuing hedge accounting or the immediate reclassification of the current unrealized loss from AOCI to
earnings.

The fair value of our interest rate swaps is determined using the income approach and is predominately based on
observable interest rate yield curves and, to a lesser extent, the contract counterparty’s credit risk and our non-
performance risk. The determination of the credit risk input is highly subjective and is primarily based on credit
default swap spreads including indexes of comparable securities and management’s knowledge of current credit
spreads in the debt market. As of December 31, 2008, a 50 basis point change in our credit spread would change the
fair value of our interest rate swaps by less than one percent.

As of December 31, 2008, our outstanding forward-starting interest rate swaps had a combined notional amount
of $5.3 billion and totaled $598.1 million on a settlement basis. In addition, we have two interest rate swaps with a
combined notional amount of $625.0 million and which totaled $18.1 million on a settlement basis. As of December
31, 2008, we have recorded $435.2 million, net of tax, in AOCI related to interest rate swaps designated as hedges.
During 2008, we recorded $22.2 million, net of tax, in earnings related to interest rate swaps not designated as
hedges and $2.5 million, net of tax, related to hedge ineffectiveness.

See also ―Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk‖ and notes 1, 6 and 7 to our

consolidated financial statements.

Deferred Income Taxes. We record deferred income tax assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet
related to events that impact our financial statements and tax returns in different periods. In order to compute these
deferred tax balances, we first analyze the differences between the book basis and tax basis of our assets and
liabilities (referred to as ―temporary differences‖). These temporary differences are then multiplied by current tax
rates to arrive at the balances for the deferred income tax assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is provided on
deferred tax assets if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the asset will not be realized. We recognize
a tax position if it is more likely than not it will be sustained upon examination. The tax position is measured at the
largest amount that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement.

The change in our net deferred income tax balances during a period generally results in a deferred income tax
provision or benefit in our consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If our
expectations about the future tax consequences of past events should prove to be inaccurate, the balances of our
deferred income tax assets and liabilities could require significant adjustments in future periods. Such adjustments
could cause a material effect on our results of operations for the period of the adjustment. See note 8 to our
consolidated financial statements.

Impact of Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted and Those Adopted in 2008

In September 2006, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157 (―SFAS 157‖), Fair
Value Measurements, which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP, and
expands disclosures about fair value measurements. On January 1, 2008, we adopted the provisions of SFAS 157,
with the exception of a one-year deferral of implementation for non-financial assets and liabilities that are not
recognized or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (at least annually). The requirements of SFAS 157 were
applied prospectively. As a result of the adoption of SFAS 157, the interest rate swap fair value as of December 31,
2008 included $75.0 million related to the combined impact of counterparty and our credit risk. We are currently
evaluating the impact of the adoption of FAS 157 as of January 1, 2009 on our non-financial assets and liabilities
that are not recognized or disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis.

for the noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. SFAS 160 clarifies that a
noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity that should be reported as
equity in the consolidated financial statements. SFAS 160 requires consolidated net income to be reported at
amounts that include the amounts attributable to both the parent and the noncontrolling interest. The provisions of
SFAS 160 are effective for us as of January 1, 2009. We expect that the adoption of SFAS 160 will not have a
material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Although we will prospectively record the income or
losses applicable to the non-controlling interest of CCAL even if their share of the CCAL cumulative losses exceeds
their equity interests.

In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 141(R) (―SFAS
141(R)‖), Business Combinations (revised 2007). SFAS 141(R) replaces Statement of Financial Accounting
Standards No. 141 (―SFAS 141‖), Business Combinations. SFAS 141(R) establishes principles and requirements
for recognizing and measuring identifiable assets and goodwill acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling
interest in an acquisition, at their fair value as of the acquisition date. SFAS 141(R) will change the accounting
treatment of certain items, including (1) acquisition and restructuring costs will be generally expensed as incurred,
(2) noncontrolling interests will be valued at fair value at the acquisition date, (3) acquired contingent liabilities will
be recorded at fair value at the acquisition date and subsequently measured at either the higher of such amount or the
amount determined under existing guidance for non-acquired contingencies, and (4) changes in deferred tax asset
valuation allowances and income tax uncertainties after the acquisition date will affect provision for income taxes.
The provisions of SFAS 141(R) are applied prospectively to our business combinations for which the acquisition
date is on or after January 1, 2009. SFAS 141(R) may have a material impact on business combinations after
adoption. The impact from application of SFAS 141(R) depends on the facts and circumstances of the business
combinations after adoption.

See note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion of recently issued accounting

standards and the related impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Our measurement of profit or loss currently used to evaluate the operating performance of our operating
segments is earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and accretion, as adjusted, or Adjusted
EBITDA. Our definition of Adjusted EBITDA is set forth in ―Item 7. MD&AResults of Operations—Comparison
of Operating Segments.‖ Our measure of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of
other companies, including companies in the tower sector and as used in the historical financial statements of Global
Signal, and is not a measure of performance calculated in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA should not be
considered in isolation or as a substitute for operating income or loss, net income or loss, cash flows provided by
(used for) operating, investing and financing activities or other income statement or cash flow statement data
prepared in accordance with GAAP.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to an investor in evaluating our operating performance because:



it is the primary measure used by our management to evaluate the economic productivity of our operations,
including the efficiency of our employees and the profitability associated with their performance, the
realization of contract revenue under our long-term contracts, our ability to obtain and maintain our
customers and our ability to operate our site rental business effectively;
it is the primary measure of profit and loss used by management for purposes of making decisions about
allocating resources to, and assessing the performance of, our operating segments;
it is similar to the measure of current financial performance generally used in our debt covenant
calculations;
although specific definitions may vary, it is widely used in the tower sector to measure operating
performance without regard to items such as depreciation, amortization and accretion, which can vary
depending upon accounting methods and the book value of assets; and

 we believe it helps investors meaningfully evaluate and compare the results of our operations from (1)
period to period and (2) to our competitors by removing the impact of our capital structure (primarily
interest charges from our outstanding debt) and asset base (primarily depreciation, amortization and
accretion) from our operating results.

Our management uses Adjusted EBITDA:

 with respect to compliance with our debt covenants, which require us to maintain certain financial ratios












including, or similar to, Adjusted EBITDA;
as the primary measure of profit and loss for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources to,
and assessing the performance of, our operating segments;
as a performance goal in employee annual incentive compensation;
as a measurement of operating performance because it assists us in comparing our operating performance
on a consistent basis as it removes the impact of our capital structure (primarily interest charges from our
outstanding debt) and asset base (primarily depreciation, amortization and accretion) from our operating
results;
in presentations to our board of directors to enable it to have the same measurement of operating
performance used by management;
for planning purposes, including preparation of our annual operating budget;
as a valuation measure in strategic analyses in connection with the purchase and sale of assets; and
in determining self-imposed limits on our debt levels, including the evaluation of our leverage ratio and
interest coverage ratio.

There are material limitations to using a measure such as Adjusted EBITDA, including the difficulty associated
with comparing results among more than one company, including our competitors, and the inability to analyze
certain significant items, including depreciation and interest expense, that directly affect our net income or loss.
Management compensates for these limitations by considering the economic effect of the excluded expense items
independently as well as in connection with their analysis of net income (loss).

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our primary exposures to market risks are related to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange
rates which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial position. We seek to manage exposure to
changes in interest rates where economically prudent to do so by utilizing predominately fixed rate debt and interest
rate swaps. We do not currently hedge against foreign currency exchange risks.

Interest Rate Risk

Our interest rate risk relates primarily to the impact of interest rate movements on the following, inclusive of the
9% senior notes issued January 2009 and the purchase of debt in January and February 2009: (1) the anticipated
refinancing of the vast majority of our existing $6.8 billion of debt, (2) our $808.0 million of floating rate debt
representing 12% of our total debt, and (3) potential future borrowings of incremental debt. The following
discussion and tables below summarize our market risk exposure to interest rates, including our use of interest rate
swaps to manage and reduce this risk. See also ―Item 1A. Risk Factors.‖

By the end of 2011, we expect to have refinanced a substantial amount of our outstanding debt; and we have
entered into interest rate swaps to hedge the variability in cash flows from changes in LIBOR on these anticipated
refinancings. We do not hedge our exposure to changes in credit spreads on these anticipated refinancings, as the
rates fixed by our interest rate swaps are exclusive of any credit spread. We typically do not hedge our exposure to
interest rates on potential future borrowings of additional debt for a substantial period prior to issuance. The current
credit environment has resulted in a significant widening of credit spreads in the market since the original issuance
of our existing debt. Unless the credit markets improve, our prospective debt financings will likely have higher
costs, including in 2010 and 2011 when we anticipate refinancing a significant portion of our debt. In addition, if
our tower revenue notes are not paid in full by their anticipated repayment dates (June 2010 or November 2011),
then the interest rate increases by an additional approximately 5% per annum.

We have managed our exposure to market interest rates on our existing debt by (1) controlling the mix of fixed
and floating rate debt and (2) utilizing interest rate swaps to hedge variability in cash flows from changes in LIBOR
on our outstanding floating rate debt. As of December 31, 2008, we had $808.0 million of floating rate debt, of
which $625.0 million is effectively converted to a fixed rate through an interest rate swap until December 2009. As
a result, a hypothetical unfavorable fluctuation in market interest rates on our existing debt of one percentage point
over a twelve-month period would increase our interest expense by approximately $1.8 million.

A hypothetical decrease of 50 basis points in the prevailing LIBOR yield curve as of December 31, 2008 would
increase the liability for our swaps by nearly $140 million. We are exposed to non-performance risk from the
counterparties to our interest rate swaps. In October 2008, a subsidiary of Lehman Brothers that was our
counterparty for two interest rate swaps filed for bankruptcy. These two interest rate swaps have a combined
notional value of $475 million and represent a liability of approximately $46.3 million as of December 31, 2008.
Our other interest rate swaps are with Morgan Stanley and the Royal Bank of Scotland plc who have credit ratings
of ―A‖ or better. See note 6 to our consolidated financial statements and the tables below.

As of February 17, 2009, the fair value of debt was $6.3 billion representing an amount less than carrying value
of approximately $422 million, compared to an amount less than carrying value of approximately $1.3 billion at
December 31, 2008. As of February 17, 2009, the settlement value of interest rate swaps was a liability of $520.5
million, a decrease of $95.7 million from December 31, 2008.

The following tables provide information about our market risk related to changes in interest rates. The future principal payments, weighted-average interest rates
and the interest rate swaps are presented as of December 31, 2008, after giving effect to (1) the extension of the revolving credit facility maturity to January 2010 from
January 2009, (2) purchases of debt in January and February 2009, and (3) issuance of the 9% senior notes in January 2009 exclusive of the impact of using the
proceeds to make future purchases and repayments of debt. These debt maturities reflect contractual maturity dates and do not consider the impact of the principal
payments that will commence following the anticipated repayment dates on the tower revenue notes (see footnote (b)). See note 6 to our consolidated financial
statements for additional information regarding our debt and interest rate swaps.

Future Principal Payments and Interest Rates by the Debt Instruments’ Contractual Year of Maturity

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Thereafter

Total

Fixed rate debt (b) ................................................ $
Average interest rate (a)(b) ..................................

246,455
4.7%

Variable rate debt (c)............................................ $
Average interest rate (d) .......................................

6,500
5.4%

― (b)
― (b)

175,900
2.7%

1,462,243
5.7%

6,500
5.4%

(Dollars in thousands)

—
—

6,500
5.4%

51
7.5%

6,500
5.4%

4,350,000
10.0%

606,125
5.4%

6,058,749
8.8%

808,025
4.8%

Fair Value(g)

4,874,361

622,824

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Thereafter

Total

Fair Value(i)

Notional Amounts and Interest Rates by the Year of Maturity of the Interest Rate Swaps

Interest Rate Swaps(h):

Variable to Fixed—Forward starting (e) .............
Average Fixed Rate(f) .........................................

Variable to Fixed ................................................
Average Fixed Rate(f) .........................................

293,825
5.1%

625,000(d)
4.1%(d)

1,900,000
5.2%

—
—

3,100,000
5.2%

—
—

$ 5,293,825
5.2%

(523,740)

625,000(d) $
4.1%(d)

(17,431)

(Dollars in thousands)

(a) The average interest rate represents the weighted-average stated coupon rate (see footnote (b)).
(b) As previously discussed, if the tower revenue notes are not repaid in full by their anticipated repayment dates (June 2010 or November 2011) then the interest rate increases by an
additional approximately 5% per annum and monthly principal payments commence using the Excess Cash Flow of the Issuers of the tower revenue notes. The tower revenue notes
are presented based on their contractual maturity dates in 2035 and 2036 and include the impact of an assumed 5% increase in interest rate that would occur following the
anticipated repayment dates but exclude the impact of monthly principal payments that would commence using Excess Cash Flow of the Issuers of the tower revenue notes. The
Excess Cash Flow of the Issuers is nearly $350 million for the annualized quarter ended December 31, 2008.

(c) Our variable rate debt consists of $169.4 million outstanding under our revolving credit facility and $638.6 million outstanding under our term loans.
(d) The interest rate on our revolving credit facility and term loans represents the rate currently in effect, exclusive of the effect of our interest rate swaps. LIBOR on $625.0 million of

the 2007 term loans has effectively been converted to a fixed rate of 4.1% until December 2009 through interest rate swaps. See the table below.

(e) These interest rate swaps are forward starting interest rate swaps that hedge exposure to variability in future cash flows attributable to changes in LIBOR on the expected future
refinancing of our fixed rate debt. These interest rate swaps have a contractual maturity on their respective effective dates (projected refinancing dates of the hedged debt) upon
which they will be terminated and settled in cash. See note 6 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our forward starting interest rate swaps.

(f) Exclusive of any applicable credit spreads.
(g) The fair value of our debt is based on indicative quotes (that is, non-binding quotes) from brokers that require judgment to interpret market information, including implied credit
spreads for similar borrowings on recent trades or bid/ask offers. These fair values are not necessarily indicative of the amount which could be realized in a current market
exchange. See discussion above regarding the change in fair value from December 31, 2008 to February 17, 2009.
Inclusive of the previously mentioned swaps with a subsidiary of Lehman Brothers that filed bankruptcy.

(h)
(i) The fair value of interest rate swaps is determined using the income approach and is predominately based on observable interest rates and yield curves. The fair value
predominately results from the difference between the fixed rate and the prevailing LIBOR yield curve and, to a lesser extent, the contract counterparties and our credit risk. As of
December 31, 2008, the liability on a cash settlement basis of approximately $616.2 million has been reduced by $75.0 million, related to credit risk (primarily our non-performance
risk), to reflect the interest rate swaps at fair. See discussion above regarding the change in fair value from December 31, 2008 to February 17, 2009.

Foreign Currency Risk

The vast majority of our foreign currency risk is related to the Australian dollar which is the functional currency
of CCAL. CCAL represented 6% of both our consolidated revenues and operating income for 2008. As of February
17, 2009, the Australian dollar exchange rate had declined approximately 24% from the average rate for 2008. If the
foreign currency exchange rate had been 0.65 for 2008, our consolidated revenues and operating income would have
been reduced by approximately $21 million and $4 million, respectively.

Foreign exchange markets have recently been volatile, and we expect foreign exchange markets to continue to
be volatile over the near term. We believe the risk related to our financial instruments (exclusive of inter-company
financing deemed a long-term investment) denominated in Australian dollars should not be material to our financial
condition. However, our revenues and costs have been, and will continue to be, impacted by changes in the
Australian dollar exchange rates.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Crown Castle International Corp. and Subsidiaries
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm ............................................................ 44
Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2007 and 2008 .......................................................................... 45
Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for each of the three years in the

period ended December 31, 2008 ..................................................................................................................... 46
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008 ....... 47
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity for each of the three years in the period ended
December 31, 2008 ........................................................................................................................................... 48
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ......................................................................................................... 49

Page

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Crown Castle International Corp.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Crown Castle International Corp. and
subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, and the related consolidated statements of
operations and comprehensive income (loss), cash flows, and stockholders' equity for each of the years in the three-
year period ended December 31, 2008. In connection with our audits of the consolidated financial statements, we
also have audited financial statement schedule II. These consolidated financial statements and the financial
statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion
on these consolidated financial statements and the financial statement schedule based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
(United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about
whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis,
evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the
accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the
financial position of Crown Castle International Corp. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, and the
results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31,
2008, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the related financial
statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole,
presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

As discussed in Note 8, the Company adopted the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board
Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes—An Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109,
effective January 1, 2007. As discussed in Note 1, the Company adopted the provisions of Statement of Financial
Accounting Standards No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, effective January 1, 2008.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
(United States), Crown Castle International Corp.'s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31,
2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of
Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated February 26, 2009 expressed
an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
February 26, 2009

CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(In thousands of dollars, except share amounts)

December 31,

2007

2008

Current assets:

ASSETS

Cash and cash equivalents ............................................................................................................ $
Restricted cash ..............................................................................................................................
Receivables net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $6,684 and $6,267, respectively .............
Deferred site rental receivables .....................................................................................................
Prepaid expenses ..........................................................................................................................
Deferred income tax assets ...........................................................................................................
Other current assets ......................................................................................................................

75,245
165,556
33,842
22,261
72,518
113,492
14,341

Total current assets ......................................................................................................
Restricted cash ......................................................................................................................................
Deferred site rental receivables .............................................................................................................
Available-for-sale securities..................................................................................................................
Property and equipment, net .................................................................................................................
Goodwill ...............................................................................................................................................
Other intangible assets, net:

Site rental contracts ......................................................................................................................
Other .............................................................................................................................................
Deferred financing costs and other assets, net of accumulated amortization of $26,358 and $40,096,
respectively .....................................................................................................................................

497,255
5,000
127,388
60,085
5,051,055
1,970,501

2,554,729
121,559

155,219
147,852
37,621
29,650
74,295
28,331
12,200

485,168
5,000
144,474
4,216
5,060,126
1,983,950

2,441,254
110,078

100,561

127,456

Total assets........................................................................................................................................... $ 10,488,133

$ 10,361,722

Current liabilities:

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Accounts payable.......................................................................................................................... $
Accrued compensation and related benefits ..................................................................................
Deferred revenues .........................................................................................................................
Interest rate swaps ........................................................................................................................
Other accrued liabilities ................................................................................................................
Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt ............................................................

37,366
29,525
144,760
3,985
74,851
81,500

Total current liabilities .................................................................................................
Long-term debt .....................................................................................................................................
Deferred ground lease payables ............................................................................................................
Deferred income tax liabilities ..............................................................................................................
Interest rate swaps .................................................................................................................................
Other liabilities .....................................................................................................................................

371,987
5,987,695
172,508
281,259
61,356
132,619

Total liabilities .............................................................................................................

7,007,424

33,808
28,483
174,213
52,539
79,098
466,217

834,358
5,630,527
199,399
40,446
488,632
137,769

7,331,131

Commitments and contingencies (note 15)
Minority interests ..................................................................................................................................
Redeemable preferred stock, $0.1 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued and

outstanding: December 31, 2007 and 2008—6,361,000; stated net of unamortized issue costs;
mandatory redemption and aggregate liquidation value of $318,050 ..............................................

—

―

313,798

314,726

Stockholders’ equity:

Common stock, $.01 par value; 600,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued and outstanding:

December 31, 2007—282,507,106 and December 31, 2008—288,464,431 .............................
Additional paid-in capital .............................................................................................................
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ........................................................................
Accumulated deficit ......................................................................................................................

2,825
5,561,454
26,166
(2,423,534)

2,885
5,614,507
(408,329)
(2,493,198)

Total stockholders’ equity ...........................................................................................

3,166,911

2,715,865

$ 10,488,133

$ 10,361,722

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In thousands of dollars, except per share amounts)

Years Ended December 31,

2006

2007

2008

Net revenues:

Site rental ............................................................................................................................ $
Network services and other .................................................................................................

Operating expenses:

Costs of operations(a):

Site rental ....................................................................................................................
Network services and other .........................................................................................
General and administrative ..................................................................................................
Restructuring charges (credits) ............................................................................................
Asset write-down charges ....................................................................................................
Integration costs ..................................................................................................................
Depreciation, amortization and accretion ............................................................................

Operating income (loss) ...............................................................................................................
Interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs......................................................
Losses on purchases and redemptions of debt ..............................................................................
Net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps ...........................................................................................
Impairment of available-for-sale securities...................................................................................
Interest and other income (expense) .............................................................................................

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and minority interests ................
Benefit (provision) for income taxes ............................................................................................
Minority interests .........................................................................................................................

696,724
91,497

788,221

212,454
60,507
104,532
(391)
2,945
1,503
285,244

121,427
(162,328)
(5,843)
491
—
(2,120)

(48,373)
(843)
1,666

$ 1,286,468
99,018

$ 1,402,559
123,945

1,385,486

1,526,504

443,342
65,742
142,846
3,191
65,515
25,418
539,904

99,528
(350,259)
―
―
(75,623)
9,351

(317,003)
94,039
151

456,123
82,452
149,586
―
16,888
2,504
526,442

292,509
(354,114)
42
(37,888)
(55,869)
2,101

(153,219)
104,361
―

(48,858)

―

(48,858)
(20,806)

Income (loss) from continuing operations ....................................................................................

(47,550)

(222,813)

Net gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax ................................................

5,657

—

Net income (loss) .........................................................................................................................
Dividends on preferred stock ........................................................................................................

(41,893)
(20,806)

(222,813)
(20,805)

Net income (loss) after deduction of dividends on preferred stock ............................................... $

(62,699) $

(243,618) $

(69,664)

Net income (loss) ......................................................................................................................... $
Other comprehensive income (loss):

Available-for-sale securities, net of tax: ..............................................................................
Unrealized gains (losses), net of taxes $-0-, $18,094 and $0 ......................................
Amounts reclassified into results of operations, net of taxes $-0-, $18,094 and $0 .....

Derivative instruments, net of tax:

Net change in fair value of cash flow hedging instruments net of taxes of $-0-,

(41,893) $

(222,813) $

(48,858)

19,247
—

(76,776)
57,529

(55,869)
55,869

$27,499 and $52,621 ............................................................................................

(6,843)

(40,042)

(392,993)

Amounts reclassified into results of operations, net of taxes of $-0-, $1,057 and

$3,742 ................................................................................................................
Foreign currency translation adjustments ............................................................................

969
9,690

1,963
18,492

6,949
(48,451)

Comprehensive income (loss) ...................................................................................................... $

(18,830)

(261,647) $

(483,353)

Per common share – basic and diluted:

Income (loss) from continuing operations ........................................................................... $
Income (loss) from discontinued operations ........................................................................

(0.33) $
0.03

(0.87) $
—

Net income (loss)................................................................................................................. $

(0.30) $

(0.87) $

(0.25)
—

(0.25)

Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic and diluted (in thousands) ......................

207,245

279,937

282,007

(a) Exclusive of depreciation, amortization and accretion shown separately.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands of dollars)

Years Ended December 31,

2006

2007

2008

Cash flows from operating activities:

Net income (loss) ....................................................................................................................... $
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:

(41,893 ) $

(222,813 ) $

(48,858 )

Depreciation, amortization and accretion ............................................................................
Gains (losses) on purchases and redemptions of long-term debt ..........................................
Amortization of deferred financing costs and other non-cash interest .................................
Stock-based compensation expense .....................................................................................
Asset write-down charges ....................................................................................................
Equity in losses and write-downs of unconsolidated affiliates.............................................
Deferred income tax provision (benefit) ..............................................................................
Income (expense) from forward-starting interest rate swaps ...............................................
Impairment of available-for-sale securities .........................................................................
Net gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations ........................................................
Other adjustments ................................................................................................................
Changes in assets and liabilities, excluding the effects of acquisitions:

Increase (decrease) in accrued interest ..........................................................................
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable ........................................................................
Increase (decrease) in deferred revenues, deferred ground lease payables, other

accrued liabilities and other liabilities .....................................................................
Decrease (increase) in receivables .................................................................................
Decrease (increase) in prepaid expenses, deferred site rental receivables and other

285,244
5,843
11,977
14,896
2,945
9,531
(2,303 )
(491 )
—
(5,657 )
(2,288 )

3,524
4,768

27,383
(13,067 )

539,904
―
23,913
23,542
65,515
1,000
(98,914 )

―
75,623
—
(2,331 )

3,170
7,592

2,799
3,966

526,442
(42 )
24,830
25,896
16,888
―
(113,557 )
34,111
55,869
―
(1,745 )

(1,031 )
(2,564 )

80,701
(5,010 )

assets.......................................................................................................................

(24,653 )

(72,611 )

(78,929 )

Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities ...............................................

275,759

350,355

513,001

Cash flows from investing activities:

Proceeds from disposition of property and equipment ...............................................................
Payment for acquisitions (net of cash acquired) of businesses ...................................................
Capital expenditures ..................................................................................................................
Other..........................................................................................................................................

2,282
(303,611 )
(124,820 )
(6,350 )

3,664
(494,352 )
(300,005 )
(755 )

1,855
(27,736 )
(450,732 )
―

Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities................................................

(432,499 )

(791,448 )

(476,613 )

Cash flows from financing activities:

Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt .................................................................................
Proceeds from issuance of capital stock .....................................................................................
Principal payments on long-term debt .......................................................................................
Purchases and redemptions of long-term debt ............................................................................
Purchases of capital stock ($-0-, $600,450 and $0 from related parties) ....................................
Borrowings under revolving credit agreements..........................................................................
Payments under revolving credit agreements .............................................................................
Payments for financing costs .....................................................................................................
Net (increase) decrease in restricted cash...................................................................................
Interest rate swap receipts (payments) .......................................................................................
Dividends on preferred stock .....................................................................................................
Return of capital to minority interest holders of CCAL .............................................................

2,550,000
45,540
(1,000,585 )
(12,108 )
(518,028 )

—

(295,000 )
(36,918 )
(24,750 )
(9,360 )
(19,877 )

—

Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities ...............................................

678,914

650,000
31,176
(4,875 )
—

(729,811 )
75,000
—
(9,108 )
(33,089 )

—

(19,879 )
(37,196 )

(77,782 )

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash .......................................................................................

(523 )

1,404

Cash flows from discontinued operations:

Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities ..................................................................

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents ..................................................................
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year ..........................................................................

5,657

527,308
65,408

—

(517,471)
592,716

―
8,444
(6,500 )
(282 )
(44,685 )
94,400
―
(1,527 )
17,745
―
(19,878 )
―

47,717

(4,131)

―

79,974
75,245

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year ..................................................................................... $

592,716 $

75,245 $

155,219

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands of dollars, except share amounts)

Common Stock

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss)

($.01 Par)

Additional Paid-
In Capital

Foreign Currency
Translation
Adjustments

Derivative
Instruments

Unrealized Gains
(Losses) on
Available-for-sale
Securities

Accumulated
Deficit

Total

Balance, January 1, 2006 ...........................................................................................................

214,188,524

2,142 $

3,256,196 $

47,090

(5,153)

—

(2,121,899)

1,178,376

Issuances of capital stock, net of forfeitures ........................................................................
Purchases and retirement of capital stock ............................................................................
Stock-based compensation expense ....................................................................................
Foreign currency translation adjustments ............................................................................
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities, net of tax ........................................
Derivative instruments:

Net change in fair value of cash flow hedging instruments, net of tax ...................
Amounts reclassified into results of operations, net of tax .....................................
SAB 51 gain on FiberTower Merger ...................................................................................
Reclassification of CCAL stock-based compensation .........................................................
Dividends on preferred stock ..............................................................................................
Net income (loss) ................................................................................................................

3,760,597
(15,868,575)








—


38
(159)
—










45,628
(517,869)
13,845





76,381
(323)






9,690











—



(6,843)
969
—


—



—

19,247

—




—



—

—




—
(20,806)
(41,893)

45,666
(518,028)
13,845
9,690
19,247

(6,843)
969
76,381
(323)
(20,806)
(41,893)

Balance, December 31, 2006 .....................................................................................................

202,080,546

2,021 $

2,873,858 $

56,780

(11,027)

19,247

(2,184,598)

756,281

Cumulative effect to prior year accumulated deficit related to the adoption of

FIN 48 (note 8) .............................................................................................................

—

Issuance of common stock and assumption of options and warrants in connection

with the Global Signal Merger ......................................................................................
Other issuances of capital stock, net of forfeitures ..............................................................
Purchases and retirement of capital stock ............................................................................
Stock-based compensation expense ....................................................................................
Capital distribution to minority interest holders of CCAL ..................................................
Foreign currency translation adjustments ............................................................................
Available-for-sale securities:

Unrealized gain (loss), net of tax ...........................................................................
Amounts reclassified into results of operations, net of tax .....................................

Derivative instruments:

98,140,929
3,328,264
(21,042,633)
—
—
—

—
—

—
—
—
—

—

981
34
(211)
—
—
—

—
—

—
—
—
—

—

3,372,926
31,591
(729,600)
21,621
(8,942)
—

—
—

—
—
—
—

—

—
—
—
—
—
18,492

—
—

—
—
—
—

—

—
—
—
—
—
—

—
—

(40,042)
1,963
—
—

Balance, December 31, 2007 .....................................................................................................

282,507,106

2,825 $

5,561,454 $

75,272

(49,106)

Derivative instruments:

7,168,244
(1,210,919)
—
—

—
—

—
—
—
—

72
(12)
—
—

—
—

—
—
—
—

71,830
(44,673)
25,896
—

—
—
—
(48,451)

—
—

—
—
—
—

—
—

—
—
—
—

—
—

(392,993)
6,949
—
—

Balance, December 31, 2008 .....................................................................................................

288,464,431

2,885 $

5,614,507 $

26,821

(435,150)

—

—
—
—
—
—
—

(76,776)
57,529

—
—
—
—

—

—
—
—
—

(55,869)
55,869

—
—
—
—

—

4,682

—
—
—
—
—
—

—
—

—
—
(20,805)
(222,813)

3,373,907
31,625
(729,811)
21,621
(8,942)
18,492

(76,776)
57,529

(40,042)
1,963
(20,805)
(222,813)

(2,423,534)

3,166,911

—
—
—
—

—
—

—
—
(20,806)
(48,858)

71,902
(44,685)
25,896
(48,451)

(55,869)
55,869

(392,993)
6,949
(20,806)
(48,858)

(2,493,198)

2,715,865

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Crown Castle International Corp. (―CCIC‖) and
its majority and wholly-owned subsidiaries, collectively referred to herein as the ―Company.‖ All significant
intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain reclassifications have been
made to the prior year’s financial statements to be consistent with the presentation in the current year.

The Company owns, operates and leases towers and other communications structures (collectively, ―towers‖).

The Company’s primary business is the renting of antenna space to wireless communications companies under long-
term contracts. To a lesser extent, the Company also provides certain network services to its customers, including
initial antenna installation and subsequent augmentation, network design and site selection, site acquisition, site
development, site management and other services. The Company conducts its operations through tower portfolios in
the United States (―U.S.‖), Puerto Rico and Canada (collectively referred to as ―CCUSA‖) and Australia (referred to
as ―CCAL‖).

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles
requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities,
the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts
of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

On January 12, 2007, the Company completed the merger (―Global Signal Merger‖) of Global Signal Inc. with
and into a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (see note 2). The results of operations from the former
subsidiaries of Global Signal Inc. have been included in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive
income (loss) beginning on January 12, 2007. Unless indicated otherwise or the context otherwise requires, ―Global
Signal‖ refers to the former Global Signal Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash represents the cash held in reserve by the indenture trustees pursuant to the indenture governing
the Senior Secured Tower Revenue Notes, Series 2005-1 (―2005 Tower Revenue Notes‖) and the Senior Secured
Tower Revenue Notes, Series 2006-1 (―2006 Tower Revenue Notes‖), and the loan agreements governing the
Commercial Mortgage Pass-through Certificates, Series 2004-2 (―2004 Mortgage Loan‖) and the Commercial
Mortgage Pass-through Certificates, Series 2006-1 (―2006 Mortgage Loan‖). The restriction of all rental cash
receipts is a critical feature of these debt instruments, due to the applicable indenture trustee’s ability to utilize the
restricted cash for the payment of debt service costs, ground rents, real estate and personal property taxes, insurance
premiums related to towers, other assessments by governmental authorities and potential environmental remediation
costs, and to reserve a portion of advance rents from customers. The restricted cash in excess of required reserve
balances is subsequently released to the Company in accordance with the terms of the indentures. The increases and
decreases in restricted cash have aspects of cash flows from financing as well as cash flows from operating activities
and, as such, could be classified as either on the consolidated statement of cash flows. The Company has classified
these increases and decreases in restricted cash as cash flows from financing activities based on consideration of the
terms of the related indebtedness.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable

An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded as an offset to accounts receivable in order to present a net
balance that the Company believes will be collected. In estimating the appropriate balance for this allowance, the
Company considers (1) specific reserves for accounts it believes may prove to be uncollectible and (2) additional
reserves, based on historical collections, for the remainder of its accounts. Additions to the allowance for doubtful
accounts are charged either to ―site rental costs of operations‖ or to ―network services and other costs of operations,‖
as appropriate; and deductions from the allowance are recorded when specific accounts receivable are written off as
uncollectible.

Investments in Equity Securities

In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115 (―SFAS 115‖), Accounting for
Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities, investments in equity securities classified as available-for-sale
are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet. The net unrealized gains or losses on the available-for-
sale securities, net of tax, are reported as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) unless any losses are
deemed other-than-temporary. The Company periodically reviews the value of available-for-sale securities and
records impairment charges in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for any
decline in value that is determined to be other-than-temporary. The Company does not have any investments
classified as trading. See note 5.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed utilizing
the straight-line method at rates based upon the estimated useful lives of the various classes of assets. Depreciation
of towers is generally computed with a useful life equal to the shorter of 20 years or the term of the underlying
ground lease (including optional renewal periods). Additions, renewals and improvements are capitalized, while
maintenance and repairs are expensed. Upon the sale or retirement of an asset, the related cost and accumulated
depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is recognized. The carrying value of property and
equipment will be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying
amount of the assets may not be recoverable. If the sum of the estimated future cash flows (undiscounted) expected
to result from the use and eventual disposition of an asset is less than the carrying amount of the asset, an
impairment loss is recognized. Measurement of an impairment loss is based on the fair value of the asset.
Construction in process is impaired when projects are abandoned or terminated.

Asset Retirement Obligations

The Company records obligations associated with retirement of long-lived assets and the associated asset
retirement costs in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 143 (―SFAS 143‖),
Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations and Financial Accounting Standards Board (―FASB‖) Interpretation
No. 47 (―FIN 47‖) Accounting for Conditional Asset Retirement Obligations. The fair value of the liability for asset
retirement obligations is recognized in the period in which it is incurred and the fair value of the liability can
reasonably be estimated. Changes subsequent to initial measurement resulting from revisions to the timing or
amount of the original estimate of undiscounted cash flows are recognized as an increase or decrease in the carrying
amount of the liability and related carrying amount of the capitalized asset. Asset retirement obligations are
included in ―other liabilities‖ on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The liability accretes as a result of the
passage of time and the related accretion expense is included in ―depreciation, amortization and accretion expense‖
on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The associated asset
retirement costs are capitalized as an additional carrying amount of the related long-lived asset and depreciated over
the useful life of such asset.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price for an acquired business over the allocated value of the
related net assets. Goodwill is not amortized, but rather is tested for impairment on an annual basis. The annual test
begins with goodwill and all intangible assets being allocated to applicable reporting units. Goodwill is then tested
using a two-step process that begins with an estimation of fair value of the reporting unit using an income approach,
which looks to the present value of expected future cash flows. The first step is a screen for potential impairment

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

while the second step measures the amount of impairment if there is an indication from the first step that one exists.
The Company’s measurement of the fair value for goodwill is based on an estimate of discounted future cash flows
of the reporting unit. The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1, 2008 and
determined goodwill was not impaired at any reporting units.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are included in ―other intangible assets, net‖ on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and
predominately consist of the estimated fair value of the following items recorded in conjunction with acquisitions:
(1) in-place customer site rental contracts, (2) below-market leases for land under its towers, (3) term easement
rights for land under its towers, and (4) trademarks. Deferred credits related to above-market leases for land under
its towers recorded in conjunction with acquisitions are recorded at the estimated fair value and are included in
―other liabilities‖ on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are
amortized utilizing the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives.

The carrying value of other intangible assets with finite useful lives will be reviewed for impairment whenever
events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. If the
sum of the estimated future cash flows (undiscounted) expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of an
asset is less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recognized. Measurement of an impairment
loss is based on the fair value of the asset.

Deferred Financing Costs

Costs incurred to obtain financing are deferred and amortized over the term of the related borrowing using the
effective yield method. Deferred financing costs are included in ―deferred financing costs and other assets, net‖ on
the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates

The Company uses the cost method to account for investments in those entities where the Company owns less
than twenty percent of the voting stock of the individual entity, does not exercise significant influence over the
entity and is not the primary beneficiary. The Company uses the equity method to account for investments in those
entities where the Company does not have control or is not the primary beneficiary but has the ability to exercise
significant influence over the entity. The Company reviews investments in unconsolidated affiliates for impairment
whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may be greater than the fair market
value. If an evaluation was required, the carrying value of the investment would be compared to the asset’s fair
market value; and an impairment charge would be recorded to adjust the carrying value to the fair market value. See
note 5.

Accrued Estimated Property Taxes

The accrual for estimated property tax obligations is based on assessments currently in effect and estimates of
possible additional taxes. The Company recognizes the benefit of tax appeals upon ultimate resolution of the appeal.

Sale of Stock of Subsidiaries or Equity Method Investments

The effects of any changes in the Company’s ownership interests resulting from the issuance of equity capital
by consolidated subsidiaries or investments accounted for under the equity method are accounted for as capital
transactions pursuant to the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 51, Accounting for the Sale of Stock of a
Subsidiary. See note 5.

Dispositions

The Company classifies as discontinued operations any components of its business that it holds for sale or
disposal that has operations and cash flows that are clearly distinguishable operationally and for financial reporting
purposes from the rest of the Company. For those components, the Company has no significant continuing
involvement after disposal and its operations and cash flows are eliminated from the Company’s ongoing operations.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

In 2006, the Company reversed a liability previously established in conjunction with the sale of its U.K.

subsidiary, as a result of the termination of the related contingencies.

Revenue Recognition

Site rental revenues are recognized on a monthly basis over the fixed, non-cancelable term of the relevant lease
or agreement, with such terms generally ranging from five to fifteen years. In accordance with applicable
accounting standards, including Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 13 (―SFAS 13‖), Accounting for
Leases, these revenues are recognized on a monthly basis regardless of whether the payments from the customer are
received in equal monthly amounts. The Company’s leases contain fixed escalation clauses (such as fixed dollar or
fixed percentage increases) or inflation-based escalation clauses (such as those tied to the consumer price index
(―CPI‖)). If the payment terms call for fixed escalations or rent free periods, the effect is recognized on a straight-
line basis over the fixed, non-cancelable term of the agreement. When calculating straight-line rental revenues, the
Company considers all fixed elements of tenant leases’ escalation provisions, even if such escalation provisions also
include a variable element. The Company’s asset related to straight-line site rental revenues is included in ―deferred
site rental receivables‖ on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

Network services revenues are generally recognized under a method which approximates the completed
contract method. This method is used because these services are typically completed in relatively short periods of
time and financial position and results of operations do not vary significantly from those which would result from
use of the percentage-of-completion method. These services are considered complete when the terms and conditions
of the contract or agreement have been completed. Costs and revenues associated with contracts not complete at the
end of a period are deferred and recognized when the installation becomes operational. The Company typically bills
for installation services on a fixed price basis. Any losses on contracts are recognized at such time as they become
known.

Some of the Company’s arrangements with its customers call for the performance of multiple revenue-
generating activities. Generally, these arrangements include both site rental and network services. In such cases, the
Company determines whether the multiple deliverables are to be accounted for separately or on a combined basis. In
order to be accounted for separately, the undelivered items must (1) have stand-alone value to the customer, (2) have
reliably determinable fair value on a separate basis, and (3) have delivery which is probable and under the control of
the Company. In addition, the delivered item must have stand-alone value to the customer. Allocation of
recognized revenue in such arrangements is based on the relative fair value of the separately delivered items.

Sales taxes and value-added taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are

presented on a net basis.

Costs of Operations

Costs of operations consist predominately of ground lease expense, property taxes, repairs and maintenance,
employee compensation and related benefit costs, and utilities. Generally, the ground lease agreements are specific
to each site and are for an initial term of five years and are renewable for pre-determined periods. Ground lease
expense is recognized on a monthly basis, regardless of whether the lease agreement payment terms require the
Company to make payments annually, quarterly, monthly, or for the entire term in advance. The Company’s ground
leases contain fixed escalation clauses (such as fixed dollar or fixed percentage increases) or inflation-based
escalation clauses (such as those tied to the CPI). If the payment terms include fixed escalation provisions, the
effect of such increases is recognized on a straight-line basis. The Company calculates the straight-line ground lease
expense using a time period that equals or exceeds the remaining depreciable life of the tower asset. Further, when a
tenant has exercisable renewal options that would compel the Company to exercise existing ground lease renewal
options, the Company has straight-lined the ground lease expense over a sufficient portion of such ground lease
renewals to coincide with the final termination of the tenant’s renewal options. The Company’s liability related to
straight-line ground lease expense is included in ―deferred ground lease payables‖ on the Company’s consolidated
balance sheet.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Non-Cash Site Rental Margin

The following is a summary of the impact on site rental gross margins from the non-cash portions of site rental
revenues, ground lease expense and stock-based compensation expense for those employees directly related to tower
operations and the amortization of below-market and above-market leases.

Years Ended December 31,

2006

2007

2008

Non-cash impact on site rental gross margins:

Non-cash portion of site rental revenues attributable to straight-line

recognition of revenues ........................................................................ $

20,496

42,921

40,281

Non-cash portion of ground lease expense attributable to straight-line

recognition of expenses ........................................................................
Stock-based compensation expenses directly related to tower operations .
Net amortization of below-market and above-market leases .....................

(15,812)
(174)
—

(41,040)
(396)
638

(38,171)
(935)
589

Total ........................................................................................ $

4,510

2,123

1,764

Acquisition Costs

Direct out-of-pocket or incremental costs that are directly related to a business combination are included in the cost of
the acquired enterprise. Costs included in the cost of the acquired enterprise include finder’s fees or other fees paid to
outside consultants for accounting, legal, engineering reviews or appraisals. See below for a discussion of the Company’s
adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 141(R) (―SFAS 141(R)‖) on January 1, 2009.

Costs that do not meet the above criteria are expensed as incurred. Certain incremental costs that are expensed as
incurred are classified as integration costs in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive
income (loss), including retention bonuses paid to employees of an acquired enterprise, contracted employees to assist
with the integration of the acquired enterprise’s operations and tower portfolio, travel costs incurred directly related to the
integration of the acquired enterprise’s operations and tower portfolio, and certain other costs directly related to the
integration of the acquired enterprise. Internal costs, both one-time and recurring in nature, are not included in the cost of
the acquired enterprise, whether or not the costs are incremental, non-recurring or related directly to a business
combination.

Costs of registering and issuing equity securities in a business combination are treated as a reduction of the fair value

of equivalent registered securities issued.

Stock-Based Compensation

Restricted Stock Awards. The Company records stock-based compensation expense only for those nonvested
stock awards (―restricted stock awards‖) for which the requisite service is expected to be rendered. The cumulative
effect of a change in the estimated number of restricted stock awards for which the requisite service is expected to
be or has been rendered is recognized in the period of the change in the estimate. To the extent that the requisite
service period is rendered, compensation cost for accounting purposes is not reversed; rather, it is recognized
regardless of whether or not the awards vest. The Company uses historical data and management’s judgment about
the future employee turnover rates to estimate the number of shares for which the requisite service period will not be
rendered. The fair value of restricted stock awards without market conditions is determined based on the number of
shares granted and the quoted price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant. The Company uses a Monte Carlo
simulation as the method of valuation for the Company’s restricted stock awards with market conditions. The
Company’s determination of the fair value of restricted stock awards with market conditions on the date of grant is
affected by its stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables.
The determination of fair value using a Monte Carlo simulation requires the input of highly subjective assumptions,
and other reasonable assumptions could provide differing results. The key assumptions are summarized as follows:

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Valuation and Amortization Method. The Company estimates the fair value of restricted stock awards with
market conditions granted using a Monte Carlo simulation. It amortizes the fair value of all restricted stock
awards on a straight-line basis for each separately vesting tranche of the award (graded vesting schedule) over
the requisite service periods. In the case of accelerated vesting based on the market performance of the
Company’s common stock, the compensation costs related to the vested awards that have not previously been
amortized are recognized upon vesting.

Expected Volatility. The Company estimates the volatility of its common stock at the date of grant based on the
historical volatility of its common stock and implied volatility on publicly traded options on the Company’s
common stock.

Risk-Free Rate. The Company bases the risk-free rate on the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury
issues with an equivalent remaining term equal to the expected life of the award.

Interest Expense and Amortization of Deferred Financing Costs

The components of interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs are as follows:

Interest expense on debt obligations .............................................................................. $ 150,351
8,600
Amortization of deferred financing costs .......................................................................
1,301
Amortization of interest rate swaps................................................................................
—
Amortization of purchase price adjustment on long-term debt ......................................
3,371
Imputed interest on customer provided financing ..........................................................
(1,295)
Less: capitalized interest (a) ..........................................................................................

$ 326,346
15,463
3,020
3,572
3,264
(1,406)

$ 329,284
15,264
3,020
3,771
2,775
―

Total ............................................................................................................................... $ 162,328

$ 350,259

$ 354,114

Years Ended December 31,

2006

2007

2008

(a) Related to the build out of the former Modeo network (see note 19).

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using an asset and liability approach, which requires the recognition of
deferred income tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been
recognized in the Company’s financial statements or tax returns. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are
determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities
using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is provided on deferred tax assets if it is determined that it is more
likely than not that the asset will not be realized. The Company records interest or penalties related to income taxes
as components of ―benefit (provision) for income taxes‖ in its consolidated statement of operations and
comprehensive income (loss). The amount of interest and penalties accrued as of December 31, 2008 is immaterial.

The company recognizes a tax position if it is more likely than not it will be sustained upon examination. The
tax position is measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate
settlement. See note 8 for a discussion of FASB Interpretation No. 48 (―FIN 48‖), Accounting for Uncertainty in
Income Taxes—an Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109.

Per Share Information

Per share information is based on the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during
each period for the basic computation and, if dilutive, the weighted-average number of potential shares of common
stock resulting from the assumed exercise of outstanding stock options and warrants, conversion of convertible
preferred stock and convertible senior notes and from the vesting of restricted stock awards for the diluted
computation.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted per share computations is as

follows:

Years Ended December 31,

2006

2007

2008

Income (loss) from continuing operations ..................................................................... $ (47,550)
(20,806)
Dividends on preferred stock .........................................................................................

$(222,813)
(20,805)

$ (48,858)
(20,806)

Income (loss) from continuing operations applicable to common stock for basic and

diluted computations ................................................................................................
Net gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations ..................................................

(68,356)
5,657

(243,618)
—

(69,664)
—

Net income (loss) applicable to common stock for basic and diluted computations ...... $ (62,699)

$(243,618)

$ (69,664)

Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period for

basic and diluted computations (in thousands) ......................................................... 207,245

279,937

282,007

Per common share – basic and diluted:

Income (loss) from continuing operations .............................................................. $
Net gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued operations ..........................................

(0.33)
0.03

(0.87)
—

(0.25)
—

Net income (loss) ................................................................................................... $

(0.30)

(0.87)

(0.25)

The calculations of common shares outstanding for the diluted computations exclude the following potential
common shares. The inclusion of such potential common shares in the diluted per share computations would be
anti-dilutive since the Company incurred net losses from continuing operations for each of the years in the three-
year period ended December 31, 2008.

Options to purchase shares of common stock(1) ....................................................
Warrants to purchase shares of common stock at an exercise price of $7.508 per

share ..................................................................................................................
Shares of 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock which are convertible into shares of
common stock at a conversion price of $36.875 per share (note 10) .................
Shares of restricted stock awards (note 12) ............................................................
4% Convertible Senior Notes which were convertible into shares of common stock
at a conversion price of $10.83 per share (note 6) .............................................

590

8,625
1,227

5,895

Total potential common shares .......................................................................

22,376

(1) See note 12 for a tabular presentation of the outstanding stock options as of December 31, 2008.

Foreign Currency Translation

December 31,

2006

2007

2008

(In thousands of shares)

6,039

4,603

3,999

—

8,625
2,255

5,891

21,374

—

8,625
2,749

—

15,373

The Company’s international operations use the local currency as their functional currency. The Company
translates the results of these international operations using the applicable average exchange rate for the period, and
translates the assets and liabilities using the applicable exchange rate at the end of the period. The cumulative effect
of changes in the exchange rate is recorded as ―foreign currency translation adjustments‖ in accumulated other
comprehensive income (loss). See note 18.

Fair Values

The Company’s assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy in
accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157 (―SFAS 157‖) Fair Value Measurements.
The fair value hierarchy ranks the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair value.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The following is a description of the levels of the fair value hierarchy. The Company evaluates level

classifications quarterly, and transfers between levels are effective at the end of the quarterly period.

 Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the

Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

 Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset
or liability, either directly or indirectly. If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, a Level 2
input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 2 inputs include
quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs other than quoted prices
that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates.

 Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs and are not corroborated by market data.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on one or more of three valuation techniques noted in

SFAS 157. The three valuation techniques are described below.

 Market approach. Uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving

identical or comparable assets or liabilities.

 Cost approach. Based on the amount that would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset



(replacement cost).
Income approach. Uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based
on market expectations.

The fair value of available-for-sale securities is based on quoted market prices. The fair value of interest rate
swaps is determined using the income approach and is predominately based on observable interest rates and yield
curves and, to a lesser extent, the Company’s and the contract counterparty’s credit risk. The credit risk input for
interest rate swap fair values is primarily based on credit default swap spreads including indexes of comparable
securities and management’s knowledge of current credit spreads in the debt market. The fair value of cash and
cash equivalents and restricted cash approximate the carrying value. The estimated fair value of the Company’s
debt securities is based on indicative quotes (that is non-binding quotes) from brokers that require judgment to
interpret market information including implied credit spreads for similar borrowings on recent trades or bid/ask
prices. There were no changes since December 31, 2007 in the Company’s valuation techniques used to measure
fair values, with the exception of its consideration of the Company’s and the contract counterparty’s credit risk when
measuring the fair value of interest rate swaps.

See notes 6 and 7 for a further discussion of fair values.

Derivative Instruments

The Company enters into interest rate swaps, to manage and reduce its interest rate risk. Derivative financial
instruments are entered into for periods that match the related underlying exposures and do not constitute positions
independent of these exposures. The Company can designate derivative financial instruments as hedges. The
Company can also enter into derivative financial instruments that are not designated as accounting hedges.

Derivatives are recognized on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. If the derivative is designated as a
cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the derivative is recorded as a separate
component of stockholders’ equity, captioned ―accumulated other comprehensive income (loss),‖ and recognized as
increases or decreases to ―interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs‖ when the hedged item
affects earnings. Any hedge ineffectiveness is included in ―net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps‖ on the
consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If a hedge ceases to qualify for hedge
accounting, any change in the fair value of the derivative since the date it ceased to qualify is recorded to ―net gain
(loss) on interest rate swaps.‖ However, any amounts previously recorded to ―accumulated other comprehensive
income (loss)‖ would remain there until the original forecasted transaction affects earnings. In a situation where it
becomes probable the hedged forecasted transaction will not occur, any gains or losses that have been recorded to
―accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)‖ is immediately reclassified to earnings. Derivatives that do not
meet the requirements for hedge accounting are marked to market through ―net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps‖ on
the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

To qualify for hedge accounting, the details of the hedging relationship must be formally documented at the
inception of the arrangement, including the risk management objective, hedging strategy, hedged item, specific risks
that are being hedged, the derivative instrument, how effectiveness is being assessed and how ineffectiveness will be
measured. The derivative must be highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows for the risk being hedged. In
the context of hedging relationships, effectiveness refers to the degree to which fair value changes in the hedging
instrument offset the corresponding expected earnings effects of the hedged item. The Company assesses the
effectiveness of hedging relationships using regression analysis both at the inception of the hedge and on an on-
going basis.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS 157, which defines fair value, establishes a framework for
measuring fair value in U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and expands disclosures about fair value
measurements. SFAS 157 also requires the Company to consider its own credit risk when measuring fair value,
including derivatives. The FASB amended SFAS 157 to exclude leases accounted for pursuant to SFAS 13 from its
scope. On January 1, 2008, the Company adopted the provisions of SFAS 157, with the exception of a one-year
deferral of implementation for non-financial assets and liabilities that are not recognized or disclosed at fair value on
a recurring basis (at least annually). In October 2008, the FASB clarified SFAS 157 as it relates to determining the
fair value of a financial asset when the market for that financial asset is inactive. The significant categories of assets
and liabilities included in the Company’s deferred implementation of SFAS 157 are (1) non-financial assets and
liabilities initially measured at fair value in a business combination, (2) impairment assessments of long-lived assets,
goodwill, and other intangible assets, and (3) asset retirement obligations initially measured at fair value. The
requirements of SFAS 157 were applied prospectively. As a result of adoption of SFAS 157, the interest rate swap
fair value as of December 31, 2008 included $75.0 million related to the combined impact of counterparty and the
Company’s own credit risk. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of FAS 157 as of
January 1, 2009 on its non-financial assets and liabilities that are not recognized or disclosed at fair value on a
recurring basis. See notes 6 and 7.

In December 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 160 (―SFAS 160‖),
―Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements—an Amendment to Accounting Research Bulletin
No. 51.‖ SFAS 160 amends Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51 to establish accounting and reporting standards
for the noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. SFAS 160 clarifies that a
noncontrolling interest in a subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity that should be reported as
equity in the consolidated financial statements. SFAS 160 requires consolidated net income to be reported at
amounts that include the amounts attributable to both the parent and the noncontrolling interest. The provisions of
SFAS 160 are effective for the Company as of January 1, 2009. The Company expects that the adoption of SFAS
160 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements; however, the Company will
prospectively record the income or losses applicable to the non-controlling interest of CCAL even if the non-
controlling stockholders’ share of the cumulative losses exceeds its equity interest. See note 9.

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 141(R), Business Combinations (revised 2007). SFAS 141(R)
replaces Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 141 (―SFAS 141‖), Business Combinations. SFAS
141(R) establishes principles and requirements for recognizing and measuring identifiable assets and goodwill
acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in an acquisition, at their fair value as of the acquisition
date. SFAS 141(R) will change the accounting treatment of certain items, including (1) acquisition and restructuring
costs will be generally expensed as incurred, (2) noncontrolling interests will be valued at fair value at the
acquisition date, (3) acquired contingent liabilities will be recorded at fair value at the acquisition date and
subsequently measured at either the higher of such amount or the amount determined under existing guidance for
non-acquired contingencies, and (4) changes in deferred tax asset valuation allowances and income tax uncertainties
after the acquisition date will affect the provision for income taxes. The provisions of SFAS 141(R) will be applied
prospectively to the Company’s business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after January 1, 2009.
SFAS 141(R) may have a material impact on business combinations after adoption. The impact from application of
SFAS 141(R) will depend on the facts and circumstances of the business combinations after adoption.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

In March 2008, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 161 (―SFAS 161‖),
―Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.‖ SFAS 161 enhances the disclosure
requirements for derivative instruments and hedging activities. The Company adopted SFAS 161 on December 31,
2008. The adoption of SFAS 161 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial
statements.

In April 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position No. 142-3 (―FSP 142-3‖), ―Determination of the Useful
Life of Intangible Assets.‖ FSP 142-3 amends the factors that should be considered in developing renewal or
extension assumptions used to determine the useful life of a recognized intangible asset. Specifically, the Company
shall consider its own historical experience in renewing or extending similar arrangements, even when there is likely
to be substantial cost or material modifications. Also, in the absence of its own experience, an entity shall consider
the assumptions that market participants would use. The provisions of FSP 142-3 are applied prospectively to
intangible assets acquired after January 1, 2009. FSP 142-3 may have a material impact on the determination of the
useful lives of intangible assets acquired after January 1, 2009. This impact, if any, from the application of FSP
142-3 will depend on the facts and circumstances of the intangible assets acquired after adoption.

In May 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position No. APB 14-1 (―APB 14-1‖), ―Accounting for Convertible
Debt Instruments That May Be Settled in Cash upon Conversion (Including Partial Cash Settlement).‖ APB 14-1
clarifies that the liability and equity components of convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon
conversion should be accounted for separately. The liability and equity components of convertible debt instruments
within the scope of APB 14-1 shall be separately accounted for in a manner that will reflect the entity’s
nonconvertible debt borrowing rate when interest costs are recognized in subsequent periods. The provisions of
APB 14-1 are applied retrospectively and are effective for the Company as of January 1, 2009. The Company
expects that the adoption of APB 14-1 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2008, the Emerging Issues Task Force reached a consensus on Issue No. 08-6 (―EITF 08-6‖),
Equity Method Investment Accounting Considerations. EITF 08-6 addresses questions about the potential effect of
SFAS 141(R) and SFAS 160 on equity-method accounting. The provisions of EITF 08-6 are effective January 1,
2009 and will be applied prospectively. The Company does not expect the adoption of EITF 08-6 to have a material
impact on its consolidated financial statements.

2. Acquisition

The following is a summary of the Company’s significant acquisitions during the years ended December 31,
2006, 2007 and 2008. The Company entered into these acquisitions and paid purchase prices that resulted in the
recognition of goodwill primarily because of the anticipated growth opportunities in the tower portfolios.

Mountain Union Acquisition

On July 1, 2006, the Company acquired approximately 98% of the outstanding equity interests of Mountain
Union Telecom, LLC (―Mountain Union‖) for $305.3 million. Mountain Union’s assets at closing included 474
completed towers, as well as 77 towers in various stages of development. The results of operations from the towers
acquired from Mountain Union have been included in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive
income (loss) from July 1, 2006. The Company utilized borrowings under a previously existing credit facility, as
discussed in note 6, to acquire the Mountain Union equity interests and pay off the outstanding indebtedness of
Mountain Union. On January 2, 2007, the Company purchased the remaining minority interest in Mountain Union
for $4.4 million.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The following is the allocation of the purchase price to acquire 100% of Mountain Union.

Cash and cash equivalents ......................................................................................................................
Other current assets ................................................................................................................................
Property and equipment .........................................................................................................................
Goodwill ................................................................................................................................................
Other intangible assets ...........................................................................................................................
Other assets ............................................................................................................................................
Deferred rental revenues and other accrued liabilities ...........................................................................
Other liabilities.......................................................................................................................................

1,647
1,872
89,784
50,519
170,200
283
(3,603)
(1,021)

Net assets acquired ..................................................................................................................

309,681

Global Signal Acquisition

On October 5, 2006, the Company entered into a merger agreement which contemplated Global Signal merging
into a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. On January 12, 2007, the Global Signal Merger was completed for
a purchase price of approximately $4.0 billion, exclusive of debt of approximately $1.8 billion that remained
outstanding as obligations following the Global Signal Merger. The results of operations from Global Signal have
been included in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) from January 12, 2007.

In connection with the Global Signal Merger, each outstanding share of common stock of Global Signal was
converted into the right to receive, at the election of the holder thereof, either 1.61 shares of the Company’s common
stock or $55.95 in cash. In addition, in connection with the Global Signal Merger, the obligation pursuant to each
warrant (―GSI Warrants‖) entitling the holder thereof to purchase shares of Global Signal common stock was
assumed by the Company with appropriate adjustments made to the number of shares and exercise price per share.
Accordingly, each such warrant entitled the holder thereof to purchase 3.22 shares of the Company’s common stock.
As a result of the Global Signal Merger, the Company issued approximately 98.1 million shares of common stock to
the stockholders of Global Signal and paid the maximum $550.0 million in cash (―GS $550M Consideration‖) and
reserved for issuance approximately 0.6 million shares of common stock issuable pursuant to warrants described
above. The Company primarily financed the GS $550M Consideration with cash obtained from the issuance of the
2006 Tower Revenue Notes in November 2006. At the closing of the Global Signal Merger, Global Signal’s
subsidiaries had debt outstanding of approximately $1.8 billion, which has a structure similar to the 2005 Tower
Revenue Notes and the 2006 Tower Revenue Notes (see note 6).

The purchase price of approximately $4.0 billion includes the fair value of common stock issued, the GS
$550M Consideration, the fair value of the GSI Warrants and restricted stock awards assumed and estimated
transaction costs. The components of the purchase price are as follows:

Issuance of common stock to stockholders of Global Signal (98.1 million shares at $34.20) .................
GS $550M Consideration ........................................................................................................................
Fair value of warrants assumed ................................................................................................................
Fair value of restricted stock awards assumed .........................................................................................
Transaction costs .....................................................................................................................................

3,353,275
550,013
18,392
2,240
31,500

Total purchase price .................................................................................................................

3,955,420

The fair value of the common stock and restricted stock awards issued was determined using a value of $34.20
per share which represents the average closing price of the Company’s common stock for the five-day period
comprised of the two days prior to, the day of and the two days subsequent to the date of the merger agreement
(October 4, 2006). The fair value of the warrants was determined using a Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model.

Through the Global Signal Merger, the Company acquired 10,749 towers including 6,553 towers (―Sprint
Towers‖) leased (including managed) through May 2037, which are accounted for as capital leases, under master
leases and subleases (―Sprint Master Leases‖) with Sprint Corporation (a predecessor of Sprint Nextel) and certain
Sprint Corporation subsidiaries entered into in May 2005. Global Signal prepaid the rent owed under the Sprint
Master Leases in May 2005. During the period commencing one year prior to the expiration of the Sprint Master

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Leases and ending 120 days prior to expiration, the Company, after the Global Signal Merger, has the option to
purchase all (but not less than all) of the Sprint Towers then leased for approximately $2.3 billion. Following the
Global Signal Merger, the Company is entitled to all revenues from the Sprint Towers during the term of the Sprint
Master Leases, including amounts payable under existing leases with third parties. In addition, under the Sprint
Master Leases, certain Sprint Corporation subsidiaries have agreed to sublease space on substantially all of the
Sprint Towers for an initial period through May 2015. The Sprint Master Leases remain effective as assets and
commitments following the closing of the Global Signal Merger.

The allocation of the total purchase price for the Global Signal Merger is shown below.

Assets:

Cash and cash equivalents............................................................................................................ $
Restricted cash .............................................................................................................................
Other current assets ......................................................................................................................
Property and equipment ...............................................................................................................
Goodwill(a) ..................................................................................................................................
Other intangible assets .................................................................................................................
Other assets ..................................................................................................................................

Total assets .............................................................................................................................

Liabilities:

Deferred rental revenues and other accrued liabilities .................................................................
Deferred tax liability ....................................................................................................................
Long-term debt ............................................................................................................................
Other liabilities ............................................................................................................................

Total liabilities ........................................................................................................................

96,686
16,964
38,872
1,964,026
1,843,653
2,569,934
2,814

6,532,949

98,825
556,634
1,831,644
90,426

2,577,529

Net assets acquired ................................................................................................................. $

3,955,420

(a) On a consolidated basis, goodwill was reduced by approximately $264.1 million related to the reversal of the Company’s federal valuation

allowance as a result of recording deferred tax liabilities in purchase accounting for the Global Signal Merger. See note 8.

Unaudited Pro Forma Operating Results

The following table presents the unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated results of operations of the
Company as if the Global Signal Merger were completed as of January 1 for the period presented below. The
unaudited pro forma amounts are presented for illustrative purposes only, are not necessarily indicative of future
consolidated results of operations and reflect cost savings from the Global Signal Merger in the period in which such
cost savings are achieved.

Site rental revenues ................................................................................................................. $
Net revenues ...........................................................................................................................
Site rental costs of operations(c) .............................................................................................
Costs of operations(c) .............................................................................................................
Operating income (loss) ..........................................................................................................
Income (loss) from continuing operations(a)(b) .....................................................................
Basic and diluted income (loss) from continuing operations per common share(a)(b) ...........

Year Ended
December 31,
2007

1,302,174
1,401,192
450,473
516,215
96,536
(226,489)
(0.87)

(a)

(b)

Inclusive of non-recurring integration costs related to the Global Signal Merger of $16.5 million, net of tax, or $0.06 per share, net of tax,
and asset write-down charges and restructuring charges of $39.4 million, net of tax, or $0.14 per share related to Modeo. See note 19.
Inclusive of an impairment charge of $57.5 million, net of tax, or $0.21 per share related to the Company’s investment in FiberTower
Corporation (―FiberTower‖). See note 5.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2007
include pro forma adjustments including (1) a $6.0 million increase in depreciation, amortization and accretion
related to depreciation of fixed assets and amortization of acquired intangibles and (2) a $2.1 million increase in tax
benefits.

The pro forma consolidated basic and diluted income (loss) per common share from continuing operations
amounts are based on the consolidated basic and diluted shares of the Company and former Global Signal. The
historical basic and diluted weighted-average shares of the former Global Signal were converted for the actual
number of shares issued upon the closing of the Global Signal Merger. The per share calculations do not include
potential common shares as their effect is anti-dilutive.

3. Property and Equipment

The major classes of property and equipment are as follows:

Estimated
Useful Lives

December 31,

2007

2008

Land ........................................................................................................................
Buildings ................................................................................................................. 40 years
Telecommunication towers ..................................................................................... 1-20 years
Transportation and other equipment ....................................................................... 3-5 years
Office furniture and equipment ............................................................................... 2-10 years
Construction in process ...........................................................................................

—

Total gross property and equipment ........................................................................
Less: accumulated depreciation .............................................................................

$ 414,871
32,681
6,702,103
25,249
106,704
74,652

$ 596,100
35,040
6,802,316
26,505
110,997
103,623

7,356,260
(2,305,205)

7,674,581
(2,614,455)

Total property and equipment, net ..........................................................................

$ 5,051,055

$ 5,060,126

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 was $271.0 million, $400.3
million and $380.5 million, respectively. As a result of the Global Signal Merger, the Company recorded an
increase to property and equipment of $2.0 billion, $1.8 billion of which was related to telecommunication towers.
See note 2.

4. Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Deferred Credits

The following is a summary of goodwill at CCUSA.

Balance as of December 31, 2006 .............................................................................................................
Addition from the Global Signal Merger ..................................................................................................
Reduction in connection with reversal of federal valuation allowance (note 8) ........................................
Other adjustments .....................................................................................................................................

391,448
1,843,653
(264,083)
(517)

Balance at December 31, 2007 .................................................................................................................

$ 1,970,501

Additions ..................................................................................................................................................

13,449

Balance at December 31, 2008 .................................................................................................................

$ 1,983,950

Goodwill of $1.8 billion recorded in the Global Signal Merger is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

Virtually all of the intangible assets are recorded at CCUSA. The accumulated amortization on these intangible
assets as of December 31, 2007 and 2008 is $180.3 million and $327.5 million, respectively, of which $173.4
million and $314.0 million, respectively, relate to site rental contracts. Intangible assets not subject to amortization,
relate to the U.S. nationwide 1650-1675 spectrum license (―Spectrum‖) and have a carrying value of $15.0 million
and $15.1 million, as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The components of the additions to intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008 are as

follows:

Site rental contracts ................................................................. $ 2,463,113
81,402
Below-market leases ...............................................................
33,977
Other .......................................................................................

Total intangible assets acquired ............................................... $ 2,578,492

Amount

Years Ended December 31,

2007

2008

Weighted-
Average
Amortization
Period

(In years)
20.0
16.9
27.3

19.7

Amount

$ 30,394
―
―

$ 30,394

Weighted-
Average
Amortization
Period

(In years)
20.0
―
―

20.0

Amortization expense related to intangible assets is classified as follows on the Company’s consolidated

statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss):

Classification

For Years Ended December 31,

2006

2007

2008

Depreciation, amortization and accretion .............................................................. $
Site rental costs of operations ................................................................................

12,418
―

$ 137,160
4,394

$ 143,409
4,452

Total amortization expense .................................................................................... $

12,418

$ 141,554

$ 147,861

The estimated annual amortization expense related to intangible assets (inclusive of those recorded to ―site

rental costs of operations‖) for the years ended December 31, 2009 to 2013 is as follows:

Years Ending December 31,

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Estimated annual amortization ................. $ 148,232

148,184

148,144

$ 144,723

144,306

See note 1 for a further discussion of deferred credits related to above-market leases for land under the
Company’s towers recorded in connection with acquisitions. During the year ended December 31, 2007, the
Company recorded $80.6 million at CCUSA related to above-market leases as a result of the allocation of the
purchase price for the Global Signal Merger (see note 2). The above-market leases recorded during the year ended
December 31, 2007 had an initial weighted-average amortization period of 15.3 years. For each of the years ended
December 31, 2007 and 2008, the Company recorded $5.0 million as a decrease to ―site rental costs of operations.‖
As of December 31, 2007 and 2008, the net book value of the above-market leases was $73.2 million and $63.9
million, respectively, and the accumulated amortization was $4.9 million and $9.6 million, respectively.

5. Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates and Available-for-Sale Securities

On August 29, 2006, FiberTower and First Avenue Networks, Inc. completed an all-stock merger transaction
(―FiberTower Merger‖). Prior to the FiberTower Merger, the Company had invested cash of $84.1 million and
owned an approximately 36% minority interest in FiberTower, which was accounted for under the equity method.
Following the FiberTower Merger, the Company owns 26.4 million shares of common stock of FiberTower
(NASDAQ: FTWR) or approximately 18% of the outstanding equity interests as of December 31, 2008. After the
FiberTower Merger, the investment in FiberTower is classified as an available-for-sale equity security in accordance
with SFAS 115.

For the year ended December 31, 2006, losses from the investment in FiberTower under the equity method were
$9.7 million and are included in ―interest and other income (expense)‖ on the Company’s consolidated statement of
operations and comprehensive income (loss). These losses resulted from the accounting for the minority interest
position in FiberTower under the equity method that was applied by the Company prior to the FiberTower Merger.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

As of December 31, 2007 and 2008, the fair value of the investment in FiberTower was $60.1 million and $4.2
million, respectively (at a per FiberTower share price of $2.28 and $0.16), and no unrealized investment gain (loss)
was included in accumulated other comprehensive income. For the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008, the
Company recorded impairment charges included in ―impairment of available-for-sale securities‖ of $75.6 million
and $55.9 million, respectively ($57.5 million and $55.9 million, respectively, net of tax) related to an other-than-
temporary decline in the value of FiberTower. The other-than-temporary decline determination was based primarily
on the length of time and extent to which the market value has been less than the adjusted cost basis, and the impact
of the current broad-based economic and market conditions on the Company’s views about the short-term prospects
for recovery of the FiberTower stock price.

6. Debt and Interest Rate Swaps

The Company’s indebtedness consists of the following:

Original
Issue Date

Contractual
Maturity Date

Outstanding
Balance as of
December 31,
2007

Outstanding
Balance as of
December 31,
2008(c)

Stated Interest
Rate as of
December 31,
2008(d)

Bank debt – variable rate:

Revolver ...........................................
2007 Term Loans .............................. Jan./March 2007

Jan. 2007

Total bank debt ..............................

Jan. 2009(e)
March 2014

75,000
645,125

720,125

169,400
638,625

808,025

Securitized debt – fixed rate:

2006 Mortgage Loan ........................
2004 Mortgage Loan ........................
2006 Tower Revenue Notes .............
2005 Tower Revenue Notes .............

Total securitized debt ....................

Feb. 2006(a)
Dec. 2004(a)
Nov. 2006
June 2005

Feb. 2011
Dec. 2009
Nov. 2036(b)
June 2035(b)

Convertible and other – fixed rate:

4% Convertible Senior Notes ...........
7.5% Senior Notes ............................

July 2003
Dec. 2003

July 2010
Dec. 2013

Total convertible and other ............

Total indebtedness ..................................

Less: current maturities and short-term

debt ....................................................

Non-current portion of long-term debt ....

1,548,351
290,317
1,550,000
1,900,000

5,288,668

1,547,608
287,609
1,550,000
1,900,000

5,285,217

63,802
51

63,853

6,069,195

6,096,744

81,500

466,217

$ 5,987,695

$ 5,630,527

2.5%(f)
5.4%(f)

5.7%
4.7%
5.7%(b)
4.9%(b)

―
51

4.0%
7.5%

(a) The 2004 Mortgage Loan and 2006 Mortgage Loan remained outstanding as obligations of Global Signal following the completion of the

(b)

Global Signal Merger.
If the 2005 Tower Revenue Notes and the 2006 Tower Revenue Notes are not paid in full on or prior to June 2010 or November 2011,
respectively, then Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the indenture) of the Issuers (as defined in the indenture) will be used to repay principal
of the Tower Revenue Notes, and additional interest (by an additional approximately 5% per annum) will accrue on the Tower Revenue
Notes.

(c) The 2004 Mortgage Loan and 2006 Mortgage Loan are net of unamortized purchase price adjustments of an aggregate $4.8 million as of

December 31, 2008.

(d) Represents the weighted-average stated interest rate. The effective interest rate for the 2004 Mortgage Loan and 2006 Mortgage Loan is

5.8% and 5.7%, respectively, after giving effect to the fair value purchase price adjustments.

(e) During January 2009, the maturity of the $250.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (―Revolver‖) was extended from January

2009 to January 2010. See note 22.

(f) The Revolver currently bears interest at a rate per annum, at the election of Crown Castle Operating Company (―CCOC‖), equal to the
prime rate of The Royal Bank of Scotland plc plus a credit spread ranging from 0.25% to 0.63% or LIBOR plus a credit spread ranging
from 1.25% to 1.63%, in each case based on the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio. See note 22. The 2007 term loans (―2007 Term
Loans‖) bear interest at a rate per annum, at CCOC’s election, equal to the prime rate of The Royal Bank of Scotland plc plus 0.50% or
LIBOR plus 1.50%. See ―Interest Rate Swaps‖ below.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The Company’s debt obligations contain certain financial covenants with which CCIC or its subsidiaries must
comply. Failure to comply with such covenants may result in imposition of restrictions. As of and for the year
ended December 31, 2008, CCIC and its subsidiaries had no financial covenant violations. Various of the
Company’s debt obligations also place other restrictions on CCIC or its subsidiaries including the ability to incur
debt and liens, purchase Company securities, make capital expenditures, dispose of assets, undertake transactions
with affiliates, make other investments and pay dividends.

Bank Debt

In January, 2007, CCOC entered into a credit agreement (as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified,
―2007 Credit Agreement‖) with a syndicate of lenders pursuant to which such lenders agreed to provide CCOC with
a $250.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility. In January 2008, the revolver maturity was extended to
January 2009 (see note 22). In January 2007, CCOC entered into a term loan joinder (as amended, ―2007 Joinder
A‖) pursuant to which the lenders agreed to provide CCOC with a $600.0 million senior secured term loan under
the 2007 Credit Agreement. In March 2007, CCOC also entered into a second term loan joinder (―2007 Joinder B‖)
pursuant to which the lenders agreed to provide CCOC with a $50.0 million senior secured term loan under the 2007
Credit Agreement.

As of December 31, 2008, the 2007 Credit Agreement provides for aggregate commitments of $900.0 million
consisting of (1) the $250.0 million Revolver (see note 22) and (2) the $650.0 million 2007 Term Loans. The 2007
Term Loans will mature in consecutive quarterly installments of an aggregate $1.6 million and the entire remaining
outstanding amount will mature on March 6, 2014.

The Revolver and 2007 Term Loans are secured by a pledge of certain equity interests of certain subsidiaries of
CCIC, as well as a security interest in CCOC’s deposit accounts ($40.3 million as of December 31, 2008) and
securities accounts. The Revolver and 2007 Term Loans are guaranteed by CCIC and certain of its subsidiaries.

The proceeds of the Revolver may be used for general corporate purposes, which may include the financing of
capital expenditures, acquisitions and purchases of the Company’s securities. The proceeds from the term loans
were used to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock (see note 11). Availability under the Revolver at any
time is determined by certain financial ratios. The Company pays a commitment fee on the undrawn available
amount that ranges from 0.13% to 0.38%. See note 22.

Securitized Debt

The 2004 Mortgage Loan, 2006 Mortgage Loan, and the Tower Revenue Notes (collectively, ―Securitized
Debt‖) are obligations of special purposes entities and their direct and indirect subsidiaries (each an ―issuer‖), all of
which are wholly-owned indirect subsidiaries of the Company. The 2004 Mortgage Loan, 2006 Mortgage Loan and
Tower Revenue Notes are governed by separate indentures and each consists of separate classes with each class
subordinated in right of payment to any other class issued under the respective indenture which has an earlier
alphabetical designation. The Tower Revenue Notes are governed by one indenture and each class ranks pari passu
with each class that bears the same alphabetical designation. Interest is paid monthly on the Securitized Debt.

The Securitized Debt is paid solely from the cash flows generated by the operation of the towers held directly
and indirectly by the issuers of the respective Securitized Debt. The Securitized Debt is secured by, among other
things, (1) a security interest in substantially all of the applicable issuers’ personal property and (2) a pledge of the
equity interests in each applicable issuer. The Mortgage Loans are also secured by mortgage liens on the interest
(fee, leasehold or easement) in the issuers’ towers. The Tower Revenue Notes are also secured by a security interest
in the applicable issuers’ contracts with customers to lease space on their towers (space licenses). The governing
instruments of two indirect subsidiaries (―Crown Atlantic and Crown GT‖) of the issuers of the Tower Revenue
Notes generally prevent them from issuing debt and granting liens on their assets without the approval of a
subsidiary of Verizon Communications. Consequently, while distributions paid by Crown Atlantic and Crown GT
will service the Tower Revenue Notes, the Tower Revenue Notes are not obligations of, nor are the Tower Revenue
Notes secured by the cash flows or any other assets of, Crown Atlantic and Crown GT. As of December 31, 2008,
the Securitized Debt was collateralized with property and equipment with a net book value of an aggregate
approximately $3.3 billion, exclusive of Crown Atlantic and Crown GT property and equipment.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The excess cash flows from the issuers of the Securitized Debt, after the payment of principal, interest, reserves,
expenses, and management fees are distributed to the Company in accordance with the terms of the indentures. If
the Debt Service Coverage Ratio (―DSCR‖) (as defined in the applicable governing loan agreement) as of the end of
any calendar quarter falls to a certain level, then all excess cash flow of the issuers of the applicable debt instrument
will be deposited into a reserve account instead of being released to the Company. The funds in the reserve account
will not be released to the Company until the DSCR exceeds a certain level for two consecutive calendar quarters. If
the DSCR falls below a certain level as of the end of any calendar quarter, then all funds on deposit in the reserve
account along with future excess cash flows of the issuers will be applied to prepay the debt with applicable
prepayment consideration.

As of December 31, 2008, prepayment of the securitized debt is permitted provided it is accompanied by any
applicable prepayment consideration. The Securitized Debt has covenants and restrictions customary for rated
securitizations including prohibiting the issuers from incurring additional indebtedness or further encumbering their
assets.

Derivative Instruments Between Indenture Trustee and Noteholders. Swap contracts are in place on the Class A
– FL of both the 2005 Tower Revenue Notes and 2006 Tower Revenue Notes, having initial principal balances of
$250.0 million and $170.0 million, respectively. The swap contracts are between the indenture trustee and Morgan
Stanley Capital Services, Inc. and were entered into to provide investors a floating rate note alternative, via
exchanging a fixed rate paid by the Company into a floating rate coupon for investors. The Company is not party to
the swap contracts and has no obligations under the swap contracts; rather, the Company’s obligation for interest
relating to the Class A – FL of the Tower Revenue Notes is the same as the Class A – FX of the Tower Revenue
Notes.

Other

See note 22 for discussion of 9% senior notes issued in January 2009.

Previously Outstanding Indebtedness

4% Convertible Senior Notes. In 2003, the Company issued $230.0 million aggregate principal amount of its
4% Convertible Senior Notes for proceeds of $223.1 million. During the year ended December 31, 2008, holders
converted $63.8 million of the 4% Convertible Senior Notes into 5.9 million shares of common stock. The 4%
Convertible Senior Notes were convertible, at the option of the holder, in whole or in part at any time, into shares of
common stock at a conversion price of $10.83 per share of common stock. As of December 31, 2008, there were no
4% Convertible Senior Notes outstanding.

2006 Credit Facility. On June 1, 2006, certain subsidiaries of the Company, including CCOC, entered into the
now terminated 2006 Credit Facility with a syndicate of lenders, pursuant to which such lenders agreed to provide
the borrowers with a $1.25 billion credit facility, consisting of a $1.0 billion 2006 Term Loan and a $250.0 million
senior secured revolving credit facility. A portion of the proceeds of the 2006 Term Loan was used to repay
CCOC’s previously existing revolving credit facility (―2005 Credit Facility‖), under which $295.0 million was
outstanding at the time of repayment and to fund the acquisition of Mountain Union with approximately $305.0
million. The remaining proceeds of the 2006 Credit Facility were utilized to purchase the Company’s common
stock in public market transactions. In November 2006, the Company terminated the 2006 Credit Facility and
repaid the remaining $997.5 million outstanding balance of the 2006 Term Loan with proceeds from the 2006 Tower
Revenue Notes.

2005 Credit Facility. In 2005, CCOC entered into the now terminated credit agreement with a syndicate of
lenders, pursuant to which such lenders agreed to provide a $325.0 million revolving credit facility, as amended. In
2005, a portion of the proceeds was used to fund the acquisition of towers from Trintel Communications Inc. and to
partially fund the redemption of the Company’s 8¼% Convertible Preferred Stock. In June 2006, the Company
terminated the 2005 Credit Facility and repaid the $295.0 million outstanding balance with proceeds from the 2006
Credit Facility.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

10¾% Senior Notes due 2011 (―10¾% Senior Notes‖). In 2000, the Company issued $500.0 million aggregate
principal amount of its 10¾% Senior Notes. In June 2005, the Company purchased a significant portion of the
outstanding 10¾% Senior Notes and redeemed the remaining outstanding balance in August 2006.

9⅜% Senior Notes due 2011 (―9⅜% Senior Notes‖). In 2001, the Company issued $450.0 million aggregate
principal amount of its 9⅜% Senior Notes for proceeds of $441.0 million (after underwriting discounts of $9.0
million). In June 2005, the Company purchased a significant portion of the outstanding 9⅜% Senior Notes and
redeemed the remaining outstanding balance in August 2006.

Contractual Maturities

The following are the scheduled contractual maturities of the total debt outstanding at December 31, 2008,
exclusive of the 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock. These maturities reflect contractual maturity dates and do not
consider the principal payments that will commence following the anticipated repayment dates on the Tower
Revenue Notes. If the Tower Revenue Notes are not paid in full on or prior to June 2010 or November 2011,
respectively, then Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the indenture) of the Issuers (as defined in the indenture) will be
used to repay principal of the Tower Revenue Notes, and additional interest (by an additional approximately 5% per
annum) will accrue on the Tower Revenue Notes. See also notes 10 and 22.

Scheduled contractual maturities .......................

$ 469,404

6,500 $ 1,556,500 $

6,500

6,551 $ 4,056,125

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Thereafter

Years Ending December 31,

Purchases and Redemptions of the Company’s Debt Securities

The losses on purchases and redemptions of debt for the year ended December 31, 2006 consisted of the

following:

10¾% Senior Notes(c) ........................................................................ $
9⅜% Senior Notes(c) ..........................................................................
2005 Credit Facility(d)........................................................................
2006 Credit Facility(e) ........................................................................

9,976
1,695
295,000
997,500

Principal
Amount and
Carrying Value

Cash Paid(a)

10,334
1,774
295,000
998,085

Total purchases and redemptions ........................................................ $

1,304,171

$ 1,305,193

Including losses from the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs of an aggregate $4.8 million.

(a) Exclusive of cash paid for accrued interest.
(b)
(c) Redeemed in August 2006.
(d) Terminated in June 2006.
(e) Terminated in November 2006

Losses on
Purchases(b)

358
78
740
4,667

5,843

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Interest Rate Swaps

The Company only enters into interest rate swaps to manage and reduce its interest rate risk, including the use
of (1) forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge its exposure to variability in future cash flows attributable to
changes in LIBOR on anticipated financing, including refinancings and potential future borrowings and (2) interest
rate swaps to hedge the interest rate variability on a portion of the Company’s floating rate debt. The Company does
not enter into interest rate swaps for speculative or trading purposes. The forward starting interest rate swaps call
for the Company to pay interest at a fixed rate in exchange for receiving interest at a variable rate equal to LIBOR.
The forward starting interest rate swaps are exclusive of any credit spread that would be incremental to the interest
rate of the anticipated financing.

The Company is exposed to non-performance risk from the counterparties to its interest rate swaps. The
Company generally uses master netting arrangements to mitigate non-performance risk. The Company does not
require collateral as security for its interest rate swaps. In September 2008, the Company de-designated as hedging
instruments two interest rate swaps with a combined notional value of $475 million that are held by a subsidiary of
Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. (―Lehman Brothers‖) because of the probability the counterparty would default.
The Company’s other interest rate swaps are with Morgan Stanley and the Royal Bank of Scotland plc who have
credit ratings of ―A‖ or better.

The following is a summary of the outstanding interest rate swaps as of December 31, 2008.

Hedged Item(a)

Combined
Notional

Start Date(d)

End Date

Pay Fixed
Rate(b)

Receive
Variable Rate

Variable to fixed – forward starting(c):
2004 Mortgage Loan anticipated refinancing ................................ $ 293,825
2005 Tower Revenue Notes anticipated refinancing(e) .................. 1,900,000
2006 Tower Revenue Notes anticipated refinancing(e) .................. 1,550,000
2006 Mortgage Loan anticipated refinancing ................................. 1,550,000

Dec. 2009
June 2010
Nov. 2011
Feb. 2011

Dec. 2014
June 2015
Nov. 2016
Feb. 2016

5.1%
5.2%
5.1%
5.3%

LIBOR
LIBOR
LIBOR
LIBOR

Variable to fixed:
2007 Term Loans(f) ........................................................................

625,000

Dec. 2007

Dec. 2009

4.1%

LIBOR

Total ............................................................................................... $ 5,918,825

Inclusive of interest rate swaps not designated as hedging instruments.

(a)
(b) Exclusive of any applicable credit spreads.
(c) The forward starting interest rate swaps are cash flow hedges of the interest rate risk related to the variability in LIBOR on the forecasted

refinancing of 87% of the outstanding debt as of December 31, 2008.

(d) On the respective effective dates (projected issuance dates), the forward-starting interest rate swaps will be terminated and settled in cash.
(e) The hedges of the anticipated refinancing of the 2005 Tower Revenue Notes and 2006 Tower Revenue Notes are inclusive of notional

values of $275 million and $200 million, respectively, and are held by a subsidiary of Lehman Brothers.

(f) The Company has effectively fixed the interest rate for two years on $625.0 million of the 2007 Term Loans at a combined rate of

approximately 4.1% (plus the applicable credit spread).

The following is the effect of interest rate swaps on the consolidated balance sheet and consolidated statement
of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The estimated net pre-tax loss that is expected to be reclassified
into earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is $16.7 million for the year ended December
31, 2009. See also notes 7 and 22.

Interest Rate Swaps

Classification

Designated as hedging instruments under SFAS 133:

Current .........................................................................................
Non-current ..................................................................................
Not designated as hedging instruments under SFAS 133 ..................

Interest rate swaps, current
Interest rate swaps, non-current
Interest rate swaps, non-current

Total ..................................................................................................

Fair Value of Interest Rate Swaps
Liability Derivatives

December 31,
2007

December 31,
2008

3,985
61,356
—

52,539
442,286
46,346

65,341

541,171

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Years Ended December 31,

Interest Rate Swaps Designated as Hedging Instruments
Under SFAS 133(a)

Gain (loss) recognized in OCI (effective portion) ................ $
Gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into
income (effective portion) ....................................................
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income (ineffective
portion and excluded from effectiveness testing) .................

2006

2007

2008

Classification

(6,843)

$ (67,541) $ (445,614)

(1,301)

(3,020)

(10,691)

Other comprehensive income (―OCI‖)
Interest expense and amortization of
deferred financing costs

333

―

(3,777)

Net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps

Interest Rate Swaps Not Designated as Hedging
Instruments Under SFAS 133(a)

2006

2007

2008

Classification

Years Ended December 31,

Gain (loss) recognized in income ...............................................................

158

―

$ (34,111)

Net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps

(a) Exclusive of benefit (provision) for income taxes.

7. Fair Value Disclosures

The following is the estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, along with the carrying

amounts of the related assets (liabilities). See also note 22.

December 31, 2007

December 31, 2008

Carrying
Amount

Fair
Value

Carrying
Amount

Fair
Value

Cash and cash equivalents ................................................................... $
Restricted cash .....................................................................................
Available-for-sale securities ................................................................
Short-term and long-term debt (a) .......................................................
Interest rate swaps, net (b) ...................................................................

75,245
170,556
60,085
(6,069,195)
(65,341)

75,245
170,556
60,085
(6,127,887)
(65,341)

155,219
152,852
4,216
(6,096,744)
(541,171)

155,219
152,852
4,216
(4,803,540)
(541,171)

(a) The decline in fair value of debt from December 31, 2007 to December 31, 2008 is predominately due to (1) the decline in fair value of the
tower revenues notes and mortgage loans in the aggregate of approximately $1.0 billion and (2) the impact of the conversion of the
remaining 4% Convertible Senior Notes which had a fair value and carrying value of approximately $243 million and $63.8 million,
respectively, as of December 31, 2007.

(b) See note 6.

As discussed in note 1, the Company adopted SFAS 157 on January 1, 2008 with the exception of a one-year
deferral of implementation for certain non-financial assets and liabilities. The following table presents information
about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2008 and
indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair value.

Assets at Fair Value as of December 31, 2008

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Total

Cash and cash equivalents ......................................................... $ 155,219
152,852
Restricted cash ...........................................................................
4,216
Available-for-sale securities ......................................................

$ 312,287

—
—
—

—

—
—
—

—

155,219
152,852
4,216

312,287

Interest rate swaps ......................................................................

—

―

541,171 (a) $

541,171

(a) As of December 31, 2008, $75.0 million of the fair value related to credit risk and the amount of the liability on a cash settlement basis is
approximately $616.2 million. The credit risk adjustment primarily related to the Company’s non-performance risk.

Liabilities at Fair Value as of December 31, 2008

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Total

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The following is a summary of the activity for fair value classified as level 3 during the year ended December

31, 2008:

Beginning balance .....................................................................................
Transfers in (out) of level 3(a) ...........................................................

Ending balance...........................................................................................

Fair Value Measurements Using
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

Interest Rate Swaps

―
541,171

541,171

(a) The Company reclassified its interest rate swaps to level 3 effective December 31, 2008 based on the increase in the significance of the

unobservable input related to credit risk.

8. Income Taxes

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and minority interests by geographic area is as

follows:

Domestic .................................................................................................... $
Foreign .......................................................................................................

(43,201) $
(5,172)

(307,953) $
(9,050)

(145,086)
(8,133)

(48,373) $

(317,003) $

(153,219)

Years Ended December 31,

2006

2007

2008

The benefit (provision) for income taxes consists of the following:

Years Ended December 31,

2006

2007

2008

Current:
Federal .................................................................................................. $
Foreign .................................................................................................
State ......................................................................................................
Deferred:
Federal ..................................................................................................
State ......................................................................................................

(2,003)
(378)
(765)

(1,535) $
(1,583)
(1,757)

—
2,303

97,763
1,151

(843)

94,039

(1,958)
(2,496)
(4,742)

111,728
1,829

104,361

For the year ended December 31 2008, the Company has incurred $4.1 million of alternative minimum tax
liability and recognized the related alternative minimum tax carryforward. The alternative minimum tax credit has
an indefinite carryforward period.

A reconciliation between the benefit (provision) for income taxes and the amount computed by applying the
federal statutory income tax rate to the loss from continuing operations before income taxes and minority interests is
as follows:

Benefit for income taxes at statutory rate................................................... $
Tax effect of foreign losses ........................................................................
Expenses for which no federal tax benefit was recognized ........................
Losses for which no tax benefit was recognized ........................................
State tax (provision) benefit .......................................................................
Foreign tax .................................................................................................
Change in unrecognized tax benefits .........................................................
Other ..........................................................................................................

Years Ended December 31,

2006

2007

2008

16,931 $
(1,810)
(1,737)
(12,311)
(1,538)
(378)
―
—

110,951

(3,168)
(742)
(8,373)
(606)
(1,583)
―
(2,440)

53,626
(2,846)
(675)
(19,554)
(2,913)
(2,496)
71,687
7,532

(843) $

94,039

104,361

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The components of the net deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

December 31,

2007

2008

Deferred income tax liabilities:

Property and equipment ....................................................................................................... $
Deferred site rental receivable .............................................................................................
Intangible assets ...................................................................................................................

497,274 $

56,084
762,486

464,335
66,757
736,933

Total deferred income tax liabilities ............................................................................

1,315,844

1,268,025

Deferred income tax assets:

Net operating loss carryforwards .........................................................................................
Deferred ground lease payable .............................................................................................
Alternate minimum tax credit carryforward ........................................................................
Accrued liabilities ................................................................................................................
Receivables allowance .........................................................................................................
Prepaid lease ........................................................................................................................
Derivative instruments .........................................................................................................
Available-for-sale securities ................................................................................................
Valuation allowances ...........................................................................................................

660,284
68,611
14,666
50,356
2,604
464,834
26,442
8,373
(148,093)

681,827
82,874
13,629
53,068
2,470
461,030
189,410
27,927
(256,325)

Total deferred income tax assets, net ...........................................................................

1,148,077

1,255,910

Net deferred income tax asset (liabilities) .................................................................................... $

(167,767) $

(12,115)

Valuation allowances of $148.1 million and $256.3 million were recognized to offset net deferred income tax

assets as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The components of the valuation allowance are as follows:

December 31,

2007

2008

Statement of operations:

Federal ...................................................................................................................
State .......................................................................................................................
Foreign ...................................................................................................................
Other comprehensive income (loss) ...............................................................................

8,373
81,948
57,772
―

27,927
74,815
50,239
103,344

148,093

256,325

The valuation allowance recorded in other comprehensive income relates to the changes in the Company’s
overall deferred tax position due to the deferred tax asset recorded in conjunction with the decline in the fair market
value of the Company’s interest rate swaps.

At December 31, 2008, the Company had U.S. federal, state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards of
approximately $1.7 billion, $1.1 billion and $0.1 billion, respectively, which are available to offset future taxable
income. The federal loss carryforwards will expire in 2021 through 2027. The state net operating loss
carryforwards expire in 2012 through 2027. The foreign net operating loss carryforwards predominately remain
available indefinitely provided certain continuity of business requirements is met. The utilization of the loss
carryforwards is subject to certain limitations. The Company’s U.S. federal and state income tax returns generally
remain open to examination by taxing authorities until three years after the applicable loss carryforwards have been
used or expired.

On January 12, 2007, the Company recorded deferred tax liabilities of $556.6 million in connection with the
purchase accounting related to the Global Signal Merger. Additionally, as a result of recording this deferred tax
liability, the Company reversed $259.7 million of its federal deferred tax valuation allowance in purchase
accounting with an offsetting adjustment to predominately decrease goodwill arising from the Global Signal Merger.

As discussed in note 1, the Company adopted FIN 48 on January 1, 2007. Upon adoption of FIN 48, the
Company recorded (1) a decrease to its tax liabilities related to previously unrecorded tax benefits as an adjustment

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

to the opening balance of accumulated deficit of $4.7 million and (2) an increase to its deferred tax asset and related
valuation allowance of $74.9 million related to previously unrecognized tax benefits.

The aggregate changes in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits for the year ended December 31, 2008 were:

Balance at the beginning of year ..............................................................................................................
Increases related to prior year tax positions .............................................................................................
Reductions for settlements with taxing authorities ..................................................................................

74,900
3,213
(74,900)

Balance at the end of year ........................................................................................................................

3,213

From time to time, the Company is subject to examination by various tax authorities in jurisdictions in which
the Company has significant business operations. The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of additional
assessments in each of the tax jurisdictions resulting from these examinations. During 2008, the Internal Revenue
Service (―IRS‖) completed the examination of the Company’s U.S. federal income tax return for 2004, which
commenced during 2007; and a refund of $0.8 million was received. As a result of the completion of the
examination, for the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company recorded income tax benefits of $74.9 million
from the recording of net operating losses related to previously unrecognized tax benefits.

9. Minority Interests

Minority interests primarily represent the minority shareholders’ 22.4% interests in CCAL, the Company’s
77.6% majority-owned subsidiary, and the minority shareholders’ approximately 2% interests in Mountain Union
(from July 1, 2006 to January 2, 2007). In May 2007, CCAL issued a capital return of approximately $166.0
million, including $37.2 million to its minority shareholders. Upon issuance of the capital return, the Company
recorded a reduction in additional paid-in capital of $8.9 million as a result of the capital return to the CCAL
minority shareholders exceeding the carrying value of the minority interests in CCAL. The income or losses
applicable to the minority shareholders of CCAL are included in the Company’s results as long as their share of the
CCAL cumulative losses exceeds their equity interests. See note 1 regarding adoption of SFAS 160 effective
January 1, 2009.

10. Redeemable Preferred Stock

Redeemable preferred stock consists of the following:

December 31,

2007

2008

6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock ......................................................................................................... $ 313,798 $ 314,726

6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock

The Company originally issued 8.1 million shares of its 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock at a price of $50.00
per share (the liquidation preference per share). The holders of the 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock are entitled
to receive cumulative dividends at the rate of 6.25% per annum payable on February 15, May 15, August 15 and
November 15 of each year. The Company has the option to pay dividends in cash or in shares of its common stock.
The dividends were paid with approximately $19.9 million of cash for each of the years ended December 31, 2006,
2007 and 2008. The amortization of the issue costs on the 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock to ―dividends on
preferred stock‖ was $0.9 million for each of years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008. The Company is
required to redeem all outstanding shares of the 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock on August 15, 2012 at a price
equal to the liquidation preference plus accumulated and unpaid dividends.

The shares of 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock are convertible, at the option of the holder, in whole or in part
at any time, into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $36.875 per share of common
stock. Under certain circumstances, the Company generally has the right to convert the 6.25% Convertible Preferred
Stock, in whole or in part, into 8.6 million shares of common stock, if the price per share of the Company’s common
stock equals or exceeds 120% of the conversion price, or $44.25, for at least 20 trading days in any consecutive 30-
day trading period.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The Company’s obligations with respect to the 6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock are subordinate to all
indebtedness of the Company and are effectively subordinate to all debt and liabilities of the Company’s
subsidiaries.

11. Stockholders’ Equity

Purchases of the Company’s Common Stock

In 2006, the Company purchased 15.9 million shares of common stock in public market transactions, utilizing

$518.0 million in cash to affect these purchases.

In January 2007, the Company purchased an aggregate of 17.7 million shares of its common stock from (1)
certain investment funds affiliated with Fortress Investment Group, (2) Greenhill Capital Partners L.P. and certain of
its related partnerships, and (3) Abrams Capital Partners L.P. (collectively ―Global Signal Significant
Stockholders‖). The Company paid total consideration of $600.5 million in cash to effect these purchases. These
purchases of common stock were primarily funded through borrowings under the 2007 Term Loan A. In addition,
during 2007, the Company purchased 3.2 million shares of common stock in public market transactions, utilizing
$126.0 million in cash to effect these purchases.

In January 2008, the Company purchased 1.1 million shares of common stock in public market transactions

utilizing $42.0 million in cash.

Issuances of Common Stock

For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, the Company issued 24,120, 30,752 and 32,977 shares,
respectively, of common stock to the non-employee members of its board of directors. In connection with these
shares, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007
and 2008 of $0.7 million, $1.1 million and $1.2 million, respectively.

In connection with the Global Signal Merger, the Company issued 98.1 million shares of common stock to the

stockholders of Global Signal which were recorded at a value of $34.20 per share. See note 2.

4% Convertible Senior Notes

During 2006, 2007 and 2008, holders converted $0.1 million, less than $0.1 million and $63.8 million,
respectively, of the 4% Convertible Senior Notes into 11,541 shares, 3,416 shares and 5.9 million shares of common
stock, respectively. As of December 31, 2008, there were no 4% Convertible Senior Notes outstanding.

Stock Options and Restricted Stock Awards

See note 12 for a discussion of the stock option and restricted stock awards activity.

Shares Reserved For Issuance

The following is a summary of the shares reserved for future issuance as of December 31, 2008.

Common Stock:

6.25% Convertible Preferred Stock .....................................................................................................................
U.S. stock-based compensation plans..................................................................................................................

8,625
15,782

Total shares reserved for future issuance ................................................................................................

24,407

December 31, 2008

(In thousands of shares)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

12. Stock-based Compensation

Stock Compensation Plans

The Crown Castle International Corp. 2001 Stock Incentive Plan (―2001 Stock Incentive Plan‖) and the Crown
Castle International Corp. 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (―2004 Stock Incentive Plan‖), which are both stockholder-
approved, permit the grant of stock-based awards to certain employees, consultants and non-employee directors of
the Company and its subsidiaries or affiliates, of up to 8.0 million and 14.7 million shares of common stock,
respectively, as of December 31, 2008.

Since 2003, the Company uses CCIC restricted stock awards as a long-term incentive to its employees. The
Company has not granted CCIC stock options since 2003 and has not granted options to executive management
since October 2001. In addition, CCAL may award options to its employees and directors for the purchase of CCAL
shares. The CCAL vested options and shares may be periodically settled in cash. The liability for the CCAL
options was $6.2 million as of December 31, 2007 and 2008.

Restricted Stock Awards

The Company’s restricted stock awards to certain executives and employees include (1) annual performance
awards that often include provisions for accelerated vesting and provisions for forfeiture by the employee if certain
market performance of the Company’s common stock is not achieved, (2) new hire or promotional awards that
generally contain only service conditions, and (3) other awards related to specific business initiatives or
compensation objectives including retention and merger integration. The restricted stock awards vest over periods
up to five years.

The following is a summary of the restricted stock award activity during the year ended December 31, 2008.

(In thousands of shares)
Shares outstanding at the beginning of year..............................................................................................................
Shares granted ...........................................................................................................................................................
Shares vested ............................................................................................................................................................
Shares forfeited .........................................................................................................................................................

2,255
1,400
(224)
(682)

Number of
Shares

Weighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value

(In dollars
per share)
$

23.2
26.4
30.1
15.6

Shares outstanding at end of year .............................................................................................................................

2,749

26.2

For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 the Company granted 1.2 million shares, 1.4 million
shares and 1.4 million shares, respectively, of restricted stock awards to the Company’s executives and certain other
employees. The weighted-average grant-date fair value per share of the grants for the years ended December 31,
2006, 2007 and 2008 was $23.63, $23.76 and $26.38 per share, respectively. The weighted-average requisite
service period for the restricted stock awards granted during 2008 was 2.6 years.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Certain restricted stock awards contain provisions that result in forfeiture by the employee of any unvested
shares in the event that the Company’s common stock does not achieve certain price targets. To the extent that the
requisite service period is rendered, compensation cost for accounting purposes is not reversed; rather, it is
recognized regardless of whether or not the market performance target is achieved. The following is a summary of
restricted stock awards granted in 2006, 2007 and 2008 with these forfeiture provisions:

Restricted Stock Award

Grant Date

Shares Awarded

Market Condition
Price Target (a)

Date Unvested Amounts
May Be Forfeited(d)

Performance award for executives .............. February 2006
Retention award for executives ................... February 2006
Performance award for executives .............. February 2007
Integration awards ...................................... February 2007
Performance award for executives .............. February 2008
Performance award for non-executives ....... February 2008

(In thousands of shares)
349
416
279
673
329
306

(In dollars per share)
37.1
$
42.5
41.4
44.5
41.5
41.5

―(b)
February 23, 2009
February 22, 2011
December 31, 2008(c)
February 21, 2011
February 21, 2011

(a) Price target must be achieved for 20 consecutive trading days.
(b) As discussed below, the price target was met for the first one-third of the award to accelerate vest. The price target of $37.07 was also met

for the award to vest on February 23, 2010, if the remaining two-thirds do not otherwise accelerate vest before that date.

(c) During 2007, because of the critical importance of successfully integrating Global Signal into Crown Castle, the integration awards were
granted to certain executives and non-executive employees. On December 31, 2008, the integration awards granted during 2007 were
forfeited as the market performance target was not met. In December 2008, the Company granted new restricted stock awards totaling 0.4
million shares that vest over three years and contain no market conditions to the non-executive employees who previously received the
integration awards.
If the price target begins to be met on or prior to these dates and the 20 consecutive trading days is completed after these dates, the
remaining unvested restricted stock awards will vest as of the end of 20 consecutive trading day period.

(d)

The performance restricted stock awards granted during 2006 and 2007 contain provisions for accelerated
vesting based on the market performance of the Company’s common stock. The first one-third of the performance
awards granted in 2006 and 2007 has accelerated vested. In order to reach the second target level for accelerated
vesting of an additional one-third of the restricted stock awards granted in 2006 and 2007, the market price of the
common stock would have to close at or above $40.85 per share and $45.63 per share, respectively (115% of each of
the previous target levels), for 20 consecutive days. In order to reach the third target level for accelerated vesting of
an additional one-third of the restricted stock awards granted in 2006 and 2007, the market price of the common
stock would have to close at or above $46.98 per share and $52.47 per share, respectively (115% of each of the
previous target levels), for 20 consecutive trading days.

The following table summarizes the assumptions used in the Monte Carlo simulation to determine the grant-
date fair value for the awards granted during the year ended December 31, 2008 with market conditions and the
derived service period for awards with accelerated vesting provisions.

Risk-free rate ................................................. 2.4%
Expected volatility ......................................... 27%
Expected dividend rate ..................................... 0%

The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense from continuing operations related to restricted
stock awards of $12.3 million, $20.5 million and $24.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and
2008, respectively. The unrecognized compensation (net of estimated forfeitures) related to restricted stock awards
at December 31, 2008 is $30.7 million and is estimated to be recognized over a weighted-average period of
approximately one year.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The following table is a summary of the restricted stock awards vested during the years ended December 31,

2006 to 2008.

Years Ended December 31,

2006 .....................................................................................................................................
2007 .....................................................................................................................................
2008 .....................................................................................................................................

CCIC Stock Options

Total Shares
Vested

(In thousands
of shares)
12
305
224

Fair Value on
Vesting Date

408
10,686
8,018

The Company has not granted CCIC stock options since awarding 55,000 options during the year ended

December 31, 2003 and has not granted options to executive management since October 2001.

A summary of CCIC stock option activity under the various equity incentive plans is as follows for the year

ended December 31, 2008:

Options outstanding at beginning of year ..............................................................................................
Options exercised ...................................................................................................................
Options expired or forfeited ..................................................................................................................

4,603
(526)
(78)

Options outstanding at end of year ........................................................................................................

3,999

Options exercisable at end of year ........................................................................................................

3,999

Number of
Shares

(In thousands
of shares)

Weighted-Average
Exercise
Price

(In dollars
per share)
16.9
$
16.5
29.6

16.7

The intrinsic value of CCIC stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008
was $37.2 million, $23.9 million and $10.4 million, respectively. The intrinsic value of CCIC stock options
outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2008 was $3.5 million. The Company received cash from the exercise
of CCIC stock options during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 of $45.5 million, $28.6 million
and $8.7 million, respectively. The Company uses newly issued shares of common stock to settle CCIC option
exercises.

A summary of options outstanding as of December 31, 2008 is as follows:

Exercise Prices

Number of
Options
Outstanding

Number of Options
Exercisable

Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual Term

$1.74 to $5.00 .......................................................................................
5.01 to 17.58 .........................................................................................
17.59 to 39.75 .......................................................................................

Total/weighted-average ........................................................................

35
2,214
1,750

3,999

35
2,214
1,750

3,999

(In thousands of shares)

(In years)
3.8
2.4
1.2

1.9

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Stock-based Compensation by Segment

The following table discloses the components of stock-based compensation expense. No amounts have been
included in the carrying value of assets during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008. For the years
ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, the Company recorded tax benefits of $-0-, $8.2 million and $9.1 million
related to stock-based compensation expense.

Year Ended December 31, 2006

CCUSA

CCAL

Consolidated
Total

Stock-based compensation expense:

174
198
14,524

—
—
1,822

174
198
16,346

Total stock-based compensation ....................................................... $ 14,896

1,822

$ 16,718

Year Ended December 31, 2007

CCUSA

CCAL

Consolidated
Total

Stock-based compensation expense:

Site rental costs of operations ........................................................................ $
Network services and other costs of operations .............................................
General and administrative expenses .............................................................
Restructuring charges (credits).......................................................................
Integration costs .............................................................................................

396
371
19,608
2,377
790

Total stock-based compensation ....................................................... $ 23,542

—
—
4,712
—
—

4,712

396
371
24,320
2,377
790

$ 28,254

Year Ended December 31, 2008

CCUSA

CCAL

Consolidated
Total

Stock-based compensation expense:

935
870
24,091

Total stock-based compensation ....................................................... $ 25,896

―
―
2,871

2,871

935
870
26,962

$ 28,767

13. Employee Benefit Plans

The Company and its subsidiaries have various defined contribution savings plans covering substantially all
employees. Employees may elect to contribute a portion of their eligible compensation, subject to limits imposed by
the various plans. Certain of the plans provide for partial matching of such contributions. The cost to the Company
for these plans amounted to $3.1 million, $4.3 million and $4.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2006,
2007 and 2008, respectively.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

14. Related Party Transactions

On January 19, 2007, the Company purchased 17.7 million shares from the Global Signal Significant

Stockholders in a private transaction. See note 11.

15. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company is involved in various claims, lawsuits and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business
along with a derivative lawsuit as described below. While there are uncertainties inherent in the ultimate outcome of
such matters, and it is impossible to presently determine the ultimate costs or losses that may be incurred, if any,
management believes the resolution of such uncertainties and the incurrence of such costs should not have a material
adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

In February 2007, plaintiffs filed a consolidated petition styled In Re Crown Castle International Corp.
Derivative Litigation, Cause No. 2006-49592; in the 234th Judicial District Court, Harris County, Texas which
consolidated five stockholder derivative lawsuits filed in 2006. The lawsuit names various of the Company's current
and former directors and officers. The lawsuit makes allegations relating to the Company's historic stock option
practices and alleges claims for breach of fiduciary duty and other similar matters. Among the forms of relief, the
lawsuit seeks alleged monetary damages sustained by CCIC.

Asset Retirement Obligations

Pursuant to its ground lease agreements, the Company has the obligation to perform certain asset retirement
activities, including requirements upon lease termination to remove towers or remediate the land upon which its
towers reside. Accretion expense related to liabilities for contingent retirement obligations amounted to $1.6
million, $2.5 million and $2.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. At
December 31, 2007 and 2008, liabilities for contingent retirement obligations amounted to $29.2 million and $53.8
million, respectively, representing the net present value of the estimated expected future cash outlay. During the
year ended December 31, 2008, the Company increased the liability by $23.7 million as a result of revisions in the
estimated cash flows. As of December 31, 2008, the estimated undiscounted future cash outlay for asset retirement
obligations was approximately $1.8 billion. See note 1.

Property Tax Commitments

The Company is obligated to pay, or reimburse others for, property taxes related to the Company’s towers pursuant to
operating leases with landlords and other contractual agreements. For the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company
paid, or reimbursed others for, property taxes of approximately $49.7 million, inclusive of the payment to Sprint Nextel
discussed below. For the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company estimates that it will pay, or reimburse others for,
property taxes of approximately $48 million, inclusive of the payment to Sprint Nextel discussed below. The property
taxes for the year ended December 31, 2009 and future periods are contingent upon new assessments of the towers and the
Company’s appeals of assessments.

As a result of a commitment that remained effective at the closing of the Global Signal Merger, the Company has an
obligation to reimburse Sprint Nextel for property taxes Sprint Nextel will pay for the Company’s Sprint Towers. The
Company paid $14.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 ($2,223 per tower) and expects to pay $14.5 million
for the year ended December 31, 2009. The amount per tower to be paid to Sprint Nextel increases by 3% each successive
year through 2037, the expiration of the lease term. See note 2.

Letters of Credit

The Company has issued letters of credit to various landlords, insurers and other parties in connection with
certain contingent retirement obligations under various tower land leases and certain other contractual obligations.
The letters of credit were issued through the Company’s lenders in amounts aggregating $14.6 million and expire on
various dates through August 2011.

Operating Lease Commitments

See note 16 for a discussion of the operating lease commitments.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

16. Leases

Tenant Leases

The following table is a summary of the rental cash payments to the Company, as a lessor, by tenants pursuant
to lease agreements in effect as of December 31, 2008. Generally, the Company’s leases with its tenants provide for
(1) annual escalations and multiple renewal periods at the tenant’s option and (2) only limited termination rights at
the tenant’s option through the current term. The tenant rental payments included in the table below are through the
current term and do not assume exercise of tenant renewal options.

Tenant leases .........................

$ 1,296,601 $ 1,057,951 $

868,469 $

727,970 $

604,228 $ 1,998,092

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Thereafter

Years Ending December 31,

Operating Leases

The following table is a summary of rental cash payments owed by the Company, as lessee, to landlords
pursuant to lease agreements in effect as of December 31, 2008. The Company is obligated under non-cancelable
operating leases for land under 74% of its towers, office space and equipment. In addition, the Company has
operating leases under which it manages space on towers owned by third parties under 3% of its towers. The
majority of these operating lease agreements have certain termination rights that provide for cancellation after a
notice period. The majority of the land and managed tower leases have multiple renewal options at the Company’s
option and annual escalations. Lease agreements may also contain provisions for a contingent payment based on
revenues or the gross margin derived from the tower located on the leased land. Approximately 45% of the land
under the Company’s towers has remaining terms to expiration (including renewals at the Company’s option) of
greater than 15 years. The operating lease payments included in the table below include payments for certain
renewal periods at the Company’s option up to the estimated tower useful life of 20 years and an estimate of
contingent payments based on revenues and gross margins derived from existing tenant leases.

Operating leases ....................

280,071 $

281,278 $

284,172 $

287,208 $

287,481 $ 3,505,725

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Thereafter

Years Ending December 31,

Rental expense from operating leases was $142.7 million, $309.2 million and $313.1 million, respectively, for
the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008. The rental expense was inclusive of contingent payments
based on revenues or gross margin derived from the tower located on the leased land of $15.2 million, $49.3 million
and $49.5 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008.

17. Spectrum Lease and Modeo Investment

On July 23, 2007, the Company entered into a lease of its Spectrum. The Spectrum is leased to a venture
formed by Harbinger Capital Partners Master Fund I, Ltd., Harbinger Capital Partners Special Situations Fund, L.P.,
Telcom Ventures, LLC and Columbia Capital LLC (―HHTC‖) for a $13 million annual lease fee with an initial term
from July 23, 2007 until October 1, 2013. Upon the expiration of the initial term of the lease, HHTC will have the
right to acquire the Spectrum for $130 million, escalated at CPI from July 2007, or to renew the lease for a period of
up to ten years on the same terms, subject to the annual lease fee increasing to $14.3 million. As part of such
transaction, the Company also transferred for nominal consideration the subsidiary holding the assets related to its
former trial network in New York City. In addition, the Company is the preferred provider of tower infrastructure
for future tower sites during the term of the lease if and as the Spectrum is deployed by HHTC. See note 19 for a
discussion of the asset write-down charges recorded that related to the write-off of substantially all of Modeo’s
assets other than the Spectrum and the restructuring charges related to the termination of the Modeo employees.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

18. Operating Segments and Concentrations of Credit Risk

Operating Segments

The Company’s reportable operating segments are (1) CCUSA, primarily consisting of the Company’s U.S.
(including Puerto Rico) tower operations, and (2) CCAL, the Company’s Australian tower operations. Financial
results for the Company are reported to management and the board of directors in this manner. The results of
operations from Global Signal have been included in the CCUSA segment from January 12, 2007.

The measurement of profit or loss currently used by management to evaluate the results of operations for the
Company and its operating segments is earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and accretion, as
adjusted (―Adjusted EBITDA‖). The Company defines Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus restructuring
charges (credits), asset write-down charges, integration costs, depreciation, amortization and accretion, interest
expense and amortization of deferred financing costs, losses on purchases and redemptions of debt, net gain (loss)
on interest rate swaps, impairment of available-for-sale securities, interest and other income (expense), benefit
(provision) for income taxes, minority interests, cumulative effect of change in accounting principle, income (loss)
from discontinued operations and stock-based compensation expense. Adjusted EBITDA is not intended as an
alternative measure of operating results or cash flows from operations (as determined in accordance with U.S.
generally accepted accounting principles), and the Company’s measure of Adjusted EBITDA may not be
comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies (including as may be used in the historical financial
statements of Global Signal). There are no significant revenues resulting from transactions between the Company’s
operating segments. Inter-company borrowings and related interest between segments are eliminated to reconcile
segment results and assets to the consolidated basis.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The financial results for the Company’s operating segments are as follows:

Year Ended December 31, 2006

Year Ended December 31, 2007

Year Ended December 31, 2008

CCUSA

CCAL

Elim(b)

Consolidated
Total

CCUSA

CCAL

Elim(b)

Consolidated
Total

CCUSA

CCAL

Elim(b)

Net revenues:

Site rental ............................................ $
Network services and other .................

Costs of operations(a):

Site rental ............................................
Network services and other .................
General and administrative ...........................
Restructuring charges (credits) ......................
Asset write-down charges .............................
Integration costs ............................................
Depreciation, amortization and accretion ......

Operating income (loss) ................................
Interest expense and amortization of

644,050
84,308

728,358

52,674
7,189

59,863

196,166
56,874
92,305
(391)
2,945
1,503
258,067

120,889

16,288
3,633
12,227
—
—
—
27,177

538

—
—

—

—
—
—
—
—
—
—

—

696,724
91,497

$ 1,214,965
89,706

788,221

1,304,671

212,454
60,507
104,532
(391)
2,945
1,503
285,244

121,427

421,507
60,028
126,108
3,191
65,515
25,418
512,389

90,515

71,503
9,312

80,815

21,835
5,714
16,738
—
—
—
27,515

9,013

$ —
—

1,286,468
99,018

$ 1,324,677
113,392

—

—
—
—
—
—
—
—

—

1,385,486

1,438,069

443,342
65,742
142,846
3,191
65,515
25,418
539,904

99,528

432,896
77,360
133,439
―
16,696
2,504
498,834

276,340

77,882
10,553

88,435

23,227
5,092
16,147
―
192
―
27,608

16,169

—
—

—

—
—
—
—
—
—
—

—

Consolidated
Total

1,402,559
123,945

1,526,504

456,123
82,452
149,586
―
16,888
2,504
526,442

292,509

deferred financing costs..........................

(158,956)

(7,153)

3,781

(162,328)

(346,995 )

(16,210 )

12,946

(350,259)

(351,339 )

(25,079 )

22,304

(354,114)

Losses on purchases and redemptions of

debt

Gain (loss) on interest rate swaps ..................
Impairment of available-for-sale securities ...
Interest and other income (expense) ..............
Benefit (provision) for income taxes .............
Minority interests ..........................................

Income (loss) from continuing operations .....
Income (loss) from discontinued
operations .....................................................

(5,843)
491
—
1,147
(465)
75

―
―
—
514
(378)
1,591

(42,662)

(4,888)

5,657

—

Net income (loss) .......................................... $

(37,005)

Capital expenditures ..................................... $

119,976

(4,888)

4,844

Total assets (at year end) ...............................

―
―
—
(3,781)
—
—

—

(a) Exclusive of depreciation, amortization and accretion shown separately.
(b) Elimination of inter-company borrowings and related interest expense.

5,657

(41,893)

124,820

(5,843)
491
—
(2,120)
(843)
1,666

―
―
(75,623 )
21,515
95,304
362

(47,550)

(214,922 )

―
―
—
782
(1,265 )
(211 )

(7,891 )

—

―
―
—
(12,946 )
—
—

—

―
―
(75,623)
9,351
94,039
151

(222,813)

42
(37,888 )
(55,869 )
23,790
106,553
―

(38,371 )

―
―
―
615
(2,192 )
―

(10,487 )

—

―
―
—
(22,304 )
—
—

—

42
(37,888)
(55,869)
2,101
104,361
―

(48,858)

—

(48,858)

450,732

(10,487 )

44,667

243,657

$ (212,368 )

$ 10,361,722

(214,922 )

279,978

$ 10,444,655

(7,891 )

$ —

20,027

$ —

(222,813)

300,005

(38,371 )

406,065

284,354

$ (240,876) $ 10,488,133

$ 10,330,433

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The following are reconciliations of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008:

Net income (loss) .................................................... $
Adjustments to increase (decrease) net income

(loss):
Restructuring charges (credits)(a) ....................
Asset write-down charges ................................
Integration costs(a) ...........................................
Depreciation, amortization and accretion .........
Interest expense and amortization of

Year Ended December 31, 2006

Year Ended December 31, 2007

Year Ended December 31, 2008

CCUSA

CCAL

Elim(c)

Consolidated
Total

CCUSA

CCAL

Elim(c)

Consolidated
Total

CCUSA

CCAL

Elim(c)

Consolidated
Total

(37,005)

(4,888) $ —

(41,893)

$ (214,922)

(7,891)

—

(222,813)

(38,371)

(10,487)

—

(48,858)

(391)
2,945
1,503
258,067

—
—
—
27,177

—
—
—
—

(391)
2,945
1,503
285,244

3,191
65,515
25,418
512,389

—
—
—
27,515

—
—
—
—

3,191
65,515
25,418
539,904

―
16,696
2,504
498,834

—
192
—
27,608

—
—
—
—

―
16,888
2,504
526,442

deferred financing costs .............................

158,956

7,153

(3,781 )

162,328

346,995

16,210

(12,946)

350,259

351,339

25,079

(22,304)

354,114

―
―
75,623
(9,351)
(94,039)
(151)

—
25,087

(42)
37,888
55,869
(23,790)
(106,553)
―

—
25,896

―
―
―
(615)
2,192
―

—
2,871

―
―
—
22,304
—
—

—
—

—

(42)
37,888
55,869
(2,101)
(104,361)
―

—
28,767

867,110

758,643

$ 820,270

46,840

Losses on purchases and redemptions of

debt ...........................................................
Net gain (loss) on interest rate swaps ...............
Impairment of available-for-sale securities.......
Interest and other income (expense) .................
Benefit (provision) for income taxes ................
Minority interests .............................................
Income (loss) from discontinued operations,

net of tax ...................................................
Stock-based compensation expense(b) .............

5,843
(491)
—
(1,147)
465
(75)

(5,657)
14,896

―
―
—
(514)
378
(1,591)

—
1,822

―
―
—
3,781
—
—

—
—

5,843
(491)
—
2,120
843
(1,666)

(5,657)
16,718

―
―
75,623
(21,515)
(95,304)
(362)

—
20,375

―
―
—
(782)
1,265
211

—
4,712

Adjusted EBITDA ........................... $

397,909

29,537

$ —

427,446

$ 717,403

41,240

―
―
—
12,946
—
—

—
—

—

Including stock-based compensation expense.

(a)
(b) Exclusive of charges included in integration costs and restructuring charges.
(c) Elimination of inter-company borrowings and related interest expense.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Geographic Information

A summary of net revenues by country, based on the location of the Company’s subsidiary, is as follows:

Years Ended December 31,

2006

2007

2008

United States (including Puerto Rico)................................................................ $
Australia ............................................................................................................
Other countries...................................................................................................

728,358 $ 1,300,640 $ 1,434,203
88,435
3,866

59,863
—

80,815
4,031

Total net revenues ............................................................................................. $

788,221 $ 1,385,486 $ 1,526,504

A summary of long-lived assets (property and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets) by country of

location is as follows:

December 31,

2007

2008

United States (including Puerto Rico).............................................................................................
Australia .........................................................................................................................................
Other countries................................................................................................................................

$ 9,467,070
209,314
21,460

$ 9,398,821
180,691
15,896

Total long-lived assets .................................................................................................................... $ 9,697,844

$ 9,595,408

Major Customers

The following table summarizes the percentage of the consolidated revenues for those customers accounting for

more than 10% of the consolidated revenues.

Sprint Nextel Corp. ....................................................................................
AT&T ........................................................................................................
Verizon Wireless(a) ...................................................................................
T-Mobile ....................................................................................................

Total ...........................................................................................................

15%
24%
20%
10%

69%

26%
19%
15%
10%

70%

23%
19%
15%
12%

69%

Years Ended December 31,

2006

2007

2008

(a) Exclusive of Alltel.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash
and cash equivalents, restricted cash and trade receivables. The Company mitigates its risk with respect to cash and
cash equivalents by maintaining such deposits at high credit quality financial institutions and monitoring the credit
ratings of those institutions. The Company’s restricted cash is held and directed by a trustee (see note 1). See note 6
regarding counterparty credit risk relating to interest rate swaps.

The Company derives the largest portion of its revenues from customers in the wireless communications
industry. The Company mitigates its concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade receivables by actively
monitoring the creditworthiness of its customers, the use of customer leases with contractually determinable
payment terms and proactive management of past due balances.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

19. Restructuring Charges, Integration Costs, Asset Write-Down Charges and Exit Costs

Overview

The following is a summary of the components of the restructuring charges and asset write-down charges for

the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008. The integration costs for the years ended December 31, 2007
and 2008 related to the Global Signal Merger.

2006

2007

2008

Years Ended December 31,

Restructuring
Charges

Asset
Write-Down
Charge

Restructuring
Charges

3,080
—
—
111

Asset
Write-Down
Charge

$ 57,599
7,916
—
—

—
2,945
—
—

2,945

3,191

$ 65,515

Restructuring
Charges

―
―
—
―

―

Asset
Write-Down
Charge

―
14,403
2,415
70

$ 16,888

Modeo ........................................... $
Tower write-down charges ...........
Below-market leases .....................
Other .............................................

Total .............................................. $

—
—
—
(391)

(391)

Modeo

For the year ended December 31, 2007, the Company recorded asset write-down charges at CCUSA of $57.6
million related to the write-off of substantially all of the Company’s Modeo assets other than the Spectrum. The
assets written off were comprised primarily of construction in process related to (1) the mobile television network in
New York City and (2) the planned expansion of the network for broadcasting live television to mobile devices
beyond New York City. For the year ended December 31, 2007, the Company recorded restructuring charges at
CCUSA of $3.1 million related to the termination of the Modeo employees, including $2.4 million of stock-based
compensation related to the accelerated vesting and the change in fair value of the Modeo options that were
accounted for as liability awards. During the year ended December 31, 2007, 42,450 Modeo options were settled in
cash for an aggregate intrinsic value of $3.0 million. The remaining Modeo options were forfeited. The Company
does not expect to incur additional restructuring charges in the future related to Modeo. See note 17.

A summary of the Modeo restructuring charges within the CCUSA segment are as follows:

Years Ended December 31,

2007

2008

Amounts accrued at beginning of period ..........................................................................................................
Amounts charged to expense ............................................................................................................................
Amounts paid ....................................................................................................................................................

―
3,080(a)
(2,808)

Amounts accrued at end of period ....................................................................................................................

272

272
―
(272)

―

(a)

Inclusive of stock-based compensation charges of $2.4 million.

Global Signal Merger

Subsequent to the closing of the Global Signal Merger, the Company finalized plans for the integration of
Global Signal’s operations and wireless communications tower portfolio into the Company’s policies, procedures,
operations and systems. As a result of the Global Signal integration plans, for the year ended December 31, 2007,
the Company recorded $8.3 million of integration costs related to severance and retention bonuses paid to
involuntarily terminated employees of Global Signal with service obligations to the Company. In addition, for the
years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008, the Company incurred other incremental costs directly related to the
integration of $17.1 million and $2.5 million, respectively, including, among other things, costs related to contracted
employees to assist with the integration of the acquired operations and tower portfolio, and stock-based
compensation charges for restricted stock awards assumed in the Global Signal Merger.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The following table summarizes the activity of the severance and retention bonus liability within the CCUSA
segment related to the Global Signal Merger but exclusive of those recorded in the allocation of the Global Signal
purchase price (as disclosed separately below). The Company does not expect to expense additional severance and
retention bonus liabilities in the future related to the Global Signal Merger.

Amounts accrued at beginning of period .......................................................................... $
Amounts charged to integration costs ..............................................................................
Amounts paid ...................................................................................................................

Amounts accrued at end of period .................................................................................... $

Years Ended December 31,

2007

2008

—
8,294
(7,927)

367

367
―
(367)

―

The following table summarizes the activity of the liability for exit costs within the CCUSA segment recorded
in the allocation of the Global Signal purchase price, in accordance with the requirements of EITF No. 95-3
Recognition of Liabilities In Connection With a Purchase Business Combination. The exit costs recorded in the
allocation of the purchase price for the Global Signal Merger related to a severance liability of $1.3 million for
obligations to former executives of Global Signal who were terminated upon completion of the Global Signal
Merger and a $1.1 million liability for office lease obligations of Global Signal. As of December 31, 2008, the
liability for exit costs of $0.6 million consisted of office lease obligations. See note 2.

Years Ended December 31,

2007

2008

Amounts accrued at beginning of period ......................................................................... $
Amounts recorded in purchase accounting ...............................................................................................
Amounts paid ...................................................................................................................

—
2,362
(1,396)

Amounts accrued at end of period ................................................................................... $

966

966
―
(414)

552

Tower Write-Down Charges

During the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, the Company abandoned or disposed of certain
towers and wrote-off site acquisition and permitting costs for towers that will not be completed. For the years ended
December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, the Company recorded related asset write-down charges at CCUSA of $2.9
million, $7.9 million, and $14.1 million, respectively, and the remainder related to CCAL.

20. Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Years Ended December 31,

2006

2007

2008

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

Interest paid ....................................................................................................
Income taxes paid ...........................................................................................

$ 145,528
3,378

$ 324,605
4,218

$ 330,491
6,582

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities:

Increase (decrease) in the fair value of available-for-sale securities (note 5) ..
Common stock issued in connection with the conversion of debt (note 11) ...
Common stock issued and assumption of warrants and restricted stock awards
in connection with the Global Signal Merger (note 2) ...............................

Increase in additional-paid-in capital related to common stock issued by

FiberTower in connection with a merger (note 5) .....................................
Increase (decrease) in the fair value of interest rate swaps (note 6) ................

19,247
125

(94,870)
37

(55,869)
63,340

—

3,373,907

―

76,381
2,200

—
(63,555)

―
(394,163)

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

21. Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)

Summary quarterly financial information for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008 is as follows:

Three Months Ended

March 31

June 30

September 30

December 31

2007:

Net revenues ......................................................................... $
Operating income (loss) ........................................................
Net income (loss) ..................................................................
Net income (loss) per common share – basic and diluted .....

315,709
13,446
(42,891)
(0.18)

$ 342,870
37,914
(32,740)
(0.13)

$ 351,744

(12,818) (a)
(67,013) (b)
(0.26) (b)

$ 375,163
60,986
(80,169) (c)
(0.30) (c)

Three Months Ended

March 31

June 30

September 30

December 31

2008:

370,621
69,003
(13,173)
(0.07)
(0.07)

$ 379,513
68,566
60,339(d)
0.20(d)
0.19(d)

$ 384,348
75,996
(32,207) (e)
(0.13) (e)
(0.13) (e)

$ 392,022
78,944
(63,817) (f)(g)
(0.24) (f)(g)
(0.24) (f)(g)

(a)
(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Inclusive of asset write-down charges and restructuring charges related to Modeo in aggregate amount of $60.7 million. See note 19.
Inclusive of asset write-down charges and restructuring charges related to Modeo in aggregate amount of $39.4 million, net of tax, or $0.14
per share. See note 19.
Inclusive of impairment charges of $57.5 million, net of tax, or $0.21 per share, net of tax, related to the write-down of the investment in
FiberTower classified as an available-for-sale security. See note 5.
Inclusive of tax benefits of $74.9 million, or $0.27 and $0.26 per basic and diluted share, respectively, resulting from the completion of an
IRS examination. See note 8.
Inclusive of impairment charges of $23.7 million, net of tax, or $0.08 per share related to the write-down of the investment in FiberTower,
classified as an available-for-sale security. See note 5.
Inclusive of impairment charges of $32.2 million or $0.11 per share, net of tax, related to the write-down of the investment in FiberTower,
classified as an available-for-sale security. See note 5.
Inclusive of losses on interest rate swaps of $26.2 million or $0.09 per share, net of tax. See note 6.

22. Subsequent Events

Revolver

In January 2009, the Revolver was amended to extend the maturity from January 2009 to January 2010 and
reduce the total revolving commitment to $188 million. As of February 17, 2009, the outstanding balance on the
Revolver was $158 million. The Company paid an extension fee of $9.4 million, but the credit spreads were not
impacted by this amendment.

Stock-Based Compensation

In February 2009, the Company issued 59,500 shares of common stock to the non-employee members of its

board of directors with a grant-date fair value of $16.0 per share.

In February 2009, the Company issued approximately 2.2 million shares of restricted stock awards to certain of

its executives and non-executive employees.

Senior Notes

On January 27, 2009, the Company issued $900 million principal amount of 9% senior notes due 2015 in a
public offering. These 9% senior notes are general obligations of CCIC, which rank equally with all existing and
future senior debt. The 9% senior notes are effectively subordinated to all liabilities (including trade payables) of
each subsidiary of the Company. These 9% senior notes bear interest at a rate of 9.0% per annum, payable semi-
annually on January 15 and July 15 of each year, beginning on July 15, 2009.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)
(Tabular dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

The proceeds from these 9% senior notes were $795.7 million, inclusive of an $86.3 million original issue
discount and $18 million of fees. The effective yield of these 9% senior notes is approximately 11.3%, inclusive of
the discount. The Company may use these net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including the Company’s
anticipated purchases of its existing debt.

At its option, the company may redeem these 9% senior notes in whole or in part prior to January 15, 2013, by
paying 100% of the principal amount, together with accrued and unpaid interest, if any, plus a ―make whole‖
premium. The Company may also redeem some or all of these 9% senior notes on or after January 15, 2013, at the
redemption prices set forth in the indenture, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, until January 15,
2012 and subject to certain conditions, the Company may, at its option, redeem up to 35% of these 9% senior notes
at the redemption price set forth in the indenture with the proceeds of certain equity offerings.

The 9% senior notes contain restrictive covenants with which the Company and its restricted subsidiaries must
comply, subject to a number of exceptions and qualifications, including restrictions on its ability to incur
incremental debt, issue preferred stock, guarantee debt, pay dividends, repurchase its capital stock, use assets as
security in other transactions, sell assets or merge with or into other companies, and make certain investments.
Certain of these covenants are not applicable if there is no event of default and if the ratio of the Company’s
Consolidated Debt (as defined in the senior notes indenture) and to its Adjusted Consolidated Cash Flows (as
defined in the senior notes indenture) is less than 7.0 to 1. The Company’s Consolidated Debt to Adjusted
Consolidated Cash Flow is 7.6 times, as of December 31, 2008 pro forma for (1) the 9% senior notes and exclusive
of the impact of using the proceeds of such notes to make future purchases or repayments of debt and (2) our debt
purchases in January and February 2009. The 9% senior notes contain the previously mentioned restrictive
covenants but do not contain any financial maintenance covenants that could result in default.

Debt Purchases

The following is a summary of the purchases of debt during January and February 2009. These debt purchases

were made by CCIC as result of restrictions upon the subsidiaries issuing the debt, as a result the debt remains
outstanding at the subsidiaries.

2004 Mortgage Loans .......................................................
2006 Mortgage Loans .......................................................

Total purchases .................................................................

47,050
87,757

134,807

46,315
78,979

125,294

Principal Amount

Cash Paid(1)

Gain (losses) on
Purchases

1,209
8,868

10,077

(1) Exclusive of accrued interest.

Change in Fair Value of Financial Instruments

As of February 17, 2009, the settlement value of interest rate swaps was a liability of $520.5 million, a decrease

of $95.7 million from December 31, 2008.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

(a) Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

In connection with the preparation of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as of December 31, 2008, the
Company’s management conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the
Company’s Chief Executive Officer (―CEO‖) and Chief Financial Officer (―CFO‖), of the effectiveness of the
Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 (―Exchange Act‖)). Based upon their evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the
Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as of December 31, 2008, were effective to provide reasonable
assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports filed or submitted by it under the
Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules
and forms, and to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in such
reports is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer
and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b) Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting
(as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) for the Company. Under the supervision and
with the participation of the Company’s CEO and CFO, management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s
internal control over financial reporting based on the framework described in ―Internal Control – Integrated
Framework,‖ issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (―COSO‖) of the Treadway Commission. The
Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding
the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance
with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting
includes those policies and procedures that:



pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions
and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial
statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and
expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorization of management and
directors of the Company; and
provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisitions, use or
disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of
December 31, 2008. Based on the Company’s assessment, management has concluded that the Company’s internal
control over financial reporting was effective as of the end of the fiscal year to provide reasonable assurance
regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting
purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Management of the Company reviewed
the results of their assessment with the Audit Committee of the board of directors.

KPMG LLP, a registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the Company’s internal

control over financial reporting, which is included herein in this Annual Report.

There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is
defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the most recent fiscal quarter that have
materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

(d) Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those
systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement
preparation and presentation. Because of its inherent limitations, the Company’s internal control over financial
reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to
future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that
the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Crown Castle International Corp.:

We have audited Crown Castle International Corp.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December
31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of
Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Crown Castle International Corp.’s management
is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the
effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on
Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal
control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
(United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about
whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit
included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material
weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the
assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the
circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance
regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting
includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail,
accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable
assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made
only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable
assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's
assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect
misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that
controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the
policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, Crown Castle International Corp. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control
over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated
Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
(United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Crown Castle International Corp. and subsidiaries as of
December 31, 2007 and 2008, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income
(loss), cash flows, and stockholders' equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2008,
and our report dated February 26, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
February 26, 2009

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant

PART III

The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item will be set forth in the 2009 Proxy Statement and

is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item will be set forth in the 2009 Proxy Statement and

is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management

The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item will be set forth in the 2009 Proxy Statement and

is incorporated herein by reference.

The following table summarizes information with respect to equity compensation plans under which equity

securities of the registrant are authorized for issuance as of December 31, 2008:

Plan category(1)(2)

Number of securities
to be issued upon
exercise of
outstanding options,
warrants and rights

Weighted-average
exercise price of
outstanding
options, warrants
and rights

Number of securities
remaining available
for future
issuance(3)(4)

(In shares)

(In dollars per share)

(In shares)

Equity compensation plans approved by

security holders ...................................................

3,999,053

Equity compensation plans not approved by

security holders ...................................................

—

Total .........................................................................

3,999,053

$ 16.72

—

$ 16.72

11,783,407

—

11,783,407

(1) See note 12 to the consolidated financial statements for more detailed information regarding the registrant’s equity compensation plans.
(2) CCAL has an equity compensation plan under which it awards options for the purchase of CCAL shares to its employees and directors. This

(3)

(4)

plan has not been approved by the registrant’s security holders.
In February 2009, the Company issued 59,500 shares of common stock to the non-executive members of its board of directors. This share
award was granted under an equity compensation plan which was approved by the registrant’s security holders. See note 22 to the
consolidated financial statements.
In February 2009, the Company issued 2.2 million shares of restricted stock awards to certain of its executives and non-executives. This
share award was granted under an equity compensation plan that was approved by the registrant’s security holders. See note 22 to the
consolidated financial statements.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions

The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item will be set forth in the 2009 Proxy Statement and

is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required to be furnished pursuant to this item will be set forth in the 2009 Proxy Statement and

is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a)(1) Financial Statements:

PART IV

The list of financial statements filed as part of this report is submitted as a separate section, the index to

which is located on page 43.

(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules:

Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts follows this Part IV. All other schedules are omitted
because they are not applicable or because the required information is contained in the financial statements or
notes thereto included in this Form 10-K.

(a)(3) Exhibits:

The Exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form

10-K.

CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

SCHEDULE II—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2006, 2007 AND 2008
(In thousands of dollars)

Additions

Deductions

Balance at
Beginning
of Year

Charged to
Operations

Acquired

Credited to
Operations

Written
Off

Effect of
Exchange
Rate
Changes

Balance at
End of
Year

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Receivable:

2006 .............................................

2007 .............................................

2008 .............................................

2,968

3,410

6,684

597

1,125

1,588

3,651

―

—

―

(239)

(1,529)

(1,966)

(39)

3,410

6,684

6,267

Additions

Balance at
Beginning of
Year

Credited to
Operations

Credited to
Additional
Paid-in Capital
and Other
Comprehensive
Income

Deductions

Charged to
Additional
Paid-in Capital
and Other
Comprehensive
Income

Other
Adjustments(b)

Balance at
End of Year

Deferred Tax Valuation Allowance:

2006 .............................................

281,791

46,211

2007 .............................................

279,257

15,837

—

2,877

2008 .............................................

148,093

15,467

103,344

(46,055)

(2,690)

279,257

—

―

(149,878)(a)

148,093

(10,579)

256,325

(a) Amount relates to amounts reversed to goodwill in connection with the Global Signal Merger, amounts acquired in the Global Signal

Merger and the adoption of FIN 48. See note 8 to the consolidated financial statements.
Inclusive of the effects of exchange rate changes.

(b)

Exhibit Number

(d) 2.2

(n) 2.3

(d) 2.4

(n) 2.5

(e) 2.6

(e) 2.7

(i) 2.8

(i) 2.9

(f) 2.10

(i) 2.11

(p) 2.12

(u) 2.13

(aa) 3.1

(aa) 3.2
(b) 4.1
(m) 4.2

(s) 4.3

(r) 4.4

(r) 4.5

INDEX TO EXHIBITS
Item 15 (a) (3)

Exhibit Description
Formation Agreement, dated December 8, 1998, relating to the formation of Crown
Atlantic Company LLC, Crown Atlantic Holding Sub LLC, and Crown Atlantic Holding
Company LLC
Amendment Number 1 to Formation Agreement, dated March 31, 1999, among Crown
Castle International Corp., Cellco Partnership, doing business as Bell Atlantic Mobile,
certain Transferring Partnerships and CCA Investment Corp.
Crown Atlantic Holding Company LLC Amended and Restated Operating Agreement,
dated May 1, 2003, by and between Bell Atlantic Mobile, Inc. and CCA Investment Corp.
Crown Atlantic Company LLC Operating Agreement entered into as of March 31, 1999 by
and between Cellco Partnership, doing business as Bell Atlantic Mobile, and Crown
Atlantic Holding Sub LLC
Crown Atlantic Company LLC First Amendment to Operating Agreement, dated May 1,
2003, by Crown Atlantic Company LLC, and each of Bell Atlantic Mobile, Inc. and
Crown Atlantic Holding Sub LLC
Agreement to Sublease dated June 1, 1999 by and among BellSouth Mobility Inc.,
BellSouth Telecommunications Inc., The Transferring Entities, Crown Castle International
Corp. and Crown Castle South Inc.
Sublease dated June 1, 1999 by and among BellSouth Mobility Inc., Certain BMI
Affiliates, Crown Castle International Corp. and Crown Castle South Inc.
Agreement to Sublease dated August 1, 1999 by and among BellSouth Personal
Communications, Inc., BellSouth Carolinas PCS, L.P., Crown Castle International Corp.
and Crown Castle South Inc.
Sublease dated August 1, 1999 by and among BellSouth Personal Communications, Inc.,
BellSouth Carolinas PCS, L.P., Crown Castle International Corp. and Crown Castle South
Inc.
Formation Agreement dated November 7, 1999 relating to the formation of Crown Castle
GT Company LLC, Crown Castle GT Holding Sub LLC and Crown Castle GT Holding
Company LLC
Operating Agreement, dated January 31, 2000 by and between Crown Castle GT Corp. and
affiliates of GTE Wireless Incorporated
Share Purchase Agreement dated June 28, 2004 by and among Crown Castle International
Corp., NGG Telecoms Investment Limited and National Grid Holdings One plc.
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 5, 2006, among Global Signal Inc.,
Crown Castle International Corp. and CCGS Holdings LLC
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Crown Castle International Corp.,
dated May 24, 2007
Amended and Restated By-laws of Crown Castle International Corp., dated May 24, 2007
Specimen Certificate of Common Stock
Indenture, dated as of December 2, 2003, between Crown Castle International Corp. and
The Bank of New York, as Trustee, relating to the 7.5% Senior Notes due 2013 (including
exhibits)
First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of June 1, 2005, between Crown Castle
International Corp. and The Bank of New York, as Trustee, relating to the 7.5% Notes
Indenture, dated as of June 1, 2005, relating to the Senior Secured Tower Revenue Notes,
by and among JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Indenture Trustee, and Crown Castle
Towers LLC, Crown Castle South LLC, Crown Communication Inc., Crown Castle PT
Inc., Crown Communication New York, Inc. and Crown Castle International Corp. de
Puerto Rico, collectively as Issuers
Indenture Supplement, dated as of June 1, 2005, relating to the Senior Secured Tower
Revenue Notes, Series 2005-1, by and among JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Indenture
Trustee, and Crown Castle Towers LLC, Crown Castle South LLC, Crown
Communication Inc., Crown Castle PT Inc., Crown Communication New York, Inc. and
Crown Castle International Corp. de Puerto Rico, collectively as Issuers

Exhibit Number

(t) 4.6

(v) 4.7

(u) 4.8

(gg) 4.9

(gg) 4.10

(a) 10.1
(b) 10.2
(d) 10.3

(j) 10.4
(k) 10.5
(l) 10.6

(bb) 10.7

(l) 10.8
(aa) 10.9
(q) 10.10
(q) 10.11
(q) 10.12

(bb) 10.13

(ee) 10.14

(dd) 10.15
(hh) 10.16
(dd) 10.17
(r) 10.18

(t) 10.19

Exhibit Description
Indenture Supplement, dated as of September 26, 2006, relating to the Senior Secured
Tower Revenue Notes, Series 2005-1, by and among JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as
Indenture Trustee, and Crown Castle Towers LLC, Crown Castle South LLC, Crown
Communication Inc., Crown Castle PT Inc., Crown Communication New York, Inc. and
Crown Castle International Corp. de Puerto Rico, collectively, as Issuers
Indenture Supplement, dated as of November 29, 2006, relating to the Senior Secured
Tower Revenue Notes, Series 2006-1, by and among The Bank of New York (as successor
to JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.), as Indenture Trustee, and Crown Castle Towers LLC,
Crown Castle South LLC, Crown Communication Inc., Crown Castle PT Inc., Crown
Communication New York, Inc., Crown Castle International Corp. de Puerto Rico, Crown
Castle Towers 05 LLC, Crown Castle PR LLC, Crown Castle MU LLC and Crown Castle
MUPA LLC, collectively as Issuers
Stockholders Agreement, dated as of October 5, 2006, by and among Fortress Pinnacle
Investment Fund, FRIT PINN LLC, Fortress Registered Investment Trust, FRIT Holdings
LLC, FIT GSL LLC, Greenhill Capital Partners LLC, GCP SPV1, LLC, GCP SPV2, LLC,
Abrams Capital International Ltd., Abrams Capital Partners I, LP, Abrams Capital Partners
II, LP, Whitecrest Partners, LP, Riva Capital Partners, LP, 222 Partners, LLC and Crown
Castle International Corp.
Indenture dated January 27, 2009, between Crown Castle International Corp. and Bank of
New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee
Supplemental Indenture dated January 27, 2009, between Crown Castle International
Corp. and Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as trustee, relating to 9%
Senior Notes due 2015
Castle Tower Holding Corp. 1995 Stock Option Plan (Third Restatement)
Crown Castle International Corp. 1995 Stock Option Plan (Fourth Restatement)
Global Lease Agreement dated March 31, 1999 between Crown Atlantic Company LLC
and Cellco Partnership, doing business as Bell Atlantic Mobile
Crown Castle International Corp. 2001 Stock Incentive Plan
Form of Option Agreement pursuant to 2001 Stock Incentive Plan
Form of Severance Agreement between Crown Castle International Corp. and each of John
P. Kelly, W. Benjamin Moreland and E. Blake Hawk
Form of First Amendment to Severance Agreement between Crown Castle International
Corp. and each of John P. Kelly, W. Benjamin Moreland and E. Blake Hawk
Form of Restricted Stock Agreement pursuant to 2001 Stock Incentive Plan
Crown Castle International Corp. 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended
Form of Restricted Stock Agreement pursuant to 2001 Stock Incentive Plan
Form of Restricted Stock Agreement pursuant to 2004 Stock Incentive Plan
Form of Severance Agreement between Crown Castle International Corp. and each of
James D. Young and James D. Cordes
Form of First Amendment to Severance Agreement between Crown Castle International
Corp and certain senior officers, including James D. Young
Form of Severance Agreement between Crown Castle International Corp. and each of Jay
A. Brown and Philip M. Kelley
Crown Castle International Corp. 2008 EMT Annual Incentive Plan
Crown Castle International Corp. 2009 EMT Annual Incentive Plan
Summary of Non-Employee Director Compensation
Management Agreement, dated as of June 8, 2005, by and among Crown Castle USA Inc.,
as Manager, and Crown Castle Towers LLC, Crown Castle South LLC, Crown
Communication Inc., Crown Castle PT Inc., Crown Communication New York, Inc.,
Crown Castle International Corp. de Puerto Rico, Crown Castle GT Holding Sub LLC and
Crown Castle Atlantic LLC, collectively as Owners
Management Agreement Amendment, dated September 26, 2006, by and among Crown
Castle USA Inc., as Manager, and Crown Castle Towers LLC, Crown Castle South LLC,
Crown Communication Inc., Crown Castle PT Inc., Crown Communication New York,
Inc., Crown Castle International Corp. de Puerto Rico, Crown Castle GT Holding Sub

Exhibit Number

(v) 10.20

(r) 10.21

(v) 10.22

(r) 10.23

(w) 10.24

(z) 10.25

(cc) 10.26

(ff) 10.27

(x) 10.28

(z) 10.29

(z) 10.30

(jj) 10.31

(ii) 10.32

Exhibit Description
LLC and Crown Castle Atlantic LLC, collectively, as Owners
Joinder and Amendment to Management Agreement, dated as of November 29, 2006, by
and among Crown Castle USA Inc., as Manager, and Crown Castle Towers LLC, Crown
Castle South LLC, Crown Communication Inc., Crown Castle PT Inc., Crown
Communication New York, Inc., Crown Castle International Corp. de Puerto Rico, Crown
Castle Towers 05 LLC, Crown Castle PR LLC, Crown Castle MU LLC, Crown Castle
MUPA LLC, Crown Castle GT Holding Sub LLC and Crown Castle Atlantic LLC,
collectively as Owners
Cash Management Agreement, dated as of June 8, 2005, by and among Crown Castle
Towers LLC, Crown Castle South LLC, Crown Communication Inc., Crown Castle PT
Inc., Crown Communication New York, Inc. and Crown Castle International Corp. de
Puerto Rico, as Issuers, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Indenture Trustee, Crown Castle
USA Inc., as Manager, Crown Castle GT Holding Sub LLC, as Member of Crown Castle
GT Company LLC, and Crown Castle Atlantic LLC, as Member of Crown Atlantic
Company LLC
Joinder to Cash Management Agreement, dated as of November 29, 2006, by and among
Crown Castle Towers LLC, Crown Castle South LLC, Crown Communication Inc., Crown
Castle PT Inc., Crown Communication New York, Inc. and Crown Castle International
Corp. de Puerto Rico, Crown Castle Towers 05 LLC, Crown Castle PR LLC, Crown
Castle MU LLC, Crown Castle MUPA LLC, as Issuers, The Bank of New York (as
successor to JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.), as Indenture Trustee, Crown Castle USA Inc.,
as Manager, Crown Castle GT Holding Sub LLC, as Member of Crown Castle GT
Company LLC, and Crown Castle Atlantic LLC, as Member of Crown Atlantic Company
LLC
Servicing Agreement, dated as of June 8, 2005, by and among Midland Loan Services,
Inc., as Servicer, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Indenture Trustee
Credit Agreement, dated January 9, 2007, among Crown Castle Operating Company, as
the borrower, Crown Castle International Corp. and certain of its subsidiaries, as
guarantors, the several lenders from time to time parties thereto, and The Royal Bank of
Scotland plc, as administrative agent
First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated March 6, 2007, among Crown Castle
International Corp., Crown Castle Operating Company, Crown Castle Operating LLC, the
lenders named therein, and The Royal Bank of Scotland plc, as administrative agent
Extension Agreement, dated as of December 15, 2007, among the Borrower, Crown Castle
International Corp., Crown Castle Operating LLC, the revolving lenders named therein
and The Royal Bank of Scotland plc, as administrative agent (regarding revolving credit
facility)
Second Extension Agreement dated as of January 6, 2009, among the Borrower, Crown
Castle International Corp., Crown Castle Operating LLC, the revolving lenders named
therein and The Royal Bank of Scotland plc, as administrative agent (regarding revolving
credit facility)
Term Loan Joinder, dated January 26, 2007, among Crown Castle International Corp.,
Crown Castle Operating Company, the lenders named therein, and The Royal Bank of
Scotland plc, as administrative agent
Amendment to Term Loan Joinder, dated March 6, 2007, among Crown Castle
International Corp., Crown Castle Operating Company, the lenders named therein, and
The Royal Bank of Scotland plc, as administrative agent
Term Loan Joinder, dated March 6, 2007, among Crown Castle International Corp., Crown
Castle Operating Company, the lenders named therein, and The Royal Bank of Scotland
plc, as administrative agent
Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of December 7, 2004, by
and between Pinnacle Towers Acquisition Holdings LLC, other Borrowers (as defined
therein) and Towers Finco II LLC
Management Agreement between Pinnacle Towers Inc. and the subsidiaries listed on the
signature pages, and Global Signal Services LLC, dated as of February 5, 2004

Exhibit Number
(ii) 10.33

(nn) 10.34

(mm) 10.35

(ii) 10.36

(ii) 10.37

(jj) 10.38

(kk) 10.39

(ll) 10.40

(ll) 10.41

(ll) 10.42

(ll) 10.43

(ll) 10.44

(ll) 10.45

(mm) 10.46

11
12

21
23
24
31.1

31.2

32.1

Exhibit Description
Management Agreement between Pinnacle Towers Acquisition Inc. and Pinnacle Towers
Inc., dated as of September 25, 2003
Management Agreement between Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC and Global Signal
Services LLC, dated as of April 25, 2005
Management Agreement, dated as of February 28, 2006, by and among Global Signal
Acquisitions LLC, Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC, Pinnacle Towers LLC and the other
entities listed on the signature pages thereto and Global Signal Services LLC
Assignment and Assumption of Management Agreement between Pinnacle Towers Inc.,
and Global Signal Services LLC, dated February 5, 2004
First Amendment to Management Agreement between Pinnacle Towers Acquisition
Holdings LLC and Global Signal Services LLC, dated May 13, 2004
Management Agreement, dated as of December 7, 2004, between Pinnacle Towers
Acquisition Holdings LLC, the Subsidiaries thereof, and Global Signal Services LLC
Agreement to Contribute, Lease and Sublease, dated as of February 14, 2005 among Sprint
Corporation, the Sprint subsidiaries named therein and Global Signal Inc.
Master Lease and Sublease, dated as of May 26, 2005, by and among STC One LLC, as
lessor, Sprint Telephony PCS L.P., as Sprint Collocator, Global Signal Acquisitions II
LLC, as lessee, and Global Signal Inc.
Master Lease and Sublease, dated as of May 26, 2005, by and among STC Two LLC, as
lessor, SprintCom, Inc., as Sprint Collocator, Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC, as lessee,
and Global Signal Inc.
Master Lease and Sublease, dated as of May 26, 2005, by and among STC Three LLC, as
lessor, American PCS Communications, LLC, as Sprint Collocator, Global Signal
Acquisitions II LLC, as lessee, and Global Signal Inc.
Master Lease and Sublease, dated as of May 26, 2005, by and among STC Four LLC, as
lessor, PhillieCo, L.P., as Sprint Collocator, Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC, as lessee,
and Global Signal Inc.
Master Lease and Sublease, dated as of May 26, 2005, by and among STC Five LLC, as
lessor, Sprint Spectrum L.P., as Sprint Collocator, Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC, as
lessee, and Global Signal Inc.
Master Lease and Sublease, dated as of May 26, 2005, by and among STC Six Company,
Sprint Spectrum L.P., as Sprint Collocator, Global Signal Acquisitions II LLC, as lessee,
and Global Signal Inc.
Amended and Restated Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of February 28, 2006, by
and among the borrowers (as defined therein) signatory thereto and Towers Finco III LLC
Computation of Net Income (Loss) per Common Share
Computation of Ratios of Earnings to Fixed Charges and Earnings to Combined Fixed
Charges and Preferred Stock Dividends
Subsidiaries of Crown Castle International Corp.
Consent of KPMG LLP
Powers of Attorney (included in the signatures page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K)
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section
906 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

(h)

Incorporated by reference to the exhibits in the Registration Statement on Form S-4 previously filed by the Registrant (Registration No. 333-43873).
Incorporated by reference to the exhibits in the Registration Statement on Form S-1 previously filed by the Registrant (Registration No. 333-57283).
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 000-24737) on December 10, 1998.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 000-24737) on April 12, 1999.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 000-24737) on June 9, 1999.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 000-24737) on November 12, 1999.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 10-Q (Registration No. 000-24737) for the quarter ended June 30,
2000.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit filed by the Registrant in the Registration Statement on Form 8-A12G/A (Registration No. 0-24737) on

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)
(m)
(n)

(p)
(q)
(r)
(s)
(t)
(u)
(v)
(w)
(x)
(y)
(z)
(aa)
(bb)
(cc)
(dd)
(ee)
(ff)
(gg)
(hh)
(ii)

(jj)
(kk)
(ll)
(mm)
(nn)

September 19, 2000.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 10-K (Registration No. 000-24737) for the year ended December
31, 1999.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant as Appendix A to the Definitive Schedule 14A Proxy Statement
(Registration No. 001-16441) on May 8, 2001.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 10-Q (Registration No. 001-16441) for the quarter ended
September 30, 2002.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on January 8, 2003.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibits in the Registration Statement on Form S-4 previously filed by the Registrant (Registration No. 333-112176).
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 10-K (Registration No. 001-16441) for the year ended December
31, 2003.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on June 30, 2004.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on March 2, 2005.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on June 9, 2005.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on June 2, 2005.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on September 29, 2006.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on October 11, 2006.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on December 5, 2006.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on January 11, 2007.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on January 29, 2007.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on February 28, 2007.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on March 8, 2007.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on May 30, 2007.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on December 7, 2007.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on January 10, 2008.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on February 25, 2008
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on July 15, 2008
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on January 6, 2009
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on January 29, 2009
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by the Registrant on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-16441) on February 25, 2009
Incorporated by reference to the exhibits in the Registration Statement on Form S-11 previously filed by Global Signal Inc. (Registration No. 333-
112839).
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by Global Signal Inc. on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-32168) on December 13, 2004.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by Global Signal Inc. on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-32168) on February 17, 2005.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by Global Signal Inc. on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-32168) on May 27, 2005.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by Global Signal Inc. on Form 8-K (Registration No. 001-32168) on March 2, 2006.
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit previously filed by Global Signal Inc. on Form 10-K (Registration No. 001-32168) for the year ended
December 31, 2005.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the
Registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned,
thereunto duly authorized, on this 26th day of February, 2009.

CROWN CASTLE INTERNATIONAL CORP.

By:

/s/ JAY A. BROWN
Jay A. Brown
Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
and Treasurer

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and
appoints W. Benjamin Moreland and E. Blake Hawk and each of them, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact
and agents with full power of substitution and re-substitution for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead,
in any and all capacities, to sign any and all documents relating to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, including any
and all amendments and supplements thereto, for the year ended December 31, 2008 and to file the same with all
exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith with the Securities and Exchange Commission
granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and
thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully as to all intents and purposes as he or she
might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or their
substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this
Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the
capacities indicated below on this 26th day of February, 2009.
Name
/s/ W. BENJAMIN MORELAND
W. Benjamin Moreland

President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)

Title

/s/ JAY A. BROWN
Jay A. Brown

/s/ ROB A. FISHER
Rob A. Fisher

/s/ J. LANDIS MARTIN
J. Landis Martin

/s/ JOHN P. KELLY
John P. Kelly

/s/ DAVID C. ABRAMS
David C. Abrams

/s/ CINDY CHRISTY
Cindy Christy

/s/ ARI Q. FITZGERALD
Ari Q. Fitzgerald

/s/ ROBERT E. GARRISON II
Robert E. Garrison II

/s/ DALE N. HATFIELD
Dale N. Hatfield

Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and
Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer)

Vice President and Controller
(Principal Accounting Officer)

Chairman of the Board of Directors

Executive Vice-Chairman of the Board of Directors

Director

Name
/s/ LEE W. HOGAN
Lee W. Hogan

/s/ EDWARD C. HUTCHESON, JR.
Edward C. Hutcheson, Jr.

/s/ ROBERT F. MCKENZIE
Robert F. McKenzie

Director

Title