Curis Inc
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

Killer T-Lymphocyte attacking a Cancer Cell Annual Report 2015 Curis is a biotechnology company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative drug candidates for the treatment of human cancers. Curis’ lead clinical drug candidate, CUDC-907 is being investigated in clinical studies in patients with MYC-altered diffuse large B cell lymphoma and in patients with solid tumors. Curis is also engaged in a broad collaboration with Aurigene in the areas of immuno- oncology and precision oncology. As part of this collaboration, Curis has exclusive licenses to oral small molecule antagonists of immune checkpoint pathways, including CA-170, which targets PD-L1 and VISTA. Curis has also licensed small molecules designed to inhibit IRAK-4, including lead molecule CA-4948 as part of the Aurigene collaboration. Curis is party to a collaboration with Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, under which Genentech and Roche are developing and commercializing Erivedge® for the treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma, and are further developing Erivedge® in other diseases including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and myelofibrosis. Dear Curis Stockholders, We are pleased to report that 2015 was a year of significant milestones for Curis. We continued in our commitment to grow Curis as a biotechnology company that is not only focused on developing innovative and effective drugs to treat patients with cancers, but also aspires to eventually commercialize these drugs on our own. Throughout 2015, we continued to increase our development capabilities and expertise, secured a highly innovative cancer immunotherapy pipeline through a creative partnership, focused our efforts on our most promising drug candidates, and accessed the capital required to continue operations into 2017. During 2015, our clinical-stage drug candidate CUDC-907 showed promising evidence of benefit for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, or DLBCL, which is an aggressive and the most common form of non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In fact, nearly half of the 18 evaluable patients with relapsed/ refractory DLBCL enrolled in our Phase 1 trial had at least 50% shrinkage of their tumors, including three patients whose tumors shrank completely with CUDC-907 treatment. Further, our laboratory experiments showed that CUDC-907 has a potent effect on MYC oncogene, the alterations of which are considered to be drivers of many cancers, including DLBCL. Approximately one third of all DLBCLs have alterations in the MYC oncogene and these patients have a poor prognosis and no good treatment options. Consistent with our preclinical findings, tumors from a majority of the patients who responded to CUDC-907 in our clinical trial had alterations in the MYC oncogene, including the three patients whose tumors shrank completely. We believe that CUDC-907’s potential path to approval as a drug is initially in this population of cancer patients, and, thus, we have initiated a Phase 2 trial to test CUDC- 907’s efficacy specifically in patients with MYC-altered DLBCL cancers. If the results from this trial are positive, we plan to request that the FDA consider CUDC-907 for accelerated approval to treat this group of cancer patients. We also continue to investigate CUDC-907’s ability to benefit patients with solid tumors, and are working to enroll patients whose tumors have alterations in the MYC oncogene in the ongoing Phase 1 solid tumor trial. Our hope is that demonstration of efficacy in other cancer types associated with MYC alterations may provide opportunities for additional paths to approval and expanded use of CUDC-907. Enlisting and enabling a patient’s own immune system to address their cancer is now recognized as a successful and important strategy to treat human cancer. Based on the promising clinical success with the approved immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs for treatment of certain cancers, we assess that the field of immuno-oncology will continue to engage a substantial portion, if not the bulk of the cancer drug discovery and development efforts in our industry for the foreseeable future. Driven by this recognition, and persuaded by their innovation in this field, in January 2015, we established a multi-year, exclusive collaboration with Aurigene to discover, develop and commercialize small molecule drug candidates in the field of immuno-oncology. Based on the collaboration’s collective progress during the course of the year, in October 2015, we exercised our option to license the first immuno-oncology program under the collaboration, which includes the development candidate CA-170. We believe that CA-170 is a first-in-class small molecule immune checkpoint antagonist, and the first designed to be taken by patients in the form of an oral capsule. In preclinical experiments, CA-170 targets two important immune checkpoint molecules, PD-L1 and VISTA, is able to stimulate anti-cancer T cells, and results in tumor growth inhibition in animal models. We expect to file an IND application with the FDA to initiate a Phase 1 clinical trial of CA-170 within the first half of 2016. Also in October 2015, under the Aurigene collaboration, we selected a separate program that is focused on small molecules targeting a different set of immune checkpoints, PD-L1 and TIM-3. Should the preclinical development of these molecules continue to progress well, we expect to license and designate a development candidate from this program later this year. Separately, we are working closely with Aurigene to develop small molecule inhibitors of IRAK4, a kinase that is involved in certain human hematologic cancers and inflammatory conditions. We licensed this program under the collaboration in October 2015, and have designated the lead candidate as CA-4948. We expect to file an IND application to initiate a Phase 1 clinical trial of CA-4948 in patients with hematologic cancer in the second half of 2016. Our collaborators, Genentech and Roche, continue to make excellent progress with commercialization and further development of Erivedge®. Roche reported that Erivedge® generated worldwide net sales of approximately $170 million in 2015 for treatment of patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma, an increase of approximately 25% when compared to 2014. In addition, Roche and Genentech have initiated clinical trials to test Erivedge® for treatment of patients with other diseases including myelofibrosis or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a non-oncology disease setting. Our balance sheet continues to be strong. In the first quarter of 2015, we raised approximately $65 million in net proceeds from a public offering and we ended the year with approximately $82 million in cash, cash equivalents and investments. We earned revenues of approximately $8 million in 2015, predominantly from royalty revenues related to Erivedge® sales. We expect our existing capital to fund our planned operations into 2017, including supporting our ongoing and planned clinical trials. We are committed to the growth of Curis and continue to aim towards bringing our own drugs to patients and creating significant value for our stockholders. We have achieved significant progress during the past year and look forward to continued advancement in 2016 and beyond. As always, we thank our stockholders for their continued support, our Board of Directors and our other advisors for their expert guidance, our employees for their continued loyalty, hard work and dedication, and our patients and their families for their important contribution by participating in our clinical trials. Sincerely, Ali Fattaey, Ph.D President and Chief Executive Officer Curis, Inc. ** ** ** form-10k Curis 2015 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 (Mark one) È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE FORM 10-K ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 OR ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission File Number 000-30347 CURIS, INC. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) DELAWARE (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 04-3505116 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 4 Maguire Road Lexington, Massachusetts 02421 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) 617-503-6500 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered NASDAQ Global Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if Act. Yes ‘ No È the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Indicate by check mark if the registrant Act. Yes ‘ No È is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. È Yes ‘ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). È Yes ‘ No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ‘ Non-accelerated filer ‘ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Accelerated filer È Smaller reporting company ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ‘ No È The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant (without admitting that any person whose shares are not included in such calculation is an affiliate) based on the last reported sale price of the common stock on June 30, 2015 was approximately $218,446,000. As of February 25, 2016, there were 129,022,028 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Specified portions of the registrant’s proxy statement for the annual meeting of stockholders scheduled to be held on May 17, 2016, which are to be filed with the Commission not later than 120 days after the close of the Registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 pursuant to Regulation 14A, have been incorporated by reference in Items 10-14 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. CURIS, INC. TABLE OF CONTENTS Form 10-K PART I ITEM 1. BUSINESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ITEM 2. PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDERS MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 37 74 74 74 74 75 77 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK . . . . . . . 106 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 SIGNATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements PART I including without This annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this report are statements that could be deemed forward-looking limitation any expectations of revenue, expenses, earnings or losses from statements, to the plans, strategies and objectives of operations, or other financial results; statements with respect management for future operations; statements concerning product research, development and commercialization plans, timelines and anticipated results; statements of expectation or belief; and statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Without limiting the foregoing, the words “anticipates”, “believes”, “could”, “estimates”, “expects”, “intends”, “may”, “plans”, “seeks” and other similar language, whether in the negative or affirmative, are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We therefore caution you against relying on any of these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in these forward-looking statements are discussed, among other places, in Item 1A., “Risk Factors” of Part I and Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of Part II of this report and in our Securities and Exchange Commission reports filed after this report. The forward-looking statements included in this annual report represent our estimates as of the filing date of this annual report. We specifically disclaim any obligation to update these forward-looking statements in the future. These forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our estimates or views as of any date subsequent to the date of this annual report. Unless otherwise indicated, or unless the context of the discussion requires otherwise, we use the terms “we,” “us,” “our” and similar references to refer to Curis, Inc. and its subsidiaries, on a consolidated basis. We use the terms “Curis” to refer to Curis, Inc. on a stand-alone basis. ITEM 1. BUSINESS Overview We are a biotechnology company seeking to develop and commercialize innovative drug candidates for the treatment of human cancers. Our most advanced drug candidate is CUDC-907, an orally-available, small molecule inhibitor of histone deacetylase, or HDAC, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, or PI3K enzymes. Based on findings of an ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of this molecule in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphomas or multiple myeloma, we recently initiated an open-label Phase 2 clinical trial of CUDC-907 in patients with MYC-altered relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, or RR-DLBCL. We are also conducting a Phase 1 study in patients with solid tumors, including patients with nuclear protein in testis (NUT) midline carcinoma, or NMC. In addition, we are party to an exclusive collaboration agreement focused on immuno-oncology and selected precision oncology targets with Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, or Aurigene, a specialized, discovery-stage biotechnology company and wholly-owned subsidiary of Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories. In October 2015, we exercised options to license the first two programs under this collaboration. The first licensed program is focused on the development of orally-available small molecule antagonists of PD-1 and VISTA pathways in the immuno-oncology field, including the development candidate designated CA-170, which is a PD-L1/VISTA 1 antagonist. The second licensed program is focused on orally-available small molecule inhibitors of Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) in the precision oncology field, with the lead development candidate designated CA-4948. We expect to file an investigational new drug, or IND, application with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-170 during the first half of 2016, and we expect to file an IND and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-4948 during the second half of 2016. In addition, in October 2015, we selected a third program for potential development under the collaboration, the second preclinical program within the immuno-oncology field, which is focused on evaluating small molecule antagonists with PD-1 and TIM-3 immune checkpoint pathway-targeting properties, including compounds that target PD-L1 and TIM-3. We have not yet exercised our option to license this third program. Our other collaborators, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, or Roche, and Genentech Inc., or Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, are commercializing Erivedge® (vismodegib), a first-in-class orally-administered small in advanced basal cell carcinoma, or BCC. Roche and molecule Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, Genentech are also continuing Erivedge’s clinical development in less severe forms of BCC, and have recently initiated clinical studies of Erivedge in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or IPF, and myelofibrosis, or MF. Our proprietary pipeline also includes CUDC-427, an orally-available, small molecule antagonist of inhibitor of apoptosis, or IAP proteins. In 2015, we completed the dose escalation stage in the Phase 1 clinical trial of CUDC-427 in patients with solid tumors or lymphoma. We also regained rights to our Heat Shock Protein 90, or HSP90, inhibitor CUDC-305 from Debiopharm International S.A., or Debiopharm in 2015. Based on our clinical development plans for our pipeline, in the near term we intend to predominantly focus our available resources on the continued development of CUDC-907, CA-170 and CA-4948. We continue to seek to collaborate with third parties for further development of our pipeline. Product Development Programs We are seeking to develop and commercialize innovative drug candidates to treat cancer. Our product development initiatives, described in the table below, are being pursued using our internal resources or through our collaborations. Drug Candidate CUDC-907 CA-170 CA-4948 Erivedge CUDC-427 CUDC-305 Primary Disease Collaborator/Licensee Current Status Relapsed, refractory DLBCL with MYC alterations Solid tumors including NUT midline carcinoma Internal development Phase 2 Internal development Phase 1 Cancers Hematologic cancers Aurigene Aurigene Advanced BCC Genentech (Roche) Pre-IND Pre-IND Approved in US, Australia and other countries and conditional approval in the EU Phase 2 Phase 1b Phase 1b Internal development; Seeking collaborator Internal development; Seeking collaborator Completed Phase 1 Completed Phase 1 Roche Roche Roche Preceding excision and multiple BCC Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Myelofibrosis Advanced solid tumor & lymphomas Cancers 2 Since our inception in 2000, substantially all of our revenues have been derived from collaborations and other agreements with third parties. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, milestone and royalty payments from Genentech accounted for $8,031,000, or 100%, $9,796,000, or 100%, and $14,233,000, or 95%, respectively, of our revenue, all of which was related to the development and commercialization of Erivedge. CUDC-907 CUDC-907 was invented by Curis scientists and is an oral, dual inhibitor of Class I and II HDAC, as well as Class I PI3K enzymes. Specifically, CUDC-907 is designed to inhibit HDACs 1, 2, 3, 6 and 10 and PI3K-alpha, delta and beta isoforms. Inhibitors of HDAC enzymes can affect a number of cell functions and cancer cell viability by regulating the acetylation of both histone and non-histone substrates. Multiple inhibitors of HDACs have been approved by the U.S. FDA for treatment of hematologic malignancies. PI3 kinases are frequently activated through mutations or by receptor tyrosine kinases in many cancer types. Idelalisib, a PI3K delta inhibitor, is approved by the U.S. FDA for treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Concurrent inhibition of HDAC and PI3K has demonstrated synergistic effect in certain preclinical cancer models in hematological and other cancers. We have shown in preclinical models that CUDC- 907 is a potent inhibitor of three isoforms of PI3K enzymes: alpha, delta and beta. Additionally, we have shown in preclinical models that CUDC-907 inhibits HDAC enzymes, resulting in significant increase in acetylation of histone and tubulin proteins. In addition to its in vitro effects, CUDC-907 has shown potent antitumor activity in a variety of hematologic tumor models such as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (including some with alterations in MYC oncogene) and multiple myeloma. In light of substantial unmet need for more effective therapies, in April 2015 the FDA granted CUDC-907 orphan drug designation for the treatment of relapsed, refractory DLBCL. In December 2015, we presented data from the completed dose escalation and ongoing expansion stages of the Phase 1 trial of CUDC-907 at the American Society of Hematology’s (ASH) Annual Meeting in Orlando, FL. The Phase 1 dose escalation and expansion trial was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D) and preliminary anti-cancer activity of oral CUDC-907 in patients with relapsed/refractory lymphoma or multiple myeloma (MM). At the time of data cut-off for the ASH presentation, a total of 72 patients had been enrolled in the trial, including 25 with RR-DLBCL. In the completed dose escalation phase, patients received CUDC-907 daily (QD, doses: 30 or 60 mg), or intermittently on twice weekly (BIW) or thrice weekly (TIW) schedules (doses: 60, 90, 120 or 150 mg) or on a 5 days on, 2 days off (5/2) schedule (dose: 60 mg). CUDC-907 dosed at 60 mg on the 5/2 schedule was determined to be the RP2D. The expansion phase of the trial is ongoing to assess the safety and tolerability of CUDC-907 at the RP2D in combination with the standard dose of rituximab. The data reported at ASH demonstrated that treatment with CUDC-907 resulted in complete responses, or CRs, and partial responses, or PRs, in heavily pretreated patients with RR-DLBCL, including those harboring alterations of the MYC oncogene, a poor performing sub-group for which there are no approved targeted therapies. No objective responses were observed in patients with multiple myeloma treated with single agent CUDC-907 in the Phase 1 trial. Out of the 25 patients with RR-DLBCL included in the ASH presentation, 18 were evaluable for response assessment per protocol at the time of data cut-off. The best responses observed in patients with RR-DLBCL were CR (3 patients), PR (5 patients) stable disease or SD (4 patients) and progressive disease or PD (6 patients). These results include 1 CR among 2 response-evaluable patients out of a total of 3 patients treated with CUDC- 907 in combination with the standard dose of rituximab. The remaining 16 evaluable patients were treated with CUDC-907 monotherapy. A post hoc analysis of pathology reports and/or available tumor samples collected showed that 5 of the 8 patients with objective responses had tumors with alterations in MYC oncogene (defined as either chromosome translocations involving MYC gene locus, or gain in MYC gene copy number, or MYC 3 protein over-expression in ≥40% tumor cells). MYC alterations in the tumor tissue were determined by established criteria used to identify either MYC gene aberrations (copy number gains or translocations) by fluorescent in situ hybridization, or FISH, or MYC protein expression by immunohistochemistry, or IHC. The most common drug related adverse events (AEs) reported in the study have been low grade (Grade 1 and 2) diarrhea, fatigue and nausea. Dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) have consisted of diarrhea and hyperglycemia, and occurred on the QD, BIW and TIW schedules. No DLT occurred at the RP2D of 60 mg 5/2. Other drug-related Grade 3 or 4 AEs reported in 3 or more patients included thrombocytopenia and neutrophil decrease (hematologic AEs) as well as diarrhea, hyperglycemia and fatigue (non-hematologic AEs). In preclinical studies, CUDC-907 treatment of DLBCL cell in complete suppression of MYC protein levels in a rapid and dose dependent manner. Additionally, anti-tumor activity was observed in multiple in vivo MYC-altered DLBCL tumor models. lines was shown to result Based on the results of a Phase 1 clinical trial of CUDC-907 as discussed above, in January 2016 we initiated an open-label Phase 2 clinical trial of CUDC-907 to treat patients with RR-DLBCL whose tumor harbors alterations of the MYC oncogene. The study is designed to enroll up to 120 patients and will evaluate the safety and efficacy of CUDC-907 administered either as a monotherapy (n=60) or in combination with rituximab (n=60). Study objectives include measurement of objective response rate, progression-free survival, overall survival, duration of response, incidence and severity of adverse events and other safety parameters, and to characterize the pharmacokinetics of CUDC-907 alone and when administered in combination with rituximab. CUDC-907 is also being examined in a second, ongoing Phase 1 trial that is designed to investigate its activity in patients with advanced solid tumors. We have recently directed our efforts in this study to enroll patients with solid tumors with MYC involvement, including patients with NMC. In August 2015, we entered into an amendment of an existing agreement with The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, or LLS, dated November 2011, pursuant to which LLS agreed to provide payments supporting our ongoing development of CUDC-907, subject to the achievement of specified milestones, in amounts up to $4,000,000. Under the amendment, LLS agreed to provide advisory services regarding both the CUDC-907 and IRAK4 programs, and LLS is no longer obligated to make milestone payments related to ongoing clinical development of CUDC-907. We agreed to make up to $1,650,000 in future payments to LLS, which figure equals the aggregate payments previously received from LLS under the November 2011 agreement, pursuant to the achievement of certain objectives, including a licensing, sale, or other similar transaction, as well as regulatory and commercial objectives, in each case related to the CUDC-907 program in hematological malignancies. However, if CUDC-907 does not continue to meet its clinical safety endpoints in future clinical trials in the defined field, or fails to obtain necessary regulatory approvals, all funding provided to us by LLS will be considered a non-refundable grant. CA-170 CA-170 is an oral small molecule drug candidate that is designed to selectively target PD-L1 and VISTA checkpoint proteins, both of which independently function as negative regulators of immune activation. CA-170 is being developed in collaboration with Aurigene, and in October 2015, we exercised our option to license this drug candidate and the associated program under the collaboration agreement with Aurigene. In November 2015, Aurigene presented preclinical data from the CA-170 program at the AACR-NCI- EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics. The data demonstrated that in in vitro studies, CA-170 potently rescued effector functions of T cells (such as cytokine secretion and proliferation) that are inhibited in the presence of PD-L1/L2 and VISTA checkpoint proteins. CA-170 demonstrated high selectivity, and was unable to rescue T cells functions in the presence of other checkpoint inhibitors such as TIM-3, CTLA4, LAG-3 and BTLA. Additionally, in multiple syngeneic mouse tumor models 4 (such as melanoma and colon cancer), oral administration of CA-170 resulted in anti-tumor activity but no such activity was observed in immune deficient mice, suggesting that the in vivo anti-cancer effects of CA-170 require an intact immune system. Based on these results, and the results of extensive preclinical safety studies in mouse and monkey models, we expect to file the investigational new drug or IND application and initiate a Phase 1 clinical trial with CA-170 in patients with advanced cancers within the first half of 2016. CA-4948 CA-4948 is an oral small molecule drug candidate that is designed to inhibit the IRAK4 kinase, which is an important transducer of toll-like receptor or certain interleukin receptor signaling pathways. These signaling pathways are shown to be involved in certain human cancers and inflammatory diseases. In October 2015, we exercised the option to license this program under the collaboration agreement with Aurigene. In November 2015, Aurigene presented preclinical data at the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics that demonstrated potent IRAK4 inhibitory activity of CA-4948 and other molecules within this program in various biochemical assays. Additionally, anti-tumor activity of lead compounds, including CA-4948 was demonstrated in an in vivo tumor model of diffuse large B cell lymphoma that harbors mutation in the IRAK4 pathway. Lead compounds from this program were also shown to be effective in an in vivo preclinical model of acute inflammation, suggesting that CA-4948 and other program compounds have the potential for use in the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. We expect to complete preclinical and toxicology studies to file an IND application for CA-4948 in the second half of 2016. For a further discussion of our collaboration agreement with Aurigene, see “Business—Our Collaborations and License Agreements—Aurigene Agreement.” Erivedge Erivedge® is an orally bioavailable small molecule which is designed to selectively inhibit the Hedgehog signaling pathway by targeting a protein called Smoothened. The Hedgehog signaling pathway is normally active during embryonic development and unregulated activation of the pathway is believed to play a central role in allowing the proliferation and survival of cancer cells and leading to formation and maintenance of certain cancers. Genetic mutations that lead to unregulated activation of Hedgehog signaling are found in BCC and medulloblastoma. Aberrant signaling in the Hedgehog signaling pathway is implicated in over 90% of BCC cases. Erivedge is FDA-approved for adults with advanced forms of BCC and is being developed under a collaboration agreement with Genentech. Genentech and Roche are responsible for the clinical development and commercialization of Erivedge and it is currently marketed and sold in the U.S. Erivedge is also approved for use in the European Union, Australia and several other countries, and Roche is selling Erivedge in territories outside of the U.S. In January 2012, Erivedge became the first FDA-approved medicine for adults with advanced forms of BCC. In May 2013, Australia’s TGA approved Erivedge for the treatment of advanced BCC. In July 2013, the European Commission granted conditional approval for the marketing of Erivedge as the first licensed treatment for patients with advanced BCC in all 28 European Union member states. This conditional approval makes Erivedge the first licensed treatment in Europe for advanced BCC. A conditional marketing authorization is granted to medicinal products with a positive benefit/risk assessment that satisfy an unmet medical need and whose availability results in a significant public health benefit. Under the provisions of the conditional approval, Roche is expected to provide additional data on Erivedge in advanced BCC from the ongoing global safety study, known as STEVIE. An interim analysis from STEVIE confirmed a similar safety and activity profile to that observed in the pivotal ERIVANCE BCC study. 5 In addition to the regulatory and commercialization efforts in advanced BCC, Roche and Genentech are also continuing Erivedge’s clinical development in less severe forms of BCC and have recently initiated clinical studies of Erivedge in other indications including in IPF and MF. For a further discussion of our Hedgehog collaboration agreement with Genentech, see “Business—Our Collaborations and License Agreements —Genentech Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Collaboration Agreement.” CUDC-427 CUDC-427 is an oral, small molecule Smac mimetic that is designed to promote cancer cell death by antagonizing IAP proteins. In 2012, we licensed from Genentech the exclusive, worldwide rights for the development and commercialization of CUDC-427. Under the terms of the license agreement, we have the sole right and responsibility for all research, development, manufacturing and commercialization activities related to CUDC-427. Genentech will be entitled to receive milestone payments upon the first commercial sale of CUDC- 427 in certain territories and a tiered single digit royalty on net sales of CUDC-427, if any. We have completed a Phase 1 trial of CUDC-427 in which consecutive cohorts of patients according to the standard 3+3 design were treated with CUDC-427 at dose levels of 100, 200 and 300 mg daily on a 14 days on, 7 days off schedule. No dose limiting toxicities occurred on this dose and schedule. There are currently no clinical trials planned with CUDC-427. We currently intend to utilize our available resources for the continued development of CUDC-907 and drug candidates under our collaboration with Aurigene, including CA-170 and CA-4948. As such, we do not anticipate initiating any new clinical trials testing CUDC-427 and we are currently seeking to collaborate with third parties for further development of this molecule. For a further discussion of our CUDC-427 license agreement with Genentech, see “Business—Our Collaborations and License Agreements—Genentech IAP License Agreement.” CUDC-305 CUDC-305 is an oral HSP90 inhibitor we discovered and previously licensed to Debiopharm for development in advanced lung cancer, designated Debio 0932. In August 2009, we granted a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing license to Debiopharm to develop, manufacture, market and sell our HSP90 inhibitor technology, including Debio 0932. Debiopharm completed Phase 1 testing, as well as the Phase 1 portion of Phase 1/2 clinical trial of Debio 0932, in combination with various chemotherapy regimens in patients with non- small cell lung cancer. Debiopharm reviewed data from the Phase 1 portion of this study and determined that the results were inconclusive, although safety observations were generally consistent with the previously observed side effects of Debio 0932 and/or the respective chemotherapeutic regimens administered in the trial. In February 2015, as amended in August 2015, we entered into a termination and transition agreement with Debiopharm, which we refer to as the transition agreement, to terminate our August 2009 license agreement. The termination of the August 2009 agreement was effective in February 2015. We have re-designated the molecule CUDC-305. There are currently no planned clinical studies with CUDC-305. We currently intend to utilize our available resources for the continued development of CUDC-907 and drug candidates under our collaboration with Aurigene, including CA-170 and CA-4948. As such, we do not anticipate initiating any new clinical trials testing CUDC-305 on our own and we are currently seeking to collaborate with third parties for further development of CUDC-305. For a further discussion of our license and termination and transition agreements with Debiopharm, see “Business—Our Collaborations and License Agreements—Debiopharm Agreement.” 6 Our Collaborations and License Agreements Aurigene Collaboration Agreement Collaboration Overview. On January 18, 2015, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Aurigene for the discovery, development and commercialization of small molecule compounds in the areas of immuno- oncology and precision oncology, which we refer to as the Aurigene agreement. Under the Aurigene agreement, Aurigene has granted us an exclusive option to obtain an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to develop, manufacture and commercialize compounds from such program, including the development candidate and products containing such compounds, anywhere in the world with the exception of India and Russia. Upon our exercise of the option for a particular program, Aurigene will grant us the royalty-bearing license described above for each licensed program, and we will grant Aurigene an exclusive, royalty-free, fully paid license under our relevant technology to develop, manufacture and commercialize compounds from such program and products containing such compounds in India and Russia. There are currently three programs under this collaboration, including two programs targeting immune checkpoint regulators and one program targeting the IRAK4 kinase. In October 2015, we exercised options to license the first two programs under this collaboration. The first licensed program is focused on the development of orally-available small molecule antagonists of the PD-1 and VISTA pathways in the immuno-oncology field, with the development candidate designated CA-170, which targets PD-L1 and VISTA. The second licensed program is focused on orally-available small molecule inhibitors of IRAK4 in the precision oncology field, with the development candidate designated CA-4948. The third program in the collaboration, for which we have not yet exercised our option, is focused on evaluating small molecule antagonists of the PD-1 and TIM-3 immune checkpoint pathways, including compounds that target PD-L1 and TIM-3. We expect to file an IND and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-170 during the first half of 2016 and to file an IND and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-4948 inhibitor during the second half of 2016. For each program with respect to which we exercise the option to license, we are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, obtain regulatory approval for, and commercialize at least one product in each of the U.S., specified countries in the European Union, and Japan, and Aurigene is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to perform its obligations under the development plan for such licensed program in an expeditious manner. Subject to specified exceptions, we and Aurigene have agreed to work exclusively with each other on the discovery, research, development and commercialization of programs and compounds within immuno-oncology for approximately two years from the effective date of the collaboration agreement. At our option, and subject to specified conditions, we may extend such exclusivity for up to three additional one-year periods by paying to Aurigene exclusivity option fees on an annual basis. In addition, beyond the up-to five years of exclusivity described above, and subject to specified exceptions, we and Aurigene have agreed to work exclusively with each other on each program for which there are ongoing activities in research or development, or for which we have exercised our option to exclusively license (as described above) and we or our affiliates or sublicensees are actively developing or commercializing a compound or product from such program in a major market, subject to our payment of an annual exclusivity fee on a program-by-program basis. For each product that may be commercialized, we have granted Aurigene the right, subject to certain conditions, to nominate one global supplier of drug substance or drug product to provide up to 50% of the total requirements in our territory. Up-front Equity Issuance. In connection with the collaboration agreement, we issued to Aurigene 17,120,131 shares of our common stock valued at $23,968,000 in partial consideration for the rights granted to us under the collaboration agreement, which we recognized as expense during the year ended December 31, 2015. The shares were issued pursuant to a stock purchase agreement with Aurigene dated January 18, 2015. 7 Research Payments, Option Exercise Fees and Milestone Payments. We have agreed to make the following research payments, option exercise fees and milestone payments to Aurigene: • • • for each of the first two programs: up to $52,500,000 per program, comprised of: $3,000,000 for each option exercise, which we incurred and paid during the fourth quarter of 2015, $3,000,000 upon acceptance of each IND filing, and $4,000,000 upon dosing of the fifth patient in our first Phase 1 clinical trial for each program; as well as specified approval and commercial milestones, plus specified additional payments for approvals for additional indications, if any. Effective October 2015, we agreed to make additional payments to Aurigene totaling up to $2,000,000 for supplemental research, development and/or manufacturing activities in support of these two programs, of which we paid $1,000,000 in February 2016 related to expenses Aurigene incurred in 2015; for the third and fourth programs: up to $50,000,000 per program, comprised of: $2,000,000 for a program selection fee that we paid in May 2015 for the third program, $3,000,000 for an option exercise fee if we license the program, and $2,500,000 upon acceptance of an IND filing, as well as specified approval and commercial milestones, plus specified additional payments for approvals for additional indications, if any; and for any program thereafter: up to $140,500,000 per program, comprised of: up to a total of $53,000,000 for research fees, an option exercise fee, a preclinical milestone and development milestones, as well as specified filing, approval and commercial milestones, plus specified additional payments for approvals for additional indications, if any. Royalties on Net Sales by Curis. We have agreed to pay Aurigene tiered royalties on our and our affiliates’ annual net sales of products at percentage rates ranging from the high single digits up to 10%, subject to specified reductions. Amounts that we receive from Sublicensees. We have agreed to make the following payments to Aurigene upon our entry into sublicense agreements on any program(s): • with respect to amounts that we and our affiliates receive from sublicensees under a licensed program in the U.S. or the European Union, a declining percentage of non-royalty sublicense revenues which is dependent on the stage of the most advanced product for such licensed program at the time the sublicense is granted, including, for example 25% of such amounts following our initiation of a Phase 2 clinical study and 15% of such amounts after initiation of the first pivotal study. This sharing will also extend to royalties that we receive from sublicensees, subject to minimum royalty percentage rates that we are obligated to pay to Aurigene, which generally range from mid-to-high single-digit royalty percentage rates up to 10%; • with respect to sublicensing revenues we and our affiliates receive from sublicensees under a licensed program in Asia, 50% of such sublicensing revenues, including both non-royalty sublicensee revenues and royalties that we receive from sublicensees; and • with respect to non-royalty sublicensing revenues we and our affiliates receive from sublicensees under a licensed program outside of the U.S., the European Union and Asia, a percentage of such non-royalty sublicense revenues ranging from 30% to 50%. We are also obligated to share 50% of royalties that we receive from sublicensees that we receive in these territories. Our royalty payment obligations (including those on sales by sublicensees) under the collaboration agreement with respect to a product in a country will expire on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis on the later of: (i) expiration of the last-to-expire valid claim of the Aurigene patents covering the manufacture, use or sale of such product in such country; and (ii) 10 years from the first commercial sale of such product in such country. Term and Termination. The term of the collaboration agreement begins upon signing and, unless earlier terminated, will expire upon either: (i) 90 days after the completion by Aurigene of its obligations under all 8 research plans if we have not exercised the option with respect to at least one program by such time; or (ii) expiration of the last-to-expire royalty term for any and all products. Upon expiration (but not on earlier termination) of the collaboration agreement, all licenses granted by Aurigene to us that were in effect immediately prior to such expiration shall survive on a non-exclusive, royalty-free, fully paid, irrevocable, perpetual basis. The collaboration agreement may be terminated, either in its entirety or with respect to a particular program, by either Aurigene or us for uncured material breach by the other party, other than an uncured material breach by the other party of its diligence obligations with respect to a program or licensed program. If an uncured material breach other than a diligence breach relates to a particular program or licensed program, the non-breaching party may terminate the collaboration agreement only with respect to that program or licensed program. However, after initiation of the first pivotal clinical trial of a product for a licensed program, Aurigene may not terminate the collaboration agreement with respect to such licensed program for an uncured non diligence breach by us, except in the case of our uncured material breach of our payment obligations with respect to such licensed program, but Aurigene may pursue any and all remedies that may be available to it at law or in equity as a result of such breach. Similarly, after initiation of the first pivotal clinical trial of a product for a licensed program, we may not terminate the collaboration agreement with respect to the license we have granted Aurigene for the its territory or India and Russia for such licensed program for an uncured non diligence breach by Aurigene, but we may pursue any and all remedies that may be available to us at law or in equity as a result of such breach. On a program-by-program basis, we may terminate the collaboration agreement as it relates to a program or licensed program for an uncured breach by Aurigene with respect to such program or licensed program, and Aurigene may terminate the collaboration agreement as it relates to a licensed program for an uncured breach by us with respect to such licensed program. In addition, we may terminate the collaboration agreement in its entirety or as it relates to a particular program or licensed program or on a country-by-country basis, for any reason or for no reason at any time upon 60 days’ prior written notice to Aurigene. In the event of termination of the collaboration agreement in its entirety before we have exercised the option for any program, or termination of the collaboration agreement as it relates to any program prior to exercise of the option for such program, all rights and licenses granted by either Aurigene or us to the other party with respect to such program under the collaboration agreement (including the option for such program) will automatically terminate. If the royalty term with respect to a product for any licensed program in any country has expired on or before any termination of the collaboration agreement in its entirety or as to such licensed program, the license granted by Aurigene to us with respect to such product in such country, as well as the corresponding license granted to Aurigene in its territory, shall survive such termination of the Collaboration Agreement. Solely in the event of termination of the collaboration agreement by Aurigene for our uncured breach, or our termination of the collaboration agreement for convenience, the following will apply to any program that was a licensed program immediately prior to such termination: • • our license with respect to any licensed program that is not a terminated program (defined below), either in our entire territory or in countries within our territory outside of the terminated region (defined below), as applicable, shall continue in full force and effect, subject to all terms and conditions of the collaboration agreement, including our payment obligations; our license with respect to any terminated program, either in our entire territory or in the terminated region, as applicable, shall terminate and revert to Aurigene; • we will grant Aurigene a perpetual, royalty-free (except for pass-through royalties and milestone payments payable by us under licenses to third party patent rights with respect to products developed or 9 commercialized by or on behalf of Aurigene) license, with the right to sublicense, under our relevant patent rights and other technology solely to develop, manufacture and commercialize compounds and products for any terminated program, either in our entire territory or in the terminated region, as applicable. The foregoing license will be non-exclusive with respect to our patent rights and exclusive with respect to our other technology; • we will grant to Aurigene a right of first negotiation, exercisable within 90 days after termination, to obtain an exclusive, royalty-bearing license, with the right to sublicense, under our relevant patent rights solely to develop, manufacture and commercialize compounds and products for any terminated program, either in our entire territory or in the terminated region, as applicable, upon commercially reasonable terms and conditions to be negotiated in good faith by the parties; • we will perform other specified activities and actions reasonably necessary for Aurigene to develop, manufacture and commercialize compounds and products for any terminated program, either in our entire territory or in the terminated region, as applicable; and • the applicable license to Aurigene will survive termination. For purposes of the foregoing, “terminated program” means: (i) in the case of termination of the collaboration agreement in its entirety by Aurigene for our uncured non diligence breach, any program that was a licensed program immediately prior to such termination, but excluding, except in the case of our uncured material breach of our payment obligations with respect to such licensed program, any such licensed program for which initiation of the first pivotal clinical trial of a product has occurred prior to such termination; (ii) in the case of any termination of the collaboration agreement as to a particular licensed program by Aurigene either for our uncured non diligence breach (to the extent termination as to such licensed program is permitted) or our uncured diligence breach, such licensed program; (iii) in the case of our termination of the collaboration agreement in its entirety for convenience, any program that was a licensed program immediately prior to such termination; or (iv) in the case of our termination of the collaboration agreement as to a particular licensed program for convenience, such licensed program; provided, however, that, in the case of the preceding clauses (iii) and (iv), if our termination of the collaboration agreement in its entirety or as to a particular licensed program for convenience was with respect only to a particular country or subset of countries within the entire territory (as applicable, a “terminated region”), the applicable licensed program(s) shall be considered “terminated program(s)” only in the terminated region but shall remain licensed program(s) in the rest of our territory. Genentech Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Collaboration Agreement In 2003, we entered into a collaborative research, development and license agreement with Genentech, which we refer to as the collaboration agreement. Under the terms of our collaboration agreement with Genentech, we granted Genentech an exclusive, global, royalty-bearing license, with the right to sublicense, to make, use, sell and import molecules capable of inhibiting the Hedgehog signaling pathway (including small molecules, proteins and antibodies) for human therapeutic applications, including cancer therapy. Genentech subsequently granted a sublicense to Roche for non-U.S. rights to Erivedge. In February 2010, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., or Chugai, exercised its right of first refusal for the development and commercialization of Erivedge in Japan pursuant to an existing agreement between Roche and Chugai. Genentech and Roche have primary responsibility for worldwide clinical development, regulatory affairs, manufacturing and supply, formulation and sales and marketing. We are eligible to receive up to $115,000,000 in contingent cash payments for the development of Erivedge or another small molecule, assuming the successful achievement by Genentech and Roche of specified clinical development and regulatory objectives, of which we have received $59,000,000 to date. We are also eligible to receive royalties on sales of any Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor products that are successfully commercialized by Genentech and Roche. Future royalty 10 payments related to Erivedge will service the outstanding debt and accrued interest owed by Curis Royalty to BioPharma-II, up to the quarterly caps for 2015, and until the debt is fully repaid thereafter. Pursuant to the terms of our collaboration agreement, our subsidiary Curis Royalty is entitled to receive royalties on net sales of Erivedge that range from 5% to 7.5% based upon global Erivedge sales by Roche and Genentech, subject to reduction under specified circumstances, including when a competing product that binds to the same molecular target as Erivedge is approved by the applicable regulatory authority and is being sold in such country by a third party for use in the same indication as Erivedge or when there is no issued intellectual property covering Erivedge in a territory in which sales are recorded. During 2015, the FDA and CHMP approved an additional Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor sonidegib, developed by Novartis for the treatment of adults with locally advanced BCC. Genentech has advised us that Novartis recorded sales of sonidegib in the United States during the fourth quarter of 2015 and, accordingly, Genentech reduced royalties to Curis Royalty on its net sales in the United States of Erivedge by 2% during the fourth quarter of 2015. In November 2012, in connection with a $30,000,000 loan made by BioPharma-II, a Luxembourg limited liability company managed by Pharmakon Advisors, to our subsidiary Curis Royalty, we transferred to Curis Royalty our rights to receive (i) royalty payments on the commercial sales of Erivedge owed by Genentech under our collaboration agreement, (ii) certain other royalty-related payments, if any, including amounts owed by Genentech with respect to the underpayment of royalties and accrued interest on payments which are not timely made by Genentech pursuant to the collaboration agreement and (iii) any payments made by Genentech to Curis pursuant to Genentech’s indemnification obligations under the collaboration agreement. The loan from BioPharma-II, which bears interest at an annual rate of 12.25%, will be repaid by Curis Royalty from the proceeds of the royalty and royalty-related payments that it receives from time to time from Genentech. Quarterly royalty and royalty-related payments from Genentech will first be applied to pay (i) escrow fees payable by Curis pursuant to an escrow agreement between Curis, Curis Royalty, BioPharma-II and Boston Private Bank and Trust Company, (ii) Curis’ royalty obligations to university licensors, as described below, (iii) certain expenses incurred by BioPharma-II in connection with the credit agreement and related transaction documents, including enforcement of its rights in the case of an event of default under the credit agreement and (iv) expenses incurred by Curis enforcing its right to indemnification under the collaboration agreement with Genentech. Remaining amounts will be applied first, to pay interest and second, principal on the loan. In addition, if Erivedge royalties are insufficient to pay the accrued interest on the outstanding loan, the unpaid interest outstanding will be added to the principal on a quarterly basis. As a result, we will continue to record royalty revenue from Genentech but expect such revenues will be used to pay down the loan received from BioPharma-II until it is repaid in full. As of December 31, 2015, the balance of principal plus accrued interest on the loan to Curis Royalty, including issuance costs, was $24,502,000. We currently estimate that the loan will be repaid in 2019; however, this estimate is impacted by numerous factors, most of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, our estimate may not be indicative of when this loan would actually be repaid. The repayment term may be shortened or extended depending on the actual level of Erivedge royalties. In addition, if Erivedge royalties are insufficient to pay the accrued interest on the outstanding loan, the unpaid interest outstanding will be added to the principal on a quarterly basis. The length of the actual repayment period could vary materially to the extent that royalty payments Curis Royalty receives are lower than our current estimates, which could arise due to factors beyond our control, such as the sale of competing products that result in a lowering of the royalty rates that Curis Royalty is entitled to receive, decreased market acceptance or a failure by Genentech and/or Roche to successfully commercialize Erivedge in territories where it has received regulatory approval, and other factors described under “Part I, Item 1A—Risk Factors.” We are also obligated to make payments to university licensors on royalties that we earn in all territories (except Australia) in an amount that is equal to 5% of the royalty payments that we receive from Genentech for a period of 10 years from the first commercial sale of Erivedge, which occurred in February 2012. For royalties that we earn from Roche’s sales of Erivedge in Australia, we will be obligated to make payments to university licensors of 2% of Roche’s direct net sales in Australia until expiration of the patent in April 2019, after which 11 the amount will decrease to 5% of the royalty payments that we receive from Genentech for the remainder of the period ending 10 years from the first commercial sale of Erivedge, or February 2022. Unless terminated earlier, the collaboration agreement will expire six months after the later of the expiration of Genentech’s obligation to pay royalties to us under the agreement or such time as no activities have occurred under the agreement for a period of twelve months. The collaboration agreement may be terminated earlier by either party for cause upon sixty days prior written notice. In addition, Genentech may terminate the agreement, either in whole or in part, without cause, upon six months prior written notice. In the event of any termination where specific license grants survive, we will continue to have the right to receive clinical development and regulatory approval milestones and royalties on product sales for such licensed compound, if any. If we terminate the agreement for cause or Genentech terminates the agreement without cause, all licenses granted to Genentech automatically terminate and revert to us. In addition, Genentech has agreed that it will no longer conduct any development or commercialization activities on any compounds identified in the course of conducting activities under the research plan for the agreement for so long as such compounds continue to be covered by valid patent claims. In addition to the regulatory and commercialization efforts in advanced BCC, Roche and Genentech are also continuing Erivedge’s clinical development in less severe forms of BCC and have recently initiated clinical studies of Erivedge in other diseases including in IPF and MF. The details of these studies can be found at www.clinicaltrials.gov. Genentech IAP License Agreement In 2012, we licensed from Genentech the exclusive, worldwide rights for the development and commercialization of CUDC-427, an oral, small molecule Smac mimetic that is designed to promote cancer cell death by antagonizing IAP proteins. Under the terms of the license agreement, we have the sole right and responsibility for all research, development, manufacturing and commercialization activities related to CUDC- 427. Genentech will be entitled to receive milestone payments upon the first commercial sale of CUDC-427 in certain territories and a tiered single digit royalty on net sales of CUDC-427, if any. The license agreement will continue to be in effect until expiration of all royalty payment obligations with respect to any product, unless earlier terminated by either party as described below. Upon satisfaction of all such royalty payment obligations, the Company’s license would become royalty-free, fully paid-up, irrevocable and perpetual. We have completed a Phase 1 trial of CUDC-427 in which consecutive cohorts of patients according to the standard 3+3 design were treated with CUDC-427 at dose levels of 100, 200 and 300 mg daily on a 14 days on, 7 days off schedule. No dose limiting toxicities occurred on this dose and schedule. We currently intend to utilize our available resources for the continued development of CUDC-907 and drug candidates under our collaboration with Aurigene, including CA-170 and CA-4948. As such, we do not anticipate initiating any new clinical trials testing CUDC-427 and we are currently seeking to collaborate with third parties for further development of this molecule. Both Curis and Genentech may terminate the license agreement prior to expiration in the event of the uncured material breach of the agreement by the other party. In addition, we may terminate the license agreement prior to expiration for any reason upon 90 days’ prior written notice to Genentech. Upon any termination of the license agreement, the license granted to us will terminate and revert to Genentech. If Genentech terminates the license agreement for an uncured material breach by us, or if we terminate the agreement for any reason other than uncured material breach by Genentech, Genentech will be entitled to certain licenses and other rights with respect to products existing as of the date of termination, and we may, under specified circumstances, be obligated to supply products to Genentech for a limited period after termination. Debiopharm Agreement CUDC-305 is an oral HSP90 inhibitor we discovered and previously licensed to Debiopharm for development in advanced lung cancer, designated Debio 0932. In August 2009, we granted a worldwide, 12 exclusive, royalty-bearing license to Debiopharm to develop, manufacture, market and sell our HSP90 inhibitor technology, including Debio 0932. Debiopharm completed Phase 1 testing, as well as the Phase 1 portion of Phase 1/2 clinical trial of Debio 0932, in combination with various chemotherapy regimens in patients with non- small cell lung cancer. Debiopharm reviewed data from the Phase 1 portion of this study and determined that the results were inconclusive, although safety observations were generally consistent with the previously observed side effects of Debio 0932 and/or the respective chemotherapeutic regimens administered in the trial. In February 2015, as amended in August 2015, we entered into a termination and transition agreement with Debiopharm, which we refer to as the transition agreement, to terminate our August 2009 license agreement. The termination of the August 2009 agreement was effective as of February 2015. We have re-designated the molecule CUDC-305. Under the terms of the transition agreement, the licenses and all other rights related to CUDC-305 have been terminated and reverted to Curis effective as of the termination date. Debiopharm ceased enrollment in all clinical trials as of the termination date. In addition, we exercised our right, pursuant to the license agreement, to obtain a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license, with the right to sublicense, under other intellectual property rights of Debiopharm to develop, make, have made, use, sell, offer for sale, have sold and import CUDC-305, and Debiopharm will transfer to us the IND application related to CUDC-305. Debiopharm also assigned to us its sole patent application related to CUDC-305. Further under the terms of the transition agreement, Debiopharm will transition ongoing CUDC-305 development and manufacturing activities to us and will make available all necessary information generated by or on behalf of Debiopharm for us to pursue the manufacturing of CUDC-305. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we paid $750,000 to Debiopharm, primarily in consideration for Debiopharm providing drug product. We have agreed to pay to Debiopharm royalties at a rate of 3% of net sales by us (excluding sales by our third party sublicensees) of products containing CUDC-305, and the following percentages of amounts that we receive from third party sublicensees: (i) 10% of any royalties that we receive from third party sublicensees based on such sublicensees’ net sales of products containing CUDC-305; and (ii) 20% of any non-royalty sublicense payments that we receive from third party sublicensees, provided that the maximum aggregate amount payable by us to Debiopharm with respect to non-royalty sublicense payments is $30,000,000. We currently intend to utilize our available resources for the continued development of CUDC-907 and drug candidates under our collaboration with Aurigene, including CA-170 and CA-4948. As such, we do not anticipate initiating any new clinical trials testing CUDC-305 on our own and we are currently seeking to collaborate with third parties for further development of CUDC-305. Corporate Information We were organized as a Delaware corporation in February 2000. We began our operations in July 2000 upon the completion of the merger of Creative BioMolecules, Inc., Ontogeny, Inc. and Reprogenesis, Inc. Our principal executive office is located at 4 Maguire Road, Lexington, MA 02421 and our telephone number is (617) 503-6500. Curis™ is our trademark and Erivedge® is a trademark of Genentech. This annual report on Form 10-K may also contain trademarks and trade names of others. Website Access to Reports We maintain a website with the address www.curis.com. We are not including the information contained in our website as part of, or incorporating it by reference into, this annual report on Form 10-K. Our website address 13 is included in this annual report on Form 10-K as an inactive textual reference only. We make available free of charge through our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, our current reports on Form 8-K and any such amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. The SEC maintains a website, www.sec.gov, that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The public may read and copy any materials we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the public reference room by calling 1-800-SEC-0330. In addition, we provide paper copies of our filings free of charge upon request. We also make available on our website our corporate governance guidelines, the charters for our audit committee, compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee, and our code of business conduct and ethics, and such information is available in print to any stockholder of Curis who requests it. Intellectual Property Our policy is to obtain and enforce the patents and proprietary technology rights that are key to our business. We intend to continue to file U.S. and foreign patent applications to protect technology, inventions and improvements that are considered important to the development of our business. We will be able to protect our proprietary technologies from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our proprietary rights are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. In the U.S., as of December 31, 2015, we have 93 issued or allowed patents expiring on various dates between 2016 and 2033 as well as numerous pending patent applications. We have foreign counterpart patent filings for most of our U.S. issued patents and patent applications. These patents and patent applications are directed to various inventions including compositions of matter, methods of making and using these compositions for multiple applications, methods for drug screening and discovery, developmental biological processes, and patents which relate to our proprietary technologies. CUDC-907 and other Targeted Drug Candidates. As of December 31, 2015, we have 27 issued or allowed U.S. patents that expire on various dates between 2027 and 2032, including patents covering the composition of matter for CUDC-907, which expires in 2032. We also have several U.S. and foreign utility patent applications directed to our novel small molecules. Our patents and patent applications cover compositions of matter, methods of manufacturing these molecules, formulations, and methods of using these molecules to treat a variety of therapeutic indications. We intend to continue to file additional U.S. and foreign applications as the programs progress. We have also exclusively licensed worldwide rights from Genentech covering CUDC- 427, which includes 5 issued U.S. patents or allowed U.S. applications expiring on various dates e between 2025 and 2033. The portfolio consists of a broad filing which cover a genus of compounds which embrace CUDC-427 and their methods of use thereof, as well as a narrow filing which specifically covers CUDC-427, as well as pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use thereof. The exclusively licensed portfolio also includes rights to foreign filings corresponding to the aforementioned U.S. filings. CA-170, CA-4948 and Aurigene Collaboration Programs. In conjunction with the October 2015 exercise of options to license the PD-L1/VISTA and IRAK-4 programs under this collaboration, we obtained world-wide (except for India and Russia) exclusive licenses to the Aurigene intellectual property relevant to the program. The portfolio consists of filings which cover various genera of compounds from each program and methods of use thereof. As of December 31, 2015, there is one allowed U.S. patent application included in such filings. Erivedge and the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway. As of December 31, 2015, we have 57 issued U.S. patents or allowed U.S. applications expiring on various dates between 2016 and 2031, which relate to the Hedgehog signaling pathway, including patents covering Erivedge’s composition of matter, which expires in 2028. Our patents and patent applications cover proteins, nucleic acids, antibodies, and certain small molecule agonists and 14 inhibitors of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, drug screening and discovery methods, methods of protein manufacturing, as well as methods of using the aforementioned proteins, nucleic acids, antibodies or small molecules to activate or inhibit the Hedgehog signaling pathway for a variety of therapeutic indications or In addition, we have filed foreign patent applications corresponding to many of the diagnostic uses. aforementioned U.S. filings that could provide additional patent protection for products that activate or inhibit the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Our academic and research institution collaborators have certain rights to publish data and information regarding their discoveries to which we have rights. While we believe that the prepublication access to the data developed by our collaborators pursuant to our collaboration agreements will be sufficient to permit us to apply for patent protection in the areas in which we are interested in pursuing further research, there is considerable pressure on such institutions to rapidly publish discoveries arising from their efforts. This may affect our ability to obtain patent protection in the areas in which we may have an interest. In addition, these collaboration agreements typically contain provisions that provide us with, at a minimum, an option to license the institution’s rights to intellectual property arising from the collaboration. We are party to various license agreements that give us rights to commercialize various technologies, particularly our Hedgehog signaling pathway technologies, and to use technologies in our research and development processes. The consideration payable in exchange for these licenses includes up-front fees, issuances of shares of common stock, annual royalties, milestone payments and royalties on net sales by our sub- licensees and us. The licensors may terminate these agreements if we fail to meet certain diligence requirements, fail to make payments or otherwise commit a material breach that is not cured after notice. In addition, we depend upon trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological advances to develop and maintain our competitive position. To maintain the confidentiality of trade secrets and proprietary information, we require our employees, scientific advisors, consultants and collaborators, upon commencement of a relationship with us, to execute confidentiality agreements and, in the case of parties other than our research and development collaborators, to agree to assign their inventions to us. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed in connection with their relationship to us. Research and Development Program As of December 31, 2015, our research and development group consisted of 31 employees, including oncologists, molecular biologists, cell biologists, chemists, pharmacologists and other clinical or scientific disciplines who seek to identify and develop new applications for our existing proprietary portfolio. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we incurred expenses of $26,699,000, $13,659,000 and $12,927,000, respectively on company-sponsored research and development activities. We also recorded in- process research and development expenses of $24,348,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015, which represents the partial consideration for the rights granted to us under the collaboration agreement with Aurigene in January 2015. We had no collaborator-sponsored research and development expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Government Regulation and Product Approvals Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local level, and in other countries and jurisdictions, including the European Union, extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, packaging, storage, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, marketing, post-approval monitoring and reporting, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. The processes for obtaining marketing approvals in the United States and in foreign countries and jurisdictions, along with subsequent compliance with applicable statutes and regulations and other regulatory authorities, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. recordkeeping, 15 Review and Approval of Drugs in the United States In the United States, the FDA approves and regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and implementing regulations. The failure to comply with requirements under the FDCA and other applicable laws at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval may subject an applicant and/or sponsor to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, including refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, imposition of a clinical hold, issuance of warning letters and other types of letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement of profits, or civil or criminal investigations and penalties brought by the FDA and the Department of Justice or other governmental entities. Our product candidates must be approved by the FDA through the new drug application, or NDA. An applicant seeking approval to market and distribute a new drug product in the United States must typically undertake the following: • • • • • • • • • • completion of preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies in compliance with the FDA’s good laboratory practice, or GLP, regulations; submission to the FDA of an IND, which must take effect before human clinical trials may begin; approval by an independent institutional review board, or IRB, representing each clinical site before each clinical trial may be initiated; performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with good clinical practices, or GCP, to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug product for each indication; preparation and submission to the FDA of a new drug application, or NDA, requesting marketing for one or more proposed indications; review by an FDA advisory committee, where appropriate or if applicable; satisfactory completion of one or more FDA inspections of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the product, or components thereof, are produced to assess compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, requirements and to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the product’s identity, strength, quality and purity; satisfactory completion of FDA audits of clinical trial sites to assure compliance with GCPs and the integrity of the clinical data; payment of user fees and securing FDA approval of the NDA; and compliance with any post-approval requirements, including the potential requirement to implement a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, and the potential requirement to conduct post- approval studies. Preclinical Studies Before an applicant begins testing a compound with potential therapeutic value in humans, the drug candidate enters the preclinical testing stage. Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, and the purity and stability of the drug substance, as well as in vitro and animal studies to assess the potential safety and activity of the drug for initial testing in humans and to establish a rationale for therapeutic use. The conduct of preclinical studies is subject to federal regulations and requirements, including GLP regulations. The results of the preclinical together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and plans for clinical trials, among other things, are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND. Some long-term preclinical testing, such as animal tests of reproductive adverse events and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted. tests, 16 Applicants usually must complete some long-term nonclinical testing, such as animal tests of reproductive adverse events and carcinogenicity, and must also develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the drug and finalize a process for manufacturing the drug in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the drug candidate and, among other things, the manufacturer must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final drug product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the drug candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life. Human Clinical Trials in Support of an NDA Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational product to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with GCP requirements, which include, among other things, the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing before their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under written study protocols detailing, among other things, the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the objectives of the study, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and trial and any subsequent protocol the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. A protocol for each clinical amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises concerns or questions related to a proposed clinical trial and places the trial on clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises concerns or questions related to a proposed clinical trial and places the trial on clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence. Following commencement of a clinical trial under an IND, the FDA may place a clinical hold on that trial. A clinical hold is an order issued by the FDA to the sponsor to delay a proposed clinical investigation or to suspend an ongoing investigation. A partial clinical hold is a delay or suspension of only part of the clinical work requested under the IND. For example, a specific protocol or part of a protocol is not allowed to proceed, while other protocols may do so. No more than 30 days after imposition of a clinical hold or partial clinical hold, the FDA will provide the sponsor a written explanation of the basis for the hold. Following issuance of a clinical hold or partial clinical hold, an investigation may only resume after the FDA has notified the sponsor that the investigation may proceed. The FDA will base that determination on information provided by the sponsor correcting the deficiencies previously cited or otherwise satisfying the FDA that the investigation can proceed. In addition, an IRB representing each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that institution, and the IRB must conduct a continuing review and reapprove the study at least annually. The IRB must review and approve, among other things, the study protocol and informed consent information to be provided to study subjects. An IRB must operate in compliance with FDA regulations. Information about certain clinical trials must be submitted within specific timeframes to the National Institutes of Health for public dissemination on their ClinicalTrials.gov website. Human clinical trials are typically conducted in four sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined: • • Phase 1. The drug is initially introduced into a small number of healthy human subjects or, in certain indications such as cancer, patients with the target disease or condition (e.g., cancer) and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion and, if possible, to gain an early indication of its effectiveness and to determine optimal dosage. Phase 2. The drug is administered to a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage. 17 • • Phase 3. These clinical trials are commonly referred to as “pivotal” studies, which denotes a study which presents the data that the FDA or other relevant regulatory agency will use to determine whether or not to approve a drug. The drug is administered to an expanded patient population, generally at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, in well-controlled clinical trials to generate enough data to statistically evaluate the efficacy and safety of the product for approval, to establish the overall risk- benefit profile of the product and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the product. Phase 4. Post-approval studies may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These studies are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication. Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and more frequently if serious adverse events occur. In addition, IND safety reports must be submitted to the FDA for any of the following: serious and unexpected suspected adverse reactions; findings from other studies or animal or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk in humans exposed to the drug; and any clinically important increase in the case of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure. The FDA or the sponsor or the data monitoring committee may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution, or an institution it represents, if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. The FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP and the integrity of the clinical data submitted. A sponsor may choose, but is not required, to conduct a foreign clinical study under an IND. When a foreign clinical study is conducted under an IND, all FDA IND requirements must be met unless waived. When the foreign clinical study is not conducted under an IND, the sponsor must ensure that the study complies with FDA certain regulatory requirements in order to use the study as support for an IND or application for marketing approval. Specifically, on April 28, 2008, the FDA amended its regulations governing the acceptance of foreign clinical studies not conducted under an investigational new drug application as support for an IND or a new drug application. The final rule provides that such studies must be conducted in accordance with good clinical practice, or GCP, including review and approval by an independent ethics committee, or IEC, and informed consent from subjects. The GCP requirements in the final rule encompass both ethical and data integrity standards for clinical studies. The FDA’s regulations are intended to help ensure the protection of human subjects enrolled in non-IND foreign clinical studies, as well as the quality and integrity of the resulting data. They further help ensure that non-IND foreign studies are conducted in a manner comparable to that required for IND studies. Concurrent with clinical trials, companies often complete additional animal studies and must also develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the drug as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the drug candidate and, among other things, must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency of the final drug. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the drug candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life. Review of an NDA by the FDA Assuming successful completion of required clinical testing and other requirements, the results of the preclinical studies and clinical trials, together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacture, controls and proposed labeling, among other things, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA requesting approval to market the drug product for one or more indications. Under federal law, the submission of most NDAs is additionally subject to an application user fee, currently exceeding $2.3 million, and the sponsor of an approved NDA is also subject to annual product and establishment user fees, currently exceeding $114,000 per product and $585,000 per establishment. These fees are typically increased annually. Certain exceptions and waivers are available for some of these fees, such as an exception from the application fee for drugs with orphan 18 designation and a waiver for certain small businesses, an exception from the establishment fee when the establishment does not engage in manufacturing the drug during a particular fiscal year, and an exception from the product fee for a drug that is the same as another drug approved under an abbreviated pathway. The FDA conducts a preliminary review of an NDA generally within 60 calendar days of its receipt and strives to inform the sponsor by the 74th day after the FDA’s receipt of the submission to determine whether the application is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the application must be resubmitted with the additional information. The resubmitted application is also subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. The FDA has agreed to specified performance goals in the review process of NDAs. Under that agreement, 90% of applications seeking approval of New Molecular Entities, or NMEs, are meant to be reviewed within ten months from the date on which FDA accepts the NDA for filing, and 90% of applications for NMEs that have been designated for “priority review” are meant to be reviewed within six months of the filing date. For applications seeking approval of drugs that are not NMEs, the ten-month and six-month review periods run from the date that FDA receives the application. The review process and the Prescription Drug User Fee Act goal date may be extended by the FDA for three additional months to consider new information or clarification provided by the applicant to address an outstanding deficiency identified by the FDA following the original submission. Before approving an NDA, the FDA typically will inspect the facility or facilities where the product is or inspections may cover all facilities associated with an NDA will be manufactured. These pre-approval submission, including drug component manufacturing (e.g., active pharmaceutical ingredients), finished drug product manufacturing, and control testing laboratories. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP. In addition, as a condition of approval, the FDA may require an applicant to develop a REMS. REMS use risk minimization strategies beyond the professional labeling to ensure that the benefits of the product outweigh the potential risks. To determine whether a REMS is needed, the FDA will consider the size of the population likely to use the product, seriousness of the disease, expected benefit of the product, expected duration of treatment, seriousness of known or potential adverse events, and whether the product is a new molecular entity. REMS can include medication guides, physician communication plans for healthcare professionals, and elements to assure safe use, or ETASU. ETASU may include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patient registries. The FDA may require a REMS before approval or post-approval if it becomes aware of a serious risk associated with use of the product. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of a product. The FDA is required to refer an application for a novel drug to an advisory committee or explain why such referral was not made. Typically, an advisory committee is a panel of independent experts, including clinicians and other scientific experts, that reviews, evaluates and provides a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. Fast Track, Breakthrough Therapy and Priority Review Designations The FDA is authorized to designate certain products for expedited review if they are intended to address an unmet medical need in the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition. These programs are fast track designation, breakthrough therapy designation and priority review designation. Specifically, the FDA may designate a product for fast track review if it is intended, whether alone or in combination with one or more other products, for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or 19 condition, and it demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for such a disease or condition. For fast track products, sponsors may have greater interactions with the FDA and the FDA may initiate review of sections of a fast track product’s application before the application is complete. This rolling review may be available if the FDA determines, after preliminary evaluation of clinical data submitted by the sponsor, that a fast track product may be effective. The sponsor must also provide, and the FDA must approve, a schedule for the submission of the remaining information and the sponsor must pay applicable user fees. However, the FDA’s time period goal for reviewing a fast track application does not begin until the last section of the application is submitted. In addition, the fast track designation may be withdrawn by the FDA if the FDA believes that the designation is no longer supported by data emerging in the clinical trial process. Second, in 2012, Congress enacted the Food and Product Administration Safety and Innovation Act, or FDASIA. This law established a new regulatory scheme allowing for expedited review of products designated “breakthrough therapies.” A product may be designated a breakthrough therapy if it is intended, either alone or in combination with one or more other products, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. The FDA may take certain actions with respect to breakthrough therapies, including holding meetings with the sponsor throughout the development process; providing timely advice to the product sponsor regarding development and approval; involving more senior staff in the review process; assigning a cross-disciplinary project lead for the review team; and taking other steps to design the clinical trials in an efficient manner. Third, the FDA may designate a product for priority review if it is a product that treats a serious condition and, if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety or effectiveness. The FDA determines, on a case- by-case basis, whether the proposed product represents a significant improvement when compared with other available therapies. Significant improvement may be illustrated by evidence of increased effectiveness in the treatment of a condition, elimination or substantial reduction of a treatment-limiting product reaction, documented enhancement of patient compliance that may lead to improvement in serious outcomes, and evidence of safety and effectiveness in a new subpopulation. A priority designation is intended to direct overall attention and resources to the evaluation of such applications, and to shorten the FDA’s goal for taking action on a marketing application from ten months to six months. Accelerated Approval Pathway The FDA may grant accelerated approval to a product for a serious or life-threatening condition that provides meaningful therapeutic advantage to patients over existing treatments based upon a determination that the product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. The FDA may also grant accelerated approval for such a condition when the product has an effect on an intermediate clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality, or IMM, and that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. Products granted accelerated approval must meet the same statutory standards for safety and effectiveness as those granted traditional approval. For the purposes of accelerated approval, a surrogate endpoint is a marker, such as a laboratory measurement, radiographic image, physical sign, or other measure that is thought to predict clinical benefit, but is not itself a measure of clinical benefit. Surrogate endpoints can often be measured more easily or more rapidly than clinical endpoints. An intermediate clinical endpoint is a measurement of a therapeutic effect that is considered reasonably likely to predict the clinical benefit of a product, such as an effect on IMM. The FDA has limited experience with accelerated approvals based on intermediate clinical endpoints, but has indicated that such endpoints generally may support accelerated approval where the therapeutic effect measured by the endpoint is not itself a clinical benefit and basis for traditional approval, if there is a basis for concluding that the therapeutic effect is reasonably likely to predict the ultimate clinical benefit of a product. 20 The accelerated approval pathway is most often used in settings in which the course of a disease is long and an extended period of time is required to measure the intended clinical benefit of a product, even if the effect on the surrogate or intermediate clinical endpoint occurs rapidly. Thus, accelerated approval has been used extensively in the development and approval of products for treatment of a variety of cancers in which the goal of therapy is generally to improve survival or decrease morbidity and the duration of the typical disease course requires lengthy and sometimes large trials to demonstrate a clinical or survival benefit. The accelerated approval pathway is usually contingent on a sponsor’s agreement to conduct, in a diligent manner, additional post-approval confirmatory studies to verify and describe the product’s clinical benefit. As a result, a product candidate approved on this basis is subject to rigorous post-marketing compliance requirements, including the completion of Phase 4 or post-approval clinical trials to confirm the effect on the clinical endpoint. Failure to conduct required post-approval studies, or confirm a clinical benefit during post-marketing studies, would allow the FDA to withdraw the product from the market on an expedited basis. All promotional materials for product candidates approved under accelerated regulations are subject to prior review by the FDA. The FDA’s Decision on an NDA On the basis of the FDA’s evaluation of the NDA and accompanying information, including the results of the inspection of the manufacturing facilities, the FDA may issue an approval letter or a complete response letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the product with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing or information in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If and when those deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing such resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information included. Even with submission of this additional information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval. If the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use for the product, require that contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling, require that post-approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, be conducted to further assess the drug’s safety after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including distribution restrictions or other risk management mechanisms, including REMS, which can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product. The FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of post-market studies or surveillance programs. After approval, many types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes and additional labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements and FDA review and approval. Post-Approval Requirements Drugs manufactured or distributed pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising and promotion and reporting of adverse experiences with the product. After approval, most changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications or other labeling claims, are subject to prior FDA review and approval. There also are continuing, annual user fee requirements for any marketed products and the establishments at which such products are manufactured, as well as new application fees for supplemental applications with clinical data. In addition, drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and these state agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and 21 impose reporting and documentation requirements upon the sponsor and any third-party manufacturers that the sponsor may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance. is granted, Once an approval the FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things: • • • • • restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, suspension of the approval, or complete withdrawal of the product from the market or product recalls; fines, warning letters or holds on post-approval clinical trials; refusal of the FDA to approve pending NDAs or supplements to approved NDAs, or suspension or revocation of product license approvals; product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; or injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability. In addition, the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical products is subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or PDMA, and its implementing regulations, as well as the Drug Supply Chain Security Act, or DSCA, which regulate the distribution and tracing of prescription drugs and prescription drug samples at the federal level, and set minimum standards for the regulation of drug distributors by the states. The PDMA, its implementing regulations and state laws limit the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical product samples, and the DSCA imposes requirements to ensure accountability in distribution and to identify and remove counterfeit and other illegitimate products from the market. Abbreviated New Drug Applications for Generic Drugs In 1984, with passage of the Hatch-Waxman Amendments to the FDCA, Congress established an abbreviated regulatory scheme authorizing the FDA to approve generic drugs that are shown to contain the same active ingredients as, and to be bioequivalent to, drugs previously approved by the FDA pursuant to NDAs. To obtain approval of a generic drug, an applicant must submit an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, to the agency. An ANDA is a comprehensive submission that contains, among other things, data and information pertaining to the active pharmaceutical ingredient, bioequivalence, drug product formulation, specifications and stability of the generic drug, as well as analytical methods, manufacturing process validation data and quality control procedures. ANDAs are “abbreviated” because they generally do not include preclinical and clinical data to demonstrate safety and effectiveness. Instead, in support of such applications, a generic manufacturer may rely on the preclinical and clinical testing previously conducted for a drug product previously approved under an NDA, known as the reference-listed drug, or RLD. Specifically, in order for an ANDA to be approved, the FDA must find that the generic version is identical to the RLD with respect to the active ingredients, the route of administration, the dosage form, the strength of the drug and the conditions of use of the drug. At the same time, the FDA must also determine that the generic drug 22 is “bioequivalent” to the innovator drug. Under the statute, a generic drug is bioequivalent to a RLD if “the rate and extent of absorption of the drug do not show a significant difference from the rate and extent of absorption of the listed drug...” Upon approval of an ANDA, the FDA indicates whether the generic product is “therapeutically equivalent” to the RLD in its publication “Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations,” also referred to as the “Orange Book.” Physicians and pharmacists consider a therapeutic equivalent generic drug to be fully substitutable for the RLD. In addition, by operation of certain state laws and numerous health insurance programs, the FDA’s designation of therapeutic equivalence often results in substitution of the generic drug without the knowledge or consent of either the prescribing physician or patient. Under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, the FDA may not approve an ANDA until any applicable period of non-patent exclusivity for the RLD has expired. The FDCA provides a period of five years of non-patent data exclusivity for a new drug containing a new chemical entity. For the purposes of this provision, a new chemical entity, or NCE, is a drug that contains no active moiety that has previously been approved by the FDA in any other NDA. An active moiety is the molecule or ion responsible for the physiological or pharmacological action of the drug substance. In cases where such NCE exclusivity has been granted, an ANDA may not be filed with the FDA until the expiration of five years unless the submission is accompanied by a Paragraph IV certification, in which case the applicant may submit its application four years following the original product approval. The FDCA also provides for a period of three years of exclusivity if the NDA includes reports of one or more new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability or bioequivalence studies, that were conducted by or for the applicant and are essential to the approval of the application. This three-year exclusivity period often protects changes to a previously approved drug product, such as a new dosage form, route of administration, combination or indication. Three-year exclusivity would be available for a drug product that contains a previously approved active moiety, provided the statutory requirement for a new clinical investigation is satisfied. Unlike five-year NCE exclusivity, an award of three-year exclusivity does not block the FDA from accepting ANDAs seeking approval for generic versions of the drug as of the date of approval of the original drug product. The FDA typically makes decisions about awards of data exclusivity shortly before a product is approved. 505(b)(2) NDAs As an alternative path to FDA approval for modifications to formulations or uses of products previously approved by the FDA pursuant to an NDA, an applicant may submit an NDA under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA. Section 505(b)(2) was enacted as part of the Hatch-Waxman Amendments and permits the filing of an NDA where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by, or for, the applicant. If the 505(b)(2) applicant can establish that reliance on FDA’s previous findings of safety and effectiveness is scientifically and legally appropriate, it may eliminate the need to conduct certain preclinical or clinical studies of the new product. The FDA may also require companies to perform additional studies or measurements, including clinical trials, to support the change from the previously approved reference drug. The FDA may then approve the new product candidate for all, or some, of the label indications for which the reference drug has been approved, as well as for any new indication sought by the 505(b)(2) applicant. Hatch-Waxman Patent Certification and the 30-Month Stay Upon approval of an NDA or a supplement thereto, NDA sponsors are required to list with the FDA each patent with claims that cover the applicant’s product or an approved method of using the product. Each of the patents listed by the NDA sponsor is published in the Orange Book. When an ANDA or 505(b)(2) applicant files its application with the FDA, the applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the reference product in the Orange Book, except for patents covering methods of use for which the ANDA applicant is not seeking approval. Specifically, the applicant must certify with respect to each patent that: • • the required patent information has not been filed; the listed patent has expired; 23 • • the listed patent has not expired, but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or the listed patent is invalid, unenforceable or will not be infringed by the new product. A certification that the new product will not infringe the already approved product’s listed patents or that such patents are invalid or unenforceable is called a Paragraph IV certification. If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents or indicates that it is not seeking approval of a patented method of use, the application will not be approved until all the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired (other than method of use patents involving indications for which the applicant is not seeking approval). If the ANDA or 505(b)(2) applicant has provided a Paragraph IV certification to the FDA, the applicant must also send notice of the Paragraph IV certification to the NDA and patent holders once the ANDA or the 505(b)(2) application has been accepted for filing by the FDA. The NDA and patent holders may then initiate a patent infringement lawsuit in response to the notice of the Paragraph IV certification. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days after the receipt of a Paragraph IV certification automatically prevents the FDA from approving the ANDA or 505(b)(2) application until the earlier of 30 months after the receipt of the Paragraph IV notice, expiration of the patent, or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the applicant. The ANDA or 505(b)(2) application also will not be approved until any applicable non-patent exclusivity listed in the Orange Book for the branded reference drug has expired. Pediatric Studies and Exclusivity Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, an NDA or supplement thereto must contain data that are adequate to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug product for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. With enactment of the Food and Drug Safety and Innovation Act, or the FDASIA, in 2012, sponsors must also submit pediatric study plans prior to the assessment data. Those plans must contain an outline of the proposed pediatric study or studies the applicant plans to conduct, including study objectives and design, any deferral or waiver requests, and any other information required by regulation. The applicant, the FDA, and the FDA’s internal review committee must then review the information submitted, consult with each other, and agree upon a final plan. The FDA or the applicant may request an amendment to the plan at any time. The FDA may, on its own initiative or at the request of the applicant, grant deferrals for submission of some or all pediatric data until after approval of the product for use in adults, or full or partial waivers from the pediatric data requirements. Additional requirements and procedures relating to deferral requests and requests for extension of deferrals are contained in FDASIA. Unless and until FDA promulgates a regulation stating otherwise, the pediatric data requirements do not apply to products with orphan designation. Pediatric exclusivity is another type of non-patent marketing exclusivity in the United States and, if granted, provides for the attachment of an additional six months of marketing protection to the term of any existing regulatory exclusivity, including the non-patent and orphan exclusivity. This six-month exclusivity may be granted if an NDA sponsor submits pediatric data that fairly respond to a written request from the FDA for such data. The data do not need to show the product to be effective in the pediatric population studied; rather, if the clinical trial is deemed to fairly respond to the FDA’s request, the additional protection is granted. If reports of requested pediatric studies are submitted to and accepted by the FDA within the statutory time limits, whatever statutory or regulatory periods of exclusivity or patent protection cover the product, are extended by six months. This is not a patent term extension, but it effectively extends the regulatory period during which the FDA cannot approve another application. With regard to patents, the six-month pediatric exclusivity period will not attach to any patents for which an ANDA or 505(b)(2) applicant submitted a paragraph IV patent certification, unless the NDA sponsor or patent owner first obtains a court determination that the patent if valid and infringed by the proposed product. 24 Orphan Drug Designation and Exclusivity Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a drug product as an “orphan drug” if it is intended to treat a rare disease or condition, generally meaning that it affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more in cases in which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making a drug product available in the United States for treatment of the disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product. A company must request orphan drug designation before submitting an NDA for the drug and rare disease or condition. If the request is granted, the FDA will disclose the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential use. Orphan drug designation does not shorten the PDUFA goal dates for the regulatory review and approval process, although it does convey certain advantages such as tax benefits and exemption from the PDUFA application fee. If a product with orphan designation receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation or for a select indication or use within the rare disease or condition for which it was designated, the product generally will receive orphan drug exclusivity. Orphan drug exclusivity means that the FDA may not approve another sponsor’s marketing application for the same drug for the same indication for seven years, except in certain limited circumstances. Orphan exclusivity does not block the approval of a different drug for the same rare disease or condition, nor does it block the approval of the same drug for different indications. If a drug designated an orphan drug ultimately receives marketing approval for an indication broader than what was designated in its orphan drug application, it may not be entitled to exclusivity. Orphan exclusivity will not bar approval of another product under certain circumstances, including if a subsequent product with the same drug for the same indication is shown to be clinically superior to the approved product on the basis of greater efficacy or safety, or providing a major contribution to patient care, or if the company with orphan drug exclusivity is not able to meet market demand. Patent Term Restoration and Extension A patent claiming a new drug product or its method of use may be eligible for a limited patent term extension, also known as patent term restoration, under the Hatch-Waxman Act, which permits a patent restoration of up to five years for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review. Patent term extension is generally available only for drug products whose active ingredient has not previously been approved by the FDA. The restoration period granted is typically one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of an NDA, plus the time between the submission date of an NDA and the ultimate approval date. Patent term extension cannot be used to extend the remaining term of a patent past a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug product is eligible for the extension, and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent in question. A patent that covers multiple drugs for which approval is sought can only be extended in connection with one of the approvals. The United States PTO reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension in consultation with the FDA. Review and Approval of Drugs in Europe and other Foreign Jurisdictions In addition to regulations in the United States, a manufacturer is subject to a variety of regulations in foreign jurisdictions to the extent they choose to sell any drug products in those foreign countries. Even if a manufacturer obtains FDA approval of a product, it must still obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in foreign countries prior to the commencement of clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. To obtain regulatory approval of an investigational drug or biological product in the European Union (EU), a manufacturer must submit a marketing authorization application to the European Medicines Agency or EMA. For other countries outside of the European Union, such as countries in Eastern Europe, Latin America or Asia, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. In all cases, clinical trials are to be conducted in accordance with GCP and the applicable regulatory requirements and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki. 25 Clinical Trial Approval in the EU Pursuant to the currently applicable Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC and the Directive 2005/28/EC on Good Clinical Practice, or GCP, an applicant must obtain the approval from the competent national authority of the EU Member State in which the clinical trial is to be conducted. If the clinical trial is conducted in different EU Member States, the competent authorities in each of these EU Member States must provide their approval for the conduct of the clinical trial. Furthermore, the applicant may only start a clinical trial at a specific study site after the competent ethics committee has issued a favorable opinion. In April 2014, the EU adopted a new Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014, which is set to replace the current Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC. The new Clinical Trials Regulation will be directly applicable in and binding in all 28 EU Member States without the need for any national implementing legislation. The new Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 will become applicable no earlier than 28 May 2016. It will overhaul the current system of approvals for clinical trials in the EU. Specifically, the new legislation aims at simplifying and streamlining the approval of clinical trials in the EU. Under the new coordinated procedure for the approval of clinical trials, the sponsor of a clinical trial will be required to submit a single application for approval of a clinical trial to a reporting EU Member State (RMS) through an EU Portal. The submission procedure will be the same irrespective of whether the clinical trial is to be conducted in a single EU Member State or in more than one EU Member State. The Clinical Trials Regulation also aims to streamline and simplify the rules on safety reporting for clinical trials. Marketing Authorization In the EU, marketing authorizations for medicinal products can be obtained through several different procedures founded on the same basic regulatory process. The centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all EU Member States. The centralized procedure is compulsory for medicinal products produced by certain biotechnological processes, products designated orphan medicinal products, and products with a new active substance indicated for the treatment of certain diseases,. It is optional for those products that are highly innovative or for which a centralized process is in the interest of patients. Under the centralized procedure in the EU, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a marketing authorization application is 210 days, excluding clock stops, when additional written or oral information is to be provided by the applicant in response to questions asked by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human use or CHMP. Accelerated evaluation may be granted by the CHMP in exceptional cases. These are defined as circumstances in which a medicinal product is expected to be of a “major public health interest.” Three cumulative criteria must be fulfilled in such circumstances: the seriousness of the disease, such as heavy disabling or life-threatening diseases, to be treated; the absence or insufficiency of an appropriate alternative therapeutic approach; and anticipation of high therapeutic benefit. In these circumstances, the EMA ensures that the opinion of the CHMP is given within 150 days. The decentralized procedure provides for approval by one or more other concerned EU Member States of an assessment of an application for marketing authorization conducted by one EU Member State, known as the reference EU Member State. In accordance with this procedure, an applicant submits an application for marketing authorization to the reference EU Member State and the concerned EU Member States. This application is identical to the application that would be submitted to the EMA for authorization through the centralized procedure. The reference EU Member State prepares a draft assessment and drafts of the related materials within 120 days after receipt of a valid application. The resulting assessment report is submitted to the concerned EU Member States who, within 90 days of receipt must decide whether to approve the assessment report and related materials. If a concerned EU Member State cannot approve the assessment report and related materials due to concerns relating to a potential serious risk to public health, disputed elements may be referred to the European Commission, whose decision is binding on all EU Member States. In accordance with the mutual recognition procedure, the sponsor applies for national marketing authorization in one EU Member State. Upon 26 receipt of this authorization the sponsor can then seek the recognition of this authorization by other EU Member States. Authorization in accordance with either of these procedures will result in authorization of the medicinal product only in the reference EU Member State and in the other concerned EU Member States. A marketing authorization may be granted only to an applicant established in the EU. Regulation No. 1901/2006 provides that prior to obtaining a marketing authorization in the EU, an applicant must demonstrate compliance with all measures included in a Pediatric Investigation Plan, or PIP, approved by the Pediatric Committee of the EMA, covering all subsets of the pediatric population, unless the EMA has granted a product-specific waiver, class waiver, or a deferral for one or more of the measures included in the PIP. Regulatory Data Exclusivity in the European Union In the European Union, innovative medicinal products authorized in the EU on the basis of a full marketing authorization application (as opposed to an application for marketing authorization that relies on data available in the marketing authorization dossier for another, previously approved, medicinal product) are entitled to eight years of data exclusivity . During this period, applicants for authorization of generics of these innovative products cannot rely on data contained in the marketing authorization dossier submitted for the innovative medicinal product. Innovative medicinal products are also entitled to ten years’ market exclusivity. During this ten year period no generic of this medicinal product can be placed on the EU market. The overall ten-year period will be extended to a maximum of eleven years if, during the first eight years of those ten years, the marketing authorization holder obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeutic indications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to authorization, is held to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies. Even if a compound is considered to be a new chemical entity so that the innovator gains the prescribed period of data exclusivity, another company may market another version of the product if such company obtained marketing authorization based on an MAA with a complete independent data package of pharmaceutical tests, preclinical tests and clinical trials. Periods of Authorization and Renewals in the EU A marketing authorization is valid for five years, in principle, and it may be renewed after five years on the basis of a reevaluation of the risk-benefit balance by the EMA or by the competent authority of the relevant EU Member State. To that end, the marketing authorization holder must provide the EMA or the relevant competent authority of the EU Member State with a consolidated version of the file in respect of quality, safety and efficacy, including all variations introduced since the marketing authorization was granted, at least six months before the marketing authorization ceases to be valid. Once renewed, the marketing authorization is valid for an unlimited period, unless the European Commission or the relevant competent authority of the EU Member State decides, on justified grounds relating to pharmacovigilance, to proceed with one additional five-year renewal period. Any marketing authorization that is not followed by the marketing of the medicinal product on the EU market (in the case of the centralized procedure) or on the market of the EU Member State which delivered the marketing authorization within three years after authorization ceases to be valid. Regulatory Requirements after Marketing Authorization Similarly to the U.S., both marketing authorization holders and manufacturers of medicinal products are subject to comprehensive regulatory oversight by the EMA and the competent authorities of the individual EU Member States both before and after grant of the manufacturing and marketing authorizations. The holder of an EU marketing authorization for a medicinal product must also comply with EU pharmacovigilance legislation and its related regulations and guidelines which entail many requirements for conducting pharmacovigilance, or the assessment and monitoring of the safety of medicinal products. These rules can impose on central marketing authorization holders for medicinal products the obligation to conduct a labor intensive collection of data regarding the risks and benefits of marketed products and to engage in ongoing assessments of those risks and benefits, including the possible requirement to conduct additional clinical studies. 27 in the applicable EU laws, regulations and guidance, The manufacturing process for medicinal products in the EU is highly regulated and regulators may shut down manufacturing facilities that they believe do not comply with regulations. Manufacturing requires a manufacturing authorization, and the manufacturing authorization holder must comply with various requirements including Directive 2001/83/EC, Directive set out 2003/94/EC, Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 and the European Commission Guidelines for Good Manufacturing Practice. These requirements include compliance with EU cGMP standards when manufacturing medicinal products and active pharmaceutical ingredients, including the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients outside of the EU with the intention to import the active pharmaceutical ingredients into the EU. Similarly, the distribution of medicinal products into and within the EU is subject to compliance with the applicable EU laws, regulations and guidelines, including the requirement to hold appropriate authorizations for distribution granted by the competent authorities of the EU Member States. In the EU, the advertising and promotion of our products are subject to EU Member States’ laws governing promotion of medicinal products, interactions with physicians, misleading and comparative advertising and unfair commercial practices. In addition, other legislation adopted by individual EU Member States may apply to the advertising and promotion of medicinal products. These laws require that promotional materials and advertising in relation to medicinal products comply with the product’s Summary of Product Characteristics, or SmPC, as approved by the competent authorities. Promotion of a medicinal product that does not comply with the SmPC is considered to constitute off-label promotion. The off-label promotion of medicinal products is prohibited in the EU. The applicable laws at EU level and in the individual EU Member States also prohibit the direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription-only medicinal products. These laws may further limit or restrict the advertising and promotion of our products to the general public and may also impose limitations on our promotional activities with health care professionals. Orphan Drug Designation and Exclusivity in the EU Regulation (EC) No 141/2000 and Regulation (EC) No. 847/2000 provide that a product can be designated an orphan medicinal product by the European Commission if its sponsor can establish: that the product is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of (1) a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition affecting not more than five in ten thousand persons in the EU when the application is made, or (2) a life- threatening, seriously debilitating or serious and chronic condition in the EU and that without incentives the medicinal product is unlikely to be developed. For either of these conditions, the applicant must demonstrate that there exists no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of the condition in question that has been authorized in the EU or, if such method exists, the medicinal product will be of significant benefit to those affected by that condition. Once authorized, orphan medicinal products are entitled to ten years of market exclusivity in all EU Member States and in addition a range of other benefits during the development and regulatory review process including scientific assistance for study protocols, authorization through the centralized marketing authorization procedure covering all member countries and a reduction or elimination of registration and marketing authorization fees. However, marketing authorization may be granted to a similar medicinal product with the same orphan indication during the ten year period with the consent of the marketing authorization holder for the original orphan medicinal product or if the manufacturer of the original orphan medicinal product is unable to supply sufficient quantities. Marketing authorization may also be granted to a similar medicinal product with the same orphan indication if this product is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior to the original orphan medicinal product. The period of market exclusivity may, in addition, be reduced to six years if it can be demonstrated on the basis of available evidence that the original orphan medicinal product is sufficiently profitable not to justify maintenance of market exclusivity. Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement In the United States and markets in other countries, patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers performing the prescribed services generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Patients are unlikely to use our products unless coverage is provided 28 and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our products. Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of products approved by the FDA and other government authorities. Even if our product candidate is approved, sales of our products will depend, in part, on the extent to which third-party payors, including government health programs in the United States such as Medicare and Medicaid, commercial health insurers and managed care organizations, provide coverage, and establish adequate reimbursement levels for, such products. The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the price or reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product once coverage is approved. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged, examining the medical necessity, and reviewing the cost-effectiveness of medical products and services and imposing controls to manage costs. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list, also known as a formulary, which might not include all of the approved products for a particular indication. In order to secure coverage and reimbursement for any product that might be approved for sale, a company may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of the product, in addition to the costs required to obtain FDA or other comparable marketing approvals. Nonetheless, product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost effective. A decision by a third-party payor not to cover our product candidate could reduce physician utilization of our products once approved and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, a payor’s decision to provide coverage for a product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Further, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a drug product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage and reimbursement for the product, and the level of coverage and reimbursement can differ significantly from payor to payor. Third-party reimbursement and coverage may not be available to enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our investment in product development. The containment of healthcare costs also has become a priority of federal, state and foreign governments and the prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. Governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit a company’s revenue generated from the sale of any approved products. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which a company or its collaborators receive marketing approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future. including price controls, Outside the United States, ensuring adequate coverage and payment for our product candidate will face challenges. Pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control in many countries. Pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can extend well beyond the receipt of regulatory marketing approval for a product and may require us to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost effectiveness of our product candidate or products to other available therapies. The conduct of such a clinical trial could be expensive and result in delays in our commercialization efforts. In the European Union, pricing and reimbursement schemes vary widely from country to country. Some countries provide that products may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed. Some countries may require the completion of additional studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular drug candidate to currently available therapies or so called health technology assessments, in order to obtain reimbursement or pricing approval. For example, the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. European Union member states may approve a specific price for a product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the product on the market. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for products, but monitor and control prescription volumes and issue guidance to physicians to limit prescriptions. 29 Recently, many countries in the European Union have increased the amount of discounts required on pharmaceuticals and these efforts could continue as countries attempt to manage healthcare expenditures, especially in light of the severe fiscal and debt crises experienced by many countries in the European Union. The downward pressure on health care costs in general, particularly prescription drugs, has become intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products. Political, economic and regulatory developments may further complicate pricing negotiations, and pricing negotiations may continue after reimbursement has been obtained. Reference pricing used by various European Union member states, and parallel trade, i.e., arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products, if approved in those countries. Healthcare Law and Regulation Healthcare providers and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of drug products that are granted marketing approval. Arrangements with providers, consultants, third-party payors and customers are subject to broadly applicable fraud and abuse, anti-kickback, false claims laws, reporting of payments to physicians and teaching physicians and patient privacy laws and regulations and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain our business and/or financial arrangements. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations, include the following: • • • the United States federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons and entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, paying, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid; the federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the civil False Claims Act, and civil monetary penalties laws, which prohibit individuals or entities from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false, fictitious or fraudulent or knowingly making, using or causing to made or used a false record or statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created additional federal criminal laws that prohibit, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters; • HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, and their respective implementing regulations, including the Final Omnibus Rule published in January 2013, which impose obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information; • • the federal false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing ·or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services; the federal transparency requirements known as the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care Education Reconciliation Act, or the Affordable Care Act, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, within the United States Department of Health and Human Services, information related to payments and other transfers of value made by that entity to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; and 30 • analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to healthcare items or services that are reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers. Some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government in addition to requiring drug manufacturers to report information related to payments to physicians and other health care providers or marketing expenditures. State and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. Healthcare Reform A primary trend in the United States healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. There have been a number of federal and state proposals during the last few years regarding the pricing of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products, limiting coverage and reimbursement for drugs and other medical products, government control and other changes to the healthcare system in the United States. By way of example, the United States and state governments continue to propose and pass legislation designed to reduce the cost of healthcare. In March 2010, the United States Congress enacted the Affordable Care Act, which, among other things, includes changes to the coverage and payment for products under government health care programs. Among the provisions of the Affordable Care Act of importance to our potential drug candidates are: • • • • • • • • an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports specified branded prescription drugs and biologic agents, apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs, although this fee would not apply to sales of certain products approved exclusively for orphan indications; expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs by, among other things, allowing states to offer Medicaid coverage to certain individuals with income at or below 133% of the federal poverty level, thereby potentially increasing a manufacturer’s Medicaid rebate liability; expanded manufacturers’ rebate liability under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program by increasing the minimum rebate for both branded and generic drugs and revising the definition of “average manufacturer price,” or AMP, for calculating and reporting Medicaid drug rebates on outpatient prescription drug prices and extending rebate liability to prescriptions for individuals enrolled in Medicare Advantage plans; addressed a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected; expanded the types of entities eligible for the 340B drug discount program; established the Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program by requiring manufacturers to provide a 50% point-of-sale-discount off the negotiated price of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period as a condition for the manufacturers’ outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D; a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research; the Independent Payment Advisory Board, or IPAB, which has authority to recommend certain changes to the Medicare program to reduce expenditures by the program that could result in reduced payments for prescription drugs. However, the IPAB implementation has been not been clearly defined. PPACA provided that under certain circumstances, IPAB recommendations will become law unless Congress enacts legislation that will achieve the same or greater Medicare cost savings; and 31 • established the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation within CMS to test innovative payment and service delivery models to lower Medicare and Medicaid spending, potentially including prescription drug spending. Funding has been allocated to support the mission of the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation from 2011 to 2019. Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. For example, in August 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2012 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect in April 2013 and will remain in effect through 2024 unless additional Congressional action is taken. In January 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. There have been, and likely will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals at the foreign, federal and state levels directed at broadening the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. Such reforms could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenues from product candidates that we may successfully develop and for which we may obtain marketing approval and may affect our overall financial condition and ability to develop product candidates. Competition Our drug candidates, if approved, will compete with existing and new products being developed by others for treatment of the same indications. Competition in the development of human therapeutics and, in particular, human therapeutics that target signaling pathways to treat cancers, is intense. Our competitors include large that are pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, as well as specialized biotechnology firms, developing cancer therapies in the same indications as we are. There are several companies developing drug candidates that target the same molecular targets and signaling pathways, and in some cases the same cancer indications, that are being pursued by us and our collaborators. We believe our primary competitors by molecular target as are as follows: CUDC-907: We are not aware of other molecules in clinical testing that are designed as one chemical entity to target both HDAC and PI3K. However, there are commercially-available drugs that individually target HDAC. For example, commercially available HDAC inhibitors include FarydaqTM (panobinostat) which is produced by Novartis International AG, ZolinzaTM (vorinostat), which is produced by Merck & Company, IstodaxTM (romidepsin), which is produced by Celgene Corporation and BeleodaqTM (belinostat) which is produced by Spectrum Pharmaceuticals. In addition, there are several companies testing novel HDAC inhibitors in clinical trials, including among others, Mirati Therapeutics (mocetinostat), Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (entinostat), MEI Pharma, Inc. (pracinostat), 4SC AG (resminostat and 4SC-202), Acetylon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (ricolinostat), Italfarmaco S.p.A. (givinostat), and Celleron Therapeutics (CXD101). There are multiple companies testing various PI3K inhibitors, both isoform specific and pan-PI3K inhibitors, which are in various stages of clinical development. There is currently only one approved isoform specific PI3K inhibitor on the market, ZydeligTM (idelalisib), which is marketed by Gilead Sciences, Inc. Some of the other companies developing PI3K inhibitors include Novartis (BKM120/ buparlisib, BYL719), Bayer AG (copanlisib/ BAY 80- 6946), Genentech/ Roche (pictilisib, GDC-0941), Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (duvelisib, IPI-145), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (TAK-117, previously MLN1117), GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK2636771), Pfizer Inc. (PF-05212384), Sanofi (SAR245409), TG Therapeutics, Inc. (TGR-1202), Incyte Corporation (INCB40093), Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd (ZSTK474) and Verastem, Inc. (VS-5584). 32 Licensed Programs Under Aurigene Collaboration. We are aware of at least three other companies that are developing IRAK4 inhibitors for oncology indications: Pfizer, Nimbus Discovery and TG Therapeutics. In addition, there are two approved drugs on the market that target PD-1/ PD-L1 interactions (Bristol-Myers Squibb’s Opdivo™ and Merck & Co.’s Keytruda™) and a number of drug candidates in various stages of development that target similar interactions such as Roche’s atezolizumab/ MPDL3280A, Merck KGaA’s avelumab/ MSB0010718C (collaborator: Pfizer), AstraZeneca/ MedImmune’s durvalumab/ MEDI4736 and MEDI0680, and others. Erivedge. We are aware of several other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that have drug development programs relating to compounds that modulate the Hedgehog signaling pathway. We believe that there are currently at least four other companies that have advanced Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors into clinical development: Eli Lilly and Company (LY2940680), Exelixis, Inc./Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (BMS-833923 or XL139), and Pfizer Inc. (PF-04449913 ). Other Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors are in earlier stages of clinical development. In 2015, Novartis’ sonidegib (OdomzoTM ), a Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced BCC that has recurred following surgery or radiation, or those who are not candidates for surgery or radiation, received regulatory approvals in the United States and European Union. CUDC-427: We are aware of several other companies developing antagonists of IAP proteins including, among others, Debiopharm SA (Debio 1143), Novartis AG (LCL161) and TetraLogic Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (birinapant). CUDC-305: Several companies are investigating HSP90 inhibitors in clinical testing, including, among others, Astex Therapeutics Ltd. (onalespib/ AT13387), Vernalis (AUY922), and Synta Pharmaceuticals Corp (ganetespib). Many competing companies have financial, marketing and human resource capacities that are substantially greater than our own, which may provide these competitors with significant advantages over us. Others have extensive experience in undertaking clinical trials, in obtaining regulatory approval to market products, in manufacturing products on a large scale and in effectively promoting products to healthcare providers, health plans and consumers which may enhance their competitive position relative to ours. In addition to competing with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, the products that we are developing would also compete with those being developed by academic and research institutions, government agencies and other public organizations. Any of these organizations may discover new therapies, seek patent protection or establish collaborative arrangements for products and technologies that are competitive with our products and technologies. The technologies underlying the development of human therapeutic products are expected to continue to undergo rapid and significant advancement and unpredictable changes. Accordingly, our technological and commercial success will be based, among other things, on our ability to develop proprietary positions in key scientific areas and efficiently evaluate potential product opportunities. The timing of a product’s introduction may be a major factor in determining eventual commercial success and profitability. Early entry may have important advantages in gaining product acceptance and market share. Accordingly, we believe the relative speed with which we or any current or future collaborator(s) can complete preclinical and clinical testing, obtain regulatory approvals, and supply commercial quantities of a product will have an important impact on our competitive position, both in the U.S. and abroad. Other companies may succeed in developing similar products that are introduced earlier, are more effective, or are produced and marketed more effectively, or at a minimum obtain a portion of the market share. For example, our competitors may discover, characterize and develop important targeted cancer molecules before we do, which could have a material adverse effect on any of our related research programs. If research and development by others renders any of our products obsolete or noncompetitive, then our potential for success and profitability may be adversely affected. 33 For certain of our programs, we rely on, or intend to rely on, strategic collaborators for support in our research programs and for preclinical evaluation and clinical development of our potential products and manufacturing and marketing of any products. Our strategic collaborators may conduct multiple product development efforts within each disease area that is the subject of our strategic collaboration with them. Our strategic collaboration agreements may not restrict the strategic collaborator from pursuing competing internal development efforts. Any of our drug candidates, therefore, may be subject to competition with a drug candidate under development by a strategic collaborator. Manufacturing and Supply We have no internal experience or capabilities in manufacturing. We currently rely on collaborators or subcontractors, and we have no plans to develop our own manufacturing capability. Instead, we plan to continue to rely on corporate collaborators or subcontractors to manufacture products. If any of our current or planned collaborators or subcontractors encounters regulatory compliance problems or enforcement actions for their own or a collaborative product, it could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects. We employ a material sourcing strategy that complies with regulatory requirements for building increasing amounts of quality into the product, beginning with raw materials and following through to packaged drug product for clinical use. Starting materials for the drug substance are typically sourced from China or India, and the chemical synthesis to make the regulatory starting materials for the API (those materials that are listed in the IND as the starting point for GMP synthesis) is conducted under our supervision in the same countries. Regulatory starting materials are then shipped to the U.S. for the CUDC-907 program, or remain in India for the CA-170 and CA-4948 programs, where the raw materials are converted into the drug substance under GMP controls. All reagents and raw materials used in the synthesis are pharmaceutical grade, and are release tested prior to use in the drug substance synthesis. Drug product production for all of our development candidates is conducted in the U.S. or Canada, and all under GMP controls. All excipients are compendial grade, and are compliant with U.S. and EU regulations. Final packaging and labelling of the drug product has typically been carried out in the U.S. or Canada, and will also be conducted in the EU (specifically the United Kingdom), starting in 2016, to support international trials. Sales and Marketing We have no sales, marketing or distribution experience or infrastructure and we have no current plans to develop such capabilities. We currently plan to rely on corporate collaborators for product sales, marketing and distribution. Employees As of December 31, 2015, we had 44 full-time employees, of whom 15 hold a Ph.D. or other advanced scientific or medical degree. Of our employees, 31 are currently involved in research and development. None of our employees is a party to a collective bargaining agreement, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good. Segment Reporting We are engaged solely in the discovery and development of innovative drug candidates for the treatment of human cancers. Accordingly, we have determined that we operate in one operating segment. 34 Executive Officers of the Registrant Our executive officers as of February 29, 2016 are as follows: Name Age Position Ali Fattaey, Ph.D. . . . . . . . . . . . Michael P. Gray(1) . . . . . . . . . . Mani Mohindru, Ph.D. . . . . . . . David Tuck, M.D. . . . . . . . . . . . 51 45 44 64 President and Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial and Business Officer Senior Vice President of Corporate Strategy and Investor Relations Senior Vice President, Clinical and Translational Sciences (1) On January 18, 2016, Mr. Gray provided to the Company notice of his intention to resign from the Company, effective as of February 29, 2016. Ali Fattaey, Ph.D. . . . . . . . . . . . Dr. Fattaey has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer and as a director since June 2014. From February 2013 to June 2014, Dr. Fattaey served as our President and Chief Operating Officer. From 2011 until February 2013, Dr. Fattaey served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of ACT Biotech, Inc., a biotechnology company. Dr. Fattaey served as ACT Biotech’s Chief Operating and Scientific Officer from 2008 until 2010. From June 2006 until January 2008, Dr. Fattaey served the Director of Science and Technology at the Melanoma Therapeutics Foundation, a non- profit organization. From January 2005 until June 2006, Dr. Fattaey was a for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. strategic consultant Dr. Fattaey was previously employed at Sagres Discovery, Inc., a biotechnology company, as its Chief Scientific Officer from November 2001 until April 2004 and subsequently as the Senior Vice President of Discovery Research at Chiron Corporation following Chiron’s acquisition of Sagres Discovery. Dr. Fattaey was employed by Onyx Pharmaceuticals from January 1994 until June 2001, most recently as its Vice President of Discovery Research. Dr. Fattaey received his Ph.D. in microbiology from Kansas State University in 1989 and was a Research Fellow in Medicine at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center. Michael P. Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mr. Gray served as our Chief Financial Officer from December 2006 and as our Chief Business Officer from February 2014. Mr. Gray served as our Chief Operating Officer from December 2006 to February 2013. From December 2003 until December 2006, Mr. Gray served as our Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer and from August 2000 until December 2003, served as our Senior Director of Finance and Controller. From January 1998 to July 2000, Mr. Gray was Controller at Reprogenesis, Inc., a predecessor biotechnology company. Mr. Gray previously served as an audit professional for the accounting and consulting firm of Ernst & Young, LLP. Mr. Gray is a certified public accountant, holds an M.B.A. from the F.W. Olin Graduate School of Business at Babson College, and has a B.S. in accounting from Bryant College. Mani Mohindru, Ph.D. . . . . . . . Dr. Mohindru has served as our Senior Vice President of Corporate Strategy and Investor Relations since April 2015. From June 2013 to March 2015, Dr. Mohindru served as our Vice President of Corporate Strategy and Investor Relations. From October 2012 to May 2013, Dr. Mohindru was involved in co-founding ImmTox, Inc., a privately-held biotechnology company. From June 2011 to September 2012, Dr. Mohindru was a Senior Biotechnology Analyst at ThinkEquity, LLC, a research and investment 35 David Tuck, M.D. . . . . . . . . . . . banking firm. Previously, from June 2009 to May 2011, Dr. Mohindru was a Partner at Axon Healthcare Company, a strategic pharmaceutical and biotechnology consultancy firm that she co-founded. Dr. Mohindru was also a Managing Director at Capstone Investments in its investment banking division, a Vice President and Senior Research Analyst at Credit Suisse, and an Associate Research Analyst at global financial services firm UBS. Dr. Mohindru completed her Ph.D. in Neurosciences at Northwestern University and she received both her B.S. (Hons) in Human Biology and Masters in Biotechnology from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. Dr. Tuck previously served as our Vice President of Clinical and Translational Sciences from May 2015 through January 2016. He joined us from EMD Serono, the biopharmaceutical division of Merck KGaA, where he was Senior Medical Director in the Oncology Translational Innovation Program from 2013 until May 2015, overseeing activities ranging from early clinical development of small molecule and biologic targeted therapeutics, to novel target and biomarker identification focused on bioinformatics and genomics analysis. Prior to that, Dr. Tuck was employed by Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology Research from December 2010 until May 2013, where he served in the roles of Translational Physician for ipilimumab, and external development leader in solid tumors and hematological malignancies for immune checkpoint inhibitors. Between 2000 and 2010, Dr. Tuck was an Associate Professor at Yale University. While at Yale, he led a research lab in genomics and bioinformatics of cancer, stem cells and molecular the Yale hematology. He Comprehensive Cancer Center from 2000 to 2006. Dr. Tuck earned his B.A. at Harvard University and medical degree at the University of Vermont School of Medicine, and received board certification in internal medicine, medical oncology and hematology. also served as Associate Director of 36 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below before buying our common stock. If any of the following circumstances actually arise, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected, the trading price of our common stock could decline materially and you could lose all or part of your investment. RISKS RELATING TO OUR FINANCIAL RESULTS AND NEED FOR FINANCING We have incurred substantial losses, expect to continue to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future and may never generate significant revenue or achieve profitability. We have incurred significant annual net operating losses in every year since our inception. We expect to continue to incur significant and increasing net operating losses for at least the next several years. Our net losses were $59.0 million, $18.7 million and $12.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $838.5 million. We have not completed the development of any product candidate on our own. Other than Erivedge®, which is being commercialized and further developed by Genentech and Roche under our June 2003 collaboration with Genentech, we may never have a product candidate approved for commercialization. We have financed our operations to date primarily through public offerings and private placements of our common stock and amounts received through various current and past licensing and collaboration agreements. We have devoted substantially all of our financial resources and efforts to research and development and general and administrative expense to support such research and development. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year. Net losses and negative cash flows have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on our stockholders’ (deficit) equity and working capital. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we: • • • • • • continue to develop and conduct clinical trials with respect to our lead product candidates; seek to identify and develop additional product candidates; acquire or in-license other product candidates or technologies; seek regulatory and marketing approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials, if any; establish sales, marketing, distribution and other commercial commercialize various products for which we may obtain marketing approval, if any; infrastructure in the future to require the manufacture of larger quantities of product candidates for clinical development and, potentially, commercialization; • maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; • • hire and retain additional personnel, such as clinical, quality control and scientific personnel; and add equipment and physical infrastructure as may be required to support our research and development programs. Our ability to become and remain profitable depends on our ability to generate significant revenue. Our only source of revenues currently includes licensing and royalty revenues that we earn under our collaboration with Genentech related to the development and commercialization of Erivedge. In addition, all future royalty payments related to Erivedge will service the outstanding debt and accrued interest owed by Curis Royalty to BioPharma-II until the debt is fully repaid, which full repayment we currently estimate will occur in 2019. 37 We do not expect to generate significant revenue other than those related to Erivedge unless and until we are, or any collaborator is, able to obtain marketing approval for, and successfully commercialize, one or more of our product candidates other than Erivedge. Successful commercialization will require achievement of key milestones, including initiating and successfully completing clinical trials of our product candidates, obtaining marketing approval for these product candidates, manufacturing, marketing and selling those products for which we, or any of our collaborators, may obtain marketing approval, satisfying any post-marketing requirements and obtaining reimbursement for our products from private insurance or government payors. Because of the uncertainties and risks associated with these activities, we are unable to accurately predict the timing and amount of revenues other than those related to Erivedge, and if or when we might achieve profitability. We and any collaborators may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, or any collaborators do, we may never generate revenues that are large enough for us to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research and development efforts, diversify our pipeline of product candidates or continue our operations and cause a decline in the value of our common stock. We will require substantial additional capital, which may be difficult to obtain, and if we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or commercialization efforts. We will require substantial funds to continue our research and development programs and to fulfill our planned operating goals. In particular, our operating and capital requirements currently include the need to support our research and development activities for CUDC-907, as well as development candidates we have and may continue to license under our collaboration with Aurigene, including licenses to two programs obtained through our October 2015 option exercises. We expect that we will require substantial additional capital to fund the further development of these programs, as well as to fund our general and administrative costs and expenses. Moreover, under the collaboration, license and option agreement with Aurigene, we are required to make milestone, royalty and option fee payments for discovery, research and preclinical development programs that will be performed by Aurigene, which impose significant potential financial obligations on us. The collaboration provides for inclusion of multiple programs, and we have the option to exclusively license compounds once a development candidate is nominated within each respective program. We expect our development activity-related expenses to substantially increase in connection with CUDC- 907 and the Aurigene programs. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or future commercialization efforts. We anticipate that existing cash, cash equivalents, investments and working capital at December 31, 2015 should enable us to maintain current and planned operations into 2017. Our future capital requirements, however, may vary from what we currently expect. There are a number of factors that may affect our planned future capital requirements and accelerate our need for additional working capital, many of which are outside our control, including the following: • • • • • unanticipated costs in our research and development programs; the timing and cost of obtaining regulatory approvals for our drug candidates and maintaining compliance with regulatory requirements; the timing, receipt and amount of payments, if any, from current and potential future collaborators; the timing and amount of option exercise fees, milestone payments, royalties and other payments due to licensors, including Aurigene, for patent rights and technology used in our drug development programs; the costs of commercialization activities for any of our product candidates that receive marketing approval, to the extent such costs are our responsibility, including the costs and timing of establishing product sales, marketing, distribution and manufacturing capabilities; 38 • • unplanned costs to prepare, file, prosecute, defend and enforce patent claims and other patent-related costs, including litigation costs and technology license fees; and unexpected losses in our cash investments or an inability to otherwise liquidate our cash investments due to unfavorable conditions in the capital markets. Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or drug candidates. We may seek additional funding through public or private financings of debt or equity. The market for emerging life science stocks in general, and the market for our common stock in particular, are highly volatile. Due to this and various other factors, including potentially adverse general market conditions and the early-stage development status of a majority of our drug candidates and the early stage of the commercial U.S. launch of Erivedge, additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, the terms of any potential financing may be dilutive or otherwise adversely affect other rights of our stockholders. We also expect to seek additional funds through arrangements with collaborators, licensees or other third parties. These arrangements would generally require us to relinquish or encumber rights to some of our technologies or drug candidates, and we may not be able to enter into such arrangements on acceptable terms, if at all. We anticipate that we will require additional funding. If we are unable to obtain such additional funding on a timely basis, whether through payments under existing or future collaborations or license agreement or sales of debt or equity, we may be required to: • • delay, limit, reduce or terminate preclinical studies, clinical trials or other development activities for one or more of our drug candidates; or delay, limit, reduce or prevent us from establishing sales and marketing capabilities, either internally or through third parties, or other activities that may be necessary to commercialize our drug candidates. We transferred and encumbered certain royalty and royalty-related payments on the commercial sales of Erivedge in connection with our credit agreement with BioPharma-II and, as a result, we could lose all rights to future royalty and royalty-related payments. In December 2012, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Curis Royalty, received a $30,000,000 loan pursuant to a credit agreement with BioPharma-II. In connection with the loan, we transferred to Curis Royalty our right to receive certain future royalty and royalty-related payments on the commercial sales of Erivedge that we receive from Genentech. The loan and accrued interest will be repaid by Curis Royalty using such royalty and royalty- related payments. To secure repayment of the loan, Curis Royalty granted a first priority lien and security interest (subject only to permitted liens) to BioPharma-II in all of its assets and all real, intangible and personal property, including all of its right, title and interest in and to the royalty and royalty-related payments. The loan constitutes an obligation of Curis Royalty, and is intended to be non-recourse to Curis. Under the terms of the credit agreement, neither Curis nor Curis Royalty guaranteed any level of future royalty or royalty-related payments or the value of such payments as collateral to the loan. However, in certain circumstances, the obligations of Curis Royalty to repay the loan may be accelerated under the credit agreement, including: • • if any payment of principal is not made within three days of when such payment is due and payable or otherwise made in accordance with the terms of the credit agreement; if any representations or warranties made in the credit agreement or any other related transaction document prove to be incorrect or misleading in any material respect when made; 39 • • • • • • • if there occurs a default in the performance of affirmative and negative covenants set forth in the credit agreement or under certain ancillary transaction documents; the failure by Genentech to pay material amounts owed under the collaboration agreement with Genentech because of an actual breach or default by Curis under the collaboration agreement; a material breach or default by Curis Royalty under certain ancillary transaction documents, in each case, which breach or default is not cured within 30 days after written demand thereof by BioPharma-II; the voluntary or involuntary commencement of bankruptcy proceedings by either Curis or Curis Royalty and other insolvency-related defaults; any materially adverse effect on the binding nature of any of the transaction documents or the Genentech collaboration agreement; if any person shall be designated an independent director of Curis Royalty other than in accordance with its limited liability company operating agreement; or if Curis shall at any time cease to own, of record and beneficially, 100% of the equity interests in Curis Royalty. If any of the above were to occur, Curis Royalty may not have sufficient funds to pay the accelerated obligation and BioPharma-II could foreclose on the secured royalty and royalty-related payment stream. In such an event, we could lose our right to royalty and royalty-related payments not transferred to BioPharma-II, including those we would otherwise be entitled to receive if, or when, Curis Royalty satisfied its obligations to BioPharma-II under the credit agreement. The amount of royalty revenue we receive from sales of Erivedge may be adversely affected by sales of a competing drug. Pursuant to the terms of our collaboration agreement, our subsidiary Curis Royalty entitled to receive royalties on net sales of Erivedge that range from 5% to 7.5% based upon global Erivedge sales by Roche and Genentech. The royalty rate applicable to Erivedge may be decreased in certain specified circumstances, including when a competing product that binds to the same molecular target as Erivedge is approved by the applicable country’s regulatory authority and is being sold in such country by a third party for use in the same indication as Erivedge or when there is no issued intellectual property covering Erivedge in a territory in which sales are recorded. During the third quarter of 2015, the FDA and CHMP approved an additional Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor marketed by Novartis, sonidegib, for the treatment of adults with locally advanced BCC. Genentech has advised us that Novartis recorded sales of sonidegib in the United States during the fourth quarter of 2015 and, accordingly, Genentech reduced royalties to Curis Royalty on its net sales in the United States of Erivedge by 2% during the fourth quarter of 2015. Genentech has advised us that Novartis recorded sales of sonidegib in the U.S. during the fourth quarter of 2015 and, accordingly, Genentech began reducing royalties on its net sales in the U.S. of Erivedge during the fourth quarter of 2015 from 5—7.5% to 3—5.5%. We also anticipate that sales of sonidigeb could adversely affect sales of Erivedge and the resulting revenue we may receive from Genentech. A decrease in sales of Erivedge, or in the royalty rate that we receive for sales of Erivedge could adversely affect our operating results and the ability of our wholly-owned subsidiary, Curis Royalty, to satisfy its royalty-secured loan obligation to Bio-Pharm II. Fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results could adversely affect the price of our common stock. Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly. Some of the factors that may cause our operating results to fluctuate on a period-to-period basis include: • payments we may be required to make to collaborators such as Aurigene to exercise license rights and satisfy milestones and royalty obligations; 40 • • • • • • • the status of, and level of expenses incurred in connection with, our programs, including development costs relating to CUDC-907, as well as funding programs that we have and may continue to license and develop under our collaboration with Aurigene; fluctuations in sales of Erivedge and related royalty payments, including those resulting from the sales of competing products such as Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor sonidegib, which is approved in the US and Europe for the treatment of locally advanced BCC and is marketed and sold by Novartis in the US ; any intellectual property infringement lawsuit or other litigation in which we may become involved; the implementation of restructuring and cost-savings strategies; the occurrence of an event of default under the credit agreement by and among Curis, Curis Royalty and BioPharma-II; the implementation or agreements with third parties, and non-recurring revenue or expenses under any such agreement; and licensing, manufacturing or other material termination of collaboration, compliance with regulatory requirements. If the estimates we make and the assumptions on which we rely in preparing our financial statements prove inaccurate, our actual results may vary significantly. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of our assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, the amounts of charges taken by us, and disclosures related thereto. Such estimates and judgments include the carrying value of our property, the value of equipment and intangible assets, revenue recognition, and the value of certain liabilities including the fair value of our warrant liability, the repayment term of our loan with BioPharma-II, and stock-based compensation expenses. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, these estimates and judgments, and their underlying assumptions, may change over time. Accordingly, our actual financial results may vary significantly from the estimates contained in our financial statements. For a further discussion of the estimates and judgments that we make and the critical accounting policies that affect these estimates and judgments, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” set forth in this report. RISKS RELATING TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF OUR PRODUCTS Other than for Erivedge, the therapeutic efficacy of our drug candidates is unproven in humans, and we may not be able to successfully develop and commercialize drug candidates pursuant to these programs. Our drug candidates are novel chemical entities and, except for Erivedge, which is approved and being commercialized for advanced BCC in several territories, their potential benefit as therapeutic cancer drugs is unproven. Our ability to generate revenues from these drug candidates, which we do not expect will occur in the short term, if ever, will depend heavily on their successful development and commercialization, which is subject to many potential risks. For example, our drug candidates may not prove to be effective inhibitors of the molecular targets they are being designed to act against, and may not demonstrate in patients any or all of the pharmacological benefits that may have been demonstrated in preclinical studies. These drug candidates may interact with human biological systems in unforeseen, ineffective or harmful ways. If the FDA determines that any of our drug candidates are associated with significant side effects or have characteristics that are unexpected, we may need to delay or abandon their development or limit development to certain uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective. 41 In addition, in connection with our collaboration with Aurigene, we are seeking to discover, develop and commercialize small molecule antagonists for immuno-oncology targets such as immune checkpoint proteins and precision oncology targets, and such efforts may not prove to be successful. As such, outside of our collaboration with Aurigene, we are not aware of any small molecules that target the same immune checkpoint protein interactions in late preclinical or clinical development and we may never be able to successfully develop such drug candidates. Moreover, many drug candidates that initially showed promise in early stage testing for treating cancer have later been found to cause side effects that prevented further development of the compound or resulted in their removal from the market. As a result of these and other risks described herein that are inherent in the development and commercialization of novel therapeutic agents, we may never successfully develop, enter into or maintain third party licensing or collaboration transactions with respect to, or successfully commercialize, drug candidates, in which case we will not achieve profitability and the value of our stock may decline. We depend heavily on the success of our most advanced product candidates. Other than Erivedge, all of our product candidates are still in early clinical or preclinical development. Preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates may not be successful. If we are unable to commercialize our product candidates other than Erivedge or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed. We have invested a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources on our most advanced product candidate, CUDC-907. In addition, under our agreement with Aurigene, we have the option to license specified programs from Aurigene, and in October 2015, we exercised options to exclusively license two programs under this agreement, and named a third program. We expect to file IND applications for a development candidate from each licensed program and begin Phase 1 clinical studies during 2016. Our ability to generate product revenues, which we do not expect will occur for many years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates. The success of our product candidates will depend on many factors, including the following: • successful enrollment in, and completion of, ongoing and future clinical trials of CUDC-907 and potential compounds that we may develop under our collaboration agreement with Aurigene; • Aurigene’s ability to successfully discover and preclinically develop other drug candidates under the parties’ collaboration agreement; • • • • • • • • • • a safety, regulatory authority for marketing approval; tolerability and efficacy profile that is satisfactory to FDA or any comparable foreign receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities; the extent of any required post marketing approval commitments to applicable regulatory authorities; establishment of supply arrangements with third party raw materials suppliers and manufacturers; establishment of arrangements with third party manufacturers to obtain finished drug product that is appropriately packaged for sale; adequate ongoing availability of raw materials and drug product for clinical development and any commercial sales; obtaining and maintaining patent, trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity, both in the United States and internationally; protection of our rights in our intellectual property portfolio; successful launch of commercial sales following any marketing approval; a continued acceptable safety profile following any marketing approval; 42 • • commercial acceptance by patients, the medical community and third-party payors; our ability to compete with other therapies. If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully market, commercialize, or distribute our most advanced product candidate, which would materially harm our business. If clinical trials of any future product candidates that we, or any collaborators, may develop fail to satisfactorily demonstrate safety and efficacy to the FDA and other regulators, we, or any collaborators, may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of these product candidates. We, and any collaborators, are not permitted to commercialize, market, promote or sell any product candidate in the United States without obtaining marketing approval from the FDA. Foreign regulatory authorities, such as the European Medicines Agency, or the EMA, impose similar requirements. We, and any collaborators, must complete extensive preclinical development and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans before we will be able to obtain these approvals. Clinical testing is expensive, is difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is inherently uncertain as to outcome. We cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. The clinical development of our product candidates is susceptible to the risk of failure inherent at any stage of product development, including failure to demonstrate efficacy in a clinical trial or across a broad population of patients, the occurrence of adverse events that are severe or medically or commercially unacceptable, failure to comply with protocols or applicable regulatory requirements and determination by the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority that a product candidate may not continue development or is not approvable. It is possible that even if one or more of our product candidates has a beneficial effect, that effect will not be detected during clinical evaluation as a result of one or more of a variety of factors, trials. Conversely, as a result of the same factors, our clinical trials may indicate an apparent positive effect of a product candidate that is greater than the actual positive effect, if any. Similarly, in our clinical trials we may fail to detect toxicity of or intolerability caused by our product candidates, or we may mistakenly believe that our product candidates are toxic or not well tolerated when that is not in fact the case. including the size, duration, design, measurements, conduct or analysis of our clinical Any inability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development could result in additional costs to us, or any collaborators, and impair our ability to generate revenues from product sales, regulatory and commercialization milestones and royalties. Moreover, if we, or any collaborators, are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond the trials and testing that we or they contemplate, if we, or they, are unable to successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidates or other testing, or the results of these trials or tests are unfavorable, uncertain or are only modestly favorable, or there are unacceptable safety concerns associated with our product candidates, we, or any future collaborators, may: • • • • • • • incur additional unplanned costs; be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our product candidates; not obtain marketing approval at all; obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired; obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or significant safety warnings, including boxed warnings; be subject to additional post-marketing testing or other requirements; or be required to remove the product from the market after obtaining marketing approval. 43 Our failure to successfully initiate and complete clinical trials of our product candidates and to demonstrate the efficacy and safety necessary to obtain regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates would significantly harm our business. Adverse events or undesirable side effects caused by, or other unexpected properties of, product candidates that we develop may be identified during development and could delay or prevent their marketing approval or limit their use. Adverse events or undesirable side effects caused by, or other unexpected properties of, any product candidates that we may develop could cause us, any collaborators, an institutional review board or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials of one or more of our product candidates and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of marketing approval by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. If any of our product candidates is associated with adverse events or undesirable side effects or has properties that are unexpected, we, or any collaborators, may need to abandon development or limit development of that product candidate to certain uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective. Many compounds that initially showed promise in clinical or earlier stage testing have later been found to cause undesirable or unexpected side effects that prevented further development of the compound. If we, or any collaborators, experience any of a number of possible unforeseen events in connection with clinical trials of our product candidates, potential clinical development, marketing approval or commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed or prevented. We, or any collaborators, may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay or prevent clinical development, marketing approval or commercialization of our current product candidates or any future product candidates that we, or any collaborators, may develop, including: • regulators or institutional review boards may not authorize us, any collaborators or our or their investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site; • we, or any collaborators, may have delays in reaching or fail to reach agreement on acceptable clinical trial contracts or clinical trial protocols with prospective trial sites; • clinical trials of our product candidates may produce unfavorable or inconclusive results; • we, or any collaborators, may decide, or regulators may require us or them, to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon product development programs; • • • • • the number of patients required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we, or any collaborators, anticipate, patient enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we, or any collaborators, anticipate or participants may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we, or any collaborators, anticipate; our estimates of the patient populations available for study may be higher than actual patient numbers and result in our inability to sufficiently enroll our trials; the cost of planned clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than we anticipate; our third-party contractors or those of any collaborators, including those manufacturing our product candidates or components or ingredients thereof or conducting clinical trials on our behalf or on behalf of any collaborators, may fail their contractual obligations to us or any collaborators in a timely manner or at all; to comply with regulatory requirements or meet patients that enroll in a clinical trial may misrepresent their eligibility to do so or may otherwise not comply with the clinical trial protocol, resulting in the need to drop the patients from the clinical trial, increase the needed enrollment size for the clinical trial or extend the clinical trial’s duration; 44 • we, or any collaborators, may have to delay, suspend or terminate clinical trials of our product candidates for various reasons, the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks, undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics of the product candidate; including a finding that • • • • • regulators or institutional review boards may require that we, or any collaborators, or our or their investigators suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or their standards of conduct, a finding that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks, undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics of the product candidate or findings of undesirable effects caused by a chemically or mechanistically similar product or product candidate; the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our, or any collaborators’, clinical trial designs or our or their interpretation of data from preclinical studies and clinical trials; the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may fail to approve or subsequently find fault with the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we, or any collaborators, enter into agreements for clinical and commercial supplies; the supply or quality of raw materials or manufactured product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates may be insufficient, inadequate or not available at an acceptable cost, or we may experience interruptions in supply; and the approval policies or regulations of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient to obtain marketing approval. Product development costs for us, or any collaborators, will increase if we, or they, experience delays in testing or pursuing marketing approvals and we, or they, may be required to obtain additional funds to complete clinical trials and prepare for possible commercialization of our product candidates. We do not know whether any preclinical tests or clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured, or will be completed on schedule or at all. Significant preclinical study or clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we, or any collaborators, may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors, or the competitors of any collaborators, to bring products to market before we, or any collaborators, do and impair our ability, or the ability of any collaborators, to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations. In addition, many of the factors that lead to clinical trial delays may ultimately lead to the denial of marketing approval of any of our product candidates. If we experience delays in the enrollment of patients in our clinical trials, our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented. We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for our drug candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials. Patient enrollment is a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, and is affected by many factors, including: • • • • • • the size and nature of the patient population; the severity of the disease under investigation; the availability of approved therapeutics for the relevant disease; the proximity of patients to clinical sites; the eligibility criteria and design for the trial; and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages and risks of the drug being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs that may be approved for the indications we are investigating. 45 In addition, many of our competitors have ongoing clinical trials for drug candidates that could be competitive with our drug candidates. Patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials may instead enroll in clinical trials of our competitors’ drug candidates or rely upon treatment with existing therapies that may preclude them from eligibility for our clinical trials. Enrollment delays in our clinical trials, including for the additional clinical trials of CUDC-907, may result in increased development costs for our drug candidates, which could cause the value of our stock price to decline. Results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials may not be predictive of results of future late stage clinical trials. We cannot assure you that we will be able to replicate in human clinical trials the results we observed in animal models. Moreover, the outcome of preclinical studies and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of clinical trials do not necessarily predict success in future clinical trials. Many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in late stage clinical trials after achieving positive results in earlier development, and we could face similar setbacks. The design of a clinical trial can determine whether its results will support approval of a product and flaws in the design of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced. We have limited experience in designing clinical trials and may be unable to design and execute a clinical trial to support marketing approval. In addition, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses. Many companies that believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval for the product candidates. Even if we, or any collaborators, believe that the results of clinical trials for our product candidates warrant marketing approval, the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree and may not grant marketing approval of our product candidates. In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety or efficacy results between different clinical trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in trial procedures set forth in protocols, differences in the size and type of the patient populations, changes in and adherence to the dosing regimen and other clinical trial protocols and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants. If we fail to receive positive results in clinical trials of our product candidates, the development timeline and regulatory approval and commercialization prospects for our most advanced product candidates, and, correspondingly, our business and financial prospects would be negatively impacted. We have never obtained marketing approval for a product candidate and we may be unable to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approval for our current product candidate or any future product candidates that we, or any future collaborators, may develop. We have never obtained marketing approval for a product candidate. It is possible that the FDA may refuse to accept for substantive review any new drug applications, or NDAs, that we submit for our product candidates or may conclude after review of our data that our application is insufficient to obtain marketing approval of our product candidates. If the FDA does not accept or approve our NDAs for any of our product candidates, it may require that we conduct additional clinical trials, preclinical studies or manufacturing validation studies and submit that data before it will reconsider our applications. Depending on the extent of these or any other FDA-required trials or studies, approval of any NDA or application that we submit may be delayed by several years, or may require us to expend more resources than we have available. It is also possible that additional trials or studies, if performed and completed, may not be considered sufficient by the FDA to approve our NDAs. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, marketing approvals would prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or any companion diagnostics, generating revenues and achieving and sustaining profitability. If any of these outcomes occurs, we may be forced to abandon our development efforts for our product candidates, which could significantly harm our business. 46 Even if any product candidates that we, or any collaborators, may develop receive marketing approval, we or others may later discover that the product is less effective than previously believed or causes undesirable side effects that were not previously identified, which could compromise our ability, or that of any collaborators, to market the product. Clinical trials of any product candidates we may develop will be conducted in carefully defined subsets of patients who have agreed to enter into clinical trials. Consequently, it is possible that our clinical trials, or those of any collaborator, may indicate an apparent positive effect of a product candidate that is greater than the actual positive effect, if any, or alternatively fail to identify undesirable side effects. If, following approval of a product candidate, we, or others, discover that the product is less effective than previously believed or causes undesirable side effects that were not previously identified, any of the following adverse events could occur: • regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product or seize the product; • we, or any future collaborators, may be required to recall the product, change the way the product is administered or conduct additional clinical trials; • additional restrictions may be imposed on the marketing of, or the manufacturing processes for, the particular product; • we may be subject to fines, injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties; • regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a “black box” warning or a contraindication; • we, or any future collaborators, may be required to create a Medication Guide outlining the risks of the previously unidentified side effects for distribution to patients; • we, or any future collaborators, could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; • • the product may become less competitive; and our reputation may suffer. Any of these events could harm our business and operations, and could negatively impact our stock price. Even if our product candidates receive marketing approval, they may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success, in which case we may not generate significant revenues or become profitable. We have never commercialized a product, and even if one of our product candidates is approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities for marketing and sale, it may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community. Physicians are often reluctant to switch their patients from existing therapies even when new and potentially more effective or convenient treatments enter the market. Further, patients often acclimate to the therapy that they are currently taking and do not want to switch unless their physicians recommend switching products or they are required to switch therapies due to lack of reimbursement for existing therapies. Efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of our product candidates may require significant resources and may not be successful. If any of our product candidates is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of market acceptance, we may not generate significant revenues and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including: • • • the efficacy and safety of the product; the potential advantages of the product compared to competitive therapies; the prevalence and severity of any side effects; 47 • whether the product is designated under physician treatment guidelines as a first-, second- or third-line therapy; • • • • • • • our ability, or the ability of any future collaborators, to offer the product for sale at competitive prices; the product’s convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments; the willingness of the target patient population to try, and of physicians to prescribe, the product; limitations or warnings, including distribution or use restrictions, contained in the product’s approved labeling; the strength of sales, marketing and distribution support; changes in the standard of care for the targeted indications for the product; and availability and amount of coverage and reimbursement from government payors, managed care plans and other third-party payors. We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular drug candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on drug candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success. Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on research programs and drug candidates that we believe may have the best potential in certain specific indications. As a result, we may delay or forego pursuit of certain opportunities with our other drug candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future proprietary research and development programs and drug candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that drug candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such drug candidate. We have no sales, marketing, or distribution experience and, as such, plan to rely primarily on third parties who may not successfully market or sell any products we develop. We have no sales, marketing, or product distribution experience or capabilities. If we receive required regulatory approvals to commercialize any of our drug candidates, we plan to rely primarily on sales, marketing and distribution arrangements with third parties, including our collaborative partners. For example, as part of our agreements with Genentech, we have granted Genentech the exclusive rights to distribute certain products resulting from such collaboration, and Genentech is currently commercializing Erivedge. We may have to enter into additional marketing and/or sales arrangements in the future and we may not be able to enter into these additional arrangements on terms that are favorable to us, if at all. In addition, we may have limited or no control over the sales, marketing, and distribution activities of these third parties, and sales through these third parties could be less profitable for us than direct sales. These third parties could sell competing products and may devote insufficient sales efforts or resources to our products. Our future revenues will be materially dependent upon the successful efforts of these third parties. We may seek to independently market and sell products that are not already subject to agreements with other parties. If we undertake to perform sales, marketing and distribution functions ourselves, we could face a number of additional risks, including: • we may not be able to attract and build a significant and skilled marketing staff or sales force; • • the cost of establishing a marketing staff or sales force may not be justifiable in light of the revenues generated by any particular product; and our direct sales and marketing efforts may not be successful. 48 We face substantial competition, and our competitors may discover, develop or commercialize products before or more successfully than we do. Our drug candidates face competition from existing and new technologies and products being developed by biotechnology, medical device, and pharmaceutical companies, as well as universities and other research institutions. For example, we are aware of several biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies that have drug development programs relating to compounds that modulate the Hedgehog signaling pathway. We believe that there are currently at least five other companies that have progressed Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors into clinical development: Eli Lilly and Company, Exelixis, Inc. in co-development with the Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, and Pfizer Inc. During the third quarter of 2015, the FDA and CHMP approved another Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, called sonidegib and marketed by Novartis, for the treatment of adults with locally advanced BCC. Under the terms of our collaboration agreement with Genentech, our royalty would be reduced in any country where another drug that binds to the same molecular target receives regulatory approval for the same indication as Erivedge and is subsequently commercialized in that country. As Novartis recorded sales of sonidegib in the U.S. during the fourth quarter of 2015, Genentech began reducing royalties on its net sales in the U.S. of Erivedge accordingly. In addition, there are several companies developing drug candidates that target the same molecular targets that we are targeting or that are testing drug candidates in the same cancer indications that we are testing. For example, while we are not aware of other molecules in clinical testing that are designed as one chemical entity to target both PI3K and HDAC, there are commercially-available drugs that individually target PI3K or HDAC and there are multiple companies testing PI3K or HDAC inhibitors that are in various stages of clinical development. In October 2015, we exercised options to license the first two programs under our collaboration with Aurigene. The first licensed program is focused on the development of orally-available small molecule antagonists of PD-1 and VISTA in the immuno-oncology field. The second licensed program is focused on orally-available small molecule inhibitors of IRAK4 in the precision oncology field. We are aware of at least three other companies that are developing IRAK4 inhibitors: Pfizer, Nimbus Discovery in collaboration with Genentech, and TG Therapeutics (in-licensed an IRAK4 inhibitor from Ligand Pharmaceuticals). In addition, there are two approved drugs on the market target PD-1/PD-L1 interactions (Bristol-Myer Squibb’s OpdivoTM and Merck & Co.’s KeytrudaTM) and a number of drug candidates in various stages of development that target the similar interactions such as Roche’s MPDL3280A, Merck KGaA in collaboration with Pfizer’s avelumab, AstraZeneca/MedImmune’s MEDI4736 and MEDI0680, Curetech/Medivation’s pidilizumab and others. that Many of our competitors have substantially greater capital resources, research and development staffs and facilities, and more extensive experience than we have. As a result, efforts by other biotechnology, medical device and pharmaceutical companies could render our programs or products uneconomical or result in therapies superior to those that we develop alone or with a collaborator. For those programs that we have selected for internal development, we face competition from companies that are more experienced in product development and commercialization, obtaining regulatory approvals and product manufacturing. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Other smaller companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. As a result, any of these companies may be more successful in obtaining collaboration agreements or other monetary support, approval and commercialization of their products and/or may develop competing products more rapidly and/or at a lower cost. 49 If we are not able to compete effectively, then we may not be able, either alone or with others, to advance the development and commercialization of our drug candidates, which would adversely affect our ability to grow our business and become profitable. Even if we, or any collaborators, are able to commercialize any product candidate that we, or they, develop, third-party payor reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives, any of which could harm our business. to unfavorable pricing regulations, the product may become subject The commercial success of our product candidates will depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of our product candidates will be paid by third-party payors, including government health care programs and private health insurers. If coverage is not available, or reimbursement is limited, we, or any collaborators, may not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidates. Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us, or any collaborators, to establish or maintain pricing sufficient to realize a sufficient return on our or their investments. In the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-party payors and coverage and reimbursement levels for products can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time consuming and costly process that may require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance. There is significant uncertainty related to third-party payor coverage and reimbursement of newly approved drugs. Marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new drug products vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we, or any future collaborators, might obtain marketing approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay commercial launch of the product, possibly for lengthy time periods, which may negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability or the ability of any future collaborators to recoup our or their investment in one or more product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain marketing approval. Patients who are provided medical treatment for their conditions generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their treatment. Therefore, our ability, and the ability of any future collaborators, to commercialize successfully any of our product candidates will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from third-party payors. Third-party payors decide which medications they will cover and establish reimbursement levels. The healthcare industry is acutely focused on cost containment, both in the United States and elsewhere. Government authorities and other third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications, which could affect our ability or that of any future collaborators to sell our product candidates profitably. These payors may not view our products, if any, as cost-effective, and coverage and reimbursement may not be available to our customers, or those of any future collaborators, or may not be sufficient to allow our products, if any, to be marketed on a competitive basis. Cost-control initiatives could cause us, or any future collaborators, to decrease the price we, or they, might establish for products, which could result in lower than anticipated product revenues. If the prices for our products, if any, decrease or if governmental and other third-party payors do not provide coverage or adequate reimbursement, our prospects for revenue and profitability will suffer. There may also be delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the indications for which the drug is approved by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Reimbursement rates may vary, by way of example, according to the use of the product and the clinical setting in 50 which it is used. Reimbursement rates may also be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs or may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. In addition, increasingly, third-party payors are requiring higher levels of evidence of the benefits and clinical outcomes of new technologies and are challenging the prices charged. Further, the net reimbursement for drug products may be subject to additional reductions if there are changes to laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. An inability to promptly obtain coverage and adequate payment rates from both government-funded and private payors for any of our product candidates for which we, or any future collaborator, obtain marketing approval could significantly harm our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition. Product liability lawsuits against us could divert our resources, cause us to incur substantial liabilities and limit commercialization of any products that we may develop. Product liability claims are inherent in the process of researching, developing and commercializing human health care products and could expose us to significant liabilities and prevent or interfere with the development or commercialization of our drug candidates. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability or a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our product candidates. Regardless of their merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims would require us to spend significant time, money and other resources to defend such claims, could result in: • • decreased demand for our product candidates or products that we may develop; injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention; • withdrawal of clinical trial participants; • • • • significant costs to defend resulting litigation; substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients; reduced resources of our management to pursue our business strategy; and the reduced ability or inability to commercialize any products that we may develop. Although we currently have product liability insurance for our clinical trials, this insurance is subject to deductibles and coverage limitations and may not be adequate in scope to protect us in the event of a successful product liability claim. The cost of any product liability litigation or other proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. We will need to increase our insurance coverage if and when we commercialize any product that receives marketing approval. In addition, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive. If we are unable to obtain or maintain sufficient insurance coverage at an acceptable cost or to otherwise protect against potential product liability claims, it could prevent or inhibit the development and commercial production and sale of our product candidates, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. RISKS RELATED TO OUR DEPENDENCE ON THIRD PARTIES We are reliant on Genentech and Roche for the successful development and commercialization of Erivedge. If Genentech and Roche do not successfully commercialize Erivedge for advanced BCC or develop Erivedge for other indications, our future prospects may be substantially harmed. Erivedge is FDA-approved for people with advanced BCC in the United States. Erivedge is also approved in over 60 foreign countries. Genentech and/or Roche have filed regulatory submissions in additional territories seeking approval to commercialize Erivedge for this same indication. Roche and Genentech are also continuing 51 development of Erivedge in less severe forms of BCC as well as pursuing its potential development in other diseases including in IPF and MF. Our levels of revenue in each period and our near-term prospects substantially depend upon Genentech’s ability to successfully develop and commercialize Erivedge in one or more additional indications and to demonstrate its safety and efficacy, as well as its superiority over existing therapies and standards of care. The development and commercialization of Erivedge could be unsuccessful if: • Erivedge is no longer accepted as safe, efficacious, cost-effective and preferable for the treatment of advanced BCC to current therapies in the medical community and by third-party payors; • Genentech and/or Roche fail to continue to apply the necessary financial resources and expertise to manufacturing, marketing and selling Erivedge for advanced BCC, and to regulatory approvals for this indication outside of the U.S.; • Genentech and/or Roche do not continue to develop and implement effective marketing, sales and distribution strategies and operations for development and commercialization of Erivedge for advanced BCC; • Genentech and/or Roche do not continue to develop, validate and maintain a commercially viable manufacturing process for Erivedge that is compliant with current good manufacturing practices; • Genentech and Roche do not obtain full approval to commercialize Erivedge in the EU based upon the results of the STEVIE trial; • Genentech and/or Roche do not successfully obtain third party reimbursement and generate commercial demand that results in sales of Erivedge for advanced BCC in any geographic areas where requisite approvals have been, or may be, obtained; • we, Genentech, or Roche encounter any third party patent interference, derivation, inter partes review, post-grant review, reexamination or patent infringement claims with respect to Erivedge; • Genentech and/or Roche do not comply with regulatory and legal requirements applicable to the sale of Erivedge for advanced BCC; • • • competing products are approved for the same indications as Erivedge, such as the FDA and CHMP approval during the third quarter of 2015 of another Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, sonidegib, marketed by Novartis, for the treatment of adults with locally advanced BCC; new safety risks are identified; or Erivedge does not demonstrate acceptable safety and efficacy in current or future clinical trials, or otherwise does not meet applicable regulatory standards for approval in indications other than advanced BCC. In addition, pursuant to the terms of our credit agreement with BioPharma-II, we expect that all royalties that Curis Royalty receives under our collaboration agreement with Genentech will, for the foreseeable future, be remitted to BioPharma-II in repayment of our loan. We depend on third parties for the research and, as applicable, development of certain programs. If one or more of our collaborators fails or delays in developing or, as applicable, commercializing drug candidates based upon our technologies, our business prospects and operating results would suffer and our stock price would likely decline. Pursuant to our collaboration with Genentech, we have granted to Genentech exclusive rights to develop and commercialize products based upon our Hedgehog signaling pathway technologies. In addition, we entered into a collaboration, license and option agreement with Aurigene pursuant to which Aurigene may develop various immuno-oncology, selected precision oncology and other potential targets which we will have the option to 52 license and advance into clinical collaborations with Aurigene and Genentech, pose the following risks to us: trials. Collaborations involving our product candidates, including our • Our collaborators each have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to their respective collaboration with us. If a collaborator fails to allocate sufficient time, attention and resources to our collaboration, the successful development and commercialization of drug candidates under such collaboration is likely to be adversely affected. For example, we are dependent on Aurigene to successfully discover and advance preclinical programs from which we may exercise our option to license drug candidates for future development. • Our collaborators may develop and commercialize, either alone or with others, products that are similar to or competitive with the drug candidates that are the subject of our respective collaborations. For example, Genentech and Roche are involved in the commercialization of many cancer medicines and are seeking to develop several other cancer drug therapies, and Aurigene has other active cancer-focused discovery programs and has also entered into license agreements with other companies that focus on cancer therapies. • Our collaborators may change the focus of their development and commercialization efforts or pursue higher-priority programs. • Our collaborators may enter into one or more transactions with third parties, including a merger, consolidation, reorganization, sale of substantial assets, sale of substantial stock or change of control. Any such transaction could divert the attention of our collaborative partner’s management and adversely affect its ability to retain and motivate key personnel who are important to the continued development of the programs under such collaboration. In addition, an acquirer could determine to reprioritize our collaborator’s development programs such that our collaborator ceases to diligently pursue the development of our programs, and/or terminates our collaboration. • Our collaborators may, under specified circumstances, terminate their collaborations with us on short notice and for circumstances outside of our control, which could make it difficult for us to attract new collaborators or adversely affect how we are perceived in the scientific, biotech, pharma and financial communities. • Our collaborators may utilize our intellectual property rights in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property rights, or expose us to potential liability. • If any of our collaborators were to breach or terminate its arrangement with us, the development and commercialization of the affected drug candidate or program could be delayed, curtailed or terminated. In addition, our collaboration agreement with Genentech has resulted in the approval of Erivedge for the treatment of advanced BCC in the United States, the European Union, and several other countries. The commercial success of Erivedge in this patient population is dependent on continued investment by Genentech and Roche, and development and market approvals in indications other than in BCC will require significant investments from Genentech and Roche. The success of the further development or commercialization of Erivedge in advanced BCC, and potentially in additional indications, is dependent on a number of factors, including the following: • Genentech is a wholly-owned member of the Roche Group, and as such, is subject to the risk that Roche could determine to re-prioritize Genentech’s commercial or development programs, which could reduce Genentech’s efforts on the development or commercialization of Erivedge or cause Genentech to terminate our collaboration. • Genentech has the first right to maintain or defend intellectual property rights associated with the drug candidate under its agreement and, although we may have the right to assume the maintenance and defense of our intellectual property rights if Genentech does not, our ability to do so may be compromised by Genentech’s acts or failures to act. 53 We may not be successful in establishing additional strategic collaborations, which could adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize products. We intend to seek corporate collaborators or licensees for the further development and commercialization of one or more of our drug candidates in one or more geographic territories, particularly in territories outside of the United States. We do not currently have the resources or capacity to advance these programs into later stage clinical development (i.e., Phase 3) or commercialization on our own, but we are seeking to build such a capacity to enable Curis to retain development and certain commercial rights to most of our programs in at least the United States. Our success will depend, in part, on either our ability to build such capacity, or our ability to enter into one or more collaborations for our drug candidates. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators and a number of recent business combinations in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry may result in a reduced number of potential future collaborators. In addition, collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. Moreover, we may not be successful in our efforts to establish a collaboration or other alternative arrangements because our research and development pipeline may be insufficient, our programs may be deemed to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative effort and/or third parties may not view our drug candidates and programs as having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety and efficacy or as sufficiently differentiated compared to existing or emerging treatments. We are also restricted under the terms of certain of our existing collaboration agreements from entering into collaborations regarding or otherwise developing product candidates that are similar to the product candidates that are subject to those agreements, such as developing product candidates that inhibit the same molecular target. In addition, collaboration agreements that we enter into in the future may contain further restrictions on our ability to enter into potential collaborations or to otherwise develop specified product candidates. Even if we are successful in our efforts to establish new collaborations, the terms that we agree upon may not be favorable to us and such collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of drug candidates in the most efficient manner, or at all. Moreover, if we fail to establish and maintain additional collaborations related to our drug candidates: • • the development of certain of our current or future drug candidates may be terminated or delayed; our cash expenditures related to development of certain of our current or future drug candidates would increase significantly and we may need to seek additional financing; • we may be required to hire additional employees or otherwise develop additional expertise, such as clinical, regulatory, sales and marketing expertise, for which we have not budgeted; • we will have to bear all of the risk related to the development of any such drug candidates; and • our future prospects may be adversely affected and our stock price could decline. We rely in part on third parties to conduct clinical trials of our internally-developed drug candidates, and if such third parties perform inadequately, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials, research or testing, then we will not be able to successfully develop and commercialize drug candidates and grow our business. For the foreseeable future, we expect to rely heavily on third parties such as consultants, clinical investigators, contract research organizations and other similar entities to complete certain aspects of our preclinical testing and clinical trials and provide services in connection with such clinical trials. Despite having contractual remedies available to us under our agreements with such contractors, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time, skill and resources to our ongoing development programs. Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. These third parties may not complete activities on schedule, or at all, or may not conduct our clinical trials in accordance with the established clinical trial protocol or design. In addition, the FDA and its foreign equivalents require us to comply with certain standards, referred to as “good clinical practices,” and applicable regulatory requirements, 54 for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials. These requirements assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. Our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. If any of our third party contractors do not comply with good clinical practices or other applicable regulatory requirements, we may not be able to use the data and reported results from the applicable trial. Any failure by a third party to conduct our clinical trials as planned or in accordance with regulatory requirements could delay or otherwise adversely affect our efforts to obtain regulatory approvals for and commercialize our drug candidates. We depend on third parties to produce our drug candidates, and if these third parties do not successfully formulate or manufacture these drug candidates, our business will be harmed. We have no internal manufacturing experience or capabilities, and therefore cannot manufacture any of our product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. In order to continue to develop drug candidates, apply for regulatory approvals, and commercialize products, we or any collaborators must be able to manufacture drug candidates in adequate clinical and commercial quantities, in compliance with regulatory requirements, including those related to quality control and quality assurance, at acceptable costs and in a timely manner. The manufacture of our drug candidates may be complex, difficult to accomplish and difficult to scale-up when large- scale production is required. Manufacture may be subject to delays, inefficiencies and low yields of quality products. The cost of manufacturing some of our drug candidates may make them prohibitively expensive. To the extent that we or any collaborators seek to enter into manufacturing arrangements with third parties, we and such collaborators will depend upon these third parties to perform their obligations in a timely and effective manner and in accordance with government regulations. Contract manufacturers may breach their manufacturing agreements because of factors beyond our and our collaborators’ control or may terminate or fail to renew a manufacturing agreement based on their own business priorities, becoming costly and/or inconvenient for us and our collaborators. Any contract manufacturers with whom we or our collaborators enter into manufacturing arrangements will be subject to ongoing periodic, unannounced inspection by the FDA and state and foreign agencies or their designees to ensure strict compliance with current good manufacturing practices and other governmental regulations and corresponding foreign standards. Any failure by contract manufacturers, collaborators, or us to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, denial by regulatory authorities of marketing approval for drug candidates, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, imposition of clinical holds, seizures or recalls of drug candidates, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect our business. If we or a collaborator need to change manufacturers, the FDA and corresponding foreign regulatory agencies must approve any new manufacturers in advance. This would involve testing and pre-approval inspections to ensure compliance with FDA and foreign regulations and standards. If third-party manufacturers fail to perform their obligations, our competitive position and ability to generate revenue may be adversely affected in a number of ways, including; • we, and any collaborators, may not be able to initiate or continue certain preclinical and/or clinical trials of products under development; • we, and any collaborators, may be delayed in submitting applications for regulatory approvals for our drug candidates; and • we, and any collaborators, may not be able to meet commercial demand for any approved products. 55 Because we rely on a limited number of suppliers for the raw materials used in our drug candidates, any delay or interruption in the supply of such raw materials could lead to delays in the manufacture and supply of our drug candidates. We rely on third parties to supply certain raw materials necessary to produce our drug candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials. There are a small number of suppliers for certain raw materials that we use to manufacture our drug candidates. We purchase these materials from our suppliers on a purchase order basis and do not have long-term supply agreements in place. Such suppliers may not sell these raw materials to us at the times we need them or on commercially reasonable terms, or delivery of these raw materials may be delayed or interrupted. Although we generally do not begin a preclinical study or clinical trial unless we believe we have a sufficient supply of a drug candidate to complete such study or trial, any significant delay in the supply of raw materials for our drug candidates for an ongoing clinical trial due to the need to replace a third-party supplier could considerably delay completion of certain preclinical studies and/or clinical trials. Moreover, if we are unable to purchase sufficient raw materials after regulatory approval for our drug candidates, the commercial launch of our drug candidates could be delayed, or there could be a supply shortage, each of which would impair our ability to generate revenues from their sale. Any contamination in our manufacturing process, shortages of raw materials or failure of any of our key suppliers to deliver necessary components could result in delays in our clinical development or marketing schedules. Any contamination could materially adversely affect our ability to produce product candidates on schedule and could, therefore, harm our results of operations and cause reputational damage. A material shortage, contamination, recall or restriction on the use of substances in the manufacture of our product candidates could adversely impact or disrupt the commercial manufacture or the production of clinical material, which could materially and adversely affect our development timelines and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects. RISKS RELATING TO EMPLOYEE MATTERS AND MANAGING GROWTH If we are not able to attract and retain key management and scientific personnel and advisors, we may not successfully develop our drug candidates or achieve our other business objectives. We depend upon our senior management team. The loss of the service of any of the key members of our senior management may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of product development and other business objectives. Our officers all serve pursuant to “at will” employment arrangements and can terminate their employment with us at any time. In the future, we may be dependent on other members of our management, scientific and development team. Our ability to compete in the biotechnology and pharmaceuticals industries depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly qualified managerial, scientific and medical personnel. Our industry has experienced a high rate of turnover of management personnel in recent years. If we lose one or more of our executive officers or other key employees, our ability to implement our business strategy successfully could be seriously harmed. Furthermore, replacing executive officers or other key employees may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required to develop, gain marketing approval of and commercialize products successfully. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these additional key employees on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. We rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by 56 other entities and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with those entities that may limit their availability to us. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain highly qualified personnel, our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates will be limited. We may seek to acquire complementary businesses and technologies or otherwise seek to expand our operations and grow our business, which may divert management resources and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. We may seek to expand our operations, including through internal growth and/or the acquisition of businesses and technologies that we believe are a strategic complement to our business model. We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates or expansion strategies and successfully complete such acquisitions or successfully execute any such other expansion strategies. We may never realize the anticipated benefits of any efforts to expand our business. Furthermore, the expansion of our business, either through internal growth or through acquisitions, poses significant risks to our existing operations, financial condition and operating results, including: • • • • • • • • a diversion of management from our existing operations; increased operating complexity of our business, requiring greater personnel and resources; significant additional cash expenditures to expand our operations and acquire and integrate new businesses and technologies; unanticipated expenses and potential delays related to integration of the operations, technology and other resources of any acquired companies; uncertainty related to the value, benefits or legitimacy of intellectual property or technologies acquired; retaining and assimilating key personnel and the potential employees; impairment of relationships with our incurrence of debt, other liabilities and contingent liabilities, including potentially unknown contingent liabilities; and dilutive stock issuances. RISKS RELATING TO OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY We may not be able to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technologies and products, our licensors may not be able to obtain and maintain patent protection for the technology or products that we license from them, and the patent protection we or they do obtain may not be sufficient to stop our competitors from using similar technology. The long-term success of our business depends in significant part on our ability to: • • • • obtain patents to protect our technologies and discoveries; protect trade secrets from disclosure to competitors; operate without infringing upon the proprietary rights of others; and prevent others from infringing on our proprietary rights. The patent positions of pharmaceutical and life science companies, including ours, are generally uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions. The laws, procedures and standards that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and various foreign intellectual property offices use to grant patents, and the standards that courts use to interpret patents, are not always applied predictably or uniformly and have changed 57 in significant ways and are expected to continue to change. In addition, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the U.S. For example, European patent law restricts the patentability of methods of treatment of the human body more than U.S. law does. Consequently, the level of protection, if any, that will be obtained and provided by our patents if we attempt to enforce them, and they are challenged, is uncertain. Patents may not issue from any of the patent applications that we own or license. If patents do issue, the type and extent of patent claims issued to us may not be sufficient to protect our technology from exploitation by our competitors. Our patents also may not afford us protection against competitors with similar technology. Assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, currently, the first to file a patent application is generally entitled to the patent. Prior to March 16, 2013, in the United States, patent applications were subject to a “first to invent” rule of law. Applications filed on or after March 16, 2013 (with the exception of certain applications claiming priority to applications filed prior to March 16, 2013, such as continuations and divisionals) are subject to a “first to file” rule of law. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the U.S. and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Additionally, how the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office and U.S. courts will interpret the new laws remains significantly uncertain at this time. We cannot be certain that any existing or future application will be subject to the “first to file” or “first to invent” rule of law, that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our existing patents or pending patent applications subject to the prior laws, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions subject to the new laws. We may not have rights under patents that may cover one or more of our drug candidates. In some cases, these patents may be owned or controlled by third-party competitors and may prevent or impair our ability to exploit our technology. As a result, we or our current or potential future collaborative partners may be required to obtain licenses under third-party patents to develop and commercialize some of our drug candidates. If we are unable to secure licenses to such patented technology on acceptable terms, we or our collaborative partners may not be able to develop and commercialize the affected drug candidate or candidates. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Moreover, in some circumstances, we do not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology or products that we license from third parties and are reliant on our licensors. For example, while under our collaboration with Aurigene we have established a joint patent team to coordinate efforts on patent filing, prosecution, maintenance and other patent matters, we do not control the patent process until we have exercised our option to obtain an exclusive license on a program-by-program basis. In addition, we do not control the filing, prosecution of certain patent rights licensed to us under our IAP agreement with Genentech. Therefore, we cannot be certain that these patents and applications will be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in courts or patent offices in the U.S. and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing, and regulatory review of new drug candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours. 58 We may become involved in expensive and unpredictable patent litigation or other contentious intellectual property proceedings, which could result in liability for damages or require us to cease our development and commercialization efforts. There are substantial litigation and other adversarial opposition proceedings regarding patent and other intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical and life science industries. We may become a party to patent litigation or other proceedings regarding intellectual property rights. Situations that may give rise to patent litigation or other disputes over the use of our intellectual property include: • • • • • initiation of litigation or other proceedings against third parties to enforce our patent rights, to seek to invalidate the patents held by third parties or to obtain a judgment that our drug candidates do not infringe such third parties’ patents; participation in interference and/or derivation proceedings to determine the priority of invention if our competitors file U.S. patent applications that claim technology also claimed by us; initiation of opposition, reexamination, post grant review or inter partes review proceedings by third parties that seek to limit or eliminate the scope of our patent protection; initiation of litigation by third parties claiming that our processes or drug candidates or the intended use of our drug candidates infringes their patent or other intellectual property rights; and initiation of litigation by us or third parties seeking to enforce contract rights relating to intellectual property that may be important to our business. Any patent litigation or other proceeding, even if resolved favorably, will likely incur substantial costs and be a distraction to management. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the cost of such litigation or other proceedings more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. In addition, our collaborators and licensors may have rights to file and prosecute claims of infringement of certain of our intellectual property, and we are reliant on them. If a patent litigation or other intellectual property proceeding is resolved unfavorably, we or any collaborative partners may be enjoined from manufacturing or selling our future products without a license from the other party and be held liable for significant damages. Moreover, we may not be able to obtain required licenses on commercially acceptable terms or any terms at all. In addition, we could be held liable for lost profits if we are found to have infringed a valid patent, or liable for treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed a valid patent. Litigation results are highly unpredictable, and we or any collaborative partner may not prevail in any patent litigation or other proceeding in which we may become involved. Any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, the patent laws may adversely affect our ability to enforce our patent position. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could damage our ability to compete in the marketplace. We face risks relating to the enforcement of our intellectual property rights in China and India that could adversely affect our business. We have historically conducted synthetic chemistry work through a contract research agreement with a medicinal chemistry provider in China. We seek to protect our intellectual property rights under this arrangement through, among other things, non-disclosure and assignment of invention covenants. Enforcement of intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in China may not be as effective as in the U.S. or other countries. Policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology is difficult and expensive, and we might need to resort to litigation to enforce or defend patents issued to us or to determine the enforceability, scope and validity of our proprietary rights or those of others. The experience and capabilities of Chinese courts in handling intellectual property litigation vary, and outcomes are unpredictable. Further, such litigation may require significant expenditure of cash and management efforts and could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. An adverse determination in any such litigation will impair our intellectual property rights and may harm our business, prospects and reputation. 59 In addition, we collaborate with Aurigene, an Indian company, in the development of new therapeutic compounds. Some or all of the intellectual property arising from this collaboration may be developed by Aurigene’s employees, consultants, and third-party contractors, and we have an option right under the collaboration agreement to obtain exclusive licenses Aurigene’s rights in this intellectual property. Accordingly, our rights depend in part on Aurigene’s contracts with its employees and contractors and Aurigene’s ability to protect its trade secrets and other confidential information in India, both before and after we exercise our option to obtain exclusive license rights on a program-by-program basis. Enforcement of intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in India may not be as effective as in the U.S. or other countries. Policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology is difficult and expensive, and we or Aurigene might need to resort to litigation to protect our trade secrets and confidential information. The experience and capabilities of Indian courts in handling intellectual property litigation vary, and outcomes are unpredictable. Further, such litigation may require significant expenditure of cash and management efforts and could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. An adverse determination in any such litigation would impair our intellectual property rights and may harm our business, prospects and reputation. If we are unable to keep our trade secrets confidential, our technology and proprietary information may be used by competitors. We rely heavily on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect this information through confidentiality and intellectual property license or assignment provisions in agreements with our employees, consultants and other third-party contractors, including our contract research agreement with a medicinal chemistry provider in China, as well as through other security measures. Similarly, our agreement with Aurigene requires Aurigene to enter into such agreements with its employees, consultants, and other third-party contractors. The confidentiality and intellectual property provisions of our agreements and security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors. If we fail to comply with our obligations in the agreements under which we license rights to technology from third parties, we could lose license rights that are important to our business. We are party to agreements that provide us licenses of intellectual property or sharing of rights to intellectual property that is important to our business, and we may enter into additional agreements in the future that provide us licenses to valuable technology. These licenses, including our agreement with Aurigene, impose, and future licenses may impose, various commercialization, milestone and other obligations on us, including the obligation to terminate our use of licensed subject matter under certain contingencies. If a licensor becomes entitled to, and exercises, termination rights under a license, we would lose valuable rights and could lose our ability to develop our products. We may need to license other intellectual property to commercialize future products. Our business may suffer if any current or future licenses terminate, if the licensors fail to abide by the terms of the license or fail to prevent infringement by third parties, if the licensed patents or other rights are found to be invalid, or if we are unable to enter into necessary licenses on acceptable terms. We may be subject to claims that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers. As is common in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, we employ individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our current and potential competitors. Although no claims against us are currently pending, we may be subject to claims that these employees, or as a result, we, have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. 60 RISKS RELATED TO REGULATORY APPROVAL AND MARKETING OF OUR PRODUCT CANDIDATES AND OTHER LEGAL COMPLIANCE MATTERS Even if we complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, the marketing approval process is expensive, time consuming and uncertain and may prevent us or any future collaborators from obtaining approvals for the commercialization of some or all of our product candidates. As a result, we cannot predict when or if, and in which territories, we, or any future collaborators, will obtain marketing approval to commercialize a product candidate. The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, selling, marketing, promotion and distribution of products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities. We, and any future collaborators, are not permitted to market our product candidates in the United States or in other countries until we, or they, receive approval of an NDA from the FDA or marketing approval from applicable regulatory authorities outside the United States. Our product candidates are in various stages of development and are subject to the risks of failure inherent in drug development. We have not submitted an application for or received marketing approval for any of our product candidates in the United States or in any other jurisdiction. We have limited experience in conducting and managing the clinical trials necessary to obtain marketing approvals, including FDA approval of an NDA. The process of obtaining marketing approvals, both in the United States and abroad, is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. It may take many years, if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. Securing marketing approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Securing marketing approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the regulatory authorities. The FDA or other regulatory authorities may determine that our product candidates are not safe and effective, only moderately effective or have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities or other characteristics that preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use. Moreover, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may fail to approve the companion diagnostics we contemplate developing with partners. Any marketing approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable. In addition, changes in marketing approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment or promulgation of additional statutes, regulations or guidance or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. Regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit or prevent marketing approval of a product candidate. Any marketing approval we, or any future collaborators, ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable. Any delay in obtaining or failure to obtain required approvals could negatively affect our ability or that of any future collaborators to generate revenue from the particular product candidate, which likely would result in significant harm to our financial position and adversely impact our stock price. Failure to obtain marketing approval in foreign jurisdictions would prevent our product candidates from being marketed abroad. Any approval we are granted for our product candidates in the United States would not assure approval of our product candidates in foreign jurisdictions. In order to market and sell our products in the European Union and other foreign jurisdictions, we, and any future collaborators, must obtain separate marketing approvals and comply with numerous and varying 61 regulatory requirements. The approval procedure varies among countries and can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain approval may differ substantially from that required to obtain FDA approval. The marketing approval process outside the United States generally includes all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. In addition, in many countries outside the United States, a product must be approved for reimbursement before the product can be approved for sale in that country. We, and any future collaborators, may not obtain approvals from regulatory authorities outside the United States on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority outside the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. We may file for marketing approvals but not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market. We, or any future collaborators, may not be able to obtain orphan drug designation or orphan drug exclusivity for our product candidates and, even if we do, that exclusivity may not prevent the FDA or the EMA from approving competing products. Regulatory authorities in some jurisdictions, including the United States and Europe, may designate drugs for relatively small patient populations as orphan drugs. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product as an orphan drug if it is a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as a patient population of fewer than 200,000 individuals annually in the United States. We, or any future collaborators, may seek orphan drug designations for product candidates and may be unable to obtain such designations. Even if we, or any future collaborators, obtain orphan drug designation for a product candidate, we, or they, may not be able to obtain orphan drug exclusivity for that product candidate. Generally, a product with orphan drug designation only becomes entitled to orphan drug exclusivity if it receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, in which case the FDA or the EMA will be precluded from approving another marketing application for the same drug for that indication for the applicable exclusivity period. The applicable exclusivity period is seven years in the United States and ten years in Europe. The European exclusivity period can be reduced to six years if a drug no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation or if the drug is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified. Orphan drug exclusivity may be lost if the FDA or the EMA determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the drug to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition. Even if we, or any future collaborators, obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs can be approved for the same condition and the same drug can be approved for different conditions. Even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve the same drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later drug is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. Even if we, or any future collaborators, obtain marketing approvals for our product candidates, the terms of approvals and ongoing regulation of our products may limit how we manufacture and market our products, which could impair our ability to generate revenue. Once marketing approval has been granted, an approved product and its manufacturer and marketer are subject to ongoing review and extensive regulation. We, and any future collaborators, must therefore comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotion for any of our product candidates for which we or they obtain marketing approval. Promotional communications with respect to prescription drugs are subject to a variety of legal and regulatory restrictions and must be consistent with the information in the product’s approved labeling. Thus, we and any future collaborators will not be able to promote any products we develop for indications or uses for which they are not approved. 62 In addition, manufacturers of approved products and those manufacturers’ facilities are required to comply with extensive FDA requirements, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to cGMPs, which include requirements relating to quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation and reporting requirements. We, our contract manufacturers, any future collaborators and their contract manufacturers could be subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA to monitor and ensure compliance with cGMPs. Accordingly, assuming we, or any future collaborators, receive marketing approval for one or more of our product candidates, we, and any future collaborators, and our and their contract manufacturers will continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production, product surveillance and quality control. If we, and any future collaborators, are not able to comply with post-approval regulatory requirements, we, and any future collaborators, could have the marketing approvals for our products withdrawn by regulatory authorities and our, or any future collaborators’, ability to market any future products could be limited, which could adversely affect our ability to achieve or sustain profitability. Further, the cost of compliance with post-approval regulations may have a negative effect on our operating results and financial condition. Any of our product candidates for which we, or any future collaborators, obtain marketing approval in the future could be subject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we, or any future collaborators, may be subject to substantial penalties if we, or they, fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we, or they, experience unanticipated problems with our products following approval. regulatory authorities. These requirements Any of our product candidates for which we, or any future collaborators, obtain marketing approval, as well as the manufacturing processes, post-approval studies and measures, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such product, among other things, will be subject to ongoing requirements of and review by the include submissions of safety and other FDA and other post-marketing information and reports, requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, including the requirement to implement a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy. registration and listing requirements, The FDA may also impose requirements for costly post-marketing studies or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of a product. The FDA and other agencies, including the Department of Justice, closely regulate and monitor the post-approval marketing and promotion of products to ensure that they are manufactured, marketed and distributed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use and if we, or any future collaborators, do not market any of our product candidates for which we, or they, receive marketing approval for only their approved indications, we, or they, may be subject to warnings or enforcement action for off-label marketing. Violation of the FDCA and other statutes, including the False Claims Act, relating to the promotion and advertising of prescription drugs may lead to investigations or allegations of violations of federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws and state consumer protection laws. In addition, later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or other problems with our products or their manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may yield various results, including: • • • restrictions on such products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes; restrictions on the labeling or marketing of a product; restrictions on product distribution or use; 63 • requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials; • warning letters or untitled letters; • withdrawal of the products from the market; • • • • • • • • refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit; recall of products; restrictions on coverage by third-party payors; fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues; suspension or withdrawal of marketing approvals; refusal to permit the import or export of products; product seizure; or injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties. We may seek a Breakthrough Therapy designation for one or more of our product candidates, but we might not receive such designation, and even if we do, such designation may not lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process. to treat a serious condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that We may seek a Breakthrough Therapy designation for one or more of our product candidates. A Breakthrough Therapy is defined as a product that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other products, the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. For drug candidates that have been designated Breakthrough Therapies, interaction and communication between the FDA and the sponsor of the trial can help to identify the most efficient path for clinical development while minimizing the number of patients placed in ineffective control regimens. Products designated Breakthrough Therapies by the FDA may also be eligible for priority review if supported by clinical data at the time the NDA is submitted to FDA. Designation as a Breakthrough Therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe that one of our product candidates meets the criteria for designation as a Breakthrough Therapy, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. Even if we receive Breakthrough Therapy designation, the receipt of such designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development or regulatory review or approval process compared to products considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if one or more of our product candidates qualify as Breakthrough Therapies, the FDA may later decide that the product candidates no longer meet the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened. We may seek Fast Track designation for one or more of our product candidates, but we might not receive such designation, and even if we do, such designation may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process. If a product is intended for the treatment of a serious condition and nonclinical or clinical data demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical need for this condition, a product sponsor may apply for FDA Fast Track designation. If we seek Fast Track designation for a product candidate, we may not receive it from the FDA. However, even if we receive Fast Track designation, Fast Track designation does not ensure that we will receive marketing approval or that approval will be granted within any particular timeframe. We may not experience a faster development or regulatory review or approval process with Fast Track designation compared to conventional FDA procedures. In addition, the FDA may withdraw Fast Track designation if it believes that the 64 designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Fast Track designation alone does not guarantee qualification for the FDA’s priority review procedures. Current and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us and any future collaborators to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidates and affect the prices we, or they, may obtain. In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could, among other things, prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability, or the ability of any future collaborators, to profitably sell any products for which we, or they, obtain marketing approval. We expect that current laws, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we, or any future collaborators, may receive for any approved products. In March 2010 for example, President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or collectively the PPACA. Among the provisions of the PPACA of potential importance to our business and our product candidates are the following: • • • • • • • • • • an annual, non-deductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports specified branded prescription drugs and biologic agents; an increase in the statutory minimum rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; expansion of healthcare fraud and abuse laws, including the civil False Claims Act and the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, new government for noncompliance; and enhanced penalties investigative powers a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for a manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D; extension of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability; expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs; expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program; new requirements to report certain financial arrangements with physicians and teaching hospitals; a new requirement to annually report drug samples that manufacturers and distributors provide to physicians; and a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research. In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the PPACA was enacted. These changes include the Budget Control Act of 2011, which, among other things, led to aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year that started in 2013 and will stay in effect through 2024 unless additional Congressional action is taken, and the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. These new laws may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding. 65 Legislative and regulatory proposals have also been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals of our product candidates, if any, may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the United States Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us and any future collaborators to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements. Governments outside the United States tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our revenues, if any. In some countries, such as the countries of the European Union, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we, or any future collaborators, may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product to other available therapies. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be harmed. We may be subject to certain healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm, fines, disgorgement, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, curtailment or restricting of our operations, and diminished profits and future earnings. Healthcare providers, third-party payors and others will play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any products for which we obtain marketing approval. Our future arrangements with healthcare providers and third-party payors will expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute any products for which we obtain marketing approval. Potentially applicable U.S. federal and state healthcare laws and regulations include the following: Anti-Kickback Statute. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons and entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid; False Claims Laws. The federal false claims laws, including the civil False Claims Act, impose criminal and civil penalties, including those from civil whistleblower or qui tam actions against individuals or entities for knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented to the federal government claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government; HIPAA. The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, imposes criminal and civil liability for executing or attempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program; HIPAA and HITECH. HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or the HITECH Act, also imposes obligations on certain types of individuals and entities, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information; 66 False Statements Statute. The federal false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services; Transparency Requirements. The federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to report annually to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services information related to physician payments and other transfers of value and physician ownership and investment interests; and Analogous State and Foreign Laws. Analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, and transparency laws, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements, and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers, and some state laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government, in addition to requiring drug manufacturers to report information related to payments to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures. Many state laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. Foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in many circumstances. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties, and our business generally, will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion of products from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, disgorgement, contractual damages, and reputational harm, any of which could substantially disrupt our operations. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business is found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs. We are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws with respect to our operations and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal and/or civil liability and harm our business. We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and possibly other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, third-party intermediaries, joint venture partners and collaborators from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. We may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities, and other organizations. In addition, we may engage third party intermediaries to promote licenses, and other regulatory our clinical research activities abroad and/or to obtain necessary permits, approvals. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics mandates compliance with the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws applicable to our business throughout the 67 world. However, we cannot assure you that our employees and third party intermediaries will comply with this code or such anti-corruption laws. Noncompliance with anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and/or debarment from contracting with certain persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas, investigations, or other enforcement actions are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially in a materially significant diversion of harmed. In addition, responding to any action will management’s attention and resources and significant defense and compliance costs and other professional fees. In certain cases, enforcement authorities may even cause us to appoint an independent compliance monitor which can result in added costs and administrative burdens. likely result We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets due to licensing requirements and subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws. Our drug products and other materials are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls. Exports of our products and solutions outside of the United States must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export or import privileges; fines, which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers; and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers. In addition, changes in our products or solutions or changes in applicable export or import laws and regulations may create delays in the introduction, provision, or sale of our products and solutions in international markets, prevent customers from using our products and solutions or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products and solutions to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any limitation on our ability to export, provide, or sell our products and solutions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could harm our business. We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. From time to time and in the future, our operations may involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials, and may also produce hazardous waste products. Even if we contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and waste products, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury resulting from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from the use or disposal of our hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties for failure to comply with such laws and regulations. We maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, but this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. However, we do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. Current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair our research, 68 development or production efforts. In addition, failure to comply with these laws and regulations may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions. Unfavorable global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. The most recent global financial crisis caused extreme volatility and disruptions in the capital and credit markets. A severe or prolonged economic downturn, such as the most recent global financial crisis, could result in a variety of risks to our business, including weakened demand for our product candidate and our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. This is particularly true in the European Union, which is undergoing a continued severe economic crisis. A weak or declining economy could strain our suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption, or cause delays in payments for our services by third-party payors or our collaborators. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business. Our internal computer systems, or those of our collaborators or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs. Our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future collaborators and other contractors or consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such material system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a disruption of our development programs and our business operations, whether due to a loss of our trade secrets or other proprietary information or other similar disruptions. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, our competitive position could be harmed and the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed. Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could cause significant liability for us and harm our reputation. We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct, including intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations or similar regulations of comparable foreign regulatory authorities, provide accurate information to the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, comply with manufacturing standards we have established, comply with federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations and similar laws and regulations established and enforced by comparable foreign regulatory authorities, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws, standards or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions. 69 Any business that we conduct in China will expose us to risks resulting from adverse changes in political, legal and economic policies of the Chinese government. We have a subsidiary in China, Curis Shanghai, which is currently licensed to conduct business but is not operational. Conducting business in China exposes us to a variety of risks and uncertainties that are unique to China. The economy of China has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. Although in recent years the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the Chinese government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industrial development. It also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Recent evidence of a slowdown in the pace of growth of the Chinese economy could result in interruptions and/or delay of our development efforts in China. If our research and development efforts in China are delayed, we may not realize the reductions in costs anticipated from doing business in China. We would also have to consider moving our chemistry and/or biology research, which is currently conducted by contract research organizations in China, to providers in the U.S. or Europe. Such a move could increase our overall costs for these services, or reduce the total number of chemists and or/biologists that we could engage. In addition, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the Chinese legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws, the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the preemption of local regulations by national laws. Our business could be materially harmed by any changes in the political, legal or economic climate in China, or by the inability to enforce applicable Chinese laws and regulations. RISKS RELATING TO OUR COMMON STOCK If we fail to meet the requirements for continued listing on the NASDAQ Global Market, our common stock could be delisted from trading, which would decrease the liquidity of our common stock and our ability to raise additional capital. Our common stock is currently listed for quotation on the NASDAQ Global Market. We are required to meet specified financial requirements in order to maintain our listing on the NASDAQ Global Market. One such requirement is that we maintain a minimum bid price of at least $1.00 per share for our common stock. Although we currently comply with the minimum bid requirement, our bid price could fall below $1.00 per share in the future. If our bid price falls below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days, we will receive a deficiency notice from NASDAQ advising us that we have 180 days to regain compliance by maintaining a minimum bid price of at least $1.00 for a minimum of ten consecutive business days. Under certain circumstances, NASDAQ could require that the minimum bid price exceed $1.00 for more than ten consecutive days before determining that a company complies. If in the future we fail to satisfy the NASDAQ Global Market’s continued listing financial requirements, we may transfer requirements for initial listing, to avoid delisting, or, if we fail to meet its listing requirements, the OTC Bulletin Board. Any potential delisting of our common stock from the NASDAQ Global Market would make it more difficult for our stockholders to sell our stock in the public market and would likely result in decreased liquidity and increased volatility for our common stock. to the NASDAQ Capital Market, which generally has lower Our stock price may fluctuate significantly and the market price of our common stock could drop below the price paid by our investors. The trading price of our common stock has been volatile and is likely to continue to be volatile in the future. For example, our stock traded within a range of a high price of $5.65 and a low price of $1.09 per share for the 70 period January 1, 2012 through February 22, 2016. The stock market, particularly in recent years, has experienced significant volatility with respect to pharmaceutical and biotechnology company stocks. Prices for our stock will be determined in the marketplace and may be influenced by many factors, including: • • the timing and result of clinical trials of our product candidates; announcements regarding new technologies and/or drug candidates by us or our competitors; • market conditions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sectors; • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • rumors relating to us or our collaborators or competitors; litigation or public concern about the safety of our drug candidates; actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results and any subsequent restatement of such results; the amount and timing of any royalty revenue we receive from Genentech related to Erivedge; actual or anticipated changes to our research and development plans; deviations in our operating results from the estimates of securities analysts; entering into new collaboration agreements or termination of existing collaboration agreements; adverse results or delays in clinical trials being conducted by us or any collaborators; any intellectual property or other lawsuits involving us; third-party sales of large blocks of our common stock; sales of our common stock by our executive officers, directors or significant stockholders; equity sales by us of our common stock to fund our operations; the loss of any of our key scientific or management personnel; FDA or international regulatory actions; limited trading volume in our common stock; and general economic and market conditions, international financial markets. including recent adverse changes in the domestic and While we cannot predict the individual effect that these factors may have on the price of our common stock, these factors, either individually or in the aggregate, could result in significant variations in price during any given period of time. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in their stock price. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources. We and our collaborators may not achieve projected research, development, commercialization and marketing goals in the time frames that we or they announce, which could have an adverse impact on our business and could cause our stock price to decline. We set goals for, and make public statements regarding, the timing of certain accomplishments, such as the commencement and completion of preclinical studies, initiation and completion of clinical trials, and other developments and milestones under our proprietary programs and those programs being developed under collaboration agreements. Genentech is a wholly-owned member of the Roche Group, and Roche has also made public statements regarding its expectations for the clinical development, commercialization and marketing of 71 Erivedge, and may in the future make additional statements about its goals and expectations for Erivedge and/or its collaboration with us. The actual timing of these events can vary dramatically due to a number of factors including delays or failures in our and our current and potential future collaborators’ preclinical studies or clinical trials, the amount of time, effort and resources committed to our programs by all parties, and the inherent uncertainties in the regulatory approval and commercialization process. As a result: • our or our current and potential future collaborators’ preclinical studies and clinical trials may not advance or be completed in the time frames we or they announce or expect; • we or our current and potential future collaborators may not make regulatory submissions, receive regulatory approvals or commercialize approved products as planned; and • we or our current and potential future collaborators may not be able to adhere to our current schedule for the achievement of key milestones under any of our internal or collaborative programs. If we or any collaborators fail to achieve research, development and commercialization goals as planned, our business could be materially adversely affected and the price of our common stock could decline. Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited. Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a company undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre- change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change taxable income or taxes may be limited. Changes in our stock ownership, some such changes being out of our control, may have resulted or could in the future result in an ownership change. The changes of ownership will result in net operating loss and research and development credit carryforwards that we expect to expire unutilized. If additional limitations were to apply, utilization of a portion of our net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards could be further limited in future periods and a portion of the carryforwards could expire before being available to reduce future income tax liabilities. Future sales of shares of our common stock, including shares issued upon the exercise of currently outstanding options or pursuant to our universal shelf registration statement could result in dilution to our stockholders and negatively affect our stock price. Most of our outstanding common stock can be traded without restriction at any time. As such, sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell such shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. In addition, we have a significant number of shares that are subject to outstanding options and in the future we may issue additional options, warrants or other derivative securities convertible into our common stock. The exercise of any such options, warrants or other derivative securities, and the subsequent sale of the underlying common stock, could cause a further decline in our stock price. These sales also might make it difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. We currently have on file with the SEC a “universal” shelf registration statement which allows us to offer and sell registered common stock, preferred stock, and warrants from time to time pursuant to one or more offerings at prices and terms to be determined at the time of sale. In July 2015, we entered into a sales agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC, or Cowen, pursuant to which, from time to time, we may offer and sell through Cowen up to $30,000,000 of the registered common stock that was on the shelf registration statement pursuant to one or more “at the market” offerings. As of December 31, 2015, we have not had any such sales. In addition, with our prior written approval, Cowen may sell these shares of common stock by any other method permitted by law, including in privately negotiated transactions. Sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock 72 or other securities under this registration statement could lower the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of equity securities. If we are not able to maintain effective internal controls under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, our business and stock price could be adversely affected. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires us, on an annual basis, to review and evaluate our internal controls, and requires our independent auditors to attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls. Any failure by us to maintain the effectiveness of our internal controls in accordance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as such requirements exist today or may be modified, supplemented or amended in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and stock price. We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock, and any return to investors will come, if at all, only from potential increases in the price of our common stock. We have never declared nor paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently plan to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the operation, development and growth of our business. In addition, the terms of any future debt or credit agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. Insiders have substantial influence over us and could delay or prevent a change in corporate control. As of December 31, 2015, we believe that our directors, executive officers and principal stockholders, together with their affiliates, owned, in the aggregate, approximately 54.5% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, if these stockholders were to choose to act together, they would be able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, these persons, if they choose to act together, would control the election of directors and approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of ownership could harm the market price of our common stock by: • • • delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of our company; impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving our company; or entrenching our management or the board of directors. If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our common stock may depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. There can be no assurance that existing analysts will continue to cover us or that new analysts will begin to cover us. There is also no assurance that any covering analyst will provide favorable coverage. A lack of research coverage may negatively impact the market price of our common stock. In addition, if one or more of our current or potential future analysts downgrade our stock or change their opinion of our stock, our share price would likely decline. In addition, if one or more of our current or potential future analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline. A decline in our stock price may affect future fundraising efforts. We currently have no product revenues, and depend entirely on funds raised through other sources. One source of such funding is future debt and/or equity offerings. Our ability to raise funds in this manner depends 73 upon, among other things, our stock price, which may be affected by capital market forces, evaluation of our stock by securities analysts, product development success (or failure), and internal management operations and controls. We have anti-takeover defenses that could delay or prevent an acquisition that our stockholders may consider favorable, or prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove current management, which could result in a decline in the price of our common stock. Provisions of our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws, and Delaware law may deter unsolicited takeovers or delay or prevent changes in control of our management, including transactions in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over then-current market prices. In addition, these provisions may limit the ability of stockholders to approve transactions that they may deem to be in their best interest. For example, we have divided our board of directors into three classes that serve staggered three-year terms, we may issue shares of our authorized “blank check” preferred stock, and our stockholders are limited in their ability to call special stockholder meetings. In addition, we are subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a publicly-held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder, generally a person which together with its affiliates owns, or within the last three years has owned, 15% of our voting stock, for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. These provisions could discourage, delay or prevent a change in control transaction. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES We currently lease a facility for our administrative, research and development requirements located at 4 Maguire Road in Lexington, Massachusetts consisting of 24,529 square feet pursuant to a lease that expires February 2018. We believe that our existing facility will be suitable and adequate to meet our needs for the foreseeable future. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS We are currently not a party to any material legal proceedings. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 74 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDERS MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Market Information. Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Market under the trading symbol “CRIS.” The following table sets forth, for the fiscal periods indicated, the high and low sales prices per share of our common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market: Year ended December 31, 2014 First Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year ended December 31, 2015 First Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curis Common Stock High Low $3.40 $2.99 $2.06 $1.53 $3.50 $3.65 $3.75 $3.18 $2.56 $1.60 $1.35 $1.09 $1.27 $2.24 $1.82 $1.73 Holders. On February 25, 2016, the last reported sale price of our common stock per share on the NASDAQ Global Market was $1.46 and there were 221 holders of record of our common stock. The number of record holders may not be representative of the number of beneficial owners because many of the shares of our common stock are held by depositories, brokers or other nominees. Dividends. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain earnings, if any, to support our business strategy and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements and any plans for expansion. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. None. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities. None. 75 Performance Graph. The graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock for the period from December 31, 2010 through December 31, 2015, with the cumulative total return on (i) NASDAQ Pharmaceutical Index, (ii) NASDAQ Composite Index and (iii) NASDAQ Biotechnology Index. The comparison assumes investment of $100 on December 31, 2010 in our common stock and in each of the indices and, in each case, assumes reinvestment of all dividends. This graph is not deemed to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, and should not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of our prior or subsequent filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* Among Curis, Inc., the NASDAQ Composite Index, the NASDAQ Pharmaceutical Index, and the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index $400 $350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 12/10 12/11 12/12 12/13 12/14 12/15 Curis, Inc. NASDAQ Composite NASDAQ Pharmaceutical NASDAQ Biotechnology *$100 invested on December 31, 2010 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. CURIS INC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NASDAQ COMPOSITE INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NASDAQ PHARMACEUTICAL INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . NASDAQ BIOTECHNOLOGY INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 236.36 100.53 114.48 113.92 173.23 116.92 156.39 153.97 142.42 166.19 263.04 263.29 75.76 188.78 340.07 348.49 146.97 199.95 354.40 369.06 Fiscal year ending December 31, 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 76 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The selected consolidated financial data set forth below have been derived from our consolidated financial statements. These historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future period. You should read the data set forth below in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report. Consolidated Statement of Operations Data: Revenues: License fees(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Royalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development, net(2) Net revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Costs and expenses: Cost of royalty revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In-process research and development(3). . . . General and administrative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands, except per share data) $ — $ 8,031 (153) 7,878 406 26,699 24,348 12,906 64,359 3,000 6,757 86 9,843 340 13,659 — 11,707 25,706 $ 10,000 3,942 1,060 $ 14,000 1,530 1,442 $ 14,300 — 463 15,002 16,972 14,763 198 12,927 — 11,293 24,418 176 15,493 9,500 10,423 35,592 — 13,693 — 8,273 21,966 Loss from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (56,481) (15,863) (9,416) (18,620) (7,203) Other income (expense): Interest and other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value of warrants(4) . . . . . . . . Total other income (expenses), net . . . . . . . . 825 (3,325) — (2,500) 165 (3,748) 717 (2,866) 165 (3,842) 771 (2,906) 150 (204) 2,257 2,203 100 — (2,756) (2,656) Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (58,981) $ (18,729) $ (12,322) $ (16,417) $ (9,859) Basic and diluted net loss per common share . . . . $ (0.48) $ (0.22) $ (0.15) $ (0.21) $ (0.13) Weighted average common shares (basic and diluted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,365 85,975 82,339 79,059 76,352 (in thousands) As of December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Working capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment—restricted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term obligations(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 82,191 74,744 153 94,965 19,697 (838,536) 64,510 $ 50,539 42,148 166 62,614 22,763 (779,555) 29,784 $ 68,906 53,607 180 80,591 28,859 (760,827) 45,174 $ 58,701 52,873 194 69,768 31,522 (748,505) 34,267 $ 37,718 34,717 236 48,180 4,518 (732,088) 39,876 (1) During the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we recognized $3,000,000, $10,000,000, $14,000,000 and $14,000,000 of revenue for cash payments that we earned during each of 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively, under our June 2003 collaboration agreement with Genentech. 77 (2) During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, Genentech incurred expenses of $433,000 and $226,000, respectively. Under our June 2003 collaboration agreement with Genentech, we are obligated to reimburse these expenses. We have recorded these amounts as contra-revenues, which have been net against research and development revenues for the respective years. During the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, we recognized $650,000 and $1,000,000, respectively, of research and development revenue for milestone payments that we earned under our November 2011 agreement with LLS. (3) During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2012, we recognized in-process research and development charges of $24,348,000 and $9,500,000, related to the upfront consideration under our Aurigene and Genentech IAP license agreements, each respectively. (4) During the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011, we recorded non-cash charges related to a change in the fair value of our warrant liability, established in connection with our registered direct offering in January 2010. All of the outstanding warrants at December 31, 2014 expired, unexercised, on January 27, 2015 in accordance with the warrant terms. (5) Long-term obligations are comprised of the following: (in thousands) As of December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred rent payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $19,558 — 139 $22,589 — 174 $27,945 717 197 $29,839 1,488 195 $ — 4,361 157 Total long-term obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $19,697 $22,763 $28,859 $31,522 $4,518 78 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read together with “Selected Financial Data,” and our financial statements and accompanying notes appearing elsewhere in this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements, based on current expectations and related to future events and our future financial performance, that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many important factors, including those set forth under Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report. Overview We are a biotechnology company seeking to develop and commercialize innovative drug candidates for the treatment of human cancers. Our most advanced drug candidate is CUDC-907, an orally-available, small molecule inhibitor of histone deacetylase, or HDAC, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, or PI3K enzymes. Based on findings of an ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of this molecule in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphomas or multiple myeloma, we recently initiated an open-label Phase 2 clinical trial of CUDC-907 in patients with MYC-altered relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, or DLBCL. We are also conducting a Phase 1 study in patients with solid tumors, and have recently directed our efforts in this study to enroll patients with MYC involvement, including patients with nut midline carcinoma, or NMC. In addition, we are party to an exclusive collaboration agreement focused on immuno-oncology and selected precision oncology targets with Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, or Aurigene, a specialized, discovery-stage biotechnology company and wholly-owned subsidiary of Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories. In October 2015, we exercised options to license the first two programs under this collaboration. The first licensed program is focused on the development of orally-available small molecule antagonists of PD-1 and VISTA pathway in the immuno-oncology field, including the development candidate designated CA-170, which targets PD-L1 and VISTA. The second licensed program is focused on orally-available small molecule inhibitors of Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) in the precision oncology field, with the lead development candidate designated CA-4948. We expect to file an IND and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-170 during the first half of 2016, and we expect to file an IND and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-4948 during the second half of 2016. In addition, in October 2015 we selected a third program for potential development under the collaboration, the second preclinical program within the immuno-oncology field, which is focused on evaluating small molecule antagonists of PD-1 and TIM-3 pathways, including small molecules that target PD-L1 and TIM- 3. We have not yet exercised our option to license this third program. Our other collaborators, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, or Roche, and Genentech Inc., or Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, are commercializing Erivedge® (vismodegib), a first-in-class orally-administered small molecule Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, in advanced basal cell carcinoma, or BCC. Roche and Genentech are also continuing Erivedge’s clinical development in less severe forms of BCC, and have recently initiated clinical studies of Erivedge in IPF and MF. Our proprietary pipeline also includes CUDC-427, an orally-available, small molecule antagonist of inhibitor of apoptosis, or IAP proteins. In 2015, we completed the dose escalation stage of a Phase 1 clinical trial of CUDC-427 in patients with solid tumors or lymphoma. We also regained rights to our Heat Shock Protein 90, or HSP90, inhibitor CUDC-305 from Debiopharm International S.A., or Debiopharm in 2015. Based on our clinical development plans for our pipeline, in the near term we will predominantly focus our available resources on the continued development of CUDC-907, CA-170 and CA-4948. We continue to seek to collaborate with third parties for further development of our pipeline. 79 Our Collaborations and License Agreements Our current collaborations and license agreements are summarized as follows: Aurigene Collaboration Overview. On January 18, 2015, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Aurigene for the discovery, development and commercialization of small molecule compounds in the areas of immuno- oncology and precision oncology, which we refer to as the Aurigene agreement. Under the Aurigene agreement, Aurigene has granted us an exclusive option, exercisable within 90 days after Aurigene delivers the relevant data regarding a development candidate, to obtain an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to develop, manufacture and commercialize compounds from such program, including the development candidate and products containing such compounds, anywhere in the world with the exception of India and Russia. Upon our exercise of the option for a particular program, Aurigene will grant us the royalty-bearing license described above for each licensed program, and we will grant Aurigene an exclusive, royalty-free, fully paid license under our relevant technology to develop, manufacture and commercialize compounds from such program and products containing such compounds in India and Russia. There are currently three programs under this collaboration, including two programs targeting immune checkpoint regulators and one program targeting the IRAK4 kinase. In October 2015, we exercised options to license the first two programs under this collaboration. The first licensed program is focused on the development of orally-available small molecule antagonists of the PD-1 and VISTA pathway in the immuno-oncology field, including development candidate designated CA-170, which is a PD-L2/VISTA antagonist. The second licensed program is focused on orally-available small molecule inhibitors of IRAK4 in the precision oncology field, with the lead development candidate designated CA-4948. We expect to file an IND and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-170 during the first half of 2016 and to file an IND and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-4948 during the second half of 2016. In addition, in October 2015, we selected a third program for further development under the collaboration, the second preclinical program within the immuno-oncology field, which is focused on evaluating small molecule antagonists with PD-2 and TIM-3 checkpoint pathway-targeting properties, including compounds that target PD-L1 and TIM-3. We have not yet exercised our option to license this third program. For each program we exercise the option to license, we are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, obtain regulatory approval for, and commercialize at least one product in each of the U.S., specified countries in the European Union, and Japan, and Aurigene is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to perform its obligations under the development plan for such licensed program in an expeditious manner. Subject to specified exceptions, we and Aurigene have agreed to work exclusively with each other on the discovery, research, development and commercialization of programs and compounds within immuno-oncology for approximately two years from the effective date of the collaboration agreement. At our option, and subject to specified conditions, we may extend such exclusivity for up to three additional one-year periods by paying to Aurigene exclusivity option fees on an annual basis. In addition, beyond the up-to five years of exclusivity described above, and subject to specified exceptions, we and Aurigene have agreed to work exclusively with each other on each program for which there are ongoing activities in research or development, or for which we have exercised our option to exclusively license (as described above) and we or our affiliates or sublicensees are actively developing or commercializing a compound or product from such program in a major market, subject to our payment of an annual exclusivity fee on a program-by-program basis. For each product that is commercialized, we have granted Aurigene the right, subject to certain conditions, to nominate one global supplier of drug substance or drug product to provide up to 50% of the total requirements in our territory. 80 Up-front Equity Issuance. In connection with the collaboration agreement, we issued to Aurigene 17,120,131 shares of our common stock, valued at $23,968,000, in partial consideration for the rights granted to us under the collaboration agreement, which we recognized as expense during the year ended December 31, 2015. The shares were issued pursuant to a stock purchase agreement with Aurigene dated January 18, 2015. Research Payments, Option Exercise Fees and Milestone Payments. We have agreed to make the following research payments, option exercise fees and milestone payments to Aurigene: • • • for each of the PD-1/VISTA and IRAK4 programs: up to $52,500,000 per program, comprised of: $3,000,000 for each option exercise, which we incurred and paid during the fourth quarter of 2015, $3,000,000 upon acceptance of each IND filing and $4,000,000 upon dosing of the fifth patient in our first Phase 1 clinical trial for each program; as well as specified approval and commercial milestones, plus specified additional payments for approvals for additional indications, if any. Effective October 2015, we agreed to make additional payments to Aurigene totaling up to $2,000,000 for supplemental research, development and/or manufacturing activities in support of these two programs, of which we paid $1,000,000 in February 2016 related to expenses Aurigene incurred in 2015; for the third and fourth programs: up to $50,000,000 per program, comprised of: $2,000,000 for a program selection fee that we paid in May 2015 for the third program, $3,000,000 for an option exercise fee if we license the program and $2,500,000 upon acceptance of an IND filing, as well as specified approval and commercial milestones, plus specified additional payments for approvals for additional indications, if any; and for any program thereafter: up to $140,500,000 per program, comprised of: up to a total of $53,000,000 for research fees, an option exercise fee, a preclinical milestone and development milestones, as well as specified filing, approval and commercial milestones, plus specified additional payments for approvals for additional indications, if any. Royalties on Net Sales by Curis. We have agreed to pay Aurigene tiered royalties on our and our affiliates’ annual net sales of products at percentage rates ranging from the high single digits up to 10%, subject to specified reductions. Amounts that we receive from Sublicensees. We have agreed to make the following payments to Aurigene upon our entry into sublicense agreements on any program(s): • with respect to amounts that we and our affiliates receive from sublicensees under a licensed program in the U.S. or the European Union, a declining percentage of non-royalty sublicense revenues that is dependent on the stage of the most advanced product for such licensed program at the time the sublicense is granted, including, for example 25% of such amounts following our initiation of Phase 2 clinical study and 15% of such amounts after initiation of the first pivotal study. This sharing will also extend to royalties that we receive from sublicensees, subject to minimum royalty percentage rates that we are obligated to pay to Aurigene, which generally range from mid-to-high single-digit royalty percentage rates up to 10%; • with respect to sublicensing revenues we and our affiliates receive from sublicensees under a licensed program in Asia, 50% of such sublicensing revenues, including both non-royalty sublicensee revenues and royalties that we receive from sublicensees; and • with respect to non-royalty sublicensing revenues we and our affiliates receive from sublicensees under a licensed program outside of the U.S., the European Union and Asia, a percentage of such non-royalty sublicense revenues ranging from 30% to 50%. We are also obligated to share 50% of royalties that we receive from sublicensees that we receive in these territories. Our royalty payment obligations (including those on sales by sublicensees) under the collaboration agreement with respect to a product in a country will expire on a product-by-product and country-by-country 81 basis on the later of (i) expiration of the last-to-expire valid claim of the Aurigene patents covering the manufacture, use or sale of such product in such country and (ii) 10 years from the first commercial sale of such product in such country. For additional information regarding the terms and termination provisions of this agreement, see “Business—Collaborations and License Agreements—Aurigene Agreement.” Genentech Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Collaboration Collaboration Overview. In 2003, we entered into a collaborative research, development and license agreement with Genentech, which we refer to as the collaboration agreement. Under the terms of our collaboration agreement with Genentech, we granted Genentech an exclusive, global, royalty-bearing license, with the right to sublicense, to make, use, sell and import small molecule and antibody Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors. The lead drug candidate under this program is Erivedge®. Genentech subsequently granted a sublicense to Roche for non-U.S. rights to Erivedge, other than in Japan where such rights are held by Chugai. Genentech and Roche responsible for worldwide clinical development, regulatory affairs, manufacturing and supply, formulation, and sales and marketing. We are eligible to receive up to $115,000,000 in contingent cash payments for the development of Erivedge or another small molecule, assuming the successful achievement by Genentech and Roche of specified clinical development and regulatory objectives. Of this amount, we have received $59,000,000 to date. In addition to the contingent cash milestone payments, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Curis Royalty, is entitled to a royalty on net sales of Erivedge. Pursuant to the terms of our collaboration agreement, Curis Royalty is entitled to receive royalties on net sales of Erivedge that range from 5% to 7.5% based upon global Erivedge sales by Roche and Genentech. The royalty rate applicable to Erivedge may be decreased in certain specified circumstances, including when a competing product that binds to the same molecular target as Erivedge is approved by the applicable country’s regulatory authority and is being sold in such country by a third party for use in the same indication as Erivedge or when there is no issued intellectual property covering Erivedge in a territory in which sales are recorded. During the third quarter of 2015, the FDA and CHMP approved an additional Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor marketed by Novartis, sonidegib, for the treatment of adults with locally advanced BCC. Genentech has advised us that Novartis recorded sales of sonidegib in the United States during the fourth quarter of 2015 and, accordingly, Genentech reduced royalties to Curis Royalty on its net sales in the United States of Erivedge by 2% during the fourth quarter of 2015. We recognized $8,031,000 of royalty revenue from Genentech’s net sales of Erivedge during the year ended December 31, 2015, and have recognized an aggregate of $20,260,000 in royalty revenues since Erivedge was approved. In connection with a $30,000,000 loan made to our wholly-owned subsidiary, Curis Royalty, by BioPharma- II in 2012, we transferred to Curis Royalty our right to receive certain royalty and royalty-related payments on the commercial sales of Erivedge that we receive from Genentech. The loan and accrued interest is being repaid by Curis Royalty using such royalty and royalty-related payments. The loan constitutes an obligation of Curis Royalty, and is intended to be non-recourse to Curis. As of December 31, 2015, Curis Royalty owed BioPharma- II a total of $24,502,000, which was comprised of principal and accrued interest. Royalty payments related to Erivedge are servicing the outstanding debt and accrued interest to BioPharma-II, and will continue to do so until the debt is fully repaid. Because the repayment of the term loan is contingent upon the level of Erivedge royalties received, the short- and long-term classification of the debt is based on our estimate of the timing of amounts to be repaid. We currently estimate that the loan will be repaid in 2019; however, this estimate is impacted by numerous factors, most of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, our estimate may not be indicative of when this loan would actually be repaid. The repayment term may be shortened or extended depending on the actual level of Erivedge royalties received. In addition, if Erivedge royalties are insufficient to pay the accrued interest on the outstanding loan, any unpaid interest will be added to the principal on a quarterly basis. The length of the actual repayment period could vary materially to the extent that royalty payments Curis Royalty receives are lower than our current estimates, which could arise due to factors beyond our control, such as: the sale of 82 competing products that result in a lowering of the royalty rates that Curis Royalty is entitled to receive, decreased market acceptance, or failure by Genentech and/or Roche to successfully commercialize Erivedge in territories where it has received regulatory approval. As a result of our licensing agreements with various universities, we are obligated to make payments to university licensors on royalties that Curis Royalty earns in all territories (other than Australia) in an amount that is equal to 5% of the royalty payments received from Genentech. This obligation endures for a period of 10 years from the first commercial sale of Erivedge, which occurred in February 2012. We are also obligated to make payments to university licensors of 2% of Roche’s direct net sales of Erivedge in Australia until the expiration of the Australian patent in April 2019, after which time the amount will decrease to 5% of the royalty payments that Curis Royalty receives from Genentech for the remainder of the period ending 10 years from the first commercial sale of Erivedge, or February 2022. Cost of royalty revenues were $406,000 during the year ended December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2015, we have paid an aggregate of $1,120,000 to university licensors since Erivedge was approved. Genentech IAP Inhibitor License Agreement In November 2012, we licensed from Genentech the exclusive, worldwide rights for the development and commercialization of CUDC-427, a small molecule that is designed to promote cancer cell death by antagonizing IAP proteins. Under the terms of the license agreement, we and/or our sublicensees have the sole right and responsibility for all research, development, manufacturing and commercialization activities related to CUDC- 427. Genentech is entitled to receive milestone payments upon the first commercial sale of CUDC-427 in certain territories, and tiered single-digit royalties on net sales of CUDC-427. We are currently seeking a collaborator for the further development of CUDC-427. The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society In November 2011, we entered into an agreement with LLS, pursuant to which LLS agreed to provide us to the with up to $4,000,000 in payments to support our ongoing development of CUDC-907, subject achievement of specified milestones. In August 2015, we entered into an amendment of the November 2011 agreement with LLS. Under the amendment, LLS agreed to provide advisory services regarding both the CUDC-907 and IRAK4 programs, and LLS is no longer obligated to make further milestone payments related to ongoing clinical development of CUDC-907. We agreed to make up to $1,650,000 in future payments to LLS, which represents the aggregate payments previously received from LLS under the November 2011 agreement, pursuant to achievement of certain objectives, including a licensing, sale, or other similar transaction, as well as regulatory and commercial objectives, in each case related to the CUDC-907 program in hematological malignancies. However, if CUDC- 907 does not continue to meet its clinical safety endpoints in future clinical trials in the defined field, or fails to obtain necessary regulatory approvals, all funding provided to us by LLS will be considered a non-refundable grant. Debiopharm Agreement In August 2009, we granted a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-bearing license to Debiopharm to develop, manufacture, market and sell our HSP90 inhibitor technology, including Debio 0932. Debiopharm completed Phase 1 testing, as well as the Phase 1 portion of Phase 1/2 clinical trial of Debio 0932, in combination with various chemotherapy regimens in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Debiopharm reviewed data from the Phase 1 portion of this study and determined that the results were inconclusive, although safety observations 83 were generally consistent with the previously observed side effects of Debio 0932 and/or the respective chemotherapeutic regimens administered in the trial. In February 2015, as amended in August 2015, we entered into a termination and transition agreement with Debiopharm, which we refer to as the transition agreement, to terminate our August 2009 license agreement. The termination of the August 2009 agreement was effective as of February 2015. We have re-designated the molecule CUDC-305. Under the terms of the transition agreement, the licenses and all other rights related to CUDC-305 have been terminated and reverted to us effective as of the termination date. Debiopharm ceased enrollment in all clinical trials as of the termination date. In addition, we exercised our right, pursuant to the license agreement, to obtain a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license, with the right to sublicense, under other intellectual property rights of Debiopharm to develop, make, have made, use, sell, offer for sale, have sold and import CUDC-305, and Debiopharm will transfer to us the IND application related to CUDC-305. Debiopharm also assigned to us its sole patent application related to CUDC-305. Further under the terms of the transition agreement, Debiopharm will transition ongoing CUDC-305 development and manufacturing activities to us and will make available all necessary information generated by or on behalf of Debiopharm for us to pursue the manufacturing of CUDC- 305. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we paid $750,000 to Debiopharm, primarily in consideration for Debiopharm providing drug product. We have agreed to pay to Debiopharm royalties at a rate of 3% of net sales by us (excluding sales by our third party sublicensees) of products containing CUDC-305, and the following percentages of amounts that we receive from third party sublicensees: (i) 10% of any royalties that we receive from third party sublicensees based on such sublicensees’ net sales of products containing CUDC-305; and (ii) 20% of any non-royalty sublicense payments that we receive from third party sublicensees, provided that the maximum aggregate amount payable by us to Debiopharm with respect to non-royalty sublicense payments is $30,000,000. Liquidity Since our inception, we have funded our operations primarily through license fees, contingent cash payments, research and development funding from our corporate collaborators, private and public placement of our equity securities, debt financings and the monetization of certain royalty rights. We have never been profitable on an annual basis, and have an accumulated deficit of $838,536,000 as of December 31, 2015. We will need to generate significant revenues to achieve profitability, and do not expect to achieve profitability in the foreseeable future, if at all. We anticipate that existing capital resources as of December 31, 2015 should enable us to maintain current and planned operations into 2017. Our ability to continue funding our planned operations into and beyond this point is dependent on future contingent payments that we may receive from Genentech or LLS upon the achievement of development and regulatory approval objectives, our ability to manage our expenses, and our ability to raise additional funds through additional corporate collaborations, equity or debt financings, or from other sources of financing. Key Drivers We believe that near-term key drivers to our success will include: • • our ability to successfully plan, finance and complete current and planned clinical trials for our lead proprietary asset, CUDC-907, as well as for such clinical trials to generate favorable data; our and Aurigene’s ability to successfully advance CA-170 through IND-enabling studies, and for us to then finance and complete planned Phase 1 clinical trials; 84 • our and Aurigene’s ability to complete preclinical development and IND-enabling studies for CA-4948, and for us to then finance and complete planned Phase 1 clinical trials; • Aurigene’s ability to advance its preclinical immuno-oncology and precision oncology drug candidates, and our ability to further progress these programs clinically; • our ability to enter into at least one collaboration for one of our existing research and development programs; • Genentech and Roche’s ability to successfully commercialize Erivedge in advanced BCC in the United States and in other global territories; and • Genentech and Roche’s initiation and completion of additional clinical studies of Erivedge, including in diseases other than BCC, such as IPF or MF. In the longer term, a key driver to our success will be our ability, and the ability of any current or future collaborator or licensee, to successfully develop and commercialize additional product candidates. Financial Operations Overview General. Our future operating results will largely depend on the progress of drug candidates currently in our research and development pipeline and the magnitude of payments from our current and potential corporate collaborators. The results of our operations will vary significantly from year to year and quarter to quarter and depend on, among other factors, the cost and outcome of any preclinical development or clinical trials then being conducted, the timing of our entry into new collaborations, if any, and the timing of the receipt of payments, if any, from new or existing collaborators. We anticipate that existing capital resources as of December 31, 2015 should enable us to maintain current and planned operations into 2017. Debt. In December 2012, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Curis Royalty, entered into a $30,000,000 debt transaction with BioPharma-II, which loan holds an annual interest rate of 12.25% and is collateralized by certain future Erivedge royalty and royalty-related payment streams. In connection with the loan, we transferred to Curis Royalty our right to receive certain royalty and royalty- related payments on the commercial sales of Erivedge that we receive from Genentech. The loan and accrued interest is being repaid by Curis Royalty using such royalty and royalty-related payments. To secure repayment of the loan, Curis Royalty granted a first priority lien and security interest (subject only to permitted liens) to BioPharma-II in all of its assets and all real, intangible and personal property, including all of its right, title and interest in and to the royalty and royalty-related payments. The loan constitutes an obligation of Curis Royalty, and is intended to be non-recourse to us. Under the terms of the loan, quarterly royalty payments received by Curis Royalty from Genentech will first be applied to pay (i) escrow fees payable by us pursuant to an escrow agreement between Curis, Curis Royalty, BioPharma-II and Boston Private Bank and Trust Company, (ii) our royalty obligations to university licensors, (iii) certain expenses incurred by BioPharma-II in connection with the credit agreement and related transaction documents, including enforcement of its rights in the case of an event of default under the credit agreement and (iv) expenses incurred by us enforcing our right to indemnification under the collaboration agreement with Genentech. Remaining amounts are applied first, to pay interest and second, principal on the loan. Curis Royalty was entitled to receive the remaining amounts above the caps, if any, and we remain entitled to receive any contingent payments upon achievement of clinical development objectives. Beginning in 2016, there are no caps to the amounts Curis Royalty will be required to make to BioPharma-II. Curis Royalty retains the right to royalty payments related to sales of Erivedge following repayment of the loan. The final maturity date of the loan will be the earlier of such date as the principal is paid in full, and Curis Royalty’s right to receive royalties under the collaboration agreement with Genentech terminates. At any time after January 1, 2017, Curis Royalty may, subject to certain limitations, prepay the outstanding principal of the loan in whole or in part, at a price equal to 105% of the outstanding principal on the loan, plus accrued but 85 unpaid interest. The obligations of Curis Royalty under the credit agreement to repay the loan may be accelerated upon the occurrence of an event of default as defined in the credit agreement. As of December 31, 2015, the outstanding principal and interest due under the loan is $24,502,000. Revenue. We do not expect to generate any revenues from our direct sale of products for several years, if ever. Substantially all of our revenues to date have been derived from license fees, research and development payments, and other amounts that we have received from our strategic collaborators and licensees, including royalty payments. For the year ended December 31, 2015, milestone and royalty payments from Genentech accounted for $8,031,000, or approximately 100%, of our total revenue, all of which related to the development and commercialization of Erivedge. Since the first quarter of 2012, we have recognized royalty revenues related to Genentech’s sales of Erivedge and we expect to continue to recognize royalty revenue in future quarters from Genentech’s sales of Erivedge in the U.S. and Roche’s sales of Erivedge outside of the U.S. However, we expect that all of such royalty revenues will be used by our wholly-owned subsidiary, Curis Royalty, to pay principal and interest under the loan that Curis Royalty received from BioPharma II, until such time as the loan is fully repaid. We currently estimate that all Erivedge royalties will be applied to the loan with BioPharma-II for the foreseeable future. The repayment period is highly uncertain and could vary materially from our estimate to the extent that royalty payments received are lower than our current estimates, which could arise due to factors beyond our control, such as the sale of competing products that result in a lowering of the royalty rates we are entitled to receive, decreased market acceptance, a failure by Genentech and/or Roche to obtain required regulatory approvals, and other factors described under “Part I, Item 1A—Risk Factors.” We could receive additional milestone payments from Genentech, provided that contractually-specified development and regulatory objectives are met. Our only source of revenues and/or cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future will be royalty payments that are contingent upon the continued commercialization of Erivedge under this collaboration, up-front license payments, and funded research and development that we may receive under new collaboration agreements, if any, and contingent cash payments for the achievement of clinical, development and regulatory objectives, if any, are met, under new collaborations or our existing collaboration with Genentech. Our ability to enter into new collaborations and our receipt of additional payments under our existing collaboration with Genentech cannot be assured, nor can we predict the timing of any such arrangements or payments, as the case may be. Cost of Royalty Revenues. Cost of royalty revenues consists of all expenses incurred that are associated with royalty revenues that we record in the Revenues section of our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. These costs currently consist of payments we are obligated to make to university licensors on royalties that Curis Royalty receives from Genentech on net sales of Erivedge. In all territories other than Australia, our obligation is equal to 5% of the royalty payments that we receive from Genentech for a period of 10 years from the first commercial sale of Erivedge, which occurred in February 2012. For royalties that Curis Royalty receives from Roche’s sales of Erivedge in Australia, we will be obligated to make payments to university licensors of 2% of Roche’s direct net sales in Australia until expiration of the patent in April 2019, after which the amount will decrease to 5% of the royalty payments that Curis Royalty receives from Genentech for the remainder of the period ending 10 years from the first commercial sale of Erivedge, or February 2022. Research and Development. Research and development expense consists of costs incurred to develop our drug candidates. These expenses consist primarily of: salaries and related expenses for personnel including stock- based compensation expense, costs of conducting clinical trials, including amounts paid to clinical centers, clinical research organizations and consultants, among others, other outside service costs including costs of contract manufacturing, sublicense payments, the costs of supplies and reagents, consulting, and occupancy and depreciation charges. Research and development expenses also include certain payments that we make to Aurigene under our January 2015 collaboration agreement, including, for example, option exercise fees and milestone payments. We expense research and development costs as incurred. We are currently incurring research and development costs under our Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor collaboration with Genentech related to the maintenance of third-party licenses to certain background technologies. In addition, we record 86 research and development expense for payments that we are obligated to make to certain third-party university licensors upon our receipt of payments from Genentech related to the achievement of clinical development and regulatory objectives under our collaboration agreement. Drug Candidate CUDC-907 CA-170 CA-4948 Erivedge CUDC-427 CUDC-305 Primary Disease Collaborator/Licensee Current Status Relapsed, refractory DLBCL with MYC alterations Solid tumors including NUT midline carcinoma Internal development Phase 2 Internal development Phase 1 Cancers Hematologic cancers Aurigene Aurigene Advanced BCC Genentech (Roche) Preceding excision and multiple BCC Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Myelofibrosis Advanced solid tumor & lymphomas Cancers Roche Roche Roche Internal development; Seeking collaborator Internal development; Seeking collaborator Completed Phase 1 Completed Phase 1 Pre-IND Pre-IND Approved in US, Australia and other countries and conditional approval in the EU Phase 2 Phase 1b Phase 1b With the exception of Erivedge, which is approved for sale in advanced BCC and marketed by Genentech/ Roche, our programs are in early stages of clinical or in preclinical development. Therefore, our ability and that of our collaborators and licensees to successfully complete preclinical studies and clinical trials of these drug candidates, as appropriate, and the timing of completion of such programs, is highly uncertain. There are numerous other risks and uncertainties associated with developing drugs which may affect our and our collaborators’ future results, including: • • • • • • • the scope, quality of data, rate of progress and cost of clinical trials and other research and development activities undertaken by us or our collaborators; the results of future preclinical studies and clinical trials; the cost and timing of regulatory approvals and maintaining compliance with regulatory requirements; the cost and timing of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities; the cost of establishing clinical and commercial supplies of our drug candidates and any products that we may develop; the effect of competing technological and market developments; and the cost and effectiveness of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights. We cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts necessary to complete the development of, or the period in which, material net cash inflows are expected to commence from any of our drug candidates. Any failure to complete the development of our drug candidates in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial position and liquidity. A further discussion of some of the risks and uncertainties associated with completing our research and development programs on schedule, or at all, and some consequences of failing to do so, are set forth under “Part I, Item 1A—Risk Factors.” 87 In-process Research and Development. We recognized in-process research and development expenses of $24,348,000 during the year ended December 31, 2015 in partial consideration for the rights we were granted under the collaboration agreement with Aurigene. General and Administrative. General and administrative expense consists primarily of salaries, stock- based compensation expense and other related costs for personnel in executive, finance, accounting, business development, legal, information technology, corporate communications and human resource functions. Other costs include facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expense, insurance, and professional fees for legal, patent and accounting services. Patent costs include certain patents covered under collaborations, a portion of which is reimbursed by collaborators and a portion of which is borne by us. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will remain consistent in future periods. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires that we make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosure of certain assets and liabilities at our balance sheet date. Such estimates and judgments include the carrying value of property and equipment and intangible assets, revenue recognition, the value of certain liabilities, including our warrant liability, debt classification and stock-based compensation. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe to be appropriate under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in our consolidated financial statements, we believe that the following accounting policies are critical to understanding the judgments and estimates we use in preparing our financial statements: Revenue Recognition Our business strategy includes entering into strategic license and development agreements with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies for the development and commercialization of our drug candidates. The terms of the agreements typically include non-refundable license fees, funding of research and development, payments based upon achievement of clinical development milestones and royalties on product sales. We follow the provisions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Codification Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. License Fees and Multiple Element Arrangements. In January 2011, we adopted a new U.S. GAAP accounting standard which amends existing revenue recognition accounting guidance to provide accounting principles and application guidance on whether multiple deliverables exist, how the arrangement should be separated, and the consideration allocated. This new guidance eliminates the requirement to establish objective evidence of fair value of undelivered products and services and instead provides for separate revenue recognition based upon management’s estimate of the selling price for an undelivered item when there is no vendor-specific objective evidence or third-party evidence to determine the fair value of that undelivered item. The new standard was implemented on a prospective basis for new or materially modified arrangements beginning in 2011. Non-refundable license fees are recognized as revenue when we have a contractual right to receive such payment, the contract price is fixed or determinable, the collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured and we have no further performance obligations under the license agreement. Multiple element arrangements, such as license and development arrangements are analyzed to determine whether the deliverables, which often include a license and performance obligations such as research and steering committee services, can be separated or whether they must be accounted for as a single unit of accounting in accordance with U.S. 88 generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. We recognize up-front license payments as revenue upon delivery of the license only if the license has stand-alone value. If the license is considered to not have stand- alone value, the arrangement would then be accounted for as a single unit of accounting and the license payments and payments for performance obligations are recognized as revenue over the estimated period of when the performance obligations are performed. Whenever we determine that an arrangement should be accounted for as a single unit of accounting, we must determine the period over which the performance obligations will be performed and revenue will be recognized. Revenue will be recognized using either a relative performance or straight-line method. We recognize revenue using the relative performance method provided that we can reasonably estimate the level of effort required to complete our performance obligations under an arrangement and such performance obligations are provided on a best-efforts basis. Direct labor hours or full-time equivalents are typically used as the measure of performance. Revenue recognized under the relative performance method would be determined by multiplying the total payments under the contract, excluding royalties and payments contingent upon achievement of substantive milestones, by the ratio of level of effort incurred to date to estimated total level of effort required to complete our performance obligations under the arrangement. Revenue is limited to the lesser of the cumulative amount of payments received or the cumulative amount of revenue earned, as determined using the relative performance method, as of each reporting period. If we cannot reasonably estimate the level of effort required to complete our performance obligations under an arrangement, the performance obligations are provided on a best-efforts basis we can reasonably estimate when the performance obligation ceases or becomes inconsequential, then the total payments under the arrangement, excluding royalties and payments contingent upon achievement of substantive milestones, would be recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the period we expect to complete our performance obligations. Revenue is limited to the lesser of the cumulative amount of payments received or the cumulative amount of revenue earned, as determined using the straight-line basis, as of the period ending date. If we cannot reasonably estimate when our performance obligation either ceases or becomes inconsequential and perfunctory, then revenue is deferred until we can reasonably estimate when the performance obligation ceases or becomes inconsequential and perfunctory. Revenue is then recognized over the remaining estimated period of performance. In addition, if we are involved in a steering committee as part of a multiple element arrangement, we assess whether our involvement constitutes a performance obligation or a right to participate. Steering committee services that are not inconsequential or perfunctory and that are determined to be performance obligations are combined with other research services or performance obligations required under an arrangement, if any, in determining the level of effort required in an arrangement and the period over which we expect to complete our aggregate performance obligations. Substantive Milestone Payments. Our collaboration agreements may also contain substantive milestone payments. Collaboration agreements that contain substantive milestone payments are recognized upon achievement of the milestone only if: • such milestone is commensurate with either of the following: a) b) our performance to achieve the milestone (for example, the achievement of the milestone involves a degree of risk and was not reasonably assured at the inception of the arrangement); or the enhancement of the value of the deliverable as a result of a specific outcome resulting from our performance to achieve the milestone (or substantive effort on our part is involved in achieving the milestone); • such milestone relates solely to past performance; and 89 • the amount of the milestone payment is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement. Determination as to whether a payment meets the aforementioned conditions involves management’s judgment. If any of these conditions are not met, the resulting payment would not be considered a substantive milestone, and the resulting payment would be considered part of the consideration for the single unit of accounting and be recognized as revenue as such performance obligations are performed under either the relative performance or straight-line methods, as applicable, and in accordance with these policies as described above. In addition, the determination that one such payment was not a substantive milestone could prevent us from concluding that subsequent milestone payments were substantive milestones and, as a result, any additional milestone payments could also be considered part of the consideration for the single unit of accounting and would be recognized as revenue as such performance obligations are performed under either the relative performance or straight-line methods, as applicable. Milestones that are tied to regulatory approval are not considered probable of being achieved until such approval is received. Milestones tied to counterparty performance are not included in our revenue model until the performance conditions are met. Reimbursement of Costs. Reimbursement of research and development costs by third party collaborators is recognized as revenue provided the provisions of the FASB Codification Topic 605-45, Revenue Recognition, Principal Agent Consideration, are met, the amounts are determinable, and collection of the related receivable is reasonably assured. Royalty Revenue. Since the first quarter of 2012, we have recognized royalty revenues related to Genentech’s sales of Erivedge in the U.S. We expect to recognize royalty revenue in future quarters from Genentech’s sales of Erivedge in the U.S. and in other markets where Genentech and Roche successfully obtain marketing approval, if any. However, Erivedge royalties we earn will service Curis Royalty’s debt to BioPharma- II. Royalty revenue is recognized upon the sale of the related products based on contractual terms, provided that the royalty amounts are fixed or determinable, collection of the related receivable is reasonably assured and we have no remaining performance obligations under the arrangement. If royalties are received when we have remaining performance obligations, we expect to attribute the royalty payments to the services being provided under the arrangement and therefore recognize such royalty payments as such performance obligations are performed under either the relative performance or straight line methods, as applicable, and in accordance with these policies as described above. Deferred Revenue. Amounts received prior to satisfying the above revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Significant judgments are required in the application of revenue recognition guidance. For example, in connection with our existing and former collaboration agreements, we have historically recorded on our balance sheet short- and long-term deferred revenue based on our best estimate of when such revenue would be recognized. Short-term deferred revenue would consist of amounts that are expected to be recognized as revenue, or applied against future co- development costs, within the next fiscal year. Amounts that we expect will not be recognized in the next fiscal year would be classified as long-term deferred revenue. However, this estimate would be based on our operating plan as of the balance sheet date and on our estimated performance periods under the collaboration in which we have recorded deferred revenues. If our operating plan or our estimated performance period would change, we could recognize a different amount of deferred revenue over the reporting period. With respect to each of the foregoing areas of revenue recognition, we exercise significant judgment in determining whether an arrangement contains multiple elements, and, if so, how much revenue is allocable to each element. In addition, we exercise our judgment in determining when our significant obligations have been met under such agreements and the specific time periods over which we recognized revenue, such as non- refundable, up-front license fees. To the extent that actual facts and circumstances differ from our initial judgments, our revenue recognition with respect to such transactions would change accordingly and any such change could affect our reported financial results. 90 Stock-based Compensation We account for stock-based compensation transactions using a grant-date fair-value-based method under FASB Codification Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. We have recorded employee and director stock-based compensation expense of $3,582,000, $3,141,000 and $2,651,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We estimate that our stock- based compensation expense will increase in 2016 as we have granted, and expect that we may grant additional options, in 2016 that could increase the amount of stock-based compensation ultimately recognized. The amount of the incremental employee stock-based compensation expense attributable to 2016 employee stock options to be granted will depend primarily on the number of stock options granted, the fair market value of our common stock at the respective grant dates, and the specific terms of the stock options. We measure compensation cost for share-based compensation at fair value, including estimated forfeitures, and recognize the expense as compensation expense over the period that the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which generally is the vesting period. We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to measure the fair value of stock options. This model requires significant estimates related to the award’s expected life and future stock price volatility of the underlying equity security. In determining the amount of expense to be recorded, we also are required to estimate forfeiture rates for awards, based on the probability that employees will complete the required service period. We estimate the forfeiture rate based on historical experience. If actual forfeitures differ significantly from our estimates, additional adjustments to compensation expense may be required in future periods. Ultimately, the actual expense recognized over the vesting period will only be for those shares that vest. Fair Value Measurements We have adopted the provisions of the FASB Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. Topic 820 provides a framework for measuring fair value under GAAP and requires expanded disclosures regarding fair value measurements. GAAP defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Market participants are buyers and sellers in the principal market that are (i) independent, (ii) knowledgeable, (iii) able to transact, and (iv) willing to transact. GAAP requires the use of valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, the income approach and/or the cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets and liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts, such as cash flows or earnings, to a single present amount on a discounted basis. The cost approach is based on the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (replacement cost). Valuation techniques should be consistently applied. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs, where available, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. 91 Our cash equivalents and short- and long-term investments have been classified as either Level 1 or Level 2 assets. We do not hold any asset-backed or auction rate securities. Short-term accounts receivable and accounts payable are reflected in the consolidated financial statements at net realizable value, which approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. In 2010, we completed a registered direct offering in which we issued warrants to purchase shares of our common stock, and the warrants were deemed to be a liability. We estimate the fair value of the warrants using a Black-Scholes option pricing model under various probability-weighted outcomes which took into consideration the protective, but limited, cash-settlement feature of the warrants. In using this model, the fair value was determined by applying Level 3 inputs, which included assumptions around the estimated future stock price of our common stock and varying probabilities that certain events would occur. Significant increases or decreases in any of these assumptions could have materially impacted the fair value of the warrants and our financial statements. The warrants were revalued each reporting period with updated assumptions, and the resulting change in fair value of the warrant liability was recognized in our financial statements. All warrants outstanding at December 31, 2014 expired, unexercised, in January 2015 pursuant to the terms of the warrant agreements, and do not impact financial statements in subsequent reporting periods. While we believe our valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Long-lived Assets Long-lived assets consist primarily of property and equipment, debt issuance costs and goodwill. Property and equipment is stated at cost and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the related assets using the straight-line method. Determining the economic lives of property and equipment requires us to make significant judgments that can materially impact our operating results. If it were determined that the carrying value of our other long-lived assets might not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more indicators of impairment, we would measure an impairment based on application of the FASB Codification Topic 360-10-05, Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets. Debt issuance costs are stated at cost and amortized over the estimated term of the debt using the straight- line method. Assumptions used in determining the term of the debt requires us to make significant judgments that would impact our operating results; however, we do not believe adjustments to the term of the debt and related amortization period would have a material impact on our financial statements. We evaluate our goodwill for impairment at least annually or more frequently if an indicator of potential impairment exists. In performing our evaluations of impairment, we determine fair value using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flows. These calculations contain uncertainties as they require us to make assumptions related to future cash flows, projected useful lives of assets and the appropriate discount rate to reflect the risk inherent in future cash flows. We must also make assumptions regarding industry economic factors and the profitability of future business strategies. If actual results are not consistent with our estimates and assumptions used in estimating future cash flows and asset fair values, we may be exposed to a material impairment charge. As a single reporting unit, we completed our annual goodwill impairment tests in December 2015, 2014 and 2013, and determined that as of those dates our fair value exceeded the carrying value of our net assets. Accordingly, no goodwill impairment was recognized in 2015, 2014 and 2013. Debt Classification In December 2012, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Curis Royalty, received a $30,000,000 loan at an annual interest rate of 12.25% pursuant to a credit agreement between Curis Royalty and BioPharma-II. In connection with the loan, we transferred to Curis Royalty our right to receive certain future royalty and royalty-related 92 payments on the commercial sales of Erivedge that we may receive from Genentech. The loan and accrued interest will be repaid by Curis Royalty using such royalty and royalty-related payments. The final maturity date of the loan will be the earlier of the date when the principal is paid in full or the termination of Curis Royalty’s right to receive royalties under the collaboration agreement with Genentech. At any time after January 1, 2017, Curis Royalty may, subject to certain limitations, prepay the outstanding principal of the loan in whole or in part, at a price equal to 105% of the outstanding principal on the loan, plus accrued but unpaid interest. The obligations of Curis Royalty under the credit agreement to repay the loan may be accelerated upon the occurrence of an event of default as defined in the credit agreement. Because the repayment of the term loan is contingent upon the level of Erivedge royalties received, the short- and long-term debt classification is based on our best estimate of the timing of amounts to be repaid. The repayment term may be shortened or extended depending on the actual level of Erivedge royalties. In addition, if Erivedge royalties are insufficient to pay the accrued interest on the outstanding loan, the unpaid interest outstanding will be added to the principal on a quarterly basis. We currently estimate that the loan will be repaid in 2019. However, the actual repayment period could vary materially from our estimate to the extent that royalty payments Curis Royalty receives are lower than our current estimates, which could arise due to factors beyond our control, such as competitive factors, decreased market acceptance or a failure by Genentech and/or Roche to successfully commercialize Erivedge in territories where it has received regulatory approval. For example, pursuant to the terms of our collaboration agreement, Curis Royalty is entitled to receive royalties on net sales of Erivedge that range from 5% to 7.5% based upon global Erivedge sales by Roche and Genentech, subject to reduction under specified circumstances, including when a competing product that binds to the same molecular target as Erivedge is approved by the applicable regulatory authority and is being sold in such country by a third party for use in the same indication as Erivedge or when there is no issued intellectual property covering Erivedge in a territory in which sales are recorded. During 2015, the FDA and CHMP approved an additional Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor sonidegib, developed by Novartis for the treatment of adults with locally advanced BCC. Genentech has advised us that Novartis recorded sales of sonidegib in the United States during the fourth quarter of 2015 and, accordingly, Genentech began reducing royalties on its net sales in the United States of Erivedge by 2% during the fourth quarter of 2015. Our discussion of our critical accounting policies is not intended to be a comprehensive discussion of all of our accounting policies. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically in their dictated by generally accepted accounting principles, with no need for management’s judgment application. There are also areas in which management’s judgment in selecting any available alternative would not produce a materially different result. Results of Operations (all amounts rounded to the nearest thousand) Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 Revenues Total revenues are summarized as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Percentage Increase/ (Decrease) REVENUES: Royalty revenues from Genentech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . License fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,031,000 (153,000) — $6,757,000 86,000 3,000,000 Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,878,000 $9,843,000 19% (278%) (100%) (20%) 93 Total revenues decreased by $1,965,000, or 20%, to $7,878,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $9,843,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014, primarily related to a decrease of $3,000,000 in our revenues related to our Genentech collaboration license fees. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we received a payment of $3,000,000 from Genentech in connection with Genentech’s June 2014 filing of an IND application to initiate a Phase 2 clinical study of Erivedge in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We did not receive any such payments from Genentech during the year ended December 31, 2015. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, our research and development revenues were net of contra-revenues of $433,000 and 226,000, respectively, related to reimbursements to Genentech of patent expenses incurred. Offsetting these decreases, royalty revenues recognized from Genentech and Roche’s net sales of Erivedge increased $1,274,000 to $8,031,000 during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $6,757,000 during the prior year period, a 19% increase. As a result of sales of a competing product during the fourth quarter of 2015, Genentech applied a 2% reduction to the royalty rate we earn on net sales of Erivedge in the U.S. beginning in the same quarter. Cost of Royalty Revenues. Cost of royalty revenues increased to $406,000 from $340,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, as a result of an increase in Erivedge royalties. We are obligated to make payments to two university licensors on royalties that Curis Royalty earns on Genentech’s net sales of Erivedge. Operating Expenses Research and development expenses are summarized as follows: Research and Development Program For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Percentage Increase/ (Decrease) CUDC-907 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA-170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA-4948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CUDC-427 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CUDC-305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Translational and preclinical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sublicense fees under Genentech collaboration . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,736,000 5,336,000 4,011,000 1,490,000 900,000 2,000,000 203,000 — 1,023,000 $ 7,154,000 — — 4,504,000 31,000 363,000 786,000 150,000 671,000 64% 100% 100% (67%) 2,803% 451% (74%) (100%) 52% Total research and development expenses . . . . . . . . . $26,699,000 $13,659,000 95% Our research and development expenses increased by $13,040,000, or 95%, to $26,699,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015, as compared to $13,659,000 for the prior year. These expenses increased primarily due to increases in spending on our clinical development programs, CUDC-907 and CUDC-305, and preclinical programs under our collaboration with Aurigene, CA-170 and CA-4948. These increases were partially offset by decreases in spending on CUDC-427 and certain of our other programs, including CUDC-101. Spending on CUDC-907 increased $4,582,000 during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the prior year, which was primarily due to costs related to clinical site, patient, CRO, formulation and manufacturing and consulting for our ongoing Phase 1 clinical trials of CUDC-907, as well as initial costs for our Phase 2 trial that was initiated in January 2016. Internal resource costs, primarily personnel costs, supporting the development of CUDC-907 also increased over the prior year period. Spending on CUDC-305 increased by $869,000, primarily due to a $750,000 payment we made to Debiopharm for drug product upon termination of our agreement. Costs for CA-170 and CA-4948, two programs under our Aurigene collaboration, were $9,347,000, in 94 the aggregate, for the year ended December 31, 2015, which includes $6,000,000 in milestone payments and costs, primarily employee-related costs, to support these programs as well as supplemental research funding paid to Aurigene. A spending increase of $1,637,000 on our preclinical research programs for the year ended December 31, 2015 is, in part, attributable to $2,000,000 paid to Aurigene in connection with our selection of the third program under this collaboration. Stock-based compensation also increased $352,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the prior year, which is related to unvested non-employee stock options that are marked-to-market at each quarterly reporting period, as well as an increase in the number of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2015 over the prior year. Offsetting these increases, spending on CUDC-427 decreased by $3,014,000 during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the prior year, primarily related to our decision to redirect capital resources to CUDC-907 and the programs under our collaboration with Aurigene. In addition, spending related to other programs, primarily our CUDC-101 program, decreased by $583,000. Finally, sublicense fees that we incurred under third party obligations for milestone payments received from Genentech decreased by $150,000 from the prior year. We recorded in-process research and development expenses of $24,348,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015, which represents partial consideration for the rights granted to us in January 2015 under the collaboration agreement with Aurigene. We expect that a majority of our research and development expenses for the foreseeable future will be incurred in supporting our efforts to advance CUDC-907 and any development programs resulting from our collaboration with Aurigene, including option exercise fees, exclusivity options, preclinical and clinical development costs, and potential milestone payments upon achievement of clinical objectives. General and administrative expenses are summarized as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Percentage Increase/ (Decrease) Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupancy and depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consulting and professional services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other general and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,707,000 394,000 2,196,000 2,300,000 366,000 1,091,000 2,852,000 $ 3,852,000 367,000 1,740,000 2,023,000 360,000 976,000 2,389,000 Total general and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . $12,906,000 $11,707,000 (4%) 7% 26% 14% 2% 12% 19% 10% General and administrative expenses increased by $1,199,000, or 10%, during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the prior year, primarily due to an increase in legal, professional and consulting services related to the Aurigene transaction, various business development and corporate initiatives, and legal costs associated with the maintenance of our intellectual property. In addition, stock-based compensation increased $463,000 over the prior year as a result of an increase in the number of options issued during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the prior year. Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liability. In connection with our January 2010 registered direct offering, we issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,612,322 shares of common stock which became exercisable as of the closing of the transaction. The warrants had an initial exercise price of $3.55 per share and a five year term, and the fair value of the warrants was recorded as a long-term liability. The fair value of the warrants was estimated using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. Historically, the warrants were revalued at each reporting 95 period, with updated assumptions, with the resulting gains and losses recorded as the change in fair value of warrant liability in the income statement. Expected volatilities used in the models were based on our historical volatility, commensurate with the term of the warrants. All of our outstanding warrants at December 31, 2014 expired, unexercised, on January 27, 2015 in accordance with their terms; therefore, no amounts were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2015 related to the change in fair value of the warrants. We estimated that the warrants had a fair value of zero at December 31, 2014 due to decreases in the remaining term and our common stock price using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions: expected volatility of 82%, risk free interest rate of 0%, expected life of 0.1 years, and no dividends. Other Expense (Income) For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, interest expense was $3,325,000 and $3,748,000, respectively. The decrease in interest expense was related to a lower principal balance throughout 2015 on Curis Royalty’s outstanding debt with BioPharma-II. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, income was $277,000 and $165,000, respectively. We recorded other income of $717,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014, related to changes in the assumptions used in the valuation of the warrants described above, including changes in our stock price, during the period. For the year ended December 31, 2015, other income was $548,000, primarily related to the receipt of proceeds regarding an intellectual property licensing matter. interest Net Loss Applicable to Common Stockholders As a result of the foregoing, we incurred a net loss applicable to common stockholders of $58,981,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015, as compared to $18,729,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014. Results of Operations (all amounts rounded to the nearest thousand) Years Ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 Revenues Total revenues are summarized as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 Percentage Increase/ (Decrease) REVENUES: Royalty revenues from Genentech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . License fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,757,000 86,000 3,000,000 $ 3,942,000 1,060,000 10,000,000 Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,843,000 $15,002,000 71% (92%) (70%) (34%) Total revenues decreased by $5,159,000, or 34%, to $9,843,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to $15,002,000 for the year ended December 31, 2013. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we received a payment of $3,000,000 from Genentech in connection with Genentech’s June 2014 filing of an IND application to initiate a Phase 2 clinical study of Erivedge in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Our license fee revenues of $10,000,000 for the year ended December 31, 2013 are related to payments we received from Genentech upon marketing approvals of Erivedge in Europe and Australia. In addition, we recognized research and development revenues of $650,000 under our agreement with LLS associated with our development 96 of CUDC-907 during the year ended December 31, 2013. We did not receive any such payments from LLS during the year ended December 31, 2014. Offsetting these decreases, royalty revenues recognized from Genentech and Roche’s net sales of Erivedge increased by $2,815,000, or 71%, to $6,757,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to $3,942,000 for the year ended December 31, 2013. Cost of Royalty Revenues. Cost of royalty revenues increased to $340,000 from $198,000 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, as a result of an increase in Erivedge royalties. We are obligated to make payments to two university licensors on royalties that Curis Royalty earns from Genentech on net sales of Erivedge. Operating Expenses Research and development expenses are summarized as follows: Research and Development Program For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 Percentage Increase/ (Decrease) CUDC-907 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CUDC-427 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CUDC-101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erivedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CUDC-305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discovery research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sublicense fees under Genentech collaboration . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,154,000 4,504,000 629,000 157,000 31,000 363,000 150,000 671,000 $ 4,424,000 5,078,000 1,310,000 158,000 36,000 542,000 500,000 879,000 Total research and development expenses . . . . . . . . . $13,659,000 $12,927,000 62% (11%) (52%) (1%) (14%) (33%) (70%) (24%) 6% Total research and development expenses increased $732,000, or 6%, for the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to the prior year, primarily related to increased spending on CUDC-907, which was partially offset by decreased spending on other development programs and discovery research. Spending on CUDC-907 increased $2,730,000, or 62%, during the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to the prior year, which increase was related to our ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial of CUDC-907 as well as initial expenses related to a second Phase 1 clinical trial of CUDC-907 in solid tumors, which began enrolling patients in the fourth quarter of 2014. Increased spending on CUDC-907 was partially offset by decreased spending on CUDC-427 of $574,000 during the year ended December 31, 2014, as a result of the re-initiation of this Phase 1 clinical trial in June 2014 that had been halted in November 2013. Spending related to our CUDC-101 and discovery research programs also decreased by $860,000 during the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to 2013, primarily due to the completion of our Phase 1 trial of CUDC-101 in head and neck cancers in 2013 and continued research efforts for an oral formulation of this molecule in 2014. Other internal resources allocated to CUDC-101 in the prior year, primarily personnel, were rea-allocated to our CUDC-907 and CUDC-427 clinical development programs, during the year ended December 31, 2014. Finally, sublicense fees incurred related to third party obligations on milestone payments we received from Genentech decreased by $350,000 from the prior year, and stock-based compensation decreased by $208,000 related to unvested non-employee stock options that are marked-to-market at each quarterly reporting period. Fluctuations in our stock price result in fluctuations in the related expense. 97 General and administrative expenses are summarized as follows: For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 Percentage Increase/ (Decrease) Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occupancy and depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consulting and professional services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other general and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,852,000 367,000 1,740,000 2,023,000 360,000 976,000 2,389,000 $ 3,491,000 353,000 2,496,000 1,548,000 330,000 953,000 2,123,000 Total general and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . $11,707,000 $11,294,000 10% 4% (30%) 31% 9% 2% 13% 4% General and administrative expenses increased by $413,000, or 4%, during the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to the prior year, primarily due to an increase in personnel costs of $361,000 related to an increase in the number of our administrative employees. We also recorded an increase in consulting and professional services expenses, including audit-related expenses, of $475,000. Stock-based compensation also increased $266,000 as a result of an increase in the number of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2014, as compared to the prior year. Partially offsetting these increases, legal fees decreased $756,000 from the prior year due to decreased spending on patent costs, which includes fees related to foreign patent filings and various other corporate matters. Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liability. As a result of revaluing the warrants issued in January 2010, we recorded other income of $717,000 and $771,000 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to changes in the assumptions used in the valuation of the warrants, including changes in our stock price, during the respective periods. Other Expense (Income) For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, interest expense was $3,748,000 and $3,842,000, respectively. The decrease in interest expense was related to a lower principal balance throughout 2014 on Curis Royalty’s outstanding debt with BioPharma-II. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, interest income was $165,000 each year, respectively. Net Loss Applicable to Common Stockholders As a result of the foregoing, we incurred a net loss applicable to common stockholders of $18,729,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014, as compared to $12,322,000 for the year ended December 31, 2013. Liquidity and Capital Resources Sources of Liquidity We have financed our operations primarily through license fees, contingent cash payments and research and development funding from our collaborators and licensors, primarily from Genentech, as well as through the private and public placement of our equity securities, debt financings, and milestone payments and the monetization of certain royalty rights. 98 Placement of Equity Securities On February 25, 2015, we entered into an underwriting agreement with Cowen acting both for itself and as representative of the named underwriters, relating to an underwritten public offering of 21,818,181 shares of our common stock. The underwriters agreed to purchase the shares pursuant to the underwriting agreement at a price of $2.585 per share, and the offering price to the public was $2.75 per share. Under the terms of the underwriting agreement, we granted the underwriters an option, exercisable for 30 days, to purchase up to an additional 3,272,727 shares of common stock at the public offering price per share, less the underwriting discounts and commissions. On March 2, 2015, we completed the public offering of 25,090,908 shares of common stock, including underwriters’ full exercise of their option. After deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, proceeds from the sale totaled approximately $64,619,000. On July 2, 2015, we entered into a sales agreement with Cowen, pursuant to which we may sell from time to time up to $30,000,000 of our common stock through an “at-the-market” equity offering program, under which Cowen will act as sales agent. Subject to the terms and conditions of the sales agreement, Cowen may sell the common stock by methods deemed to be an “at-the-market” offering as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, including sales made directly on the NASDAQ Global Market, on any other existing trading market for the common stock, or to or through a market maker other than on an exchange. In addition, with our prior written approval, Cowen may also sell the common stock by any other method permitted by law, including in negotiated transactions. Cowen will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the NASDAQ Global Market to sell on our behalf all of the shares requested to be sold. We are not obligated to sell any of the common stock under this sales agreement. Either Cowen or we may at any time suspend solicitations and offers under the sales agreement upon notice to the other party. The sales agreement may be terminated at any time by either party upon written notice to the other party, in the manner specified in the sales agreement. The aggregate compensation payable to Cowen will be 3% of the gross sales price of the common stock sold pursuant to the sales agreement. In addition, we reimbursed $16,000 of Cowen’s expenses in connection with the offering. Each party has agreed to provide indemnification and contribution against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, pursuant to the terms of the sales agreement. The shares to be sold under the sales agreement, if any, may be issued and sold pursuant to the currently effective universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 2, 2015. As of December 31, 2015, we have not sold any shares of common stock pursuant to this sales agreement. From July 2013 through June 2015, we had sold 3,850,206 shares of our common stock pursuant to a separate sales agreement with Cowen for proceeds of $16,246,000, net of all issuance costs. Debt Financing In December 2012, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Curis Royalty, received a $30,000,000 loan, at an annual interest rate of 12.25%, pursuant to a credit agreement with BioPharma-II. In connection with the loan, we transferred to Curis Royalty our right to receive certain future royalty and royalty-related payments on the commercial sales of Erivedge that we may receive from Genentech. The loan and accrued interest is currently being repaid by Curis Royalty using such royalty and royalty-related payments. The loan constitutes an obligation of Curis Royalty, and is intended to be non-recourse to us. The final maturity date of the loan will be the earlier of such date that the principal is paid in full, or Curis Royalty’s right to receive royalties under the collaboration agreement with Genentech is terminated. Payments to BioPharma-II the year ended December 31, 2015 totaled $7,466,000, of which $4,163,000 has been applied to the principal, and the remainder satisfying interest obligations. As of December 31, 2015, Curis Royalty owed a total of $24,502,000, gross of issuance costs, to BioPharma-II, including accrued interest. for Milestone Payments and Monetization of Royalty Rights We have received aggregate milestone payments totaling $59,000,000 under our collaboration with Genentech. In addition, we began receiving royalty revenues in 2012 in connection with Genentech’s sales of 99 Erivedge in the U.S. and Roche’s sales of Erivedge outside of the U.S. Erivedge royalty revenues received after December 2012 have been used to repay Curis Royalty’s outstanding principal and interest under the loan due to BioPharma-II, subject to specified quarterly caps. Curis Royalty was entitled to receive and distribute to Curis remaining royalty and royalty-related amounts in excess of the foregoing caps, if any. Erivedge royalty revenues will continue to be used to repay Curis Royalty’s outstanding principal and interest und the loan due to BioPharma-II, however, such payments are no longer subject to the aforementioned quarterly caps. We also remain entitled to receive any contingent payments upon achievement of clinical development objectives and royalty payments related to sales of Erivedge following repayment of the loan. Upon receipt of any such payments, as well as on royalties received in any territory other than Australia, we are required to make payments to certain university licensors totaling 5% of these amounts. For royalties that Curis Royalty receives from Roche’s sales of Erivedge in Australia, we are obligated to make payments to university licensors of 2% of Roche’s direct net sales in Australia until the expiration of the patent in April 2019, after which time the amount will decrease to 5% of the royalty payments that Curis Royalty receives from Genentech for the remainder of the period ending 10 years from the first commercial sale of Erivedge, or February 2022. At December 31, 2015, our principal sources of liquidity consisted of cash, cash equivalents, and investments of $82,191,000, excluding our restricted investments of $153,000. Our cash and cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at date of purchase, and consist of investments in money market funds with commercial banks and financial institutions, as well as short-term commercial paper and government obligations. We maintain cash balances with financial institutions in excess of insured limits. Cash Flows Cash flows for operations have primarily been used for salaries and wages for our employees, facility and facility-related costs for our office and laboratory, fees paid in connection with preclinical and clinical studies, laboratory supplies, consulting fees and legal fees. We expect that costs associated with clinical studies will increase in future periods. Net cash used in operating activities of $29,891,000 during the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily the result of our net loss for the period of $58,981,000, offset by non-cash charges consisting of the stock issuance to Aurigene as partial consideration for the collaboration agreement with Aurigene, stock-based compensation, changes in the fair value of our warrant liability, non-cash interest expense and depreciation totaling $28,187,000. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities increased $1,774,000, which includes the accrual of $1,000,000 in supplemental research and development funding under our Aurigene collaboration and an increase in clinical accruals related to our ongoing trials. In addition, accounts receivable increased $145,000 related to an increase in Erivedge royalties and prepaid assets increased $726,000. Net cash used in operating activities was $16,813,000 during the year ended December 31, 2014, primarily the result of our net loss for the period of $18,729,000 and repayments of capitalized interest on our debt of $714,000. These decreases in cash were offset by non-cash charges consisting of stock-based compensation, changes in the fair value of our warrant liability, non-cash interest expense and depreciation which totaled $2,755,000. Changes in certain operating assets and liabilities had offsetting impacts on operating cash during the year ended December 31, 2014. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we received $9,757,000 in milestone and royalty payments under our collaborations with Genentech. Offsetting these cash receipts, we incurred operating and other expenses of $28,572,000. We expect to continue to use cash in operations as we seek to advance our drug candidates and at least two programs under our collaboration agreement with Aurigene. In addition, in the future we may owe royalties and other contingent payments to our licensors based on the achievement of developmental milestones, product sales and other specified objectives. 100 Investing activities used cash of $6,428,000 and provided cash of $16,273,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, resulting primarily from net investment activity from purchases and sales or maturities of investments for the respective periods. The increase in purchases of investments during the year ended December 31, 2015 resulted from the reinvestment of the net proceeds received from the public offering of our common stock. The increase in the sale of investments during the year ended December 31, 2014 was the result of the need for cash to fund our operations. These increases in cash were offset by purchases of research equipment totaling $48,000 and $92,000 during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Financing activities provided cash of $61,663,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. We received $64,619,000 in net proceeds from our underwritten public offering of common stock, and we also received proceeds of $1,206,000 from the exercise of stock options and purchases under our employee stock purchase plan during the same period. These proceeds were offset by the principal payments on Curis Royalty’s loan with BioPharma-II of $4,163,000. Financing activities used cash of $1,304,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014 as a result of principal payments on Curis Royalty’s loan with BioPharma-II of $1,587,000, offset by $283,000 in proceeds from the exercise of stock options. Funding Requirements We have incurred significant losses since our inception. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $838,536,000. We will require substantial funds to continue our research and development programs and to fulfill our planned operating goals. In particular, our currently planned operating and capital requirements include the need for working capital to support our research and development activities for CUDC-907 as well as for potential programs under our collaboration with Aurigene, and to fund our general and administrative costs and expenses. In January 2015, we entered into an exclusive collaboration agreement focused on immuno-oncology and selected precision oncology targets with Aurigene. The collaboration provides for inclusion of multiple programs, and we have the option to exclusively license compounds once a development candidate is nominated within each respective program. There are currently three programs under this collaboration, including two programs targeting immune checkpoints and one program targeting the IRAK4 kinase. In October 2015, we exercised options to license the first two programs under this collaboration. The first licensed program is focused on the development of orally-available small molecule antagonists of PD-1 and VISTA pathways in the immuno- oncology field, including the development candidate designated CA-170, which is a PD-L1/VISTA antagonist. The second licensed program is focused on orally-available small molecule inhibitors of Interleukin-1 receptor- associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) in the precision oncology field, with the lead development candidate designated CA-4948. We expect to file an IND and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-170 during the first half of 2016 and to file an IND and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-4948 during the second half of 2016. In addition, in October 2015 we selected a third program for potential further development under the collaboration, the second preclinical program within the immuno-oncology field, which is focused on evaluating small molecule antagonists of PD-1 and TIM-3 pathways, including small molecules that target PD-L1 and TIM-3. We have not yet exercised our option to license this third program. Contingent payments to Aurigene related to future development milestones for CA-170 and CA-4948 would total an aggregate of $14,000,000, if an IND is filed for each program and Phase 1 clinical trials are initiated. We expect to file an IND and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-170 during the first half of 2016, and we expect to file an IND and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-4948 during the second half of 2016. For the PD-1/TIM- 3 program, our potential additional payments to Aurigene include a $3,000,000 payment upon exercise of our option to license this program, and $2,500,000 upon acceptance of an IND. In addition, subject to specified exceptions, we and Aurigene have agreed to collaborate exclusively with each other on the discovery, research, development and commercialization of programs and compounds within 101 immuno-oncology for an initial period of approximately two years from the effective date of the collaboration agreement. At our option, and subject to specified conditions, we may extend such exclusivity for up to three additional one-year periods by paying exclusivity option fees on an annual basis. The first of such option fees is $7,500,000, and we currently estimate that this payment will be due in the first quarter of 2017. We have historically derived a substantial portion of our operating cash flow from our receipt of milestone payments under collaboration agreements with third parties. However, we cannot predict whether we will receive additional milestone payments under our collaboration with Genentech. Our ability to generate cash flow to operate our business will depend, in part, on royalty payments from the commercial sale of Erivedge (subject to Curis Royalty’s obligation to remit certain royalties to BioPharma-II). We expect that our only source of cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future will be: • • • up-front license payments and research and development funding, which we expect to receive if we successfully enter into new collaboration agreements; contingent cash payments, which we expect to receive for the achievement of development objectives under any new collaborations, or pursuant to our existing collaboration with Genentech; and royalty payments that are contingent upon the successful commercialization of products based upon such collaborations, including royalties on sales of Erivedge in advanced BCC by Genentech, subject to Curis Royalty’s obligation to remit certain royalties to BioPharma-II. We may not be able to successfully enter into or continue any corporate collaborations and the timing, amount and likelihood of our receipt of payments thereunder is highly uncertain. In addition, for the foreseeable future, we will only receive royalties under our collaboration agreement with Genentech to the extent net sales are generated at a level sufficient to derive royalties in excess of Curis Royalty’s obligation to remit such royalties to BioPharma-II in repayment of the loan between the parties. We currently estimate that all royalties that we receive from Genentech will be remitted to BioPharma-II until the loan is fully repaid. To become and remain profitable, we, either alone or with collaborators, must develop and eventually commercialize one or more drug candidates with significant market potential. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing preclinical testing and clinical trials of our drug candidates, obtaining marketing approval for these drug candidates, manufacturing, marketing and selling those drugs for which we may obtain marketing approval and satisfying any post-marketing requirements. We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenues that are significant or large enough to achieve profitability. Other than Erivedge, which is being commercialized by Genentech and Roche, our most advanced drug candidates are currently only in early clinical testing. For the foreseeable future, we will need to spend significant capital to develop and commercialize products and we expect to incur substantial operating losses. Our failure to become and remain profitable would, among other things, depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, diversify our research and development programs or continue our operations. in an effort We anticipate that existing cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, investments and working capital at December 31, 2015, should enable us to maintain current and planned operations into 2017. Our future capital requirements, however, may vary from what we currently expect. There are a number of factors that may adversely affect our planned future capital requirements and accelerate our need for additional financing, many of which are outside our control, including the following: • • unanticipated costs in our research and development programs; the timing and cost of obtaining regulatory approvals for our drug candidates and maintaining compliance with regulatory requirements; 102 • • • • • the timing, receipt and amount of payments, if any, from current and potential future collaborators; the timing and amount of option exercise fees, milestone payments, royalties and other payments due to licensors, including Aurigene, for patent rights and technology used in our drug development programs; the costs of commercialization activities for any of our product candidates that receive marketing approval, to the extent such costs are our responsibility, including the costs and timing of establishing product sales, marketing, distribution and manufacturing capabilities; unplanned costs to prepare, file, prosecute, defend and enforce patent claims and other patent-related costs, including litigation costs and technology license fees; and unexpected losses in our cash investments or an inability to otherwise liquidate our cash investments due to unfavorable conditions in the capital markets. We may seek additional funding through public or private financings of debt or equity. The market for emerging life science stocks in general, and the market for our common stock in particular, is highly volatile. Due to this and various other factors, including potentially adverse general market conditions and the early-stage development status of a majority of our drug candidates and the early stage of the commercial U.S. launch of Erivedge, additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, the terms of any potential financing may be dilutive or otherwise adversely affect other rights of our stockholders. We also expect to seek additional funds through arrangements with collaborators, licensees or other third parties. These arrangements would generally require us to relinquish or encumber rights to some of our technologies or drug candidates, and we may not be able to enter into such arrangements on acceptable terms, if at all. We anticipate that we will require additional funding. If we are unable to obtain such additional funding on a timely basis, whether through payments under existing or future collaborations or license agreement or sales of debt or equity, we may be required to: • • delay, limit, reduce or terminate preclinical studies, clinical trials or other development activities for one or more of our drug candidates; or delay, limit, reduce or prevent us from establishing sales and marketing capabilities, either internally or through third parties, or other activities that may be necessary to commercialize our drug candidates. Contractual Obligations As of December 31, 2015 we had contractual obligations and other commitments as follows: Debt obligations under credit agreement(1) . . . . . . . . Operating lease obligations(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outside service obligations(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Licensing obligations(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total $31,246 1,435 929 108 $7,526 676 597 108 Total future obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $33,718 $8,907 $23,720 759 332 — $24,811 $— — — — $— $— — — — $— Payment Due By Period (amounts in 000’s) Less than One Year One to Three Years Three to Five Years More than Five Years (1) As of December 31, 2015, the outstanding balance, including interest, on the debt was $24,502,000. The above amounts reflect management’s estimates as of December 31, 2015 of repayments, including accrued interest payments, based on the terms of Curis Royalty’s credit facility with BioPharma-II, and assumptions about potential future Erivedge royalties. If future royalties are lower or higher than these assumptions, the 103 repayment period will accordingly. increase or decrease, respectively, and related debt payments will fluctuate (2) We are party to a lease agreement with the Trustees of Lexington Office Realty Trust pursuant to which we lease 24,529 square feet of property for office, research and laboratory space located at 4 Maguire Road in Lexington, Massachusetts. The term of the lease agreement commenced on December 1, 2010, and expires in February 2018. The total remaining cash obligation for the base rent over the initial term of the lease agreement is approximately $1,435,000. In addition to the base rent, we are responsible for our share of operating expenses and real estate taxes, in accordance with the terms of the lease agreement. Amounts include contractual rent payments and exclude any impact of an early termination payment as defined in the agreement. (3) Outside service obligations consist of agreements we have with outside labs, consultants and various other research organizations, medical centers and hospitals service organizations. Obligations to clinical conducting our clinical trials are included in our financial statements for costs incurred as of December 31, 2015. Our obligations under these types of arrangements are limited to actual costs incurred for services performed and do not include any contingent or milestone payments. (4) Licensing obligations include only obligations that are known to us as of December 31, 2015. In the future, we may owe royalties and other contingent payments to our licensors based on the achievement of developmental milestones, product sales, and other specified objectives. For example, contingent payments to Aurigene relate to future development milestones for CA-170 and CA-4948 would total an aggregate of $14,000,000, if an IND is filed for each program and Phase 1 clinical trials are initiated, as well as potential exclusivity option payments. We expect to file an IND with the FDA and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-170 during the first half of 2016, and we expect to file an IND and initiate Phase 1 clinical testing of CA-4948 during the second half of 2016. For the PD-1/TIM-3 program, our potential additional payments to Aurigene include a $3,000,000 payment upon exercise of our option to license this program, and $2,500,000 upon acceptance of an IND. These future obligations, and those related to Genentech, Debiopharm and LLS, are not reflected in the table above as these payments are contingent upon achievement of developmental and commercial milestones, the likelihood and timing of which cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. These contingent obligations are further described under the “Our Collaborations” section. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have no off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2015. Inflation We believe that inflation has not had a significant impact on our revenue and results of operations since inception. New Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued new revenue recognition guidance in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, for entities, providing a single, comprehensive model to account for revenue arising from contracts with customers. The new standard requires significantly expanded disclosures regarding the qualitative and quantitative information of an entity’s nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The guidance is anticipated to be effective for us in 2018. Early adoption is permitted in 2017. We are currently evaluating the impact this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements. In January 2015, the FASB issued new guidance in ASC 225-20, Income Statement-Extraordinary and Unusual Items, to eliminate the concept of extraordinary items as part of its initiative to reduce complexity in 104 accounting standards. The guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2015 and may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. We do not expect adoption of this standard will have a material impact on our financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB updated the guidance in ASC 835-30, Interest-Imputation of Interest, related to the presentation of debt issuance costs. The updated standard requires debt issuance costs, related to a recognized debt liability, to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability instead of as an asset. The update requires the guidance to be applied retrospectively. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015. We do not expect adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our financial statements. In November 2015, the FASB issued new guidance in ASC 740, Income Taxes, which simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes by requiring deferred tax assets and liabilities to be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. The updated standard is effective for us beginning on January 1, 2017, with early application permitted as of the beginning of any interim or annual reporting period. We do not expect adoption of this standard will have a material impact on our financial statements. 105 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Our current cash balances in excess of operating requirements are invested in cash equivalents, short-term marketable securities, which consist of time deposits and investments in money market funds with commercial banks and financial institutions, short-term commercial paper, and government obligations with an average maturity of less than one year, and long-term investments. All marketable securities and long-term investments are considered available-for-sale. The primary objective of our cash investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing the income we receive from our invested cash without significantly increasing risk of loss. This objective may be adversely affected by the ongoing economic downturn and volatile business environment and continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions. Our marketable securities and long-term investments are subject to interest rate risk and will fall in value if market interest rates increase. While as of the date of this filing, we are not aware of any downgrades, material losses, or other significant deterioration in the fair value of our cash equivalents, marketable securities or long- term investments since December 31, 2015, no assurance can be given that further deterioration in conditions of the global credit and financial markets would not negatively impact our current portfolio of cash equivalents or marketable securities or our ability to meet our financing objectives. Further dislocations in the credit market may adversely impact the value and/or liquidity of marketable securities and long-term investments owned by us. To help manage this risk, we limit our investments to investment grade securities and deposits are with investment grade financial institutions. We believe that the realization of losses due to changes in credit spreads is unlikely as we currently have the ability to hold our investments for a sufficient period of time to recover the fair value of the investment and there is sufficient evidence to indicate that the fair value of the investment is recoverable. We do not use derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio. We do not believe that a 10% change in interest rate percentages would have a material impact on the fair value of our investment portfolio or our interest income. 106 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: • • • pertain to the maintenance of records that transactions and dispositions of our assets; in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and our directors; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of evaluations of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment our management used the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, or COSO. Based on our assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, who has issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting that appears herein. 107 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Curis, Inc. In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Curis, Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. limitations, /s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Boston, Massachusetts February 29, 2016 108 CURIS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Balance Sheets December 31, 2015 2014 Current Assets: ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investment—restricted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 33,091,165 49,099,847 — 2,106,031 1,204,428 $ 7,747,411 42,002,782 13,877 1,960,995 489,844 Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,501,471 52,214,909 Property and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term investment—restricted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277,714 — 152,610 8,982,000 51,344 407,738 788,768 152,610 8,982,000 67,544 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 94,965,139 $ 62,613,569 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current Liabilities: Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of long-term debt, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,217,553 1,933,644 4,606,536 10,757,733 19,557,971 138,957 $ 2,349,183 2,007,699 5,709,985 10,066,867 22,589,058 174,018 Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,454,661 32,829,943 Commitments (Note 9) Stockholders’ Equity: Common stock, $0.01 par value—225,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively; 130,213,224 shares issued and 128,990,378 shares outstanding at December 31, 2015; respectively; 87,253,657 shares issued and 86,030,811 shares outstanding at December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock (at cost, 1,222,846 shares at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,302,132 903,240,933 872,537 810,001,410 (1,524,029) (838,536,325) 27,767 (1,524,029) (779,555,295) (10,997) Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,510,478 29,783,626 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 94,965,139 $ 62,613,569 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 109 CURIS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Revenues: License fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Royalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development, net $ — $ 3,000,000 6,757,023 86,458 8,030,942 (152,535) $ 10,000,000 3,942,136 1,059,896 Total revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,878,407 9,843,481 15,002,032 Costs and Expenses: Cost of royalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In-process research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405,756 26,699,370 24,347,815 12,906,334 339,578 13,659,398 — 11,706,754 197,796 12,926,834 — 11,293,811 Total costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,359,275 25,705,730 24,418,441 Loss from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (56,480,868) (15,862,249) (9,416,409) Other Income (Expense): Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value of warrant liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277,276 547,578 (3,325,016) — 165,103 — (3,748,374) 716,786 164,650 — (3,841,646) 771,393 Total other expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2,500,162) (2,866,485) (2,905,603) Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (58,981,030) $(18,728,734) $(12,322,012) Net Loss per Common Share (Basic and Diluted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (0.48) $ (0.22) $ (0.15) Weighted Average Common Shares (Basic and Diluted) . . . . . . . 123,365,195 85,974,535 82,339,493 Net Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive loss, net of tax: $ (58,981,030) $(18,728,734) $(12,322,012) Unrealized gain/(loss) on marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . 38,764 (4,013) (22,143) Comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (58,942,266) $(18,732,747) $(12,344,155) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 110 S E I R A I D I S B U S D N A . C N I , S I R U C y t i u q E ’ s r e d l o h k c o t S f o s t n e m e t a t S d e t a d i l o s n o C l a t o T d e t a l u m u c c A r e h t O ’ s r e d l o h k c o t S y t i u q E e v i s n e h e r p m o C ) s s o L ( / e m o c n I d e t a l u m u c c A t i c i f e D y r u s a e r T k c o t S l a n o i t i d d A n i - d i a P l a t i p a C t n u o m A s e r a h S k c o t S n o m m o C 8 9 4 , 7 6 2 , 4 3 $ 9 5 1 , 5 1 $ ) 9 4 5 , 4 0 5 , 8 4 7 ( $ ) 4 7 2 , 1 9 8 ( $ 7 0 5 , 7 3 8 , 2 8 7 $ 5 5 6 , 0 1 8 $ 8 8 4 , 5 6 0 , 1 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B ) 5 5 7 , 2 3 6 ( 2 5 1 , 1 5 6 , 2 6 5 7 , 0 8 8 , 0 2 ) 3 4 1 , 2 2 ( 9 8 0 , 1 5 3 — — — — ) 3 4 1 , 2 2 ( — — — — — ) 2 1 0 , 2 2 3 , 2 1 ( — ) 2 1 0 , 2 2 3 , 2 1 ( ) 5 5 7 , 2 3 6 ( — — — — — — — 9 8 0 , 1 5 3 2 5 1 , 1 5 6 , 2 — — — — — — 2 9 5 , 0 2 8 , 0 2 4 6 1 , 0 6 — — — — ) 9 3 1 , 5 7 1 ( 3 1 5 , 1 9 1 , 6 5 8 5 , 3 7 1 , 5 4 ) 4 8 9 , 6 ( ) 1 6 5 , 6 2 8 , 0 6 7 ( ) 9 2 0 , 4 2 5 , 1 ( 0 4 3 , 0 6 6 , 6 0 8 9 1 8 , 0 7 8 2 6 8 , 1 8 0 , 7 8 9 9 7 , 2 8 2 5 5 8 , 0 4 1 , 3 ) 3 1 0 , 4 ( ) 6 6 8 , 0 8 ( ) 4 3 7 , 8 2 7 , 8 1 ( — — — — ) 3 1 0 , 4 ( — — — — ) 4 3 7 , 8 2 7 , 8 1 ( — — — — — — — ) 6 6 8 , 0 8 ( 1 8 0 , 1 8 2 5 5 8 , 0 4 1 , 3 — — — — — — — — 8 1 7 , 1 5 9 7 , 1 7 1 6 2 6 , 3 8 7 , 9 2 ) 7 9 9 , 0 1 ( ) 5 9 2 , 5 5 5 , 9 7 7 ( ) 9 2 0 , 4 2 5 , 1 ( 0 1 4 , 1 0 0 , 0 1 8 7 3 5 , 2 7 8 7 5 6 , 3 5 2 , 7 8 r e d n u s e r a h s f o s e l a s o t t n a u s r u p d n a , P P S E e h t r e d n u s e s a h c r u p r o f , s n o i t p o k c o t s f o e s i c r e x e e h t n o p u k c o t s n o m m o c f o s e c n a u s s I f o t e n , ) ) c ( 0 1 e t o N e e s ( t n e m e e r g a M T A s ’ y n a p m o C e h t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s t s o c e c n a u s s i M T A n i 2 5 0 , 1 4 6 $ ) ) i ( 2 e t o N e e s ( k c o t s n o m m o c y n a p m o C f o e s a h c r u p e R . . . n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s e e y o l p m e f o n o i t i n g o c e R - k r a m g n i d u l c n i , e s n e p x e n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s e e y o l p m e - n o N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t e k r a m - o t s s o l e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s s o l t e N 3 1 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B d n a s n o i t p o k c o t s f o e s i c r e x e e h t n o p u k c o t s n o m m o c f o s e c n a u s s I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S E e h t r e d n u s e s a h c r u p r o f n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s e e y o l p m e f o n o i t i n g o c e R - k r a m g n i d u l c n i , e s n e p x e n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s e e y o l p m e - n o N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t e k r a m - o t s s o l e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s s o l t e N 4 1 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B s ’ y n a p m o C e h t n i s e r a h s f o s e l a s o t t n a u s r u p n o m m o c f o s e c n a u s s I e c n a u s s i n i 0 9 5 , 0 8 3 , 4 $ f o t e n , ) ) a ( 0 1 e t o N e e s ( g n i r e f f o c i l b u p 111 8 7 4 , 0 1 5 , 4 6 $ 7 6 7 , 7 2 $ ) 5 2 3 , 6 3 5 , 8 3 8 ( $ ) 9 2 0 , 4 2 5 , 1 ( $ 3 3 9 , 0 4 2 , 3 0 9 $ 2 3 1 , 2 0 3 , 1 $ 4 2 2 , 3 1 2 , 0 3 1 7 0 4 , 9 1 6 , 4 6 3 8 1 , 8 6 9 , 3 2 2 8 2 , 6 0 2 , 1 4 5 2 , 2 8 5 , 3 4 6 7 , 8 3 2 9 9 , 2 9 2 ) 0 3 0 , 1 8 9 , 8 5 ( — — — — — — 4 6 7 , 8 3 — — — — — — ) 0 3 0 , 1 8 9 , 8 5 ( — — — — — — — 2 8 9 , 6 9 7 , 3 2 1 0 2 , 1 7 1 1 3 1 , 0 2 1 , 7 1 . . . . . . . . . ) ) b ( 3 e t o N e e s ( t n e m e e r g a n o i t a r o b a l l o c e n e g i r u A e h t 8 9 4 , 8 6 3 , 4 6 9 0 9 , 0 5 2 8 0 9 , 0 9 0 , 5 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s t s o c r e d n u d e t n a r g s t h g i r r o f n o i t a r e d i s n o c n i k c o t s n o m m o c f o e c n a u s s I 7 9 7 , 8 9 1 , 1 4 5 2 , 2 8 5 , 3 — — 2 9 9 , 2 9 2 — — — — — — — — 5 8 4 , 7 8 2 5 , 8 4 7 . . . . . . r o f , s n o i t p o k c o t s f o e s i c r e x e e h t n o p u k c o t s n o m m o c f o s e c n a u s s I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P S E e h t r e d n u s e s a h c r u p n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s e e y o l p m e f o n o i t i n g o c e R - k r a m g n i d u l c n i , e s n e p x e n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s e e y o l p m e - n o N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n i a g e v i s n e h e r p m o c r e h t O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t e k r a m - o t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s s o l t e N 5 1 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , e c n a l a B . s t n e m e t a t s l a i c n a n i f d e t a d i l o s n o c e s e h t f o t r a p l a r g e t n i n a e r a s e t o n g n i y n a p m o c c a e h T CURIS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Issuance of common stock in consideration for rights granted under the Aurigene collaboration agreement (see Note 3(b)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value of warrant liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of debt issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-cash interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-cash interest on debt Gain on sale of fixed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ (58,981,030) $(18,728,734) $(12,322,012) 160,812 3,875,246 155,083 3,059,989 141,522 3,002,241 23,968,183 — 55,484 148,467 — (21,546) — (716,786) 89,120 169,652 (713,968) (1,750) — (771,393) 104,842 95,197 713,968 — (569,124) (116,639) 181,821 2,782,435 (9,539,577) Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities . . . Total adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . (145,036) (725,581) 1,774,211 29,090,240 (29,890,790) (483,807) (2,409) 360,866 1,915,990 (16,812,744) Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Purchases of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales/maturities of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease in restricted cash/investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expenditures for property and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sale of fixed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in)/provided by investing (123,240,492) 116,822,492 13,877 (47,985) 23,786 (41,399,246) 57,748,851 13,877 (92,209) 1,750 (65,827,658) 52,349,212 13,918 (153,009) — activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6,428,322) 16,273,023 (13,617,537) Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Proceeds from issuance of common stock associated with offerings, net of issuance costs (see Note 10(a)) . . . . . . . . 64,619,407 — 16,245,984 Proceeds from issuance of common stock under the Company’s share-based compensation plans and warrant exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payment of debt issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments from Curis Royalty’s debt Net cash provided by/(used in) financing 1,206,282 — (4,162,823) 282,799 — (1,587,154) 4,016,383 (261,475) — activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents, end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,662,866 25,343,754 7,747,411 $ 33,091,165 (1,304,355) (1,844,076) 9,591,487 $ 7,747,411 20,000,892 (3,156,222) 12,747,709 $ 9,591,487 Supplemental cash flow data: Cash paid for interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-cash items: Treasury stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 3,303,306 $ 4,386,109 $ 2,913,999 — $ — $ 632,755 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 112 CURIS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (1) OPERATIONS Curis, Inc. is a biotechnology company seeking to develop and commercialize innovative drug candidates for the treatment of human cancers. As used throughout these consolidated financial statements, the term “the Company” refers to the business of Curis, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, except where the context otherwise requires, and the term “Curis” refers to Curis, Inc. The Company conducts its research and development programs both internally and through strategic collaborations. The Company’s most advanced drug candidate is CUDC-907, an orally-available, small molecule inhibitor of histone deacetylase, or HDAC, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, or PI3K enzymes, which is being investigated in clinical studies in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and solid tumors. In January 2015, the Company entered into an exclusive collaboration agreement focused on immuno- oncology and selected precision oncology targets with Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, or Aurigene (see Note 3(b)). The collaboration is comprised of multiple programs, in which Curis has the option to exclusively license compounds once a development candidate is nominated within each respective program. In October 2015, the Company exercised options to license the first two programs under this collaboration. The first licensed program is focused on the development of orally-available small molecule antagonists of programmed death -1 (PD-1) and V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) in the immuno-oncology field. The Company has named CA-170, a PD-L1/VISTA antagonist, as the development candidate from this program. The second licensed program is focused on orally-available small molecule inhibitors of Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) in the precision oncology field and the Company has named CA-4949 as the development candidate from this program. In addition, in October 2015 we selected a third program for potential further development under the collaboration, the second preclinical program within the immuno-oncology field, which is focused on evaluating small molecule antagonists of PD-1 and TIM-3 pathways, including small molecules that target PD-L1 and TIM-3. We have not yet exercised our option to license this third program. The Company is also party to a collaboration with F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, or Roche, and Genentech Inc., or Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, under which Roche and Genentech are commercializing Erivedge® (vismodegib), a first-in-class orally-administered small molecule Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, in advanced basal cell carcinoma, or BCC. Roche and Genentech are continuing to develop Erivedge in less severe forms of BCC and have also recently initiated clinical studies of Erivedge in other diseases including in IPF and MF. The Company’s proprietary pipeline also includes CUDC-427, an orally-available, small molecule antagonist of inhibitor of apoptosis, or IAP proteins, and CUDC-305, a Heat Shock Protein 90, or HSP90, inhibitor. The Company currently intends to utilize its available resources for the continued development of CUDC-907 and drug candidates it licenses under the collaboration with Aurigene. As such, the Company is seeking to collaborate with third parties for the further development of CUDC- 427 and CUDC-305. The Company operates in a single reportable segment, which is the research and development of innovative cancer therapeutics. The Company expects that any products that are successfully developed and commercialized would be used in the health care industry and would be regulated in the United States by the FDA and in overseas markets by similar regulatory authorities. The Company is subject to risks common to companies in the biotechnology industry as well as risk that are specific to the Company’s business, including, but not limited to: the Company’s ability to advance and expand its research and development programs; the Company’s reliance on Aurigene to 113 successfully discover and preclinically develop drug candidates under the parties’ collaboration agreement; the Company’s reliance on Genentech and Roche to successfully commercialize Erivedge in the approved indication of advanced BCC and to progress its clinical development in indications other than BCC; the Company’s ability to obtain adequate financing to fund its operations; the ability of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Curis Royalty, LLC, or Curis Royalty, to satisfy the terms of its loan agreement with BioPharma Secured Debt Fund II Sub, S.à.r.l., a Luxembourg limited liability company managed by Pharmakon Advisors, or BioPharma-II; the Company’s ability to obtain and maintain necessary intellectual property protection; development by the Company’s competitors of new or better technological innovations; dependence on key personnel; the Company’s ability to comply with regulatory requirements; and the Company’s ability to execute on its overall business strategies. The Company’s future operating results will largely depend on the progress of drug candidates currently in its development pipeline and the magnitude of payments that it receives and makes under its current and potential future collaborations. The results of the Company’s operations may vary significantly from year to year and quarter to quarter and depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: the timing, outcome and cost of the Company’s preclinical studies and clinical trials for its drug candidates; Aurigene’s ability to successfully discover and develop preclinical programs under the Company’s collaboration with Aurigene, as well as the Company’s decision to exclusively license and further develop programs under this collaboration; Roche and Genentech’s ability to successfully commercialize Erivedge; positive results in Roche and Genentech’s ongoing clinical trials, ; and the Company’s ability to successfully enter into one or more material outlicensing or collaboration agreements for its drug candidates. The Company anticipates that existing cash, cash equivalents and investments at December 31, 2015 should enable it to maintain current and planned operations into 2017. The Company’s ability to continue funding its planned operations beyond this period is dependent upon, among other things, its ability to control expenses and its ability to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings, the success of its collaboration with Genentech, including its receipt of additional contingent cash payments under this collaboration, new collaborations or other sources of financing. The Company may not be able to successfully raise additional funds or enter into or continue any corporate collaborations and the timing, amount and likelihood of the Company receiving payments under such collaborations is highly uncertain. If the Company is unable to obtain adequate financing, the Company may be required to reduce or delay spending on its research and/or development programs. (2) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (a) USE OF ESTIMATES The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosure of revenue, expenses and certain assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date. Such estimates include revenue recognition, including estimates of the performance obligations under the Company’s collaboration agreements; the estimated repayment term of the Company’s debt and related short- and long-term classification; the collectibility of receivables; the carrying value of property and equipment and intangible assets; the assumptions used in the Company’s valuation of stock-based compensation and the value of certain investments and liabilities, including its warrant liability. Actual results may differ from such estimates. (b) CONSOLIDATION The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Curis Royalty (see Note 8), Curis Securities Corporation, Inc. and Curis Pharmaceuticals (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., or Curis Shanghai. The Company has eliminated all intercompany transactions in each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. 114 (c) REVENUE RECOGNITION The Company’s business strategy includes entering into collaborative license and development agreements with biotechnology and pharmaceutical and commercialization of the Company’s drug candidates. The terms of the agreements typically include non-refundable license fees, funding of research and development, payments based upon achievement of clinical development and regulatory objectives, and royalties on product sales. The Company follows the provisions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Codification Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. the development companies for License Fees and Multiple Element Arrangements Non-refundable license fees are recognized as revenue when the Company has a contractual right to receive such payment, the contract price is fixed or determinable, the collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured and the Company has no further performance obligations under the license agreement. Multiple element arrangements, such as license and development arrangements are analyzed to determine whether the deliverables, which often include a license and performance obligations such as research and steering committee services, can be separated or whether they must be accounted for as a single unit of accounting in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. The Company recognizes up-front license payments as revenue upon delivery of the license only if the license has stand-alone value. If the license is considered to not have stand-alone value, the arrangement would then be accounted for as a single unit of accounting and the license payments and payments for performance obligations are recognized as revenue over the estimated period of when the performance obligations are performed. If the Company is involved in a steering committee as part of a multiple element arrangement, the to Company assesses whether its involvement constitutes a performance obligation or a right participate. Steering committee services that are determined to be performance obligations are combined with other research services or performance obligations required under an arrangement, if any, in determining the level of effort required in an arrangement and the period over which the Company expects to complete its aggregate performance obligations. Whenever the Company determines that an arrangement should be accounted for as a single unit of accounting, it must determine the period over which the performance obligations will be performed and revenue will be recognized. Revenue will be recognized using either a relative performance or straight- line method. The Company recognizes revenue using the relative performance method provided that the Company can reasonably estimate the level of effort required to complete its performance obligations under an arrangement and such performance obligations are provided on a best-efforts basis. Direct labor hours or full-time equivalents are typically used as the measure of performance. Revenue recognized under the relative performance method would be determined by multiplying the total payments under the contract, excluding royalties and payments contingent upon achievement of substantive milestones, by the ratio of level of effort incurred to date to estimated total level of effort required to complete the Company’s performance obligations under the arrangement. Revenue is limited to the lesser of the cumulative amount of payments received or the cumulative amount of revenue earned, as determined using the relative performance method, as of each reporting period. If the Company cannot reasonably estimate the level of effort required to complete its performance obligations under an arrangement, the performance obligations are provided on a best-efforts basis and the Company can reasonably estimate when the performance obligation ceases or the remaining obligations become inconsequential and perfunctory, then the total payments under the arrangement, excluding royalties and payments contingent upon achievement of substantive milestones, would be recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the period the Company expects to complete its performance obligations. Revenue is limited to the lesser of the cumulative amount of payments received or the cumulative amount of revenue earned, as determined using the straight-line basis, as of the period ending date. 115 If the Company cannot reasonably estimate when its performance obligation either ceases or becomes inconsequential and perfunctory, then revenue is deferred until the Company can reasonably estimate when the performance obligation ceases or becomes inconsequential. Revenue is then recognized over the remaining estimated period of performance. Significant management judgment is required in determining the level of effort required under an arrangement and the period over which the Company is expected to complete its performance obligations under an arrangement. Substantive Milestone Payments Collaboration agreements achievement of the milestone only if: that contain substantive milestone payments are recognized upon • such milestone is commensurate with either of the following: a) b) the Company’s performance to achieve the milestone (for example, the achievement of the milestone involves a degree of risk and was not reasonably assured at the inception of the arrangement); or the enhancement of the value of the deliverable as a result of a specific outcome resulting from the Company’s performance to achieve the milestone (or substantive Company effort is involved in achieving the milestone); • • such milestone relates solely to past performance; and the amount of the milestone payment is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement. Determination as to whether a payment meets the aforementioned conditions involves management’s judgment. If any of these conditions are not met, the resulting payment would not be considered a substantive milestone, and the resulting payment would be recognized as revenue as performance obligations are performed under either the relative performance or straight-line methods, as applicable, and in accordance with these policies as described above. In addition, the determination that one such payment was not a substantive milestone could prevent the Company from concluding that subsequent milestone payments were substantive milestones and, as a result, any additional milestone payments could also be considered part of the consideration for the single unit of accounting and would be recognized as revenue as such performance obligations are performed under either the relative performance or straight-line methods, as applicable. Milestones that are tied to regulatory approval are not considered probable of being achieved until such approval is received. Milestones tied to counterparty performance are not included in the Company’s revenue model until the performance conditions are met. Reimbursement of Costs Reimbursement of research and development costs by third party collaborators is recognized as revenue provided the Company has determined that it is acting primarily as a principal in the transaction according to the provisions outlined in the FASB Codification Topic 605-45, Revenue Recognition, Principal Agent Considerations, the amounts are determinable and collection of the related receivable is reasonably assured. Royalty Revenue Since the first quarter of 2012, the Company has recognized royalty revenues related to Genentech’s and Roche’s sales of Erivedge. Royalty revenue is recognized upon the sale of the related products based on contractual terms, provided that the royalty amounts are fixed or determinable, collection of 116 the related receivable is reasonably assured and the Company no remaining performance obligations under the arrangement. If royalties are received when the Company has remaining performance obligations, it expects to attribute the royalty payments to the services being provided under the arrangement and therefore to recognize such royalty payments as such performance obligations are performed under either the relative performance or straight line methods, as applicable, and in accordance with these policies as described above. The Company expects to recognize royalty revenue in future quarters from Genentech’s sales of Erivedge in the U.S. and in other markets where Genentech and Roche successfully obtain marketing approval, if any (see Notes 3(a) and 8). However, Erivedge royalties will service Curis Royalty’s debt to BioPharma-II until this debt is repaid in full. Deferred Revenue Amounts received prior to satisfying the above revenue recognition criteria are recorded as short-term deferred revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Amounts not expected to be recognized during the year ending December 31, 2016 would be classified as long-term deferred revenue. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had no amounts classified as short-term or long-term deferred revenue. Summary During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, total gross revenues from the Company’s collaborators as a percent of total gross revenues of the Company were as follows: Genentech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% 95% 4% —% —% Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 (d) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Research and development expense consists of costs incurred to discover, research and develop drug candidates. These expenses consist primarily of: (1) salaries and related expenses for personnel including stock-based compensation expense; (2) outside service costs, including clinical research organizations and contract manufacturing costs, among others; (3) sublicense payments; and (4) the costs of supplies and reagents, consulting, and occupancy and depreciation charges. In addition, the Company incurred in-process research and development expenses of $24,347,815 during the year ended December 31, 2015, representing partial consideration for the rights granted to the Company under the collaboration agreement with Aurigene in January 2015 (see Note 3(b)). The Company expenses research and development costs as incurred. The Company recognizes cost of royalties on Erivedge royalty revenue earned from Genentech related to obligations to third-party university licensors. The Company is also incurring research and development expenses under this collaboration related to the maintenance of these third-party licenses to certain background technologies. In addition, the Company records research and development expense for obligations to certain third-party university licensors upon earning payments from Genentech related to the achievement of clinical development and regulatory objectives under this collaboration. (e) CASH EQUIVALENTS AND INVESTMENTS Cash equivalents consist of short-term, highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less. All other liquid investments are classified as marketable securities. The Company’s short-term investments are marketable securities with original maturities of greater than 117 three months from the date of purchase, but less than twelve months from the balance sheet date, and long-term investments are marketable securities with original maturities of greater than twelve months from the balance sheet. Marketable securities consist of commercial paper, corporate bonds and notes, and government obligations. All of the Company’s investments have been designated available-for-sale and are stated at fair value with any unrealized holding gains or losses included as a component of stockholders’ equity and any realized gains and losses recorded in the statement of operations in the period during which the securities are sold. Unrealized gains and temporary losses on investments are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses, dividends and interest income are included in other income (expense). Any premium or discount arising at purchase is amortized and/or accreted to interest income. The amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses and fair value of investments available-for-sale as of December 31, 2015 are as follows: Corporate bonds and notes—short-term . . . . . . $49,072,214 $43,195 $(15,562) $49,099,847 Total investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $49,072,214 $43,195 $(15,562) $49,099,847 Amortized Cost Unrealized Gain Unrealized Loss Fair Value Short-term investments have maturities ranging from one and twelve months with a weighted average maturity of 4.2 months at December 31, 2015. The amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses and fair value of investments available-for-sale as of December 31, 2014 are as follows: Corporate bonds and notes—short-term . . . . . . Corporate bonds and notes—long-term . . . . . . . $42,011,286 791,261 Total investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $42,802,547 $4,883 — $4,883 $(13,387) $42,002,782 788,768 (2,493) $(15,880) $42,791,550 Amortized Cost Unrealized Gain Unrealized Loss Fair Value Short-term investments have maturities ranging from one and twelve months with a weighted average maturity of 4.1 months. Long-term investments have maturities ranging from January 2016 to May 2016 with a weighted average maturity of 13.8 months. (f) FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS The Company discloses fair value measurements based on a framework outlined by GAAP which requires expanded disclosures regarding fair value measurements. GAAP also defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Market participants are buyers and sellers in the principal market that are (i) independent, (ii) knowledgeable, (iii) able to transact, and (iv) willing to transact. The FASB Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, requires the use of valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, the income approach and/or the cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets and liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts, such as cash flows or earnings, to a single present amount on a discounted basis. The cost approach is based on the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (replacement cost). Valuation techniques should be consistently applied. GAAP also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize 118 the use of observable inputs, where available, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. In accordance with the fair value hierarchy, the following table shows the fair value as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 of those financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, according to the valuation techniques the Company used to determine their fair value. No financial assets or liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2015 and 2014. As of December 31, 2015: Cash equivalents: Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate commercial paper, bonds and notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investments: Corporate commercial paper, stock, bonds and Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Fair Value $13,567,573 $ — $— $13,567,573 2,000,920 — 7,998,170 7,849,657 — — — $— 9,999,090 7,849,657 49,099,847 $80,516,167 notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,643,997 46,455,850 Total assets at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $18,212,490 $62,303,677 Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Fair Value As of December 31, 2014: Cash equivalents: Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Municipal bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short- and long-term investments: Corporate commercial paper, stock, bonds and $ 4,419,894 $ — — 1,090,000 notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,091,800 2,699,750 Total assets at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $44,511,694 $3,789,750 $— — — $— $ 4,419,894 1,090,000 42,791,550 $48,301,444 As of December 31, 2015, one investment with an aggregate fair value of $252,222 was transferred from Level 1 at December 31, 2014 to Level 2 at December 31, 2015 due to a change in the level of trading activity during the reporting period. (g) LONG-LIVED ASSETS OTHER THAN GOODWILL Long-lived assets other than goodwill consist of property and equipment. The aggregate net balances for these long-lived assets were $277,714 and $407,738 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, 119 respectively. The Company applies the guidance in FASB Codification Topic 360-10-05, Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets. If it were determined that the carrying value of the Company’s other long-lived assets might not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more indicators of impairment, the Company would measure an impairment based on the difference between the carrying value and fair value of the asset. The Company did not recognize any impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 or 2013. Purchased equipment is recorded at cost. The Company does not currently hold any leased equipment. Depreciation and amortization are provided on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets or the remaining terms of the leases, whichever is shorter, as follows: Asset Classification Estimated Useful Life Laboratory equipment, computers and software Leasehold improvements Office furniture and equipment 3-5 years Lesser of life of the lease or the life of the asset 5 years The Company incurred debt issuance costs totaling $421,715 in connection with the Curis Royalty loan transaction with BioPharma-II, of which $215,000 related to expenses that the Company paid to third parties on behalf of BioPharma-II, and the remaining $206,715 were incurred directly by the Company. The debt issuance costs incurred directly by the Company were capitalized as assets and will be amortized over the estimated term of the debt using the straight-line. Assumptions used in determining the expected repayment term of the debt and amortization period of the issuance costs requires management to make estimates that could impact the Company’s short- and long-term classification of the debt issuance costs, as well as the period over which these costs will be amortized (see Note 8). As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had recorded short-term debt issuance costs of $32,619 and $43,616, respectively, and long-term debt issuance costs of $48,364 and $64,564, respectively. These costs are reported within the prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets line items, respectively, in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet at each of December 31, 2015 and 2014. (h) GOODWILL As of both December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had recorded goodwill of $8,982,000. The Company applies the guidance in the FASB Codification Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other. During each of December 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company completed its annual goodwill impairment tests and determined that the Company represented a single reporting unit and as of those dates the fair value of the Company exceeded the carrying value of its net assets. Accordingly, no goodwill impairment was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. (i) TREASURY STOCK On May 31, 2002, the Company announced that its Board of Directors had approved the repurchase of up to $3,000,000 of the Company’s common stock. The Company accounted for its common stock repurchases as treasury stock under the cost method. In 2002, the Company repurchased 1,047,707 shares of its common stock at a cost of $891,274 pursuant to this repurchase program. Each of the Company’s now-expired 2000 Stock Incentive Plan and the current Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan generally allow participants to purchase common stock upon the exercise of a stock option by delivery of shares of Company common stock held directly by the participant, with such shares of common stock valued at the closing price on the Nasdaq Global Market, or NASDAQ, on the date of exercise. During the year ended December 31, 2013, certain executive officers and a director exercised stock options by remitting shares of Curis common stock then held by the respective person. The Company accounted for the value of the common stock remitted to the Company in 120 satisfaction of the exercise price as treasury stock under the cost method. These option holders remitted an aggregate of 175,139 shares during the year ended December 31, 2013 with an aggregate value equal to $632,755. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had repurchased an aggregate of 1,222,846 shares of its common stock at a total cost of $1,524,029. (j) BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER COMMON SHARE Basic and diluted net losses per share were determined by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for all periods presented, as the effect of the potential common stock equivalents is antidilutive due to the Company’s net loss position for all periods presented. Antidilutive securities consist of stock options and warrants outstanding as of the respective reporting period. Antidilutive securities as of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 consisted of the following: Stock options outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warrants outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,290,844 — 11,319,619 1,373,517 10,077,805 1,373,517 Total antidilutive securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,290,844 12,693,136 11,451,322 For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 (k) STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION The Company adopted FASB ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, or ASC 718, which established standards for the accounting of transactions in which an entity exchanges its equity instruments for goods or services, primarily where the an entity obtains employee services in share- based payment transactions. ASC 718 requires that the fair value of such equity instruments be recognized as an expense in the financial statements as services are performed. (l) OPERATING LEASES The Company currently has one facility located at 4 Maguire Road in Lexington, Massachusetts under a noncancellable operating lease agreement for office and laboratory space. The rent payments for this facility escalate over the lease term and the Company expenses its obligations under this lease agreement on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease (see Note 9(a)). (m) CONCENTRATION OF RISK Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short- and long-term investments. The Company invests directly in commercial paper of financial institutions and corporations with A-/Aa3 or better long-term ratings and A-1/P-1 short term debt ratings and U.S. Treasury securities. The Company maintains deposits in federally insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. Management believes that the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held. The Company’s credit risk related to investments is reduced as a result of the Company’s policy to limit the amount invested in any one issue. The Company’s accounts receivable at December 31, 2015 represents amounts due from collaborators, primarily for royalties earned on sales of Erivedge by Genentech and Roche. 121 The Company relies on third parties to supply certain raw materials necessary to produce its drug candidates, including CUDC-907, CA-170 and CA-4948, for preclinical studies and clinical trials. There are a small number of suppliers for certain raw materials that the Company uses to manufacture its drug candidates. (n) COMPREHENSIVE LOSS Comprehensive loss is comprised of net loss and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) includes unrealized holding gains and losses arising during the period on available-for-sale securities that are not other-than-temporarily impaired. (o) NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS In May 2014, the FASB issued new revenue recognition guidance in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, for entities, providing a single, comprehensive model to account for revenue arising from contracts with customers. The new standard requires significantly expanded disclosures regarding the qualitative and quantitative information of an entity’s nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The guidance is anticipated to be effective for the Company in 2018. Early adoption is permitted in 2017. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements. In January 2015, the FASB issued new guidance in ASC 225-20, Income Statement-Extraordinary and Unusual Items, to eliminate the concept of extraordinary items as part of its initiative to reduce complexity in accounting standards. The guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2015 and may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The Company does not expect adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB updated the guidance in ASC 835-30, Interest-Imputation of Interest, related to the presentation of debt issuance costs. The updated standard requires debt issuance costs, related to a recognized debt liability, to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability instead of as an asset. The update requires the guidance to be applied retrospectively. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015. The Company does not expect adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on its financial statements. In November 2015, the FASB issued new guidance in ASC 740, Income Taxes, which simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes by requiring deferred tax assets and liabilities to be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. The updated standard is effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2017, with early application permitted as of the beginning of any interim or annual reporting period. The Company does not expect adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its financial statements. (p) SEGMENT REPORTING The Company is engaged solely in the discovery and development of innovative drug candidates for the treatment of human cancers. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it operates in one operating segment. 122 (3) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COLLABORATIONS (a) GENENTECH, INC. JUNE 2003 COLLABORATION (i) Agreement Summary In June 2003, the Company licensed its proprietary Hedgehog signaling pathway technologies to Genentech for human therapeutic use. The primary focus of the collaborative research plan has been to develop molecules that inhibit the Hedgehog signaling pathway for the treatment of various cancers. The collaboration is currently focused on Genentech and Roche’s commercialization and further development of Erivedge. Erivedge is approved and is being sold in the United States and several other countries and conditionally approved in Europe based on positive clinical data from the ERIVANCE BCC/SHH4476g trial, a pivotal Phase 2 study of Erivedge in patients with BCC. Roche and Genentech are also continuing Erivedge’s clinical development in less severe forms of BCC and have also recently initiated clinical studies of Erivedge in other diseases including in IPF and MF. The Company is eligible to receive up to $115,000,000 in contingent cash payments under the collaboration for the development of Erivedge or another small molecule Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, assuming the successful achievement by Genentech and Roche of specified clinical development and regulatory objectives. The Company has received $59,000,000 in contingent cash payments through December 31, 2015. In addition to these payments, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Curis Royalty, is entitled to a royalty on net sales of Erivedge that ranges from 5% to 7.5%. The royalty rate applicable to Erivedge may be decreased by 2% (such that the applicable royalty rate will range from 3% to 5.5%) in certain specified circumstances, including when a competing product that binds to the same molecular target as Erivedge is approved by the applicable regulatory authority and is being sold in such country by a third party for use in the same indication as Erivedge or when there is no issued intellectual property covering Erivedge in a territory in which sales are recorded. During the third quarter of 2015, the FDA and the European Medicine Agency’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP, approved another Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, sonidegib, which is marketed by Novartis, for use in locally advanced BCC. During the fourth quarter of 2015, Genentech applied the 2% royalty reduction on U.S. sales of Erivedge as a result of the first commercial sale of sonidegib in the US. Future royalty payments related to Erivedge will service the outstanding debt and accrued interest to BioPharma-II until the debt is fully repaid (see Note 8). Unless terminated earlier, the agreement shall expire six months after the later of the expiration of Genentech’s obligation to pay royalties to the Company under the agreement or such time as no activities have occurred under the agreement for a period of twelve months. (ii) Accounting Summary The Company considers its arrangement with Genentech to be a revenue arrangement with multiple deliverables. The Company’s deliverables under this collaboration include an exclusive license to its Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor technologies, research and development services for the first two years of the collaboration, and participation on the joint steering committee. The Company applied the provisions of the FASB Codification Topic 605-25, Revenue Recognition, Multiple Element Arrangement to determine whether the performance obligations under this collaboration should be accounted for separately or should be accounted for as a single unit of account. The Company determined that the deliverables, specifically, the license, research and development services and steering committee participation, represented a single unit of account because the Company believes that the license, although delivered at the inception of the arrangement, did not have stand-alone value to Genentech without the Company’s research and development services and steering committee participation. During 2007, the Company reassessed its participation on the joint steering committee and concluded that its participation in the joint steering committee had become inconsequential and perfunctory. As a result, the Company determined that it had no further performance obligations under 123 this collaboration and consideration received after this date is recognized in the Company’s financial statements in the period in which it was earned. The Company received contingent payments from Genentech totaling $3,000,000 and $10,000,000 during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, for the achievement of certain clinical development and regulatory objectives related to Erivedge. No such payments were received during the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company has recorded these amounts as revenue within “License Fees” in the Revenues section of its Consolidated Statement of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. As a result of its licensing agreements with various universities, the Company is obligated to make payments to these university licensors when certain non-royalty payments are received from Genentech. Through December 31, 2015, the Company has incurred aggregate research and development expenses over the term of this collaboration of $4,389,000 related to payments made to these university licensors in connection with the Company’s receipt of cash payments from Genentech for research, development and regulatory objectives achieved related to such university licensing agreements. In connection with the receipt of payments from Genentech, the Company recorded research and development expenses of $150,000 and $500,000 during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, representing 5% of the total cash payments received during each year. In addition, the Company recognized $8,030,942, $6,757,023 and $3,942,136 in royalty revenue from Genentech’s net sales of Erivedge during the year ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The Company also recorded $405,756, $339,578 and $197,796, respectively, as cost of royalty revenues within the costs and expenses section of its Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss during these same periods. Cost of royalty revenues is comprised of the 5% of the royalties earned by Curis Royalty with respect to Erivedge outside Australia, and 2% direct net sales in Australia (subject to decrease to 5% of royalties on expiration of the patent in April 2019), that the Company is obligated to pay to university licensors. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company also recognized “Research and development” revenue of $264,093, $265,047 and $291,448, respectively, related to expenses incurred on behalf of Genentech that were incurred by the Company and for which Genentech is obligated to reimburse the Company. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, Genentech incurred expenses of $432,756 and $225,707, respectively, under this collaboration which the Company is obligated to reimburse to Genentech, and which the Company has recorded as contra- revenues which have been net against research and development revenues in its Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Company will continue to recognize revenue for expense reimbursement as such reimbursable expenses are incurred, provided that the provisions of the FASB Codification Topic 605-45 are met. The Company had recorded as amounts receivable from Genentech under this collaboration, comprised primarily of Erivedge royalties earned in the fourth quarters of 2015 and 2014, of $2,104,000 and $1,958,000, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, in “Accounts receivable” in the Company’s Current Assets section of its Consolidated Balance Sheets. (b) AURIGENE Collaboration Overview. In January 2015, the Company entered into an exclusive collaboration agreement with Aurigene for the discovery, development and commercialization of small molecule compounds in the areas of immuno-oncology and selected precision oncology targets. Under the collaboration agreement, Aurigene granted the Company an option to obtain exclusive, royalty-bearing licenses to relevant Aurigene technology to develop, manufacture and commercialize products containing certain of such compounds. In October 2015, two programs under this collaboration, resulting in an aggregate one-time payment of $6,000,000 by the Company to Aurigene. the Company exercised options to license the first 124 The first licensed program is focused on the development of orally-available small molecule antagonists of PD-1 and VISTA in the immuno-oncology field. The Company has named CA-170, a PD-L1/VISTA antagonist, as the development candidate from this program. The second licensed program is focused on orally-available small molecule inhibitors of Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) in the precision oncology field, with the development candidate designated CA- 4948. Effective October 2015, the Company agreed to make additional payments to Aurigene totaling up to $2,000,000 for supplemental research, development and/or manufacturing activities in support of these two programs, of which the Company recognized $1,000,000 in research and development expense related to costs Aurigene incurred in 2015. Also in October 2015, the Company named a preclinical program within the immuno-oncology part of the collaboration, which is focused on evaluating small molecule antagonists with dual PD-1 and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing protein-3 (TIM-3) targeting properties. The Company anticipates that it will select additional programs under this collaboration in the future, and the Company intends to have the collaboration’s steering committee recommend such additional programs in order for Aurigene to initiate or continue the relevant preclinical activities described in each program’s written plan. For each program, Aurigene has granted the Company an exclusive option, exercisable within 90 days after Aurigene delivers the relevant data regarding a development candidate, to obtain an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to develop, manufacture and commercialize compounds from such program, including the development candidate and products containing such compounds, anywhere in the world, except for India and Russia. For the development, manufacture, and commercialization of compounds from a particular program and products containing such compounds in India and Russia, Aurigene will grant the Company the royalty-bearing license described above for such program, and the Company will grant Aurigene an exclusive, royalty-free, fully paid license under the Company’s relevant technology upon exercise of the relevant option. For each option to license (as described above) exercised by the Company, the Company is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, obtain regulatory approval for, and commercialize at least one product in each of the U.S., specified countries in the European Union, and Japan, and Aurigene is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to perform its obligations under the development plan for such licensed program in an expeditious manner. Subject to specified exceptions, Aurigene and the Company have agreed to collaborate exclusively with each other on the discovery, research, development and commercialization of programs and compounds within immuno-oncology for an initial period of approximately two years from the effective date of the collaboration agreement. At the Company’s option, and subject to specified conditions, it may extend such exclusivity for up to three additional one-year periods by paying to Aurigene exclusivity option fees on an annual basis. The first of such option fees is $7,500,000 and the Company currently estimates that this payment will be due in the first quarter of 2017. In addition, beyond the up-to five years of exclusivity described above, and subject to specified exceptions and payment by the Company of an annual exclusivity fee on a program-by-program basis, Aurigene and the Company have agreed to collaborate exclusively with each other on each program for which there are ongoing activities in research or development, or for which the Company has exercised its option to acquire an exclusive license (as described above) and the Company or its affiliates or sublicensees are actively developing or commercializing a compound or product from such program in a major market. For each product that may be commercialized, the Company has granted Aurigene the right, subject to certain conditions, to nominate one global drug substance or drug product supplier to provide up to 50% of the total requirements in the Company’s territory. Up-front Equity Issuance. In connection with the collaboration agreement, the Company issued to Aurigene 17,120,131 shares of its common stock in partial consideration for the rights granted to the 125 Company under the collaboration agreement. The shares were issued pursuant to a stock purchase agreement with Aurigene dated January 18, 2015. Research Payments, Option Exercise Fees and Milestone Payments. The Company has agreed to make the following research, option exercise fees and milestone payments to Aurigene: • for the PD-1/VISTA and IRAK4 programs: up to $52,500,000 per program, comprised of: $3,000,000 for each option exercise, $3,000,000 upon acceptance of each IND filing, $4,000,000 upon dosing of the fifth patient in our first Phase 1 clinical trial in each program, as well as specified approval and commercial milestones, plus specified additional payments for approvals for additional indications, if any. Effective October 2015, the Company agreed to make additional payments to Aurigene totaling up to $2,000,000 for supplemental research, development and/or manufacturing activities in support of these two programs, of which $1,000,000 was accrued at December 31, 2015; • for the third and fourth programs: up to $50,000,000 per program, comprised of: $2,000,000 for a program selection fee that the Company paid in May 2015 for the third program, $3,000,000 for an option exercise fee if the program is licensed, $2,500,000 upon acceptance of an IND filing by the Company, as well as development milestones, specified approval and commercial milestones, plus specified additional payments for approvals for additional indications, if any; and • for any program thereafter: up to $140,500,000 per program, comprised of: up to a total of $53,000,000 for research fees, an option exercise fee, a preclinical milestone and development milestones, as well as specified filing, approval and commercial milestones, plus specified additional payments for approvals for additional indications, if any. Royalties on Net Sales by the Company. The Company has agreed to pay Aurigene tiered royalties on the Company’s and its affiliates’ annual net sales of products at percentage rates ranging from the high single digits up to 10%, subject to specified reductions. Amounts that the Company Receives from Sublicensees. The Company has agreed to make the following payments to Aurigene upon its entry into sublicense agreements on any program(s): • with respect to amounts that the Company and its affiliates receive from sublicensees under a licensed program in the U.S. or the European Union, a declining percentage of non-royalty sublicense revenues, such percentage correlating to the stage of the most advanced product for such licensed program at the time the sublicense is granted (for example, 25% of such amounts following the Company’s initiation of Phase 2 clinical study and 15% of such amounts after initiation of the first pivotal study). This sharing will also extend to royalties that the Company receives from sublicensees, subject to minimum royalty percentage rates that the Company is obligated to pay to Aurigene, which generally range from 5-10%; • with respect to amounts that the Company and its affiliates receive from sublicensees under a licensed program in Asia, 50% of such sublicensing revenues (including both non-royalty sublicensee revenues and royalties that the Company receives from sublicensees); and • with respect to amounts that the Company and its affiliates receive from sublicensees under a licensed program outside of the U.S., the European Union and Asia, a percentage of such non- royalty sublicense revenues ranging from 30% to 50%. The Company is also obligated to share 50% of royalties that the Company receives from sublicensees that it receives in these territories. The Company’s royalty payment obligations (including with respect to royalties on sales by sublicensees) under the collaboration agreement will expire on a product-by-product and country-by- country basis on the later of (i) the expiration of the last-to-expire valid claim of the Aurigene patents covering the manufacture, use or sale of such product in such country and (ii) 10 years from the first commercial sale of such product in such country. Term and Termination. The term of the collaboration agreement began upon signing and, unless earlier terminated, will expire upon either: (i) 90 days after the completion by Aurigene of its 126 obligations under all research plans if the Company has not exercised the option with respect to at least one program by such time; or (ii) expiration of the last-to-expire royalty term for any and all products. Upon expiration (but not on earlier termination) of the collaboration agreement, all licenses granted by Aurigene to the Company that were in effect immediately prior to such expiration shall survive on a non-exclusive, royalty-free, fully paid, irrevocable, perpetual basis. The collaboration agreement may be terminated, either in its entirety or with respect to a particular program, by either party for uncured material breach by the other party, other than an uncured material breach by the other party of its diligence obligations with respect to a program or licensed program. If an uncured material breach other than a diligence breach relates to a particular program or licensed program, the non-breaching party may terminate the collaboration agreement only with respect to that program or licensed program. However, after initiation of the first pivotal clinical trial of a product for a licensed program, Aurigene may not terminate the collaboration agreement with respect to such licensed program for an uncured non-diligence breach by the Company, except in the case of the Company’s uncured material breach of its payment obligations with respect to such licensed program, but Aurigene may pursue any and all remedies that may be available to it at law or in equity as a result of such breach. Similarly, after initiation of the first pivotal clinical trial of a product for a licensed program, the Company may not terminate the collaboration agreement with respect to the license the Company has granted Aurigene for the territory or India and Russia for such licensed program for an uncured non-diligence breach by Aurigene, but the Company may pursue any and all remedies that may be available at law or in equity as a result of such breach. On a program-by-program basis, the Company may terminate the collaboration agreement as it relates to a program or licensed program for an uncured diligence breach by Aurigene in connection with such program or licensed program, and Aurigene may terminate the collaboration agreement as it relates to a licensed program for an uncured diligence breach by the Company in connection with such licensed program. In addition, the Company may terminate the collaboration agreement in its entirety or as it relates to a particular program or licensed program or on a country-by-country basis, for any reason or for no reason at any time upon 60 days’ prior written notice to Aurigene. In the event of termination of the collaboration agreement as it relates to any program prior to exercise of the option for such program, all rights and licenses granted by either Aurigene or the Company with respect to such program under the collaboration agreement (including the option for such program) will automatically terminate. If the royalty term with respect to a product for any licensed program in any country has expired on or before any termination of the collaboration agreement in its entirety or as to such licensed program, the license granted by Aurigene to the Company with respect to such product in such country, as well as the corresponding license granted to Aurigene in its territory, shall survive a termination of the collaboration agreement. Solely in the event of termination of the collaboration agreement by Aurigene for the Company’s uncured breach, or the Company’s termination of the collaboration agreement for convenience, the following will apply to any program that was a licensed program immediately prior to such termination: • the Company’s license with respect to any licensed program that is not a terminated program (defined below), either in the Company’s entire territory or in countries within our territory outside of the terminated region (defined below), as applicable, shall continue in full force and effect, subject to all terms and conditions of the collaboration agreement, including the Company’s payment obligations; • the Company’s license with respect to any terminated program, either in the Company’s entire territory or in the terminated region, as applicable, shall terminate and revert to Aurigene; 127 • the Company will grant Aurigene a perpetual, royalty-free (except for pass-through royalties and milestone payments payable by the Company under licenses to third party patent rights with respect to products developed or commercialized by or on behalf of Aurigene) license, with the right to sublicense, under the Company’s relevant patent rights and other technology solely to develop, manufacture and commercialize compounds and products for any terminated program, either in the Company’s entire territory or in the terminated region, as applicable. The foregoing license will be non-exclusive with respect to the Company’s patent rights and exclusive with respect to its other technology; • the Company will grant to Aurigene a right of first negotiation, exercisable within 90 days after termination, to obtain an exclusive, royalty-bearing license, with the right to sublicense, under relevant patent rights solely to develop, manufacture and commercialize compounds and products for any terminated program, either in the Company’s entire territory or in the terminated region, as applicable, upon commercially reasonable terms and conditions to be negotiated in good faith by the parties; • the Company will perform other specified activities and actions reasonably necessary for Aurigene to develop, manufacture and commercialize compounds and products for any terminated program, either in the Company’s entire territory or in the terminated region, as applicable; and • any license granted to Aurigene to develop, manufacture and commercialize compounds and products for any terminated program will survive termination of the collaboration agreement. For purposes of the foregoing, “terminated program” means: (i) in the case of termination of the collaboration agreement in its entirety by Aurigene for the Company’s uncured non-diligence breach, any program that was a licensed program immediately prior to such termination, but excluding, except in the case of the Company’s uncured material breach of the Company’s payment obligations with respect to such licensed program, any such licensed program for which initiation of the first pivotal clinical trial of a product has occurred prior to such termination; (ii) in the case of any termination of the collaboration agreement as to a particular licensed program by Aurigene either for the Company’s uncured non-diligence breach (to the extent termination as to such licensed program is permitted) or the Company’s uncured diligence breach, such licensed program; (iii) in the case of the Company’s termination of the collaboration agreement in its entirety for convenience, any program that was a licensed program immediately prior to such termination; or (iv) in the case of the Company’s termination of the collaboration agreement as to a particular licensed program for convenience, such licensed program; provided, however, that, in the case of the preceding clauses (iii) and (iv), if the Company’s termination of the collaboration agreement in its entirety or as to a particular licensed program for convenience was with respect only to a particular country or subset of countries within the entire territory (as applicable, a “terminated region”), the applicable licensed program(s) shall be considered “terminated program(s)” only in the terminated region but shall remain licensed program(s) in the rest of the Company’s territory. Accounting Summary. Under the terms of this collaboration agreement, the Company issued to Aurigene 17,120,131 shares of its common stock in partial consideration for the rights granted under the collaboration agreement at a value of $23,968,183 based on the closing share price of the Company’s common stock on the closing date of the stock purchase agreement, January 20, 2015, which was $1.40 per share. In addition, the Company made a cash payment of $379,632 pursuant to the collaboration agreement. As compounds licensed from Aurigene are in pre-clinical development and require substantial development, regulatory, and marketing approval efforts in order to reach technological feasibility, the Company recognized in-process research and development expense of $24,347,815 within its Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company also recognized $9,000,000 in research and development expenses within its Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the year ended December 31, 2015 128 related to payments made to Aurigene in connection with the selection of a preclinical program under this collaboration, the option exercises to in-license the PD-1/VISTA and IRAK4 programs and supplemental research and development funding. (c) IAP LICENSE AGREEMENT WITH GENENTECH, INC. On November 27, 2012, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement, or the IAP license agreement, with Genentech, pursuant to which Genentech granted to the Company an exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize CUDC-427. Pursuant to the terms of the IAP license agreement, Genentech transferred to the Company know how, information and materials necessary to continue the development of CUDC-427. Genentech also assigned its existing IND application for CUDC-427 to the Company. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize CUDC-427, including to conduct at least one additional Phase 1 clinical trial of CUDC-427, and unless the results of the additional Phase 1 trial do not provide sufficient scientific or clinical justification for continued clinical development, to conduct a Phase 2 clinical trial to inform a decision to start a Phase 3 clinical trial. The Company is solely responsible for all future costs related to the development, registration and commercialization of products under the agreement. Under the terms of the IAP agreement, the Company made a payment of $9,500,000 to Genentech as an up-front license fee and for technology transfer costs. Given that the compound licensed from Genentech is in clinical development and will require substantial development, regulatory and marketing approval efforts in order to reach technological feasibility, the Company recognized in- process research and development expense of $9,500,000 within the 2012 Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. In addition, Genentech is eligible to receive milestone payments upon the first commercial sale of products containing CUDC-427 in certain territories, and escalating royalties on net sales of products, which royalties are subject to reduction in certain limited circumstances. On a product-by-product and country-by-country basis, the term of the Company’s royalty payment obligations will begin on the first commercial sale of a product in a country and will continue until the later of: (i) 10 years after the first commercial sale of such product in such country; and (ii) the date of expiration of Genentech’s patent rights covering such product in such country. Upon expiration of its royalty payment obligations with respect to a product in a country, the Company’s license with respect to such product in such country will become royalty-free and fully paid-up. The IAP license agreement will continue in effect until expiration of all royalty payment obligations with respect to any product, unless earlier terminated by either party as described below. Upon expiration of the agreement, the Company’s license will become royalty-free, fully paid-up, irrevocable and perpetual. Each of Genentech and the Company may terminate the IAP license agreement prior to expiration in the event of the uncured material breach of the agreement by the other party. In addition, the Company may terminate the IAP license agreement prior to expiration for any reason upon 90 days’ prior written notice to Genentech. Upon any termination of the IAP license agreement, the license granted to the Company will terminate and revert to Genentech. If Genentech terminates the IAP license agreement for an uncured material breach by the Company, or if the Company terminates the agreement for any reason other than uncured material breach by Genentech, Genentech will be entitled to certain licenses and other rights with respect to products existing as of the date of termination, and the Company may, under specified circumstances, be obligated to supply products to Genentech for a limited period of time after termination. 129 (d) THE LEUKEMIA & LYMPHOMA SOCIETY AGREEMENT (i) Agreement Summary In November 2011, the Company entered into an agreement under which The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, or LLS, agreed to provide the Company with up to $4,000,000 in payments to support the Company’s ongoing development of CUDC-907, subject to the achievement of specified clinical development objectives with CUDC-907. Since the inception of the agreement, the Company has received $1,650,000 from LLS related to milestones achieved under this agreement. In August 2015, the Company entered into an amendment of the November 2011 agreement with LLS. Under the amendment, LLS agreed to provide advisory services regarding both the CUDC-907 and IRAK4 programs, and LLS is no longer obligated to make milestone payments related to ongoing clinical development of CUDC-907. The Company agreed to make up to $1,650,000 in future payments to LLS, which represents the aggregate payments previously received from LLS under the November 2011 agreement, pursuant to achievement of certain objectives, including a licensing, sale, or other similar transaction, as well as regulatory and commercial objectives, in each case related to the CUDC-907 program in hematological malignancies. However, if CUDC-907 does not continue to meet its clinical safety endpoints in future clinical trials in the defined field, or fails to obtain necessary regulatory approvals, all funding provided to us by LLS will be considered a non-refundable grant. (ii) Accounting Summary The Company applied the provisions of ASC 605-28, Revenue Recognition, Milestone Method to determine whether the revenue earned under this agreement should be accounted for as substantive milestones. In determining whether the milestones in this arrangement are substantive, the Company considered whether uncertainty exists as to: (i) the achievement of the milestone event at the inception of the arrangement; (ii) the achievement of the milestone involves substantive effort and can only be achieved based in whole or part on the performance or the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from the Company’s performance; (iii) the amount of the milestone payment appears reasonable either in relation to the effort expected to be expended or to the projected enhancement of the value of the delivered items; (iv) there is any future performance required to earn the milestone; and (v) the consideration is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement. When a substantive milestone is achieved, the accounting guidance permits recognition of revenue related to the milestone payment in its entirety. The Company determined that the milestones achieved in 2013 under the LLS agreement were substantive and recognized related revenue totaling $650,000 in the year ended December 31, 2013. The Company did not receive any milestones under this agreement during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. (4) FORMER COLLABORATION Debiopharm International S.A. Termination and Transition Agreement. In February 2015 and as amended in August 2015, the Company entered into a termination and transition agreement with Debiopharm International S.A., or “Debiopharm”, to terminate the August 5, 2009 license agreement, as amended, between the Company and Debiopharm, under which the Company granted Debiopharm an exclusive, worldwide license to Debio 0932, a small molecule inhibitor of Heat Shock Protein 90, or HSP90. The termination of the August 2009 agreement was effective as of February 2015. Under the terms of the termination and transition agreement, the licenses and all other rights granted by the Company related to Debio 0932 terminated and reverted to the Company, effective as of the termination date. Debiopharm ceased enrollment in all clinical trials as of the termination date. In 130 addition, the Company exercised its right, pursuant to the license agreement, to obtain a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing license, with the right to sublicense, under intellectual property rights of Debiopharm to develop, make, have made, use, sell, offer for sale, have sold, and import Debio 0932 and any product containing Debio 0932. Debiopharm will also transfer to the Company the U.S. investigational new drug application related to Debio 0932. Debiopharm also assigned to the Company its sole patent application related to Debio 0932. Under the terms of the February 2015 transition agreement, Debiopharm transitioned to the Company all ongoing Debio 0932 development and manufacturing activities, manufacturing technology necessary for Debio 0932 manufacture, and all data relating to Debio 0932 generated by or on behalf of Debiopharm. The Company agreed to make the following payments to Debiopharm under the terms of the termination and transition agreement, as amended in August 2015: Up-front drug product payment. The Company paid $750,000 to Debiopharm, primarily in consideration for Debiopharm providing drug product for use in the Company’s future clinical studies, which has been recorded within the research and development line item of its Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss during the year ended December 31, 2015. Royalties on the Company’s net sales. The Company agreed to pay to Debiopharm royalties at a rate of 3% of net sales by the Company (excluding sales by the Company’s third party sublicensees) of products containing Debio 0932. Royalties on net sales by the Company will be payable on a country- by-country basis from first commercial sale of a product in a country and ending upon the later of: (i) expiration of the last-to-expire valid claim of certain intellectual property in such country; and (ii) the tenth (10th) anniversary of first commercial sale of the product in such country. Amounts that Debiopharm the following percentages of amounts that sublicensees; the Company receives from sublicensees. The Company has agreed to pay to the Company receives from third party • 10% of any royalties that the Company receives from third party sublicensees based on such sublicensees’ net sales of products containing Debio 0932; and • 20% of any non-royalty sublicense payments that the Company receives from third party sublicensees up to a maximum of $30,000,000. (5) STOCK PLANS AND STOCK BASED COMPENSATION As of December 31, 2015, the Company had two shareholder-approved, share-based compensation plans: (i) the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, or the 2010 Plan, adopted by the Board of Directors in March 2015 and approved by shareholders in May 2015 and (ii) the 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, adopted by the Board of Directors in April 2010 and approved by shareholders in June 2010. In the first quarter of 2010, the Company’s 2000 Stock Incentive Plan expired in accordance with its terms, and its 2000 Director Stock Option Plan had no available shares remaining under the plan. No additional awards will be made under these plans, although all outstanding awards under these plans will remain in effect until they are exercised or they expire in accordance with their terms. The Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan The 2010 Plan permits the granting of incentive and non-qualified stock options and stock awards to employees, officers, directors, and consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries at prices determined by the Company’s Board of Directors. The Company can issue up to 19,000,000 shares of its common stock pursuant to awards granted under the 2010 Plan. Options become exercisable as determined by the Board of Directors and expire up to 10 years from the date of grant. The 2010 Plan uses a “fungible 131 share” concept under which each share of stock subject to awards granted as options and stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), will cause one share per share under the award to be removed from the available share pool, while each share of stock subject to awards granted as restricted stock, restricted stock units, other stock-based awards or performance awards where the price charged for the award is less than 100% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock will cause 1.3 shares per share under the award to be removed from the available share pool. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had only granted options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock with an exercise price equal to the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market on the grant date. As of December 31, 2015, 8,684,409 shares remained available for grant under the 2010 Plan. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company’s board of directors granted options to purchase 2,818,250 shares of the Company’s common stock to officers and employees of the Company under the 2010 Plan. Of these options, 1,758,250 shares vest and become exercisable as to 25% of the shares underlying the award after the first year and as to an additional 6.25% of the shares underlying the award in each subsequent quarter, based upon continued employment over a four-year period, and are exercisable at a price equal to the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market on the grant dates. The Company’s board of directors granted the remaining 1,060,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to its officers in February 2015. Such stock options have an exercise price equal to $2.39 per share, the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market on the date of grant, and will vest and become exercisable as to 25% of the shares underlying the award after the first year and as to an additional 6.25% of the shares underlying the award in each subsequent quarter, continued vesting contingent upon continued employment over a four-year period; provided that such awards would terminate and be forfeited if the Company’s stockholders did not approve an amendment to the 2010 Plan to increase the number of shares authorized for issuance thereunder within 12 months of the grant date; and further provided that such options shall not be exercisable and no common stock shall be issued thereunder, before the approval of such stock incentive plan amendment by the Company’s stockholders. The Company’s shareholders approved such amendment in May 2015 and options to purchase an aggregate of 1,060,000 shares of common stock were awarded to the Company’s officers. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company’s board of directors also granted options to its non-employee directors to purchase 260,000 shares of common stock under the 2010 Plan, which will vest and become exercisable in equal monthly installments over a period of one year from the date of grant. These options were granted at exercise prices price of $1.94 per share, the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market on the grant date. Employee and Director Grants Vesting Tied to Service Conditions In determining the fair value of stock options, the Company generally uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model. As discussed below, for employee stock options with market performance conditions, the Company uses a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model. The Black-Scholes option pricing model employs the following key assumptions for employee and director options awarded during each of the following years: For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Expected term (years)—Employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected term (years)—Officers and Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 6.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 1.9% 1.0-2.1% 1.5-1.9% 68-70% 70-71% 70-72% None None None The expected volatility is based on the annualized daily historical volatility of the Company’s stock price for a time period consistent with the expected term of each grant. Management believes that the historical volatility of the Company’s stock price best represents the future volatility of the stock price. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield in effect at the time of grant for the expected term of the respective grant. The Company has not historically paid cash dividends, and does not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The stock price volatility and expected terms utilized in the calculation involve management’s best estimates at that time, both of which impact the fair value of the option calculated under the Black- Scholes methodology and, ultimately, the expense that will be recognized over the life of the option. GAAP also requires that the Company recognize compensation expense for only the portion of options that are expected to vest. Therefore, management calculated an estimated annual pre-vesting forfeiture rate that is derived from historical employee termination behavior since the inception of the Company, as adjusted. If the actual number of forfeitures differs from those estimated by management, additional adjustments to compensation expense may be required in future periods. At December 31, 2015, the aggregate intrinsic value of employee options outstanding was $8,066,000, of which $5,684,000 related to exercisable options, and the weighted average remaining contractual life of vested stock options was 6.22 years. The weighted average grant-date fair values of stock options granted with standard vesting terms during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were $1.71, $1.79 and $2.27 per share of common stock underlying such stock options, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, there was approximately $5,663,000, including the impact of estimated forfeitures, of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested employee stock option awards outstanding under the Company’s 2010 Plan that is expected to be recognized as expense over a weighted average period of 2.4 years. The intrinsic value of employee stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were $797,000, $105,000 and $2,091,000, respectively. Vesting Tied to Market Conditions Monte Carlo simulation models were used to value stock options to purchase an aggregate of 1,040,000 shares of common stock granted to the Company’s officers during the year ended December 31, 2014. Of this amount, options to purchase 640,000 shares of common stock were granted in February 2014 with an exercise price of $3.09 and options to purchase 400,000 shares of common stock were granted in June 2014 with an exercise price of $1.75 per share that contained specific market conditions. The key assumptions used in these Monte Carlo simulation models and resulting valuations are noted in the following table: Expected life (years)—officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of options granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Market Condition Options Granted February 18, 2014 6 1.9% 70% None 640,000 $1.20 Market Condition Options Granted June 2, 2014 6 2.1% 65% None 400,000 $0.34 Based on the above, the Monte Carlo simulation models calculated an aggregate fair value of $905,000, excluding forfeitures, related to these grants that are being recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated vesting periods of the separate tranches. These awards accounted for $396,802 and $392,945 of the employee stock-based compensation expense recorded by the Company for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, none of the options with market conditions had vested. 133 Non-Employee Grants Pursuant to the Company’s stock plans, the Company has periodically granted stock options and unrestricted stock awards to consultants for services at the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on NASDAQ on the grant date. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2013, the Company issued options to purchase a total of 150,000 and 525,000 shares of common stock to consultants, respectively. No options were issued to consultants during the year ended December 31, 2014. These options were issued pursuant to the Amended and Restated 2010 Plan at exercise prices equal to the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on NASDAQ on the grant date. Should the Company terminate any of its consulting agreements, the unvested options underlying the agreements would also be cancelled. Unvested non-employee options are marked-to-market, which means that as the Company’s stock price fluctuates, the related expense either increases or decreases. The Company recognized expense of $292,992 and $351,089 related to non-employee stock options and stock awards for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2013, respectively, and reversed the previously recognized expense of $80,866 for the year ended December 31, 2014. A summary of stock option activity under the Amended and Restated 2010 Plan, the 2000 Stock Incentive Plan and the 2000 Director Stock Option Plan is summarized as follows: Number of Shares Outstanding, December 31, 2014 (7,534,372 exercisable at weighted average price of $2.45 per share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,319,619 3,228,250 (695,338) (561,907) Outstanding, December 31, 2015 (7,946,442 exercisable at weighted average price of $2.58 per share) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,290,624 Vested and unvested expected to vest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,697,446 Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share $2.66 2.33 1.63 3.63 $2.60 $2.60 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) The Company has reserved 500,000 of its shares of common stock for issuance under the ESPP. Eligible employees may purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at 85% of the lower closing market price of the common stock at the beginning or ending date of the purchase period, as defined. The Company has two six-month purchase periods per year. As of December 31, 2015, 378,504 shares were issued under the ESPP, of which 53,190 were issued during 2015. As of December 31, 2015, there were 121,496 shares available for future purchase under the ESPP. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company recorded compensation expense related to its ESPP and calculated the fair value of shares expected to be purchased under the ESPP using the Black-Scholes models with the following assumptions: For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Compensation expense recognized under ESPP . . Expected term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 $ 25,604 6 months $ 29,924 6 months 0.06-0.5% 0.06-0.09% 0.08-0.1% 42-66% None $ 40,008 6 months 55-78% None 55-66% None Employee Stock-Based Compensation Expense Stock-based compensation for employee and director stock option grants for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 of $3,582,254, $3,140,855 and $2,651,152, respectively, was calculated using the above valuation models and has been included in the Company’s results of operations. The total fair value of vested stock options for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were $2,734,000, $2,907,000 and $2,716,000, respectively. Total Stock-Based Compensation Expense For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company recorded employee and non- employee stock-based compensation expense to the following line items in its Costs and Expenses section of the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss: Research and development expenses . . . . . . . . . General and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . $1,023,269 2,851,977 $ 671,063 2,388,926 $ 879,052 2,123,189 Total stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . $3,875,246 $3,059,989 $3,002,241 For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 No income tax benefits have been recorded for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 or 2013, as the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance and management has concluded that it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will not be realized (see Note 11). (6) PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment consist of the following: December 31, 2015 2014 Laboratory equipment, computers and software . . . . . . . . . . . Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office furniture and equipment $ 1,841,276 62,621 338,881 $ 1,963,017 62,621 311,664 Less—Accumulated depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . 2,242,778 (1,965,064) 2,337,302 (1,929,564) Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 277,714 $ 407,738 The Company recorded depreciation and amortization expense of $160,812, $155,083 and $141,522 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company identified certain of its fully depreciated assets no longer being used. As a result, the Company wrote off gross assets and related accumulated depreciation, totaling $128,000, $139,000 and $329,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. 135 (7) ACCRUED LIABILITIES Accrued liabilities consist of the following: Accrued compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued interest on debt (see Note 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,309,575 122,500 252,300 249,269 $1,386,226 122,850 286,075 212,548 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,933,644 $2,007,699 December 31, 2015 2014 (8) DEBT In December 2012, Curis’ wholly-owned subsidiary, Curis Royalty, received a $30,000,000 loan at an annual interest rate of 12.25% pursuant to a credit agreement between Curis Royalty and BioPharma-II. In connection with the loan, Curis transferred to Curis Royalty its right to receive certain royalty and royalty-related payments on the commercial sales of Erivedge that it receives from Genentech. The loan and accrued interest is being repaid by Curis Royalty using such royalty and royalty-related payments. To secure repayment of the loan, Curis Royalty granted a first priority lien and security interest (subject only to permitted liens) to BioPharma-II in all of its assets and all real, intangible and personal property, including all of its right, title and interest in and to the royalty and royalty-related payments. The loan constitutes an obligation of Curis Royalty, and is intended to be non-recourse to Curis. Under the terms of the loan, quarterly royalty payments received by Curis Royalty from Genentech will first be applied to pay (i) escrow fees payable by Curis pursuant to an escrow agreement between Curis, Curis Royalty, BioPharma-II and Boston Private Bank and Trust Company, (ii) Curis’ royalty obligations to university licensors, (iii) certain expenses incurred by BioPharma-II in connection with the credit agreement and related transaction documents, including enforcement of its rights in the case of an event of default under the credit agreement and (iv) expenses incurred by Curis enforcing its right to indemnification under the collaboration agreement with Genentech. Remaining amounts are applied first to pay interest and second, principal on the loan. Curis remains entitled to receive any contingent payments upon achievement of clinical development objectives. Curis Royalty retains its right to royalty payments related to sales of Erivedge following repayment of the loan. The final maturity date of the loan will be the earlier of the date when the principal is paid in full or the termination of Curis Royalty’s right to receive royalties under the collaboration agreement with Genentech. At any time after January 1, 2017, Curis Royalty may, subject to certain limitations, prepay the outstanding principal of the loan in whole or in part, at a price equal to 105% of the outstanding principal on the loan, plus accrued but unpaid interest. The obligations of Curis Royalty under the credit agreement to repay the loan may be accelerated upon the occurrence of an event of default as defined in the credit agreement. the Company made payments totaling During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, $7,466,129 and $8,901,330, respectively, of which $4,162,823 and $1,587,154 have been applied to the principal, respectively, with the remainder satisfying interest obligations. As of December 31, 2015, the Company recorded short- and long-term debt of $4,606,536 and $19,557,971, respectively (net of unamortized issuance costs of $12,166 and $73,350, respectively), and at December 31, 2014, the Company recorded short- and long-term debt of $5,709,985 and $22,589,058, respectively (net of unamortized issuance costs of $38,074 and $75,729, respectively), related to the loan, with such amounts recorded within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. In addition, the Company recorded related accrued interest on the debt of $252,300 and $286,075 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, with such amounts included in the Company’s accrued liabilities section of its Consolidated Balance Sheets. 136 Because the repayment of the term loan is contingent upon the level of Erivedge royalties received, the short- and long-term classification of the debt is based on the Company’s estimate of the timing of amounts to be repaid. The Company currently estimates that the loan will be repaid in 2019; however, this estimate is impacted by numerous factors, most of which are beyond the Company’s control. Accordingly, the Company’s estimate may not be indicative of when this loan would actually be repaid. The repayment term may be shortened or extended depending on the actual level of Erivedge royalties received. In addition, if Erivedge royalties are insufficient to pay the accrued interest on the outstanding loan, any unpaid interest outstanding will be added to the principal on a quarterly basis. The length of the actual repayment period could vary materially to the extent that royalty payments Curis Royalty receives are lower than the Company’s current estimates, which could arise due to factors beyond the Company’s control, such as the sale of competing products that result in a lowering of the royalty rates that Curis Royalty is entitled to receive, decreased market acceptance or a failure by Genentech and/or Roche to successfully commercialize Erivedge in territories where it has received regulatory approval. Curis Royalty is currently entitled to a royalty that escalates from 5% to 7.5% based on worldwide annual net sales of Erivedge ranging from less than $150 million to over $600 million. The royalty rate applicable to Erivedge may be decreased by 2% (such that the applicable royalty rate will range from 3% to 5.5%) in certain specified circumstances, including when a competing product that binds to the same molecular target as Erivedge is approved by the applicable regulatory authority and is being sold in such country by a third party for use in the same indication as Erivedge or when there is no issued intellectual property covering Erivedge in a territory in which sales are recorded. During the third quarter of 2015, the FDA and CHMP approved Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor sonidegib, marketed by Novartis, for use in locally advanced BCC. Genentech has advised us that Novartis recorded sales of sonidegib in the U.S. during the fourth quarter of 2015 and, accordingly, Genentech began reducing royalties on its net sales in the U.S. of Erivedge during the fourth quarter of 2015. At December 31, 2015, the fair value of the principal portion of the debt is estimated as $24,920,000. Due to the assumptions required in estimating future Erivedge royalties, the expected repayment period and weighting of various royalty projection scenarios, determining the fair value of the debt required application of Level 3 inputs. The Company incurred debt issuance costs totaling $421,715 in connection with this loan transaction, of which $215,000 related to expenses that the Company paid on behalf of BioPharma-II and the remaining $206,715 were incurred directly by the Company. The debt issuance costs incurred directly by the Company were capitalized as assets and those costs paid on behalf of BioPharma-II have been netted against the debt and accrued interest in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 as detailed in the following table: Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total debt issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of December 31, 2015 32,619 48,364 80,983 $ 2014 43,616 64,564 108,180 Debt, current Debt issue costs, current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,618,702 (12,166) 5,748,059 (38,074) Debt, current portion net of issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,606,536 $ 5,709,985 Debt, long-term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt issue costs, long-term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,631,321 (73,350) 22,664,787 (75,729) Debt, net of current portion and issuance costs . . . . . . . . $19,557,971 $22,589,058 137 All issuance costs are being amortized over the estimated term of the debt using the straight-line method which approximates the effective interest method. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company recognized interest expense related to the loan with BioPharma-II of $3,325,016, $3,748,374 and $3,841,646 within the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations, comprised of interest accrued on the outstanding principal of the loan and amortization of debt issuance costs. The assumptions used in determining the expected repayment term of the debt and amortization period of the issuance costs requires management to make estimates that could impact the short- and long-term classification of these costs, as well as the period over which these costs will be amortized. Future payments of principal on the loan will require application of these same assumptions and will be used to estimate short- and long-term classification of the debt within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, and these assumptions include a reduction in the Company’s forecasted royalties related to a competing product for the expected repayment term. At December 31, 2015, the Company estimates that its future payments of principal on the loan are as follows: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter Principal $ 4,618,702 5,428,224 7,132,915 7,070,182 — Total payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,250,023 Less current portion, gross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4,618,702) Total long-term debt obligations, gross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $19,631,321 (9) COMMITMENTS (a) OPERATING LEASES The Company is party to a lease agreement with the Trustees of Lexington Office Realty Trust pursuant to which the Company leases 24,529 square feet of property that is used for office, research and laboratory space located at 4 Maguire Road in Lexington, Massachusetts. The term of the 4 Maguire Road lease agreement commenced on December 1, 2010, and expires in February 2018. The Company has the option to extend the term for one additional five-year period upon the Company’s written notice to the lessor at least one year and no more than 18 months in advance of the extension. The total cash obligation for the base rent over the initial term of the lease agreement is approximately $4,401,000. In addition to the base rent, the Company is also responsible for its share of operating expenses and real estate taxes, in accordance with the terms of the lease agreement. The Company has provided a security deposit to the lessor in the form of an irrevocable letter of credit in the original amount of $277,546. The original deposit has been reduced throughout the lease term since its inception to $152,610 and $180,364 during 2015 and 2014, respectively, in accordance with the terms of the lease. These amounts have been classified as the restricted investments in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. 138 The Company’s remaining operating lease commitments for all leased facilities with an initial or remaining term of at least one year are as follows: Year Ending December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 676,000 700,000 59,000 Total minimum payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,435,000 Rent expense for all operating leases was $614,000 for each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The other long-term liability in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 represents the accrual for straight-line rent expense. (b) LICENSE AGREEMENTS In exchange for the right to use licensed technology in its research and development efforts, the Company has entered into various license agreements. These agreements generally stipulate that the Company pay an annual license fee and is obligated to pay royalties on future revenues, if any, resulting from use of the underlying licensed technology. Such revenues may include, for example, up- front license fees, contingent payments upon collaborators’ achievement of development and regulatory objectives, and royalties. In addition, some of the agreements commit the Company to make contractually defined payments upon the attainment of scientific or clinical milestones. The Company expenses these payments as incurred and expenses royalty payments as related future product sales or royalty revenues are recorded. The Company accrues expenses for scientific and clinical objectives over the period that the work required to meet the respective objective is completed, provided that the Company believes that the achievement of such objective is probable. The Company incurred license fee expenses within the “Research and development” line item of its “Costs and expenses” section of its Consolidated Statement of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, of $9,775,000, $417,000 and $500,000, respectively. Of the aggregate amount recognized for the year ended December 31, 2015, $9,000,000 related to payments the Company made pursuant to its Aurigene collaboration (see Note 3(b)). For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company also recognized $405,756, $339,578 and $197,796 as cost of royalty revenues in its Consolidated Statement of Operations related to such obligations (see Note 3(a)). During the year ended December 31, 2015, pursuant to the collaboration agreement with Aurigene, the Company also recognized expense of $24,347,815 related to partial consideration for the rights granted to the Company under the collaboration agreement within the in-process research and development expense line item of the Consolidated Statement of Operations (see Note 3(b)). (10) COMMON STOCK AND WARRANT LIABILITY (a) 2015 Public Offering of Common Stock On February 25, 2015, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Cowen, acting for itself and as representative of the named underwriters, relating to an underwritten public offering of 21,818,181 shares of the Company’s common stock. The offering price to the public was $2.75 per share, and the underwriters agreed to purchase the shares from the Company pursuant to the underwriting agreement at a price of $2.585 per share. Under the terms of the underwriting agreement, the Company granted the underwriters an option, exercisable for 30 days, to purchase up to an additional 3,272,727 shares of common stock at the public offering price per share less the underwriting discounts and commissions. The underwriters exercised this option in full on February 25, 2015. On March 2, 2015, the Company completed the public offering of 25,090,908 shares of common stock. The Company received net proceeds from the sale of the shares, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses, of $64,619,407. 139 (b) 2015 Sales Agreement with Cowen On July 2, 2015, the Company entered into a sales agreement with Cowen, pursuant to which the Company may sell from time to time up to $30,000,000 of the Company’s common stock through an “at-the-market” equity offering program under which Cowen will act as sales agent. Subject to the terms and conditions of the sales agreement, Cowen may sell the common stock by methods deemed to be an “at-the-market” offering as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, including sales made directly on the NASDAQ Global Market, on any other existing trading market for the common stock or to or through a market maker other than on an exchange. In addition, with the Company’s prior written approval, Cowen may also sell the common stock by any other method permitted by law, including in negotiated transactions. Cowen will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the NASDAQ Global Market to sell on the Company’s behalf all of the shares requested to be sold by the Company. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the common stock under the sales agreement. Either the Company or Cowen may at any time suspend solicitations and offers under the sales agreement upon notice to the other party. The sales agreement may be terminated at any time by either the Company or Cowen upon written notice to the other party as specified in the sales agreement. The aggregate compensation payable to Cowen shall be 3% of the gross sales price of the common stock sold by Cowen pursuant to the sales agreement. In addition, the Company has agreed to reimburse a portion of the expenses of Cowen in connection with the offering of $16,000. Each party has agreed in the sales agreement to provide indemnification and contribution against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, subject to the terms of the sales agreement. The shares to be sold under the sales agreement, if any, may be issued and sold pursuant to the currently-effective universal shelf registration statement on Form S-3, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 2, 2015. The Company did not sell any shares of common stock under this sales agreement during the year ended December 31, 2015. (c) 2013 Sales Agreement with Cowen Prior to the 2015 sales agreement with Cowen, the Company entered into a similar “at-the-market” sales agreement with Cowen on July 3, 2013 that terminated on July 3, 2015 pursuant to the terms of the agreement. The aggregate compensation payable to Cowen was 3% of the gross sales price of the common stock sold by Cowen pursuant to the sales agreement. In addition, the Company reimbursed $34,268 of Cowen’s expenses in connection with the offering. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company sold 3,850,206 shares of common stock under the sales agreement resulting in gross proceeds of $16,887,036. Total offering expenses incurred, including Cowen’s commission, related to the sales agreement through December 31, 2013 were $641,052, which offset the gross proceeds. No common stock was sold under this sales agreement during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. (d) 2010 Registered Direct Offering On January 27, 2010, the Company completed a registered direct offering of 6,449,288 units with each unit consisting of (i) one share of the Company’s common stock and (ii) one warrant to purchase 0.25 of one share of common stock at a purchase price of $2.52 per unit. The Company received net proceeds from the sale of the units, after deducting offering expenses, of approximately $14,942,317 during the year ended December 31, 2010. In connection with this offering, the Company issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,612,322 shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2014, warrants to purchase 238,805 shares of the Company’s common stock have been exercised, resulting in outstanding warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,373,517 shares of common stock, all of which expired on January 27, 2015 pursuant to the terms of the warrants. 140 The warrants had an initial exercise price of $3.55 per share and a five-year term. The warrants contained anti-dilution adjustment provisions that could have resulted in a decrease in the price and an increase in the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of such warrants in the event of certain issuances of common stock by the Company at prices below $3.55 per share. On the original terms, the warrants were deemed to be a liability and the Company revalued the warrants at each reporting period, with change in fair value of the warrant liability recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Company recorded other income of $716,786 and $771,393 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, as a result of a change in the fair value of the warrant liability that was primarily due to changes in the Company’s stock price during the respective reporting periods. (11) INCOME TAXES For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company did not record any federal or state income tax expense given its continued operating losses. The provision for income taxes for continuing operations was at rates different from the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate for the following reasons: Statutory federal income tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State income taxes, net of federal benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development tax credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of warrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOL expirations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net decrease in valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effective income tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 34.0% 34.0% 34.0% 5.1% 4.9% 5.2% 1.4% 3.2% 8.5% 0.8% (1.6%) (0.4%) (1.6%) (2.5%) (0.5%) —% 1.3% 2.1% —% (2.8%) (5.2%) 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% (39.7%) (37.5%) (43.0%) —% —% —% Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are recognized based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities using future expected enacted rates. A valuation allowance is recorded against deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The principle components of the Company’s deferred tax assets at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, are as follows: Deferred Tax Assets: NOL carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development tax credit carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capitalized research and development expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impairment of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Gross Deferred Tax Asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation Allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Deferred Tax Asset 141 December 31, 2015 2014 $ 86,208,000 $ 78,289,000 13,060,000 12,262,000 12,212,000 3,591,000 29,121,000 120,000 4,419,000 113,000 145,303,000 (145,303,000) $ — $ 24,059,000 120,000 3,534,000 114,000 121,919,000 (121,919,000) — The classification of the above deferred tax assets is as follows: December 31, 2015 2014 Deferred Tax Assets: Current deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-current deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation Allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 46,000 145,257,000 (145,303,000) $ 39,000 121,880,000 (121,919,000) Net Deferred Tax Asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — As of December 31, 2015, the Company had federal and state net operating losses, or NOLs, of $242,829,000 and $69,057,000, respectively, and federal and state research and experimentation credit carryforwards of approximately $10,479,000 and $3,911,000, respectively, which will expire at various dates starting in 2018 through 2035. As required by U.S. GAAP, the Company’s management has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon the realizability of its deferred tax assets, and has determined that it is more likely than not that the Company will not recognize the benefits of the deferred tax assets. Accordingly, a valuation allowance of approximately $145,303,000 has been established at December 31, 2015. The benefit of deductions from the exercise of stock options is included in the NOL carryforwards. The benefit from these deductions will be recorded as a credit to additional paid-in capital if and when realized through a reduction of cash taxes. Utilization of the NOL and research and development, or R&D, credit carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 due to ownership change limitations that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes may limit the amount of NOL and R&D credit carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. The Company has not completed a study to assess whether a change of control has occurred or whether there have been multiple changes of control since the Company’s formation because the Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance on its NOL and R&D credit carryforwards. In addition, there could be additional ownership changes in the future, which may result in additional limitations in the utilization of the carryforward NOLs and credits, and the Company does not expect to have any taxable income for the foreseeable future. An individual tax position must satisfy for some or all of the benefits of that position to be recognized in a company’s financial statements. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits. The Company has not, as yet, conducted a study of its R&D credit carryforwards. This study may result in an adjustment to the Company’s R&D credit carryforwards, however, until a study is completed and any adjustment is known, no amounts are being presented as an uncertain tax position under Topic 740. A full valuation allowance has been provided against the Company’s R&D credits and, if an adjustment is required, this adjustment would be offset by an adjustment to the valuation allowance. Thus, there would be no impact to the consolidated balance sheet or statement of operations if an adjustment were required. The tax years 2000 through 2015 remain open to examination by major taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject, which are primarily in the U.S., as carryforward attributes generated in years past may still be adjusted upon examination by the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, or state tax authorities if they have or will be used in a future period. The Company is currently not under examination by the IRS or any other jurisdictions for any tax years. The Company recognizes both accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized benefits in income tax expense. The Company has not recorded any interest and penalties on any unrecognized tax benefits since its inception. 142 (12) RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS (a) Agreement with Former Officer On June 2, 2014, Daniel R. Passeri resigned as Chief Executive Officer of the Company and the Board of Directors appointed Mr. Passeri to serve as the Vice Chairman of the Board. Also on June 2, 2014, the Company and Mr. Passeri entered into a consulting agreement. The agreement was for an initial term of one year, subject to renewal or earlier termination by the parties. Pursuant to the terms of the consulting agreement, Mr. Passeri agreed to provide 120 hours per month of consulting services to the Company on intellectual property, corporate and strategic matters. In consideration for the services rendered by Mr. Passeri, the Company agreed to pay Mr. Passeri $32,500 per month until June 1, 2015, provided that if at any time during the consultation period Mr. Passeri obtained full time employment with a third party, then Mr. Passeri and the Company would negotiate a good faith reduction in the number of hours that Mr. Passeri would consult, and thereafter Mr. Passeri would be paid an hourly fee, in lieu of the monthly retainer, for services rendered under the consulting agreement. On December 1, 2014, Mr. Passeri obtained full time employment with a third party. From December 1, 2014 through June 30, 2015, Mr. Passeri was compensated an hourly fee in lieu of a monthly retainer for services rendered to the Company. On June 30, 2015, Mr. Passeri resigned from his full-time employment with a third party and, thereafter, the Company requested that Mr. Passeri resume providing 120 hours per month of consulting services for the remainder of the consulting term in exchange for monthly payments of $30,000. On each of June 1, 2015 and December 1, 2015, the Company and Mr. Passeri renewed the agreement for 6-month periods ending November 30, 2015 and May 31, 2016, respectively. Pursuant to the terms of the consulting agreement, the Company recognized expenses of $204,300 and $197,833 during the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. (b) Agreement with Director On March 7, 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors elected Kenneth J. Pienta, M.D., to serve as a class I director until the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and thereafter until his successor is duly elected and qualified. Dr. Pienta had served as a member of the Company’s Scientific Advisory Board since September 2006 and as its Chairman since June 2007, pursuant to the terms of a Scientific Advisory Board Agreement, or the SAB agreement, effective September 13, 2006, as amended from time to time, by and between Dr. Pienta and the Company. The SAB agreement with Dr. Pienta terminated in September 2015 in accordance with the terms of that agreement. Pursuant to the SAB agreement, Dr. Pienta received compensation in the amount of $50,000 per year, payable in equal quarterly installments. In addition, pursuant to the terms of a consulting agreement dated March 1, 2012, as amended from time to time, by and between the Company and Dr. Pienta, Dr. Pienta served as a consultant to the Company in the areas of corporate strategy and business development. The Company and Dr. Pienta terminated the consulting agreement in connection with his election as a member of the Board of Directors in March 2013. Pursuant to the terms of the SAB agreement and the consulting agreement, the Company paid cash consideration of $35,055, $50,000 and $72,258 during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, as it relates to services provided by Dr. Pienta. In addition, the Company’s board of directors granted two options to purchase an aggregate of 125,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to Dr. Pienta in his role on the SAB. These options vest over a four-year period and bear exercise prices that were equal to the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market on the respective grant dates. (c) License Agreement with Former Officer Effective on February 24, 2012, the Company entered into a Drug Development Partnership and License Agreement for CU-906 and CU-908 with Guangzhou BeBetter Medicine Technology Company Ltd., or GBMT, a company organized under the laws of the People’s Republic of China. 143 Dr. Changgeng Qian, Development, is the founder, owner, and legal representative of GBMT. the Company’s former Senior Vice President, Discovery and Preclinical Pursuant to the GMBT license agreement, the Company has granted to GBMT an exclusive royalty- free license, with the right to grant sublicenses subject to certain conditions, to develop, manufacture, market and sell any product containing CU-906 or CU-908 in China, Macau, Taiwan and Hong Kong, which is referred to as the GBMT territory. In addition, the Company has granted to GBMT a non- exclusive, royalty-free manufacturing license, with the right to grant sublicenses subject to certain conditions, to manufacture CU-906 or CU-908 or any product containing CU-906 or CU-908 outside of the GBMT Territory solely to import the compounds or products into the GBMT territory. GBMT has assumed all future costs related to the development, registration and commercialization of products in the GBMT territory under the GMBT license agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the GMBT license agreement, the Company has retained rights, including the right to grant sublicenses, to develop, manufacture, market and sell any product containing CU-906 or CU-908 worldwide excluding the GBMT territory. The Company also has certain specified rights to any GBMT technology developed under the GMBT license agreement as well as certain specified rights to GBMT’s interest in joint technology developed under the GMBT license agreement. Furthermore, the Company has a right of first negotiation to obtain a license to CU- 906 or CU-908 for the GBMT territory from GBMT. responsibility and will future development incur all The Company provided GBMT with up to $400,000 in financial support for specified CU-908 pre- clinical activities related to enabling the filing by the Company of an IND with the FDA, provided that GBMT completes such CU-908 IND-enabling activities in accordance with specified criteria and delivers a U.S. IND package for CU-908 to the Company within prescribed timeframes as specified in the license agreement. All costs incurred under the license agreement will be expensed as incurred. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company had incurred expenses of $266,667 under the GMBT license agreement reported within the research and development line item of the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. No such expenses were incurred during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2013. Unless terminated earlier in accordance with its terms, the GMBT license agreement will expire on the later of (i) the expiration of the last-to-expire valid claim of the Company patents and the Company non-assert patents relating to the products, and (ii) such time as none of GBMT, its affiliates or sublicensees is commercializing any compound or product in the GBMT territory. Either party can terminate the GMBT license agreement with notice under prescribed circumstances, and the GMBT license agreement specifies the consequences to each party for such early termination. (13) RETIREMENT SAVINGS PLAN The Company has a 401(k) retirement savings plan covering substantially all of the Company’s employees. Matching Company cash contributions are at the discretion of the Board of Directors. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Board of Directors authorized matching contributions of $195,000, $172,000 and $145,000, respectively. 144 (14) SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED) The following are selected quarterly financial data for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014: Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss per common share (basic and Quarter Ended March 31, 2015 June 30, 2015 September 30, 2015 December 31, 2015 $ 1,658,332 (31,021,549) (31,848,223) $ 2,082,504 (7,369,416) (8,128,693) $ 2,044,967 (4,843,743) (5,543,124) $ 2,092,604 (13,246,160) (13,460,990) diluted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (0.30) $ (0.06) $ (0.04) $ (0.10) Weighted average common shares (basic and diluted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,934,493 128,351,482 128,392,413 128,501,098 Quarter Ended March 31, 2014 June 30, 2014 September 30, 2014 December 31, 2014 Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss per common share (basic and diluted) Weighted average common shares (basic and $ 1,284,633 (4,753,343) (5,563,936) $ 4,801,285 (1,544,787) (1,895,785) $ 1,764,864 (4,753,031) (5,580,143) $ (0.06) $ (0.02) $ (0.06) $ $ 1,992,699 (4,811,088) (5,688,870) (0.07) diluted) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,917,592 85,963,836 86,004,857 86,010,499 The net loss amount presented for the quarter ended December 31, 2015, includes $7,000,000 in milestone and supplemental research funding payments made under the Company’s collaboration with Aurigene, which were recognized as research and development expenses (see Note 3(b)). 145 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls & Procedures Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2015. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2015, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f) under the Exchange Act, is included in Item 8 of this annual report on Form 10-K and is incorporated herein by reference. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in its 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting No changes in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 146 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Information concerning directors that is required by this Item 10 will be set forth in our proxy statement for our 2016 annual meeting of stockholders under the headings “Directors and Nominees for Director,” “Board Committees” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” which information is incorporated herein by reference. The information concerning our code of ethics is set forth in our proxy statement under the heading “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.” The name, age, and position of each of our executive officers is set forth under the heading “Executive Officers of the Registrant” in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which information is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Information required by this Item 11 will be set forth in our proxy statement for our 2016 annual meeting of stockholders under the headings “Executive and Director Compensation and Related Matters,” “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” and “Compensation Committee Report,” which information is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Information required by this Item 12 relating to security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management will be set forth in our 2016 proxy statement under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and is incorporated herein by reference. Information required by this Item 12 relating to securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans will be set forth in our 2016 proxy statement under the caption “Executive and Director Compensation and Related Matters—Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans” and is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Information required by this Item 13 will be set forth in our proxy statement for our 2016 annual meeting of stockholders under the headings “Policies and Procedures for Related Person Transactions,” “Determination of Independence” and “Board Committees,” which information is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Information required by this Item 14 will be set forth in our proxy statement for our 2016 annual meeting of stockholders under the heading “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s Fees and Other Matters,” which information is incorporated herein by reference. 147 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a)(1) Financial Statements. PART IV Curis, Inc. and Subsidiaries Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, Page number in this report 108 109 2015, 2014 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 112 113 (a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules. All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the Financial Statement or Notes thereto. (a)(3) List of Exhibits. The list of Exhibits filed as a part of this annual report on Form 10-K is set forth on the Exhibit Index immediately preceding such Exhibits, and is incorporated herein by reference. 148 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES CURIS, INC. By: /S/ ALI FATTAEY Ali Fattaey President and Chief Executive Officer Date: February 29, 2016 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ ALI FATTAEY Ali Fattaey /s/ MICHAEL P. GRAY Michael P. Gray President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Financial and Business Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) February 29, 2016 February 29, 2016 /s/ JAMES R. MCNAB, JR. James R. McNab, Jr. Chairman of the Board of Directors February 29, 2016 /s/ DANIEL R. PASSERI Daniel R. Passeri Vice-Chairman of the Board of Directors February 29, 2016 /s/ MARTYN D. GREENACRE Martyn D. Greenacre /s/ KENNETH I. KAITIN Kenneth I. Kaitin /s/ ROBERT MARTELL Robert Martell /s/ KENNETH PIENTA Kenneth Pienta /s/ MARC RUBIN Marc Rubin February 29, 2016 February 29, 2016 February 29, 2016 February 29, 2016 February 29, 2016 Director Director Director Director Director 149 Exhibit No. 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 #10.1 #10.2 #10.3 #10.4 #10.5 #10.6 #10.7 EXHIBIT INDEX Description Form Incorporated by Reference SEC Filing Date Exhibit Number Filed with this 10-K Articles of Incorporation and By-laws Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Curis, Inc. Certificate of Designations of Curis, Inc. Amended and Restated By-laws of Curis, Inc. Instruments defining the rights of security holders, including indentures S-3 (333-50906) 08/10/01 3.2 X X Form of Curis Common Certificate Stock 10-K 03/01/04 4.1 Material contracts—Management Contracts and Compensatory Plans Consulting Agreement, dated June 2, 2014, by and between Curis, Inc. and Daniel R. Passeri Offer Letter, dated as December 10, 2003, by and between Curis, Inc. and Michael P. Gray Amendment to Offer Letter, dated as of October 31, 2006, to the offer letter dated December 10, 2003, by and between Curis, and Michael P. Gray Inc. Amendment to Offer Letter, dated as of October 27, 2008, to the offer letter dated December 10, 2003, by and and Michael between Curis, P. Gray Inc. Amendment to Offer Letter, dated as of December 10, 2010, to the offer letter dated December 10, 2003, by and between Curis, and Michael P. Gray Inc. Employment Agreement, dated June 2, 2014, by and between Curis, Inc. and Ali Fattaey, Ph.D. Employment Agreement, dated August 28, 2013, by and between Curis and Jaye Viner, M.D. 10-Q 08/07/14 10.2 10-K 03/01/04 10.4 8-K 11/02/06 10.3 10-Q 10/28/08 10.2 10-K 03/08/11 10.7 10-Q 08/07/14 10.1 10-Q 11/12/13 10.2 Exhibit No. #10.8 #10.9 #10.10 #10.11 #10.12 #10.13 #10.14 #10.15 #10.16 #10.17 #10.18 #10.19 #10.20 #10.21 10.22 Description Agreement for Service as Chairman of the Board of Directors, by and between Curis, Inc. and James McNab, dated as of June 1, 2005 Form of Indemnification Agreement, by and between Curis, Inc. and each non- employee director of the Board of Directors of Curis, Inc. Incorporated by Reference SEC Filing Date Exhibit Number Filed with this 10-K 06/07/05 10.1 Form 8-K 10-Q 08/07/14 10.3 Curis 2000 Stock Incentive Plan S-4/A (333-32446) 05/31/00 Curis 2000 Director Stock Option Plan S-4/A (333-32446) 05/31/00 S-4/A (333-32446) 05/31/00 10.71 10.72 10.73 Curis 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan Incentive Stock Option Form of Agreement granted to directors and named executive officers under Curis’ 2000 Stock Incentive Plan Form of Non-statutory Stock Option Agreement granted to directors and named executive officers under Curis’ 2000 Stock Incentive Plan Form of Non-statutory Stock Option Agreement granted to non-employee directors under Curis’ 2000 Director Stock Option Plan 10-Q 10/26/04 10.2 10-Q 10/26/04 10.3 10-Q 10/26/04 10.4 Curis 2010 Stock Incentive Plan Def 14A 04/16/10 Exhibit A Curis Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended Curis 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan Incentive Form of Stock Option Agreement granted to directors and named executive officers under Curis’ 2010 Stock Incentive Plan Form of Non-Statutory Stock Option Agreement granted to directors and named executive officers under Curis’ 2010 Stock Incentive Plan Form of Restricted Stock Agreement granted named directors executive officers under Curis’ 2010 Stock Incentive Plan and to Material contracts—Leases Lease, dated September 16, 2010, by and between Curis, Inc. and the Trustees of Lexington Office Realty Trust relating to the premises at 4 Maguire Road, Lexington, Massachusetts 8-K 05/28/15 99.1 Def 14A 04/16/10 Exhibit B 8-K 06/04/10 10.1 8-K 06/04/10 10.2 8-K 06/04/10 10.3 8-K 09/21/10 10.1 Exhibit No. †10.23 10.24 †10.25 10.26 †10.27 †10.28 †10.29 †10.30 †10.31 Description Form Incorporated by Reference SEC Filing Date Exhibit Number Filed with this 10-K Material contracts—Financing Agreements Credit Agreement, dated November 27, 2012, by and between Curis, Inc., Curis wholly-owned Royalty subsidiary of Curis, Inc. and BioPharma Secured Debt Fund II Sub, S.à r.l. LLC, a Consent and Payment Direction Letter Agreement, dated November 20, 2012 and effective as of December 11, 2012 by and between Curis, Inc., Curis Royalty LLC and Genentech, Inc. Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of December 11, 2012 between Curis and Curis Royalty a LLC, Escrow Agreement, dated December 11, 2012, by and between Curis, Curis Royalty wholly-owned subsidiary of Curis, BioPharma Secured a Debt Luxembourg limited liability company managed by Pharmakon Advisors and Boston Trust Company Private Bank Fund Sub, and r.l., S.à II Material contracts—License and Collaboration Agreements Collaborative Research, Development and License Agreement, dated June 11, 2003, by and between Curis, Inc. and Genentech, Inc. Termination and Transition Agreement, dated February 5, 2015, by and between Curis, Debiopharm and International S.A. Inc. Definitive Agreement, dated November 29, 2011, by and between Curis, Inc. and The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society License dated Agreement, November 27, 2012, by and between Curis, Inc. and Genentech, Inc. Collaboration, License and Option Agreement, dated January 18, 2015, by and between Curis, Inc. and Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited 10-K 03/13/13 10.31 10-K 03/13/13 10.32 10-K 03/13/13 10.33 10-K 03/13/13 10.34 10-Q 08/06/2015 10.1 10-K 02/24/15 10.29 10-K 03/13/13 10.37 10-K 03/13/13 10.39 10-K 02/24/15 10.32 Exhibit No. 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 14 21 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 Description Form Incorporated by Reference SEC Filing Date Exhibit Number Filed with this 10-K Material contracts—Miscellaneous Sales Agreement, dated as of July 3, 2013, between Curis, Inc. and Cowen and Company, LLC Sales Agreement, dated July 2, 2015, by and between Curis, Inc. and Cowen and Company, LLC dated Purchase Agreement, Stock January 18, 2015, by and between Curis, Inc. and Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited Registration Rights Agreement, dated January 18, 2015, by and between Curis, Inc. and Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited Code of Conduct Amended Business Conduct and Ethics and Restated Code of Additional Exhibits Subsidiaries of Curis Consent LLP of PricewaterhouseCoopers Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act/15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act/15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b)/15d- the Exchange Act and 18 14(b) of U.S.C. Section 1350 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b)/15d- the Exchange Act and 18 14(b) of U.S.C. Section 1350 S-3 S-3 07/03/13 1.2 07/02/15 1.2 10-K 02/24/15 10.34 10-K 02/24/15 10.35 X X X X X X X 101.INS XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH 101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document Taxonomy Extension Exhibit No. 101.DEF 101.LAB 101.PRE Description Form Incorporated by Reference SEC Filing Date Exhibit Number Filed with this 10-K XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document Taxonomy Extension # † Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Confidential treatment has been granted as to certain portions, which portions have been separately filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. STOCKHOLDER INFORMATION CURIS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES OFFICERS For information concerning the officers named in the accompanying Annual Report on Form 10-K, please refer to page 35 therein. MARKET INFORMATION Our common stock has traded on the NASDAQ Global Market since August 1, 2000. Our trading symbol is “CRIS.” There were 221 shareholders of record as of February 25, 2016. The following table sets forth, for the fiscal periods indicated, the high and low sales prices per share of our common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market: FY 2015 HIGH LOW 1st Quarter . . . . . . . . . 2nd Quarter . . . . . . . . . 3rd Quarter . . . . . . . . . 4th Quarter . . . . . . . . . $3.50 $3.65 $3.75 $3.18 $1.27 $2.24 $1.82 $1.73 FY 2014 HIGH LOW 1st Quarter . . . . . . . . . 2nd Quarter . . . . . . . . . 3rd Quarter . . . . . . . . . 4th Quarter . . . . . . . . . $3.40 $2.99 $2.06 $1.53 $2.56 $1.60 $1.35 $1.09 Marc Rubin, M.D. Executive Chairman, Titan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP 101 Seaport Boulevard, Suite 500 Boston, MA 02210 P: 617.530.5000 www.pwcglobal.com LEGAL COUNSEL Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP 60 State Street Boston, MA 02109 P: 617.526.6000 www.wilmerhale.com ANNUAL MEETING The annual meeting of stockholders will be held at 10:00 a.m. on May 17, 2016, at the offices of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP 60 State Street, Boston, MA 02109 SEC FORM 10-K A copy of our 2015 annual report on Form 10-K, without exhibits, is available without charge upon written request to: Investor Relations Curis, Inc. 4 Maguire Road Lexington, MA 02421 info@curis.com CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS Curis, Inc. 4 Maguire Road Lexington, MA 02421 P: 617.503.6500 F: 617.503.6501 TRANSFER AGENT Computershare 250 Royall Street Canton, MA 02021 Dedicated Phone Number: (Toll Free) 877.810.2248 www.computershare.com/investor BOARD OF DIRECTORS Ali Fattaey, Ph.D. President and Chief Executive Officer, Curis, Inc. Martyn D. Greenacre Chairman of the Board, Life Mist, L.L.C.; Director, Formula Pharmaceuticals Kenneth I. Kaitin, Ph.D. Director of the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development; Professor at Tufts University School of Medicine Robert E. Martell, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Chief of the Division of Hematology/Oncology and Attending Physician at Tufts Medical Center; Adjunct Associate Professor at Tufts University School of Medicine James R. McNab, Jr. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Palmetto Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Daniel R. Passeri Vice Chairman of the Board, Curis, Inc. Kenneth J. Pienta, M.D. Donald S. Coffey Professor of Urology, Professor of Oncology, and Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine CAUTIONARY NOTE This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements about Curis’ financial results and expected cash life, the potential effectiveness of its technologies under development and other information pertaining to its various research and development programs, strategies, plans and prospects. Such statements may contain the words “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “seeks,” “estimates” or similar expressions. These forward- looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties that may cause Curis’ actual results to be materially different from those indicated by such forward-looking statements. Actual results can be affected by a number of important factors including, among other things: adverse results in Curis’ and its strategic collaborators’ product development programs; difficulties or delays in obtaining or maintaining required regulatory approvals; Curis’ ability to obtain or maintain required patent and other proprietary intellectual property protection; changes in or Curis’ inability to execute its business strategy; the risk that Curis does not obtain required additional funding; unplanned cash requirements; risks relating to Curis’ ability to enter into and maintain important strategic collaborations, including its ability to maintain its current Hedgehog pathway inhibitor collaboration agreement with Genentech or its collaboration, license and option agreement with Aurigene for immuno-oncology and select precision oncology targets; risk relating to Curis’ reliance on third party manufacturers or collaborators; competitive risks; and other risk factors described under the caption “Risk Factors” in the accompanying Annual Report on Form 10-K and any subsequent reports filed by Curis with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In addition, any forward-looking statements represent Curis’ views only as of the date of this Annual Report and should not be relied upon as representing its views as of any subsequent date. Curis disclaims any intention or obligation to update any of the forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. 4 Maguire Road Lexington, MA 02421 TEL: 617.503.6500 FAX: 617.503.6501 www.curis.com 

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