Customers Bancorp
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, DC 20549 ________________________________________ FORM 10-K ________________________________________ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 001-35542 (Commission File Number) ________________________________________ (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) ________________________________________ Pennsylvania (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 27-2290659 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 1015 Penn Avenue Suite 103 Wyomissing PA 19610 (Address of principal executive offices) (610) 933-2000 (Registrants telephone number, including area code) N/A Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Voting Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share 6.375% Senior Notes due 2018 Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C, par value $1.00 per share Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series D, par value $1.00 per share Name of Each Exchange on which Registered New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None ________________________________________ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No Table of Contents Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check One): Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $677,880,282 as of June 30, 2015, based upon the closing price quoted on the New York Stock Exchange for such date. Shares of common stock held by each executive officer and director have been excluded because such persons may under certain circumstances be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of executive officer or affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. On February 19, 2016, 26,935,953 shares of Voting Common Stock were issued and outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on or about May 25, 2016 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report. Table of Contents INDEX PART I Item 1. Business Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures PART II Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Item 8. Item 9. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Item 9B. Other Information PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART IV Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules SIGNATURES PAGE 4 17 42 42 44 44 44 47 54 83 86 150 150 150 151 151 151 151 151 152 155 2 Table of Contents FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking information within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “PSLRA”). Other written or oral statements we make from time to time also may contain forward-looking information within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the PSLRA. These statements relate to future events or future predictions, including events or predictions relating to future financial performance, and are generally identifiable by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believe,” “expect,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “plan,” “intend,” or “anticipate” or the negative thereof or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements are only predictions and estimates regarding future events and circumstances and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including the risks described under “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and any updates to these factors included in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters subsequent to December 31, 2015 or in other filings we make with the SEC, that may cause actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. This information is based upon various assumptions that may not prove to be correct. In addition to the risks described in the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the other reports we filed with the SEC, important factors to consider and evaluate with respect to such forward-looking statements include: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Changes in the external competitive market factors that might impact results of operations; Changes in laws and regulations, including without limitation changes in capital requirements under Basel III; Changes in business strategy or an inability to execute our strategy due to the occurrence of unanticipated events; Our ability to identify potential candidates for, and consummate, acquisition or investment transactions; The timing of acquisition or investment transactions; Constraints on our ability to consummate an attractive acquisition or investment transaction because of significant competition for these opportunities; Failure to complete any or all of the transactions described herein on the terms currently contemplated; Local, regional and national economic conditions and events and the impact they may have on the Bancorp and its customers; Our ability to attract deposits and other sources of liquidity; Changes in the financial performance and/or condition of the Bank’s borrowers; Changes in the level of non-performing and classified assets and charge-offs; Changes in estimates of future loan loss reserve requirements based upon the periodic review thereof under relevant regulatory and accounting requirements; Unforeseen challenges that may arise in connection with the consummation of our recently-announced transaction with Higher One; Inflation, interest rate, securities market and monetary fluctuations; Timely development and acceptance of new banking products and services and perceived overall value of these products and services by users; Changes in consumer spending, borrowing and saving habits; Technological changes; Our ability to increase market share and control expenses; Continued volatility in the credit and equity markets and its effect on the general economy; Effects of changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and other accounting standard setters; The businesses of Customers Bank and any acquisition targets or merger partners and subsidiaries not integrating successfully or such integration being more difficult, time-consuming or costly than expected, including with respect to our proposed acquisition of certain assets from Higher One; 3 Table of Contents • • • Material differences in the actual financial results of merger and acquisition activities compared with expectations, such as with respect to the full realization of anticipated cost savings and revenue enhancements within an expected time frame, including with respect to our proposed acquisition of certain assets of Higher One; Our ability to successfully implement our growth strategy, control expenses and maintain liquidity; and Customers Bank’s ability to pay dividends to Customers Bancorp. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof, or, in the case of other documents referred to herein, the dates of those documents. Customers Bancorp does not undertake any obligation to release publicly or otherwise provide any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as may be required under applicable law. CUSTOMERS BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES PART I Item 1. Business Customers Bancorp, Inc. (the “Bancorp” or “Customers Bancorp”) is a bank holding company engaged in banking activities through its wholly owned subsidiary, Customers Bank (“Customers Bank” or the “Bank”), collectively referred to as "Customers" herein. Customers Bancorp has made certain equity investments through its wholly owned subsidiaries CB Green Ventures Pte Ltd. and CUBI India Ventures Pte Ltd. Business Summary Customers Bancorp, through its wholly owned subsidiary Customers Bank, provides financial products and services to small and middle market businesses, not-for-profits, and consumers through its branches and offices in Southeastern Pennsylvania (Bucks, Berks, Chester, Delaware and Philadelphia Counties), Rye Brook, Melville and New York, New York (Westchester, Suffolk and New York Counties), Hamilton, New Jersey (Mercer County), Providence, Rhode Island (Providence County), Portsmouth, New Hampshire (Rockingham County) and Boston, Massachusetts (Suffolk County). Customers Bank also provides liquidity to the mortgage market nationwide through the operation of its loans to mortgage banking companies. At December 31, 2015, Customers had total assets of $8.4 billion, including loans, net of the allowance for loan losses (including held-for-sale loans) of $7.2 billion, total deposits of $5.9 billion, and shareholders’ equity of $0.6 billion. Customers' strategic plan is to become a leading regional bank holding company through organic growth and value-added acquisitions. Customers differentiates itself from its competitors through its focus on exceptional customer service supported by state of the art technology. The primary customers of Customers Bank are privately held businesses, business customers, not- for-profit organizations, and consumers. Customers Bank also focuses on certain low-cost specialty lending areas such as multi-family/commercial real estate lending and lending to mortgage banking businesses. The Bank’s lending activities are funded in part by deposits from its branch model, which seeks higher deposit levels per branch than a typical bank, combined with lower branch operating expenses, without sacrificing exceptional customer service. Customers also creates franchise value through its disciplined approach to acquisitions, both in terms of identifying targets and structuring transactions. Enterprise risk management is an important part of the strategies Customers employs. Customers also launched BankMobile as a key strategic initiative in January 2015, recognizing the product delivery flexibility demanded by the millennial generation and the low cost of the smart phone delivery channel. BankMobile refers to Customers' efforts to build a full service bank that is accessible to our customers anywhere and anytime through the customer's smartphone or other web-enabled device. BankMobile provides a nationwide deposit-aggregation platform. BankMobile focuses on the aggregation of low-cost deposits and currently offers no fee banking, lines of credits to qualified customers, no overdraft fees, higher than average interest rate on savings, and access to 55,000 (and if the customer makes a monthly direct deposit over 400,000) ATMs across the U.S. Customers believes that by consolidating BankMobile with the Disbursements business to be obtained from Higher One, Inc., with approximately 2.0 million student deposit customers, targeted for second quarter 2016, Customers will be uniquely positioned to become the graduating students "bank for life" and service each graduate's financial needs throughout their life. Successful execution of the BankMobile strategy, including its consolidation with Higher One's Disbursements business, will greatly accelerate BankMobile's ability to achieve profitability. BankMobile's revenues are largely derived from interchange charges paid by the product selling vendor and user based fees for specific activities (such as lost card replacement) and net interest income on assets funded by the aggregated deposits. 4 Table of Contents The management team of Customers consists of experienced banking executives led by its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Jay Sidhu, who joined Customers in June 2009. Mr. Sidhu brings over 40 years of banking experience, including 20 years as the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Sovereign Bancorp. In addition to Mr. Sidhu, a number of the members of the current management team have experience working together at Sovereign with Mr. Sidhu. Many other team members who have joined Customers management team have significant experience helping build and lead other banking organizations. Combined, the Customers management team has significant experience in building a banking organization, completing and integrating mergers and acquisitions, and developing valuable community and business relationships in its core markets. Background and History Customers Bancorp was incorporated in Pennsylvania in April 2010 to facilitate a reorganization into a bank holding company structure pursuant to which Customers Bank became a wholly owned subsidiary of Customers Bancorp (the “Reorganization”) on September 17, 2011. Pursuant to the Reorganization, all of the issued and outstanding shares of Voting Common Stock and Class B Non-Voting Common Stock of Customers Bank were exchanged on a one-for-three basis for shares of Voting Common Stock and Class B Non-Voting Common Stock, respectively, of Customers Bancorp. Customers Bancorp’s corporate headquarters are located at 1015 Penn Avenue, Wyomissing, Pennsylvania 19610. The main telephone number is (610) 933-2000. The deposits of Customers Bank, which was chartered as New Century Bank in 1994, are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Customers Bank’s home office is located at 99 Bridge Street, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania 19460. The main telephone number is (610) 933-2000. Executive Summary Customers' Markets Market Criteria Customers looks to grow organically as well as through selective acquisitions in its current and prospective markets. Customers believes that there is significant opportunity to both enhance its presence in its current markets and enter new complementary markets that meet its objectives. Customers focuses on markets that it believes are characterized by some or all of the following: • Population density; • Concentration of business activity; • Attractive deposit bases; • Significant market share held by large banks; • Advantageous competitive landscape that provides opportunity to achieve meaningful market presence; • Lack of consolidation in the banking sector and corresponding opportunities for add-on transactions; • Potential for economic growth over time; and • Management experience in the applicable markets. Current Markets Customers' target market is broadly defined as extending from the greater Washington, D.C. area to Boston, Massachusetts roughly following Interstate 95. As of December 31, 2015, Customers had bank branches or limited purpose offices (“LPOs”) in the following locations: 5 Table of Contents Market Berks County, PA Boston, Massachusetts Mercer County, NJ New York, NY Philadelphia-Southeastern PA Portsmouth, NH Providence, RI Suffolk County, NY Westchester County, NY Offices Type 4 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 Branch LPO Branch LPO Branch/LPO LPO LPO LPO Branch/LPO Customers believes its target market has highly attractive demographic, economic and competitive dynamics that are consistent with its objectives and favorable to executing its organic growth and acquisition strategies. Prospective Markets The organic growth strategy of Customers focuses on expanding market share in its existing and contiguous markets by generating deposits, loan and fee based services through its Concierge Banking® high-touch personalized service supported by state of the art technology for the Bank’s commercial, consumer, not-for-profit, and specialized lending markets. While Customers has not acquired any banks since 2011, its bank acquisition strategy is focused on undervalued and troubled community banks in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Maryland, Virginia and New England, where such acquisitions further Customers' objectives and meet its critical success factors. Customers will also consider other acquisitions that will contribute banking business, such as the pending acquisition of the disbursement business of Higher One, Inc. As Customers evaluates potential acquisition and asset purchase opportunities, it believes there are many banking institutions that continue to face credit challenges, capital constraints and liquidity issues and that lack the scale and management expertise to manage the increasing regulatory burden. Competitive Strengths • Experienced and respected management team. An integral element of the business strategy of Customers is to capitalize on and leverage the prior experience of its executive management team. The management team is led by Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Jay Sidhu, who is the former Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Sovereign Bancorp. In addition to Mr. Sidhu, a number of the members of the current management team of Customers have experience working together at Sovereign with Mr. Sidhu, including Richard Ehst, President and Chief Operating Officer, as well as Warren Taylor, President of BankMobile. During their tenure at Sovereign, these individuals established a track record of producing strong financial results, integrating acquisitions, managing risk, working with regulators and achieving organic growth and expense control. Team leaders Timothy Romig, Regional Chief Lending Officer, Steve Issa, New England Marketing President and Chief Lending Officer, and George Maroulis, Head of Private and Commercial Banking - New York, head the New Jersey and Pennsylvania, New England, and New York commercial lending areas, respectively, with 32, 39, and 24 years of experience, respectively. Ken Keiser, Director of Multi-Family and Investment Commercial Real Estate Lending, leads the commercial real estate and multi-family lending group and brings more than 39 years of experience including oversight of the Mid-Atlantic commercial real estate group at Sovereign. In addition, the residential lending group, which includes mortgage loans to individuals and commercial loans (warehouse facilities) to residential mortgage originators, is led by Glenn Hedde, President of Warehouse Lending who brings more than 25 years of experience in this sector. This team has significant experience in successfully building a banking organization as well as existing valuable community and business relationships in our core markets. • Unique Asset and Deposit Generation Strategies. Customers focuses on local market lending combined with relatively low-risk specialty lending segments. Local market asset generation provides various types of business lending products and consumer lending products, such as mortgage loans and home equity loans. Customers has also established a multi-family and commercial real estate product line that is focused on the Mid-Atlantic region, particularly New York City. The strategy is to focus on refinancing existing loans with conservative underwriting and to keep costs low. Through the multi-family and commercial real estate product, Customers earns interest and fee income and generates commercial deposits. Customers also maintains a specialty lending business, commercial loans to mortgage originators, which is a national business where the Bank provides liquidity to non- 6 Table of Contents depository mortgage companies to fund their mortgage pipelines and meet other business needs. Through the loans to mortgage bankers business, Customers earns interest and fee income and generates core deposits. • BankMobile Strategy. Customers launched BankMobile as a key strategic initiative in January 2015, recognizing the product delivery flexibility demanded by the millennial generation and the low cost of the smart phone delivery channel. BankMobile refers to Customers' efforts to build a full service bank that is accessible to our customers anywhere and anytime through the customer's smartphone or other web-enabled device. BankMobile provides a nationwide deposit-aggregation platform. BankMobile focuses on the aggregation of low-cost deposits and currently offers no fee banking, lines of credits to qualified customers, no overdraft fees, higher than average interest rate on savings, and access to 55,000 (and if the customer makes a monthly direct deposit over 400,000) ATMs across the U.S. Customers believes that by consolidating BankMobile with the Disbursements business to be obtained from Higher One, Inc., with approximately 2.0 million student deposit customers, targeted for second quarter 2016, Customers will be uniquely positioned to become the graduating students "bank for life" and service each graduate's financial needs throughout their life. Successful execution of the BankMobile strategy, including its consolidation with Higher One's Disbursements business, will greatly accelerate BankMobile's ability to achieve profitability. BankMobile's revenues are largely derived from interchange charges paid by the product selling vendor and user based fees for specific activities (such as lost card replacement) and net interest income on assets funded by the aggregated deposits. • Attractive risk profile. Customers has sought to maintain high asset quality and moderate credit risk by using conservative underwriting standards and early identification of potential problem assets. Customers has also formed a special assets department to manage the covered assets portfolio and review other classified and non- performing assets. As of December 31, 2015, only $10.8 million, or 0.15%, of the Bank's total loan portfolio was non performing. • Superior Community Banking Model. Customers expects to drive organic growth by employing its Concierge Banking® strategy, which provides specific relationship managers or private bankers for all customers, delivering an appointment banking approach available 12 hours a day, seven days a week. This allows Customers to provide services in a personalized, convenient and expeditious manner. This approach, coupled with superior technology, including remote account opening, remote deposit capture, mobile banking and the first fee free mobile first digital bank, BankMobile, results in a competitive advantage over larger institutions, which management believes contributes to the profitability of its franchise and allows the Bank to generate core deposits. The “high-tech, high-touch,” model requires less staff and smaller branch locations to operate, thereby significantly reducing operating costs. • Acquisition Expertise. The depth of Customers' management team and their experience working together and successfully completing acquisitions provides unique insight in identifying and analyzing potential markets and acquisition targets. The experience of Customers' team, which includes the acquisition and integration of over 35 institutions, as well as numerous asset and branch acquisitions, provides a substantial advantage in pursuing and consummating future acquisitions. Additionally, management believes Customers' strengths in structuring transactions to limit its risk, its experience in the financial reporting and regulatory process related to troubled bank acquisitions, and its ongoing risk management expertise, particularly in problem loan workouts, collectively enable it to capitalize on the potential of the franchises it acquires. With Customers' depth of operational experience in connection with completing merger and acquisition transactions, it expects to be able to integrate and reposition acquired franchises cost-efficiently with a minimum disruption to customer relationships. Customers believes its ability to operate efficiently is enhanced by its centralized risk management structure, its access to attractive labor and real estate costs in its markets, and an infrastructure that is unencumbered by legacy systems. Furthermore, Customers anticipates additional expense synergies from the integration of its acquisitions, which it believes will enhance its financial performance. Segments Customers has one reportable segment, “Community Banking.” All of Customers' activities are interrelated, and each activity is dependent and assessed based on how each of the activities supports the others. For example, lending is dependent upon the ability of Customers to fund itself with deposits and borrowings while managing interest rate and credit risk. Accordingly, all significant operating decisions are based upon analysis of Customers as one segment or unit. 7 Table of Contents Products Customers offers a broad range of traditional loan and deposit banking products and financial services, and more recently non- traditional products and services through the successful Phase 1 launch of BankMobile in January 2015, to its commercial and consumer customers. Customers offers an array of lending products to cater to its customers’ needs, including small business loans, mortgage warehouse loans, multi-family and commercial real estate loans, equipment loans, residential mortgage loans and other consumer loans. Customers also offers traditional deposit products, including commercial and consumer checking accounts, non-interest-bearing demand accounts, money market deposit accounts, savings accounts and time deposit accounts and cash management services. Prior to January 2015, deposit products were available to customers only through branches of Customers Bank. With the successful launch of BankMobile, Customers is able to provide fee free banking to millennials, middle class American families and underserved consumers throughout the United States. Lending Activities Customers Bank focuses its lending efforts on the following lending areas: • Commercial Lending – includes Business Banking (commercial and industrial lending), Small and Middle Market Business Banking, including small business administration (SBA) loans, Multi-family and Commercial Real Estate lending, and commercial loans to mortgage originators; and • Consumer Lending – local market mortgage and home equity lending. Commercial Lending The Bank’s commercial lending is divided into four distinct groups: Business Banking, Small and Middle Market Business Banking, Multi-family and Commercial Real Estate Lending, and Mortgage Banking Lending. This grouping is designed to allow for greater resource deployment, higher standards of risk management, strong asset quality, lower interest rate risk and higher productivity levels. The commercial lending group focuses on companies with annual revenues ranging from $1.0 million to $50.0 million, which typically have credit requirements between $0.5 million and $10.0 million. The small and middle market business banking platform originates loans, including SBA loans, through the branch network sales force and a team of dedicated Small Business relationship managers. The support administration of the platform for this lending activity is centralized including risk management, product management, marketing, performance tracking and overall strategic planning. Credit and sales training has been established for the sales force, ensuring that the Bank has small business experts in place providing appropriate financial solutions to the small business owners in its communities. A division approach focuses on industries that offer high asset quality and are deposit rich to drive profitability. The goal of the Bank’s multi-family lending group is to build a portfolio of high-quality multi-family and commercial real estate loans within its covered markets, while cross selling its other products and services. This business line primarily focuses on refinancing existing loans, using conservative underwriting. The primary collateral for these loans is a first-lien mortgage on the multi-family property, plus an assignment of all leases related to such property. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Bank originated approximately $1.3 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively, of multi-family loans. The goal of commercial loans to mortgage originators is to provide liquidity to mortgage companies. The loans are predominately short-term facilities used by mortgage companies to fund their pipelines from closing of individual mortgage loans until their sale into the secondary market. Most of the individual mortgage loans that collateralize our commercial loans are insured or guaranteed by the U.S. government through one of their programs such as FHA, VA, or are conventional loans eligible for sale to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The Bank is currently expanding its product offerings to mortgage banks to meet a wider array of business needs. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Bank funded $29.9 billion and $18.1 billion of mortgage loans, respectively, to mortgage originators and warehouses. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Bank had $6.9 billion and $5.3 billion, respectively, in commercial loans outstanding, composing approximately 94.6% and 92.5%, respectively, of its total loan portfolio, which includes loans held for sale. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Bank originated $0.9 billion and $0.8 billion, respectively, of commercial loans, exclusive of multi-family loan originations and loans to mortgage originators and warehouses. 8 Table of Contents Consumer Lending The Bank provides home equity and residential mortgage loans to customers. Underwriting standards for home equity lending are conservative and lending is offered to solidify customer relationships and grow relationship revenues in the long term. This lending is important in the Bank’s efforts to grow total relationship revenues for its consumer households. These areas also support the Bank's commitment to lower and moderate income families in its market area. The Bank plans to expand its product offerings in real estate secured consumer lending. Beginning in 2013, Customers Bank launched a community outreach program in Philadelphia to encourage a higher percentage of homeownership in urban communities. As part of this program, the Bank is offering an “Affordable Mortgage Product”. This community outreach program is penetrating the underserved population, especially in low-and moderate income neighborhoods. As part of this commitment, a loan production office was opened at Progress Plaza, 1501 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA. The program includes homebuyer seminars that prepare potential homebuyers for homeownership by teaching money management and budgeting skills, including the financial responsibilities that come with having a mortgage and owning a home. The “Affordable Mortgage Product” is offered throughout Customers Bank’s CRA assessment areas. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Bank had $391.7 million and $432.2 million, respectively, in consumer loans outstanding, composing 5.4% and 7.5%, respectively, of the Bank’s total loan portfolio, which includes loans held for sale. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Bank originated $63.0 million and $77.0 million of consumer loans, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, consumer loans included a balance of $72.7 million and $102.9 million, respectively, of residential loans acquired from Flagstar in January 2014. Private Banking Beginning in 2013, Customers Bank introduced a Private Banking model for its commercial clients in the major markets within its geographic footprint. This unique model provides unparalleled service to customers through an in-market team of experienced private bankers. Acting as a single-point-of-contact for all the banking needs of the Bank’s commercial clients, these private bankers will deliver the whole bank – not only to its clients, but to their families, their management teams, and their employees, as well. With a world-class suite of sophisticated cash management products, these private bankers will deliver on Customers Bank’s “high-tech, high-touch” strategy and provide real value to its mid-market commercial clients. Customers Bank opened its first private banking representative office in Manhattan in second quarter 2013, and eventually, all of its markets will be served by private bankers. Deposit Products and Other Funding Sources Customers Bank offers a variety of deposit products to its customers, including checking accounts, savings accounts, money market deposit accounts and other deposit accounts, including fixed-rate, fixed-maturity retail time deposits ranging in terms from 30 days to five years, individual retirement accounts, and non-retail time deposits consisting of jumbo certificates greater than or equal to $100,000. Using its high touch supported by high tech model, the Bank has experienced significantly higher above average growth in core deposits in all of its markets. Customers Bank also utilizes wholesale deposit products, money market and certificates of deposit obtained through listing services and borrowings from the FHLB as a source of funding. These funding sources offer attractive funding costs in comparison to traditional sources of funding given the low interest rate environment. Financial Products and Services In addition to traditional banking activities, Customers Bank provides other financial services to its customers, including: mobile phone banking, internet banking, wire transfers, electronic bill payment, lock box services, remote deposit capture services, courier services, merchant processing services, cash vault, controlled disbursements, positive pay and cash management services (including account reconciliation, collections and sweep accounts). In January 2015, the Bank successfully launched BankMobile, America's first mobile platform based full service consumer bank. BankMobile had over 100,000 new checking accounts at December 31, 2015. Competition Customers Bank competes with other financial institutions for deposit and loan business. Competitors include other commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations, insurance companies, securities brokerage firms, credit unions, finance companies, mutual funds, money market funds, and certain government agencies. Financial institutions 9 Table of Contents compete principally on the quality of the services rendered, interest rates offered on deposit products, interest rates charged on loans, fees and service charges, the convenience of banking office locations and hours of operation, and in the consideration of larger commercial borrowers, lending limits. Many competitors are significantly larger than Customers Bank, and have significantly greater financial resources, personnel and locations from which to conduct business. In addition, Customers Bank is subject to regulation, while certain of its competitors are not. Non-regulated companies face relatively few barriers to entry into the financial services industry. Customers Bank’s larger competitors enjoy greater name recognition and greater resources to finance wide ranging advertising campaigns. Customers Bank competes for business principally on the basis of high-quality, personal service to customers, customer access to Customers Bank’s decision makers, and competitive interest and fee structure. Customers Bank also strives to provide maximum convenience of access to services by employing innovative delivery vehicles such as internet banking, and the convenience of Concierge Banking®. Customers Bank’s current market is primarily served by large national and regional banks, with a few larger institutions capturing more than 50% of the deposit market share. Customers Bank’s large competitors primarily utilize expensive, branch- based models to sell products to consumers and small businesses, which requires our larger competitors to price their products with wider margins and charge more fees to justify their higher expense base. While maintaining physical branch locations remains an important component of Customers Bank’s strategy, Customers Bank utilizes an operating model with fewer and less expensive locations, thereby lowering overhead costs and allowing for greater pricing flexibility. Employees As of December 31, 2015, Customers Bancorp had 517 full-time equivalent employees. Available Information Customers Bancorp’s internet website address is www.customersbank.com. Information on Customers Bancorp’s website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Investors can obtain copies of Customers Bancorp’s annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, on Customers Bancorp’s website (accessible under “About Us” – “Investor Relations” – “SEC Filings”) as soon as reasonably practicable after Customers Bancorp has filed such materials with, or furnished them to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Customers Bancorp will also furnish a paper copy of such filings free of charge upon request. Investors can also read and copy any materials filed by Customers Bancorp with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room which is located at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. Information about the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Customers Bancorp’s filings can also be accessed at the SEC’s internet website: www.sec.gov. SUPERVISION AND REGULATION GENERAL Customers Bancorp is subject to extensive regulation, examination and supervision by the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities and, as a member of the Federal Reserve System, by the Federal Reserve Board. Federal and state banking laws and regulations govern, among other things, the scope of a bank’s business, the investments a bank may make, the reserves against deposits a bank must maintain, terms of deposit accounts, loans a bank makes, the interest rates it charges and collateral it takes, the activities of a bank with respect to mergers and consolidations and the establishment of branches. PENNSYLVANIA BANKING LAWS Pennsylvania banks that are Federal Reserve members may establish new branch offices only after approval by the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”). Approval by these regulators can be subject to a variety of factors, including the convenience and needs of the community, whether the institution is sufficiently capitalized and well managed, issues of safety and soundness, the institution’s record of meeting the credit needs of its community, whether there are significant supervisory concerns with respect to the institution or affiliated organizations, and whether any financial or other business arrangement, direct or indirect, involving bank “insiders” (directors, officers, employees and 10%-or-greater shareholders) which involves terms and conditions more favorable to the insiders than would be available in a comparable transaction with unrelated parties. 10 Table of Contents Under the Pennsylvania Banking Code, Customers Bank is permitted to branch throughout Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania law also provides Pennsylvania state-chartered banks elective parity with the power of national banks, federal thrifts, and state- chartered institutions in other states as authorized by the FDIC, subject to a required notice to the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities. The Pennsylvania Banking Code also imposes restrictions on payment of dividends, as well as minimum capital requirements. On October 24, 2012, Pennsylvania enacted three laws known as the “Banking Law Modernization Package,” all of which became effective on December 24, 2012. The intended goal of the law, which applies to Customers Bank, is to modernize Pennsylvania’s banking laws and to reduce regulatory burden at the state level where possible, given the increased regulatory demands at the federal level as described below. The law also permits banks to disclose formal enforcement actions initiated by the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities, clarifies that the Department has examination and enforcement authority over subsidiaries as well as affiliates of regulated banks and bolsters the Department’s enforcement authority over its regulated institutions by clarifying its ability to remove directors, officers and employees from institutions for violations of laws or orders or for any unsafe or unsound practice or breach of fiduciary duty. Changes to existing law also allow the Department to assess civil money penalties of up to $25,000 per violation. The law also sets a new standard of care for bank officers and directors, applying the same standard that exists for non-banking corporations in Pennsylvania. The standard is one of performing duties in good faith, in a manner reasonably believed to be in the best interests of the institutions and with such care, including reasonable inquiry, skill and diligence, as a person of ordinary prudence would use under similar circumstances. Directors may rely in good faith on information, opinions and reports provided by officers, employees, attorneys, accountants, or committees of the board, and an officer may not be held liable simply because he or she served as an officer of the institution. Interstate Branching. Federal law allows the Federal Reserve and FDIC, and the Pennsylvania Banking Code allows the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities, to approve an application by a state banking institution to acquire interstate branches. For more information on federal law, see the discussion under “Federal Banking Laws – Interstate Branching” that follows. Pennsylvania banking laws authorize banks in Pennsylvania to acquire existing branches or branch de novo in other states, and also permits out-of-state banks to acquire existing branches or branch de novo in Pennsylvania. In April 2008, Banking Regulators in the States of New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (the “Interstate MOU”) to clarify their respective roles, as home and host state regulators, regarding interstate branching activity on a regional basis pursuant to the Riegle-Neal Amendments Act of 1997. The Interstate MOU establishes the regulatory responsibilities of the respective state banking regulators regarding bank regulatory examinations and is intended to reduce the regulatory burden on state-chartered banks branching within the region by eliminating duplicative host state compliance exams. Under the Interstate MOU, the activities of branches Customers established in New Jersey or New York would be governed by Pennsylvania state law to the same extent that federal law governs the activities of the branch of an out-of-state national bank in such host states. Issues regarding whether a particular host state law is preempted are to be determined in the first instance by the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities. In the event that the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities and the applicable host state regulator disagree regarding whether a particular host state law is pre-empted, the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities and the applicable host state regulator would use their reasonable best efforts to consider all points of view and to resolve the disagreement. FEDERAL BANKING LAWS Interstate Branching. The Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 (called the “Interstate Act”), among other things, permits bank holding companies to acquire banks in any state. A bank may also merge with a bank in another state. Interstate acquisitions and mergers are subject, in general, to certain concentration limits and state entry rules relating to the age of the Bank. Under the Interstate Act, the responsible federal regulatory agency is permitted to approve the acquisition of less than all of the branches of an insured bank by an out-of-state bank or bank holding company without the acquisition of an entire bank, only if the law of the state in which the branch is located permits. Under the Interstate Act, branches of state-chartered banks that operate in other states are covered by the laws of the chartering state, rather than the host state. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”) created a more permissive 11 Table of Contents interstate branching regime by permitting banks to establish branches de novo in any state if a bank chartered by such state would have been permitted to establish the branch. For more information on interstate branching under Pennsylvania law, see “Pennsylvania Banking Laws – Interstate Branching” above. Prompt Corrective Action. Federal banking law mandates certain “prompt corrective actions,” which Federal banking agencies are required to take, and certain actions which they have discretion to take, based upon the capital category into which a Federally regulated depository institution falls. Regulations have been adopted by the Federal bank regulatory agencies setting forth detailed procedures and criteria for implementing prompt corrective action in the case of any institution that is not adequately capitalized. Under the rules, an institution will be deemed to be “adequately capitalized” or better if it exceeds the minimum Federal regulatory capital requirements. However, it will be deemed “undercapitalized” if it fails to meet the minimum capital requirements, “significantly undercapitalized” if it has a common equity tier 1 risk-based capital ratio that is less than 3.0%, or has a total risk-based capital ratio that is less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio that is less than 3.0%, or a leverage ratio that is less than 3.0%, and “critically undercapitalized” if the institution has a ratio of tangible equity to total assets that is equal to or less than 2.0%. The rules require an undercapitalized institution to file a written capital restoration plan, along with a performance guaranty by its holding company or a third party. In addition, an undercapitalized institution becomes subject to certain restrictions including a prohibition on the payment of dividends, a limitation on asset growth and expansion, and in certain cases, a limitation on the payment of bonuses or raises to senior executive officers, and a prohibition on the payment of certain “management fees” to any “controlling person.” Institutions that are classified as undercapitalized are also subject to certain additional supervisory actions, including increased reporting burdens and regulatory monitoring, a limitation on the institution’s ability to make acquisitions, open new branch offices, or engage in new lines of business, obligations to raise additional capital, restrictions on transactions with affiliates, and restrictions on interest rates paid by the institution on deposits. In certain cases, bank regulatory agencies may require replacement of senior executive officers or directors, or sale of the institution to a willing purchaser. If an institution is deemed to be “critically undercapitalized” and continues in that category for four quarters, the statute requires, with certain narrowly limited exceptions, that the institution be placed in receivership. Safety and Soundness; Regulation of Bank Management. The Federal Reserve Board possesses the power to prohibit a bank from engaging in any activity that would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice and in violation of the law. Moreover, Federal law enactments have expanded the circumstances under which officers or directors of a bank may be removed by the institution’s Federal supervisory agency; restricted and further regulated lending by a bank to its executive officers, directors, principal shareholders or related interests thereof; restricted management personnel of a bank from serving as directors or in other management positions with certain depository institutions whose assets exceed a specified amount or which have an office within a specified geographic area; and restricted management personnel from borrowing from another institution that has a correspondent relationship with the bank for which they work. Capital Rules. Federal banking agencies have issued certain “risk-based capital” guidelines, which supplemented existing capital requirements. In addition, the Federal Reserve Board imposes certain “leverage” requirements on member banks. Banking regulators have authority to require higher minimum capital ratios for an individual bank or bank holding company in view of its circumstances. The risk-based capital guidelines require all banks and bank holding companies to maintain capital levels in compliance with “risk-based capital” ratios. In these ratios, the on-balance sheet assets and off balance sheet exposures are assigned a risk- weight based upon the perceived and historical risk of incurring a loss of principal from that exposure. For periods ending prior January 1, 2015 the first is a minimum ratio of total capital (“Tier 1” and “Tier 2” capital) to risk-weighted assets equal to 8.0%, and the second is a minimum ratio of “Tier 1” capital to risk-weighted assets equal to 4.0%. Assets are assigned to five risk categories, with higher levels of capital being required for the categories perceived as representing greater risk. In making the calculation, certain intangible assets must be deducted from the capital base. The risk-based capital rules are designed to make regulatory capital requirements more sensitive to differences in risk profiles among banks and bank holding companies and to minimize disincentives for holding liquid assets. The risk-based capital rules also may consider interest rate risk. Institutions with interest rate risk exposure above a normal level would be required to hold extra capital in proportion to that risk. The Bank currently monitors and manages its assets and liabilities for interest rate risk, and management believes that the interest rate risk rules which have been implemented and proposed will not materially adversely affect its operations. The Federal Reserve Board’s “leverage” ratio rules require member banks which are rated the highest in the composite areas of capital, asset quality, management, earnings and liquidity to maintain a ratio of “Tier 1” capital to “adjusted total assets” of not less than 3.0%. For banks which are not the most highly rated, the minimum “leverage” ratio will range from 4.0% to 5.0%, or 12 Table of Contents higher at the discretion of the Federal Reserve Board, and is required to be at a level commensurate with the nature of the level of risk of the Bancorp's condition and activities. For purposes of the capital requirements, “Tier 1” or “core” capital is defined to include common shareholders’ equity and certain noncumulative perpetual preferred stock and related surplus. “Tier 2” or “qualifying supplementary” capital is defined to include a bank’s allowance for loan losses up to 1.25% of risk-weighted assets, plus certain types of preferred stock and related surplus, certain “hybrid capital instruments” and certain term subordinated debt instruments. New Capital Rules. On July 2, 2013, the Federal Reserve approved final rules that substantially amend the regulatory risk- based capital rules applicable to the Bancorp and the Bank. The FDIC and the OCC have subsequently approved these rules. The final rules were adopted following the issuance of proposed rules by the Federal Reserve in June 2012 and implement the “Basel III” regulatory capital reforms and changes required by the Dodd-Frank Act. “Basel III” refers to two consultative documents released by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in December 2009, the rules text released in December 2010, and loss absorbency rules issued in January 2011, which include significant changes to bank capital, leverage and liquidity requirements. The rules include new risk-based capital and leverage ratios, which are being phased in from 2015 to 2019, and refine the definition of what constitutes “capital” for purposes of calculating those ratios. Effective January 1, 2015, the new minimum capital level requirements applicable to the Bancorp and the Bank under the final rules are: (i) a new common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 Risk based capital ratio of 6% (increased from 4%); (iii) a Total Risk based capital ratio of 8% (unchanged from rules in effect prior to January 1, 2015); and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% for all institutions. The final rules also establish a “capital conservation buffer” above the new regulatory minimum capital requirements, which must consist entirely of common equity Tier 1 capital. The capital conservation buffer will be phased-in over four years beginning on January 1, 2016, as follows: the maximum buffer will be 0.625% of risk-weighted assets for 2016, 1.25% for 2017, 1.875% for 2018, and 2.5% for 2019 and thereafter. Effective January 1, 2016, the new minimum capital level requirements applicable to the Bancorp and the Bank under the final rules are: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 5.125%; (ii) a Tier 1 Risk based capital ratio of 6.625%; (iii) a Total Risk based capital ratio of 8.625%; and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.625% for all institutions. Considering the capital conservation buffer, to avoid limitations on certain actions or activities, banks will be required to maintain the following ratios beginning in 2019: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 7.0%; (ii) a Tier 1 Risk Based capital ratio of 8.5%; (iii) a Total Risk based capital ratio of 10.5%; and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 6.5% for all institutions. Under the final rules, institutions are subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses if its capital level falls below the minimum capital level plus buffer amount. These limitations establish a maximum percentage of eligible retained income that could be utilized for such actions. Basel III provided discretion for regulators to impose an additional buffer, the “countercyclical buffer,” of up to 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to take into account the macro-financial environment and periods of excessive credit growth. However, the final rules permit the countercyclical buffer to be applied only to “advanced approach banks” (i.e., banks with $250 billion or more in total assets or $10 billion or more in total foreign exposures), which currently excludes the Bancorp and the Bank. The final rules also implement revisions and clarifications consistent with Basel III regarding the various components 13 Table of Contents of Tier 1 capital, including common equity, unrealized gains and losses, as well as certain instruments that will no longer qualify as Tier 1 capital, some of which will be phased out over time. However, the final rules provide that small depository institution holding companies with less than $15 billion in total assets as of December 31, 2009 (which includes the Bancorp) will be able to permanently include non-qualifying instruments that were issued and included in Tier 1 or Tier 2 capital prior to May 19, 2010 in additional Tier 1 or Tier 2 capital until they redeem such instruments or until the instruments mature. In addition, the final rules provide for smaller banking institutions (less than $250 billion in consolidated assets) an opportunity to make a one-time election to opt out of including most elements of accumulated other comprehensive income in regulatory capital. Importantly, the opt-out excludes from regulatory capital not only unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities, but also accumulated net gains and losses on cash-flow hedges and amounts attributable to defined benefit postretirement plans. Customers Bank selected the opt-out election in its March 31, 2015 Call Report. The final rules also contain revisions to the prompt corrective action framework, which is designed to place restrictions on insured depository institutions, including the Bank, if their capital levels begin to show signs of weakness. These revisions took effect on January 1, 2015. Under the prompt corrective action requirements, which are designed to complement the capital conservation buffer, insured depository institutions will be required to meet the following increased capital level requirements in order to qualify as “well capitalized:” (i) a new common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 Risk based capital ratio of 8% (increased from 6%); (iii) a Total Risk based capital ratio of 10% (unchanged from rules in effect prior to January 1, 2015); and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5% (increased from 4%). The final rules set forth certain changes for the calculation of risk-weighted assets, which were required to be utilized as of January 1, 2015. The standardized approach final rule utilizes an increased number of credit risk exposure categories and risk weights, and also addresses: (i) an alternative standard of creditworthiness consistent with Section 939A of the Dodd-Frank Act; (ii) revisions to recognition of credit risk mitigation; (iii) rules for risk weighting of equity exposures and past due loans; (iv) revised capital treatment for derivatives and repo-style transactions; and (v) disclosure requirements for top-tier banking organizations with $50 billion or more in total assets that are not subject to the “advance approach rules” that apply to banks with greater than $250 billion in consolidated assets. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, management believed that the Bank and Bancorp met all capital adequacy requirements to which they were subject. For additional information on Customers' regulatory ratios, refer to “NOTE 18 – REGULATORY MATTERS.” Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The Dodd-Frank bill was enacted by Congress on July 15, 2010, and was signed into law by President Obama on July 21, 2010. Among many other provisions, the legislation: • • • • established the Financial Stability Oversight Council, a federal agency acting as the financial system’s systemic risk regulator with the authority to review the activities of significant bank holding companies and non-bank financial firms, to make recommendations and impose standards regarding capital, leverage, conflicts and other requirements for financial firms and to impose regulatory standards on certain financial firms deemed to pose a systemic threat to the financial health of the U.S. economy; created a new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau within the U.S. Federal Reserve, which has substantive rule-making authority over a wide variety of consumer financial services and products, including the power to regulate unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices; permitted state attorneys general and other state enforcement authorities broader power to enforce consumer protection laws against banks; authorized federal regulatory agencies to ban compensation arrangements at financial institutions that give employees incentives to engage in conduct that could pose risks to the nation’s financial system; 14 Table of Contents • • • • • • granted the U.S. government resolution authority to liquidate or take emergency measures with regard to troubled financial institutions, such as bank holding companies, that fall outside the existing resolution authority of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; gave the FDIC substantial new authority and flexibility in assessing deposit insurance premiums, which may result in increased deposit insurance premiums for us in the future; increased the deposit insurance coverage limit for insurable deposits to $250,000 generally, and removes the limit entirely for transaction accounts; permitted banks to pay interest on business demand deposit accounts; extended the national bank lending (or loans-to-one-borrower) limits to other institutions; prohibited banks subject to enforcement action such as a memorandum of understanding from changing their charter without the approval of both their existing charter regulator and their proposed new charter regulator; and • imposed new limits on asset purchase and sale transactions between banks and their insiders. Many of these provisions are subject to further rule making and to the discretion of regulatory bodies, including Customers Bank’s primary federal banking regulator, the Federal Reserve. It is not possible to predict at this time the extent to which regulations authorized or mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act will impose requirements or restrictions on Customers Bank in addition to or different from the provisions summarized above. Deposit Insurance Assessments. Customers Bank’s deposits are insured by the FDIC up to the limits set forth under applicable law and are subject to deposit insurance premium assessments. The FDIC imposes a risk-based deposit premium assessment system, which was amended pursuant to the Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005 (the “Act”). Under this system, the amount of FDIC assessments paid by an individual insured depository institution, like Customers Bank, is based on the level of perceived risk incurred in its activities. The FDIC places a depository institution in one of four risk categories determined by reference to its capital levels and supervisory ratings. In addition, in the case of those institutions in the lowest risk category, the FDIC further determines its assessment rates based on certain specified financial ratios. On February 7, 2011, the FDIC adopted a final rule modifying the risk-based assessment system and setting initial base assessment rates beginning April 1, 2011, ranging from 2.5 to 45 basis points of Tier I capital. In addition to deposit insurance assessments, banks are subject to assessments to pay the interest on Financing Corporation bonds. The Financing Corporation was created by Congress to issue bonds to finance the resolution of failed thrift institutions. The FDIC sets the Financing Corporation assessment rate every quarter. Community Reinvestment Act. Under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (“CRA”), the record of a bank holding company and its subsidiary banks must be considered by the appropriate Federal banking agencies, including the Federal Reserve Board, in reviewing and approving or disapproving a variety of regulatory applications including approval of a branch or other deposit facility, office relocation, a merger and certain acquisitions. Federal banking agencies have demonstrated an increased readiness to deny applications based on unsatisfactory CRA performance. The Federal Reserve Board is required to assess our record to determine if we are meeting the credit needs of the community (including low and moderate neighborhoods) that we serve. The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 amended the CRA to require, among other things, that the Federal Reserve Board make publicly available an evaluation of the Bank’s record of meeting the credit needs of its entire community including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. This evaluation includes a descriptive rating (outstanding, satisfactory, needs to improve, or substantial noncompliance) and a statement describing the basis for the rating. Consumer Protection Laws. Customers Bank is subject to a variety of consumer protection laws, including the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act adopted as part of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”), the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act and the regulations adopted thereunder. In the aggregate, compliance with these consumer protection laws and regulations involves substantial expense and administrative time on the part of Customers. 15 Table of Contents Bank Holding Company Regulation As a bank holding company, Customers Bancorp is also subject to additional regulation. The Bank Holding Company Act requires the Bancorp to secure the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board before it owns or controls, directly or indirectly, more than five percent (5%) of the voting shares or substantially all of the assets of any bank. It also prohibits acquisition by the Bancorp of more than five percent (5%) of the voting shares of, or interest in, or all or substantially all of the assets of, any bank located outside of the state in which a current bank subsidiary is located unless such acquisition is specifically authorized by laws of the state in which such bank is located. A bank holding company is prohibited from engaging in or acquiring direct or indirect control of more than five percent (5%) of the voting shares of any company engaged in non-banking activities unless the Federal Reserve Board, by order or regulation, has found such activities to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. In making this determination, the Federal Reserve Board considers whether the performance of these activities by a bank holding company would offer benefits to the public that outweigh possible adverse effects. Applications under the Bank Holding Company Act and the Change in Control Act are subject to review, based upon the record of compliance of the applicant with the CRA. The Bancorp is required to file an annual report with the Federal Reserve Board and any additional information that the Federal Reserve Board may require pursuant to the Bank Holding Company Act. Further, under Section 106 of the 1970 amendments to the Bank Holding Company Act and the Federal Reserve Board’s regulations, a bank holding company and its subsidiaries are prohibited from engaging in certain tie-in arrangements in connection with any extension of credit or provision of credit or provision of any property or services. The so-called “anti-tie-in” provisions state generally that a bank may not extend credit, lease, sell property or furnish any service to a customer on the condition that the customer obtains additional credit or service from Customers Bank, or on the condition that the customer not obtain other credit or service from a competitor. The Federal Reserve Board permits bank holding companies to engage in non-banking activities so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. A number of activities are authorized by Federal Reserve Board regulation, while other activities require prior Federal Reserve Board approval. The types of permissible activities are subject to change by the Federal Reserve Board. 16 Table of Contents Item 1A. Risk Factors Risks Related to the Bancorp’s Banking Operations If our allowance for loan losses is insufficient to absorb losses in our loan portfolio, our earnings could decrease. Lending money is a substantial part of our business, and each loan carries a certain risk that it will not be repaid in accordance with its terms or that any underlying collateral will not be sufficient to assure repayment. This risk is affected by, among other things: • • • • • • the financial condition and cash flows of the borrower and/or the project being financed; the changes and uncertainties as to the future value of the collateral, in the case of a collateralized loan; the discount on the loan at the time of its acquisition and capital, which could have regulatory implications; the duration of the loan; the credit history of a particular borrower; and changes in economic and industry conditions. At December 31, 2015, the Bancorp’s allowance for loan losses totaled $35.6 million, which represents 0.65% of total loans held for investment. Management makes various assumptions and judgments about the collectibility of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and loans covered under the loss sharing agreements that did not exhibit evidence of deterioration in credit quality on the acquisition date and the probability of making payment, as well as the value of real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of many of our loans. Loans covered under the loss sharing agreements totaled $13.8 million at December 31, 2015. The period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing agreements for non-single family loans expired in third quarter 2015. The period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing agreements for single family loans expires in third quarter 2017. Unless terminated earlier, the final maturity of the FDIC loss sharing agreements occurs in third quarter 2020. In determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses, significant factors considered include loss experience in particular segments of the portfolio, trends and absolute levels of classified and criticized loans, trends and absolute levels in delinquent loans, trends in risk ratings, trends in industry and Customers charge-offs by particular segments and changes in existing general economic and business conditions affecting our lending areas and the national economy. If our assumptions are incorrect, our allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, resulting in additions to the allowance. Management reviews and re-estimates the allowance for loan losses quarterly. Additions to our allowance for loan losses as a result on management's review and estimate could materially decrease net income. Our regulators, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review our allowance for loan losses and may require us to increase our allowance for loan losses by recognizing additional provisions for loan losses charged to expense, or to decrease our allowance for loan losses by recognizing loan charge-offs, net of recoveries. Any such additional provisions for loan losses or charge-offs, as required by these regulatory agencies, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Our emphasis on commercial, multi-family/commercial real estate and mortgage warehouse lending may expose us to increased lending risks. We intend to continue emphasizing the origination of commercial loans and specialty loans, including loans to mortgage banking businesses. Commercial loans, including multi-family and commercial real estate loans, can expose a lender to risk of non-payment and loss because repayment of the loans often depends on the successful operation of a business or property and the borrower’s cash flows. Such loans typically involve larger loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers compared to one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. In addition, we may need to increase our allowance for loan losses in the future to account for an increase in probable credit losses associated with such loans. Also, we expect that many of our commercial borrowers will have more than one loan outstanding with us. Consequently, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship can expose us to a significantly greater risk of loss compared to an adverse development with respect to a one- to four-family residential mortgage loan. As a lender to mortgage banking businesses, we provide financing to mortgage bankers by purchasing, subject to resale under a master repurchase agreement, the underlying residential mortgages on a short-term basis pending the ultimate sale of the mortgages to investors. We are subject to the risks associated with such lending, including, but not limited to, the risks of fraud, bankruptcy and possible default by the borrower, closing agents, and the residential borrower on the underlying mortgage, any 17 Table of Contents of which could result in credit losses. The risk of fraud associated with this type of lending includes, but is not limited to, settlement process risks, the risk of financing nonexistent loans or fictitious mortgage loan transactions, or the risk that collateral delivered is fraudulent or non-existent, creating a risk of loss of the full amount financed on the underlying residential mortgage loan, or in the settlement processes. As discussed in Note 21 – “LOSS CONTINGENCY”, in March 2013, a suspected fraud was discovered in the Bank’s held-for-sale loan portfolio. Additional fraudulent transactions could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Our lending to mortgage businesses is a significant part of our assets and earnings. This business is subject to cyclicality of the mortgage lending business, and volumes are likely to decline if interest rates increase, generally. A decline in the rate of growth, volume or profitability of this business unit, or a loss of its leadership could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Bank had $6.9 billion and $5.3 billion, respectively, in commercial loans outstanding, composing approximately 94.6% and 92.5%, respectively, of its total loan portfolio, which includes loans held for sale. Decreased origination, volume and pricing decisions of competitors may adversely affect our profitability. The Bank currently operates a residential mortgage banking business but plans to expand our origination, sale, and servicing of residential mortgage loans in the future. The Bank also began selling recent multi-family loan originations to third parties in the third quarter of 2014. Changes in market interest rates and pricing decisions by our loan competitors may adversely affect demand for our residential mortgage and multi-family loan products, the revenue realized on the sale of loans and revenues received from servicing such loans for others, and ultimately reduce our net income. New regulations, increased regulatory reviews, and/or changes in the structure of the secondary mortgage markets which we would utilize to sell mortgage loans or other rule changes that could affect the multi-family resale market may be introduced and may increase costs and make it more difficult to operate a residential mortgage origination business or sell multi-family loans. Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh may not pay dividends or repurchase capital stock in the future. On December 23, 2008, the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh (“FHLB”) announced that it would voluntarily suspend the payment of dividends and the repurchase of excess capital stock until further notice. The FHLB announced at that time that it expected its ability to pay dividends and add to retained earnings to be significantly curtailed due to low short-term interest rates, an increased cost of maintaining liquidity, other than temporary impairment charges, and constrained access to debt markets at attractive rates. While the FHLB resumed payment of dividends and capital stock repurchases in 2012, capital stock repurchases from member banks are reviewed on a quarterly basis by the FHLB, and there is no guarantee that such dividends and capital stock repurchases will continue in the future. As of December 31, 2015, the Bank held $78.9 million of FHLB capital stock. The fair value of our investment securities can fluctuate due to market conditions. Adverse economic performance can lead to adverse security performance and other-than-temporary impairment. As of December 31, 2015, the fair value of our investment securities portfolio was approximately $560.3 million. We have historically followed a conservative investment strategy, with concentrations in securities that are backed by government sponsored enterprises. In the future, we may seek to increase yields through more aggressive strategies, which may include a greater percentage of corporate securities, structured credit products or non-agency mortgage backed securities. Factors beyond our control can significantly influence the fair value of securities in our portfolio and can cause potential adverse changes to the fair value of these securities. These factors include, but are not limited to, rating agency actions in respect of the securities, defaults by the issuer or with respect to the underlying securities, and changes in market interest rates and continued instability in the capital markets. Any of these factors, among others, could cause other-than-temporary impairments and realized and/or unrealized losses in future periods and declines in other comprehensive income, which could have a material adverse effect on us. The process for determining whether impairment of a security is other-than-temporary usually requires complex, subjective judgments about the future financial performance and liquidity of the issuer and any collateral underlying the security in order to assess the probability of receiving all contractual principal and interest payments on the security. Changes to estimates and assumptions made by management in preparing financial statements could adversely affect the Bancorp’s business, operating results, reported assets and liabilities, financial condition, and capital levels. Changes to estimates and assumptions made by management in connection with the preparation of the Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements could adversely affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of income and expenses. The preparation of the Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements requires management to make certain critical 18 Table of Contents accounting estimates and assumptions that could affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of income and expense during the reporting periods. In the event the covered assets perform better than originally estimated at the time of acquisition, the Bancorp could be required to reimburse all, or a portion of, its discounted purchase price to the FDIC. Further information regarding the FDIC loss sharing receivable and clawback liability, and other accounting policies subject to significant judgment and estimates, is included in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis - Critical Accounting Policies.” Changes to management’s assumptions or estimates could materially and adversely affect Customers' business, operating results, reported assets and liabilities, financial condition, and capital levels. Changes in accounting standards and policies can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial results. Our accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. From time to time, the FASB or the SEC changes the financial accounting and reporting standards or the policies that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. We could be required to apply new or revised guidance retrospectively, which may result in the revision of prior period financial statements by material amounts. The implementation of new or revised accounting guidance could have a material adverse effect on our financial results or net worth. Notably, the FASB is currently considering changes to the framework for estimating the allowance for loan and lease losses which could significantly alter the current estimate as well as other elements of the U.S. banking model. Downgrades in U.S. Government and federal agency securities could adversely affect Customers Bancorp and the Bank. The long-term impact of the downgrade of the U.S. Government and federal agencies from an AAA to an AA+ credit rating is still uncertain. However, in addition to causing economic and financial market disruptions, the downgrade, and any future downgrades and/or failures to raise the U.S. debt limit if necessary in the future, could, among other things, materially adversely affect the market value of the U.S. and other government and governmental agency securities owned by Customers Bank, the availability of those securities as collateral for borrowing, and our ability to access capital markets on favorable terms, as well as have other material adverse effects on the operation of our business and our financial results and condition. In particular, it could increase interest rates and disrupt payment systems, money markets, and long-term or short-term fixed income markets, adversely affecting the cost and availability of funding, which could negatively affect profitability. Also, the adverse consequences as a result of the downgrade could extend to the borrowers of the loans the Bank makes and, as a result, could adversely affect its borrowers’ ability to repay their loans. We may not be able to maintain consistent earnings or profitability. Although we made a profit for the years of 2011 through 2015, there can be no assurance that we will be able to remain profitable in future periods, or, if profitable, that our overall earnings will remain consistent or increase in the future. Our earnings also may be reduced by increased expenses associated with increased assets, such as additional employee compensation expense, and increased interest expense on any liabilities incurred or deposits solicited to fund increases in assets. If earnings do not grow proportionately with our assets or equity, our overall profitability may be adversely affected. Continued or worsening general business and economic conditions could materially and adversely affect us. Our business and operations are sensitive to general business and economic conditions in the United States. If the U.S. economy experiences worsening conditions such as a recession, we could be materially and adversely affected. Weak economic conditions may be characterized by deflation, instability in debt and equity capital markets, a lack of liquidity and/or depressed prices in the secondary market for mortgage loans, increased delinquencies on loans, residential and commercial real estate price declines and lower home sales and commercial activity. Adverse changes in any of these factors could be detrimental to our business. Our business is also significantly affected by monetary and related policies of the U.S. federal government, its agencies and government-sponsored entities. Adverse changes in economic factors or U.S. government policies could have a negative effect on Customers Bancorp. 19 Table of Contents The geographic concentration in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic region makes our business susceptible to downturns in the local economies and depressed banking markets, which could materially and adversely affect us. Our loan and deposit activities are largely based in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions. As a result, our financial performance depends upon economic conditions in this region. This region experienced deteriorating local economic conditions in the past economic cycle and a downturn in the regional real estate market could harm our financial condition and results of operations because of the geographic concentration of loans within this region and because a large percentage of the loans are secured by real property. If there is decline in real estate values, the collateral value for our loans will decrease and our probability of incurring losses will increase as the ability to recover on defaulted loans by selling the underlying real estate will be lessened. Additionally, Customers has made a significant investment in commercial real estate loans. Often in a commercial real estate transaction, repayment of the loan is dependent on the property generating sufficient rental income to service the loan. Economic conditions may affect the tenant’s ability to make rental payments on a timely basis, and may cause some tenants not to renew their leases, each of which may impact the debtor’s ability to make loan payments. Further, if expenses associated with commercial properties increase dramatically, the tenant’s ability to repay, and therefore the debtor’s ability to make timely loan payments, could be adversely affected. All of these factors could increase the amount of non-performing loans, increase our provision for loan losses and reduce our net income. Our business is highly susceptible to credit risk. As a lender, we are exposed to the risk that our customers will be unable to repay their loans according to the contractual terms and that the collateral securing the payment of their loans (if any) may not be sufficient to assure repayment. The risks inherent in making any loan include risks with respect to the ability of borrowers to repay their loans and, if applicable, the period of time over which the loan is repaid, risks relating to proper loan underwriting and guidelines, risks resulting from changes in economic and industry conditions, risks inherent in dealing with individual borrowers and risks resulting from uncertainties as to the future value of collateral. Similarly, we have credit risk embedded in our securities portfolio. Our credit standards, procedures and policies are designed to reduce the risk of credit losses to a low level, but may not prevent us from incurring substantial credit losses. Additionally, we may restructure originated or acquired loans if we believe the borrowers are experiencing problems servicing the debt pursuant to current terms and we believe the borrower is likely to fully repay their restructured obligations. We may also be subject to legal or regulatory requirements for restructured loans. With respect to restructured loans, we may grant concessions to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties in order to facilitate repayment of the loan by (1) reduction of the stated interest rate for the remaining life of the loan to lower than the current market rate for new loans with similar risk or (2) extension of the maturity date. We depend on our executive officers and key personnel to implement our strategy and could be harmed by the loss of their services. We believe that the implementation of our strategy will depend in large part on the skills of our executive management team and our ability to motivate and retain these and other key personnel. Accordingly, the loss of service of one or more of our executive officers or key personnel could reduce our ability to successfully implement our growth strategy and materially and adversely affect us. Leadership changes will occur from time to time, and if significant resignations occur, we may not be able to recruit additional qualified personnel. We believe our executive management team possesses valuable knowledge about the banking industry and that their knowledge and relationships would be very difficult to replicate. Although our Chief Executive Officer, President, and Chief Financial Officer have entered into employment agreements with us, it is possible that they may not complete the term of their employment agreement or may choose not to renew it upon expiration. Our customers also rely on us to deliver personalized financial services. Our strategic model is dependent upon relationship managers and private bankers who act as a customer’s point of contact to us. The loss of the service of these individuals could undermine the confidence of our customers in our ability to provide such personalized services. We need to continue to attract and retain these individuals and to recruit other qualified individuals to ensure continued growth. In addition, competitors may recruit these individuals in light of the value of the individuals’ relationships with their customers and communities and we may not be able to retain such relationships absent the individuals. In any case, if we are unable to attract and retain our relationship managers and private bankers, and recruit individuals with appropriate skills and knowledge to support our business, our growth strategy, business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. 20 Table of Contents Our success also depends on the experience of our branch managers and lending officers and on their relationships with the customers and communities they serve. The loss of these key personnel could negatively impact our banking operations. The loss of key senior personnel, or the inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel in the future, could have a material adverse effect on us. We face significant competition from other financial institutions and financial services providers, which may materially and adversely affect us. Commercial and consumer banking is highly competitive. Our markets contain a large number of community and regional banks as well as a significant presence of the country’s largest commercial banks. We compete with other state and national financial institutions, including savings and loan associations, savings banks and credit unions, for deposits and loans. In addition, we compete with financial intermediaries, such as consumer finance companies, mortgage banking companies, insurance companies, securities firms, mutual funds and several government agencies, as well as major retailers, in providing various types of loans and other financial services. Some of these competitors may have a long history of successful operations in our markets, greater ties to local businesses and more expansive banking relationships, as well as better established depositor bases. Competitors may also have greater resources and access to capital and may possess other advantages such as operating more ATMs and conducting extensive promotional and advertising campaigns or operating a more developed Internet platform. Competitors may also exhibit a greater tolerance for risk and behave more aggressively with respect to pricing in order to increase their market share. The financial services industry could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and continued consolidation. Increased competition among financial services companies due to the recent consolidation of certain competing financial institutions may adversely affect our ability to market our products and services. Technological advances have lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for banks to compete in our market without a retail footprint by offering competitive rates, as well as non-banks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks. Our ability to compete successfully depends on a number of factors, including, among others: • • • • • • • the ability to develop, maintain and build upon long-term customer relationships based on high quality, personal service, effective and efficient products and services, high ethical standards and safe and sound assets; the scope, relevance and competitive pricing of products and services offered to meet customer needs and demands; the ability to provide customers with maximum convenience of access to services and availability of banking representatives; the ability to attract and retain highly qualified employees to operate our business; the ability to expand our market position; customer access to our decision makers, and customer satisfaction with our level of service; and the ability to operate our business effectively and efficiently. Failure to perform in any of these areas could significantly weaken our competitive position, which could materially and adversely affect us. Like other financial services institutions, our asset and liability structures are monetary in nature. Such structures are affected by a variety of factors, including changes in interest rates, which can impact the value of financial instruments held by us. Like other financial services institutions, we have asset and liability structures that are essentially monetary in nature and are directly affected by many factors, including domestic and international economic and political conditions, broad trends in business and finance, legislation and regulation affecting the national and international business and financial communities, monetary and fiscal policies, inflation, currency values, market conditions, the availability and terms (including cost) of short- term or long-term funding and capital, the credit capacity or perceived creditworthiness of customers and counterparties and the level and volatility of trading markets. Such factors can impact customers and counterparties of a financial services institution and may impact the value of financial instruments held by a financial services institution. Our earnings and cash flows largely depend upon the level of our net interest income, which is the difference between the interest income we earn on loans, investments and other interest earning assets, and the interest we pay on interest bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. Because different types of assets and liabilities may react differently and at 21 Table of Contents different times to market interest rate changes, changes in interest rates can increase or decrease our net interest income. When interest-bearing liabilities mature or reprice more quickly than interest earning assets in a period, an increase in interest rates would reduce net interest income. Similarly, when interest earning assets mature or reprice more quickly, and because the magnitude of repricing of interest earning assets is often greater than interest bearing liabilities, falling interest rates would reduce net interest income. Accordingly, changes in the level of market interest rates affect our net yield on interest earning assets and liabilities, loan and investment securities portfolios and our overall results. Changes in interest rates may also have a significant impact on any future loan origination revenues. Changes in interest rates also have a significant impact on the carrying value of a significant percentage of the assets, both loans and investment securities, on our balance sheet. We may incur debt in the future and that debt may also be sensitive to interest rates and any increase in interest rates could materially and adversely affect us. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies, particularly the Federal Reserve. Adverse changes in the Federal Reserve’s interest rate policies or other changes in monetary policies and economic conditions could materially and adversely affect us. We are dependent on our information technology and telecommunications systems and third-party servicers, and systems failures, interruptions or breaches of security could have a material adverse effect on us. Our business is highly dependent on the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our information technology and telecommunications systems and third-party servicers. We outsource many of our major systems, such as data processing, loan servicing and deposit processing systems. The failure of these systems, or the termination of a third-party software license or service agreement on which any of these systems is based, could interrupt our operations. Because our information technology and telecommunications systems interface with and depend on third-party systems, we could experience service denials if demand for such services exceeds capacity or such third-party systems fail or experience interruptions. If significant, sustained or repeated, a system failure or service denial could compromise our ability to operate effectively, damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, and/or subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, we provide our customers with the ability to bank remotely, including online, over the Internet and over the telephone. The secure transmission of confidential information over the Internet and other remote channels is a critical element of remote banking. Our network could be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses, phishing schemes and other security breaches. We may be required to spend significant capital and other resources to protect against the threat of security breaches and computer viruses, or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches or viruses. To the extent that our activities or the activities of our customers involve the storage and transmission of confidential information, security breaches and viruses could expose us to claims, regulatory scrutiny, litigation and other possible liabilities. Any inability to prevent security breaches or computer viruses could also cause existing customers to lose confidence in our systems and could materially and adversely affect us. Additionally, financial products and services have become increasingly technology-driven. Our ability to meet the needs of our customers competitively, and in a cost-efficient manner, is dependent on the ability to keep pace with technological advances and to invest in new technology as it becomes available. Certain competitors may have greater resources to invest in technology and may be better equipped to market new technology-driven products and services. The ability to keep pace with technological change is important, and the failure to do so could have a material adverse impact on our business and therefore on our financial condition and results of operations. Loss of, or failure to adequately safeguard, confidential or proprietary information may adversely affect the Bancorp’s operations, net income or reputation. The Bancorp regularly collects, processes, transmits and stores significant amounts of confidential information regarding its customers, employees and others. This information is necessary for the conduct of the Bancorp’s business activities, including the ongoing maintenance of deposit, loan, investment management and other account relationships for our customers, and receiving instructions and affecting transactions for those customers and other users of the Bancorp’s products and services. In addition to confidential information regarding its customers, employees and others, the Bancorp compiles, processes, transmits and stores proprietary, non-public information concerning its own business, operations, plans and strategies. In some cases, this confidential or proprietary information is collected, compiled, processed, transmitted or stored by third parties on behalf of the Bancorp. Information security risks have generally increased in recent years because of the proliferation of new technologies and the increased sophistication and activities of perpetrators of cyber-attacks. A failure in or breach of the Bancorp’s operational or 22 Table of Contents information security systems, or those of the Bancorp’s third-party service providers, as a result of cyber-attacks or information security breaches or due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions could adversely affect our business, result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, damage our reputation, increase our costs and/or cause losses. As a result, cyber security and the continued development and enhancement of the controls and processes designed to protect the Bancorp’s systems, computers, software, data and networks from attack, damage or unauthorized access remain a priority for the Bancorp. If this confidential or proprietary information were to be mishandled, misused or lost, the Bancorp could be exposed to significant regulatory consequences, reputational damage, civil litigation and financial loss. Mishandling, misuse or loss of this confidential or proprietary information could occur, for example, if the confidential or proprietary information were erroneously provided to parties who are not permitted to have the information, either by fault of the systems or employees of the Bancorp, or the systems or employees of third parties which have collected, compiled, processed, transmitted or stored the information on the Bancorp’s behalf, where the information is intercepted or otherwise inappropriately taken by third parties or where there is a failure or breach of the network, communications or information systems which are used to collect, compile, process, transmit or store the information. Although the Bancorp employs a variety of physical, procedural and technological safeguards to protect this confidential and proprietary information from mishandling, misuse or loss, these safeguards do not provide absolute assurance that mishandling, misuse or loss of the information will not occur, or that if mishandling, misuse or loss of the information did occur, those events would be promptly detected and addressed. Additionally, as information security risks and cyber threats continue to evolve, the Bancorp may be required to expend additional resources to continue to enhance its information security measures and/or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities. Our directors and executive officers can influence the outcome of shareholder votes and, in some cases, shareholders may not have the opportunity to evaluate and affect the investment decision regarding a potential investment or acquisition transaction. As of December 31, 2015, the directors and executive officers of Customers Bancorp as a group owned a total of 1,722,606 shares of Voting Common Stock and exercisable options and warrants to purchase up to an additional 1,028,605 shares of Voting Common Stock, which potentially gives them, as a group, the ability to control approximately 9.85% of the issued and outstanding Voting Common Stock. In addition, directors of Customers Bank who are not directors of Customers Bancorp own an additional 23,124 shares of Voting Common Stock and exercisable warrants to purchase up to an additional 8,240 shares of Voting Common Stock, which if combined with the directors and officers of Customers Bancorp, potentially gives them, as a group, the ability to control approximately 9.96% of the issued and outstanding Voting Common Stock. We believe ownership of stock causes directors and officers to have the same interests as shareholders, but it also gives them the ability to vote as shareholders for matters that are in their personal interest, which may be contrary to the wishes of other shareholders. Shareholders will not necessarily be provided with an opportunity to evaluate the specific merits or risks of one or more target institutions. Any decision regarding a potential investment or acquisition transaction will be made by our board of directors. Except in limited circumstances as required by applicable law, consummation of an acquisition will not require the approval of holders of Voting Common Stock. Accordingly, the shareholder may not have an opportunity to evaluate and affect the investment decision regarding potential investment or acquisition transactions. We intend to engage in acquisitions of other businesses from time to time, including our pending acquisition of certain assets from Higher One. These acquisitions may not produce revenue or earnings enhancements or cost savings at levels, or within timeframes, originally anticipated and may result in unforeseen integration difficulties. We regularly evaluate opportunities to strengthen our current market position by acquiring and investing in banks and in other complementary businesses, or opening new branches, and when appropriate opportunities arise, subject to regulatory approval, we plan to engage in acquisitions of other businesses and in opening new branches. Such transactions could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material effect on our operating results and financial condition, including short and long-term liquidity. Our acquisition activities could be material to our business. For example, we could issue additional shares of Voting Common Stock in a purchase transaction, which could dilute current shareholders’ value or ownership interest. These activities could require us to use a substantial amount of cash, other liquid assets and/or incur debt. In addition, if goodwill recorded in connection with acquisitions were determined to be impaired, then we would be required to recognize a charge against our earnings, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations during the period in which the impairment was recognized. Our acquisition activities could involve a number of additional risks, including the risks of: 23 Table of Contents • • • • • • • • incurring time and expense associated with identifying and evaluating potential acquisitions and negotiating the terms of potential transactions, resulting in our attention being diverted from the operation of our existing business; using inaccurate estimates and judgments to evaluate credit, operations, management and market risks with respect to the target institution or assets; being potentially exposed to unknown or contingent liabilities of banks and businesses we acquire; being required to expend time and expense to integrate the operations and personnel of the combined businesses; experiencing higher operating expenses relative to operating income from the new operations; creating an adverse short-term effect on our results of operations; losing key employees and customers as a result of an acquisition that is poorly received; and incurring significant problems relating to the conversion of the financial and customer data of the entity being acquired into our financial and customer product systems. Additionally, in evaluating potential acquisition opportunities we may seek to acquire failed banks through FDIC-assisted acquisitions. While the FDIC may, in such acquisitions, provide assistance to mitigate certain risks, such as sharing in exposure to loan losses, and providing indemnification against certain liabilities, of the failed institution, we may not be able to accurately estimate our potential exposure to loan losses and other potential liabilities, or the difficulty of integration, in acquiring such institutions. Depending on the condition of any institutions or assets that are acquired, any acquisition may, at least in the near term, materially adversely affect our capital and earnings and, if not successfully integrated following the acquisition, may continue to have such effects. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in overcoming these risks or any other problems encountered in connection with pending or potential acquisitions. Our inability to overcome these risks could have an adverse effect on levels of reported net income, return on equity and return on assets, and the ability to achieve our business strategy and maintain market value. Our acquisitions generally will require regulatory approvals, and failure to obtain them would restrict our growth. We intend to complement and expand our business by pursuing strategic acquisitions of community banking franchises and other businesses. Generally, any acquisition of target financial institutions, banking centers or other banking assets by us may require approval by, and cooperation from, a number of governmental regulatory agencies, possibly including the Federal Reserve, the OCC and the FDIC, as well as state banking regulators. In acting on applications, federal banking regulators consider, among other factors: • • • • • • • the effect of the acquisition on competition; the financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, capital levels and future prospects of the applicant and the bank(s) involved; the quantity and complexity of previously consummated acquisitions; the managerial resources of the applicant and the bank(s) involved; the convenience and needs of the community, including the record of performance under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”); the effectiveness of the applicant in combating money laundering activities; and the extent to which the acquisition would result in greater or more concentrated risks to the stability of the United States banking or financial system. Such regulators could deny our application based on the above criteria or other considerations, which could restrict our growth, or the regulatory approvals may not be granted on terms that are acceptable to us. For example, we could be required to sell banking centers as a condition to receiving regulatory approvals, and such a condition may not be acceptable to us or may reduce the benefit of any acquisition. 24 Table of Contents The success of future transactions will depend on our ability to successfully identify and consummate acquisitions of banking franchises that meet our investment objectives. Because of the intense competition for acquisition opportunities and the limited number of potential targets, we may not be able to successfully consummate acquisitions on attractive terms, or at all, that are necessary to grow our business. Our acquisition history should be viewed in the context of the recent opportunities available to us as a result of the confluence of our access to capital at a time when market dislocations of historical proportions resulted in attractive asset acquisition opportunities. As conditions change, we may prove to be unable to execute our acquisition strategy, which could materially and adversely affect us. The success of future transactions will depend on our ability to successfully identify and consummate transactions with target banking franchises that meet our investment objectives. There are significant risks associated with our ability to identify and successfully consummate these acquisitions. There are a limited number of acquisition opportunities, and we expect to encounter intense competition from other banking organizations competing for acquisitions and also from other investment funds and entities looking to acquire financial institutions. Many of these entities are well established and have extensive experience in identifying and consummating acquisitions directly or through affiliates. Many of these competitors possess ongoing banking operations with greater financial, technical, human and other resources and access to capital than we do, which could limit the acquisition opportunities we pursue. Our competitors may be able to achieve greater cost savings, through consolidating operations or otherwise, than we could. These competitive limitations give others an advantage in pursuing certain acquisitions. In addition, increased competition may drive up the prices for the acquisitions we pursue and make the other acquisition terms more onerous, which would make the identification and successful consummation of those acquisitions less attractive to us. Competitors may be willing to pay more for acquisitions than we believe are justified, which could result in us having to pay more for them than we prefer or to forego the opportunity. As a result of the foregoing, we may be unable to successfully identify and consummate acquisitions on attractive terms, or at all, that are necessary to grow our business. We will generally establish the pricing of transactions and the capital structure of banking franchises to be acquired by us on the basis of financial projections for such banking franchises. In general, projected operating results will be based on the judgment of our management team. In all cases, projections are only estimates of future results that are based upon assumptions made at the time that the projections are developed and the projected results may vary significantly from actual results. General economic, political and market conditions can have a material adverse impact on the reliability of such projections. In the event that the projections made in connection with our acquisitions, or future projections with respect to new acquisitions, are not accurate, such inaccuracies could materially and adversely affect us. We are subject to certain risks related to FDIC-assisted acquisitions. The success of past FDIC-assisted acquisitions, and any FDIC-assisted acquisitions in which we may participate in the future, will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to: • • • • • • • • fully integrate, and to integrate successfully, the branches acquired into bank operations; limit the outflow of deposits held by new customers in the acquired branches and to successfully retain and manage interest-earning assets (loans) acquired in FDIC-assisted acquisitions; retain existing deposits and to generate new interest-earning assets in the geographic areas previously served by the acquired banks; effectively compete in new markets in which we did not previously have a presence; successfully deploy the cash received in the FDIC-assisted acquisitions into assets bearing sufficiently high yields without incurring unacceptable credit or interest rate risk; control the incremental non-interest expense from the acquired branches in a manner that enables us to maintain a favorable overall efficiency ratio; retain and attract the appropriate personnel to staff the acquired branches; and earn acceptable levels of interest and non-interest income, including fee income, from the acquired bank. As with any acquisition involving a financial institution, particularly one involving the transfer of a large number of bank branches (as is often the case with FDIC-assisted acquisitions), there may be higher than average levels of service disruptions that would cause inconveniences or potentially increase the effectiveness of competing financial institutions in attracting our customers. Integrating the acquired branches could present unique challenges and opportunities because of the nature of the transactions. Integration efforts will also likely divert our management’s attention and resources. It is not known whether we will be able to integrate acquired branches successfully, and the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, 25 Table of Contents the disruption of ongoing business or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with clients, customers, depositors and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits of the FDIC-assisted acquisitions. We may also encounter unexpected difficulties or costs during integration that could materially adversely affect our earnings and financial condition. Additionally, we may be unable to compete effectively in the market areas previously served by the acquired branches or to manage any growth resulting from FDIC-assisted acquisitions effectively. Our willingness and ability to grow acquired branches following FDIC-assisted acquisitions depend on several factors, most importantly the ability to retain certain key personnel that we hire or transfer in connection with FDIC-assisted acquisitions. Our failure to retain these employees could adversely affect the success of FDIC-assisted acquisitions and our future growth. Our ability to continue to receive benefits of our Loss Sharing Agreements with the FDIC is conditioned upon compliance with certain requirements under the Purchase and Assumption Agreements. Pursuant to the Purchase and Assumption Agreements we signed in connection with our FDIC-assisted acquisitions of USA Bank and ISN Bank (“Purchase and Assumption Agreements”), we are the beneficiary of loss sharing arrangements with the FDIC (the “Loss Sharing Agreements”) that call for the FDIC to fund a portion of its losses on a majority of the assets acquired in connection with the transactions. Our ability to recover a portion of losses and retain the loss sharing protection is subject to compliance with certain requirements imposed on us in the Purchase and Assumption Agreements. The requirements of the Loss Sharing Agreements relate primarily to loan servicing standards concerning the assets covered by the Loss Sharing Agreements (the “Covered Assets”), as well as obtaining the consent of the FDIC to engage in certain corporate transactions that may be deemed under the agreements to constitute a transfer of the loss sharing benefits. For example, FDIC approval will be required for any merger we undertake that would result in the pre-merger shareholders of such entity owning less than sixty- six and two/thirds percent (66.66%) of the equity of the surviving entity. As the loan servicing standards evolve, we may experience difficulties in complying with the requirements of the Loss Sharing Agreements, which could result in Covered Assets losing some or all of their loss sharing coverage. In accordance with the terms of the Loss Sharing Agreements, we are subject to audits by the FDIC through its designated agent. The required terms of the Loss Sharing Agreements are extensive and failure to comply with any of the guidelines could result in a specific asset or group of assets losing their loss sharing coverage. In such instances in which the consent of the FDIC is required under the Purchase and Assumption Agreements, the FDIC may withhold its consent to such transactions or may condition its consent on terms that we do not find acceptable. There can be no assurance that the FDIC will grant its consent or condition its consent on terms that we find acceptable. If the FDIC does not grant its consent to a transaction we would like to pursue, or conditions its consent on terms that we do not find acceptable, this may cause us not to engage in a corporate transaction that might otherwise benefit shareholders or to pursue such a transaction without obtaining the FDIC’s consent, which could result in termination of the Loss Sharing Agreements with the FDIC. Loans covered under the loss sharing agreements totaled $13.8 million at December 31, 2015. The period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing agreements for non-single family loans expired in third quarter 2015. The period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing agreements for single family loans expires in third quarter 2017. Unless terminated earlier, the final maturity of the FDIC loss sharing agreements occurs in third quarter 2020. FDIC-assisted acquisition opportunities may not become available and increased competition may make it more difficult for us to bid on failed bank transactions on terms considered to be acceptable. Our near-term business strategy includes consideration of potential acquisitions of failing banks that the FDIC plans to place in receivership. The FDIC may not place banks that meet our strategic objectives into receivership. Failed bank transactions are attractive opportunities in part because of loss sharing arrangements with the FDIC that limit the acquirer’s downside risk on the purchased loan portfolio and, apart from our assumption of deposit liabilities, we have significant discretion as to the non- deposit liabilities that we assume. In addition, assets purchased from the FDIC are marked to their fair value and in many cases there is little or no addition to goodwill arising from an FDIC-assisted acquisition. The bidding process for failing banks could become very competitive, and the increased competition may make it more difficult for us to bid on terms we consider to be acceptable. Further, all FDIC-assisted acquisitions would require us to obtain applicable regulatory approval. Some institutions we could acquire may have distressed assets and there can be no assurance that we will be able to realize the value predicted from these assets or that we will make sufficient provision for future losses in the value of, or accurately estimate the future write-downs taken in respect of, these assets. 26 Table of Contents Loan portfolios and other assets acquired in transactions may experience increases in delinquencies and losses in the loan portfolios, or in amounts that exceed initial forecasts developed during the due diligence investigation prior to acquiring those institutions. In addition, asset values may be impaired in the future due to factors that cannot currently be predicted, including deterioration in economic conditions and subsequent declines in collateral values and credit quality indicators. Any of these events could adversely affect the financial condition, liquidity, capital position and value of institutions acquired and of our business as a whole. Further, as a registered bank holding company, if we acquire bank subsidiaries, they may become subject to cross-guaranty liability under applicable banking law. If we do so and any of the foregoing adverse events occur with respect to one subsidiary, they may adversely affect other subsidiaries. Asset valuations are estimates of value and there is no certainty that we will be able to sell assets of target institutions at the estimated value, even if it is determined to be in our best interests to do so. The institutions we may target may have substantial amounts of asset classes for which there is currently limited or no marketability. As a result of an investment or acquisition transaction, we may be required to take write-downs or write-offs, restructuring and impairment or other charges that could have a significant negative effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We conduct due diligence investigations of target institutions we intend to acquire. Due diligence is time consuming and expensive due to the operations, accounting, finance and legal professionals who must be involved in the due diligence process. Even if extensive due diligence is conducted on a target institution with which we may be combined, this diligence may not reveal all material issues that may affect a particular target institution, and factors outside our control, or the control of the target institution, may later arise. If, during the diligence process, we fail to identify issues specific to a target institution or the environment in which the target institution operates, we may be forced to later write down or write off assets, restructure operations or incur impairment or other charges that could result in reporting losses. These charges may also occur if we are not successful in integrating and managing the operations of the target institution with which we combine. In addition, charges of this nature may cause us to violate net worth or other covenants to which we may be subject as a result of assuming preexisting debt held by a target institution or by virtue of obtaining debt financing. Resources could be expended in considering or evaluating potential investment or acquisition transactions that are not consummated, which could materially and adversely affect subsequent attempts to locate and acquire or merge with another business. We anticipate that the investigation of each specific target institution and the negotiation, drafting and execution of relevant agreements, disclosure documents and other instruments will require substantial management time and attention and substantial costs for accountants, attorneys and others. If a decision is made not to complete a specific investment or acquisition transaction, the costs incurred up to that point for the proposed transaction likely would not be recoverable. Furthermore, even if an agreement is reached relating to a specific target institution, we may fail to consummate the investment or acquisition transaction for any number of reasons, including those beyond our control. Any such event will result in a loss of the related costs incurred, and could result in additional costs or expenses, which could materially and adversely affect subsequent attempts to locate and acquire or merge with another institution and our reported earnings. If we do not open new branches as planned, or do not achieve targeted profitability on new branches, earnings may be reduced. Customers Bank is interested in opening or acquiring four to six new branches annually for the next several years in and around our target markets of southeastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Maryland, Connecticut, Virginia and Delaware. Our ability to open or acquire branches is subject to regulatory approvals. We cannot predict whether the banking regulators will agree with our growth plans or if or when they will provide the necessary branch approvals. Numerous factors contribute to the performance of a new branch, such as the ability to select a suitable location, competition, our ability to hire and retain qualified personnel, and the effectiveness of our marketing strategy. It takes time for a new branch to generate significant deposits and loan volume to offset expenses, some of which, like salaries and occupancy expense, are relatively fixed costs. The initial cost, including capital asset purchases, for each new branch to open would be in a range of approximately $200,000 to $250,000. Additionally, there can be no assurance that any of these new branches will ever become profitable. During the period of time before a branch can become profitable, operating a branch will negatively impact net income. To the extent that we are unable to increase loans through organic loan growth, we may be unable to successfully implement our growth strategy, which could materially and adversely affect us. In addition to growing our business through strategic acquisitions, we also intend to grow our business through organic loan growth. While loan growth has been strong and our loan balances have increased over the past three fiscal years, much of the 27 Table of Contents loan growth came from multi-family and commercial real estate lending. If the bank is unsuccessful with diversifying its loan originations or if we do not grow the existing business lines, our results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted. We may not be able to effectively manage our growth. Our future operating results and financial condition depend to a large extent on our ability to successfully manage our growth. Our growth has placed, and it may continue to place, significant demands on our operations and management. Whether through additional acquisitions or organic growth, our current plan to expand our business is dependent upon our ability to: • • continue to implement and improve our operational, credit underwriting and administration, financial, accounting, enterprise risk management and other internal and disclosure controls and processes and our reporting systems and procedures in order to manage a growing number of client relationships; comply with changes in, and an increasing number of, laws, rules and regulations, including those of any national securities exchange on which any of our securities become listed; • scale our technology and other systems’ platforms; • maintain and attract appropriate staffing; • • operate profitable or raise capital; and support our asset growth with adequate deposits, funding and liquidity while maintaining our net interest margin and meeting our customers’ and regulators’ liquidity requirements. We may not successfully implement improvements to, or integrate, our management information and control systems, credit underwriting and administration, internal and disclosure controls, and procedures and processes in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls. In particular, our controls and procedures must be able to accommodate an increase in loan volume in various markets and the infrastructure that comes with new banking centers and banks. Our growth strategy may divert management from our existing business and may require us to incur additional expenditures to expand our administrative and operational infrastructure and, if we are unable to effectively manage and grow our banking franchise, including to the satisfaction of our regulators, we could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if we are unable to manage our current and future expansion in our operations, we may experience compliance, operational and regulatory problems and delays, have to slow our pace of growth or even stop our market and product expansion, or have to incur additional expenditures beyond current projections to support such growth, any one of which could materially and adversely affect us. If we experience difficulties with the development of new business activities or the integration process of acquired businesses, the anticipated benefits of any particular acquisition may not be realized fully, or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected. Additionally, we may be unable to recognize synergies, operating efficiencies and/or expected benefits within expected timeframes and cost projections, or at all. We also may not be able to preserve the goodwill of an acquired financial institution. Our growth could lead to increases in our legal, audit, administrative and financial compliance costs, which could materially and adversely affect us. If our techniques for managing risk are ineffective, we may be exposed to material unanticipated losses. In order to manage the significant risks inherent in our business, we must maintain effective policies, procedures and systems that enable us to identify, monitor and control our exposure to material risks, such as credit, operational, legal and reputational risks. Our risk management methods may prove to be ineffective due to their design, their implementation or the degree to which we adhere to them, or as a result of the lack of adequate, accurate or timely information or otherwise. If our risk management efforts are ineffective, we could suffer losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, we could be subject to litigation, particularly from our customers, and sanctions or fines from regulators. Our techniques for managing the risks we face may not fully mitigate the risk exposure in all economic or market environments, including exposure to risks that we might fail to identify or anticipate. We are dependent upon maintaining an effective system of internal controls to provide reasonable assurance that transactions and activities are conducted in accordance with established policies and procedures and are all captured and reported in the financial statements. Failure to comply with the system of internal controls may result in events or losses which could adversely affect Customers' operations, net income, financial condition, reputation, and compliance with laws and regulations. Customers' system of internal controls, including internal controls over financial reporting, is an important element of our risk 28 Table of Contents management framework. Management regularly reviews and seeks to improve Customers’ internal controls, including annual review of key policies and procedures, and annual review and testing of key internal controls over financial reporting. Any system of internal controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and expectations of employee conduct and can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the internal control structure are met. Any failure or circumvention of Customers’ controls and procedures, or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures, could have a material adverse effect on the Customers’ operations, net income, financial condition, reputation and compliance with laws and regulations. We may not be able to meet the cash flow requirements of our loan funding obligations, deposit withdrawals, or other business needs and fund our asset growth unless we maintain sufficient liquidity. Customers Bank must maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its balance sheet growth in order to successfully grow our revenues, make loans and to repay deposit and other liabilities as these mature or are drawn. This liquidity can be gathered in both wholesale and non-wholesale funding markets. Our asset growth over the past few years has been funded with various forms of deposits and wholesale funding, including brokered and wholesale time deposits, FHLB advances, and Federal funds line borrowings. Total wholesale deposits including brokered deposits were 42.1% and 35.3% of total deposits as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our gross loan to deposit ratio was 122.7% at December 31, 2015 and 126.8% at December 31, 2014 and our loan to deposit ratios excluding the mortgage warehouse portfolio funded by short term FHLB borrowings were 93.0% and 97.4% as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Wholesale funding can cost more than deposits generated from our traditional branch system and customer relationships and is subject to certain practical limits such as our liquidity policy limits, our available collateral for FHLB borrowings capacity and Federal funds line limits with our lenders. Additionally, regulators consider wholesale funding beyond certain points to be imprudent and might suggest that future asset growth be reduced or halted. In the absence of appropriate levels and mix of funding, we might need to reduce earning asset growth through the reduction of current production, sales of loans and/or the sale of participation interests in future and current loans. This might reduce our future growth and net income. The amount loaned to us is generally dependent on the value of the eligible collateral pledged and our financial condition. These lenders could reduce the percentages loaned against various collateral categories, eliminate certain types of collateral and otherwise modify or even terminate their loan programs, if further disruptions in the capital markets occur. Any change or termination of our borrowings from the FHLB or correspondent banks could have an adverse effect on our profitability and financial condition, including liquidity. We may not be able to develop and retain a strong core deposit base and other low-cost, stable funding sources. Customers Bank depends on checking, savings and money market deposit account balances and other forms of customer deposits as a primary source of funding for our lending activities. We expect that our future loan growth will largely depend on our ability to retain and grow a strong, low-cost deposit base. Because 39.7% of our deposit base as of December 31, 2015 was time deposits, it may prove harder to maintain and grow our deposit base than would otherwise be the case, especially since many of these deposits currently pay interest at above-market rates. As of December 31, 2015, $1.8 billion, or 76.6%, of our total time deposits are scheduled to mature through December 31, 2016. We are working to transition certain of our customers to lower cost traditional bank deposits as higher cost funding, such as time deposits, mature. If interest rates increase, whether due to changes in inflation, monetary policy, competition or other factors, we would expect to pay higher interest rates on deposits, which would increase our funding costs and compress our net interest margin. We may not succeed in moving our deposits to lower yielding savings and transactions products, which could materially and adversely affect us. In addition, with concerns about bank failures over the past several years and the end of the FDIC’s non-interest transaction deposit guarantee program on December 31, 2012, customers, particularly those who may maintain deposits in excess of insured limits, have become concerned about the extent to which their deposits are insured by the FDIC. Our customers may withdraw deposits to ensure that their deposits with us are fully insured, and may place excess amounts in other institutions or make investments that are perceived as being more secure and/or higher yielding. Further, even if we are able to maintain and grow our deposit base, deposit balances can decrease when customers perceive alternative investments, such as the stock market, will provide a better risk/return tradeoff. If customers move money out of bank deposits, we could lose a relatively low cost source of funds, increasing our funding costs and reducing our net interest income and net income. Additionally, any such loss of funds could result in lower loan originations and growth, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, including liquidity. Our “high-touch” personalized service banking model may be replicated by competitors. We expect to drive organic growth by employing our Concierge Banking® strategy, which provides specific relationship managers or private bankers for all customers. Many of our competitors provide similar services and others may replicate our 29 Table of Contents model. Our competitors may have greater resources than we do and may be able to provide similar services more quickly, efficiently and extensively. To the extent others replicate our model, we could lose what we view as a competitive advantage, and our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. Competitors’ technology-driven products and services and improvements to such products and services may adversely affect our ability to generate core deposits through mobile banking. Our organic growth strategy focuses on, among other things, expanding market share through our “high-tech” model, which includes remote account opening, remote deposit capture and mobile banking. These technological advances, such as BankMobile, are intended to allow the Bank to generate additional core deposits at a lower cost than generating deposits through opening and operating branch locations. Some of our competitors may have greater resources to invest in technology and may be better equipped to market new technology-driven products and services. This may result in limiting, reducing or otherwise adversely affecting our growth strategy in this area and our access to deposits through mobile banking. In addition, to the extent we fail to keep pace with technological changes, or incur respectively large expenses to implement technological changes, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. We may suffer losses due to minority investments in other financial institutions or related companies. From time to time, we may make or consider making minority investments in other financial institutions or technology companies in the financial services business. If we do so, we may not be able to influence the activities of companies in which we invest, and may suffer losses due to these activities. Investments in foreign companies could pose additional risks as a result of distance, language barriers and potential lack of information (for example, foreign institutions, including foreign financial institutions, may not be obligated to provide as much information regarding their operations as those in the United States). Our investment in Religare Enterprises Limited (or Religare), which is a diversified financial services company in India, represents such an investment. There is no assurance of Religare’s ability to operate at a level of profitability sufficient to support our investment. These and other factors may result in lower-than-expected returns, or a loss, on our investment in Religare. We do not expect to receive any dividends on our investment in Religare securities. In addition, our investment in Religare may not have the market liquidity needed to realize a gain or avoid losses on our investment and any dispositions of our Religare common stock may be limited or delayed by market conditions or the need for regulatory or other approvals in India, and the value of our investment will be subject to fluctuations in the currency exchange rates between the Indian rupee and the United States dollar. On December 31, 2013, we announced that our investment in Religare would be capped at $23.0 million (4.1 million common shares). We had the ability to purchase warrants to acquire up to an additional $28.0 million of Religare stock but decided not to acquire the warrants or otherwise increase our holdings of Religare stock. Our current holdings represent approximately 2.3% of current outstanding Religare shares. We will be required to hold capital for United States bank regulatory purposes to support our investment in Religare securities. Under the newly adopted U.S. capital adequacy rules, which became effective as of January 1, 2015, we have to hold risk based capital based on the amount of Religare common stock we own. Based upon the implementation of the final U.S. capital adequacy rules, these investments are potentially subject to risk weighting of 300% of the amount of the investment; however, to the extent future aggregated carrying value of certain equity exposures exceed 10% of the Bancorp's then total capital, risk weightings of 300% may apply. Any capital that is required to be used to support our Religare investment will not be available to support our United States operations or Customers Bank, if needed. 30 Table of Contents Risks Relating to the Regulation of Our Industry The implementation of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 may have a material adverse effect on our business. On July 21, 2010, President Obama signed into law the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (which we refer to as the “Dodd-Frank Act”), which imposes significant regulatory and compliance changes. The key effects of the Dodd-Frank Act on our business are: • • • • • • • • changes to regulatory capital requirements; exclusion of hybrid securities, including trust preferred securities, issued on or after May 19, 2010 from tier 1 capital; creation of new government regulatory agencies (such as the Financial Stability Oversight Council, which will oversee systemic risk, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which will develop and enforce rules for bank and non-bank providers of consumer financial products); potential limitations on federal preemption; changes to deposit insurance assessments; regulation of debit interchange fees we earn; changes in retail banking regulations, including potential limitations on certain fees we may charge; and changes in regulation of consumer mortgage loan origination and risk retention. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act restricts the ability of banks to engage in certain proprietary trading or to sponsor or invest in private equity or hedge funds. The Dodd-Frank Act also contains provisions designed to limit the ability of insured depository institutions, their holding companies and their affiliates to conduct certain swaps and derivatives activities and to take certain principal positions in financial instruments. Some provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act became effective immediately upon its enactment. Many provisions, however, still require regulations to be promulgated by various federal agencies in order to be implemented, some of which have been proposed by the applicable federal agencies. The provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act may have unintended effects, which will not be clear until implementation. The changes resulting from the Dodd-Frank Act could limit our business activities, require changes to certain of our business practices, impose upon us more stringent capital, liquidity and leverage requirements or otherwise materially and adversely affect us. These changes may also require us to invest significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make any changes necessary to comply with new statutory and regulatory requirements. Failure to comply with the new requirements could also materially and adversely affect us. Any changes in the laws or regulations or their interpretations could be materially adverse to investors in our Voting Common Stock. For a more detailed description of the Dodd-Frank Act, see “Supervision and Regulation – Changes in Laws, Regulations or Policies and the Dodd-Frank Act.” New regulations could adversely impact our earnings due to, among other things, increased compliance costs or costs due to noncompliance. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau issued a rule, effective as of January 14, 2014, designed to clarify for lenders how they can avoid monetary damages under the Dodd-Frank Act, which would hold lenders accountable for ensuring a borrower’s ability to repay a mortgage. Loans that satisfy this “qualified mortgage” safe-harbor will be presumed to have complied with the new ability-to-repay standard. Under the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s rule, a “qualified mortgage” loan must not contain certain specified features, including but not limited to: (i) excessive upfront points and fees (those exceeding 3% of the total loan amount, less “bona fide discount points” for prime loans); (ii) interest-only payments; (iii) negative-amortization; and (iv) terms longer than 30 years. Also, to qualify as a “qualified mortgage,” a borrower’s total monthly debt service-to- income ratio may not exceed 43%. Lenders must also verify and document the income and financial resources relied upon to qualify the borrower for the loan and underwrite the loan based on a fully amortizing payment schedule and maximum interest rate during the first five years, taking into account all applicable taxes, insurance and assessments. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s rule on qualified mortgages could limit our ability or desire to make certain types of loans or loans to certain borrowers, or could make it more expensive and/or time consuming to make these loans, which could adversely impact our growth or profitability. Additionally, on December 10, 2013, five financial regulatory agencies, including our primary federal regulator, the Federal Reserve, adopted final rules (the “Final Rules”) implementing the so-called Volcker Rule embodied in Section 13 of the Bank 31 Table of Contents Holding Company Act, which was added by Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act. The Final Rules prohibit banking entities from, among other things, (1) engaging in short-term proprietary trading for their own accounts, and (2) having certain ownership interests in and relationships with hedge funds or private equity funds (“covered funds”). The Final Rules are intended to provide greater clarity with respect to both the extent of those primary prohibitions and of the related exemptions and exclusions. The Final Rules also require each regulated entity to establish an internal compliance program that is consistent with the extent to which it engages in activities covered by the Volcker Rule, which must include (for the largest entities) making regular reports about those activities to regulators. Community banks, such as Customers, have been afforded some relief under the Final Rules. If such banks are engaged only in exempted proprietary trading, such as trading in U.S. government, agency, state and municipal obligations, they are exempt entirely from compliance program requirements. Moreover, even if a community bank engages in proprietary trading or covered fund activities under the rule, they need only incorporate references to the Volcker Rule into their existing policies and procedures. The Final Rules were effective April 1, 2014, but the conformance period has been extended from its statutory end date of July 21, 2014 until July 21, 2016, and the Federal Reserve has announced its intention to further extend the conformance period until July 21, 2017. Management is currently evaluating the Final Rules, which are lengthy and detailed. We operate in a highly regulated environment and the laws and regulations that govern our operations, corporate governance, executive compensation and accounting principles, or changes in them, or our failure to comply with them, could materially and adversely affect us. We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision, and legislation that govern almost all aspects of our operations. Intended to protect customers, depositors and the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”) and not our shareholders, these laws and regulations, among other matters, prescribe minimum capital requirements, impose limitations on our business activities, limit the dividends or distributions that we can pay, restrict the ability of our subsidiary bank to engage in transactions with the the Bancorp, and impose certain specific accounting requirements on us that may be more restrictive and may result in greater or earlier charges to earnings or reductions in our capital than GAAP. Compliance with laws and regulations can be difficult and costly, and changes to laws and regulations often impose additional compliance costs, and may make certain products impermissible or uneconomic. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations, even if the failure follows good faith effort or reflects a difference in interpretation, could subject us to restrictions on our business activities, reputational harm, fines and other penalties, any of which could materially and adversely affect us. Further, any new laws, rules and regulations could make compliance more difficult or expensive and also materially and adversely affect us. Our use of third party vendors and our other ongoing third party business relationships are subject to increasing regulatory requirements and attention. We regularly use third party vendors as part of our business and have other ongoing business relationships with other third parties. These types of third party relationships are subject to increasingly demanding regulatory requirements and attention by federal banking regulators. Regulation requires us to perform enhanced due diligence, perform ongoing monitoring and control our third party vendors and other ongoing third party business relationships. In certain cases we may be required to renegotiate our agreements with these vendors to meet these enhanced requirements, which could increase our costs. We expect that our regulators will hold us responsible for deficiencies in our oversight and control of our third party relationships and in the performance of the parties with which we have these relationships. As a result, if our regulators conclude that we have not exercised adequate oversight and control over our third party vendors or other ongoing third party business relationships or that such third parties have not performed appropriately, we could be subject to enforcement actions, including civil money penalties or other administrative or judicial penalties or fines as well as requirements for customer remediation, any of which could have a material adverse effect our business, financial condition or results of operations. We are subject to numerous laws and governmental regulations and to regular examinations by our regulators of our business and compliance with laws and regulations, and our failure to comply with such laws and regulations or to adequately address any matters identified during our examinations could materially and adversely affect us. Federal banking agencies regularly conduct comprehensive examinations of our business, including our compliance with applicable laws, regulations and policies applicable to the Bancorp and the Bank. Examination reports and ratings (which often are not publicly available) and other aspects of this supervisory framework can materially impact the conduct, organic and acquisition growth, and profitability of our business. Our regulators have extensive discretion in their supervisory and enforcement activities and may impose a variety of remedial actions, conditions or limitations on our business operations if, as a result of an examination, they determined that our financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity or other aspects of any of our operations had become unsatisfactory, or that the Bancorp or its management was in violation of any law, regulation or policy. Examples of those actions, conditions or limitations include 32 Table of Contents enjoining “unsafe or unsound” practices, requiring affirmative actions to correct any conditions resulting from any asserted violation of law, issuing administrative orders that can be judicially enforced, directing increases in our capital, assessing civil monetary penalties against our officers or directors, removing officers and directors and, if a conclusion was reached that the offending conditions cannot be corrected or there is an imminent risk of loss to depositors, terminating our deposit insurance. Other actions, formal or informal, that may be imposed could restrict our growth, including regulatory denials to expand branches, relocate, add subsidiaries and affiliates, expand into new financial activities or merge with or purchase other financial institutions. The timing of these examinations, including the timing of the resolution of any issues identified by our regulators in the examinations and the final determination by them with respect to the imposition of any remedial actions, conditions or limitations on our business operations, is generally not within our control. We also could suffer reputational harm in the event of any perceived or actual noncompliance with certain laws and regulations. If we become subject to such regulatory actions, we could be materially and adversely affected. Other litigation and regulatory actions, including possible enforcement actions, could subject us to significant fines, penalties, judgments or other requirements resulting in increased expenses or restrictions on our business activities. Our business is subject to increased litigation and regulatory risks as a result of a number of factors, including the highly regulated nature of the financial services industry and the focus of state and federal prosecutors on banks and the financial services industry generally. This focus has only intensified since the recent financial crisis, with regulators and prosecutors focusing on a variety of financial institution practices and requirements. We may, from time to time, be the subject of subpoenas, requests for information, reviews, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental agencies regarding our business. Legal or regulatory actions may subject us to substantial compensatory or punitive damages, significant fines, penalties, obligations to change our business practices or other requirements resulting in increased expenses, diminished income and damage to our reputation. Our involvement in any such matters, even if the matters are ultimately determined in our favor, could also cause significant harm to our reputation and divert management attention from the operation of our business. Further, any settlement, consent order or adverse judgment in connection with any formal or informal proceeding or investigation by government agencies may result in litigation, investigations or proceedings as other litigants and government agencies begin independent reviews of the same activities. As a result, the outcome of legal and regulatory actions could be material to our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows depending on, among other factors, the level of our earnings for that period, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. The FDIC’s restoration plan and the related increased assessment rate could materially and adversely affect us. The FDIC insures deposits at FDIC-insured depository institutions up to applicable limits. The amount of a particular institution’s deposit insurance assessment is based on that institution’s risk classification under an FDIC risk-based assessment system. An institution’s risk classification is assigned based on its capital levels and the level of supervisory concern the institution poses to its regulators. Market developments have significantly depleted the DIF of the FDIC and reduced the ratio of reserves to insured deposits. As a result of recent economic conditions and the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act, the FDIC has increased the deposit insurance assessment rates and thus raised deposit insurance premiums for insured depository institutions. If these increases are insufficient for the DIF to meet its funding requirements, there may need to be further special assessments or increases in deposit insurance premiums. We are generally unable to control the amount of premiums that we are required to pay for FDIC insurance. If there are additional bank or financial institution failures, we may be required to pay even higher FDIC premiums than the recently increased levels. Any future additional assessments, increases or required prepayments in FDIC insurance premiums may materially and adversely affect us, including by reducing our profitability or limiting our ability to pursue certain business opportunities. The Federal Reserve may require us to commit capital resources to support our subsidiary banks. As a matter of policy, the Federal Reserve, which examines us and our subsidiaries, expects a bank holding company to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to a subsidiary bank and to commit resources to support such subsidiary bank. Under the “source of strength” doctrine, the Federal Reserve may require a bank holding company to make capital injections into a troubled subsidiary bank and may charge the bank holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to such a subsidiary bank. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act directs the federal bank regulators to require that all companies that directly or indirectly control an insured depository institution serve as a source of strength for the institution. Under this requirement, we could be required to provide financial assistance to Customers Bank or any other subsidiary banks we may own in the future should they experience financial distress. 33 Table of Contents A capital injection may be required at times when we do not have the resources to provide it and therefore we may be required to borrow the funds or raise additional equity capital from third parties. Any loans by a holding company to its subsidiary bank are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of the subsidiary bank. In the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, the bankruptcy trustee will assume any commitment by the holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank. Moreover, bankruptcy law provides that claims based on any such commitment will be entitled to a priority of payment over the claims of the holding company’s general unsecured creditors, including the holders of its indebtedness. Any financing that must be done by the holding company in order to make the required capital injection may be difficult and expensive and may not be available on attractive terms, or at all, which likely would have a material adverse effect on us. The short-term and long-term impact of the new regulatory capital standards and the forthcoming new capital rules on U.S. banks is uncertain. On September 12, 2010, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, announced an agreement to a strengthened set of capital requirements for internationally active banking organizations in the United States and around the world, known as Basel III. Basel III narrows the definition of capital, introduces requirements for minimum Tier 1 common capital, increases requirements for minimum Tier 1 capital and total risk-based capital, and changes risk-weighting methodologies. Basel III is scheduled to be phased in over time until fully phased in by January 1, 2019. On July 2, 2013, the Federal Reserve adopted a final rule regarding new capital requirements pursuant to Basel III. These rules, which became effective on January 1, 2015 for community banks, increase the required amount of regulatory capital that we must hold and failure to comply with the capital rules will lead to limitations on the dividend payments to us by Customers Bank and other elective distributions. Various provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act increase the capital requirements of bank holding companies, such as Customers Bancorp, and non-bank financial companies that are supervised by the Federal Reserve. The leverage and risk-based capital ratios of these entities may not be lower than the leverage and risk-based capital ratios for insured depository institutions. The Basel III changes and other regulatory capital requirements will likely result in generally higher regulatory capital standards for the Bank and the Bancorp. We face a risk of noncompliance and enforcement action with the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations. The federal Bank Secrecy Act, the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the “PATRIOT Act”) and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain an effective anti-money laundering program and file suspicious activity and currency transaction reports as appropriate. The federal Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, established by the U.S. Treasury Department to administer the Bank Secrecy Act, is authorized to impose significant civil money penalties for violations of those requirements, and has recently engaged in coordinated enforcement efforts with the individual federal banking regulators, as well as the U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, and Internal Revenue Service. There is also increased scrutiny of compliance with the rules enforced by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (the “OFAC”). If our policies, procedures and systems are deemed deficient or the policies, procedures and systems of the financial institutions that we have already acquired or may acquire in the future are deficient, we would be subject to liability, including fines and regulatory actions (such as restrictions on our ability to pay dividends and the necessity to obtain regulatory approvals to proceed with certain aspects of our business plan, including our acquisition plans), which could materially and adversely affect us. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have serious reputational consequences for us. Federal, state and local consumer lending laws may restrict our ability to originate certain mortgage loans or increase our risk of liability with respect to such loans and could increase our cost of doing business. Federal, state and local laws have been adopted that are intended to eliminate certain lending practices considered “predatory.” These laws prohibit practices such as steering borrowers away from more affordable products, selling unnecessary insurance to borrowers, repeatedly refinancing loans and making loans without a reasonable expectation that the borrowers will be able to repay the loans irrespective of the value of the underlying property. It is our policy not to make predatory loans, but these laws create the potential for liability with respect to our lending and loan investment activities. They increase our cost of doing business and, ultimately, may prevent us from making certain loans and cause us to reduce the average percentage rate or the points and fees on loans that we do make. 34 Table of Contents Loans that we make through certain federal programs are dependent on the federal government’s continuation and support of these programs and on our compliance with their requirements. We participate in various U.S. government agency guarantee programs, including programs operated by the Small Business Administration. We are responsible for following all applicable U.S. government agency regulations, guidelines and policies whenever we originate loans as part of these guarantee programs. If we fail to follow any applicable regulations, guidelines or policies associated with a particular guarantee program, any loans we originate as part of that program may lose the associated guarantee, exposing us to credit risk we would not otherwise be exposed to or underwritten as part of our origination process for U.S. government agency guaranteed loans, or result in our inability to continue originating loans under such programs. The loss of any guarantees for loans we have extended under U.S. government agency guarantee programs or the loss of our ability to participate in such programs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Reviews performed by the Internal Revenue Service and State Taxing Authorities for the fiscal years that remain open for investigation may result in a change to income taxes recorded in our consolidated financial statements and adversely affect our results of operations. The Bancorp and its subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of various states primarily in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Years that remain open for potential review by (1) the Internal Revenue Service are 2012 through 2014, and (2) state taxing authorities are 2010 through 2014. The results of these reviews could result in increased recognition of income tax expense in our consolidated financial statements as well as possible fines and penalties. Our financial results may be adversely affected by changes in U.S. and non-U.S. tax and other laws and regulations. The U.S. Congress and the Administration have indicated an interest in reforming the U.S. corporate income tax code. Possible approaches include lowering the 35 percent corporate tax rate, modifying the taxation of income earned outside the U.S. and limiting or eliminating various other deductions, tax credits and/or other tax preferences. Also, the Governor of New York has issued a proposal to reform the New York state corporate income tax. It is not possible at this time to quantify either the one- time impacts from the remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities that might result upon tax reform enactment or the ongoing impacts reform proposals might have on income tax expense. The Federal Reserve and FDIC took regulatory enforcement action against one of our business partners, which has subjected us to regulatory inquiry and potential regulatory enforcement action, which may result in liabilities adversely affecting our business, financial conditions and/or results of operations, or in reputational harm. Since August 2013, Customers Bank has provided deposit accounts and services to college students through a third party, Higher One, Inc. (“Higher One”), which has relationships with colleges and universities in the United States, using Higher One’s technological services. Because Higher One is not a bank, it must partner with one or more banks to provide deposit accounts and services to students. Higher One and one of Higher One’s former bank partners (the “predecessor bank”), announced in May 2014 that the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve notified them that certain disclosures and operating processes of these entities may have violated certain laws and regulations and may result in penalties and restitution. In May 2014, the Federal Reserve also informed Customers Bank, as one of Higher One’s bank partners, that it was recommending a regulatory enforcement action be initiated against Customers Bank based on the same allegations. In July 2014, the predecessor bank referenced above, which no longer is a partner with Higher One, entered into a consent order to cease and desist with the Federal Reserve Board pursuant to which it agreed to pay a total of $3.5 million in civil money penalties and an additional amount that it may be required to pay in restitution to students in the event Higher One is unable to pay the restitution obligations, if any, imposed on Higher One (“back-up restitution”). Customers Bank believes that the circumstances of its relationship with Higher One and the student customers are different than the relationship between the predecessor bank and Higher One and the student customers. In December 2015, Higher One entered into consent orders with both the Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC. Under the consent order with the Federal Reserve Board, Higher One agreed to pay $2.2 million in civil money penalties, and $24 million in restitution to students. Under the consent order with the FDIC, Higher One agreed to pay an additional $2.2 million in civil money penalties, and $31 million in restitution to students. In addition, a third partner bank, which is regulated by the FDIC, also entered into a consent order to cease and desist with the FDIC pursuant to which it agreed to pay $1.8 million in civil money penalties and an additional amount in restitution to students in the event Higher One is unable to meet its restitution obligation. 35 Table of Contents Customers Bank believes that it identified key critical alleged compliance deficiencies within 30 days of first accepting deposits through its relationship with Higher One, and caused such deficiencies to be remediated within approximately 120 days. In addition, Customers Bank understands that the total amount of fees that Higher One collected from students who opened accounts at Customers Bank during the relevant time period is substantially less than the total fees that Higher One collected from students who opened deposit accounts at the other partner banks during the relevant time period. In addition, as Higher One has agreed to pay the restitution, and has deposited such monies to pay the required restitution, Customers does not expect that backup restitution will be required. Nonetheless, the Federal Reserve or other regulatory agencies that supervise us may determine that Customers Bank has responsibility for the violations of certain laws and regulations in connection with its relationship with Higher One and the student customers and may take regulatory action against Customers Bank that could include, among other things, entry into a consent order to cease and desist and civil money penalties. If any of the regulatory actions described herein were to occur, or if any other regulatory actions were to be taken against us, alone or in combination, such regulatory actions could have an adverse effect on our business or financial condition. We are currently in discussions with the Federal Reserve regarding these matters and at this time cannot predict the outcome of those discussions, including the amount of any civil money penalties or restitution that we might be required to pay. However, based on these discussions and information currently available to us regarding Higher One and the predecessor banks, we currently do not believe that any penalties or customer restitution for which we may ultimately be responsible would have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition. We will be subject to heightened regulatory requirements if we exceed $10 billion in assets. Based on our current total assets and growth strategy, we do not anticipate our bank’s total assets to exceed $10 billion in the near future, however, our bank’s total assets ultimately could exceed that level. The Dodd-Frank Act and its implementing regulations impose various additional requirements on bank holding companies with $10 billion or more in total assets, including compliance with portions of the Federal Reserve’s enhanced prudential oversight requirements and annual stress testing requirements. In addition, banks with $10 billion or more in total assets are primarily examined by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) with respect to various federal consumer financial protection laws and regulations. Currently, our bank is subject to regulations adopted by the CFPB, but the Federal Reserve is primarily responsible for examining our bank’s compliance with consumer protection laws and those CFPB regulations. As a relatively new agency with evolving regulations and practices, there is uncertainty as to how the CFPB’s examination and regulatory authority might impact our business. Compliance with these requirements may necessitate that we hire additional compliance or other personnel, design and implement additional internal controls, or incur other significant expenses, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Compliance with the annual stress testing requirements, part of which must be publicly disclosed, may also be misinterpreted by the market generally or our customers and, as a result, may adversely affect our stock price or our ability to retain our customers or effectively compete for new business opportunities. To ensure compliance with these heightened requirements when effective, our regulators may require us to fully comply with these requirements or take actions to prepare for compliance even before our or our bank’s total assets equal or exceed $10 billion. As a result, we may incur compliance-related costs before we might otherwise be required, including if we do not continue to grow at the rate we expect or at all. Our regulators may also consider our preparation for compliance with these regulatory requirements when examining our operations generally or considering any request for regulatory approval we may make, even requests for approvals on unrelated matters. Risks Relating to Our Securities Risks Relating to Our Voting Common Stock The trading volume in our common stock is less than that of other larger financial services companies. Although the shares of our common stock are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the trading volume in our common stock is less than that of other larger financial services companies. A public trading market having the desired characteristics of depth, liquidity and orderliness depends upon the presence in the marketplace of willing buyers and sellers of our Voting Common Stock at any given time, which presence will be dependent upon the individual decisions of investors, over which we have no control. Illiquidity of the stock market, or in the trading of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange, could have a material adverse effect on the value of your shares, particularly if significant sales of our Voting Common Stock, or the expectation of significant sales, were to occur. 36 Table of Contents We do not expect to pay cash dividends on our Voting Common Stock in the foreseeable future, and our ability to pay dividends is subject to regulatory limitations. We have not historically declared nor paid cash dividends on our Voting Common Stock and we do not expect to do so in the near future. Any future determination relating to dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including earnings and financial condition, liquidity and capital requirements, the general economic and regulatory climate, ability to service any equity or debt obligations senior to the Voting Common Stock, and other factors deemed relevant by the board of directors. We must be current in the payment of dividends payable to holders of our Series C and Series D Preferred Stock before any dividends can be paid on our common stock. In addition, as a bank holding company, we are subject to general regulatory restrictions on the payment of cash dividends. Federal bank regulatory agencies have the authority to prohibit bank holding companies from engaging in unsafe or unsound practices in conducting their business, which depending on the financial condition and liquidity of the holding company at the time, could include the payment of dividends. Further, various federal and state statutory provisions limit the amount of dividends that our bank subsidiaries can pay to us as its holding company without regulatory approval. See “Market Price of Common Stock and Dividends – Dividends on Voting Common Stock” below for further detail regarding restrictions on our ability to pay dividends. We may issue additional shares of our common stock in the future which could adversely affect the value or voting power of the Voting Common Stock. Actual or anticipated issuances or sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the future could cause the value of our Voting Common Stock to decline significantly and make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and on terms that we deem appropriate. The issuance of any shares of our common stock in the future also would, and equity-related securities could, dilute the percentage ownership interest held by shareholders prior to such issuance. Actual issuances of our Voting Common Stock could also significantly dilute the voting power of the Voting Common Stock. In 2013, we issued 6,791,514 shares of Voting Common Stock in a public offering, as adjusted for a 2014 10% stock dividend. We have also made grants of restricted stock units and stock options with respect to shares of Voting Common Stock and Class B Non-Voting Common Stock to our directors and certain employees. We may also issue further equity-based awards in the future. As such shares are issued upon vesting and as such options may be exercised and the underlying shares are or become freely tradeable, the value or voting power of our Voting Common Stock may be adversely affected and our ability to sell more equity or equity-related securities could also be adversely affected. Except for 627,673 warrants held by certain investors at December 31, 2015, we are not required to issue any additional equity securities to existing holders of our Voting Common Stock on a preemptive basis. Therefore, additional common stock issuances, directly or through convertible or exchangeable securities, warrants or options, will generally dilute the holdings of our existing holders of Voting Common Stock and such issuances or the perception of such issuances may reduce the market price of our Voting Common Stock. Our outstanding preferred stock has preference on distribution payments, periodically or upon liquidation, which could eliminate or otherwise limit our ability to make distributions to holders of our Voting Common Stock. Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities or incur other borrowings in the future will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, the amount, timing, nature or success of our future capital raising efforts is uncertain. Thus, holders of our Voting Common Stock bear the risk that our future issuances of debt or equity securities or our incurrence of other borrowings will negatively affect the value of our Voting Common Stock. Future issuances of debt securities, which would rank senior to our Voting Common Stock upon our liquidation, and future issuances of equity securities, which would dilute the holdings of our existing holders of Voting Common Stock and may be senior to our Voting Common Stock for the purposes of making distributions, periodically or upon liquidation, may negatively affect the market price of our Voting Common Stock. In the future, we may issue debt or equity securities or incur other borrowings. Upon our liquidation, holders of our debt securities and other loans and preferred stock will receive a distribution of our available assets before holders of our Voting Common Stock. If we incur debt in the future, our future interest costs could increase, and adversely affect our liquidity, cash flows and results of operations. Provisions in our articles of incorporation and bylaws may inhibit a takeover of us, which could discourage transactions that would otherwise be in the best interests of our shareholders and could entrench management. 37 Table of Contents Provisions of our articles of incorporation and bylaws, and applicable provisions of Pennsylvania law and the federal Change in Bank Control Act may delay, inhibit or prevent someone from gaining control of our business through a tender offer, business combination, proxy contest or some other method even though some of our shareholders might believe a change in control is desirable. They might also increase the costs of completing a transaction in which we acquire another financial services business, merge with another financial institution, or sell our business to another financial institution. These increased costs could reduce the value of the shares held by our shareholders upon completion of these types of transactions. Shareholders may be deemed to be acting in concert or otherwise in control of us and our bank subsidiaries, which could impose prior approval requirements and result in adverse regulatory consequences for such holders. We are a bank holding company regulated by the Federal Reserve. Any entity (including a “group” composed of natural persons) owning 25% or more of a class of our outstanding shares of voting stock, or a lesser percentage if such holder or group otherwise exercises a “controlling influence” over us, may be subject to regulation as a “bank holding company” in accordance with the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”). In addition, (1) any bank holding company or foreign bank with a U.S. presence is required to obtain the approval of the Federal Reserve under the BHCA to acquire or retain 5% or more of a class of our outstanding shares of voting stock, and (2) any person other than a bank holding company may be required to obtain prior regulatory approval under the Change in Bank Control Act to acquire or retain 10% or more of our outstanding shares of voting stock. Any shareholder that is deemed to “control” the Company for bank regulatory purposes would become subject to prior approval requirements and ongoing regulation and supervision. Such a holder may be required to divest amounts equal to or exceeding 5% of the voting shares of investments that may be deemed incompatible with bank holding company status, such as an investment in a company engaged in non-financial activities. Regulatory determination of “control” of a depository institution or holding company is based on all of the relevant facts and circumstances. Potential investors are advised to consult with their legal counsel regarding the applicable regulations and requirements. Our common stock owned by holders determined by a bank regulatory agency to be acting in concert would be aggregated for purposes of determining whether those holders have control of a bank or bank holding company. Each shareholder obtaining control that is a “company” would be required to register as a bank holding company. “Acting in concert” generally means knowing participation in a joint activity or parallel action towards the common goal of acquiring control of a bank or a parent company, whether or not pursuant to an express agreement. The manner in which this definition is applied in individual circumstances can vary and cannot always be predicted with certainty. Many factors can lead to a finding of acting in concert, including where: (i) the shareholders are commonly controlled or managed; (ii) the shareholders are parties to an oral or written agreement or understanding regarding the acquisition, voting or transfer of control of voting securities of a bank or bank holding company; (iii) the shareholders each own stock in a bank and are also management officials, controlling shareholders, partners or trustees of another company; or (iv) both a shareholder and a controlling shareholder, partner, trustee or management official of such shareholder own equity in the bank or bank holding company. The FDIC’s policy statement imposing restrictions and criteria on private investors in failed bank acquisitions will apply to us and our investors. On August 26, 2009, the FDIC issued a policy statement imposing restrictions and criteria on private investors in failed bank acquisitions. The policy statement is broad in scope and both complex and potentially ambiguous in its application. In most cases it would apply to an investor with more than 5% of the total voting power of an acquired depository institution or its holding company, but in certain circumstances it could apply to investors holding fewer voting shares. The policy statement will be applied to us if we make additional failed bank acquisitions from the FDIC or if the FDIC changes its interpretation of the policy statement or determines at some future date that it should be applied because of our circumstances. Investors subject to the policy statement could be prohibited from selling or transferring their interests for three years. They also would be required to provide the FDIC with information about the investor and all entities in the investor’s ownership chain, including information on the size of the capital fund or funds, its diversification, its return profile, its marketing documents, and its management team and business model. Investors owning 80% or more of two or more banks or savings associations would be required to pledge their proportionate interests in each institution to cross-guarantee the FDIC against losses to the Deposit Insurance Fund. Under the policy statement, the FDIC also could prohibit investment through ownership structures involving multiple investment vehicles that are owned or controlled by the same parent company. Investors that directly or indirectly hold 10% or more of the equity of a bank or savings association in receivership also would not be eligible to bid to become investors in the deposit liabilities of that failed institution. In addition, an investor using ownership structures with entities that are domiciled in bank secrecy jurisdictions would not be eligible to own a direct or indirect interest in an insured depository institution unless 38 Table of Contents the investor’s parent company is subject to comprehensive consolidated supervision as recognized by the Federal Reserve and the investor enters into certain agreements with the U.S. bank regulators regarding access to information, maintenance of records and compliance with U.S. banking laws and regulations. If the policy statement applies, we (including any failed bank we acquire) could be required to maintain a ratio of Tier 1 common equity to total assets of at least 10% for a period of 3 years, and thereafter maintain a capital level sufficient to be well capitalized under regulatory standards during the remaining period of ownership of the investors. Bank subsidiaries also may be prohibited from extending any new credit to investors that own at least 10% of our equity. Risks Relating to Our Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C and Our Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series D The shares of Series C Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock are equity securities and are subordinate to our existing and future indebtedness. The shares of Series C and Series D Preferred Stock are equity interests in Customers Bancorp and do not constitute indebtedness of Customers Bancorp or any of our subsidiaries, and rank junior to all of Customer Bancorp’s and our subsidiaries’ existing and future indebtedness and other non-equity claims with respect to assets available to satisfy claims against us, including claims in the event of Customer Bancorp’s liquidation. If we are forced to liquidate our assets to pay our creditors, we may not have sufficient funds to pay amounts due on any or all of the Series C and Series D Preferred Stock then outstanding. We may not pay dividends on the shares of Series C Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock. Dividends on the shares of Series C and Series D Preferred Stock are payable only if declared by our board of directors or a duly authorized committee of the board. As a bank holding company, we are subject to general regulatory restrictions on the payment of cash dividends. Federal bank regulatory agencies have the authority to prohibit bank holding companies from engaging in unsafe or unsound practices in conducting their business, which depending on the financial condition and liquidity of the holding company at the time, could include the payment of dividends. Further, various federal and state statutory provisions limit the amount of dividends that our bank subsidiaries can pay to us as its holding company without regulatory approval. Dividends on the shares of Series C Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock are non-cumulative. Dividends on the shares of Series C and Series D Preferred Stock are payable only when, as and if authorized and declared by our board of directors or a duly authorized committee of the board. Consequently, if our board of directors or a duly authorized committee of the board does not authorize and declare a dividend for any dividend period, holders of the Series C and Series D Preferred Stock will not be entitled to receive any such dividend, and such unpaid dividend will cease to accrue or be payable. If we do not declare and pay dividends on the Series C and Series D Preferred Stock, the market prices of the shares of Series C and Series D Preferred Stock may decline. Our ability to pay dividends on the shares of Series C Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred is dependent on dividends and distributions we receive from our subsidiaries, which are subject to regulatory and other limitations. Our principal source of cash flow is dividends from Customers Bank. We cannot assure you that Customers Bank will, in any circumstances, pay dividends to us. If Customers Bank fails to make dividend payments or other permitted distributions to us, and sufficient cash is not otherwise available, we may not be able to make dividend payments on the Series C and Series D Preferred Stock. Various federal and state statutes, regulations and rules limit, directly or indirectly, the amount of dividends that our banking and other subsidiaries may pay to us without regulatory approval. In particular, dividend and other distributions from Customers Bank to us would require notice to or approval of the applicable regulatory authority. There can be no assurances that we would receive such approval. In addition, our right to participate in any distribution of assets of any of our subsidiaries upon the subsidiary’s liquidation or otherwise, and, as a result, the ability of a holder of Series C or Series D Preferred Stock to benefit indirectly from such distribution, will be subject to the prior claims of preferred equity holders and creditors of that subsidiary, except to the extent that any of our claims as a creditor of such subsidiary may be recognized. As a result, shares of the Series C and Series D Preferred Stock are effectively subordinated to all existing and future liabilities and any preferred equity of our subsidiaries. 39 Table of Contents Holders of Series C Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock should not expect us to redeem their shares when they first becomes redeemable at our option or on any particular date thereafter, and our ability to redeem the shares will be subject to the prior approval of the Federal Reserve. Our Series C and Series D Preferred Stock are perpetual equity securities, meaning that the Series C and Series D Preferred Stock have no maturity date or mandatory redemption date and the shares are not redeemable at the option of the holders thereof. Any determination we make at any time to propose a redemption of the Series C or Series D Preferred Stock will depend upon a number of factors, including our evaluation of our capital position, the composition of our shareholders’ equity and general market conditions at that time. In addition, our right to redeem the Series C and Series D Preferred Stock is subject to any limitations established by the Federal Reserve. Under the Federal Reserve’s risk-based capital guidelines applicable to bank holding companies, any redemption of the Series C or Series D Preferred Stock is subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve. There can be no assurance that the Federal Reserve will approve any such redemption. We may be able to redeem the Series C Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock before their initial redemption dates upon a “regulatory capital treatment event.” We may be able to redeem the Series C and Series D Preferred Stock before their respective initial redemption dates, in whole but not in part, upon the occurrence of certain events involving the capital treatment of the Series C and Series D Preferred Stock, as applicable. In particular, upon our determination in good faith that an event has occurred that would constitute a “regulatory capital treatment event,” with respect to a particular series of the preferred stock, we may redeem that particular series of securities in whole but not in part upon the prior approval of the Federal Reserve. Holders of Series C Preferred stock and Series D Preferred Stock have limited voting rights. Holders of Series C and Series D Preferred Stock have no voting rights with respect to matters that generally require the approval of voting shareholders. However, holders of Series C and Series D Preferred Stock will have the right to vote in the event of non-payments of dividends under certain circumstances, with respect to authorizing classes or series of preferred stock senior to the Series C or Series D Preferred Stock, as applicable, and with respect to certain fundamental changes in the terms of the Series C or Series D Preferred Stock, as applicable, or as otherwise required by law. General market conditions and unpredictable factors could adversely affect market prices for the Series C Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock. There can be no assurance regarding the market prices for either the Series C or Series D Preferred Stock. A variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, could influence the market prices, including: • whether we declare or fail to declare dividends on the series of preferred stock from time to time; • our operating performance, financial condition and prospects, or the operating performance financial condition and prospects of our competitors; real or anticipated changes in the credit ratings (if any) assigned to the Series C or Series D Preferred Stock or our other securities; our creditworthiness; changes in interest rates and expectations regarding changes in rates; our issuance of additional preferred equity; the market for similar securities; developments in the securities, credit and housing markets, and developments with respect to financial institutions generally; and economic, financial, corporate, securities market, geopolitical, regulatory or judicial events that affect us, the banking industry or the financial markets generally. • • • • • • • The Series C Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock may not have an active trading market. Although the shares of Series C and Series D Preferred Stock are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, an active trading market may not be established or maintained for the shares and transaction costs could be high. As a result, the difference between bid and asked prices in any secondary market could be substantial. The Series C Preferred Stock and D Preferred Stock may be junior or equal in rights and preferences to preferred stock we may issue in the future. 40 Table of Contents Our Series C Preferred Stock and Series D Preferred Stock rank equally. Although we do not currently have outstanding preferred stock that ranks senior to the Series C and Series D Preferred Stock, the Series C and Series D Preferred Stock may rank junior to other preferred stock we may issue in the future that by its terms is expressly senior in rights and preferences to the Series C and Series D Preferred Stock, although the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least two-thirds of all outstanding shares of the affected class of preferred stock is required to issue any shares of stock ranking senior in rights and preferences to such class. Any preferred stock that ranks senior to the Series C or Series D Preferred Stock in the future would have priority in payment of dividends and the making of distributions in the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of Customers Bancorp. Additional issuances by us of preferred stock ranking equally with Series C and Series D Preferred Stock do not generally require the approval of holders of Series C or Series D Preferred Stock. Risks Relating to Our Debt Securities Our 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes contain limited covenants. The terms of our 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes generally do not prohibit us from incurring additional debt or other liabilities. If we incur additional debt or liabilities, our ability to pay our obligations on the 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes could be adversely affected. In addition, the terms of our 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes do not require us to maintain any financial ratios or specific levels of net worth, revenues, income, cash flows or liquidity and, accordingly, do not protect holders of those notes in the event that we experience material adverse changes in our financial condition or results of operations. Holders of the 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes also have limited protection in the event of a highly leveraged transaction, reorganization, default under our existing indebtedness, restructuring, merger or similar transaction. Our ability to make interest and principal payments on the 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes is dependent on dividends and distributions we receive from our subsidiaries, which are subject to regulatory and other limitations. Our principal source of cash flow is dividends from Customers Bank. We cannot assure you that Customers Bank will, in any circumstances, pay dividends to us. If Customers Bank fails to make dividend payments to us, and sufficient cash is not otherwise available, we may not be able to make interest and principal payments on the 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes. Various federal and state statutes, regulations and rules limit, directly or indirectly, the amount of dividends that our banking and other subsidiaries may pay to us without regulatory approval. In particular, dividend and other distributions from Customers Bank to us would require notice to or approval of the applicable regulatory authority. There can be no assurances that we would receive such approval. In addition, our right to participate in any distribution of assets of any of our subsidiaries upon the subsidiary’s liquidation or otherwise, and, as a result, the ability of a holder of 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes to benefit indirectly from such distribution, will be subject to the prior claims of preferred equity holders and creditors of that subsidiary, except to the extent that any of our claims as a creditor of such subsidiary may be recognized. As a result, the 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes are effectively subordinated to all existing and future liabilities and any preferred equity of our subsidiaries. We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service our debt obligations, including our obligations under the 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes. Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness, including the 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes, will depend on our financial and operating performance, including dividends payable to us from Customers Bank, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness, including the notes. If our cash flows and capital resources, and dividends from Customers Bank, are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be unable to provide new loans, other products or to fund our obligations to existing customers and otherwise implement our business plans. As a result, we may be unable to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. In the absence of sufficient operating results and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations, or seek to restructure our indebtedness, including the notes. We may not be able to consummate these transactions, and these proceeds may not be adequate to meet our debt service obligations then due. 41 Table of Contents The 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes are our unsecured obligations. The 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes will rank equal in right of payment with all of our secured and unsecured senior indebtedness and will rank senior in right of payment to all of our subordinated indebtedness. Although the 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes are “senior notes,” they will be effectively subordinate to all liabilities of our subsidiaries, including secured indebtedness. The 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes may not have an active trading market. Although the 6.375% Senior Notes are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, an active trading market may not be established or maintained for those notes and transaction costs could be high. The 4.625% Senior Notes are not listed on any securities exchange and there is no active trading market for these notes. In addition to the other factors described below, the lack of a trading market for the 4.625% Senior Notes may adversely affect the holder’s ability to sell the notes and the prices at which the notes may be sold. The prices realizable from sales of the 6.375% Senior Notes and 4.625% Senior Notes in any secondary market also will be affected by the supply and demand of the notes, the interest rate, the ranking and a number of other factors, including: • • • • • yields on U.S. Treasury obligations and expectations about future interest rates; actual or anticipated changes in our financial condition or results, including our levels of indebtedness; general economic conditions and expectations regarding the effects of national policies; investors’ views of securities issued by both holding companies and similar financial service firms; and the market for similar securities. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties The table below summarizes our leased branch and limited purpose and administrative office properties, by county and state, as of December 31, 2015. We do not currently own any real property. County Berks (1) Bucks Chester (2) Delaware Westchester Mercer State PA PA PA PA NY NJ Leased 4 3 3 2 1 1 14 Bank Branches 42 Table of Contents County Berks (3) Bucks (6) Chester (2) Delaware (7) Lancaster (14) Philadelphia (8) Fairfax (9) Mercer (4) Morris (14) New York (10) Westchester (5) Suffolk (13) Providence (11) Rockingham (15) Suffolk (12) Limited Purpose and Administrative Offices State Leased PA PA PA PA PA PA VA NJ NJ NY NY NY RI NH MA 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 20 (2) (1) Includes the full service branch at 1001 Penn Avenue, Wyomissing, PA as well as three branches acquired through the Berkshire Bancorp, Inc. acquisition. The lease expirations range from 2017 to 2021. Includes the corporate headquarters of Customers Bank and a full service branch located in a freestanding building at 99 Bridge St., Phoenixville, PA 19460, wherein we lease approximately 31,054 square feet on 4 floors. The lease on this location expires in 2023. Also includes the lease of 5,523 square feet of property at 513 Kimberton Road in Phoenixville, PA where we maintain a full service commercial bank branch and corporate offices. The lease on this location expires in 2019. Includes the corporate headquarters of Customers Bancorp and a full service branch located at 1015 Penn Avenue, Wyomissing, PA. The leased space covers a total of 23,719 square feet. This lease expires in 2020. Also, includes the leased administrative offices for the corporate lending group which is housed within the Exeter branch location, expiring in 2021, and an administrative offices for Company personnel in Shillington, PA, expiring in 2018. (4) We lease 7,327 square feet of space in Hamilton, NJ from which we conduct our mortgage warehouse activities. The (3) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) lease on this location expires in 2019. Represents administrative offices for Customers personnel. The leases at these locations expire in 2019 and 2022. Represents administrative office for Customers personnel. The lease on this location expires in 2017. Represents administrative office for Customers personnel. The lease on this location expires in 2018. Represents limited purpose office for Customers personnel. The lease on this location expires in 2023. Represents limited purpose office. The space is currently sublet to a third party. The lease on this location expires in 2019. (10) Represents limited purpose office for Customers personnel. The lease on this location expires in 2020. (11) Represents limited purpose office for Customers personnel. The lease on this location expires in 2021. (12) Represents limited purpose office for Customers personnel. The lease on this location expires in 2019. (13) Represents limited purpose office for Customers personnel. The lease on this location expires in 2025. (14) Represents administrative office for Customers personnel. The lease on this location expires in 2016. (15) Represents limited purpose office for Customers personnel. The lease on this location expires in 2018. The Bank branch locations, which range in size from approximately 1,800 to 3,900 square feet, have leases on these locations which expire between 2017 and 2023. The total minimum cash lease payments for our current branches, administrative offices and mortgage warehouse lending locations amount to approximately $325,000 per month. 43 Table of Contents Item 3. Legal Proceedings On August 7, 2013, the Bancorp received a letter from the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia (“Reserve Bank”) of its determination, in connection with its consumer compliance and Community Reinvestment Act examinations of the Bank for the period of 2011 and 2012, to make a referral to the Department of Justice. The Reserve Bank informed us that it made the referral based on its belief that Customers Bank has not complied with certain provisions of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”), Fair Housing Act (“FHA”) and Regulation B with regard to the City of Philadelphia. Customers Bank received notification as of September 24, 2013 that the Department of Justice has initiated an investigation of the Bancorp under the ECOA and FHA. On August 22, 2014, the Department of Justice informed the Bancorp that it had completed its review and that the circumstances of this matter did not require enforcement action by the Department of Justice at this time. The matter has been referred back to the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve has advised us that it will not issue a formal enforcement action with regard to this matter. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not Applicable. PART II Item 5. Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Trading Market for Voting Common Stock Since December 30, 2014, the common stock of Customers Bancorp has been listed for quotation on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “CUBI.” The common stock of Customers Bancorp was listed for quotation on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “CUBI” from May 16, 2013 through December 29, 2014. Market Price of Voting Common Stock The chart below displays the high and low closing sale prices of the common stock of the Bancorp as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market and New York Stock Exchange (effective December 30, 2014) between May 16, 2013 and February 20, 2015. 2015 Fourth quarter Third quarter Second quarter First quarter 2014 Fourth quarter Third quarter Second quarter First quarter High Low $ 31.00 $ 29.02 27.49 24.65 $ 20.16 $ 20.66 21.25 20.03 24.30 22.51 24.05 17.96 17.10 17.71 18.25 17.27 44 Table of Contents As of February 19, 2016, there were 475 shareholders of record and 26,935,953 shares outstanding of Customers Bancorp's Voting Common Stock. Dividends on Voting Common Stock Customers Bancorp historically has not paid any cash dividends on its shares of common stock. Customers Bancorp does not expect to do so in the forseeable future. Any future determination relating to dividend policy will be made at the discretion of Customers Bancorp’s board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including earnings and financial condition, liquidity and capital requirements, the general economic and regulatory climate, ability to service any equity or debt obligations senior to the Voting Common Stock, including obligations to pay dividends to the holders of the Bancorp's issued and outstanding shares of preferred stock, and other factors deemed relevant by the board of directors. In addition, as a bank holding company, Customers Bancorp is subject to general regulatory restrictions on the payment of cash dividends. Federal bank regulatory agencies have the authority to prohibit bank holding companies from engaging in unsafe or unsound practices in conducting their business, which depending on the financial condition and liquidity of the holding company at the time, could include the payment of dividends. Further, various federal and state statutory provisions limit the amount of dividends that bank subsidiaries can pay to their parent holding company without regulatory approval. Generally, subsidiaries are prohibited from paying dividends when doing so would cause them to fall below the regulatory minimum capital levels, and limits exist on paying dividends in excess of net income for specified periods. Beginning January 1, 2015, the ability to pay dividends and the amounts that can be paid, will be limited to the extent the bank capital ratios do not exceed the minimum required levels plus 250 basis points, as these requirements are phased in through January 1, 2019. See "Item 1, Business- Federal Banking Laws" for more information relating to restrictions on the Bank's ability to pay dividends to the Bancorp and the Bancorp's payment of dividends. 45 Table of Contents Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities On November 26, 2013, the Bancorp’s Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase plan in which the Bancorp could acquire up to 5% of its current outstanding shares at prices not to exceed a 20% premium over the then current book value. The repurchase program has no expiration date but may be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time, and the Bancorp has no obligation to repurchase any amount of its common stock under the program. There were no common stock repurchases during 2015. EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS The following table provides certain summary information as of December 31, 2015 concerning our compensation plans (including individual compensation arrangements) under which shares of our common stock may be issued. Number of Securities to be Issued upon Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Exercise of Weighted-Average Issuance Under Equity Outstanding Options, Exercise Price of Compensation Plans Warrants, and Outstanding Options (Excluding Securities Reflected Rights (#) ($) (2) in the First Column) (#) Plan Category Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Security Holders (1) 4,605,025 $ 14.33 2,895,784 (3) Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Security Holders N/A N/A N/A (1) Includes shares of common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of awards granted or rights accrued under the Amended and Restated Customers Bancorp, Inc. 2004 Incentive Equity and Deferred Compensation Plan, Customers Bancorp, Inc. 2010 Stock Option Plan, the Bonus Recognition and Retention Program ("BRRP"), and Customers Banorp, Inc. Amended and Restated 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. (2) Does not include restricted stock units and stock awards for which, by definition, there exists no exercise price. (3) Does not include securities available for future issuance under the BRRP as there is no specific number of shares reserved under this plan. By its terms, the plan limits the award of restricted stock units to the amount of the cash bonuses paid to the participants in the BRRP. Common Stock Performance Graph The following graph compares the performance of our common stock over the period from December 31, 2012 to December 31, 2015, to that of the total return index for the SNL Mid-Atlantic Bank Index, SNL U.S. Bank NASDAQ Index and SNL U.S. Bank NYSE Index, assuming an investment of $100 on December 31, 2012. The SNL U.S. Bank NYSE Index was added to the performance graph because the Bancorp changed the listing of its Voting Common Stock to the NYSE from NASDAQ in December 2014. In calculating total annual shareholder return, reinvestment of dividends, if any, is assumed. Customers Bancorp obtained the information contained in the performance graph from SNL Financial. 46 Table of Contents The graph below is furnished under this Part II, Item 5 of this Form 10-K and shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the Commission or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Total Return Performance 47 Table of Contents Item 6. Selected Financial Data Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries The following table presents Customers Bancorp’s summary consolidated financial data. Customers Bancorp derived the balance sheet and income statement data for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, and 2011 from its audited financial statements. The summary consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in their entirety by, Customers Bancorp’s financial statements and the accompanying notes and the other information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain amounts reported in this table have been reclassified to conform to the 2015 presentation. These reclassifications did not significantly impact Customers' financial position or results of operations. 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 (1) (dollars in thousands, except per share information) For the Year ended December 31, Interest income Interest expense Net interest income Provision for loan losses Total non-interest income Total non-interest expense Income before taxes Income tax expense Net income Preferred stock dividends Net income attributable to common shareholders Basic earnings per common share Diluted earnings per common share At Period End Total assets Cash and cash equivalents Investment securities (2) Loans held for sale (3) Loans receivable Allowance for loan losses FDIC loss sharing receivable (4) Deposits Borrowings Shareholders’ equity Tangible common equity (5) Selected Ratios and Share Data Return on average assets Return on average common equity Common book value per share Tangible book value per common share (5) Common shares outstanding Net interest margin Equity to assets Tangible common equity to tangible assets (5) $ 249,850 $ 190,427 $ 128,156 $ 53,560 196,290 20,566 27,717 114,946 88,495 29,912 58,583 2,493 38,504 151,923 14,747 25,126 98,914 63,388 20,174 43,214 — 24,301 103,855 2,236 22,703 74,024 50,298 17,604 32,694 — $ 93,814 21,761 72,053 14,270 28,958 50,651 36,090 12,272 23,818 — 56,090 43,214 32,694 23,818 2.09 1.96 1.62 1.55 1.34 1.30 1.61 1.57 61,245 22,464 38,781 7,495 11,469 36,886 5,869 1,835 4,034 — 3,990 0.36 0.35 $ 8,401,313 $ 6,825,370 $ 4,153,173 $ 3,201,234 $ 2,077,532 264,593 560,253 1,797,064 5,453,479 35,647 — 5,909,501 1,893,550 553,902 494,682 371,023 416,685 1,435,459 4,312,173 30,932 2,320 4,532,538 1,816,250 443,145 439,481 233,068 497,573 747,593 2,465,078 23,998 10,046 186,016 129,093 1,439,889 1,324,467 25,837 12,343 73,570 398,684 174,999 1,341,393 15,032 13,077 2,959,922 2,440,818 1,583,189 771,750 386,623 382,947 471,000 269,475 265,786 331,000 147,748 144,043 0.81% 11.82% 18.52 18.39 $ $ 0.78% 10.39% 16.57 16.43 $ $ 0.95% 9.49% 14.51 14.37 $ $ 1.02% 12.69% 13.27 13.09 $ $ 0.24% 3.04% 11.84 11.54 $ $ 26,901,801 26,745,529 26,646,566 20,305,452 12,482,451 2.81% 6.59% 2.86% 6.49% 3.13% 9.31% 3.21% 8.42% 2.47% 7.11% 5.89% 6.44% 9.23% 8.31% 6.95% 48 Table of Contents Tier 1 leverage ratio – Customers Bank Tier 1 leverage ratio – Customers Bancorp Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio – Customers Bank Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio – Customers Bancorp Total risk-based capital ratio – Customers Bank Total risk-based capital ratio – Customers Bancorp 7.30% 7.16% 7.39% 6.69% 10.81% 10.11% 7.74% 9.30% 7.11% 7.37% 8.62% 9.27% 13.33% 8.50% 9.66% 8.46% 8.39% 12.44% 10.23% 10.01% 10.85% 11.98% 14.11% 9.53% 10.78% 10.62% 11.09% 13.21% 11.26% 11.13% Asset Quality Non-performing loans Non-performing loans to total loans receivable Non-performing loans to total loans Other real estate owned Non-performing assets Non-performing assets to total assets Allowance for loan losses to total loans receivable Allowance for loan losses to non- performing loans $ 10,771 $ 11,733 $ 19,163 $ 32,851 $ 36,626 0.20% 0.15 % 5,057 $ 15,828 $ 0.27% 0.20% 0.78% 0.60% 2.48% 1.19% $ 15,371 27,104 12,265 31,428 $ 8,114 $ 40,965 2.73% 2.42% 13,482 50,108 0.19% 0.40% 0.76% 1.28% 2.41% 0.65% 0.72% 0.97% 1.95% 1.12% 330.95% 263.63% 125.23% 78.65% 41.04% Net charge-offs $ 11,979 $ 3,124 $ 6,894 $ 5,466 $ 9,547 Net charge-offs to average total loans receivable 0.26% 0.09% 0.37% 0.38% 1.20% (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) On September 17, 2011, Customers Bancorp completed its acquisition of Berkshire Bancorp, Inc. using the purchase accounting method in accounting for the acquisition. The purchase method provides that all transactions after the acquisition date are reflected in the acquirers’ financial accounting records. Includes available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities. In 2015 and 2014, loans held for sale included $1,754,950 and $1,332,019 of mortgage warehouse loans at fair value, respectively. The FDIC loss sharing receivable, as of December 2015, is included in "Accrued interest payable and other liabilities" net of the clawback liability. Customers’ selected financial data contains non-GAAP financial measures calculated using non-GAAP amounts. These measures include tangible common equity and tangible book value per common share and tangible common equity to tangible assets. Management uses these non-GAAP measures to present historical periods comparable to the current period presentation. In addition, management believes the use of these non-GAAP measures provides additional clarity when assessing the Bancorp’s financial results and use of equity. These disclosures should not be viewed as substitutes for results determined to be in accordance with U.S. GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other entities. Customers Bancorp calculates tangible common equity by excluding intangible assets from total shareholders’ equity. Tangible book value per common share equals tangible common equity divided by common shares outstanding. 49 Table of Contents A reconciliation of shareholders’ equity to tangible common equity and other related amounts is set forth below. Shareholders’ equity Less: intangible assets Less: preferred stock Tangible common equity Shares outstanding Common book value per share Less: effect of excluding intangible assets Common tangible book value per share Total assets Less: intangible assets Total tangible assets 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 (in thousands, except per share data) $ 553,902 $ (3,651) (55,569) 494,682 26,902 18.52 (0.13) 18.39 $ $ $ $ $ $ 443,145 (3,664) — 439,481 26,746 16.57 (0.14) 16.43 $ $ $ $ 386,623 (3,676) — 382,947 26,647 14.51 (0.14) 14.37 $ $ $ $ 269,475 (3,689) — 265,786 20,305 13.27 (0.18) 13.09 $ 147,748 (3,705) — 144,043 12,482 11.84 (0.30) 11.54 $ $ $ $ 8,401,313 (3,651) $ 8,397,662 $ 6,825,370 (3,664) $ 6,821,706 $ 4,153,173 (3,676) $ 4,149,497 $ 3,201,234 (3,689) $ 3,197,545 $ 2,077,532 (3,705) $ 2,073,827 Equity to assets Tangible common equity to tangible assets 6.59% 5.89% 6.49% 6.44% 9.31% 9.23% 8.42% 8.31% 7.11% 6.95% 50 Table of Contents Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations You should read this Management's Discussion and Analysis in conjunction with “Business – Executive Summary” and the Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2015. Certain amounts reported in the 2014 and 2013 financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the 2015 presentation. These reclassifications did not significantly impact Customers' financial position or results of operations. Critical Accounting Policies Customers has adopted various accounting policies that govern the application of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and that are consistent with general practices within the banking industry in the preparation of its financial statements. Customers' significant accounting policies are described in “NOTE 3 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION” to its audited financial statements. Certain accounting policies involve significant judgments and assumptions by Customers that have a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities. Customers considers these accounting policies to be critical accounting policies. The judgment and assumptions used are based on historical experience and other factors, which are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Because of the nature of the judgments and assumptions management makes, actual results could differ from these judgments and estimates, which could have a material impact on the carrying values of Customers' assets and liabilities and results of operations. The following is a summary of the policies Customers recognizes as involving critical accounting estimates: Allowance for Loan Losses, Stock-Based Compensation, Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities, Fair Value Accounting, Accounting for Purchased-Credit-Impaired (PCI) Loans, FDIC Loss Sharing Receivable and Clawback Liability, and Deferred Income Taxes. Allowance for Loan Losses. Customers maintains an allowance for loan losses at a level management believes is sufficient to absorb estimated credit losses incurred as of the report date. Management’s determination of the adequacy of the allowance is based on periodic evaluations of the loan portfolio and other relevant factors. However, this evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires significant estimates by management. Consideration is given to a variety of factors in establishing these estimates including historical losses, peer and industry data, current economic conditions, the size and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency statistics, criticized and classified assets and impaired loans, results of internal loan reviews, borrowers’ perceived financial and management strengths, the adequacy of underlying collateral, the dependence on collateral, or the strength of the present value of future cash flows and other relevant factors. These factors may be susceptible to significant change. To the extent actual outcomes differ from management estimates, additional provisions for loan losses may be required which may adversely affect Customers' results of operations in the future. Subsequent to acquisition of purchased-credit-impaired loans, estimates of cash flows expected to be collected are updated each reporting period based on updated assumptions regarding default rates, loss severities, and other factors that are reflective of current market conditions. Subsequent decreases in expected cash flows will generally result in a provision for loan losses. Subsequent increases in expected cash flows result in a reversal of the provision for loan losses to the extent of prior charges. Stock-Based Compensation. Customers recognizes compensation expense for share-based awards in accordance with ASC 718 Compensation – Stock Compensation. Expense related to stock option awards is based on the fair value of the option at the grant date, with compensation expense recognized over the service period, which is usually the vesting period. For performance based awards, compensation cost is recognized over the vesting period as long as it remains probable that the performance conditions will be met. If the service or performance conditions are not met, Customers reverses previously recorded compensation expense upon forfeiture. Customers utilizes the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of each option on the date of grant. The Black-Scholes model takes into consideration the exercise price of the option, the expected life of the option, the current price of the underlying stock and its expected volatility, expected dividends on the stock, and the current risk-free interest rate for the expected life of the option. Customers' estimate of the fair value of a stock option is based on expectations derived from its limited historical experience and may not necessarily equate to market value when fully vested. Unrealized Gains and Losses on Securities Available for Sale. Customers receives estimated fair values of debt securities from independent valuation services and brokers. In developing these fair values, the valuation services and brokers use estimates of cash flows based on historical performance of similar instruments in similar rate environments. Debt securities available for sale consist primarily of mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government-sponsored agencies. Customers uses various indicators in determining whether a security is other-than-temporarily impaired including, for debt securities, when it is 51 Table of Contents probable that the contractual interest and principal will not be collected, or for equity securities, whether the market value is below its cost for an extended period of time with low expectation of recovery. The debt securities are monitored for changes in credit ratings because adverse changes in credit ratings could indicate a change in the estimated cash flows of the underlying collateral or issuer. For marketable equity securities, Customers considers the issuer’s financial condition, capital strength and near term prospects to determine whether an impairment is temporary or other-than-temporary. Customers also considers the volatility of a security’s price in comparison to the market as a whole and any recoveries or declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date. If management determines that the impairment is other-than-temporary, the entire amount of the impairment as of the balance sheet date is recognized in earnings even if the decision to sell the security has not been made. The fair value of the security becomes the new amortized cost basis of the investment and is not adjusted for subsequent recoveries in fair value. The unrealized losses associated with available-for-sale debt securities were not considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 because the unrealized losses were related to changes in interest rates and did not affect the expected cash flows of the underlying collateral or issuer. The unrealized losses associated with the equity investments were also not considered other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Management concluded that the decline in fair value was temporary and would recover by way of increases in market price or positive changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Fair Value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, other than in a forced or liquidation sale as of the measurement date (also referred to as an exit price). Management estimates the fair value of a financial instrument using a variety of valuation methods. When financial instruments are actively traded and have quoted market prices, the quoted market prices are used for fair value. When the financial instruments are not actively traded, other observable market inputs, such as quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, may be used, if available, to determine fair value. When observable market prices do not exist, Customers estimates fair value using unobservable data. The valuation methods and inputs consider factors such as types of underlying assets or liabilities, rates of estimated credit losses, interest rate or discount rate and collateral. The best estimate of fair value involves assumptions including, but not limited to, various performance indicators, such as historical and projected default and recovery rates, credit ratings, current delinquency rates, loan-to-value ratios and the possibility of obligor refinancing. U.S. GAAP requires the use of fair values in determining the carrying values of certain assets and liabilities, as well as for specific disclosures. The most significant uses of fair values include residential mortgage loans acquired subject to an agreement to resell, residential mortgage loans originated with an intent to sell, available-for-sale investment securities, derivative assets and liabilities, impaired loans and foreclosed property and the net assets acquired in business combinations. For additional information, refer to “NOTE 19 – DISCLOSURES ABOUT FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS.” Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans For certain acquired loans that have experienced a deterioration of credit quality, Customers follows the guidance contained in ASC 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. Purchased credit-impaired loans are loans that were acquired in business combinations or asset purchases with evidence of credit deterioration since origination to the date acquired and for which it is probable that all contractually required payments will not be collected are considered to be credit impaired. Evidence of credit quality deterioration as of purchase dates may include information such as past-due and non-accrual status, borrower credit scores and recent loan to value percentages. The fair value of loans with evidence of credit deterioration is recorded net of a nonaccretable difference and, if appropriate, an accretable yield. The difference between contractually required payments at acquisition and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is the nonaccretable difference, which is not included in the carrying amount of acquired loans. Subsequent decreases in the estimated cash flows of the loan will generally result in a provision for loan losses. Subsequent to acquisition, estimates of cash flows expected to be collected are updated each reporting period based on updated assumptions regarding default rates, loss severities, and other factors that are reflective of current market conditions. Subsequent increases in cash flows result in a reversal of the provision for loan losses to the extent of prior charges, or a reclassification of the difference from nonaccretable to accretable with a positive impact on accretion of interest income in future periods. Further, any excess of cash flows expected at the time of acquisition over the estimated fair value is referred to as the accretable yield and is recognized in interest income over the remaining life of the loan when there is a reasonable expectation about the amount and timing of those cash flows. Purchased-credit-impaired loans acquired may be aggregated into one or more pools, provided that the loans have common risk characteristics. A pool is then accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows. On a quarterly basis, the Bank re-estimates the total cash flows (both principal and interest) expected to be 52 Table of Contents collected over the remaining life of each pool. These estimates incorporate assumptions regarding default rates, loss severities, the amounts and timing of prepayments and other factors that reflect then-current market conditions. If the timing and/or amounts of expected cash flows on purchased-credit-impaired loans were determined not to be reasonably estimable, no interest would be accreted and the loans would be reported as non-accrual loans; however, when the timing and amounts of expected cash flows for purchased-credit-impaired loans are reasonably estimable, interest is being accreted and the loans are being reported as performing loans. Charge-offs are not recorded on purchased-credit-impaired loans until actual losses exceed the estimated losses that were recorded as purchase accounting adjustments at acquisition date. FDIC Loss Sharing Receivable and Clawback Liability for Loss Share Agreements. The majority of the loans and other real estate assets acquired in an FDIC-assisted acquisition is covered under loss share agreements with the FDIC in which the FDIC has agreed to reimburse the Bank for 80% of all losses incurred in connection with those assets. Management estimated the amount that the Bank will receive from the FDIC under the loss share agreements that will result from losses incurred as the Bank disposes of covered loans and other real estate assets and records the estimate as a receivable from the FDIC. The FDIC loss sharing receivable is measured separately from the related covered assets because it is not contractually embedded in the assets and is not transferable if the assets are sold. Management estimated the fair value of the FDIC loss sharing receivable using the present value of cash flows related to the loss share agreements based on the expected reimbursements for losses and the applicable loss share percentages. The FDIC loss sharing receivable is reviewed quarterly and adjusted for changes in expected cash flows based on recent performance and expectations for future performance of the covered portfolio. These adjustments are measured on the same basis as the related covered loans and covered other real estate owned. Increases in estimated cash flows on the covered assets will reduce the FDIC loss sharing receivable and decreases in estimated cash flows on the covered assets will increase the FDIC loss sharing receivable. Increases to the FDIC loss sharing receivable resulting from reduced cash flow estimates on the covered loans are recorded as a reduction to the provision for loan losses and decreases to the FDIC loss sharing receivable are recorded either as an increase to the provision for loan losses (to the extent an increase in the FDIC receivable balance was previously recorded as a reduction to the provision for loan losses) or recognized over the life of the loss share agreements. Decreases in the valuations of covered other real estate owned are recorded net of the FDIC receivable balance resulting from the valuation allowance as an increase to other real estate owned expense (a component of non-interest expense). The FDIC loss sharing receivable balance will be reduced through a charge to the provision for loan losses, with no offsetting reduction to the allowance for loan losses, as the period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing agreements approaches expiration and the estimated losses in the covered loans have not yet emerged or been realized in a final disposition event. The period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing agreements for non-single family loans expired in third quarter 2015. The period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing agreements for single family loans expires in third quarter 2017. The final maturity of the FDIC loss sharing agreements occurs in third quarter 2020. As part of the FDIC loss sharing agreements, the Bank also assumed a liability to be paid within 45 days subsequent to the maturity or termination of the loss sharing agreements that is contingent upon actual losses incurred over the life of the agreements relative to expected losses and the consideration paid upon acquisition of the failed institutions ("the Clawback Liability”). Due to cash received on the covered assets in excess of the original expectations of the FDIC, the Bank anticipates that it will be required to pay the FDIC at the end of its loss sharing agreements. As of December 31, 2015, a clawback liability of $2.3 million has been recorded. To the extent actual losses on the covered assets are less than estimated losses, the clawback liability will increase. To the extent actual losses on the covered assets are more than the estimated losses, the clawback liability will decrease. The Bank presents the FDIC loss sharing receivable balance, net of the estimated clawback liability on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2015, the Bank expected to collect $0.2 million from the FDIC for estimated losses and reimbursement of external costs, such as legal fees, real estate taxes and appraisal expenses, and estimated the clawback liability due to the FDIC in 2020 at $2.3 million. The net amount of $2.1 million is included in "Accrued interest payable and other liabilities " in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. Deferred Income Taxes. Customers provides for deferred income taxes on the liability method whereby tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and their tax basis. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment. 53 Table of Contents Overview Like most financial institutions, Customers derives the majority of its income from interest it receives on its interest-earning assets, such as loans and investments. Customers' primary source of funds for making these loans and investments is its deposits, on which it pays interest. Consequently, one of the key measures of Customers' success is its amount of net interest income, or the difference between the income on its interest-earning assets and the expense on its interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. Another key measure is the spread between the yield earned on these interest-earning assets and the rate paid on these interest-bearing liabilities, which is referred to as net interest spread. There is credit risk inherent in all loans, so Customers maintains an allowance for loan losses to absorb probable losses on existing loans that may become uncollectible. Customers maintains this allowance by charging a provision for loan losses against its operating earnings. Customers has included a detailed discussion of this process, as well as several tables describing its allowance for loan losses. 2016 Economic Outlook U.S. Real GDP is forecasted to grow 2.5% to 3.0% during 2016. The economy is expected to remain divided in two during 2016. Sectors tied closely to the domestic economy should fare better than those sectors that are more closely tied to the global economy. Domestic demand is expected to grow during 2016 partly due to non-farm payroll growth averaging approximately $190,000 per month and that the unemployment rate will continue to trend lower during 2016, ending the year at 4.6%. While inflation has remained below the Federal Reserve's target of 2%, as measured by both the CPI and PCE deflator, many economists feel that this has been the effect of lower-than-expected commodity prices around the world, led by oil. Once energy prices “normalize” sometime in 2016, upward pressure will be applied to both the CPI and PCE deflator likely resulting in higher prices for businesses and consumers, it is expected that the Federal Reserve to act on an overheating U.S. economy by increasing the overnight interest rate. Since “lift off” in mid-December 2015, it is expected that the Federal Reserve will continue to raise the overnight interest rate two to four more times throughout 2016. The Federal Reserve has made it clear that any future interest rate hike will be data dependent. For these interest rate hikes to happen, the CPI and PCE deflator will need to approach the Federal Reserve's 2% target and employment will need to improve or at least retain recent positive trends. While the outlook in the U.S. remains optimistic, fears of a continued slowdown in the rest of the world could have a negative impact on the U.S. economy. While the rest of the world continues to take steps to increase growth, the U.S. continues to churn along in a positive direction. In Customers' market area, management sees continued moderate (2.0% to 3.0%) growth in 2016, the housing market continuing to improve and unemployment improving or at least remaining at current levels during the year. Management is seeing improvement in loan demand in Customers' commercial and industrial, multi-family and commercial real estate loan portfolios. There continues to be some uncertainty in the political and external environments in 2016 as the presidential election looms, and it is likely that these challenging conditions will continue over the next few years. Overall, Customers' management is optimistic that 2016 will show a continuation of the improving economic environment experienced in 2015. 54 Table of Contents Results of Operations The following discussion of Customers Bancorp’s consolidated results of operations should be read in conjunction with its consolidated financial statements, including the accompanying notes. Also see “CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES” and “NOTE 3 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION” for information concerning certain significant accounting policies and estimates applied in determining reported results of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 Net income available to common shareholders increased $12.9 million , or 29.8%, to $56.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to $43.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increased net income resulted from increases in net interest income of $44.4 million and non-interest income of $2.6 million, partly offset by increases in provision for loan losses of $5.8 million, non-interest expense of $16.0 million, tax expense of $9.7 million, and the accrual of preferred stock dividends of $2.5 million. Net interest income increased $44.4 million, or 29.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 to $196.3 million, compared to $151.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in net interest income was driven by an increase in the average balance of loans and securities of $1.6 billion, from $5.0 billion in 2014 to $6.7 billion in 2015, offset in part by a decline in the net interest margin (tax equivalent) of 6 basis points (from 2.87% in 2014 to 2.81% in 2015). The net margin decrease was largely a result of the growth in the lower yielding mortgage warehouse portfolio. The provision for loan losses increased $5.8 million to $20.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to $14.7 million for the same period in 2014. The increase in the provision for loan losses during 2015 was primarily attributable to a provision expense of $9.0 million for the fraudulent loan identified by Customers in July 2015. $5.3 million of the loan was charged off in third quarter 2015 and the residual balance of $3.7 million was charged off in fourth quarter 2015. Customers will continue its efforts to collect the loan balance and is optimistic about a future recovery. Non-interest income increased $2.6 million, or 10.3% during the year ended December 31, 2015 to $27.7 million, compared to $25.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase resulted primarily from a benefit received on a bank-owned life insurance policy of $2.4 million, higher mortgage warehouse transactional fees driven by increased transaction volume and an increase in the gain on sale of loans, offset in part by gains realized from sales of investment securities of $3.2 million in 2014 compared to a loss of $0.1 million in 2015. Non-interest expense increased $16.0 million, or 16.2%, during the year ended December 31, 2015 to $114.9 million, compared to $98.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2014. The increases in salaries and employee benefits of $12.4 million, professional services of $3.3 million, and technology of $1.8 million resulted from growth of Customers' business, which has required additional team members, services, and support. These increases were offset in part by decreased assessments and regulatory fees of $1.1 million related primarily to an adjustment in the Pennsylvania shares tax expense and reduced loan workout expenses of $0.6 million resulting from lower levels of non-performing loans and recoveries of prior expenses on resolved loans during the year. Income tax expense increased $9.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to $29.9 million, compared to $20.2 million in the same period of 2014. The increase in income tax expense was driven primarily from increased pre-tax income of $25.1 million in 2015, offset in part by the benefit received on a bank-owned life insurance policy of $2.4 million, which is not taxable. Preferred stock dividends increased $2.5 million for 2015 due to the accrual of dividends on Customers' Series C Preferred Stock issued on May 18, 2015. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 Net income available to common shareholders increased $10.5 million, or 32.2%, to $43.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, compared to $32.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increased net income resulted from increases in net interest income of $48.1 million and non-interest income of $2.4 million, partly offset by increases in provision for loan losses of $12.5 million, non-interest expense of $24.9 million, and tax expense of $2.6 million. Net interest income increased $48.1 million, or 46.3%, during 2014 to $151.9 million, compared to $103.9 million during 2013 primarily due to an increase in the average balance of interest earnings assets of $2.0 billion (from $3.3 billion in 2013 to $5.3 billion in 2014), offset in part by a decline in the net interest margin (tax equivalent) of 27 basis points (from 3.14% in 2013 to 55 Table of Contents 2.87% in 2014). The growth in average interest earning assets was principally driven by increases in multi-family and other commercial loan products. The decrease in net interest margin results from a combination of changed market conditions, including decreased market interest rates and increased competition on loans, and product mix, as secured multi-family loans yield less than other commercial products and was our primary growth area. Provision for loan losses increased $12.5 million during 2014 to $14.7 million, compared to $2.2 million during 2013. The increase in the provision for loan losses during 2014 was primarily attributable to significant organic loan growth in the held- for-investment loan portfolio, resulting in approximately $10.1 million of provision expense during 2014, and a reduced benefit expected to be collected from the FDIC as collections on covered loans improved and the loss sharing arrangements for the non-single family loans approach their contractual maturity, resulting in approximately $4.6 million of provision expense during 2014. Non-interest income increased $2.4 million during 2014 to $25.1 million, compared to $22.7 million during 2013. The increase in 2014 was attributed to a $2.3 million increase in gains on sales of loans as the Bank began selling excess multi-family loan originations, $1.9 million increase in gains on sales of investment securities as the Bank shortened the duration of its investment portfolio, a $1.2 million increase in bank owned life insurance income as the number of insured team members increased, and a $0.9 million increase in mortgage loan and banking income as the Bank continues to develop that business, offset primarily by a decrease in the mortgage warehouse transactional fees of $4.7 million. Non-interest expense increased $24.9 million during 2014 to $98.9 million, compared to $74.0 million during 2013. Expenses increased in 2014 principally for salaries and employee benefits as staffing levels grew to support the growing business (up $10.9 million), assessments for FDIC insurance and Pennsylvania shares tax increased as the Bank grew (up $6.2 million), professional services related to loan workout, litigation and other general regulatory matters (up $2.2 million), occupancy expense (up $2.2 million) as our need for space grew, other real estate owned resolution expenses as we work through problem properties (up $2.2 million), and technology, communication and bank operations expense (up $1.5 million) as a result of our growth. The increase was offset in by a provision for loss contingency recorded in 2013 of $2.0 million. Income tax expense increased $2.6 million during 2014 to $20.2 million, compared to $17.6 million during 2013. The increased income tax expense was driven primarily from increased taxable income in 2014 (up $13.1 million to $63.4 million), offset in part by a $1.5 million benefit that resulted from a return to provision and deferred tax analysis performed in third quarter 2014. 56 Table of Contents NET INTEREST INCOME Net interest income (the difference between the interest earned on loans, investments and interest-earning deposits with banks, and interest paid on deposits, borrowed funds and subordinated debt) is the primary source of Customers' earnings. The following table summarizes the Customers' net interest income and related spread and margin for the periods indicated. For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Average balance Interest income or expense Average yield or cost Average balance Interest income or expense Average yield or cost Average balance 2013 Interest income or expense Average yield or cost 0.25% 2.42 3.84 4.48 2.36 3.87 0.42 0.69 0.48 1.04 0.86 1.18 0.90 0.78 3.09% 3.13 3.14 $ 271,201 $ 718 0.26% $ 228,668 $ 577 0.25% $ 190,298 $ (amounts in thousands) Assets Interest-earning deposits Investment securities (A) Loans held for sale Loans receivable (B) Other interest earning assets Total interest-earning assets Non-interest-earning assets Total assets Liabilities Interest checking Money market deposit accounts Other savings accounts Certificates of deposit Total interest-bearing deposits Borrowings Total interest-bearing liabilities Non-interest-bearing deposits Total deposits and borrowings Other non-interest-bearing liabilities Total liabilities Shareholders’ equity 427,638 1,589,176 10,405 51,553 4,635,887 182,280 72,693 4,894 6,996,595 249,850 269,454 $7,266,049 $ 123,527 686 2,412,958 12,548 111 20,637 33,982 19,578 53,560 36,820 2,087,641 4,660,946 1,373,359 6,034,305 692,159 6,726,464 30,394 6,756,858 509,191 2.43 3.24 3.93 6.73 3.57 0.56 0.52 0.30 0.99 0.73 1.43 0.89 451,932 911,594 10,386 30,801 3,656,891 146,388 66,669 2,275 5,315,754 190,427 227,045 $5,542,799 $ 62,840 361 1,712,896 10,391 40,795 1,403,774 3,220,305 1,268,205 4,488,510 620,385 172 13,530 24,454 14,050 38,504 2.30 3.38 4.00 3.41 3.58 0.57 0.61 0.42 0.96 0.76 1.11 0.86 260,862 992,421 1,842,310 27,095 482 6,314 38,140 82,580 640 3,312,986 128,156 142,350 $3,455,336 45,613 1,106,457 31,741 1,251,709 2,435,520 278,297 2,713,817 385,187 191 7,619 152 13,058 21,020 3,281 24,301 0.80 5,108,895 0.75 3,099,004 17,905 5,126,800 415,999 $5,542,799 11,779 3,110,783 344,553 $3,455,336 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $7,266,049 Net interest earnings Tax-equivalent adjustment (C) Net interest earnings Interest spread Net interest margin (D) Net interest margin tax equivalent (C)(D) 196,290 449 $ 196,739 151,923 405 $ 152,328 103,855 244 $ 104,099 2.77% 2.81 2.81 2.83% 2.86 2.87 (A) (B) (C) (D) For presentation in this table, balances and the corresponding average rates for investment securities are based upon historical cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Includes non-accrual loans, the effect of which is to reduce the yield earned on loans, and deferred loan fees. Full tax equivalent basis, using a 35% statutory tax rate to approximate interest income as a taxable asset. Excluding an adjustment to interest income for the change in accounting estimate on purchased-credit-impaired loans of $4.5 million, net interest margin and net interest margin tax equivalent are 3.05% for the year ended December 31, 2013. 57 Table of Contents The following table presents the dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense for the major categories of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Information is provided for each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities with respect to (i) changes attributable to volume (i.e., changes in average balances multiplied by the prior-period average rate) and (ii) changes attributable to rate (i.e., changes in average rate multiplied by prior-period average balances). For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume which cannot be segregated have been allocated proportionately to the change due to volume and the change due to rate. 2015 vs. 2014 Increase (decrease) due to change in 2014 vs. 2013 Increase (decrease) due to change in Rate Volume Total Rate Volume Total (amounts in thousands) Interest income: Interest earning deposits Investment securities, taxable Loans held for sale Loans receivable Other interest earning assets Total interest income Interest expense: Interest checking Money market deposit accounts Savings Certificates of deposit Total interest bearing deposits Borrowings Total interest expense Net interest income $ 29 $ 594 (1,279) (2,645) 2,396 (905) (12) (1,640) (46) 355 (1,343) 4,288 2,945 112 (575) 22,031 38,537 223 60,328 337 3,797 (15) 6,752 10,871 1,240 12,111 $ 141 $ (2) $ 97 $ 95 19 20,752 35,892 2,619 59,423 325 2,157 (61) 7,107 9,528 5,528 15,056 (335) (4,384) (9,683) 382 (14,022) 84 (996) (20) (1,040) (1,972) (210) (2,182) (11,840) $ 4,407 (2,955) 73,491 1,253 76,293 86 3,768 40 1,512 5,406 10,979 16,385 59,908 $ 4,072 (7,339) 63,808 1,635 62,271 170 2,772 20 472 3,434 10,769 14,203 48,068 $ (3,850) $ 48,217 $ 44,367 $ For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $196.3 million, an increase of $44.4 million, or 29.2%, when compared to net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2014 of $151.9 million. This increase in net interest income was primarily attributable to an increase of $1.6 billion in the average balance of loans and securities. The key measure of net interest income is net interest margin. While Customers' net interest margin decreased to 2.81% for the year ended December 31, 2015 from 2.87% for the year ended December 31, 2014, the impact on net interest income was secondary to the significant increases in loan volume. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2014 was $151.9 million, an increase of $48.1 million, or 46.3%, when compared to net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2013 of $103.9 million. This increase in net interest income was primarily attributable to an increase of $1.8 billion in average loans receivable, principally in multi-family and other commercial loans. The key measure of net interest income is net interest margin. While the Bancorp’s net interest margin decreased to 2.87% for the year ended December 31, 2014 from 3.14% for the year ended December 31, 2013, the impact on net interest income was secondary to the significant increases in loan volume. 58 Table of Contents PROVISION FOR LOAN LOSSES For more information about our provision and allowance for loan losses methodology and our loss experience, see “Critical Accounting Policies,” “Credit Risk” and “Asset Quality” herein and “NOTE 3 – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION.” Customers maintains its allowance for loan losses through a provision for loan losses charged as an expense on the consolidated statements of income. The loan portfolio is reviewed quarterly to evaluate the outstanding loans and to measure both the performance of the portfolio and the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses. The allowance for loan losses is estimated as of the end of each quarter and compared to the balance recorded in the general ledger net of charge-offs and recoveries. The allowance is adjusted to the estimated allowance for loan losses balance via a charge (or debit) to the provision for loan losses. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 During 2015, the provision for loan losses was $20.6 million, an increase of $5.8 million from a provision of $14.7 million in 2014. The 2015 provision for loan losses included a provision expense of $9.0 million for the fraudulent loan identified by Customers in July 2015. The increase in the provision for loan losses resulting from this loan was offset in part by a $2.4 million reduction to the provision for loan losses resulting primarily from Customers' low level of historical losses on loans originated after 2009 and updating the estimated loss ratios to reflect actual industry performance rather than qualitative estimates. $5.3 million of the fraudulent loan was charged off in third quarter 2015 and the residual balance of $3.7 million was charged off in fourth quarter 2015. Customers will continue its efforts to collect the loan balance and is optimistic about a future recovery. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 During 2014, the provision for loan losses was $14.7 million, an increase of $12.5 million from a provision of $2.2 million during 2013. The increase in the provision for loan losses during 2014 was primarily attributable to significant organic loan growth in the held-for-investment loan portfolio, resulting in approximately $10.1 million of provision expense during 2014, and a reduced benefit expected to be collected from the FDIC as collections on covered loans improved and the loss sharing arrangements for the non-single family loans approach their contractual maturity, resulting in approximately $4.7 million of provision expense during 2014. 59 Table of Contents NON-INTEREST INCOME The chart below shows the various components of non-interest income for each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. (amounts in thousands) Mortgage warehouse transactional fees Bank-owned life insurance Gains on sales of loans Deposit fees Mortgage loan and banking income Gain (loss) on sales of investment securities Other Total non-interest income For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 10,394 7,006 4,047 944 741 (85) 4,670 27,717 $ $ 8,233 3,702 3,125 801 2,048 3,191 4,026 25,126 $ $ 12,962 2,482 852 675 1,142 1,274 3,316 22,703 Non-interest income increased $2.6 million, or 10.3%, during the year ended December 31, 2015 to $27.7 million compared to $25.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase resulted primarily from a benefit received on a bank-owned life insurance policy of $2.4 million, higher mortgage warehouse transactional fees driven by increased transaction volume and an increase in the gain on sale of loans primarily resulting from increased SBA loan sales, offset in part by gains realized from sales of investment securities of $3.2 million in 2014 compared to a loss of $0.1 million in 2015. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 Non-interest income increased $2.4 million during 2014 to $25.1 million, compared to $22.7 million during 2013. The increase in 2014 was attributed to the $2.3 million increase in gains on sales of loans as the Bank began selling excess multi-family loan originations, a $1.9 million increase in gains on sales of investment securities as the Bank shortened the duration of the investment portfolio, a $1.2 million increase in bank owned life insurance income as the number of insured team members increased, and a $0.9 million increase in mortgage loan and banking income as Customers continued to develop that business. These increases were offset primarily by a decrease in mortgage warehouse transactional fees of $4.7 million. 60 Table of Contents NON-INTEREST EXPENSE The below chart shows the various components of non-interest expense for each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013. (amounts in thousands) Salaries and employee benefits Professional services FDIC assessments, taxes, and regulatory fees Technology, communication and bank operations Occupancy Other real estate owned Advertising and promotion Loan workout Loss contingency Other Total non-interest expense For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 58,777 11,042 10,728 10,596 8,668 2,516 1,475 1,127 — 10,017 114,946 $ $ 46,427 7,748 11,812 8,798 8,068 3,601 1,325 1,706 — 9,429 98,914 $ $ 35,493 5,548 5,568 6,607 6,552 1,365 1,274 2,245 2,000 7,372 74,024 Non-interest expense was $114.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, which was an increase of $16.0 million over non-interest expense of $98.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Salaries and employee benefits, which represent the largest component of non-interest expense, increased $12.4 million, or 26.6%, to $58.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $46.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The primary reason for this increase was the increase in the number of team members from 422 full-time equivalents at December 31, 2014 to 517 full-time equivalents at December 31, 2015 and a full year of expense for the growth of team members in 2014. This was directly related to the need for additional team members to support our organic growth. More specifically, the increased headcount was needed to support the growing multi-family, commercial real estate, and commercial and industrial loan portfolios and the increased deposits. Professional services expense increased by $3.3 million to $11.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 due to costs incurred for BankMobile, increased professional services expense related to fees paid for the FHLB letter of credit used to collateralize municipal deposits, and other professional service expenses driven by the organic growth of the Bank. FDIC assessments, taxes, and regulatory fees declined $1.1 million to $10.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $11.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The primary reason for this decrease was due to an adjustment that reduced the Pennsylvania shares tax expense by $2.3 million recorded in second quarter 2015 offset in part by increased deposit premiums and other regulatory and filing fees largely as a result of the Bank's organic growth. Technology, communication and bank operations expenses increased $1.8 million to $10.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $8.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. This increase was primarily attributable to costs incurred for BankMobile and other technology related expenses driven by the organic growth of the Bank. Occupancy expense increased by $0.6 million to $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. This increase was driven by increased business activity in existing and new markets which required additional team members and facilities. Other real estate owned expense declined $1.1 million to $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 as the level of other real estate owned declined from 2014. The decrease primarily resulted from lower valuation adjustments, reduced holding expenses, and decreased losses realized from the sale of other real estate owned. 61 Table of Contents Loan workout expense decreased by $0.6 million to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease was attributable to lower workout costs driven by reduced levels of non- performing loans and recoveries of prior expenses incurred on two resolved loans during the year. Other expense increased by $0.6 million to $10.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 from $9.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Customers' experienced higher levels of miscellaneous expenses resulting from the organic growth experienced over the past year, increased staffing, and other activities associated with business development. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 Non-interest expense was $98.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, which was an increase of $24.9 million over non-interest expense of $74.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. Salaries and employee benefits, which represent the largest component of non-interest expense, increased $10.9 million, or 30.8%, to $46.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $35.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The primary reason for this increase was due to the increase in the number of team members from 383 full-time equivalents at December 31, 2013 to 422 full-time equivalents at December 31, 2014 and a full year of expense for the growth of team members in 2013 as we increased the number of team members to support our growing commercial loan, multi-family/ commercial real estate, and mortgage banking businesses and the related administrative support functions. FDIC assessments, taxes and regulatory fees increased by $6.2 million to $11.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $5.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 due to increased assets subject to the FDIC assessment, higher regulatory fees and higher Pennsylvania bank shares tax expense as a result of the growth of the Bank. Professional services expense increased $2.2 million to $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 due to higher legal and consulting expenses in 2014 related to regulatory filings and other regulatory and legal matters as well as general growth of the Bank. Technology communication and bank operations increased $2.2 million, rising to $8.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $6.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 related to the increased number of employees and increased technology improvements to meet the needs of a larger Bank. Occupancy expense increased $1.5 million, rising to $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $6.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 as a result of a full year of facilities expense from expansion into new markets during 2013. Larger expenses classified in other expense include loan origination expenses, supplies, director fees, shareholder relations, sponsorships, and business development expenses. Generally these expenses increased as a direct result of the growth of the Bank. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 INCOME TAXES The income tax expense and effective tax rate include both federal and state income taxes. In 2015, income tax expense was $29.9 million with an effective tax rate of 33.80%, compared to an expense of $20.2 million and an effective tax rate of 31.83% for 2014. Income tax expense was driven primarily by net income before taxes of $88.5 million and $63.4 million, for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In 2015, the effective tax rate was lower due to a non-taxable bank-owned life insurance death benefit received of $2.4 million, or a 2.73% effective tax rate reduction. In 2014, the effective tax rate was reduced due to a tax benefit resulting from bank-owned life insurance income of $1.3 million, or a 2.04% effective tax rate reduction, and a benefit of $1.8 million, or a 2.88% effective tax rate reduction, resulting primarily from recording a $1.5 million benefit from a return to provision and deferred tax analysis completed in third quarter 2014. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 The income tax expense and effective tax rate include both federal and state income taxes. In 2014, income tax expense was $20.2 million with an effective tax rate of 31.83%, compared to an income tax expense of $17.6 million and an effective tax rate of 35.00% for 2013. Income tax expense was driven primarily by net income before taxes of $63.4 million and $50.3 million, for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. In 2014, the effective tax rate was reduced due to a tax 62 Table of Contents benefit resulting from bank-owned life insurance income of $1.3 million, or a 2.04% effective tax rate reduction, and a benefit of $1.8 million, or a 2.88% effective tax rate reduction, resulting primarily from recording a $1.5 million benefit from a return to provision and deferred tax analysis completed in third quarter 2014. In 2013, the effective tax rate was reduced due to a tax benefit resulting from bank-owned life insurance income of $0.9 million, or a 1.73% effective tax rate reduction. For additional information regarding the Bancorp’s income taxes, refer to “NOTE 15 – INCOME TAXES”. FINANCIAL CONDITION GENERAL Total assets were $8.4 billion at December 31, 2015. This represented a $1.6 billion, or 23.1%, increase from total assets of $6.8 billion at December 31, 2014. The major change in our financial position occurred as the result of the growth in loans receivable, which increased by $1.1 billion, or 26.5%, to $5.4 billion at December 31, 2015, from $4.3 billion at December 31, 2014. Customers continued its efforts to increase loan balances outstanding, particularly in the commercial loan portfolio. Multi- family loans increased by $0.6 billion to $2.9 billion at December 31, 2015. Commercial loans and lines of credit to mortgage companies increased by $0.4 billion to $1.8 billion at December 31, 2015. Additionally, commercial and industrial loans, including owner-occupied commercial real estate, increased by $0.3 billion to $1.1 billion at December 31, 2015. Total liabilities were $7.8 billion at December 31, 2015. This represented a $1.5 billion, or 23.0%, increase from total liabilities of $6.4 billion at December 31, 2014. The increase in total liabilities resulted primarily from a higher level of deposits in 2015 compared to 2014. Total deposits grew by $1.4 billion, or 30.4%, to $5.9 billion at December 31, 2015 from $4.5 billion at December 31, 2014. Deposit growth was primarily the result of marketing efforts targeted to attract municipal and other government deposits. Transaction deposits increased by $0.7 billion, or 26.3%, to $3.6 billion at December 31, 2015 from $2.8 billion at December 31, 2014, with non-interest bearing deposits increasing by $107 million. Certificates of deposit accounts increased by $0.6 billion, or 37.2%, to $2.3 billion at December 31, 2015 from $1.7 billion at December 31, 2014. The following table sets forth certain key condensed balance sheet data: (amounts in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents Investment securities available for sale, at fair value Loans held for sale (includes $1,757,807 and $1,335,668, respectively at fair value) $ Loans receivable Total loans receivable, net of allowance for loan losses Total assets Total deposits Federal funds purchased FHLB advances Other borrowings Subordinated debt Total liabilities Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity 63 December 31, 2015 2014 $ 264,593 560,253 1,797,064 5,453,479 5,417,832 8,401,313 5,909,501 70,000 1,625,300 88,250 110,000 7,847,411 553,902 8,401,313 371,023 416,685 1,435,459 4,312,173 4,281,241 6,825,370 4,532,538 — 1,618,000 88,250 110,000 6,382,225 443,145 6,825,370 Table of Contents CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS Cash and due from banks consists mainly of vault cash and cash items in the process of collection. These balances totaled $53.6 million at December 31, 2015. This represents a $9.2 million decrease from $62.7 million at December 31, 2014. These balances vary from day to day, primarily due to variations in customers’ deposits with the Bank. INTEREST-EARNING DEPOSITS Interest earning deposits consist mainly of deposits at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. These deposits totaled $211.0 million at December 31, 2015, which was a $97.2 million decrease from $308.3 million at December 31, 2014. This balance varies from day to day, depending on several factors, such as variations in customers’ deposits with the Bank and the payment of checks drawn on customers’ accounts. The decrease in 2015 was largely driven by the investment of amounts previously held in interest-earning deposits in highly liquid mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies. INVESTMENT SECURITIES The investment securities portfolio is an important source of interest income and liquidity. It consists of mortgage-backed securities (guaranteed by an agency of the United States government), domestic corporate debt, and marketable equity securities. In addition to generating revenue, the investment portfolio is maintained to manage interest rate risk, provide liquidity, provide collateral for other borrowings, and diversify the credit risk of earning assets. The portfolio is structured to maximize net interest income, given changes in the economic environment, liquidity position and balance sheet mix. At December 31, 2015, investment securities were $560.3 million compared to $416.7 million at December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily the result of the investment of amounts previously held in interest-earning deposits in highly liquid mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are included in other comprehensive income and reported as a separate component of shareholders’ equity, net of the related tax effect. The following table sets forth the amortized cost of the investment securities at the last two fiscal year ends: (amounts in thousands) Available for Sale: Residential mortgage-backed securities (1) Commercial real estate mortgage-backed securities (1) Corporate notes (2) Equity securities (3) December 31, 2015 2014 $ $ 299,392 206,719 39,925 22,514 568,550 $ $ 376,854 — 15,000 23,074 414,928 (1) (2) (3) Consists entirely of mortgage-backed securities issued by government-sponsored agencies, including FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA at December 31, 2015. Consists primarily of mortgage-backed securities issued by government-sponsored agencies, including FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA at December 31, 2014. Includes subordinated debt issued by other bank holding companies. Consists primarily of equity securities in a foreign entity. For financial reporting purposes, available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value. 64 Table of Contents The following table sets forth information about the maturities and weighted-average yield of the securities portfolio. Yields are not reported on a tax-equivalent basis. December 31, 2015 Amortized Cost Fair Value < 1yr 1 -5 years 5 -10 years After 10 years No Specific Maturity Total Total (amounts in thousands) Available for Sale Residential mortgage-backed securities Yield Commercial real estate mortgage-backed securities Yield Corporate notes Yield Equity securities Yield Total Weighted Average Yield $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 299,392 $ 299,392 $ — — — — — $ — $ —% — 32,925 — — 5.59% — — — — — — $32,925 —% 5.59% 2.65% 2.65% 206,719 $ 206,719 2.80% — — 22,514 —% 2.80% 39,925 5.58% 22,514 —% $ 528,625 $ 568,550 $ 2.60% 2.81% — 7,000 5.54% — — $ 7,000 5.54% 298,104 — 202,870 — 40,067 — 19,212 — 560,253 The mortgage-backed securities in the portfolio were issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae and contain guarantees for the collection of principal and interest on the underlying mortgages. The corporate notes in the portfolio include subordinated notes issued by other bank holding companies. LOANS Existing lending relationships are primarily with small and middle market businesses and individual consumers primarily in Bucks, Berks, Chester, Montgomery, Delaware, and Philadelphia Counties, Pennsylvania; Camden and Mercer Counties, New Jersey; and Westchester County and New York City, New York; and the New England area. The loans to mortgage banking companies portfolio is nation-wide. The loan portfolio consists primarily of loans to support mortgage banking companies’ funding needs, multi-family/commercial real estate, construction, and commercial and industrial loans. The Bank continues to focus on small and middle market business loans to grow its commercial lending efforts, establish a specialty lending business, and expand its consumer lending products, as outlined below: Commercial Lending Customers' commercial lending is divided into four groups: Business Banking, Small and Middle Market Business Banking, Multi-family and Commercial Real Estate Lending, and Mortgage Banking Lending. This grouping is designed to allow for greater resource deployment, higher standards of risk management, strong asset quality, lower interest rate risk and higher productivity levels. The commercial lending group focuses on companies with annual revenues ranging from $1 million to $50 million, which typically have credit requirements between $0.5 million and $10 million. The small and middle market business banking platform originates loans, including Small Business Administration loans, through the branch network sales force and a team of dedicated relationship managers. The support administration of this platform is centralized including risk management, product management, marketing, performance tracking and overall strategy. Credit and sales training has been established for Customers' sales force, ensuring that it has small business experts in place providing appropriate financial solutions to the small business owners in its communities. A division approach focuses on industries that offer high asset quality and are deposit rich to drive profitability. In 2009, Customers launched its lending to mortgage banking businesses products, which primarily provides financing to mortgage bankers for residential mortgage originations from loan closing until sale in the secondary market. Many providers of 65 Table of Contents liquidity in this segment exited the business in 2009 during a period of excessive market turmoil. Customers saw an opportunity to provide liquidity to this business segment at attractive spreads. There was also the opportunity to attract escrow deposits and to generate fee income in this business. The goal of the mortgage banking businesses lending group is to provide liquidity to mortgage companies. These loans are primarily used by mortgage companies to fund their pipelines from closing of individual mortgage loans until their sale into the secondary market. The underlying residential loans are taken as collateral for Customers' loans. As of December 31, 2015, loans in the warehouse lending portfolio totaled $1.8 billion and are designated as held for sale. The goal of the multi-family lending product is to build a portfolio of high-quality multi-family loans within Customers' covered markets, while cross selling other products and services. This product primarily targets refinancing existing loans with other banks using conservative underwriting and provides purchase money for new acquisitions by borrowers. The primary collateral for these loans is a first lien mortgage on the multi-family property, plus an assignment of all leases related to such property. As of December 31, 2015, Customers had multi-family loans of $2.9 billion outstanding, comprising approximately 40.7% of the total loan portfolio, compared to $2.3 billion, or approximately 40.2% of the total loan portfolio, at December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2015, Customers had $6.9 billion in commercial loans outstanding, composing approximately 94.6% of its total loan portfolio, which includes loans held for sale, compared to $5.3 billion, composing approximately 92.5% at December 31, 2014. Consumer Lending Customers provides home equity and residential mortgage loans to customers. Underwriting standards for home equity lending are conservative and lending is offered to solidify customer relationships and grow relationship revenues in the long term. This lending is important in Customers' efforts to grow total relationship revenues for its consumer households. As of December 31, 2015, the Bank had $391.7 million in consumer loans outstanding, or 5.4% of the Bank’s total loan portfolio, which includes loans held for sale. The Bank plans to expand its product offerings in real estate secured consumer lending. Customers Bank has launched a community outreach program in Philadelphia to finance homeownership in urban communities. As part of this program, the Bank is offering an “Affordable Mortgage Product”. This community outreach program is penetrating the underserved population, especially in low-and moderate income neighborhoods. As part of this commitment, a loan production office was opened in Progress Plaza, 1501 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA. The program includes homebuyer seminars that prepare potential homebuyers for homeownership by teaching money management and budgeting skills, including the financial responsibilities that come with having a mortgage and owning a home. The “Affordable Mortgage Product” is offered throughout Customers Bank’s assessment areas. The composition of loans held for sale was as follows: 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 December 31, (amounts in thousands) Commercial Loans: Mortgage warehouse loans at fair value Multi-family loans at lower of cost or fair value Total commercial loans held for sale Consumer Loans: Residential mortgage loans at fair value Loans held for sale $ 1,754,950 $ 1,332,019 $ 740,694 $ 1,439,889 $ 174,999 39,257 99,791 — — — 1,794,207 1,431,810 740,694 1,439,889 174,999 2,857 1,797,064 $ 3,649 1,435,459 $ 6,899 747,593 $ — 1,439,889 $ — 174,999 $ 66 Table of Contents Because the period to submit losses for non-single family loans covered under the FDIC loss sharing agreements expired in third quarter 2015, and the balance of covered loans is not significant to Customers' total loan portfolio, the disaggregation between covered and non-covered loans is no longer presented in the disclosures that follow. Additional disaggregation of the commercial real estate loan portfolio between owner occupied and non-owner occupied is presented for 2015 and 2014. For years prior, owner occupied and non-owner occupied are presented collectively as commercial real estate loans. The composition of loans receivable (excluding loans held for sale) was as follows: 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 December 31, (amounts in thousands) Commercial: Multi-family Commercial and industrial (a) Commercial real estate (b) Construction Mortgage warehouse (c) Total commercial loans $ Consumer: Residential real estate Manufactured housing Other Total consumer loans Total loans receivable $ 2,909,439 1,111,400 956,255 87,240 — 5,064,334 271,613 113,490 3,708 388,811 5,453,145 $ $ 2,208,405 785,669 839,310 49,718 — 3,883,102 297,395 126,731 4,433 428,559 4,311,661 1,064,059 296,595 753,591 42,917 — 2,157,162 163,920 139,471 5,437 308,828 2,465,990 $ 363,336 126,333 489,332 45,554 9,565 1,034,120 129,960 153,429 5,801 289,190 1,323,310 70,945 123,784 305,234 35,605 619,318 1,154,886 76,111 104,565 6,220 186,896 1,341,782 Deferred costs (fees) and unamortized premiums (discounts), net Allowance for loan losses Loans receivable, net of allowance $ 334 (35,647) 5,417,832 $ 512 (30,932) 4,281,241 $ (912) (23,998) 2,441,080 $ 1,157 (25,837) 1,298,630 $ (389) (15,032) 1,326,361 (a) (b) (c) Includes owner occupied commercial real estate loans for 2015 and 2014. Includes non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans for 2015 and 2014. For 2013, 2012 and 2011, includes owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans. Beginning in third quarter 2012, certain mortgage warehouse lending transactions were documented under master repurchase agreements and classified as held for sale. Loans to mortgage banking businesses and certain residential mortgage and multi-family loans expected to be sold are classified as loans held for sale. Loans held for sale totaled $1.8 billion and $1.4 billion at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The mortgage warehouse product line provides financing to mortgage companies nationwide from the time of loan origination until the loans are sold into the secondary market. As a mortgage warehouse lender, we provide a form of financing to mortgage bankers by purchasing for resale the underlying residential mortgages on a short-term basis under a master repurchase agreement. We are subject to the risks associated with such lending, including, but not limited to, the risks of fraud, bankruptcy and default of the mortgage banker or of the underlying residential borrower, any of which could result in credit losses. The mortgage warehouse lending employees monitor these mortgage originators by obtaining financial and other relevant information to reduce these risks during the lending period. Loans receivable, net of the allowance for loan losses, increased by $1.1 billion to $5.4 billion at December 31, 2015 from $4.3 billion at December 31, 2014. The increase in loans receivable, net of the allowance for loan losses, was attributable to higher balances in multi-family, commercial and industrial (including owner occupied commercial real estate) and non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans, which increased $0.7 billion, $0.3 billion, and $0.1 billion, respectively, from December 31, 2014. The increase in these loan balances are the result of the Bank's successful execution of its organic growth strategy. The following table sets forth Customers' commercial loans receivable as of December 31, 2015, in terms of contractual maturity date and interest rate characteristics: 67 Table of Contents After one but within five years Within one year After five years Total (amounts in thousands) Commercial Loans: Multi-family Commercial and industrial (including owner occupied commercial real estate) Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Construction Total commercial loans Amount of such loans with: Predetermined rates Floating or adjustable rates Total commercial loans $ $ $ $ 5,322 $ 1,886,364 $ 1,017,753 $ 2,909,439 147,103 41,665 368 194,458 51,343 143,115 194,458 $ $ $ 489,748 557,382 48,568 2,982,062 2,466,942 515,120 2,982,062 $ $ $ 474,549 357,208 38,304 1,887,814 1,186,577 701,237 1,887,814 $ $ $ 1,111,400 956,255 87,240 5,064,334 3,704,862 1,359,472 5,064,334 CREDIT RISK Customers Bancorp manages credit risk by maintaining diversification in its loan portfolio, establishing and enforcing prudent underwriting standards and collection efforts, and continuous and periodic loan classification reviews. Management also considers the effect of credit risk on financial performance by reviewing quarterly and maintaining an adequate allowance for loan losses. Credit losses are charged when they are identified, and provisions are added when it is estimated that a loss has occurred, to the allowance for loan losses at least quarterly. The allowance for loan losses is estimated at least quarterly. The provision for loan losses was $20.6 million, $14.7 million, and $2.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The allowance for loan losses maintained for loans receivable (excludes loans held for sale as estimable credit losses are embedded in the fair values at which the loans are reported) was $35.7 million, or 0.65% of total loans receivable, at December 31, 2015 and $30.9 million, or 0.72% of total loans receivable, at December 31, 2014. The percentage of the allowance of loan losses to total loans receivable declined during 2015 primarily due to continued growth of the multi- family and commercial real estate portfolios, which have lower reserving factors due to their notably better historical loss experience than other commercial loans. Net charge-offs were $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $8.9 million compared to $3.1 million for the year ending December 31, 2014. The increase in net charge offs was driven by the identification of a $9.0 million fraudulent loan that was charged-off in its entirety during 2015. Customers had approximately $13.8 million and $42.2 million in loans that were covered under loss share arrangements with the FDIC as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The period to submit losses for non-single family loans under the loss sharing agreements expired in third quarter 2015. The period to submit losses for single family loans expires in third quarter 2017. The final maturity of the FDIC loss sharing agreements occurs in third quarter 2020. Customers Bank considers the covered loans in estimating the allowance for loan losses and considers recovery of estimated credit losses from the FDIC in the FDIC indemnification asset. Refer to “Critical Accounting Policies” herein and “NOTE 3 – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION” for further discussion on the accounting for the FDIC loss sharing receivable balance. 68 Table of Contents The chart below depicts the Bank's allowance for loan losses, excluding the effects of the FDIC receivable, for the periods indicated. (amounts in thousands) Beginning Balance Loan charge-offs: (1) Construction Commercial and industrial (2) Commercial real estate (3) Residential real estate Other consumer Total Charge-offs Loan recoveries (1): Construction Commercial and industrial (2) Commercial real estate (3) Residential real estate Other consumer Total Recoveries Total net charge-offs Provision for loan losses (4) For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 $ 30,932 $ 23,998 $ 25,837 $ 15,032 $ 15,129 1,064 11,709 327 276 36 13,412 204 562 — 575 92 1,433 11,979 16,694 895 1,637 1,715 667 33 4,947 13 736 801 265 8 1,823 3,124 10,058 2,096 1,387 3,358 410 87 7,338 — 391 42 2 9 444 6,894 5,055 2,507 522 2,462 649 26 6,166 4 514 63 5 114 700 5,466 16,271 1,179 2,543 5,775 109 55 9,661 2 11 94 — 7 114 9,547 9,450 Ending Balance Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans receivable $ 35,647 $ 30,932 $ 23,998 $ 25,837 $ 15,032 0.26% 0.09% 0.37% 0.38% 1.20% (1) (2) (3) (4) Charge-offs and recoveries on purchased-credit-impaired loans that are accounted for in pools are recognized on a net basis when the pool matures. Includes owner occupied commercial real estate loans for 2015 and 2014. Includes non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans for 2015 and 2014. For 2013, 2012 and 2011, includes owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans. The provision amounts exclude the (cost)/benefit of the FDIC loss share arrangements of $(3.9) million, $(4.7) million, $2.8 million, $2.0 million, and $2.0 million, respectively. The allowance for loan losses is based on a periodic evaluation of the loan portfolio and is maintained at a level that management considers adequate to absorb probable losses incurred as of the balance sheet date. All commercial loans are assigned credit risk ratings, based upon an assessment of the borrower, the structure of the transaction and the available collateral and/or guarantees. All loans are monitored regularly by the responsible officer, and the risk ratings are adjusted when considered appropriate. The risk assessment allows management to identify problem loans timely. Management considers a variety of factors, and recognizes the inherent risk of loss that always exists in the lending process. Management uses a disciplined methodology to estimate an appropriate level of allowance for loan losses. Refer to “Critical Accounting Policies” herein and “NOTE 3 – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION” for further discussion on management's methodology for estimating the allowance for loan losses. Approximately 80% of the Bank’s commercial real estate, commercial and residential construction, consumer residential and commercial and industrial loan types have real estate as collateral (collectively, “the real estate portfolio”). The Bank’s lien position on the real estate collateral will vary on a loan-by-loan basis and will change as a result of changes in the value of the collateral. Current appraisals providing current value estimates of the property are received when the Bank’s credit group determines that the facts and circumstances have significantly changed since the date of the last appraisal, including that real estate values have deteriorated. The credit committee and loan officers review loans that are fifteen or more days delinquent 69 Table of Contents and all non-accrual loans on a periodic basis. In addition, loans where the loan officers have identified a “borrower of interest” are discussed to determine if additional analysis is necessary to apply the risk rating criteria properly. The risk ratings for the real estate loan portfolio are determined based upon the current information available, including but not limited to discussions with the borrower, updated financial information, economic conditions within the geographic area and other factors that may affect the cash flow of the loan. If a loan is individually evaluated for impairment, the collateral value or discounted cash flow analysis is used to determine the estimated fair value of the underlying collateral and compared, net of estimated selling costs, to the outstanding loan balance to measure a specific reserve. Appraisals used in this evaluation process are typically less than two years aged. For loans where real estate is not the primary source of collateral, updated financial information is obtained, including accounts receivable and inventory aging reports and relevant supplemental financial data to estimate the fair value of the loan and compared, net of estimated selling costs, to the outstanding loan balance to estimate the required reserve. These impairment measurements are inherently subjective as they require material estimates, including, among others, estimates of property values in appraisals, the amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on individual loans, and general considerations for historical loss experience, economic conditions, uncertainties in estimating losses and inherent risks in the various credit portfolios, all of which require judgment and may be susceptible to significant change overtime and as a result of changing economic conditions or other factors. Pursuant to ASC 450 Contingencies and ASC 310-40 Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, impaired loans, consisting primarily of non-accrual and restructured loans, are considered in the methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses. Impaired loans are generally evaluated based on the expected future cash flows or the fair value of the underlying collateral (less estimated costs to sell) if principal repayment is expected to come from the sale or operation of such collateral. The following table shows the allowance for loan losses by various loan portfolios: 2015 2014 December 31, 2013 2012 2011 Percent of Loans in each category to total loans Percent of Loans in each category to total loans Allowance for loan losses Percent of Loans in each category to total loans Percent of Loans in each category to total loans Percent of Loans in each category to total loans Allowance for loan losses Allowance for loan losses Allowance for loan losses Allowance for loan losses $ 1,074 3.0% $ 1,047 3.4% $ 2,385 9.9% $ 3,991 15.4% $ 4,656 31.0% 10,212 28.6% 9,120 29.5% 2,674 11.2% 1,477 5.7% 1,441 9.6% 8,420 12,016 3,298 133 23.6% 33.7% 9.3% 0.4% 9,198 8,493 2,698 114 29.7% 11,478 4,227 27.5% 47.8% 13,645 1,794 17.6% 8.7% 0.4% 2,490 130 10.4% 0.5% 3,233 154 52.9% 6.9% 12.5% 0.6% 5,447 1,583 36.2% 10.5% 844 77 5.6% 0.5% 494 1.4% 262 0.8% 614 2.6% 750 2.9% 1 —% (amounts in thousands) Construction Commercial and industrial (a) Commercial real estate (b) Multi-family Residential real estate Other consumer Manufactured housing Mortgage warehouse Residual reserve — — $ 35,647 —% —% — — 100.0% $ 30,932 —% —% — — 100.0% $ 23,998 —% —% 71 722 100.0% $ 25,837 0.3% 2.8% 929 54 100.0% $ 15,032 6.2% 0.4% 100.0% (a) Includes owner occupied commercial real estate loans for 2015 and 2014. (b) Includes non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans for 2015 and 2014. For 2013, 2012 and 2011, includes owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans. ASSET QUALITY Customers divides its loan portfolio into two categories to analyze and understand loan activity and performance: loans that were originated, and loans that were acquired. Customers' originated loans were subject to the current underwriting standards that were put in place in 2009. Management believes this additional information provides a better understanding of the risk in 70 Table of Contents the portfolio and the various types of reserves that are available to absorb loan losses that may arise in future periods. Credit losses from originated loans are absorbed by the allowance for loan loss reserves. Credit losses from acquired loans are absorbed by the allowance for loan losses, nonaccretable difference fair value marks, and cash reserves, as described below. The allowance for loan losses is to absorb only those losses estimated to have been incurred after acquisition, whereas the fair value mark and cash reserves absorb losses estimated to have been embedded in the acquired loans at acquisition. This schedule includes both loans held for sale and loans held for investment. Asset Quality at December 31, 2015 Total Loans Current 30-90 Days Greater than 90 Days and Accruing Non- accrual/ NPL (a) OREO (b) NPA (a)+(b) NPL to Loan Type (%) NPA to Loans + OREO (%) Loan Type (amounts in thousands) Originated Loans Multi-Family 2,903,814 2,903,814 Commercial & Industrial (1) 990,621 987,783 Commercial Real Estate Non-Owner Occupied Residential Construction Other Consumer 906,544 113,858 87,006 712 905,756 113,757 87,006 712 — 78 — 69 — — Total Originated Loans 5,002,555 4,998,828 147 — — — — — — — — 2,760 788 32 — — — 153 — — — — — 2,913 788 32 — — —% 0.28% 0.09% 0.03% —% —% —% 0.29% 0.09% 0.03% —% —% 3,580 153 3,733 0.07% 0.07% Loans Acquired Bank Acquisitions Loan Purchases Total Loans Acquired Unearned Origination Fees 206,971 243,619 450,590 334 190,117 232,692 422,809 334 5,842 3,898 9,740 — 6,269 4,581 10,850 — 4,743 2,448 7,191 — 4,379 525 9,122 2,973 4,904 12,095 — — 2.29% 1.00% 1.60% 4.32% 1.22% 2.66% Total Loans Receivable 5,453,479 5,421,971 9,887 10,850 10,771 5,057 15,828 0.20% 0.29% Total Loans Held for Sale 1,797,064 1,797,064 — — — — — Total Portfolio $7,250,543 $ 7,219,035 $ 9,887 $ 10,850 $ 10,771 $ 5,057 $ 15,828 0.15% 0.22% (1) Commercial & industrial loans, including owner occupied commercial real estate. 71 Table of Contents Asset Quality at December 31, 2015 (continued) Loan Type Total Loans NPL ALL Cash Reserve Total Credit Reserves Reserves to Loans (%) Reserves to NPLs (%) Originated Loans Multi-Family Commercial & Industrial Commercial Real Estate Residential Construction Other Consumer 2,903,814 — 12,016 990,621 906,544 113,858 87,006 712 2,760 788 32 — — 8,864 3,706 1,992 1,074 9 Total Originated Loans 5,002,555 3,580 27,661 Loans Acquired Bank Acquisitions Loan Purchases Total Loans Acquired Unearned Origination Fees Total Loans Held for Investment Total Loans Held for Sale 206,971 243,619 450,590 334 4,743 2,448 7,191 7,492 494 7,986 5,453,479 1,797,064 10,771 35,647 — — — — — — — — — — 1,159 1,159 1,159 — 12,016 8,864 3,706 1,992 1,074 9 27,661 7,492 1,653 9,145 36,806 — 0.41% 0.89% 0.41% 1.75% 1.23% 1.26% 0.55% 3.62% 0.68% 2.03% n/a 321.16% 470.30% 6,225.00% n/a n/a 772.65% 157.96% 67.52% 127.17% 0.67% 341.71% Total Portfolio $ 7,250,543 $ 10,771 $ 35,647 $ 1,159 $ 36,806 0.51% 341.71% Originated Loans Post 2009 originated loans (excluding held-for-sale loans) totaled $5.0 billion, or 69.0%, of total loans at December 31, 2015, compared to $3.8 billion, or 66.7%, at December 31, 2014. The new management team adopted new underwriting standards that management believes better limits risks of loss. Only $3.6 million, or 0.07%, of the post 2009 loans were non-performing at December 31, 2015. Only $2.9 million, or 0.08%, of the post 2009 loans were non-performing at December 31, 2014. The post 2009 originated loans were supported by an allowance for loan losses of $27.7 million (0.55% of post 2009 originated loans) and $21.1 million (0.55% of post 2009 originated loans) at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Loans Acquired At December 31, 2015, Customers reported $0.5 billion of acquired loans, which was 6.2% of total loans, compared to $0.5 billion, or 8.3%, of total loans at December 31, 2014. Non-performing acquired loans totaled $7.2 million at December 31, 2015 and $8.8 million at December 31, 2014. When loans are acquired, they are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value. Acquired loans include purchased portfolios, FDIC failed-bank acquisitions, and unassisted acquisitions. Of the manufactured housing loans purchased from Tammac prior to 2012, $63.4 million were supported by a $1.2 million cash reserve at December 31, 2015, compared to $70.6 million supported by a cash reserve of $3.0 million at December 31, 2014. The cash reserve was created as part of the purchase transaction to absorb losses and is maintained in a demand deposit account at Customers. All current losses and delinquent interest are absorbed by this reserve. For the manufactured housing loans purchased in 2012, Tammac has an obligation to pay the Customers the full payoff amount of the defaulted loan, including any principal, unpaid interest, or advances on the loans, once the borrower vacates the property. At December 31, 2015, $41.9 million of these loans were outstanding, compared to $47.5 million at December 31, 2014. Many of the acquired loans were purchased at a discount. The price paid considered management’s judgment as to the credit and interest rate risk inherent in the portfolio at the time of purchase. Every quarter, management reassesses the risk and adjusts the cash flow forecast to incorporate changes in the credit outlook. Generally, a decrease in forecasted cash flows for a purchased loan will result in a provision for loan losses, and absent charge-offs, an increase in the allowance for loan losses. Acquired loans have a significantly higher percentage of non-performing loans than loans originated after September 2009. Management acquired these loans with the expectation that non-performing loan levels would be elevated, and therefore incorporated that expectation into the price paid. There is a Special Assets Group that focuses on workouts for these acquired non-performing assets. Total acquired loans were supported by reserves (allowance for loan losses and cash reserves) of $9.1 million (2.03% of total acquired loans) and $12.9 million (2.69% of total acquired loans), respectively, at December 31, 2015 and 2014. 72 Table of Contents Held-for-Sale Loans At December 31, 2015, loans held for sale were $1.8 billion, or 24.8%, of the total loan portfolio, compared to $1.4 billion, or 25.0% of the total loan portfolio at December 31, 2014. The loans held-for-sale portfolio at December 31, 2015 included $1.8 billion of loans to mortgage banking businesses, $39.3 million of multi-family loans and $2.9 million of residential mortgage loans, compared to $1.3 billion of loans to mortgage banking businesses, $99.8 million of multi-family loans and $3.6 million of residential mortgages loans at December 31, 2014. Held-for-sale loans are carried on our balance sheet at either fair value (due to the election of the fair value option) or the lower of cost of fair value. An allowance for loan losses is not recorded on loans that are held for sale. Customers manages its credit risk through the diversification of the loan portfolio and the application of policies and procedures designed to foster sound credit standards and monitoring practices. While various degrees of credit risk are associated with substantially all investing activities, the lending function carries the greatest degree of potential loss. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, non-performing loans to total loans were 0.15% and 0.20%, respectively. Total reserves to non- performing loans were 341.7% and 289.6%, respectively, at December 31, 2015 and 2014. The tables below set forth non-accrual loans and non-performing assets and asset quality ratios: 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 December 31, (amounts in thousands) Loans 90+ days delinquent still accruing (1) Non-accrual loans OREO Total non-performing assets $ $ (1) Excludes purchased-credit-impaired loans. 2,805 $ 4,388 $ 3,772 $ 1,966 $ — 10,771 5,057 15,828 $ 11,733 15,371 27,104 $ 19,163 12,265 31,428 $ 32,851 8,114 40,965 $ 36,626 13,482 50,108 Non-accrual loans to total loans receivable Non-accrual loans to total loans Non-performing assets to total assets 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 December 31, 0.20% 0.27% 0.78% 2.48% 2.73% 0.15% 0.20% 0.60% 1.19% 2.42% 0.19% 0.40% 0.76% 1.28% 2.41% Non-accrual loans and 90+ days delinquent to total assets 0.16% 0.24% 0.55% 1.09% 1.76% Allowance for loan losses to: Total loans receivable Non-accrual loans 0.65% 0.72% 0.97% 330.95% 263.63% 125.23% 1.95% 78.65% 1.12% 41.04% 73 Table of Contents The table below sets forth loans that were non-performing at December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011. (amounts in thousands) Commercial and industrial (1) Commercial real estate (2) Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Construction Residential real estate Manufactured housing Other consumer Total non-performing loans 2015 2014 December 31, 2013 2012 2011 $ $ $ 1,973 2,700 $ 2,513 2,514 $ 125 11,615 $ 388 21,482 1,307 — 2,202 2,449 140 10,771 $ 1,460 2,325 1,855 931 135 11,733 $ N/A 5,431 1,533 459 — 19,163 $ N/A 7,667 3,027 231 56 32,851 $ 2,857 22,720 N/A 8,214 2,717 78 40 36,626 (1) (2) Includes owner occupied commercial real estate loans for 2015 and 2014. Includes non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans for 2015 and 2014. For 2013, 2012 and 2011, includes owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans. Customers seeks to manage credit risk through the diversification of the loan portfolio and the application of credit underwriting policies and procedures designed to foster sound credit standards and monitoring practices. While various degrees of credit risk are associated with substantially all investing activities, the lending function carries the greatest degree of potential loss. Asset quality assurance activities include careful monitoring of borrower payment status and the periodic review of borrower current financial information to ensure ongoing financial strength and borrower cash flow viability. The Bank has established credit policies and procedures, seeks the consistent application of those policies and procedures across the organization, and adjusts policies as appropriate for changes in market conditions and applicable regulations. Problem Loan Identification and Management To facilitate the monitoring of credit quality within the commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, construction portfolio and residential real estate segments, and for purposes of analyzing historical loss rates used in the determination of the allowance for loan losses for the respective portfolio segment, Customers utilizes the following categories of risk ratings: pass (there are six risk ratings of pass loans), special mention, substandard, doubtful or loss. The risk rating categories, which are derived from standard regulatory rating definitions, are assigned upon initial approval of credit to borrowers and updated periodically thereafter. Pass ratings, which are assigned to those borrowers who do not have an identified potential or well- defined weaknesses and for which there is a high likelihood of orderly repayment, are updated periodically based on the size and credit characteristics of the borrower. All other categories are updated on a quarterly basis during the month preceding the end of the calendar quarter. While assigning risk ratings involves judgment, the risk rating process allows management to identify riskier credits in a timely manner and allocate the appropriate resources to managing the loans. Customers assigns a special mention rating to loans that have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may, at some future date, result in the deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan and our credit position. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, special mention loans were $24.5 million and $34.6 million, respectively. Risk ratings are not established for home equity loans, consumer loans, and installment loans, mainly because these portfolios consist of a larger number of homogenous loans with smaller balances. Instead, these portfolios are evaluated for risk mainly based on aggregate payment history, through the monitoring of delinquency levels and trends. A regular reporting and review process is in place to provide for proper portfolio oversight and control, and to monitor those loans identified as problem credits by management. This process is designed to assess our progress in working toward a solution, and to assist in determining an appropriate specific allowance for possible losses. All loan work-out situations involve the active participation of management and are reported regularly to the Board. When a loan becomes delinquent 90 days or 74 Table of Contents more, or earlier if considered appropriate, the loan is assigned to Customers’ Special Asset Group (“SAG”) for workout or other resolution. Loan charge-offs are determined on a case-by-case basis. Loans are generally charged off when principal is likely to be unrecoverable and after appropriate collection steps have been taken. Loan charge-offs are proposed by the SAG and approved by the Board of Directors. Loan policies and procedures are reviewed internally for possible revisions and changes on a regular basis. In addition, these policies and procedures, together with the loan portfolio, are reviewed on a periodic basis by various regulatory agencies and by our internal, external and loan review auditors, as part of their examination and audit procedures. Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs) At December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were $11.4 million and $5.0 million, respectively, in loans reported as TDRs. TDRs are considered impaired loans in the calendar year of their restructuring and are evaluated to determine whether they should be placed on non-accrual status. In subsequent years, a TDR may be returned to accrual status if it satisfies a minimum six-month performance requirement; however, it will remain classified as an impaired loan. Generally, Customers requires sustained performance for nine months before returning a TDR to accrual status. Modification of purchased-credit-impaired loans that are accounted for within loan pools in accordance with the accounting standards for purchased-credit-impaired loans do not result in the removal of these loans from the pool even if modifications would otherwise be considered a TDR. Accordingly, as each pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an expectation of cash flows, modifications of loans within such pools are not reported as TDRs. TDR modifications primarily involve interest rate concessions, extensions of term, deferrals of principal, and other modifications. Other modifications typically reflect other nonstandard terms which Customers would not offer in non-troubled situations. During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, loans aggregating $7.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively, were modified in troubled debt restructurings. TDR modifications of loans within the commercial and industrial category were primarily interest rate concessions, deferrals of principal and other modifications; modifications of commercial real estate loans were primarily deferrals of principal, extensions of term and other modifications; and modifications of residential real estate loans were primarily interest rate concessions and deferrals of principal. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were no commitments to lend additional funds to debtors whose terms have been modified in troubled debt structuring. There were no valuation losses at the time of the troubled debt restructuring and the TDR had no impact on the allowance for loan losses. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2015, thirty-six TDR loans defaulted with a total recorded investment of $2.5 million. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2014, six TDR loans defaulted with a total recorded investment of $0.4 million. Because these loans were included in the loan portfolio that is subject to the cash reserve, they will be removed from the loan portfolio if they become ninety days past due. All loans modified in troubled debt restructurings are considered impaired and measured for impairment. The nature and extent of impairment of TDRs, including those which have experienced a subsequent default, is considered in the determination of an appropriate level of allowance for loan losses. There were 3 specific allowances resulting from TDR modifications during 2015, totaling $0.2 million for 2 commercial and industrial loans, and $0.1 million for 1 commercial real estate non-owner occupied loan. There were no specific allowances resulting from TDR modifications during 2014. FDIC LOSS SHARING RECEIVABLE AND CLAWBACK LIABILITY As of December 2015 and 2014, loans covered under loss sharing agreements with the FDIC were $13.8 million and $42.2 million, respectively. As part of the FDIC loss sharing arrangements, Customers also assumed a liability to be paid within 45 days subsequent to the maturity or termination of the loss sharing arrangements that is contingent upon actual losses incurred over the life of the arrangements relative to expected losses and the consideration paid upon acquisition of the failed institutions. Due to cash received on the covered assets in excess of the original cash to be received expectations of the FDIC, the Bank anticipates that it will be required to pay the FDIC at the end of its loss sharing arrangements. As of December 31, 2015, a clawback liability of $2.3 million has been recorded. To the extent actual losses on the covered assets are less than estimated losses, the clawback liability will increase. To the extent actual losses on the covered assets are more than the estimated losses, the clawback liability will decrease. 75 Table of Contents As of December 31, 2015, the Bank expected to collect $0.2 million from the FDIC for estimated losses and reimbursement of external costs, such as legal fees, real estate taxes and appraisal expenses, and estimated the clawback liability due to the FDIC in 2020 at $2.3 million. The net amount of $2.1 million is included in "Accrued interest payable and other liabilities" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. ACCRUED INTEREST RECEIVABLE Accrued interest receivable increased by $4.7 million, or 31.1%, to $19.9 million at December 31, 2015 from $15.2 million at December 31, 2014. This increase was primarily associated with the increase in total loans of $1.5 billion to $7.3 billion at December 31, 2015 from $5.7 billion at December 31, 2014. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT AND OTHER ASSETS Our premises and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, was $11.5 million and $10.8 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Technology equipment contributed $1.2 million due to the increase of additional technology, facilities and team members. Leasehold improvements and furniture and equipment purchases contributed $1.7 million to the increase. Customers Bank’s restricted stock holdings at December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $90.8 million and $82.0 million, respectively. These consist of stock of the Federal Reserve Bank, Federal Home Loan Bank and Atlantic Central Bankers Bank, and are required as part of our relationship with these banks. Other assets at December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $73.3 million and $52.9 million, respectively. Activity that contributed to the increase of $20.4 million included $14.9 million of deferred taxes primarily driven by increases in taxable income and changes in the value of investment securities, and $4.3 million of cash pledged for interest rate swaps. BOLI purchases of $15.0 million during 2015 contributed to the increase in our BOLI cash surrender value of $18.5 million, to $157.2 million at December 31, 2015 from $138.7 million at December 31, 2014. BOLI is used by the Bank as tax-free funding for employee benefits. Covered in BOLI on the balance sheet is the cash surrender value of the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“SERP”) balance of $2.7 million and $2.8 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. DEPOSITS The Bank offers a variety of deposit accounts, including checking, savings, money market deposit accounts (“MMDA”) and time deposits. Deposits are obtained primarily from our geographic service area. Total deposits grew to $5.9 billion at December 31, 2015, an increase of $1.4 billion, or 30.4%, from $4.5 billion at December 31, 2014. Transaction deposits increased by $0.7 billion, or 26.3%, to $3.6 billion at December 31, 2015 from $2.8 billion at December 31, 2014, with non- interest bearing deposits increasing by $107 million. Certificate of deposit accounts increased $0.6 billion, or 37.2%, to $2.3 billion at December 31, 2015 from $1.7 billion at December 31, 2014. The components of deposits were as follows at the dates indicated: (amounts in thousands) Demand, non-interest bearing Demand, interest bearing Savings, including MMDA Time, $100,000 and over Time, other Total deposits December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 653,679 127,215 2,781,010 1,624,562 723,035 5,909,501 $ $ 546,436 71,202 2,203,237 1,043,265 668,398 4,532,538 $ $ 478,103 58,013 1,298,468 797,322 328,016 2,959,922 We experienced growth in retail deposits, despite lower interest rates in 2015. Non-interest bearing demand deposits totaled $0.7 billion at December 31, 2015, up from $0.5 billion at December 31, 2014. 76 Table of Contents Average deposit balances by type and the associated average rate paid are summarized below: For the Years ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Average Balance Average Rate Paid Average Balance Average Rate Paid Average Balance Average Rate Paid (amounts in thousands) Demand deposits Interest-bearing demand deposits Savings, including MMDA Time deposits Total $ 692,159 123,527 2,449,778 2,087,641 $ 5,353,105 0.00% $ 0.56 0.52 0.99 620,385 62,840 1,753,691 1,403,774 $ 3,840,690 0.00% $ 0.61 0.42 0.96 385,175 45,613 1,138,200 1,251,707 $ 2,820,695 0.00% 0.52 0.68 1.04 At December 31, 2015, the scheduled maturities of time deposits greater than $100,000 were as follows: (amounts in thousands) 3 months or less Over 3 through 6 months Over 6 through 12 months Over 12 months Total December 31, 2015 $ $ 289,462 653,273 397,203 284,624 1,624,562 FHLB ADVANCES and OTHER BORROWINGS Borrowed funds from various sources are generally used to supplement deposit growth and meet other operating needs. The Bank strategically views the short term FHLB advances as funding the loans to mortgage companies national business. Short-term debt Short-term debt was as follows: 2015 December 31, 2014 2013 Amount Rate Amount Rate Amount Rate (amounts in thousands) FHLB advances Federal funds purchased $ 1,365,300 70,000 Total short-term borrowings $ 1,435,300 0.48% $ 1,298,000 0.56 — $ 1,298,000 0.29% $ — $ 611,500 13,000 624,500 0.26% 0.48% For additional information on the Company’s short-term debt, refer to “NOTE 11 – BORROWINGS.” Long-term debt The contractual maturities of fixed-rate long-term FHLB advances are as noted below. (amounts in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 2019 December 31, 2015 2014 Amount Rate Amount Rate — 205,000 55,000 — 260,000 $ $ 77 —% $ 1.18 1.61 — $ 85,000 180,000 55,000 — 320,000 0.59% 1.21 1.61 — Table of Contents Senior notes On June 26, 2014, Customers Bancorp, Inc. closed a private placement transaction in which it issued $25.0 million of 4.625% senior notes due 2019. Interest is paid semi-annually in arrears in June and December. The notes are unsecured obligations of the Bancorp and rank equally with all of its secured and unsecured senior indebtedness. In July and August 2013, the Bancorp issued $63.3 million in aggregate principal amount of senior notes due 2018. The notes bear interest at 6.375% per year which is payable on March 15, June 15, September 15, and December 15. Subordinated debt On June 26, 2014, Customers Bank closed a private placement transaction in which it issued $110.0 million of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2029. The subordinated notes bear interest at an annual fixed rate of 6.125% until June 26, 2024, and interest is paid semiannually. From June 26, 2024, the subordinated notes will bear an annual interest rate equal to three- month LIBOR plus 344.3 basis points until maturity on June 26, 2029. Customers Bank has the ability to call the subordinated notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal balance at certain times on or after June 26, 2024. The subordinated notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Shareholders’ equity increased by $110.8 million to $553.9 million at December 31, 2015, from $443.1 million at December 31, 2014. The increase in equity was primarily the result of net income for 2015 of $58.6 million and the issuance of 2,300,000 shares of preferred stock, the latter resulting in a $55.6 million increase to shareholders' equity. On May 18, 2015, Customers Bancorp issued 2,300,000 shares of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C, par value $1.00 per share, with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. Dividends on the Preferred Stock totaled $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. For additional information regarding this offering, refer to "NOTE 12 - SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY." On August 24, 2015, Customers Bancorp's board of directors declared a cash dividend on its Series C Preferred Stock of $0.56875 per share. The dividend was paid on September 15, 2015 to shareholders of record on August 31, 2015. On November 17, 2015, Customers Bancorp's board of directors declared a cash dividend on its Series C Preferred Stock of $0.4375 per share. The dividend was paid on December 15, 2015 to shareholders of record on November 30, 2015. During 2015 all of the remaining 1.1 million shares of Class B Non-Voting Common Stock were converted into 1.1 million shares of Voting Common Stock. During 2015 Customers issued 156,272 shares of Common Stock, 27,674 shares were issued to directors in lieu of meeting retainer fees, 98,386 shares were issued under share-based compensation arrangements, 22,601 shares under the employee stock purchase plan, and 7,611 upon exercise of outstanding warrants. During 2014, the Bancorp: • • declared a 10% stock dividend to all shareholders of record as of May 27, 2014. This special dividend was paid on June 30, 2014 in the form of an aggregate of 2.4 million additional shares of Common Stock; issued 91,457 shares of Common Stock, 52,770 shares were issued to directors in lieu of meeting retainer fees, 34,414 shares were issued under share-based compensation arrangements and 4,273 shares under the employee stock purchase plan. During 2013, the Bancorp: • • • sold 6.2 million shares of new issue Voting Common Stock to the public at a price of $16.75 per share. The net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses were $97.5 million; converted 3.7 million shares of Class B Non-Voting Common Stock into 3.7 million shares of Voting Common Stock; authorized a stock repurchase plan in which the Bancorp could acquire up to 5% of its current outstanding shares at prices not to exceed a 20% premium over the current book value. The repurchase program may be suspended, modified or 78 Table of Contents discontinued at any time, and the Bancorp has no obligation to repurchase any amount of its Common Stock under the program; repurchased 0.5 million shares under the stock repurchase program discussed above; issued 23,413 shares of Common Stock under share-based compensation arrangements; issued 31,904 shares of Class B Non-Voting Common Stock and 14,869 shares of Voting Common Stock upon exercise of outstanding warrants; and repurchased warrants to purchase 17,227 shares of voting Common Stock and 17,227 shares of Class B Non-Voting stock. • • • • For additional details relating to changes in the Bancorp’s shareholders’ equity, refer to the “Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders Equity” presented in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Form 10-K. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Liquidity for a financial institution is a measure of that institution’s ability to meet depositors’ needs for funds, to satisfy or fund loan commitments, and for other operating purposes. Ensuring adequate liquidity is an objective of the Asset/Liability Management process. Customers coordinates its management of liquidity with our interest rate sensitivity and capital position, and strives to maintain a strong liquidity position. Customers' investment portfolio provides periodic cash flows through regular maturities and amortization, and can be used as collateral to secure additional liquidity funding. Our principal sources of funds are proceeds from common and preferred stock issuance, deposits, debt issuance, principal and interest payments on loans, and other funds from operations. Borrowing arrangements are maintained with the Federal Home Loan Bank and the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia to meet short- term liquidity needs. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, our borrowing capacity with the Federal Home Loan Bank was $3.7 billion and $3.2 billion, respectively, of which $1.4 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively, was used in short-term borrowings. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, our borrowing capacity with the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia was $59.2 million and $62.7 million, respectively. Net cash flows used in operating activities were $356.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to net cash flows used in operating activities of $542.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Origination of loans held for sale in excess of the proceeds from the sales of loans contributed $422.1 million to cash flows used in operating activities during 2015. Origination of loans held for sale in excess of the proceeds from the sales of loans contributed $585.1 million to cash flows used in operating activities during 2014. Investing activities used net cash flows of $1.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to the net cash flows used in investing activities of $1.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2014. The net increase in loans was $1.3 billion for the year ended December 21, 2015 compared to a net increase of $1.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2014. Financing activities provided $1.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $2.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2014. For 2015, increases in cash from deposits provided $1.4 billion and net proceeds from a preferred stock issuance provided $55.6 million. For 2014, increases in cash from deposits provided $1.6 billion, net proceeds from short-term FHLB advances provided $0.6 billion and net proceeds from long-term FHLB advances provided $0.3 billion. Overall, based on our core deposit base and available sources of borrowed funds, management believes that we have adequate resources to meet our short-term and long-term cash requirements for the foreseeable future. CAPITAL ADEQUACY The Bank and the Bancorp are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet the minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on Customers' financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank and Bancorp must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items, as calculated under the regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Prompt corrective action provisions are not applicable to bank holding companies. 79 Table of Contents Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Bank and Bancorp to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the following table) of total and Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets and of Tier 1 capital to average assets (as defined in the regulations). The Dodd-Frank Act required the FRB to establish minimum consolidated capital requirements for bank holding companies that are as stringent as those required for insured depositary subsidiaries. In 2013, the federal banking agencies approved rules that implemented the Dodd-Frank requirements and certain other regulatory capital reforms effective January 1, 2015, that (i) introduced a new capital ratio pursuant to the prompt corrective action provisions, the common equity tier 1 capital to risk rated assets ratio, (ii) increased the adequately capitalized and well capitalized thresholds for the Tier 1 risk based capital ratios to 6% and 8%, respectively, (iii) changed the treatment of certain capital components for determining Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital, and (iv) changed the risk weighting of certain assets and off balance sheet items in determining risk weighted assets. To be categorized as well capitalized, an institution must maintain minimum common equity Tier 1, total risk based, Tier 1 risk based and Tier 1 leveraged ratios as set forth in the following table: (amounts in thousands) December 31, 2015 Common equity Tier 1 (to risk- weighted assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank Tier 1 capital (to average assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank December 31, 2014 Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank Tier 1 capital (to average assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Actual For Capital Adequacy Purposes To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio 500,624 565,217 7.61% $ 296,014 4.50% N/A 8.62% $ 294,916 4.50% $ 425,990 698,323 710,864 10.62% $ 526,247 10.85% $ 524,295 8.0% N/A 8.0% $ 655,369 556,193 565,217 556,193 565,217 8.46% $ 394,685 8.62% $ 393,221 6.0% N/A 6.0% $ 524,295 7.16% $ 310,812 7.30% $ 309,883 4.0% N/A 4.0% $ 387,353 N/A 6.50% N/A 10.0% N/A 8.0% N/A 5.0% 578,644 621,894 11.09 % $ 417,473 11.98 % $ 415,141 8.0 % N/A 8.0 % $ 518,926 N/A 10.0 % 437,712 480,963 437,712 480,963 8.39 % $ 208,737 9.27 % $ 207,570 4.0 % N/A 4.0 % $ 311,356 6.69 % $ 261,622 7.39 % $ 260,462 4.0 % N/A 4.0 % $ 325,577 N/A 6.0 % N/A 5.0 % At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Bank and Bancorp met all capital adequacy requirements to which they were subject. 80 Table of Contents Capital Ratios Customers continued to build the amount of capital during 2015. In general, for the past few years, capital growth has been achieved by retained earnings and increases in capital from sales of common stock. During second quarter 2015, the Bancorp issued non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock which meets the definition of Tier 1 capital per regulatory guidelines. The net proceeds of $55.6 million is included in the Bancorp's Tier 1 capital ratios presented above. Customers is unaware of any current recommendations by the regulatory authorities which, if they were to be implemented, would have a material effect on our liquidity, capital resources, or operations. The maintenance of appropriate levels of capital is an important objective of our Asset and Liability Management process. Through our initial capitalization and our subsequent offerings, we believe we have continued to maintain a strong capital position. Beginning in first quarter 2015, and continuing for the remaining three quarters of 2015, Customers Bank's board of directors declared a cash dividend to its sole shareholder, the Bancorp. To date, cash dividends declared by the Bank and paid to the Bancorp, include the following: • • • • • $4.0 million declared on March 17, 2015 and paid on March 31, 2015; $4.0 million declared and paid on June 30, 2015; $5.5 million declared and paid on September 23, 2015; $5.0 million declared on October 28, 2015 and paid on December 10, 2015; and $5.1 million declared on January 20, 2016 and payable on March 10, 2016. Effective January 1, 2015, Customers Bancorp and Customers Bank became subject to new capital requirements as detailed earlier in this document. Management has reviewed the new requirements and both the Bank and Bancorp are compliant with the new requirements. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS Customers is involved with financial instruments and other commitments with off-balance sheet risks. Financial instruments with off-balance sheet risks are incurred in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, including unused portions of lines of credit, and standby letters of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized on the balance sheets. With commitments to extend credit, exposures to credit loss in the event of non-performance by the other party to the financial instrument is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The same credit policies are used in making commitments and conditional obligations as for on-balance sheet instruments. Because they involve credit risk similar to extending a loan, these financial instruments are subject to the Bank’s Credit Policy and other underwriting standards. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the following off-balance sheet commitments, financial instruments and other arrangements were outstanding: (amounts in thousands) Commitments to fund loans Unfunded commitments to fund mortgage warehouse loans Unfunded commitments under lines of credit Letters of credit Other unused commitments 81 December 31, 2015 2014 $ $ 537,380 1,302,759 436,550 42,002 6,360 231,294 713,619 430,995 36,206 7,685 Table of Contents Commitments to fund loans, unfunded commitments to fund mortgage warehouse loans, unfunded commitments under lines of credit and letters of credit are agreements to extend credit to or for the benefit of a customer in the ordinary course of our business. Commitments to fund loans and unfunded commitments under lines of credit may be obligations of ours as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Because many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. We evaluate each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if we deem it necessary upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation. Collateral held varies but may include personal or commercial real estate, accounts receivable, inventory and equipment. Mortgage warehouse loan commitments are agreements to fund the pipelines of mortgage banking businesses from closing of individual mortgage loans until their sale into the secondary market. Most of the individual mortgage loans are insured or guaranteed by the U.S. government through one of their programs such as FHA, VA, or are conventional loans eligible for sale to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. These commitments generally fluctuate monthly based on changes in interest rates, refinance activity, new home sales and laws and regulation. Outstanding letters of credit written are conditional commitments issued by us to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Letters of credit may obligate us to fund draws under those letters of credit whether or not a customer continues to meet the conditions of the extension of credit. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS The following table sets forth contractual obligations and other commitments representing required and potential cash outflows as of December 31, 2015. Interest on subordinated notes, FHLB long-term advances, and senior notes was calculated using then current contractual interest rates. (amounts in thousands) Operating leases Benefit plan commitments Contractual maturities of time deposits Subordinated notes Interest on subordinated notes Loan commitments FHLB long-term advances Interest on FHLB long-term advances Senior notes Interest on senior notes Other commitments (1) Standby letters of credit Total Total Within one year After one but within three years After three but within five years More than five years $ $ 19,051 4,500 2,347,597 110,000 90,882 2,276,689 260,000 5,873 88,250 14,547 6,360 42,002 5,265,751 $ $ 3,861 300 1,799,310 — 6,738 1,975,809 — 3,304 — 5,188 — 35,053 3,829,563 $ $ 7,112 600 448,765 — 13,475 96,241 260,000 2,569 63,250 8,697 6,360 5,746 912,815 $ $ 4,820 600 99,522 — 13,475 91,478 — — 25,000 662 — 1,203 236,760 $ $ 3,258 3,000 — 110,000 57,194 113,161 — — — — — — 286,613 (1) Represents a commitment expiring in approximately three years that is subject to unscheduled requests for payment. NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS For information about the impact that recently adopted or issued accounting guidance will have on us, refer to “NOTE 3 – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION”. 82 Table of Contents Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk Interest Rate Sensitivity The largest component of our net income is net interest income, and the majority of our financial instruments are interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities with various term structures and maturities. One of the primary objectives of management is to maximize net interest income while minimizing interest rate risk. Interest rate risk is derived from timing differences in the repricing of assets and liabilities, loan prepayments, deposit withdrawals, and differences in lending and funding rates. Our Asset/Liability Committee actively seeks to monitor and control the mix of interest rate sensitive assets and interest rate sensitive liabilities. We use two complementary methods to analyze and measure interest rate sensitivity as part of the overall management of interest rate risk. They are income simulation modeling and estimates of economic value of equity. The combination of these two methods provides a reasonably comprehensive summary of the levels of interest rate risk of our exposure to time factors and changes in interest rate environments. Income simulation modeling is used to measure our interest rate sensitivity and manage our interest rate risk. Income simulation considers not only the impact of changing market interest rates upon forecasted net interest income, but also other factors such as yield curve relationships, the volume and mix of assets and liabilities, customer preferences and general market conditions. Through the use of income simulation modeling, we have estimated the net interest income for the year ending December 31, 2016, based upon the assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet financial instruments in existence at December 31, 2015. We have also estimated changes to that estimated net interest income based upon interest rates rising or falling immediately (“rate shocks”). For upward rate shocks modeling a rising rate environment, current market interest rates were increased immediately by 100, 200, and 300 basis points. For downward rate shocks modeling a falling rate environment, current market rates were only decreased immediately by 100 basis points due to the limitations of the current low interest rate environment that renders the Down 200 and Down 300 rate shocks impractical. The following table reflects the estimated percentage change in estimated net interest income for the year ending December 31, 2015, that would have resulted from a shock of the referenced changes in interest rates. Net change in net interest income Rate Shocks Up 3% Up 2% Up 1% Down 1% % Change (10.2)% (3.4)% 0.1 % 2.4 % The net changes in net interest income in all scenarios are within Customers Bank’s interest rate risk policy guidelines. Economic Value of Equity (“EVE”) estimates the discounted present value of asset and liability cash flows. Discount rates are based upon market prices for comparable assets and liabilities. Upward and downward rate shocks are used to measure volatility of EVE in relation to a constant rate environment. For upward rate shocks modeling a rising rate environment, current market interest rates were increased immediately by 100, 200, and 300 basis points. For downward rate shocks modeling a falling rate environment, current market rates were only decreased immediately by 100 basis points due to the limitations of the current low interest rate environment that renders the Down 200 and Down 300 rate shocks impractical. This method of measurement primarily evaluates the longer term repricing risks and options in Customers Bank’s balance sheet. The following table reflects the estimated EVE at risk and the ratio of EVE to EVE adjusted assets at December 31, 2015, resulting from the referenced shocks to interest rates. 83 Table of Contents Rate Shocks Up 3% Up 2% Up 1% Down 1% From base (34.1)% (17.3)% (5.8)% 0.2 % The matching of assets and liabilities may also be analyzed by examining the extent to which such assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive and by monitoring a bank’s interest rate sensitivity “gap”. An asset or liability is said to be interest rate sensitive within a specific time period if it will mature or reprice within that time period. The interest rate sensitivity gap is defined as the difference between the amount of interest earning assets maturing or repricing within a specific time period and the amount of interest bearing liabilities maturing or repricing within that time period. The following table sets forth the amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities outstanding at December 31, 2015 that are anticipated, based upon certain assumptions, to reprice or mature in each of the future time periods shown. Except as stated below, the amount of assets and liabilities shown that reprice or mature during a particular period were determined in accordance with the earlier of term to repricing or the contractual maturity of the asset or liability. The table sets forth an approximation of the projected repricing of assets and liabilities at December 31, 2015 on the basis of contractual maturities, anticipated prepayments, and scheduled rate adjustments within a three-month period and subsequent selected time intervals. The loan amounts in the table reflect principal balances expected to be repaid and/or repriced as a result of contractual amortization and anticipated prepayments of adjustable and fixed rate loans, and as a result of contractual-rate adjustments on adjustable-rate loans. Balance Sheet Gap Analysis at December 31, 2015 Assets Interest earning deposits and federal funds sold Investment securities Loans (a) Other interest-earning assets Total interest-earning assets Non interest-earning assets Total assets Liabilities 3 months or less 3 to 6 months 6 to 12 months 1 to 3 years 3 to 5 years Over 5 years Total (dollars in thousands) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 210,548 $ 210,548 33,087 2,898,089 — 31,424 153,676 — 59,161 241,013 — 190,664 141,610 1,249,367 2,402,771 — — 2,931,176 185,100 300,174 1,440,031 2,544,381 — — — — — 2,931,176 185,100 300,174 1,440,031 2,544,381 80,040 264,747 93,580 648,915 316,461 965,376 535,986 7,209,663 93,580 8,049,777 316,461 $ 8,366,238 Other interest-bearing deposits $ 52,674 $ 50,850 $ 96,502 $ 325,446 $ 2,269,814 $ 112,939 $ 2,908,225 Time deposits Other borrowings Subordinated debt Total interest-bearing liabilities Non-interest-bearing liabilities Shareholders’ equity 432,304 1,385,300 — 1,870,278 27,413 — 822,460 50,000 — 923,310 26,322 — 547,332 10,000 — 653,834 49,542 — 446,818 250,000 — 100,734 — — 1,022,264 2,370,548 162,403 342,017 — — Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity 1,897,691 949,632 703,376 1,184,667 2,712,565 Interest sensitivity gap $ 1,033,485 $ $ (764,532) $ (403,202) 268,953 $ (134,249) $ $ 255,364 $ (168,184) 121,115 $ (47,069) $ $ 2,347,597 1,695,300 110,000 7,061,122 751,214 553,902 $ 8,366,238 (2,051) — 110,000 220,888 143,517 553,902 918,307 47,069 — Cumulative interest sensitivity gap Cumulative interest sensitivity gap to total assets Cumulative interest-earning assets to cumulative interest-bearing liabilities (a) Including loans held for sale 12.4% 3.2% (1.6)% 1.5% (0.6)% (0.9)% 154.5% 109.5% 96.2 % 102.6% 99.4 % 99.1 % 84 Table of Contents As shown above, we have a slightly negative cumulative gap (cumulative interest sensitive assets are lower than cumulative interest sensitive liabilities) within the next year, which generally indicates that an increase in rates may lead to a decrease in net interest income, and a decrease in rates may lead to an increase in net interest income. Interest rate sensitivity gap analysis measures whether assets or liabilities may reprice but does not capture the ability to reprice or the range of potential repricing on assets or liabilities. Thus indications based on a negative or positive gap position need to be analyzed in conjunction with other interest rate risk management tools. Management believes that the assumptions and combination of methods utilized in evaluating estimated net interest income are reasonable. However, the interest rate sensitivity of our assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet financial instruments, as well as the estimated effect of changes in interest rates on estimated net interest income, could vary substantially if different assumptions are used or actual experience differs from the assumptions used in the model. 85 Table of Contents Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Financial Statements for the three years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 INDEX TO CUSTOMERS BANCORP, INC. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Controls Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Changes In Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 95 86 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Board of Directors and Shareholders Customers Bancorp, Inc. Wyomissing, Pennsylvania We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Bancorp”) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Bancorp’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Bancorp’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated February 26, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion. /s/ BDO USA, LLP Philadelphia, Pennsylvania February 26, 2016 87 Table of Contents Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Board of Directors and Shareholders Customers Bancorp, Inc. Wyomissing, Pennsylvania We have audited Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries’ (the “Bancorp”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”). The Bancorp’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Responsibility for Financial Statements and Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Bancorp’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the COSO criteria. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the related consolidated statement of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flow for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, and our report dated February 26, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ BDO USA, LLP Philadelphia, Pennsylvania February 26, 2016 88 Table of Contents CUSTOMERS BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (amounts in thousands, except share and per share data) Cash and due from banks Interest earning deposits Cash and cash equivalents ASSETS Investment securities available for sale, at fair value Loans held for sale (includes $1,757,807 and $1,335,668, respectively at fair value) Loans receivable Allowance for loan losses Total loans receivable, net of allowance for loan losses FHLB, Federal Reserve Bank, and other restricted stock Accrued interest receivable FDIC loss sharing receivable Bank premises and equipment, net Bank-owned life insurance Other real estate owned Goodwill and other intangibles Other assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Liabilities: Deposits: Demand, non-interest bearing Interest bearing Total deposits Federal funds purchased FHLB advances Other borrowings Subordinated debt Accrued interest payable and other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (NOTES 17 and 21) Shareholders’ equity: $ $ $ December 31, 2015 2014 $ $ $ 53,550 211,043 264,593 560,253 1,797,064 5,453,479 (35,647) 5,417,832 90,841 19,939 — 11,531 157,211 5,057 3,651 73,341 8,401,313 653,679 5,255,822 5,909,501 70,000 1,625,300 88,250 110,000 44,360 7,847,411 62,746 308,277 371,023 416,685 1,435,459 4,312,173 (30,932) 4,281,241 82,002 15,205 2,320 10,810 138,676 15,371 3,664 52,914 6,825,370 546,436 3,986,102 4,532,538 — 1,618,000 88,250 110,000 33,437 6,382,225 Preferred stock, par value $1.00 per share; liquidation preference $25.00 per share; 100,000,000 shares authorized, 2,300,000 and 0 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 Common stock, par value $1.00 per share; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 27,432,061 and 27,277,789 shares issued as of December 31, 2015 and 2014; 26,901,801 and 26,745,529 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 Additional paid in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net Treasury stock, at cost (530,260 shares as of December 31, 2015 and 532,260 shares as of December 31, 2014) Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity 55,569 — 27,432 362,607 124,511 (7,984) 27,278 355,822 68,421 (122) (8,233) 553,902 8,401,313 $ (8,254) 443,145 6,825,370 $ See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 89 Table of Contents CUSTOMERS BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (amounts in thousands, except per share data) Interest income: Loans receivable, including fees Loans held for sale Investment securities Other Total interest income Interest expense: Deposits Other borrowings FHLB advances Subordinated debt Total interest expense Net interest income Provision for loan losses Net interest income after provision for loan losses Non-interest income: Mortgage warehouse transactional fees Bank-owned life insurance Gains on sales of loans Deposit fees Mortgage loan and banking income Gain (loss) on sale of investment securities Other Total non-interest income Non-interest expense: Salaries and employee benefits Professional services FDIC assessments, taxes, and regulatory fees Technology, communication and bank operations Occupancy Other real estate owned Advertising and promotion Loan workout Loss contingency Other Total non-interest expense Income before income tax expense Income tax expense Net income Preferred stock dividend Net income available to common shareholders Basic earnings per common share Diluted earnings per common share See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 90 For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ $ 182,280 51,553 10,405 5,612 249,850 33,982 6,096 6,743 6,739 53,560 196,290 20,566 175,724 10,394 7,006 4,047 944 741 (85) 4,670 27,717 58,777 11,042 10,728 10,596 8,668 2,516 1,475 1,127 — 10,017 114,946 88,495 29,912 58,583 2,493 56,090 2.09 1.96 $ $ $ $ 146,388 30,801 10,386 2,852 190,427 24,454 5,342 5,194 3,514 38,504 151,923 14,747 137,176 8,233 3,702 3,125 801 2,048 3,191 4,026 25,126 46,427 7,748 11,812 8,798 8,068 3,601 1,325 1,706 — 9,429 98,914 63,388 20,174 43,214 — 43,214 1.62 1.55 $ $ $ $ 82,580 38,140 6,314 1,122 128,156 21,020 2,024 1,192 65 24,301 103,855 2,236 101,619 12,962 2,482 852 675 1,142 1,274 3,316 22,703 35,493 5,548 5,568 6,607 6,552 1,365 1,274 2,245 2,000 7,372 74,024 50,298 17,604 32,694 — 32,694 1.34 1.30 For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 58,583 $ 43,214 $ 32,694 (10,140) 3,759 85 (32) (6,328) (2,532) 998 (1,534) (7,862) 50,721 17,437 (6,103) (3,191) 1,117 9,260 (1,945) 681 (1,264) 7,996 $ 51,210 $ (12,853) 4,499 (1,274) 446 (9,182) — — — (9,182) 23,512 Table of Contents CUSTOMERS BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (amounts in thousands) Net income Unrealized gains (losses) on securities: Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities arising during the period Income tax effect Less: reclassification adjustments for losses (gains) on securities included in net income Income tax effect Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities Unrealized losses on cash flow hedges: Unrealized losses on cash flow hedges arising during the period Income tax effect Net unrealized losses on cash flow hedges Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax effect Comprehensive income $ See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 91 Table of Contents CUSTOMERS BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY For the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (amounts in thousands, except share data) Preferred Stock Common Stock Shares of Preferred Stock Outstanding Shares of Common Stock Outstanding Preferred Stock Common Stock Additional Paid in Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Treasury Stock Total 18,459,502 $ 18,507 $ 212,090 $ 38,314 $ 1,064 $ (500) $ 269,475 Balance, January 1, 2013 Net income Other comprehensive loss Share-based compensation expense Public offering of common stock, net of costs of $5,994 Exercise and redemption of warrants Issuance of common stock under share- based-compensation arrangements Repurchase of shares Balance, December 31, 2013 Net income Other comprehensive income Stock dividend Share-based compensation expense Exercise of warrants Issuance of common stock under share- based-compensation arrangements Balance, December 31, 2014 Net income Other comprehensive loss Issuance of preferred stock, net of offering costs of $1,931 Preferred stock dividends Share-based compensation expense Exercise of warrants Issuance of common stock under share- based-compensation arrangements Balance, December 31, 2015 — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,300,000 55,569 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3,368 6,179,104 6,179 91,328 46,773 23,413 (484,641) 47 23 — 217 228 — 32,694 — — — — — — 24,224,151 24,756 307,231 — — — — — — 71,008 43,214 — 2,429,375 2,429 43,364 (45,801) — 546 91,457 — 1 92 4,209 5 1,013 26,745,529 27,278 355,822 — — — — — 7,611 — — — — — 8 — — — — 4,862 90 — — — 68,421 58,583 — — (2,493) — — — See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 92 — (9,182) — — — — — — — — — — — 32,694 (9,182) 3,368 97,507 264 251 (7,754) (7,754) (8,118) (8,254) 386,623 — 7,996 — — — — — — — — — — 43,214 7,996 (8) 4,209 6 1,105 (122) (8,254) 443,145 — (7,862) — — — — — — — — — — — 21 58,583 (7,862) 55,569 (2,493) 4,862 98 2,000 — 148,661 146 1,833 2,300,000 $ 55,569 26,901,801 $ 27,432 $ 362,607 $ 124,511 $ (7,984) $ (8,233) $ 553,902 Table of Contents CUSTOMERS BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (amounts in thousands) Cash Flows from Operating Activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: Provision for loan losses, net of change to FDIC receivable and clawback liability Loss contingency Provision for depreciation and amortization Share-based compensation expense Deferred taxes Net amortization of investment securities premiums and discounts Loss (gain) on sale of investment securities Gain on sale of mortgages and other loans Origination of loans held for sale Proceeds from the sale of loans held for sale Increase in FDIC loss sharing receivable net of clawback liability Amortization (accretion) of fair value discounts Net loss on sales of other real estate owned Valuation and other adjustments to other real estate owned, net of FDIC receivable Earnings on investment in bank-owned life insurance Increase in accrued interest receivable and other assets Increase in accrued interest payable and other liabilities Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Operating Activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities Purchases of investment securities available for sale Proceeds from maturities, calls and principal repayments on investment securities available for sale Proceeds from sales of investment securities available for sale Net increase in loans Purchase of loan portfolios Proceeds from sale of loans held for investment Net purchases of bank-owned life insurance Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance Net purchases of FHLB, Federal Reserve Bank, and other restricted stock Reimbursements from the FDIC on loss sharing agreements Purchases of bank premises and equipment Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned Net Cash Used in Investing Activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities Net increase in deposits Net increase in short-term borrowed funds from the FHLB Net increase in federal funds purchased Proceeds from long-term FHLB borrowings Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net Repayment of subordinated debt Net proceeds from issuance of preferred stock Preferred stock dividends paid Exercise and redemption of warrants Purchase of treasury stock Net proceeds from issuance of common stock Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities Net (Decrease) Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and Cash Equivalents – Beginning Cash and Cash Equivalents – Ending For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 58,583 $ 43,214 $ 32,694 20,566 — 3,998 5,661 (10,092) 858 85 (4,479) (29,925,763) 29,504,104 (2,430) 832 761 992 (7,006) (12,024) 8,706 (356,648) 14,747 — 3,604 5,237 (6,187) 821 (3,191) (5,344) 2,236 2,000 3,129 3,368 2,210 475 (1,274) (852) (18,138,339) 17,553,196 (20,670,866) 21,360,465 (2,409) (273) 966 1,979 (3,702) (16,423) 9,606 (542,498) (1,610) (912) 732 839 (2,482) (15,091) 6,974 722,035 (231,703) (164,940) (542,110) 76,331 806 49,195 213,249 (1,341,133) (1,814,196) — 248,060 (15,000) 3,384 (8,839) 3,917 (2,939) 8,890 (309,927) 162,724 (30,465) — (39,578) 5,446 (1,419) 7,991 25,109 135,193 (1,008,410) (164,033) 11,624 (45,465) — (12,261) 6,726 (3,894) 9,506 (1,258,226) (1,921,920) (1,588,015) 1,376,985 (17,700) 70,000 25,000 — — 55,569 (2,314) 98 — 806 1,508,444 (106,430) 371,023 1,572,648 633,500 — 265,000 133,142 (2,000) — — 6 — 77 2,602,373 137,955 233,068 $ 264,593 $ 371,023 $ (continued) 93 519,179 208,500 — 35,000 60,336 — — — 264 (7,754) 97,507 913,032 47,052 186,016 233,068 Table of Contents CUSTOMERS BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued) (amounts in thousands) Supplementary Cash Flow Information Interest paid Income taxes paid Non-cash Items: Transfer of loans to other real estate owned Transfer of loans from held for investment to held for sale Transfer of loans from held for sale to held for investment See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 51,313 $ 38,734 37,580 $ 29,843 24,157 9,815 3,467 $ 14,042 $ 15,003 — 30,365 164,681 18,826 — — 94 Table of Contents CUSTOMERS BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTE 1 – DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS Customers Bancorp, Inc. (the “Bancorp” or “Customers Bancorp”) is a bank holding company engaged in banking activities through its wholly owned subsidiary, Customers Bank (the “Bank”), collectively referred to as "Customers" herein. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Customers Bancorp, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Customers Bank and non-bank subsidiaries, serve residents and businesses in Southeastern Pennsylvania (Bucks, Berks, Chester, Philadelphia and Delaware Counties), Rye, New York (Westchester County), Hamilton, New Jersey (Mercer County), Boston, Massachusetts, Providence, Rhode Island, Portsmouth, New Hampshire (Rockingham County), and Manhattan, New York. The Bank has 14 full-service branches and provides commercial banking products, primarily loans and deposits. Customers Bank provides loan and other financial products to customers through its limited purpose offices in Boston, Massachusetts, Providence, Rhode Island, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Manhattan and Melville, New York and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Bank also provides liquidity to residential mortgage originators nationwide through commercial loans to mortgage companies. Customers Bank is subject to regulation of the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities and the Federal Reserve Bank and is periodically examined by those regulatory authorities. Customers Bancorp has made certain equity investments through its wholly owned subsidiaries CB Green Ventures Pte Ltd. and CUBI India Ventures Pte Ltd. NOTE 2 – ACQUISITION ACTIVITY Acquisition of Higher One, Inc.'s One Account Student Checking and Refund Management Disbursement Services Business On December 15, 2015, Customers announced that it had entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (the "Agreement") to acquire assets related to the One Account Student Checking and Refund Management Disbursement Services business ("Disbursements") of Higher One, Inc. ("Higher One"). Pursuant to the Agreement, Customers will acquire all assets of the Disbursements business, including all property and equipment, existing contractual relationships with vendors and educational institutions, and all intellectual property, will assume certain normal business related liabilities, and will commit to hire approximately 225 current Higher One employees primarily located in New Haven, Connecticut that manage the Disbursement business and serve the customers. Customers intends to retain these team members in New Haven. Customers will pay Higher One an aggregate of $42 million in cash in connection with the acquisition of the Disbursements business. Under the Agreement, Customers will pay Higher One $17 million in cash at closing and make cash payments of $10 million each on the first and second anniversaries of the closing. Customers also will pay Higher One $5 million in cash for Higher One's services under a transition services agreement. The transaction is subject to approval by Higher One stockholders which is expected to occur in the first quarter of 2016 with the transaction closing expected no later than July 1, 2016. Acquisition of Loan Portfolio In the first quarter 2014, Customers Bank purchased $277.9 million of residential adjustable-rate jumbo mortgage loans (indexed to one-year LIBOR) from Michigan-based Flagstar Bank. The purchase price was 100.75% of loans outstanding. In first quarter 2013, Customers Bank completed the purchase of certain commercial loans from Michigan-based Flagstar Bank. Under the terms of the agreement, Customers Bank acquired $182.3 million in commercial loan and related commitments, of which $155.1 million was drawn at the date of acquisition. Also, as part of the agreement, Customers Bank assumed the leases for two of Flagstar’s commercial lending offices in New England. The purchase price was 98.7% of loans outstanding. 95 Table of Contents NOTE 3 – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION Basis of Presentation The accounting and reporting policies of Customers Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries are in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and predominant practices of the banking industry. The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near-term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, credit deterioration and expected cash flows of purchased-credit-impaired loans, FDIC indemnification asset and related clawback liability, valuation of deferred tax assets, other-than-temporary impairment losses on securities, fair values of financial instruments, and annual goodwill impairment analysis. Certain amounts reported in the 2014 and 2013 financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the 2015 presentation. These reclassifications did not significantly impact Customers financial position or results of operations. Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the parent company and its wholly owned subsidiaries: Customers Bank, CB Green Ventures Pte Ltd. and CUBI India Ventures Pte Ltd. Customers Bank includes the accounts of its wholly owned subsidiary CIC, Inc. and other subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Statements of Cash Flows Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, and interest-bearing deposits with banks with a maturity date of three months or less and are recorded at cost. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents is a reasonable estimate of its approximate fair value. Changes in the balances of cash and cash equivalents are reported in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Cash receipts from the repayment or sale of loans are classified within the statement of cash flows based on management's original intent upon origination of the loan, as prescribed by accounting guidance related to the statement of cash flows. Cash used upon initial funding of Customers' mortgage warehousing lending transactions and proceeds received when the mortgage loans are sold into the secondary market are classified as operating activities within the statement of cash flows. Restrictions on Cash and Amounts due from Banks Customers Bank is required to maintain average balances on hand or with the Federal Reserve Bank. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, these reserve balances were $73.2 million and $61.2 million, respectively. Investment Securities Customers acquires securities, largely mortgage-backed securities, to effectively utilize cash and capital and to generate earnings. Security transactions are recorded as of the trade date. Securities are classified at the time of acquisition as available for sale, held to maturity, or trading, and their designation determines their accounting as follows: Available for sale: Investments securities classified as available for sale are those debt and equity securities that Customers intends to hold for an indefinite period of time but not necessarily to maturity. Investment securities available for sale are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains or losses are reported as increases or decreases in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of the related deferred tax effect. Realized gains or losses, determined on the basis of the cost of the specific securities sold, are included in earnings and recorded at the trade date. Premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities. Held to maturity: Investment securities classified as held to maturity are those debt securities that Customers has both the intent and ability to hold to maturity regardless of changes in market conditions, liquidity needs, or changes in general economic conditions. These securities are carried at cost, adjusted for the amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, computed by a method which approximates the interest method over the terms of the securities. There are no securities classified as held to maturity as of December 31, 2015 or 2014. 96 Table of Contents Trading: Investment securities classified as trading are those debt and equity securities that management intends to actively trade. These securities are carried at their current fair value, with changes in fair value reported in income. Customers does not actively trade securities. For available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities, management periodically assesses whether the securities are other than temporarily impaired. Other-than-temporary impairment means that management believes a security’s decline in fair value below its amortized cost basis is due to factors that could include the issuer’s inability to pay interest or dividends, its potential for default, and/or other factors. When a held-to-maturity or available-for-sale debt security is assessed for other-than- temporary impairment, management has to first consider (a) whether Customers intends to sell the security, and (b) whether it is more likely than not that Customers will be required to sell the security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis. If one of these circumstances applies to a security, an other-than-temporary impairment loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of income equal to the full amount of the decline in fair value below amortized cost. If neither of these circumstances applies to a security, but Customers does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost, an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred that must be separated into two categories: (a) the amount related to credit loss, and (b) the amount related to other factors. In assessing the level of other-than-temporary impairment attributable to credit loss, management compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected with the amortized cost basis of the security. The portion of the total other-than-temporary impairment related to credit loss is recognized in earnings (as the difference between the fair value and the present value of the estimated cash flows), while the amount related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. The total other-than-temporary impairment loss is presented in the statement of income, less the portion recognized in other comprehensive income. When a debt security becomes other-than-temporarily impaired, its amortized cost basis is reduced to reflect the portion of the total impairment related to credit loss. For marketable equity securities, the Bancorp considers the issuer’s financial condition, capital strength and near term prospects to determine whether an impairment is temporary or other-than-temporary. The Bancorp also considers the volatility of a security’s price in comparison to the market as a whole and any recoveries or declines in fair value subsequent to the balance sheet date. If management determines that the impairment is other-than-temporary, the entire amount of the impairment as of the balance sheet date is recognized in earnings even if the decision to sell the security has not been made. The fair value of the security becomes the new amortized cost basis of the investment and is not adjusted for subsequent recoveries in fair value. Loan Accounting Framework The accounting for a loan depends on management’s strategy for the loan, and on whether the loan was credit impaired at the date of acquisition. The Bank accounts for loans based on the following categories: • Loans Held for Sale • Loans at Fair Value • Loans Receivable • Purchased loans • Loans receivable covered under Loss Sharing Agreements with the FDIC. The following provides a detailed discussion of the accounting for loans in these categories: Loans Held for Sale and Loans at Fair Value Loans originated or acquired by the Bank with the intent to sell in the secondary market are carried either at the lower of cost or fair value, determined in the aggregate, or at fair value, depending upon an election made at the time the loan is made. These loans are generally sold on a non-recourse basis with servicing released. Gains and losses on the sale of loans accounted for at lower of cost or fair value are recognized in earnings based on the difference between the proceeds received and the carrying amount of the loans, inclusive of deferred origination fees and costs, if any. As a result of changes in events and circumstances or developments regarding management’s view of the foreseeable future, loans not originated or acquired with the intent to sell may subsequently be designated as held for sale. These loans are transferred to the held-for-sale portfolio at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. Loans originated or acquired by the Bank with the intent to sell for which fair value accounting is elected are marked to fair value with any difference between the proceeds received and the carrying amount of the loan recognized in earnings. No fees or costs related to such loans are deferred, so they do not affect the gain or loss calculation at the time of sale. 97 Table of Contents Certain mortgage warehouse lending transactions subject to master repurchase agreements are designated as held for sale and reported at fair value based on an election to account for the loans at fair value. Pursuant to these agreements, the Bank funds the pipelines for these mortgage lenders by sending payments directly to the closing agents for funded loans (i.e., the purchase event) and receives proceeds directly from third party investors when the loans are sold into the secondary market (i.e, the repurchase event). An allowance for loan losses is not maintained on loans designated as held for sale or reported at fair value. Loans Receivable Loans receivable that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balances, net of an allowance for loan losses and any deferred fees. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the yield (interest income) of the related loans using the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments. The Bank is generally amortizing these amounts over the contractual life of the loans. The accrual of interest is generally discontinued when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or when management has doubts about further collectibility of principal or interest, even though the loan is currently performing. A loan may remain on accrual status if it is in the process of collection and is well secured. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, unpaid accrued interest credited to income is reversed. Interest received on non-accrual loans is applied against principal until all principal has been recovered. Thereafter, payments are recognized as interest income until all unpaid amounts have been received. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current and has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a minimum of six months and the ultimate collectibility of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt. Transfers of financial assets, including loan participations sold, are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered (settlement date). Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Bank, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Bank does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. Purchased Loans Customers believes that the varying circumstances under which it purchases loans and the diverse credit quality of loans purchased should drive the decision as to whether loans in a portfolio should be deemed to be purchased-credit-impaired loans. Therefore, loan purchases are evaluated on a case-by-case basis to determine the appropriate accounting treatment. Loans acquired that do not have evidence of credit deterioration at the purchase date are accounted for in accordance with ASC 310-20, Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs, and loans acquired with evidence of credit deterioration since origination and for which it is probable that all contractually required payments will not be collected are accounted for in accordance with ASC 310-30, Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. Loans that are purchased that do not have evidence of credit deterioration Purchased performing loans are initially recorded at fair value and include credit and interest rate marks associated with acquisition accounting adjustments. Purchase premiums or discounts are subsequently amortized as an adjustment to yield over the estimated contractual lives of the loans. There is no allowance for loan losses established at the acquisition date for acquired performing loans. An allowance for loan losses is recorded for any credit deterioration in these loans subsequent to acquisition. Loans that are purchased that have evidence of credit deterioration since origination and for which it is probable that all contractually required payments will not be collected For purchases of this type of loan, evidence of deteriorated credit quality may include past-due and non-accrual status, borrower credit scores and recent loan-to-value percentages. The fair value of loans with evidence of credit deterioration is recorded net of a nonaccretable difference and accretable yield. The difference between contractually required payments at acquisition and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is the nonaccretable difference, which is not included in the carrying amount of acquired loans. Subsequent to acquisition, estimates of cash flows expected to be collected are updated each reporting period based on updated assumptions regarding default rates, loss severities, and other factors that are reflective of current market conditions. Subsequent decreases 98 Table of Contents in expected cash flows will generally result in a provision for loan losses. Subsequent increases in expected cash flows result in a reversal of the provision for loan losses to the extent of prior charges, or a reclassification of the difference from nonaccretable to accretable with a positive impact on accretion of interest income in future periods. Further, any excess of cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value is referred to as the accretable yield and is recognized in interest income over the remaining life of the loan when there is a reasonable expectation about the amount and timing of those cash flows. Purchased-credit-impaired loans acquired in the same fiscal quarter may be aggregated into one or more pools, provided that the loans have common risk characteristics. A pool is then accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows. On a quarterly basis, the Bank re-estimates the total cash flows (both principal and interest) expected to be collected over the remaining life of each pool. These estimates incorporate assumptions regarding default rates, loss severities, the amounts and timing of prepayments and other factors that reflect then-current market conditions. If the timing and/or amounts of expected cash flows on purchased-credit-impaired loans were determined not to be reasonably estimable, no interest would be accreted and the loans would be reported as non-accrual loans; however, when the timing and amounts of expected cash flows for purchased-credit-impaired loans are reasonably estimable, interest is being accreted and the loans are being reported as performing loans. Loans Receivable Covered Under Loss Sharing Agreements Loans acquired in the FDIC assisted transactions in 2010 from USA Bank and ISN Bank are subject to loss sharing agreements with the FDIC and are referred to as “covered loans.” The period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing arrangements for non-single family loans expired in third quarter 2015. The period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing arrangements for single family loans expires in third quarter 2017. The final maturity of the FDIC loss sharing arrangements occurs in third quarter 2020. Outstanding balances for covered loans were $13.8 million and $42.2 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Allowance for Loan Losses The allowance for loan losses is established as losses are estimated to have occurred through provisions for loan losses. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for loan losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for loan losses. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level considered appropriate to absorb probable incurred loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the reporting date. The Bank disaggregates its loan portfolio into groups of loans with similar risk characteristics for purposes of estimating the allowance for loan losses. The Bank’s loan groups include multi-family, commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, construction, residential real estate, manufactured housing, consumer, and PCI loans. The Bank further disaggregates its residential real estate portfolio into two classes based upon certain risk characteristics; first mortgage loans and home equity loans and lines of credit. The remaining loan groups are also considered classes for purposes of monitoring and assessing credit quality based on certain risk characteristics. Additionally, within each loan group the acquired loans that are accounted for under ASC 310-10 are further segregated. The total allowance for loan losses consists of an allowance for impaired loans, a general allowance for losses, and may also include residual non-specific reserve amounts. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level considered adequate to provide for losses that are estimated to have been incurred. Management performs a quarterly assessment of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, which is based on the Bank’s past loan loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. The Bank’s current methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses is based on historical loss rates, peer and industry data, current economic conditions, risk ratings, specific allocations on loans identified as impaired, and other qualitative adjustments. The impaired loan component of the allowance for loan losses relates to loans for which it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect all contractual principal and interest due. For such loans, an allowance is established when the (i) discounted cash flows, (ii) collateral value, or (iii) the impaired loan value is lower than the carrying value of the loan. The general component of the allowance for loan losses covers groups of loans by loan class, including commercial loans not considered impaired, as well as smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as residential real estate, home equity loans, home 99 Table of Contents equity lines of credit and other consumer loans. These pools of loans are evaluated for loss exposure based upon loan risk ratings and industry or Customers' historical loss rates for each of these groups of loans. After determining the appropriate historical loss rate for each group of loans, management considers those current qualitative or environmental factors that are likely to cause estimated credit losses as of the evaluation date to differ from the historical loss experience. The overall effect of these factors is recorded as an adjustment that, as appropriate, increases or decreases the historical loss rate applied to the loan group. The qualitative factors that management considers includes the following: • National, regional, and local economic and business conditions including review of changes in the unemployment rate. • Volume and severity of past due loans and classified loans. • Lending policies and procedures, including underwriting standards and historical-based loss/collection, charge-off, and recovery practices. • Nature and volume of the portfolio including lending concentrations. • Experience, ability, and depth of lending management and staff. A residual reserve may be maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. The residual reserve amount reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating specific and general losses in the portfolio. Commercial and industrial loans are underwritten after evaluating historical and projected profitability and cash flow to determine the borrower’s ability to repay their obligation as agreed. Commercial and industrial loans are made primarily based on the identified cash flow of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral supporting the loan facility. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial and industrial loan depends primarily on the creditworthiness of the borrower (and any guarantors), while liquidation of collateral is a secondary and often insufficient source of repayment. Construction loans are underwritten based upon a financial analysis of the developers and property owners and construction cost estimates, in addition to independent appraisal valuations. These loans will rely on the value associated with the project upon completion. These cost and valuation amounts used are estimates and may be inaccurate. Construction loans generally involve the disbursement of substantial funds over a short period of time with repayment substantially dependent upon the success of the completed project. Sources of repayment of these loans would be permanent financing upon completion or sales of developed property. These loans are closely monitored by onsite inspections and are considered to be of a higher risk than other real estate loans due to their ultimate repayment being sensitive to general economic conditions, availability of long-term financing, interest rate sensitivity, and governmental regulation of real property. Commercial real estate and multi-family loans are subject to the underwriting standards and processes similar to commercial and industrial loans, in addition to those underwriting standards for real estate loans. These loans are viewed primarily as cash flow dependent and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Repayment of these loans is generally dependent upon the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the principal business conducted on the property securing the loan. In addition, the underwriting considers the amount of the principal advanced relative to the property value. Commercial real estate and multi-family loans may be adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or the economy in general. Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate and multi-family loans based on cash flow estimates, collateral and risk-rating criteria. The Bank also utilizes third-party experts to provide environmental and market valuations. Substantial effort is required to underwrite, monitor and evaluate commercial real estate and multi-family loans. Residential real estate loans are secured by one to four dwelling units. This group is further divided into first mortgage and home equity loans. First mortgages are originated at a loan to value ratio of 80% or less. Home equity loans have additional risks as a result of typically being in a second position or lower in the event collateral is liquidated. Manufactured housing loans represent loans that are secured by the manufactured housing unit where the borrower may or may not own the underlying real estate and therefore have a higher risk than a residential real estate loan. Other consumer loans consist of loans to individuals originated through the Bank’s retail network and are typically unsecured or secured by personal property. Consumer loans have a greater credit risk than residential loans because of the difference in the underlying collateral, if any. The application of various federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws may limit the amount that can be recovered on such loans. 100 Table of Contents Delinquency status and other borrower characteristics are used to monitor loans and identify credit risks, and the general reserves are established based on the expected net charge-offs, adjusted for qualitative factors. Loss rates are based on the average net charge-off history, either industry or Customers, by loan group. Historical loss rates may be adjusted for significant factors that, in management’s judgment, are necessary to reflect losses inherent in the portfolio. Factors that management considers in the analysis include the effects of the national and local economies; trends in the nature and volume of delinquencies, charge-offs and non-accrual loans; changes in loan mix; changes in risk management and loan administration; and changes in internal lending policies, credit standards and collection practices. Charge-offs on commercial and industrial, construction, multi-family and commercial real estate loans are recorded when management estimates that there are insufficient cash flows to repay the loan contractual obligation based upon financial information available and valuation of the underlying collateral. Additionally, the Bank takes into account the strength of any guarantees and the ability of the borrower to provide value related to those guarantees in determining the ultimate charge-off or reserve associated with any impaired loans. Accordingly, the Bank may charge-off a loan to a value below the net appraised value if it believes that an expeditious liquidation is desirable in the circumstance and it has legitimate offers or other indications of interest to support a value that is less than the net appraised value. Alternatively, the Bank may carry a loan at a value that is in excess of the appraised value certain circumstances, such as the Bank has a guarantee from a borrower that the Bank believes has realizable value. In evaluating the strength of any guarantee, the Bank evaluates the financial wherewithal of the guarantor, the guarantor’s reputation, and the guarantor’s willingness and desire to work with the Bank. The Bank then conducts a review of the strength of a guarantee on a frequency established as the circumstances and conditions of the borrower warrant. The Bank records charge-offs for residential real estate, consumer, and manufactured housing loans after 120 days of delinquency or sooner when cash flows are determined to be insufficient for repayment. The Bank may also charge-off these loans below the net appraised valuation if the Bank holds a junior mortgage position in a piece of collateral whereby the risk to acquiring control of the property through the purchase of the senior mortgage position is deemed to potentially increase the risk of loss upon liquidation due to the amount of time to ultimately market the property and the volatile market conditions. In such cases, the Bank may abandon its junior mortgage and charge-off the loan balance in full. Estimates of cash flows expected to be collected for purchased credit impaired loans are updated each reporting period. If the Bank estimates decreases in expected cash flows to be collected after acquisition, the Bank charges the provision for loan losses and establishes an allowance for loan losses. Credit Quality Factors Commercial and industrial, multi-family, commercial real estate, residential real estate and construction loans are each assigned a numerical rating of risk based on an internal risk rating system. The risk rating indicates management's estimate of the credit quality and the rating is assigned at loan origination and reviewed on a periodic or “as needed” basis. Consumer and manufactured housing loans are evaluated based on the payment activity of the loan. Risk ratings are not established for home equity loans, consumer loans, manufactured housing loans, and installment loans, mainly because these portfolios consist of a larger number of homogeneous loans with smaller balances. Instead, these portfolios are evaluated for risk mainly based on aggregate payment history (through the monitoring of delinquency levels and trends). For additional information about credit quality factor ratings refer to “NOTE 8 – “LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES.” Impaired Loans A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan by loan basis for commercial and construction loans by the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. The fair value of the collateral is measured based on the value of the collateral securing the loans, less estimated costs to sell. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable. The vast majority of the Bank's collateral is real estate. The value of real estate collateral is determined 101 Table of Contents utilizing an income or market valuation approach based on an appraisal conducted by an independent, licensed appraiser outside of the Bank using observable market data. The value of business equipment is based upon an outside appraisal if deemed significant, or the net book value on the applicable business’ financial statements if not considered significant using observable market data. Likewise, values for inventory and accounts receivable collateral are based on financial statement balances or aging reports. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the identifiable net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is recognized as an asset and is reviewed for impairment annually as of October 31 and between annual tests when events and circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred. Impairment is a condition that exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. A qualitative factor test can be performed to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the results of the qualitative review indicate that it is unlikely (less than 50% probability) that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, no further evaluation needs to be performed. As part of its qualitative assessment, Customers reviewed regional and national trends in current and expected economic conditions, examining indicators such as GDP growth, interest rates and unemployment rates. Customers also considered its own historical performance, expectations of future performance and other trends specific to the banking industry. Based on its qualitative assessment, Customers determined that there was no impairment on the goodwill balance. There was $3.7 million of goodwill at December 31, 2015 and 2014. FHLB, Federal Reserve Bank, and other restricted stock FHLB, Federal Reserve Bank, and other restricted stock represents required investment in the capital stock of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”), the Federal Reserve Bank and Atlantic Central Bankers Bank and is carried at cost. Total restricted stock as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $90.8 million and $82.0 million, respectively, which included $78.9 million and $71.6 million, respectively of FHLB stock. Other Real Estate Owned Real estate properties acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. After foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and the real estate is carried at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Revenue and expenses from operations and changes in the valuation allowance are included in earnings. Certain other real estate owned that was acquired from USA Bank and ISN Bank or through the foreclosure of loans of those banks is subject to loss sharing agreements with the FDIC. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, other real estate owned subject to Loss Sharing Agreements with the FDIC was $0.5 million and $9.4 million, respectively. FDIC Loss Sharing Receivable and Clawback Liability The FDIC loss sharing receivable is measured separately from the related covered assets because it is not contractually embedded in the assets and is not transferable if the assets are sold. The FDIC loss sharing receivable was initially recorded at fair value, based on the discounted value of expected future cash flows under the loss share agreements. The difference between the present value and the undiscounted cash flows the Bank expects to collect from the FDIC is accreted into interest income over the life of the FDIC loss sharing receivable. The FDIC loss sharing receivable is reviewed quarterly and adjusted for changes in expected cash flows based on recent performance and expectations for future performance of the covered portfolio. These adjustments are measured on the same basis as the related covered loans and covered other real estate owned. Increases in estimated cash flows on the covered assets will reduce the FDIC loss sharing receivable and decreases in estimated cash flows on the covered assets will increase the FDIC loss sharing receivable. Increases to the FDIC loss sharing receivable resulting from reduced cash flow estimates on the covered loans are recorded as a reduction to the provision for loan losses and decreases to the FDIC loss sharing receivable are recorded either as an increase to the provision for loan losses (to the extent an increase in the FDIC receivable balance was previously recorded as a reduction to the provision for loan losses) or recognized over the life of the loss share agreements. Decreases in the valuations of covered other real estate owned are recorded net of the FDIC receivable balance resulting from the valuation allowance as an increase to other real estate owned expense (a component of non-interest expense). The FDIC loss sharing receivable balance will be reduced through a charge to the provision for loan losses, with no offsetting reduction to the allowance for loan losses, as the period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing agreements approaches expiration and the estimated losses in the covered loans have not yet emerged or been realized in a final disposition event. The 102 Table of Contents period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing agreements for non-single family loans expired in third quarter 2015. The period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing agreements for single family loans expires in third quarter 2017. The final maturity of the FDIC loss sharing agreements occurs in third quarter 2020. As part of the FDIC loss sharing agreements, the Bank also assumed a potential liability to be paid within 45 days subsequent to the maturity or termination of the loss sharing agreements that is contingent upon actual losses incurred over the life of the agreements relative to expected losses and the consideration paid upon acquisition of the failed institutions. Due to cash received on the covered assets in excess of the original expectations of the FDIC, the Bank anticipates that it will be required to pay the FDIC at the end of its loss sharing agreements. As of December 31, 2015, a clawback liability of $2.3 million has been recorded. To the extent actual losses on the covered assets are less than estimated losses, the clawback liability will increase. To the extent actual losses on the covered assets are more than the estimated losses, the clawback liability will decrease. The Bank presents the FDIC loss sharing receivable balance, net of the estimated clawback liability on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2015, the Bank expected to collect $0.2 million from the FDIC for estimated losses and reimbursement of external costs, such as legal fees, real estate taxes and appraisal expenses, and estimated the clawback liability due to the FDIC in 2020 at $2.3 million. The net amount of $2.1 million is included in "Accrued interest payable and other liabilities" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. Bank-Owned Life Insurance Bank-owned life insurance policies insure the lives of officers of the Bank, and name the Bank as beneficiary. Non-interest income is generated tax-free (subject to certain limitations) from the increase in value of the policies’ underlying investments made by the insurance company. The Bank is capitalizing on the ability to partially offset costs associated with employee compensation and benefit programs with the bank-owned life insurance. Bank Premises and Equipment Bank premises and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the term of the lease or estimated useful life, unless extension of the lease term is reasonably assured. Treasury Stock Common stock purchased for treasury is recorded at cost. Income Taxes Customers accounts for income taxes under the liability method of accounting for income taxes. The income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. Customers determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur. A tax position is recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the term upon examination includes resolution of the related appeals or litigation process. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment. In assessing the realizability of federal or state deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and prudent, feasible and permissible as well as available tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based on the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible as well as 103 Table of Contents available tax planning strategies, management believes it is more likely than not that Customers will realize the benefits of these deferred tax assets. Share-Based Compensation Customers Bancorp has four active share-based compensation plans. Share-based compensation accounting guidance requires that the compensation cost relating to share-based-payment transactions be recognized in earnings. The cost is measured based on the grant-date fair value of the equity instruments issued. The Black-Scholes model is used to estimate the fair value of stock options, while the market price of Customers Bancorp’s common stock at the date of grant is used for restricted stock awards. Compensation cost for all share-based awards is calculated and recognized over the employees’ service period, generally defined as the vesting period. For performance based awards, compensation cost is recognized over the vesting period as long as it remains probable that the performance conditions will be met. If the service or performance conditions are not met, Customers reverses previously recorded compensation expense upon forfeiture. In 2014, the shareholders of the Bancorp approved an employee stock purchase plan. Because the purchase price under the plan is 85% of (a 15% discount to the market price) the fair market value of a share of common stock on the first day of each quarterly subscription period, the plan is considered to be a compensatory plan under current accounting guidance. Therefore, the entire amount of the discount is recognizable compensation expense. Derivative Instruments and Hedging ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”), provides the disclosure requirements for derivatives and hedging activities with the intent to provide users of financial statements with an enhanced understanding of: (a) how and why an entity uses derivative instruments, (b) how the entity accounts for derivative instruments and related hedged items, and (c) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. Further, qualitative disclosures are required that explain the objectives and strategies for using derivatives, as well as quantitative disclosures about the fair value of and gains and losses on derivative instruments, and disclosures about credit-risk-related contingent features in derivative instruments. As required by ASC 815, Customers records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether Customers has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Derivatives may also be designated as hedges of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. Customers may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risks, even though hedge accounting does not apply or Customers elects not to apply hedge accounting. Prior to first quarter 2014, none of Customers financial derivatives were designated in qualifying hedge relationships in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance. As such, all changes in fair value of the financial derivatives were recognized directly in earnings. In March 2014, Customers entered into a $150.0 million notional balance forward starting pay fixed interest rate swap to hedge the variable cash flows associated with the forecasted issuance of debt. Customers documented and designated this swap as a cash flow hedge. The effective portion of changes in the fair value of financial derivatives designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the financial derivatives is recognized directly in earnings. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to financial derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on Customers' variable-rate debt. Customers purchased credit derivatives with a current notional balance of $19.3 million to hedge the performance risk of one of its counterparties during first quarter 2014. These derivatives were not designated in hedge relationships for accounting purposes and are being recorded at their fair value, with fair value changes recorded directly in earnings. 104 Table of Contents In accordance with the FASB’s fair value measurement guidance, Customers made an accounting policy election to measure the credit risk of its derivative financial instruments that are subject to master netting agreements on a net basis by counterparty portfolio. Comprehensive Income Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income includes changes in unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale arising during the period and reclassification adjustments for realized gains and losses on securities available for sale included in net income. Unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale include a component for unrealized changes in foreign currency exchange rates relating to the Bancorp’s investment in certain foreign equity securities. Other comprehensive income also includes the effective portion of changes in fair value of financial derivatives designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges. Cash flow hedge amounts classified as comprehensive income are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. Earnings per Share Basic earnings per share represents net income divided by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share includes all potentially dilutive common shares outstanding during the period. Potential common shares that may be issued related to outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, and warrants are determined using the treasury stock method. Segment Information Customers has one reportable segment, “Community Banking.” All of Customers' activities are interrelated, and each activity is dependent and assessed based on how each of the activities supports the others. For example, lending is dependent upon the ability of Customers to fund itself with deposits and borrowings while managing interest rate and credit risk. Accordingly, all significant operating decisions are based upon analysis of Customers as one segment or unit. Recently Issued Accounting Standards and Updates In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-02, Leases. From the lessee's perspective, the new standard establishes a right-of-use (ROU) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement for a lessess. From the lessor's perspective, the new standard requires a lessor to classify leases as either sales-type, finance or operating. A lease will be treated as a sale if it transfers all of the risks and rewards, as well as control of the underlying asset, to the lessee. If risks and rewards are conveyed without the transfer of control, the lease is treated as a financing. If the lessor doesn’t convey risks and rewards or control, an operating lease results. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessors for sales-type, direct financing, and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. Customers is currently evaluating the impact of the pending adoption of the new standard on its consolidated financial statements. In January 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall. The guidance in this ASU among other things, (1) requires equity investments with certain exceptions, to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, (2) simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment, (3) eliminates the requirement for public businesses entities to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet, (4) requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, (5) requires an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the change in fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments, (6) requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by 105 Table of Contents measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements and (7) clarifies that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for- sale securities. The guidance in this ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Customers does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a significant impact on its financial condition or results of operations. In November 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-17, Income Taxes. The amendments in this ASU, which will align the presentation of deferred income tax assets and liabilities with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), require that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as non-current in a classified statement of financial position. The amendments in this ASU apply to all entities that present a classified statement of financial position. The current requirement that deferred tax liabilities and assets of a tax-paying component of an entity be offset and presented as a single amount is not affected by the amendments in this ASU. For public business entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. Customers does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a significant impact on its financial condition or results of operations. In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-16, Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments. To simplify the accounting for adjustments made to provisional amounts recognized in a business combination, the guidance in this ASU eliminates the requirement to retrospectively account for those adjustments and requires an entity to present separately on the face of the income statement or disclose in the notes the portion of the amount recorded in current-period earnings by line item that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date. The guidance in this ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim periods within those fiscal years and should be applied prospectively to adjustment to provisional amounts that occur after the effective date of this ASU. The adoption of this ASU did not have an impact on Customers' financial condition or results of operations. In April 2015 and August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs and ASU 2015-15, Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements- Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to Staff Announcement at June 18, 2015 EITF Meeting, respectively. The guidance in these ASUs is intended to simplify presentation of debt issuance costs, and requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt liability consistent with debt discounts and is applicable on a retrospective basis. The guidance in these ASUs is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of these ASUs did not have a significant impact on Customers' financial condition or results of operations. In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02, Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis. The guidance in this ASU is intended to amend the update, which changes the analysis that a reporting entity must perform to determine whether it should consolidate certain types of legal entities. The amendments in this ASU affect the following areas: 1. Limited partnerships and similar legal entities. 2. Evaluating fees paid to a decision maker or a service provider as a variable interest. 3. The effect of fee arrangements on the primary beneficiary determination. 4. The effect of related parties on the primary beneficiary determination. 5. Certain investment funds. The guidance in this ASU is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of this ASU did not have an impact on Customers' financial condition or results of operations. In January 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-01, Income Statement - Extraordinary and Unusual Items (Subtopic 225-20) Simplifying Income Statement Presentation by Eliminating the Concept of Extraordinary Items. The guidance in this ASU was issued as part of the FASB's initiative to reduce complexity in accounting standards and eliminates from GAAP the concept of extraordinary items. The guidance in this update is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of this ASU did not have an impact on Customers' financial condition or results of operations. In November 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-16, Derivatives and Hedging (Subtopic 815-10): Determining Whether the Host contract in a Hybrid Financial Instrument in the Form of a Share is More Akin to Debt or to Equity. The guidance in this ASU requires entities that issue or invest in a hybrid financial instrument to separate an embedded derivative feature from a 106 Table of Contents host contract and account for the feature as a derivative. In the case of derivatives embedded in a hybrid financial instrument that is issued in the form of a share, that criterion requires evaluating whether the nature of the host contract is more akin to debt or to equity and whether the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative feature are clearly and closely related to the host contract. If the host contract is akin to equity, then equity-like features (for example, a conversion option) are considered clearly and closely related to the host contract and, thus, would not be separated from the host contract. If the host contract is akin to debt, then equity-like features are not considered clearly and closely related to the host contract. In the latter case, an entity may be required to separate the equity-like embedded derivative feature from the debt host contract if certain other criteria in Subtopic 815-15 are met. Similarly, debt-like embedded derivative features may require separate accounting from an equity-like host contract. The guidance in this ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of this ASU did not have an impact on Customers' financial condition or results of operations. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-14, Classification of Certain Government-Guaranteed Mortgage Loans upon Foreclosure. The guidance in this ASU affects creditors that hold government-guaranteed mortgage loans, including those guaranteed by the FHA and the VA. It requires that a mortgage loan be derecognized and a separate other receivable be recognized upon foreclosure if the following conditions are met: 1. The loan has a government guarantee that is not separable from the loan before foreclosure. 2. At the time of foreclosure, the creditor has the intent to convey the real estate property to the guarantor and make a claim on the guarantee, and the creditor has the ability to recover under that claim. 3. At the time of foreclosure, any amount of the claim that is determined on the basis of the fair value of the real estate is fixed. Upon foreclosure, the separate other receivable should be measured based on the amount of the loan balance (principal and interest) expected to be recovered from the guarantor. The guidance in this ASU was effective for public business entities for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2014. The guidance may be applied using a prospective transition method in which a reporting entity applies the guidance to foreclosures that occur after the date of adoption, or a modified retrospective transition using a cumulative-effect adjustment (through a reclassification to a separate other receivable) as of the beginning of the annual period of adoption. Prior periods should not be adjusted. A reporting entity must apply the same method of transition as elected under ASU 2014-04. The adoption of this ASU did not have a significant impact on Customers' financial condition or results of operations. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-13, Consolidation (Topic 810): Measuring the Financial Assets and the Financial Liabilities of a Consolidated Collateralized Financing Entity. The guidance in this ASU applies to a reporting entity that is required to consolidate a collateralized financing entity under the Variable Interest Entities guidance when: (1) the reporting entity measures all of the financial assets and the financial liabilities of that consolidated collateralized financing entity at fair value in the consolidated financial statements based on other Codification Topics; and (2) the changes in the fair values of those financial assets and financial liabilities are reflected in earnings. The guidance in this ASU is effective for public business entities for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of this ASU did not have an impact on Customers' financial condition or results of operations. In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-12, Compensation-Stock Compensation. The guidance in this ASU requires that a performance target that affects vesting and that could be achieved after the requisite service period is treated as a performance condition. As such, the performance target should not be reflected in estimating the grant-date fair value of the award. Compensation cost should be recognized in the period in which it becomes probable that the performance target will be achieved and should represent the compensation cost attributable to the period(s) for which the requisite has already been rendered. If the performance target becomes probable of being achieved before the end of the requisite period, the remaining unrecognized cost should be recognized prospectively over the remaining requisite service period. The total amount of compensation cost recognized during and after the requisite service period should reflect the number of awards that are expected to vest and should be adjusted to reflect those awards that ultimately vest. The requisite service period ends when the employee can cease rendering service and still be eligible to vest in the award if the performance target is achieved. As indicated in the definition of vest, the stated vesting period (which includes the period in which the performance target could be achieved) may differ from the requisite service period. The guidance in this ASU is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of this ASU did not have an impact on Customers' financial condition or results of operations. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This ASU establishes a comprehensive revenue recognition standard for virtually all industries following U.S. GAAP, including those that previously followed industry-specific guidance such as the real estate and construction industries. The revenue standard’s core principal is built on 107 Table of Contents the contract between a vendor and a customer for the provision of goods and services. It attempts to depict the exchange of rights and obligations between the parties in the pattern of revenue recognition based on the consideration to which the vendor is entitled. To accomplish this, the standard requires five basic steps: (i) identify the contract with the customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) identify the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies the performance obligation. Three basic transition methods are available - full retrospective, retrospective with certain practical expedients, and a cumulative effect approach. Under the cumulative effect alternative, an entity would apply the new revenue standard only to contracts that are incomplete under legacy U.S. GAAP at the date of initial application and recognize the cumulative effect of the new standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date. The guidance in this ASU is now effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. Customers does not expect this ASU to have a significant impact on its financial condition or results of operations. NOTE 4 – EARNINGS PER SHARE The following are the components and results of the Bancorp’s earnings per share ("EPS") calculation for the periods presented. (amounts in thousands, except share and per share data) Net income available to common shareholders Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding – basic Share-based compensation plans Warrants Weighted-average number of common shares – diluted Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 56,090 $ 43,214 $ 32,694 26,844,545 26,719,626 24,485,078 1,516,297 324,097 968,671 250,707 464,054 198,520 28,684,939 27,939,004 25,147,652 $ $ 2.09 1.96 $ 1.62 1.55 1.34 1.30 The following is a summary of securities that could potentially dilute basic EPS in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted EPS because to do so would have been anti-dilutive for the periods presented. Anti-dilutive securities: Share-based compensation awards Warrants Total anti-dilutive securities For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 606,095 52,242 658,337 135,861 118,745 254,606 819,539 118,745 938,284 108 Table of Contents NOTE 5 - CHANGES IN ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) BY COMPONENT (1) The following tables present the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Available-for-sale Securities Total Unrealized Foreign Unrealized Unrealized Gains Currency Gains Loss on Cash (Losses) (2) Items (Losses) Flow Hedge Total $ (8,118) $ — $ (8,118) $ — $ (8,118) (amounts in thousands) Balance, January 1, 2014 Current period: Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 11,334 Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to net income (3) (2,074) Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) Balance, December 31, 2014 Current period: Other comprehensive income (loss) before 9,260 1,142 — — — — 11,334 (1,264) 10,070 (2,074) — (2,074) 9,260 1,142 (1,264) (1,264) 7,996 (122) reclassifications (5,797) (584) (6,381) (1,534) (7,915) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to net income (3) 53 — 53 — 53 Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) Balance, December 31, 2015 (5,744) (4,602) $ (584) (584) $ (6,328) (5,186) $ $ (1,534) (2,798) $ (7,862) (7,984) (1) All amounts are net of tax. Amounts in parentheses indicate reductions to accumulated other comprehensive income. (2) Includes immaterial gains or losses on foreign currency items for the year ended December 31, 2014. (3) Reclassification amounts are reported as gain or loss on sale of investment securities on the Consolidated Statements of Income. 109 Table of Contents NOTE 6 – INVESTMENT SECURITIES The amortized cost and approximate fair value of investment securities are summarized as follows: (amounts in thousands) Available for Sale: Mortgage-backed securities (1) Corporate notes (2) Equity securities (3) Total Amortized Cost December 31, 2015 Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value $ $ 506,111 $ 1,453 $ 39,925 22,514 320 — 568,550 $ 1,773 $ (6,590) $ (178) (3,302) (10,070) $ 500,974 40,067 19,212 560,253 (1) (2) (3) Consists of mortgage-backed securities issued by government-sponsored agencies, including FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA. Includes subordinated debt issued by other bank holding companies. Consists primarily of equity securities issued by a foreign entity. (amounts in thousands) Available for Sale: Mortgage-backed securities (1) Corporate notes (2) Equity securities (3) Total Amortized Cost December 31, 2014 Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value $ $ 376,854 $ 2,805 $ 15,000 23,074 104 1,197 414,928 $ 4,106 $ (2,348) $ — (1) (2,349) $ 377,311 15,104 24,270 416,685 (1) (2) (3) Consists primarily of mortgage-backed securities issued by government-sponsored agencies, including FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA. Includes subordinated debt issued by other bank holding companies. Consists primarily of equity securities issued by a foreign entity. The following table shows proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale investment securities, gross gains, and gross losses on those sales of securities: (amounts in thousands) Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale investment securities Gross gains Gross losses Net gains For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ $ 806 $ — $ (85) (85) $ 213,249 3,191 — 3,191 $ $ $ 135,193 1,274 — 1,274 These gains and losses were determined using the specific identification method and were included in non-interest income. The following table shows debt investment securities by stated maturity. Investment securities backed by mortgages have expected maturities that differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to call or prepay, and are, therefore, classified separately with no specific maturity date: 110 Table of Contents (amounts in thousands) Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years through ten years Due after ten years Mortgage-backed securities Total debt securities December 31, 2015 Available for Sale Amortized Cost Fair Value $ — $ — 32,925 7,000 506,111 $ 546,036 $ — — 33,112 6,955 500,974 541,041 Gross unrealized losses and fair value of Customers' investments aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position were as follows: Less than 12 months December 31, 2015 12 months or more Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses (amounts in thousands) Available for Sale: Mortgage-backed securities (1) Corporate notes (2) Equity securities (3) Total $ 305,702 $ 9,748 19,206 $ 334,656 $ (4,384) $ (178) (3,301) (7,863) $ 57,357 $ — 6 57,363 $ (2,206) $ 363,059 9,748 19,212 (2,207) $ 392,019 — (1) $ $ (6,590) (178) (3,302) (10,070) (1) (2) (3) Consists of mortgage-backed securities issued by government-sponsored agencies, including FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA. Includes subordinated debt issued by other bank holding companies. Consists primarily of equity securities issued by a foreign entity. (amounts in thousands) Available for Sale: Mortgage-backed securities (1) Equity securities (2) Total Less than 12 months December 31, 2014 12 months or more Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses $ $ 60,388 — 60,388 $ $ (81) $ — (81) $ 80,426 5 80,431 $ $ (2,267) $ 140,814 5 (2,268) $ 140,819 (1) $ $ (2,348) (1) (2,349) (1) (2) Consists primarily of mortgage-backed securities issued by government-sponsored agencies, including FHLMC, FNMA, and GNMA. Consists primarily of equity securities issued by a foreign entity. At December 31, 2015, there were twenty-six available-for-sale investment securities in the less-than-twelve-month category and sixteen available-for-sale investment securities in the twelve-month-or-more category. The unrealized losses on the mortgage backed securities are guaranteed by government-sponsored entities and primarily relate to changes in market interest rates. All amounts are expected to be recovered when market prices recover or at maturity. The unrealized losses on the equity securities reflect decreases in market price and adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Customers evaluated the financial condition and capital strength of the issuer of these securities and concluded that the decline in fair value was temporary and estimated the value could reasonably recover by way of increases in market price or positive changes in foreign 111 Table of Contents currency exchange rates. Customers intends to hold these securities for the foreseeable future, and does not intend to sell the securities before the price recovers. Customers considers it more likely than not that it will not be required to sell the securities. Accordingly, Customers concluded that the securities are not other-than-temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2015. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, Customers Bank had pledged investment securities aggregating $299.8 million and $376.9 million fair value, respectively, as collateral against its borrowings primarily with the FHLB and an unused line of credit with another financial institution. These counterparties do not have the ability to sell or repledge these securities. NOTE 7 – LOANS HELD FOR SALE The composition of loans held for sale as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 was as follows: (amounts in thousands) Commercial loans: Mortgage warehouse loans at fair value Multi-family loans at lower of cost or fair value Total commercial loans held for sale Consumer loans: Residential mortgage loans at fair value Total loans held for sale December 31, 2015 2014 $ $ 1,754,950 39,257 1,794,207 1,332,019 99,791 1,431,810 2,857 3,649 $ 1,797,064 $ 1,435,459 Effective September 30, 2015, Customers transferred $30.4 million of multi-family loans from held for sale to loans receivable (held for investment) because the Bank no longer has the intent to sell these loans. Customers transferred these loans at their carrying value, which was lower than the estimated fair value at the time of transfer. Effective September 30, 2014, Customers transferred $164.7 million of multi-family loans from loans receivable to held for sale because Customers was actively marketing these loans and no longer had the intent to retain these loans in its portfolio. Effective December 31, 2014, Customers transferred $18.8 million of these loans back to loans receivable because Customers no longer had the intent to sell these loans. Customers transferred these loans at their amortized cost, which was lower than the estimated fair value at the time of transfer. NOTE 8 – LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES Because the period to submit losses for non-single family loans covered under the FDIC loss sharing agreements expired in third quarter 2015, and the balance of covered loans at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was insignificant to Customers' total loan portfolio, the disaggregation between covered and non-covered loans is no longer presented in the disclosures that follow. Additional disaggregation of the commercial real estate loan portfolio between owner occupied and non-owner occupied is presented. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation. 112 Table of Contents The following table presents loans receivable as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. (amounts in thousands) Commercial: Multi-family Commercial and industrial (including owner occupied commercial real estate) Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Construction Total commercial loans Consumer: Residential real estate Manufactured housing Other Total consumer loans Total loans receivable Deferred costs and unamortized premiums, net Allowance for loan losses Loans receivable, net of allowance for loan losses December 31, 2015 2014 $ 2,909,439 $ 2,208,405 1,111,400 956,255 87,240 785,669 839,310 49,718 5,064,334 3,883,102 271,613 113,490 3,708 388,811 297,395 126,731 4,433 428,559 5,453,145 334 (35,647) 5,417,832 $ 4,311,661 512 (30,932) 4,281,241 $ The following tables summarize loans receivable by loan type and performance status as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: (amounts in thousands) Multi-family Commercial and industrial Commercial real estate - owner occupied Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied Construction Residential real estate Manufactured housing (5) Other consumer Total $ December 31, 2015 30-89 Days Past Due (1) 90 Or More Days Past Due (1) Total Past Due Still Accruing (1) Non- Accrual Current (2) Purchased- Credit- Impaired Loans (3) Total Loans (4) $ — $ — $ — $ — $2,905,789 $ 3,650 $ 2,909,439 39 268 1,997 — 2,986 3,752 107 9,149 — — — — — 2,805 — 2,805 $ 39 268 1,997 — 2,986 6,557 1,973 799,595 1,552 803,159 2,700 292,312 12,961 308,241 1,307 — 2,202 2,449 940,895 87,006 257,984 101,132 12,056 234 8,441 3,352 956,255 87,240 271,613 113,490 107 11,954 $ 140 10,771 3,227 $5,387,940 $ 234 42,480 3,708 $ 5,453,145 $ 113 Table of Contents (amounts in thousands) Multi-family Commercial and industrial Commercial real estate - owner occupied Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied Construction Residential real estate Manufactured housing (5) Other consumer Total 30-89 Days Past Due (1) 90 Or More Days Past Due (1) Total Past Due Still Accruing (1) Non- Accrual Current (2) Purchased- Credit- Impaired Loans (3) Total Loans (4) December 31, 2014 $ — $ — $ — $ — $2,204,059 $ 4,346 $ 2,208,405 884 — — — 1,226 6,324 147 — — — — — 4,388 — 884 2,513 543,245 3,293 549,935 — — — 1,226 10,712 147 2,514 217,187 16,033 235,734 1,460 2,325 1,855 931 135 822,046 44,483 284,347 111,072 3,903 15,804 2,910 9,967 4,016 248 839,310 49,718 297,395 126,731 4,433 $ 8,581 $ 4,388 $ 12,969 $ 11,733 $4,230,342 $ 56,617 $ 4,311,661 (1) (2) (3) Includes past due loans that are accruing interest because collection is considered probable. Loans where next payment due is less than 30 days from the report date. Purchased-credit-impaired loans aggregated into a pool are accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows, and the past due status of the pools, or that of the individual loans within the pools, is not meaningful. Because of the credit impaired nature of the loans, the loans are recorded at a discount reflecting estimated future cash flows and the Bank recognizes interest income on each pool of loans reflecting the estimated yield and passage of time. Such loans are considered to be performing. Purchased-credit-impaired loans that are not in pools accrete interest when the timing and amount of their expected cash flows are reasonably estimable, and are reported as performing loans. Amounts exclude deferred costs and fees, unamortized premiums and discounts, and the allowance for loan losses. (4) (5) Manufactured housing loans purchased in 2010 are supported by cash reserves held at the Bank that are used to fund past-due payments when the loan becomes 90 days or more delinquent. Subsequent purchases are subject to varying provisions in the event of borrowers’ delinquencies. Allowance for Loan Losses and the FDIC Loss Sharing Receivable and Clawback Liability Losses incurred on covered loans are eligible for partial reimbursement by the FDIC. Subsequent to the purchase date, the expected cash flows on the covered loans are subject to evaluation. Decreases in the present value of expected cash flows on the covered loans are recognized by increasing the allowance for loan losses with a related charge to the provision for loan losses. At the same time, the FDIC indemnification asset is increased reflecting an estimated future collection from the FDIC, which is recorded as a reduction to the provision for loan losses. If the expected cash flows on the covered loans increase such that a previously recorded impairment can be reversed, the Bank records a reduction in the allowance for loan losses (with a related credit to the provision for loan losses) accompanied by a reduction in the FDIC receivable balance (with a related charge to the provision for loan losses). Increases in expected cash flows on covered loans and decreases in expected cash flows of the FDIC loss sharing receivable, when there are no previously recorded impairments, are considered together and recognized over the remaining life of the loans as interest income. Decreases in the valuations of other real estate owned covered by the loss sharing agreements are recorded net of the estimated FDIC receivable as an increase to other real estate owned expense (a component of non-interest expense). The FDIC loss sharing receivable balance will be reduced through a charge to the provision for loan losses, with no offsetting reduction to the allowance for loan losses, as the period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing arrangements approaches expiration and the estimated losses in the covered loans have not yet emerged or been realized in a final disposition event. The period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing arrangements for non-single family loans expired in third quarter 2015. The period to submit losses under the FDIC loss sharing arrangements for single family loans expires in third quarter 2017. The final maturity of the FDIC loss sharing arrangements occurs in third quarter 2020. As of December 2015 and 2014, loans covered under loss sharing agreements with the FDIC were $13.8 million and $42.2 million, respectively. 114 Table of Contents As part of the FDIC loss sharing arrangements, Customers also assumed a liability to be paid within 45 days subsequent to the maturity or termination of the loss sharing arrangements that is contingent upon actual losses incurred over the life of the arrangements relative to expected losses and the consideration paid upon acquisition of the failed institutions. Due to cash received on the covered assets in excess of the original expectations of the FDIC, the Bank anticipates that it will be required to pay the FDIC at the end of its loss sharing arrangements. As of December 31, 2015, a clawback liability of $2.3 million has been recorded. To the extent actual losses on the covered assets are less than estimated losses, the clawback liability will increase. To the extent actual losses on the covered assets are more than the estimated losses, the clawback liability will decrease. As of December 31, 2015, Customers expects to collect $0.2 million from the FDIC for estimated losses and reimbursement of external costs, such as legal fees, real estate taxes and appraisal expenses, and estimated the clawback liability due to the FDIC in 2020 at $2.3 million. The net amount of $2.1 million is included in "Accrued interest payable and other liabilities" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The following table presents changes in the allowance for loans losses and the FDIC loss sharing receivable, including the effect of the estimated clawback liability for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. (amounts in thousands) Beginning Balance Provision for loan losses (1) Charge-offs Recoveries Ending Balance (amounts in thousands) Beginning Balance Increased (decreased) estimated cash flows (2) Increased estimated cash flows from covered OREO (a) Other activity, net (b) Cash receipts from FDIC Ending Balance (1) Provision for loan losses (2) Effect attributable to FDIC loss share arrangements Net amount reported as provision for loan losses Allowance for Loan Losses For The Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 30,932 $ 23,998 $ 16,694 (13,412) 1,433 10,058 (4,947) 1,823 35,647 $ 30,932 $ 25,837 5,055 (7,338) 444 23,998 FDIC Loss Sharing Receivable For The Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 2,320 (3,872) 3,138 248 (3,917) (2,083) $ 16,694 3,872 20,566 $ $ 10,046 (4,689) — 2,409 (5,446) 2,320 10,058 4,689 14,747 $ $ $ $ 12,343 2,819 — 1,610 (6,726) 10,046 5,055 (2,819) 2,236 $ $ $ $ $ $ (a) Recorded as a reduction to Other Real Estate Owned expense (a component of non-interest expense). (b) Includes external costs, such as legal fees, real estate taxes and appraisal expenses, that qualify for reimbursement under loss share arrangements. Loans Individually Evaluated for Impairment The following tables present the recorded investment (net of charge-offs), unpaid principal balance, and related allowance by loan type for loans that are individually evaluated for impairment as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the average recorded investment and interest income recognized for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Purchased-credit-impaired loans are considered to be performing and are not included in the tables below. 115 Table of Contents (amounts in thousands) With no related allowance recorded: Multi-family Commercial and industrial Commercial real estate - owner occupied Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied Construction Other consumer Residential real estate Manufactured housing With an allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial Commercial real estate - owner occupied Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied Construction Other consumer Residential real estate Total December 31, 2015 Year Ended December 31, 2015 Recorded Investment Net of Charge Offs Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized $ 661 $ 661 $ — $ 267 $ 12,056 8,317 4,276 — 48 4,331 8,300 13,028 8,317 4,276 — 48 4,331 8,300 — — — — — — — 8,543 6,526 6,605 749 42 2,254 5,433 5,565 5,914 1,990 9,331 12 555 — 92 395 12 555 — 92 395 1 148 — 50 84 15 817 — 83 426 24 891 454 648 — 1 86 368 191 1 12 — — 2 $ 44,608 $ 45,929 $ 2,273 $ 41,091 $ 2,678 December 31, 2014 Year Ended December 31, 2014 Recorded Investment Net of Charge Offs Unpaid Principal Balance Related Allowance Average Recorded Investment Interest Income Recognized (amounts in thousands) With no related allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial $ 14,600 $ 16,122 $ — $ 13,329 $ Commercial real estate - owner occupied 12,599 12,744 Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied Construction Other consumer Residential real estate Manufactured housing With an allowance recorded: Commercial and industrial Commercial real estate - owner occupied Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied Construction Other consumer Residential real estate Total Troubled Debt Restructurings 5,602 2,325 21 3,675 2,588 5,602 2,325 21 5,917 2,588 1,923 1,923 750 571 — 114 365 750 571 — 114 365 — — — — — 857 95 170 — 32 188 10,204 7,770 2,415 26 4,145 2,588 1,725 1,184 902 851 82 296 674 504 383 41 — 87 128 28 22 17 — 1 1 $ 45,133 $ 49,042 $ 1,342 $ 45,517 $ 1,886 At December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 there were $11.4 million, $5.0 million, $4.6 million respectively, in loans categorized as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). TDRs are reported as impaired loans in the calendar year of their restructuring and are evaluated to determine whether they should be placed on non-accrual status. In subsequent years, a TDR may be returned to accrual status if the 116 Table of Contents borrower satisfies a minimum six-month performance requirement; however, it will remain classified as impaired. Generally, the Bank requires sustained performance for nine months before returning a TDR to accrual status. Modification of purchased-credit-impaired loans that are accounted for within loan pools in accordance with the accounting standards for purchased-credit-impaired loans do not result in the removal of these loans from the pool even if modifications would otherwise be considered a TDR. Accordingly, as each pool is accounted for as a single asset with a single composite interest rate and an aggregate expectation of cash flows, modifications of loans within such pools are not considered TDRs. The following is an analysis of loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring by type of concession for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. There were no modifications that involved forgiveness of debt. (dollars in thousands) Extended under forbearance Interest-rate reductions Total (dollars in thousands) Extended under forbearance Interest rate reductions Total (dollars in thousands) Extended under forbearance Interest rate reductions Total December 31, 2015 Number of Loans Recorded Investment 1 161 162 $ $ 183 7,274 7,457 December 31, 2014 Number of Loans Recorded Investment 11 10 21 $ $ 460 620 1,080 December 31, 2013 Number of Loans Recorded Investment — $ 14 14 $ — 1,238 1,238 117 Table of Contents The following table provides, by loan type, the number of loans modified in troubled debt restructurings and the related recorded investment during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. (dollars in thousands) Commercial and industrial Commercial real estate non-owner occupied Manufactured housing Residential real estate Total loans (dollars in thousands) Manufactured housing Home equity / other Total loans (dollars in thousands) Manufactured housing Home equity / other Total loans December 31, 2015 Number of Loans Recorded Investment $ 3 1 156 2 162 $ December 31, 2014 Number of Loans Recorded Investment 10 11 21 $ $ December 31, 2013 Number of Loans Recorded Investment 13 1 14 $ $ 791 211 6,251 204 7,457 620 460 1,080 1,206 32 1,238 As of December 31, 2015, 2014, 2013, there were no commitments to lend additional funds to debtors whose terms have been modified in TDRs. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the recorded investment of loans determined to be TDRs was $7.5 million, $1.1 million and $1.2 million respectively, both before and after restructuring. During the year ending December 31, 2015, thirty-six TDR loans defaulted with a recorded investment of $2.5 million. During the year ending December 31, 2014, six TDR loans defaulted with a recorded investment of $0.4 million. During the year ended December 31, 2013, five TDR loans defaulted with a recorded investment of $0.4 million. For the year ended 2015, $1.8 million of the $2.5 million defaulted loans are subject to a cash reserve. Loans modified in troubled debt restructurings are evaluated for impairment. The nature and extent of impairment of TDRs, including those which have experienced a subsequent default, is considered in the determination of an appropriate level of allowance for credit losses. There were three specific allowances resulting from TDR modifications during 2015, totaling $0.2 million for 2 commercial and industrial loans, and $0.1 million for one commercial real estate non-owner occupied loan. There were no specific allowances resulting from TDR modifications during 2014 or 2013. Credit Quality Indicators Commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, multi-family, residential real estate and construction loans are based on an internally assigned risk rating system which are assigned at loan origination and reviewed on a periodic or “as needed” basis. Other consumer and manufactured housing loans are evaluated based on the payment activity of the loan. To facilitate the monitoring of credit quality within commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, construction, multi-family and residential real estate loans, and for purposes of analyzing historical loss rates used in the determination of the allowance for loan losses for the respective portfolio class, the Bank utilizes the following categories of risk ratings: pass/satisfactory (includes risk rating 1 118 Table of Contents through 6), special mention, substandard, doubtful, and loss. The risk rating categories, which are derived from standard regulatory rating definitions, are assigned upon initial approval of credit to borrowers and updated periodically thereafter. Pass/satisfactory ratings, which are assigned to those borrowers who do not have identified potential or well-defined weaknesses and for whom there is a high likelihood of orderly repayment, are updated periodically based on the size and credit characteristics of the borrower. All other categories are updated on a quarterly basis during the month preceding the end of the calendar quarter. Certain consumer loans are not assigned a risk rating. While assigning risk ratings involves judgment, the risk-rating process allows management to identify riskier credits in a timely manner and allocate the appropriate resources to managing the loans. The risk rating grades are defined as follows: “1” – Pass/Excellent Loans rated 1 represent a credit extension of the highest quality. The borrower’s historic (at least five years) cash flows manifest extremely large and stable margins of coverage. Balance sheets are conservative, well capitalized, and liquid. After considering debt service for proposed and existing debt, projected cash flows continue to be strong and provide ample coverage. The borrower typically reflects broad geographic and product diversification and has access to alternative financial markets. “2” – Pass/Superior Loans rated 2 are those for which the borrower has a strong financial condition, balance sheet, operations, cash flow, debt capacity and coverage with ratios better than industry norms. The borrowers of these loans exhibit a limited leverage position, are virtually immune to local economies, and are in stable growing industries. The management team is well respected and the company has ready access to public markets. “3” – Pass/Strong Loans rated 3 are those loans for which the borrower has above average financial condition and flexibility; more than satisfactory debt service coverage; balance sheet and operating ratios are consistent with or better than industry peers; have little industry risk; and move in diversified markets and are experienced and competent in their industry. These borrowers access to capital markets is limited mostly to private sources, often secured, but the borrower typically has access to a wide range of refinancing alternatives. “4” – Pass/Good Loans rated 4 have a sound primary and secondary source of repayment. The borrower may have access to alternative sources of financing, bust sources are not as widely available as they are to a higher grade borrower. These loans carry a normal level of risk, with very low loss exposure. The borrower has the ability to perform according to the terms of the credit facility. The margins of cash flow coverage are satisfactory but vulnerable to more rapid deterioration than the higher quality loans. “5” – Satisfactory Loans rated 5 are extended to borrowers who are determined to be a reasonable credit risk and demonstrate the ability to repay the debt from normal business operations. Risk factors may include reliability of margins and cash flows, liquidity, dependence on a single product or industry, cyclical trends, depth of management, or limited access to alternative financing sources. The borrower’s historical financial information may indicate erratic performance, but current trends are positive and the quality of financial information is adequate, but is not as detailed and sophisticated as information found on higher grade loans. If adverse circumstances arise, the impact on the borrower may be significant. “6” – Satisfactory/Bankable with Care Loans rated 6 are those for which the borrower has higher than normal credit risk; however, cash flow and asset values are generally intact. These borrowers may exhibit declining financial characteristics, with increasing leverage and decreasing liquidity, and may have limited resources and access to financial alternatives. Signs of weakness in these borrowers may include delinquent taxes, trade slowness and eroding profit margins. “7” – Special Mention Loans rated Special Mention are credit facilities that may have potential developing weaknesses and deserve extra attention from the account manager and other management personnel. In the event potential weaknesses are not corrected or mitigated, deterioration in the ability of the borrower to repay the debt in the future may occur. This grade is not assigned to loans that bear certain peculiar risks 119 Table of Contents normally associated with the type of financing involved, unless circumstances have caused the risk to increase to a level higher than would have been acceptable when the credit was originally approved. Loans where significant actual, not potential, weaknesses or problems are clearly evident are graded in the category below. “8” – Substandard Loans are classified Substandard when the loans are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and payment capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the company will sustain some loss if the weaknesses are not corrected. “9” – Doubtful Doubtful ratings are assigned to loans that have all the attributes of a substandard rating with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonable specific pending factors that may work to the advantage of and strengthen the credit quality of the loan, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors may include a proposed merger or acquisition, liquidation proceeding, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral or refinancing plans. “10” – Loss The Bank assigns a loss rating to loans considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as an active asset is not warranted. Amounts classified as loss are immediately charged off. Risk ratings are not established for certain consumer loans, including home equity loans, manufactured housing, and installment loans, mainly because these portfolios consist of a larger number of homogeneous loans with smaller balances. Instead, these portfolios are evaluated for risk mainly based upon aggregate payment history through the monitoring of delinquency levels and trends and are classified as performing and nonperforming. The following table presents the credit ratings as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 for the loans receivable portfolio. Multi- family Commercial and Industrial Commercial Real Estate Owner Occupied Commercial Real Estate Non-Owner Occupied Construction Residential Real Estate Manufactured Housing Other Consumer Total December 31, 2015 $ $2,907,362 661 1,416 — — $ 784,892 14,052 4,215 — — 295,762 7,840 4,639 — — $ 950,886 1,671 3,698 — — $ $ 87,240 — — — — $ 268,210 282 3,121 — — — $ — — 104,484 9,006 — $ 5,294,352 24,506 — 17,089 — 107,945 3,461 9,253 247 $2,909,439 $ 803,159 $ 308,241 $ 956,255 $ 87,240 $ 271,613 $ 113,490 $ 3,708 $ 5,453,145 Multi- family Commercial and Industrial Commercial Real Estate Owner Occupied Commercial Real Estate Non-Owner Occupied Construction Residential Real Estate Manufactured Housing Other Consumer Total December 31, 2014 $2,206,776 — 1,629 — — $2,208,405 $ $ 531,790 14,565 3,580 — — 549,935 $ $ 217,356 13,056 5,322 — — 235,734 $ $ 829,238 6,694 3,378 — — 839,310 $ $ 44,642 — 5,076 — — 49,718 $ 294,225 243 2,927 — — $ 297,395 $ $ — $ — — 115,088 11,643 126,731 $ — $ 4,124,027 34,558 — 21,912 — 119,239 4,151 282 11,925 $ 4,311,661 4,433 (amounts in thousands) Pass/Satisfactory Special Mention Substandard Performing (1) Non-performing (2) Total (amounts in thousands) Pass/Satisfactory Special Mention Substandard Performing (1) Non-performing (2) Total (1) Includes consumer and other installment loans not subject to risk ratings. 120 Table of Contents (2) Includes loans that are past due and still accruing interest and loans on non-accrual status. As of December 31, 2015, the Bank had $1.2 million of residential real estate held in other real estate owned. As of December 31, 2015, the Bank initiated foreclosure proceedings on $0.6 million in loans secured by residential real estate. During second quarter 2015, the Bank refined its methodology for estimating the general allowance for loan losses. Previously, the general allowance for the portion of the loan portfolio originated after December 31, 2009 ("Post 2009 loan portfolio") was based generally on qualitative factors due to insufficient historical loss data on the portfolio. During second quarter 2015, the Bank began using objectively verifiable industry and peer loss data to estimate probable incurred losses as of the balance sheet date for the Post 2009 loan portfolio until sufficient internal loss history is available. The same methodology was also adopted for the portion of the loan portfolio originated on or before December 31, 2009 ("Legacy loan portfolio") that had no loss history over the past two years. The changes in the allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the loans and allowance for loan losses by loan class based on impairment evaluation method are as follows. The amounts presented for the provision for loan losses below do not include the effect of changes to estimated benefits resulting from the FDIC loss share arrangements for the covered loans. Twelve months ended December 31, 2015 Multi-family Commercial and Industrial Commercial Real Estate Owner Occupied Commercial Real Estate Non-Owner Occupied Construction Residential Real Estate Manufactured Housing Other Consumer Total (amounts in thousands) Beginning Balance, January 1, 2015 Charge-offs Recoveries Provision for loan losses Ending Balance, December 31, 2015 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment Collectively evaluated for impairment Loans acquired with credit deterioration Allowance for loan losses: Individually evaluated for impairment Collectively evaluated for impairment Loans acquired with credit deterioration $ 8,493 $ 4,784 $ 4,336 $ 9,198 $ 1,047 $ 2,698 $ 262 $ 114 $ 30,932 — — (11,331) 548 (378) 14 3,523 14,863 (2,624) (327) 0 (451) (1,064) 204 887 (276) 575 301 — — 232 (36) 92 (37) (13,412) 1,433 16,694 $ 12,016 $ 8,864 $ 1,348 $ 8,420 $ 1,074 $ 3,298 $ 494 $ 133 $ 35,647 $ 661 $ 17,621 $ 8,329 $ 4,831 $ — $ 4,726 $ 8,300 $ 140 $ 44,608 2,905,128 783,986 286,951 939,368 87,006 258,446 101,838 3,334 5,366,057 3,650 1,552 12,961 12,056 234 8,441 3,352 234 42,480 $ 2,909,439 $ 803,159 $ 308,241 $ 956,255 $ 87,240 $ 271,613 $ 113,490 $ 3,708 $ 5,453,145 $ — $ 1,990 $ 1 $ 148 $ — $ 84 $ — $ 50 $ 2,273 12,016 6,650 1,347 3,858 1,074 2,141 — 224 — 4,414 — 1,073 $ 12,016 $ 8,864 $ 1,348 $ 8,420 $ 1,074 $ 3,298 $ 98 396 494 28 55 27,212 6,162 $ 133 $ 35,647 121 Table of Contents Twelve months ended December 31, 2014 Multi-family Commercial and Industrial Commercial Real Estate Owner Occupied Commercial Real Estate Non-Owner Occupied Construction Residential Real Estate Manufactured Housing Other Consumer Total (amounts in thousands) Beginning Balance, January 1, 2014 Charge-offs Recoveries Provision for loan losses Ending Balance, December 31, 2014 Loans: Individually evaluated for impairment Collectively evaluated for impairment Loans acquired with credit deterioration Allowance for loan losses: Individually evaluated for impairment Collectively evaluated for impairment Loans acquired with credit deterioration $ 4,227 $ 2,674 $ 2,517 $ 8,961 $ 2,385 $ 2,490 $ 614 $ 130 $ 23,998 — — (1,155) 511 (482) 225 (1,715) 801 4,266 2,754 2,076 1,151 (895) 13 (456) (667) 265 610 — — (352) (33) 8 9 (4,947) 1,823 10,058 $ $ 8,493 $ 4,784 $ 4,336 $ 9,198 $ 1,047 $ 2,698 $ 262 $ 114 $ 30,932 — $ 16,523 $ 13,349 $ 6,173 $ 2,325 $ 4,040 $ 2,588 $ 135 $ 45,133 2,204,059 530,119 206,352 817,333 44,483 283,388 120,127 4,050 4,209,911 4,346 3,293 16,033 15,804 2,910 9,967 4,016 248 56,617 $ 2,208,405 $ 549,935 $ 235,734 $ 839,310 $ 49,718 $ 297,395 $ 126,731 $ 4,433 $ 4,311,661 $ — $ 857 $ 95 $ 170 $ — $ 188 $ — $ 32 $ 1,342 8,493 3,765 1,757 6,580 — 162 2,484 2,448 424 623 1,436 1,074 $ 8,493 $ 4,784 $ 4,336 $ 9,198 $ 1,047 $ 2,698 $ 92 170 262 28 54 22,575 7,015 $ 114 $ 30,932 The manufactured housing portfolio was purchased in August 2010. A portion of the purchase price may be used to reimburse the Bank under the specified terms in the Purchase Agreement for defaults of the underlying borrower and other specified items. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, funds available for reimbursement, if necessary, were $1.2 million and $3.0 million, respectively. Each quarter, these funds are evaluated to determine if they would be sufficient to absorb probable losses within the manufactured housing portfolio. The changes in accretable yield related to purchased-credit-impaired loans for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and 2014 were as follows: The changes in accretable yield related to purchased-credit-impaired loans for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows: (amounts in thousands) Accretable yield balance, beginning of period Accretion to interest income Reclassification from nonaccretable difference and disposals, net Accretable yield balance, end of period December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 17,606 (2,299) (2,360) 12,947 $ $ 22,557 (3,201) (1,750) 17,606 $ $ 32,174 (6,213) (3,404) 22,557 122 Table of Contents NOTE 9 – BANK PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT The components of bank premises and equipment as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows: (amounts in thousands) Leasehold improvements Furniture, fixtures and equipment IT equipment Automobiles Accumulated depreciation Total Expected Useful Life 2015 2014 December 31, 3 to 25 years $ 12,531 $ 11,680 5 to 10 years 3 to 5 years 5 to 10 years 5,312 5,909 206 23,958 (12,427) $ 11,531 $ 4,504 4,696 174 21,054 (10,244) 10,810 Future minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable leases were as follows: (amounts in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Subsequent to 2020 Total minimum payments December 31, 2015 $ $ 3,861 3,662 3,450 2,826 1,994 3,258 19,051 Rent expense was approximately $3.8 million, $3.3 million and $2.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Customers' leases are for land and branch or office space. A majority of the leases provide for the payment of taxes, maintenance, insurance and certain other expenses applicable to the leased premises. Many of the leases contain extension provisions and escalation clauses. These leases are generally renewable and may, in certain cases, contain renewal provisions and options to expand and contract space and terminate the leases at predetermined contractual dates. In addition, escalation clauses may exist, which are tied to a predetermined rate or may change based on a specified percentage increase or the Consumer Price Index. 123 Table of Contents NOTE 10 – DEPOSITS The components of deposits at December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows: (amounts in thousands) Demand, non-interest bearing Demand, interest bearing Savings, including money market deposit accounts Time, $100,000 and over Time, other Total deposits Time deposits scheduled maturities at December 31, 2015 were as follows: (amounts in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total time deposits December 31, 2015 2014 $ $ 653,679 127,215 2,781,010 1,624,562 723,035 5,909,501 $ $ 546,436 71,202 2,203,237 1,043,265 668,398 4,532,538 December 31, 2015 $ $ 1,799,310 312,813 135,952 53,591 45,931 2,347,597 The aggregate amount of demand deposit overdrafts that were reclassified as loans were $0.6 million at December 31, 2015, compared to $0.8 million as of December 31, 2014. Time deposits greater than $250,000 totaled $920.5 million and $365.4 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Included in the savings balances above were $815.7 million and $632.7 million of brokered money market deposits as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Also, included in time, other balances above were $612.8 million and $483.2 million of brokered time deposits, respectively, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. NOTE 11 – BORROWINGS Short-term debt Short-term debt at December 31, 2015 and 2014 was as follows: (amounts in thousands) FHLB advances Federal funds purchased Total short-term debt December 31, 2015 2014 Amount Rate Amount Rate $ $ 1,365,300 70,000 1,435,300 0.48% $ 0.56 $ 1,298,000 — 1,298,000 0.29% — 124 Table of Contents The following is a summary of additional information relating to Customers' short-term debt: (amounts in thousands) FHLB advances: Maximum outstanding at any month end Average balance during the year Weighted-average interest rate during the year Federal funds purchased: Maximum outstanding at any month end Average balance during the year Weighted-average interest rate during the year December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 1,365,300 844,835 $ 1,383,000 898,396 $ 769,750 120,309 0.60% 0.46% 0.55% 85,000 41,397 35,000 13,312 125,000 32,351 0.35% 0.31% 0.31% At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Bank had aggregate availability under federal funds lines totaling $175 million and $95.0 million, respectively. Long-term debt FHLB advances The contractual maturities of long-term advances from the FHLB were as follows: (amounts in thousands) 2016 2017 2018 December 31, 2015 2014 Amount Rate Amount Rate $ $ — 205,000 55,000 260,000 —% $ 1.18 1.61 $ 85,000 180,000 55,000 320,000 0.59% 1.21 1.61 Of the $260 million of long-term advances enumerated above, $250.0 million are fixed rate. The Bank had a total maximum borrowing capacity with the Federal Home Loan Bank of $3.7 billion and with the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia of $59.2 million at December 31, 2015. The Bank had a total borrowing capacity with the Federal Home Loan Bank of $3.2 billion and with the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia of $62.7 million at December 31, 2014. Amounts can be borrowed as short-term or long-term. As of December 31, 2015, advances under these arrangements were secured by certain assets, which included a blanket lien on securities of $257.1 million and qualifying loans of Customers Bank of $3.5 billion. Senior notes On June 26, 2014, the Bancorp closed a private placement transaction in which it issued $25.0 million of 4.625% senior notes due 2019. Interest is paid semi-annually in arrears in June and December. In July and August 2013, the Bancorp issued $63.3 million in aggregate principal amount of senior notes due 2018. The notes bear interest at 6.375% per year which is payable on March 15, June 15, September 15, and December 15. The notes are unsecured obligations of the Bancorp and rank equally with all of its secured and unsecured senior indebtedness. Subordinated debt On June 26, 2014, the Bank closed a private placement transaction in which it issued $110.0 million of fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2029. The subordinated notes bear interest at an annual fixed rate of 6.125% until June 26, 2024, and interest is paid semiannually. From June 26, 2024, the subordinated notes will bear an annual interest rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 344.3 basis points until maturity on June 26, 2029. The Bank has the ability to call the subordinated notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal balance at certain times on or after June 26, 2024. 125 Table of Contents The subordinated notes qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory capital purposes. NOTE 12 – SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY On May 18, 2015, Customers Bancorp issued 2,300,000 shares of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C, par value $1.00 per share, with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. Customers Bancorp will pay dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock only when, as, and if declared by the board of directors or a duly authorized committee of the board and to the extent that it has lawfully available funds to pay dividends. Dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock will accrue and be payable quarterly in arrears, on the 15th day of March, June, September, and December of each year, commencing on September 15, 2015, at a fixed rate per annum equal to 7.00% from the original issue date to, but excluding, June 15, 2020, and thereafter at a floating rate per annum equal to three-month LIBOR on the related dividend determination date plus a spread of 5.30% per annum. Dividends on the Series C Preferred Stock will not be cumulative. If Customers Bancorp's board of directors or a duly authorized committee of the board does not declare a dividend on the Series C Preferred Stock in respect of a dividend period, then no dividend shall be deemed to have accrued for such dividend period, be payable on the applicable dividend payment date, or be cumulative, and Customers Bancorp will have no obligation to pay any dividend for that dividend period, whether or not the board of directors or a duly authorized committee of the board declares a dividend on the Series C Preferred Stock for any future dividend period. The Series C Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any mandatory redemption, sinking fund or other similar provisions and will remain outstanding unless redeemed at Customers Bancorp's option. Customers Bancorp may redeem the Series C Preferred Stock at its option, at a redemption price equal to $25.00 per share, plus any declared and unpaid dividends (without regard to any undeclared dividends), (i) in whole or in part, from time to time, on any dividend payment date on or after June 15, 2020 or (ii) in whole but not in part, within 90 days following the occurrence of a regulatory capital treatment event. Any redemption of the Series C Preferred Stock is subject to prior approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The Series C Preferred Stock qualifies as Tier 1 capital under regulatory capital guidelines. Except in limited circumstances, the Series C Preferred Stock does not have any voting rights. On August 24, 2015, Customers Bancorp's board of directors declared a cash dividend on its Series C Preferred Stock of $0.56875 per share. The dividend was paid on September 15, 2015 to shareholders of record on August 31, 2015. On November 17, 2015, Customers Bancorp's board of directors declared a cash dividend on its Series C Preferred Stock of $0.4375 per share. The dividend was paid on December 15, 2015 to shareholders of record on November 30, 2015. In May 2014, the Bancorp announced that its Board of Directors had declared a 10% stock dividend to all shareholders of record as of May 27, 2014. This special dividend was paid on June 30, 2014 in the form of an aggregate of 2,429,375 additional shares. In November 2013, the Bancorp announced that its Board of Directors had authorized a stock repurchase plan in which it could acquire up to 5% of its current outstanding shares at prices not to exceed a 20% premium over the current book value. The repurchase program may be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time, and the Bancorp has no obligation to repurchase any amount of its common stock under the program. There was no stock repurchased during 2015 or 2014. At December 31, 2015, there were warrants outstanding to purchase 627,673 shares of the Bancorp’s common stock. At December 31, 2014, there were warrants outstanding to purchase 635,274 shares of the Bancorp’s common stock. The purchase prices at December 31, 2015 and 2014 ranged from $9.55 per share to $73.01 per share. 126 Table of Contents NOTE 13 – EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS 401(k) Plan Customers Bank has a 401(k) profit sharing plan whereby eligible team members may contribute amounts up to the annual IRS statutory contribution limit. Customers Bank provides a matching contribution equal to 50% of the first 6% of the contribution made by the team member. Employer contributions for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 were $1.1 million, $1.0 million, and $0.6 million, respectively. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans Customers Bank entered into a supplemental executive retirement plan (SERP) with its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer that provides annual retirement benefits for a 15-year period upon the later of his reaching the age of 65 or when he terminates employment. The SERP is a defined-contribution type of deferred compensation arrangement that is designed to provide a target annual retirement benefit of $300,000 per year for 15 years starting at age 65, based on an assumed constant rate of return of 7% per year. The level of retirement benefit is not guaranteed by the Bank, and the ultimate retirement benefit can be less than or greater than the target. The Bank intends to fund its obligations under the SERP with the increase in cash surrender value of a life insurance policy on the life of the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer which is owned by the Bank. The present value of the amount owed as of December 31, 2015 was $3.6 million and was included in other liabilities. NOTE 14 – SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS Summary During 2010, the shareholders of Customers Bancorp approved the 2010 Stock Option Plan (“2010 Plan”), and during 2012, the shareholders of Customers Bancorp approved the 2012 Amendment and Restatement of the Customers Bancorp, Inc. Amended and Restated 2004 Incentive Equity and Deferred Compensation Plan (“2004 Plan”). The purpose of these plans is to promote the success and enhance the value of the Bancorp by linking the personal interests of the members of the Board of Directors and employees, officers, and executives of Customers to those of the shareholders of Customers and by providing such individuals with an incentive for outstanding performance in order to generate superior returns to shareholders of Customers. The 2010 Plan and 2004 Plan are intended to provide flexibility to Customers in its ability to motivate, attract, and retain the services of members of the Board of Directors, and employees, officers, and executives of Customers. Stock options and restricted stock units normally vest on the third or fifth anniversary of the grant date provided the grantee remains employed by Customers or continues to serve on the Board. With respect to certain stock options granted under the 2010 Plan, vested options shall be exercisable only when Customers' fully diluted tangible book value will have increased by 50% from the date of grant. Certain share-based awards provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control (as defined in the Plans). No stock options may be exercisable for more than 10 years from the date of grant. The 2010 and 2004 Plans are administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The 2010 Plan provides exclusively for the grant of stock options, some or all of which may be structured to qualify as Incentive Stock Options, to employees, officers and executives. The maximum number of shares of common stock which may be issued under the 2010 Plan is 3,666,667 shares. The 2004 Plan provides for the grant of options, some or all of which may be structured to qualify as Incentive Stock Options if granted to employees, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and unrestricted stock to employees, officers, executives, and members of the Board of Directors. The maximum number of shares of common stock which may be issued under the 2004 Plan is 2,750,000 shares. At December 31, 2015, the aggregate number of shares of common stock available for grant under these plans was 1,812,837 shares. On January 1, 2011, Customers initiated a Bonus Recognition and Retention Program (“BRRP”). This is a restricted stock unit plan. Employees eligible to participate in the BRRP include the Chief Executive Officer and other management and highly compensated employees as determined by the Compensation Committee at its sole discretion. Under the BRRP, a participant may elect to defer not less than 25%, nor more than 50%, of his or her bonus payable with respect to each year of participation. Shares of Voting Common Stock having a value equal to the portion of the bonus deferred by a participant are allocated to an annual deferral account, and a matching amount equal to an identical number of shares of common stock is also allocated to the annual deferral account. A participant becomes 100% vested in the annual deferral account on the fifth anniversary date of the initial funding of the account, provided he or she remains continuously employed by Customers from the date of funding to the anniversary date. Vesting is accelerated in the event of involuntary termination other than for cause, retirement at or after age 65, death, termination on account of disability, or a change in control of Customers. Participants were first eligible to make elections under the BRRP with respect to their bonuses for 2011 which were payable in the first quarter of 2012. The BRRP does not provide for a specific number of shares to be reserved; by its terms, the award of restricted stock units under this plan is limited 127 Table of Contents by the amount of cash bonuses paid to the participants in the plan. At December 31, 2015, restricted stock units outstanding under this plan totaled 254,821. Share-based compensation expense relating to stock options and restricted stock units is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting periods of the awards and is a component of salaries and employee benefits expense. Total share-based compensation expense for 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $5.7 million, $5.2 million, and $3.4 million, respectively. At December 31, 2015, there was $11.2 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to all non-vested share-based compensation awards. This cost is expected to be recognized through December 2020. In 2014, the shareholders of Customers Bancorp approved the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP"). The ESPP is intended to encourage team member participation in the ownership and economic progress of Customers. This plan is intended to qualify as an employee stock purchase plan within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code and is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Under the ESPP, team members may elect to purchase shares of Customers' common stock through payroll deduction. Since the purchase price under the plan is 85% of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the first day of each quarterly subscription period (a 15% discount to the market price), Customers' ESPP is considered to be a compensatory plan under current accounting guidance. Therefore, the entire amount of the discount is recognizable compensation expense. ESPP expense for 2015 and 2014 was $80.0 thousand and $12.0 thousand, respectively. Stock Options Customers estimated the fair value of each option on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The risk- free interest rate was based upon the zero-coupon Treasury rates in effect on the grant date of the options. Expected volatility was based upon limited historical information because Customers' common stock has only been traded since February 2012. Expected life was management’s estimate which took into consideration the five-year vesting requirement. During 2015, options to purchase an aggregate of 596,995 shares of Customers Bancorp voting common stock were granted to certain officers and team members. The exercise price for the options granted is equal to the closing price of Customers Bancorp's voting common stock on the date of grant. The options are subject to a five-year cliff vesting and expire after ten years. In addition to the five-year service requirement, one of the following conditions must be met in order for the options to become exercisable: • Total shareholder returns over the five-year vesting period must be a minimum of 50%, or • Customers Bancorp must have achieved a compound annual growth rate in diluted EPS of at least 10% over the five- year vesting period. Customers evaluated the likelihood that at least one of these conditions would be met over the requisite service period and determined that it was more likely than not that one of the conditions would be satisfied (based upon historical performance). Accordingly, the grant-date fair value of these awards is being recognized as expense over the five-year vesting period. The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used and the resulting weighted-average fair value of each option granted. Weighted-average risk-free interest rate Expected dividend yield Weighted-average expected volatility Weighted-average expected life (in years) Weighted-average fair value of each option granted 2015 2014 2013 1.90% —% 21.18% 7.00 2.16% —% 18.00% 7.00 $ 6.42 $ 4.52 $ 1.42% —% 13.77% 7.00 3.17 128 Table of Contents The following summarizes stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2015: Outstanding, January 1, 2015 Granted Exercised Forfeited Expired Outstanding, December 31, 2015 Exercisable at December 31, 2015 Number of Shares Weighted- average Exercise Price Weighted- average Remaining Contractual Term in Years Aggregate Intrinsic Value (dollars in thousands, except Weighted-average Exercise Price) 3,168,067 $ 599,745 (31,168) (2,200) (2,683) 3,731,761 707,745 $ $ 12.61 23.36 10.53 17.65 29.33 14.33 9.19 455 6.78 4.38 $ $ 48,086 12,760 Cash received from the exercise of options during the year ended December 31, 2015 was $0.3 million with a related tax benefit of $0.2 million. A summary of the status of Customers' non-vested options at December 31, 2015 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2015 is as follows: Non-vested at January 1, 2015 Granted Vested Forfeited Non-vested at December 31, 2015 Restricted Stock Units $ Options 3,154,384 599,745 (725,163) (2,200) 3,026,766 Weighted- average exercise price 12.59 23.36 12.50 17.65 15.53 The fair value of restricted stock units granted under the 2004 Plan is determined based on the market price of Customers' common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of restricted stock units granted under the BRRP is measured as of the date on which such portion of the bonus would have been paid had the deferral not been elected. In February 2012, the Compensation Committee recommended and the Board of Directors approved a restricted stock award that had two vesting requirements. The first requirement is that the recipient remains an employee or director through December 31, 2016. The second requirement is that Customers' Voting Common Stock will have traded at a price greater than $17.18 per share (adjusted for any stock splits or stock dividends) for at least five consecutive trading days during the five-year period ending December 31, 2016. This second requirement was satisfied during the fourth quarter of 2013. These criteria apply only to the 2012 restricted stock award. There were 158,581 restricted stock units granted during the year ended December 31, 2015. Of the aggregate restricted stock units granted, 84,392 were granted under the Bonus Recognition and Retention Program and are subject to five-year cliff vesting. The remaining units were granted under the Bancorp's Restated and Amended 2004 Incentive Equity and Deferred Compensation Plan and are subject to either a three-year waterfall vesting (with one third of the amount vesting annually) or a three-year cliff vesting. 129 Table of Contents The table below presents the status of the restricted stock units at December 31, 2015 and changes during the year ended December 31, 2015: Outstanding and unvested at January 1, 2015 Granted Vested Forfeited Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2015 Restricted Stock Units Weighted- average grant- date fair value 788,971 158,581 (65,218) (9,070) 873,264 $ $ 13.00 19.67 12.02 17.15 14.24 Customers has a policy that permits its directors to elect to receive shares of Voting Common Stock in lieu of their cash retainers. During the year ended December 31, 2015, Customers issued 27,674 shares of Voting Common Stock with a fair value of $0.7 million to the directors as compensation for their services. The fair values were determined based on the opening price of the common stock on the day the shares were issued. NOTE 15 – INCOME TAXES The components of income tax expense were as follows: (amounts in thousands) Current Deferred Total For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 40,004 (10,092) 29,912 $ $ 26,361 (6,187) 20,174 $ $ 15,394 2,210 17,604 Effective tax rates differ from the federal statutory rate of 35%, which is applied to income before income tax expense, due to the following: For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Amount % of pretax income Amount % of pretax income Amount % of pretax income (amounts in thousands) Federal income tax at statutory rate State income tax Tax-exempt interest, net of disallowance Bank-owned life insurance Other Effective income tax rate $ $ 30,973 1,434 35.00% $ 1.62 22,185 1,355 35.00% $ 17,604 2.14 353 (277) (2,422) 204 29,912 (0.31) (2.73) 0.22 33.80% $ (249) (1,296) (1,821) 20,174 (0.39) (2.04) (2.88) 31.83% $ (148) (868) 663 17,604 35.00% 0.70 (0.30) (1.73) 1.33 35.00% Customers accounts for income taxes under the liability method of accounting for income taxes. The income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. Customers determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur. 130 Table of Contents A tax position is recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms examined and upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation process, if any. A tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more likely than not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, Customers had no ASC 740-10 unrecognized tax benefits. Customers does not expect the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly increase within the next twelve months. Customers recognizes interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits in other expense. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income or the existence of sufficient taxable income within the carry-back period. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, management considers the scheduled reversal of the deferred tax liabilities, the level of historical taxable income, and the projected future taxable income over the periods in which the temporary differences comprising the deferred tax assets will be deductible. Based on its assessment, management determined that no valuation allowance is necessary at December 31, 2015 and 2014. Deferred income taxes reflect temporary differences in the recognition of revenue and expenses for tax reporting and financial statement purposes, principally because certain items are recognized in different periods for financial reporting and tax return purposes. The following represents the Bancorp's deferred tax asset and liabilities as December 31, 2015 and 2014: (amounts in thousands) Deferred tax assets: Allowance for loan losses Net unrealized losses on securities OREO expenses Non-accrual interest Net operating losses Deferred compensation Equity-based compensation Fair value adjustments on acquisitions Cash flow hedge Incentive compensation Other Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Fair value adjustments on acquisitions Net unrealized gains on securities Net deferred loan fees Bank premises and equipment Other Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax asset December 31, 2015 2014 $ 13,248 $ 11,555 3,112 728 840 2,290 1,337 5,196 428 1,679 2,497 1,374 32,729 — — (2,688) (875) (592) (4,155) 28,574 $ — 588 541 1,892 1,361 3,751 — 681 1,558 1,120 23,047 (2,002) (615) (4,524) (1,009) (1,140) (9,290) 13,757 $ Customers had approximately $6.5 million of federal net operating loss carryovers at December 31, 2015, that expire in 2025 through 2031. 131 Table of Contents Customers is subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax in various state and local taxing jurisdictions. Generally, Customers is no longer subject to examination by federal, state and local taxing authorities for years prior to December 31, 2012. NOTE 16 – TRANSACTIONS WITH EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, AND PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS Customers has had, and may be expected to have in the future, banking transactions in the ordinary course of business with its executive officers, directors, principal shareholders, their immediate families and affiliated companies (commonly referred to as related parties). The activity relating to loans to such persons was as follows: (amounts in thousands) Balance – January 1 Additions Repayments Balance – December 31 For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ $ 9 $ 7,273 $ 2,218 (2,007) 220 $ 5 (7,269) 9 $ 3,272 9,280 (5,279) 7,273 At December 31, 2015, Customers Bank had an outstanding commitment to provide short-term commercial real estate financing, subject to certain terms and conditions, not to exceed $8.0 million, and an available line of credit of $1.8 million with one of its related parties. Some current directors, nominees for director and executive officers of Customers and entities or organizations in which they were executive officers or the equivalent or owners of more than 10% of the equity were customers of and had transactions with or involving Customers in the ordinary course of business during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. None of these transactions involved amounts in excess of 5% of the Customers' gross revenues during 2015 nor was Customers indebted to any of the foregoing persons or entities in an aggregate amount in excess of 5% of Customers' total assets at December 31, 2015. Additional transactions with such persons and entities may be expected to take place in the ordinary course of business in the future. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Bank had approximately $14.0 million and $11.7 million, respectively, in deposits from related parties, including directors and certain executive officers. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, Customers paid $27,300, $46,900 and $45,800 to Jaxxon Promotions, Inc., a company in which a Bancorp director owns 25% interest. NOTE 17 – FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE-SHEET RISK Customers is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and letters of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. Customers' exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Customers uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. The following financial instruments were outstanding whose contract amounts represent credit risk: 132 Table of Contents (amounts in thousands) Commitments to fund loans Unfunded commitments to fund mortgage warehouse loans Unfunded commitments under lines of credit Letters of credit Other unused commitments December 31, 2015 2014 $ 537,380 $ 1,302,759 436,550 42,002 6,360 231,294 713,619 430,995 36,206 7,685 Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Mortgage warehouse loan commitments are agreements to purchase mortgage loans from mortgage bankers that agree to purchase the loans back in a short period of time. These commitments generally fluctuate monthly as existing loans are repurchased by the mortgage bankers and new loans are purchased by Customers. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Customers evaluates each customer’s credit worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by Customers upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation. Collateral held varies but may include personal or commercial real estate, accounts receivable, inventory and equipment. Outstanding letters of credit written are conditional commitments issued by Customers to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The majority of these standby letters of credit expire within the next year. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending other loan commitments. Customers requires collateral supporting these letters of credit as deemed necessary. Management believes that the proceeds obtained through a liquidation of such collateral would be sufficient to cover the maximum potential amount of future payments required under the corresponding guarantees. The current amount of the liabilities as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 for guarantees under standby letters of credit issued is not material. NOTE 18 – REGULATORY MATTERS The Bank and the Bancorp are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet the minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on Customers' financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank and Bancorp must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items, as calculated under the regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. Prompt corrective action provisions are not applicable to bank holding companies. Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Bank and Bancorp to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the following table) of total and Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets and of Tier 1 capital to average assets (as defined in the regulations). At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Bank and Bancorp met all capital adequacy requirements to which they were subject. The Dodd-Frank Act required the FRB to establish minimum consolidated capital requirements for bank holding companies that are as stringent as those required for insured depositary subsidiaries. In 2013, the federal banking agencies approved rules that implemented the Dodd-Frank requirements and certain other regulatory capital reforms effective January 1, 2015, that (i) introduced a new capital ratio pursuant to the prompt corrective action provisions, the common equity tier 1 capital to risk rated assets ratio, (ii) increased the adequately capitalized and well capitalized thresholds for the Tier 1 risk based capital ratios to 6% and 8%, respectively, (iii) changed the treatment of certain capital components for determining Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital, and (iv) changed the risk weighting of certain assets and off balance sheet items in determining risk weighted assets. 133 Table of Contents To be categorized as well capitalized, an institution must maintain minimum common equity Tier 1, total risk based, Tier 1 risk based and Tier 1 leveraged ratios as set forth in the following table: (amounts in thousands) December 31, 2015 Common equity Tier 1 (to risk- weighted assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank Tier 1 capital (to average assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank December 31, 2014 Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank Tier 1 capital (to average assets) Customers Bancorp, Inc. Customers Bank Actual For Capital Adequacy Purposes To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio $500,624 $565,217 7.61% $ 296,014 8.62% $ 294,916 4.5% N/A 4.5% $ 425,990 $698,323 10.62% $ 526,247 8.0% N/A $710,864 10.85% $ 524,295 8.0% $ 655,369 $556,193 $565,217 8.46% $ 394,685 8.62% $ 393,221 N/A 6.0% 6.0% $ 524,295 $556,193 $565,217 7.16% $ 310,812 4.0% N/A 7.30% $ 309,883 4.0% $ 387,353 $578,644 11.09 % $ 417,473 8.0 % N/A $621,894 11.98 % $ 415,141 8.0 % $ 518,926 $437,712 $480,963 8.39 % 9.27 % $ 208,737 $ 207,570 4.0 % N/A 4.0 % $ 311,356 $437,712 $480,963 6.69 % 7.39 % $ 261,622 $ 260,462 4.0 % N/A 4.0 % $ 325,577 N/A 6.5% N/A 10.0% N/A 8.0% N/A 5.0% N/A 10.0 % N/A 6.0 % N/A 5.0 % The new risk-based capital rules adopted effective January 1, 2015 require that banks and holding companies maintain a "capital conservation buffer" of 250 basis points in excess of the "minimum capital ratio." The minimum capital ratio is equal to the prompt corrective action adequately capitalized threshold ratio. The capital conservation buffer will be phased in over four years beginning on January 1, 2016, with a maximum buffer of 0.625% of risk weighted assets for 2016, 1.25% for 2017, 1.875% for 2018, and 2.5% for 2019 and thereafter. Failure to maintain the required capital conservation buffer will result in limitations on capital distributions and on discretionary bonuses to executive officers. NOTE 19 – DISCLOSURES ABOUT FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS Customers uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to disclose the fair value of its financial instruments. FASB ASC 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of the estimated fair value of an entity’s assets and liabilities considered to be financial instruments. For Customers, as for most financial institutions, the majority of its assets and liabilities are considered to be financial instruments. However, many of these instruments lack an available trading market as characterized by a willing buyer and willing seller engaging in an exchange transaction. For fair value disclosure purposes, Customers utilized certain fair value measurement criteria under the FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, as explained below. In accordance with ASC 820, the fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best 134 Table of Contents determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for Customers’ various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument. The fair value guidance provides a consistent definition of fair value, focusing on an exit price in an orderly transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. If there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability, a change in valuation technique or the use of multiple valuation techniques may be appropriate. In such instances, determining the price at which willing market participants would transact at the measurement date under current market conditions depends on the facts and circumstances and requires the use of significant judgment. The fair value is a reasonable point within the range that is most representative of fair value under current market conditions. The fair value guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy and describes the following three levels used to classify fair value measurements: Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities. Level 2: Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported with little or no market activity). A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair values of Customers’ financial instruments as of December 31, 2015 and 2014: Cash and cash equivalents: The carrying amounts reported on the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents approximate those assets’ fair values. These assets are included as Level 1 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Investment securities: The fair values of investment securities available for sale are determined by obtaining quoted market prices on nationally recognized and foreign securities exchanges (Level 1), matrix pricing (Level 2), which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted market prices for the specific securities, but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices, or externally developed models that use unobservable inputs due to limited or no market activity of the instrument (Level 3). These assets are included as Level 1, 2, or 3 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. The carrying amount of FHLB, Federal Reserve Bank, and other restricted stock approximates fair value, and considers the limited marketability of such securities. These assets are included in Level 2 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Loans held for sale - Residential mortgage loans: The Bank generally estimates the fair values of residential mortgage loans held for sale based on commitments on hand from investors within the secondary market for loans with similar characteristics. These assets are included as Level 2 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Loans held for sale - Mortgage warehouse loans: The fair value of mortgage warehouse loans is the amount of cash initially advanced to fund the mortgage, plus accrued interest and fees, as specified in the respective agreements. The loan is used by mortgage companies as short-term bridge financing 135 Table of Contents between the funding of mortgage loans and the finalization of the sale of the loans to an investor. Changes in fair value are not expected to be recognized since at inception of the transaction the underlying loans have already been sold to an approved investor. Additionally, the interest rate is variable, and the transaction is short-term, with an average life of 19 days from purchase to sale. These assets are included as Level 2 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Loans held for sale - Multi-family loans: The fair values of multi-family loans held for sale are estimated using pricing indications from letters of intent with third party investors, recent sale transactions within the secondary markets for loans with similar characteristics, or non-binding indicative bids from brokers. These assets are included as Level 3 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Loans receivable, net of allowance for loan losses: The fair values of loans held for investment are estimated using discounted cash flows, using market rates at the balance sheet date that reflect the credit and interest rate-risk inherent in the loans. Projected future cash flows are calculated based upon contractual maturity or call dates, projected repayments and prepayments of principal. Generally, for variable rate loans that reprice frequently and with no significant change in credit risk, fair values are based on carrying values. These assets are included as Level 3 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Impaired loans: Impaired loans are those that are accounted for under ASC 450, Contingencies, in which the Bank has measured impairment generally based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral. Fair value is generally determined based upon independent third-party appraisals of the properties that collateralize the loans, or discounted cash flows based upon the expected proceeds. These assets are included as Level 3 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Other real estate owned: The fair value of OREO is determined using appraisals, which may be discounted based on management’s review and changes in market conditions. All appraisals must be performed in accordance with the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice. Appraisals are certified to the Bank and performed by appraisers on the Bank’s approved list of appraisers. Evaluations are completed by a person independent of management. The content of the appraisal depends on the complexity of the property. Appraisals are completed on a “retail value” and an “as is value”. These assets are included as Level 3 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Deposit liabilities: The fair values disclosed for interest and non-interest checking, passbook savings and money market deposit accounts are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amounts). These liabilities are included as Level 1 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered in the market on certificates to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits. These liabilities are included as Level 2 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Federal funds purchased: For these short-term instruments, the carrying amount is considered a reasonable estimate of fair value. These liabilities are included as Level 1 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Borrowings: Borrowings consist of long-term and short-term FHLB advances, 5-year senior unsecured notes, and subordinated debt. For the short-term borrowings, the carrying amount is considered a reasonable estimate of fair value and is included as Level 1. Fair values of long-term FHLB advances are estimated using discounted cash flow analysis, based on quoted prices for new FHLB advances with similar credit risk characteristics, terms and remaining maturity. The prices obtained from this active market represent a market value that is deemed to represent the transfer price if the liability were assumed by a third party. Fair values of privately placed subordinated and senior unsecured debt are estimated by a third-party financial adviser using discounted cash flow analysis, based on market rates currently offered on such debt with similar credit-risk characteristics, terms and remaining maturity. These liabilities are included as Level 2 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is 136 Table of Contents significant to the fair value measurements. The $63 million senior unsecured notes issued during third quarter 2013 are traded on the New York Stock Exchange, and their price can be obtained daily. This fair value measurement is classified as Level 1. Derivatives (Assets and Liabilities): The fair values of interest rate swaps and credit derivatives are determined using models that incorporate readily observable market data into a market standard methodology. This methodology nets the discounted future fixed cash receipts and the discounted expected variable cash payments. The discounted variable cash payments are based on expectations of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves. In addition, fair value is adjusted for the effect of nonperformance risk by incorporating credit valuation adjustments for the Bank and its counterparties. These assets and liabilities are included as Level 2 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. The fair values of the residential mortgage loan commitments are derived from the estimated fair values that can be generated when the underlying mortgage loan is sold in the secondary market. The Bank uses commitments on hand from third party investors to estimate an exit price, and adjusts for the probability of the commitment being exercised based on the Bank’s internal experience (i.e., pull-through rate). These assets and liabilities are included as Level 3 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Off-balance-sheet financial instruments: Fair values of unused commitments to lend and standby letters of credit are considered to be the same as their contractual amounts. The following information should not be interpreted as an estimate of Customers' fair value in its entirety because fair value measurements are only provided for a limited portion of Customers’ assets and liabilities. Due to a wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making these estimates, comparisons between Customers’ disclosures and those of other companies may not be meaningful. The estimated fair values of Customers’ financial instruments were as follows at December 31, 2015 and 2014. (amounts in thousands) Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Investment securities, available for sale Loans held for sale Loans receivable, net of allowance for loan losses FHLB, Federal Reserve Bank and other restricted stock Derivatives Liabilities: Deposits Federal funds purchased FHLB advances Other borrowings Subordinated debt Derivatives Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2015 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Carrying Amount Estimated Fair Value $ 264,593 $ 264,593 $ 264,593 $ — $ 560,253 1,797,064 560,253 1,797,458 19,212 — 541,041 1,757,807 — — 39,651 5,417,832 5,353,903 90,841 9,295 90,841 9,295 — — — 90,841 9,250 — 5,353,903 $ 5,909,501 $ 5,911,754 $ 3,561,905 $ 2,349,849 $ 70,000 70,000 70,000 1,625,300 1,625,468 1,365,300 88,250 110,000 13,932 93,804 110,825 13,932 68,867 — — — 260,168 24,937 110,825 13,932 137 — 45 — — — — — — Table of Contents (amounts in thousands) Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Investment securities, available for sale Loans held for sale Loans receivable, net of allowance for loan losses FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank, and other restricted stock Derivatives Liabilities: Deposits FHLB advances Other borrowings Subordinated debt Derivatives Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2014 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Carrying Amount Estimated Fair Value $ 371,023 416,685 1,435,459 $ 371,023 416,685 1,436,460 $ 371,023 24,270 — $ — $ 392,415 1,335,668 — — 100,792 4,281,241 4,285,537 82,002 7,552 82,002 7,552 — — — 82,002 7,509 — 4,285,537 $ 4,532,538 1,618,000 88,250 110,000 $ 4,540,507 1,619,858 92,069 111,925 $ 2,820,875 1,298,000 66,944 — $ 1,719,632 321,858 25,125 111,925 $ 9,716 9,716 — 9,716 — 43 — — — — — For financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis, the fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy used at December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows: December 31, 2015 Fair Value Measurements at the End of the Reporting Period Using Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total (amounts in thousands) Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis: Assets Available-for-sale securities: Mortgage-backed securities Corporate notes Equity securities Derivatives (1) Loans held for sale – fair value option Total assets - recurring fair value measurements Liabilities Derivatives (2) Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis: Assets Impaired loans, net of specific reserves of $2,273 Other real estate owned Total assets - nonrecurring fair value measurements $ $ $ $ $ 138 — $ 500,974 $ — $ 500,974 — 19,212 — — 40,067 — 9,250 1,757,807 19,212 $ 2,308,098 — $ 13,932 $ $ — — 45 40,067 19,212 9,295 — 1,757,807 45 $ 2,327,355 — $ 13,932 — $ — — $ — $ — — $ 4,346 358 4,704 $ $ 4,346 358 4,704 Table of Contents December 31, 2014 Fair Value Measurements at the End of the Reporting Period Using Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total (amounts in thousands) Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis: Assets Available-for-sale securities: Mortgage-backed securities Corporate notes Equity securities Derivatives (1) Loans held for sale – fair value option Total assets - recurring fair value measurements Liabilities Derivatives (2) Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis: Assets Impaired loans, net of specific reserves of $1,342 Other real estate owned Total assets - nonrecurring fair value measurements (1) (2) Included in Other Assets Included in Other Liabilities $ $ $ $ $ — $ 377,311 $ — $ 377,311 — 24,270 — — 15,104 — 7,509 1,335,668 24,270 $ 1,735,592 — $ 9,716 $ $ — — 43 15,104 24,270 7,552 — 1,335,668 43 $ 1,759,905 — $ 9,716 — $ — — $ — $ — 2,380 9,149 — $ 11,529 $ $ 2,380 9,149 11,529 The changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows: (amounts in thousands) Balance at January 1, Issuances Settlements Balance at December 31, For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Residential Mortgage Loan Commitments $ $ 43 $ 273 (271) 45 $ 240 235 (432) 43 Customers' policy is to recognize transfers between fair value levels when events or circumstances warrant transfers. There were no transfers between levels during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. 139 Table of Contents The following table summarizes financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 for which Customers utilized Level 3 inputs to measure fair value: December 31, 2015 (dollars in thousands) Impaired loans Other real estate owned Residential mortgage loan commitments December 31, 2014 (dollars in thousands) Impaired loans Other real estate owned Residential mortgage loan commitments Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Estimate Valuation Technique Unobservable Input Range (Weighted Average) (3) $ 4,346 Collateral appraisal (1) Liquidation expenses (2) 358 Collateral appraisal (1) Liquidation expenses (2) 45 Adjusted market bid Pull-through rate Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements Fair Value Estimate Valuation Technique Unobservable Input Range (Weighted Average) (3) $ 2,380 Collateral appraisal (1) Liquidation expenses (2) 9,149 Collateral appraisal (1) Liquidation expenses (2) 43 Adjusted market bid Pull-through rate (8)% (8)% 94 % (8)% (8)% 80 % (1) (2) (3) Obtained from approved independent appraisers. Appraisals are current and in compliance with credit policy. The Bank does not generally discount appraisals. Fair value is adjusted for estimated costs to sell. Presented as a percentage of the value determined by appraisal for impaired loans and other real estate owned. NOTE 20 — DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES Risk Management Objectives of Using Derivatives Customers is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. Customers manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and durations of its assets and liabilities. Specifically, Customers enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. Customers’ derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of Customers’ known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to certain fixed-rate borrowings. Customers also has interest-rate derivatives resulting from a service provided to certain qualifying customers, and therefore, they are not used to manage Customers’ interest-rate risk in assets or liabilities. Customers manages a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments used in this customer service in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk Customers’ objectives in using interest-rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, Customers sometimes uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest-rate- risk management strategy. Interest-rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for Customers making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. During 2015 and 2014, such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with a forecasted issuance of debt. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the derivatives is to be recognized directly in earnings. During 2015 and 2014, Customers did not record any hedge ineffectiveness. 140 Table of Contents Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on Customers’ variable-rate debt. Customers expects to reclassify $1.7 million from accumulated other comprehensive income to interest expense during the next 12 months. Customers is hedging its exposure to the variability in future cash flows for forecasted transactions over a maximum period of 24 months (excluding forecasted transactions related to the payment of variable interest on existing financial instruments). At December 31, 2015 and 2014, Customers had one outstanding interest rate derivative with a notional amount of $150.0 million that was designated as a cash flow hedge of interest rate risk. The hedge expires in April 2019. Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Customers executes interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers to facilitate the customer's respective risk management strategies (typically the loan customers will swap a floating rate loan to a fixed rate loan). The customer interest rate swaps are simultaneously offset by interest rate swaps that Customers executes with a third party in order to minimize interest rate risk exposure resulting from such transactions. Because the interest rate swaps associated with this program do not meet the hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer swaps and the offsetting third-party market swaps are recognized directly in earnings. At December 31, 2015, Customers had 62 interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $461.0 million related to this program. At December 31, 2014, Customers had 44 interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $251.9 million related to this program. Customers enters into residential mortgage loan commitments in connection with its consumer mortgage banking activities to fund mortgage loans at specified rates and times in the future. These commitments are short-term in nature and generally expire in 30 to 60 days. The residential mortgage loan commitments that relate to the origination of mortgage loans that will be held for sale are considered derivative instruments under applicable accounting guidance and are reported at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded directly to earnings. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, Customers had an outstanding notional balance of residential mortgage loan commitments of $2.8 million and $3.8 million, respectively. Customers also purchased credit derivatives to hedge the performance risk associated with one of its counterparties. These derivatives are not designated as hedging instruments and are reported at fair value, with changes in fair value reported directly in earnings. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, Customers had an outstanding notional balance of credit derivatives of $19.3 million and $13.4 million, respectively. Fair Value of Derivative Instruments on the Balance Sheet The following table presents the fair value of Customers’ derivative financial instruments as well as the classification on the balance sheet at December 31, 2015 and 2014. (amounts in thousands) Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: Interest rate swaps Total Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Interest rate swaps Credit contracts Residential mortgage loan commitments Total December 31, 2015 Derivative Assets Derivative Liabilities Balance Sheet Balance Sheet Location Fair Value Location Fair Value Other assets Other assets Other assets Other assets $ $ $ $ — Other liabilities — 9,088 Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities 162 45 9,295 $ $ $ $ 4,477 4,477 9,455 — — 9,455 141 Table of Contents (amounts in thousands) Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: Interest rate swaps Total Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Interest rate swaps Credit contracts Residential mortgage loan commitments Total December 31, 2014 Derivative Assets Derivative Liabilities Balance Sheet Location Fair Value Balance Sheet Location Fair Value Other assets Other assets Other assets Other assets $ $ $ $ — Other liabilities — 7,332 177 43 7,552 Other liabilities Other liabilities Other liabilities $ $ $ $ 1,945 1,945 7,771 — — 7,771 Effect of Derivative Instruments on Comprehensive Income The following table presents the effect of Customers' derivative financial instruments on comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 Income Statement Location Amount of income (loss) recognized in earnings (amounts in thousands) Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Interest rate swaps Credit contracts Other non-interest income Other non-interest income Residential mortgage loan commitments Mortgage loan and banking income Total $ $ 1,889 (15) 2 1,876 For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Income Statement Location Amount of income (loss) recognized in earnings (amounts in thousands) Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Interest rate swaps Credit contracts Other non-interest income Other non-interest income Residential mortgage loan commitments Mortgage loan and banking income Total $ $ 550 (91) (197) 262 (amounts in thousands) Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Interest rate swaps Residential mortgage loan commitments Total For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Income Statement Location Amount of income (loss) recognized in earnings Other non-interest income Mortgage loan and banking income $ $ 711 240 951 142 Table of Contents For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 Location of Gain Amount of Gain (Loss) Amount of Loss (Loss) Reclassified Reclassified from Recognized in OCI on from Accumulated Accumulated OCI into Derivatives (Effective OCI into Income Income (Effective Portion) (1) (Effective Portion) Portion) (amounts in thousands) Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships: Interest rate swaps $ (1,534) Interest expense $ — For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Location of Gain Amount of Gain (Loss) Amount of Loss (Loss) Reclassified Reclassified from Recognized in OCI on from Accumulated Accumulated OCI into Derivatives (Effective OCI into Income Income (Effective Portion) (1) (Effective Portion) Portion) (amounts in thousands) Derivative in cash flow hedging relationship: Interest rate swaps $ (1,264) Interest expense $ — (1) Amounts presented are net of taxes Credit-risk-related Contingent Features By entering into derivative contracts, Customers is exposed to credit risk. The credit risk associated with derivatives executed with customers is the same as that involved in extending the related loans and is subject to the same standard credit policies. To mitigate the credit-risk exposure to major derivative dealer counterparties, Customers only enters into agreements with those counterparties that maintain credit ratings of high quality. Agreements with major derivative dealer counterparties contain provisions whereby default on any of Customers' indebtedness would be considered a default on its derivative obligations. Customers also has entered into agreements that contain provisions under which the counterparty could require Customers to settle its obligations if Customers fails to maintain its status as a well/ adequately-capitalized institution. As of December 31, 2015, the fair value of derivatives in a net liability position (which includes accrued interest but excludes any adjustment for nonperformance-risk) related to these agreements was $14.3 million. In addition, Customers has collateral posting thresholds with certain of these counterparties and at December 31, 2015, had posted $14.3 million of cash as collateral. Customers records cash posted as collateral as a reduction in the outstanding balance of cash and cash equivalents and an increase in the balance of other assets. Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities The following tables present derivative instruments that are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements. Customers' interest rate swaps with institutional counterparties are subject to master netting arrangements and are included in the table below. Interest rate swaps with commercial banking customers and residential mortgage loan commitments are not subject to master netting arrangements and are excluded from the table below. Customers has not made a policy election to offset its derivative positions. 143 Table of Contents (amounts in thousands) Description Interest rate swap derivatives with institutional counterparties (amounts in thousands) Description Interest rate swap derivatives with institutional counterparties Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets at December 31, 2015 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received Net Amount $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets at December 31, 2014 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Gross Amount of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Received Net Amount $ 192 $ — $ 192 $ 192 $ — $ — Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities at December 31, 2015 Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount (amounts in thousands) Description Interest rate swap derivatives with institutional counterparties $ 13,932 $ — $ 13,932 $ — $ 13,932 $ — 144 Table of Contents Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities at Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities Gross Amounts Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet December 31, 2014 Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Financial Instruments Cash Collateral Pledged Net Amount (amounts in thousands) Description Interest rate swap derivatives with institutional counterparties $ 9,703 $ — $ 9,703 $ 192 $ 9,511 $ — NOTE 21 — LOSS CONTINGENCY During the first quarter of 2013, a suspected fraud was discovered in the Bank’s held-for-sale loan portfolio. Total loans involved in this fraud initially was estimated to be $5.2 million, and management believed the range of possible loss to have been between $1.5 million and $3.2 million. Accordingly, management provided a loss contingency of $2.0 million at March 31, 2013. During the second quarter of 2013, Customers determined that an aggregate of $1.0 million of the loans were not involved in the fraud, and these loans were subsequently sold. In addition, Customers recovered $1.5 million in cash from the alleged perpetrator. Because it was determined that the remaining asset no longer met the definition of “a loan,” and because Customers is pursuing restitution through the involved parties, Customers determined this to be a receivable. As a result, the remaining aggregate of $2.7 million of loans and the related $2.0 million reserve were transferred to other assets. As of December 31, 2015, the net amount of the receivable and reserve of $0.6 million remains in other assets. NOTE 22 – CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF PARENT COMPANY The following tables present the condensed financial statements for Customers Bancorp, Inc. (parent company only) Balance Sheets (amounts in thousands) Assets Cash in subsidiary bank Investment securities available for sale, at fair value Investments in and receivables due from subsidiaries Other assets Total assets Liabilities and Shareholders’ equity Borrowings Other liabilities Total liabilities Shareholders’ equity December 31, 2015 2014 $ 54,567 $ 16,465 5 583,875 4,190 5 509,465 6,678 $ 642,637 $ 532,613 88,250 485 88,735 553,902 88,250 1,218 89,468 443,145 532,613 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity $ 642,637 $ 145 Table of Contents Income and Comprehensive Income Statements (amounts in thousands) Operating income: Other Total operating income Operating expense: Interest Other Total operating expense Income (loss) before taxes and undistributed income of subsidiaries Income tax benefit Income (loss) before undistributed income of subsidiaries Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries Net income Preferred stock dividends Net income available to common shareholders Comprehensive income Statements of Cash Flows (amounts in thousands) Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities: Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries, net of dividends received from Bank (Increase) decrease in other assets Increase (decrease) in other liabilities Net Cash Provided By (Used in) Operating Activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Purchases of investment securities available for sale Payments for investments in and advances to subsidiaries Net Cash Used in Investing Activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Proceeds from issuance of common stock Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Exercise and redemption of warrants Payments on partial shares for stock dividend Preferred stock dividends paid Purchase of treasury stock Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and Cash Equivalents – Beginning Cash and Cash Equivalents – Ending $ 146 For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 90 90 758 758 $ 18,545 $ 18,545 5,854 4,604 10,458 8,087 3,516 11,603 46,980 58,583 2,493 56,090 5,251 5,611 10,862 (10,772) 3,797 (6,975) 50,189 43,214 — 43,214 $ 50,721 $ 51,210 $ 1,923 3,395 5,318 (4,560) 1,596 (2,964) 35,658 32,694 — 32,694 23,512 For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 $ 58,583 $ 43,214 $ 32,694 (46,980) 2,488 (112) 13,979 — (30,036) (30,036) 904 55,569 — — — (2,314) — 54,159 38,102 16,465 54,567 $ (50,189) (1,354) 1,497 (6,832) — (15,032) (15,032) 77 — 25,000 6 (8) — — 25,075 3,211 13,254 16,465 $ (35,658) (1,465) (281) (4,710) — (177,068) (177,068) 97,507 — 60,336 264 — — (7,754) 150,353 (31,425) 44,679 13,254 Table of Contents NOTE 23 – SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED) The following table presents selected quarterly data for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Quarterly data may not agree to full year results. Quarter Ended (amounts in thousands, except per share data) Interest income Interest expense Net interest income Provision for loan losses Non-interest income Non-interest expenses Income before income taxes Provision for income taxes Net income Preferred stock dividend Net income available to common shareholders Earnings per common share: Basic Diluted $ $ December 31 September 30 June 30 March 31 2015 $ 67,713 $ 63,736 $ 59,683 $ 14,245 53,468 6,173 9,420 31,514 25,201 7,415 17,786 1,006 16,780 0.62 0.58 $ $ 13,125 46,558 9,335 6,393 25,660 17,956 6,400 11,556 507 11,049 0.41 0.39 $ $ 13,802 49,934 2,094 6,171 30,307 23,704 8,415 15,289 980 14,309 0.53 0.50 $ $ 2014 58,718 12,388 46,330 2,964 5,733 27,465 21,634 7,682 13,952 — 13,952 0.52 0.49 Quarter Ended (amounts in thousands, except per share data) Interest income Interest expense Net interest income Provision for loan losses Non-interest income Non-interest expenses Income before income taxes Provision for income taxes Net income available to common shareholders Earnings per common share: Basic Diluted December 31 September 30 June 30 March 31 36,874 7,082 29,792 4,368 7,310 21,169 11,565 3,429 8,136 0.30 0.29 $ 57,161 $ 51,298 $ 45,092 $ 12,175 44,986 2,459 5,804 27,864 20,467 7,289 13,178 0.49 0.47 $ $ 11,084 40,214 5,035 5,102 24,679 15,602 3,940 11,662 0.44 0.42 $ $ 8,162 36,930 2,886 6,911 25,205 15,750 5,517 10,233 0.38 0.37 $ $ $ $ 147 Table of Contents NOTE 24 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS On January 22, 2016, Customers announced the pricing of its public offering of 1,000,000 shares of Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series D (the "Series D Preferred Stock") at a price of $25.00 per share. Dividends on the Series D Preferred Stock will accrue and be payable quarterly in arrears, at a fixed rate per annum equal to 6.50% from the original issue date to, but excluding, March 15, 2021, and thereafter at a floating rate per annum equal to three-month LIBOR on the related dividend determination date plus a spread of 5.09% per annum. The offering closed on January 29, 2016, and was subject to customary closing conditions. Customers received net proceeds before expenses of $24.2 million from the offering, after deducting offering costs. The net proceeds will be used for general corporate purposes, which may include working capital and the funding of organic growth at Customers Bank. 148 Table of Contents MANAGEMENT’S RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Management of Customers Bancorp, Inc. (the “Customers Bancorp”) is responsible for the integrity and objectivity of all information presented in this report. The consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles. Management believes that the consolidated financial statements of Customers Bancorp, Inc. fairly reflect the form and substance of transactions and that the financial statements fairly represent Customers Bancorp’s financial position and results of operations. Management has included in Customers Bancorp’s financial statements amounts that are based on estimates and judgments which it believes are reasonable under the circumstances. The independent registered public accounting firm of BDO USA, LLP audits Customers Bancorp’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). The Board of Directors of Customers Bancorp has an Audit Committee composed of three independent Directors. The Committee meets periodically with financial management, the internal auditors and the independent registered public accounting firm to review accounting, internal control, auditing, corporate governance and financial reporting matters. The Audit Committee is responsible for the engagement of the independent auditors. The independent auditors and internal auditors have access to the Audit Committee. Management of Customers Bancorp, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 has been audited by BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein. 149 Table of Contents Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. We have established disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information relating to us, including our consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to the officers who certify our financial reports and to other members of senior management and the Board of Directors. We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the design and operating effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective. Management’s Responsibility for Financial Statements and Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting are included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” and are incorporated by reference herein. Our independent registered public accounting firm, BDO USA, LLP, also attested to, and reported on, the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. BDO USA, LLP’s attestation report, which appears in Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," is incorporated herein by reference. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting During fourth quarter 2015, there have been no changes in the Bancorp’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Bancorp’s internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information On February 26, 2016, Customers and Steven Issa, Customers’ Executive Vice President, New England President and Market Chief Lending Officer entered into an amendment to Mr. Issa’s employment agreement to eliminate the provision requiring Customers to provide a tax gross-up payment to Mr. Issa in the event of a transaction involving a change in control. All of the other provisions of the employment agreement remain in full force and effect. 150 Table of Contents Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III The information required by this Item will be included in the Proxy Statement for the 2016 annual meeting in the sections titled “Our Board of Directors and Management,” and “Board Governance,” and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this Item will be included in the Proxy Statement for the 2016 annual meeting in the sections titled “Director Compensation,” “Executive Officer Compensation,” and “Board Governance,” and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this Item will be included in the Proxy Statement for the 2016 annual meeting in the sections titled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this Item will be included in the Proxy Statement for the 2016 annual meeting in the sections titled “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Board Governance” and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information required by this Item will be included in the Proxy Statement for the 2016 annual meeting in the section titled “Proposal 2 — Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm,” and is incorporated herein by reference. 151 Table of Contents Item 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules PART IV (a) (b) 1. Financial Statements Consolidated financial statements are included under Item 8 of Part II of this Form 10-K. 2. Financial Statements Schedules Financial statements schedules are omitted because the required information is either not applicable, not required or is shown in the respective financial statements or in the notes thereto. (c) Exhibits Exhibit No. Description 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Purchase and Assumption Agreement, dated as of July 9, 2010, by and among Customers Bank, the FDIC as Receiver of USA Bank, and the FDIC acting in its corporate capacity, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.3 to the Customers Bancorp Form S-1/A filed with the SEC on January 13, 2011 Purchase and Assumption Agreement, dated as of September 17, 2010, by and among Customers Bank, the FDIC as Receiver of ISN Bank, and the FDIC acting in its corporate capacity, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.4 to the Customers Bancorp Form S-1/A filed with the SEC on January 13, 2011 Asset Purchase Agreement dated as of December 15, 2015 by and among Customers Bancorp, Customers Bank, Higher One, Inc. and Higher One Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Customers Bancorp, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Customers Bancorp Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 30, 2012 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Customers Bancorp, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Customers Bancorp Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 30, 2012 Articles of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Customers Bancorp, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Customers Bancorp Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 2, 2012 Statement with Respect to Shares relating to the Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series C, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Customers Bancorp Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 18, 2015 Statement with Respect to Shares relating to the Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series D, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Customers Bancorp Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 29, 2016 Specimen stock certificate of Customers Bancorp, Inc. Voting Common Stock and Class B Non-Voting Common Stock, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Customers Bancorp Form S-1/A filed with the SEC on May 1, 2012 Form of Warrant issued to investors in New Century Bank’s March and February 2010 private offerings, 2009 private offering, and in partial exchange for New Century Bank’s shares of 10% Series A Non-Cumulative Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock in June 2009, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to the Customers Bancorp Form S-1 filed with the SEC on April 22, 2010 Warrants issued to Jay S. Sidhu, June 30, 2009, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to the Customers Bancorp Form S-1 filed with the SEC on April 22, 2010 Indenture, dated as of July 30, 2013, by and between Customers Bancorp, Inc., as Issuer, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Customers Bancorp 8-K filed with the SEC on July 31, 2013 First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 30, 2013, by and between Customers Bancorp, Inc., as Issuer, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Customers Bancorp 8-K filed with the SEC on July 31, 2013 6.375% Global Note in aggregate principal amount of $55,000,000, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Customers Bancorp 8-K filed with the SEC on July 31, 2013 Amendment to First Supplemental Indenture, dated August 27, 2013, by and between Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Wilmington Trust Company, National Association, as trustee, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Customers Bancorp 8-K filed with the SEC on August 29, 2013 6.375% Global Note in aggregate principal amount of $8,250,000, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Customers Bancorp 8-K filed with the SEC on August 29, 2013 152 Table of Contents Exhibit No. 4.9 10.1+ 10.2+ 10.3+ 10.4+ 10.5+ 10.6+ 10.7+ 10.8+ 10.9+ 10.10+ 10.11+ Description Form of Note Subscription Agreement (including form of Subordinated Note Certificate and Senior Note Certificate) incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Customers Bancorp 8-K filed with the SEC on June 26, 2014 New Century Bank Management Stock Purchase Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Customers Bancorp Form S-1 filed with the SEC on April 22, 2010 Amended and Restated Customers Bancorp, Inc. 2010 Stock Option Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Customers Bancorp Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 21, 2012 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of March 26, 2012, by and between Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Jay S. Sidhu, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Customers Bancorp Form S-1 filed with the SEC on March 28, 2012 Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of March 26, 2012, by and between Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Richard Ehst, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Customers Bancorp Form S-1 filed with the SEC on March 28, 2012 Amended and Restated Customers Bancorp, Inc. 2004 Incentive Equity and Deferred Compensation Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Customers Bancorp Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 21, 2012 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Employees relating to the 2012 Special Stock Reward Program, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Customers Bancorp Form S-1/A filed with the SEC on May 1, 2012 Amended and Restated Customers Bancorp, Inc. Bonus Recognition and Retention Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Customers Bancorp Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 21, 2012 Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan of Jay S. Sidhu, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Customers Bancorp Form S-1/A filed with the SEC on April 18, 2011 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Directors relating to the 2012 Special Stock Reward Program, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Customers Bancorp Form S-1/A filed with the SEC on May 1, 2012 Form of Stock Option Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Customers Bancorp Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 21, 2012 Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Customers Bancorp Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 21, 2012 10.12+ Change of Control Agreement, dated as of January 30, 2013, by and between Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Glenn Hedde, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to Customers Bancorp’s Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 18, 2013 10.13+ Change of Control Agreement, dated as of January 30, 2013, by and between Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Warren Taylor, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Customers Bancorp’s Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 18, 2013 10.14+ Change of Control Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2012, by and between Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Ken Keiser 10.15+ Employment Agreement, dated as of August 5, 2013, by and between Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Robert Wahlman 10.16+ Employment Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2014, by and between Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Steven Issa 10.17+ Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2016, by and between Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Steven Issa 10.18 Termination and Non-Renewal Agreement, dated as of April 4, 2013, by and among Customers Bancorp, Inc., Acacia Life Insurance Company, and Ameritas Life Insurance Corp., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Customers Bancorp Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 10, 2013 153 Table of Contents Exhibit No. 10.19 At Market Issuance Sales Agreement dated as of December 23, 2015, by and among the Company, FBR Capital Markets & Co., MLV & Co. LLC and Maxim Group LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Customers Bancorp Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 23, 2015 Description 10.20 Termination of At Market Issuance Sales Agreement dated as of January 20, 2016 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 101 List of Subsidiaries of Customers Bancorp, Inc. Consent of BDO USA, LLP, filed herewith Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Interactive Data Files regarding (a) Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, (b) Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, (c) Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, (d) Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, (e) Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and (f) Notes to Financial Statements for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. + Management Contract or compensatory plan or arrangement 154 Table of Contents SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of the Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 Customers Bancorp, Inc. By: /s/ Jay S. Sidhu Name: Jay S. Sidhu Title: Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Customers Bancorp, Inc. By: /s/ Robert E. Wahlman Name: Robert E. Wahlman Title: Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature: /s/ Jay S. Sidhu Jay S. Sidhu /s/ Robert E. Wahlman Robert E. Wahlman /s/ Carla A. Leibold Carla A. Leibold Title(s): Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Director (principal executive officer) Date: February 26, 2016 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) February 26, 2016 Senior Vice President - Chief Accounting Officer and Controller (principal accounting officer) February 26, 2016 /s/ Daniel K. Rothermel Director Daniel K. Rothermel /s/ Bhanu Choudhrie Director Bhanu Choudhrie /s/ John R. Miller Director John R. Miller /s/ T. Lawrence Way Director T. Lawrence Way /s/ Steven J. Zuckerman Director Steven J. Zuckerman 155 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 February 26, 2016 

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