CytRX Corporation
Annual Report 2017

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549Form 10-K(Mark One)TANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017or £TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number 0-15327CytRx Corporation(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)Delaware58-1642740(State or other jurisdiction of(I.R.S. Employerincorporation or organization)Identification No.) 11726 San Vicente Blvd, Suite 650, Los Angeles, California90049(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (310) 826-5648________________Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:Title of each className of exchange on which registeredCommon Stock, $0.001 par value per shareThe NASDAQ Capital MarketSeries A Junior Participating Preferred Stock Purchase RightsThe NASDAQ Capital MarketSecurities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:NoneIndicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer (as defined in Securities Act Rule 405). Yes £ No RIndicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes £ No RIndicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12months and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes R No £Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted andposted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and postsuch files). Yes R No £Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the Registrant'sknowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. RIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. Seethe definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):Large accelerated filer £Accelerated filer RNon-accelerated filer £Smaller reporting company £ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)Emerging growth company £If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financialaccounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. £Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes £ No RBased on the closing price of the Registrant's common stock as reported on The NASDAQ Capital Market, the aggregate market value of the Registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2017 (the last business day of the Registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was approximately $94.5 million. Shares of common stock held bydirectors and executive officers and any ten percent or greater stockholders and their respective affiliates have been excluded from this calculation, because such stockholders may bedeemed to be "affiliates" of the Registrant. This is not necessarily determinative of affiliate status for other purposes. The number of outstanding shares of the Registrant's commonstock as of March 16, 2018 was 28,037,501.CYTRX CORPORATION2017 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-KTABLE OF CONTENTS Page NOTE ON FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS 2 PART I Item 1. BUSINESS 3 Item 1A. RISK FACTORS 11 Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS 23 Item 2. PROPERTIES 23 Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 24 Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES 25 PART II Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES 26 Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA 27 Item 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS 29 Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK 38 Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 38 Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE 38 Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES 38 Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION 40 PART III Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 41 Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION 48 Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS 61 Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE 62 Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES 63 PART IV Item 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES 64 Item 16. SUMMARY 68 SIGNATURES 70 CytRx 2017 10-K Page #i#NOTE ON FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTSReferences throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the "Company," "CytRx," "we," "us," and "our," except where the context requires otherwise, refer to CytRx Corporation.If we are not successful in negotiating an agreement with a strategic partner to advance at least one lead compound from our Freiburg operations, we may reduce our headcount anddiscontinue certain development programs and drug discovery activities. For these reasons and others, our operating results may fluctuate from period to period, and the results of priorperiods should not be relied upon as predictive of the results in future periods. Furthermore, if we obtain marketing approval and successfully commercialize aldoxorubicin, or anotherproduct candidate, we anticipate it will take a minimum of two years, and likely longer, for us to generate significant recurring revenue, and we will be dependent on future financing untilsuch time, if ever, as we can generate significant recurring revenue. We have no commitments from third parties to provide us with any additional financing, and we may not be able toobtain future financing on favorable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain adequate financing would adversely affect our ability to operate as a going concern. If we raise additional funds byissuing equity securities, dilution to stockholders may result and new investors could have rights superior to holders of the shares issued in this offering. In addition, debt financing, ifavailable, may include restrictive covenants. If adequate funds are not available to us, we may have to liquidate some or all of our assets or to delay or reduce the scope of or eliminatesome portion or all of our development programs or clinical trials. We also may have to license to other companies our product candidates or technologies that we would prefer todevelop and commercialize ourselves.References throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the "Company," "CytRx," "we," "us," and "our," except where the context requires otherwise, refer to CytRx Corporation.Some of the information contained in this Annual Report may include forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to our research and developmentactivities, business strategy, business plan, financial performance and other future events. These statements include forward-looking statements both with respect to us, specifically, andthe biotechnology sector, in general. We make these statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Statements that includethe words "expect," "intend," "plan," "believe," "project," "estimate," "may," "should," "anticipate," "will" and similar statements of a future or forward-looking nature identify forward-looking statements for purposes of the federal securities laws or otherwise.All forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties, and there are or will be important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from thoseindicated in these statements. We believe that these factors include, but are not limited to, those factors set forth in the sections entitled "Business," "Risk Factors," "LegalProceedings," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" and"Controls and Procedures" in this Annual Report, all of which you should review carefully. Please consider our forward-looking statements in light of those risks as you read this AnnualReport. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except asrequired by law.If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materializes, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially from what we anticipate.All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or individuals acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this Note.INDUSTRY DATAUnless otherwise indicated, information contained in this Annual Report concerning our industry, including our general expectations and market opportunity, is based on informationfrom our own management estimates and research, as well as from industry and general publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. Managementestimates are derived from publicly available information, our knowledge of our industry and assumptions based on such information and knowledge, which we believe to be reasonable.In addition, assumptions and estimates of our and our industry's future performance are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, includingthose described below in the "Risk Factors" section of this Annual Report. These and other factors could cause our future performance to differ materially from our assumptions andestimates.TRADEMARKSCytRx is one of our trademarks used in this Annual Report. This Annual Report also includes trademarks, trade names and service marks that are the property of other organizations.Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report sometimes appear without the ® and ™ symbols, but those references are not intended to indicatethat we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights, or that the applicable owner will not assert its rights, to these trademarks and trade names.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #ii#PART IItem 1. BUSINESSCOMPANY OVERVIEWWe are a biopharmaceutical research and development company specializing in oncology. Our focus is on the discovery, research and clinical development of novel anti-cancer drugcandidates that employ novel linker technologies to enhance the accumulation and release of cytotoxic anti-cancer agents at the tumor. Since 2008, we have worked to developaldoxorubicin. In July 2017 we entered into an exclusive worldwide license under which NantCell, Inc. took over development of aldoxorubicin, invested in our common stock and agreedto make future milestone and royalty payments upon the successful development and commercialization of aldoxorubicin. We are now actively pursuing new anti-cancer compoundsthrough our drug discovery and research operation at our laboratory facilities in Freiburg, Germany led by Felix Kratz, Ph.D., Vice President of Drug Discovery and inventor ofaldoxorubicin.We are a Delaware corporation, incorporated in 1985. Our corporate offices are located at 11726 San Vicente Boulevard, Suite 650, Los Angeles, California 90049, and our telephonenumber is (310) 826-5648. Our web site is located at http://www.cytrx.com. We do not incorporate by reference into this Annual Report the information on, or accessible through, ourwebsite, and you should not consider it as part of this Annual Report.LADR Drug Discovery PlatformThe LADR™ (Linker Activated Drug Release) technology platform is a discovery engine combining our expertise in linker chemistry and albumin biology to create a pipeline ofanti-cancer molecules that will avoid unacceptable systemic toxicity while delivering highly potent agents directly to the tumor. We have created a "toolbox" of linker technologies thathave the ability to significantly increase the therapeutic index of ultra-high potency drugs (10-1,000 times more potent than traditional chemotherapies) by controlling the release of thedrug payloads and improving drug-like properties.Our current efforts are focused on two classes of ultra-high potency albumin-binding drug conjugates. These drug conjugates combine our proprietary LADR™ linkers withnovel derivatives of the auristatin and maytansinoid drug classes. These payloads historically have required a targeting antibody for successful administration to humans. Our drugconjugates eliminate the need for a targeting antibody and provide a small molecule therapeutic option with potential broader applicability.Our postulated mechanism of action for the albumin-binding drug conjugates is as follows:●after administration, the linker portion of the drug conjugate forms a rapid and specific covalent bond to the cysteine-34 position of circulating albumin;●circulating albumin preferentially accumulates at the tumors, bypassing concentration in other non-tumor sites, including the heart, liver and gastrointestinal tract dueto a mechanism called "Enhanced Permeability and Retention";●once localized at the tumor, the acid-sensitive linker is cleaved due to the specific conditions within the tumor and in the tumor microenvironment; and●free active drug is then released.Our strategy across these programs is to generate additional pre-clinical data that will allow them to make informed decisions regarding the selection of one or both programs formoving into human clinical trials either independently or on a partnered basis.We recently entered into an agreement with Destum Partners, Inc., a leading strategic advisory firm serving companies in the life sciences industry, to assist in our pharmapartnering activities. Destum will be our exclusive advisor for the identification of partnership opportunities for LADR™ ultra-high potency drug conjugates. During 2017, our discovery laboratory synthesized and tested over 75 rationally designed drug conjugates with highly potent cytotoxic payloads, and two distinct classes ofcompounds have been created. To date, four lead candidates have been selected based on in vitro and animal preclinical studies, stability, and manufacturing feasibility. Additionalanimal efficacy and toxicology testing of these lead candidates is underway.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #3#AldoxorubicinUntil July 2017, we were focused on the research and clinical development of aldoxorubicin, our modified version of the widely-used chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin.Aldoxorubicin combines the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin with a novel linker-molecule that binds specifically to albumin in the blood to allow for delivery of higher amounts ofdoxorubicin (3½ to 4 times) without several of the major dose-limiting toxicities seen with administration of doxorubicin alone.On July 27, 2017, we entered into an exclusive worldwide license with NantCell, Inc. ("NantCell"), granting to NantCell the exclusive rights to develop, manufacture andcommercialize aldoxorubicin in all indications, and our company is no longer directly working on development of aldoxorubicin. As part of the license, NantCell made a strategicinvestment of $13 million in CytRx common stock at $6.60 per share (adjusted to reflect our 2017 reverse stock split), a premium of 92% to the market price on that date. We also issuedNantCell a warrant to purchase up to 500,000 shares of common stock at $6.60 over the following 18 months. We are entitled to receive up to an aggregate of $343 million in potentialmilestone payments contingent upon achievement of certain regulatory approvals and commercial milestones. We are also entitled to receive ascending double-digit royalties for netsales for soft tissue sarcomas and mid to high single digit royalties for other indications.Aldoxorubicin is a conjugate of the commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin that binds to circulating albumin in the bloodstream and is believed toconcentrate the drug at the site of the tumor. Aldoxorubicin, our lead clinical candidate, has been tested in over 600 patients with various types of cancer. Specifically, it is comprised of(6-maleimidocaproyl) hydrazine, an acid-sensitive molecule that is conjugated to doxorubicin. The initial indication for aldoxorubicin is for patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas(STS). Aldoxorubicin has received Orphan Drug Designation (ODD) by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of STS. ODD provides several benefits including seven years of marketexclusivity after approval, certain R&D related tax credits, and protocol assistance by the FDA. European regulators granted aldoxorubicin Orphan designation for STS which confersten years of market exclusivity among other benefits.In the first quarter of 2018, we announced that NantCell was expanding aldoxorubicin's use by combining it with immunotherapies and cell-based treatments, specifically inmetastatic pancreatic cancer and in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck or non-small cell lung cancer.OUR CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMSOur current clinical development programs are discussed below.AldoxorubicinAldoxorubicin is a conjugate of the commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin that binds to circulating albumin in the bloodstream and is believed to concentratethe drug at the site of tumors. Specifically, it is comprised of (6-maleimidocaproyl) hydrazine, an acid-sensitive molecule that is conjugated to doxorubicin. Aldoxorubicin was out-licensed to NantCell in July 2017.Aldoxorubicin for the Treatment of Cancer. Anthracyclines are a class of drugs that are among the most commonly used agents in the treatment of cancer. Doxorubicin, the firstanthracycline to gain FDA approval, has demonstrated efficacy in a wide variety of cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, sarcomas, and lymphomas. However,due to the uptake of doxorubicin by various parts of the body, it is associated with side effects such as cumulative cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression (decreased production of blood cellsby bone marrow), gastrointestinal disorders, mucositis (inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the mouth and digestive tract), stomatitis (inflammation of soft tissue of themouth), and necrotizing extravasation (damage due to the leakage of intravenous drugs from the vein into the surrounding tissue).We believe aldoxorubicin has attributes that may improve on doxorubicin, alone, which we sometimes refer to as native doxorubicin, including the potential to increase the totaldoxorubicin dose, reduce certain adverse events associated with native doxorubicin, achieve increased drug concentration at tumor sites and improve efficacy.Pre-clinical data. In a variety of preclinical models, aldoxorubicin was superior to doxorubicin at equitoxic doses in its ability to allow an increase in the total doxorubicin dose, itsantitumor efficacy and its safety, including a reduction in cardiotoxicity. Animal studies conducted by aldoxorubicin inventor Dr. Felix Kratz demonstrated statistically significant efficacycompared to both placebo and native doxorubicin against breast, ovarian, pancreatic and small cell lung cancer models growing in immunodeficient mice.Clinical data. In July 2016, we announced the initial analysis of top-line data from our on-going global, randomized Phase 3 clinical trial of aldoxorubicin as a treatment for patientswith relapsed or refractory soft tissue sarcomas, or STS. The trial enrolled 433 patients. Aldoxorubicin performed better than investigator's choice for the entire study population, andnarrowly missed statistical significance in progression-free survival, or PFS (p=0.12; HR=0.81, 95% CI 0.64-1.06), the trial's primary endpoint. All responses were determined by anindependent, blinded central radiology lab assessment of scans.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #4#On November 29, 2016, we announced updated results from the Phase 3 clinical trial, which demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in PFS between aldoxorubicin andinvestigator's choice therapy in 246 patients with either leiomyosarcoma or liposarcoma, (p=0.007). The hazard ratio (HR) was 0.62 (95% CI 0.44-0.88), representing a 38% reduction in therisk of tumor progression for patients receiving aldoxorubicin versus investigator's choice. Leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma, the two most common types of STS, accounted for 57% ofthe patients enrolled in the overall trial. Aldoxorubicin also demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in PFS over investigator's choice in 312 patients treated in NorthAmerica plus Australia (p=0.028; HR=0.71, 95% CI 0.53-0.97).Aldoxorubicin did not cause clinically significant cardiac, renal, or hepatic toxicities. For the global trial population, the most commonly reported adverse events were neutropeniaand anemia consistent with prior clinical trials with aldoxorubicin. Grade 3 or higher adverse events were manageable with supportive care and occurred at a rate of 61% for patientsreceiving aldoxorubicin and 46% in patients treated with investigator's choice. Treatment-emergent adverse events leading to discontinuation occurred in 4.2% of patients treated withaldoxorubicin, compared to 6.3% for patients receiving investigator's choice. Serious adverse events, primarily febrile neutropenia that resolved and rarely led to treatment terminationoccurred more frequently in patients administered aldoxorubicin. Three treatment-related deaths occurred in aldoxorubicin-treated patients, while there were no treatment-related deathsamong patients receiving investigators' choice of drugs.Based upon the updated results of the Phase 3 trial, we met with the FDA in the first quarter of 2017. Following the meeting with the FDA, we announced that we planned to pursuea 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway for a New Drug Application (NDA) filing.We completed our global Phase 2b clinical trial to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of aldoxorubicin as a first-line therapy in patients with advanced STS who areineligible for surgery. The 123-subject Phase 2b clinical trial provided the first direct clinical trial comparison of aldoxorubicin and native doxorubicin as a first-line therapy for STS. Theprimary endpoint was PFS as determined by a blinded radiology review performed at an independent central radiology laboratory. The results from this trial were published in the Journalof the American Medical Association (JAMA) Oncology in September 2015 (JAMA Oncology 2015 Sep 17:1-9.).In the Phase 2b clinical trial, aldoxorubicin was found to be relatively safe and well-tolerated. Subjects treated with aldoxorubicin had an approximately two-fold increase in severeneutropenia compared with doxorubicin-treated subjects, but there was no difference in the incidence of febrile neutropenia (indicating an infection may be present) between the twogroups. All adverse events in subjects treated with aldoxorubicin were consistent with the known side effects of doxorubicin, usually resolved before the administration of the next doseand did not require treatment discontinuation. There were no treatment-related deaths in the aldoxorubicin group.A Phase 1 study of aldoxorubicin that demonstrated safety and objective clinical responses in several tumor types was completed in 2005 and published in Clinical Cancer Researchin August 2007. Of 35 evaluable patients, 23 had either an objective clinical (partial) response or stable disease.We completed a Phase 1b/2 clinical trial with aldoxorubicin in patients with advanced solid tumors who had either relapsed or failed to respond to their prior chemotherapy. Clinicalbenefit was shown in ten of 13 (76.9%) evaluable patients with relapsed or refractory STS. There were no observed cardiac toxicities and no drug-related patient deaths. The results ofthis clinical trial were published in February 2015 in the peer-reviewed journal Cancer (Cancer, 2015 Feb 15; 121(4); 570-9).Our Phase 1b clinical trial evaluating pharmacokinetics demonstrated that aldoxorubicin has a distribution half-life of approximately 20 to 24 hours, with a narrow volume ofdistribution to healthy tissue and slow clearance from the circulation. Complete details from this trial were published in the journal Investigational New Drugs (Invest New Drugs, 2015Apr 15; (33(2):341-8).In September 2016, we completed enrollment in our global Phase 2b clinical trial evaluating aldoxorubicin compared to topotecan in subjects with extensive-stage small cell lungcancer (SCLC) who have relapsed or were refractory to prior chemotherapy. The open-label Phase 2b clinical trial enroll approximately 135 patients (1:1 randomization). The primaryendpoint is PFS and the secondary endpoints are OS, overall response rates (partial and complete) and the safety of aldoxorubicin compared to topotecan in this population. This trialwas ongoing when aldoxorubicin was out-licensed to NantCell, Inc. We completed a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating the preliminary efficacy and safety of aldoxorubicin in patients with unresectable glioblastoma whose tumors have progressedfollowing prior treatment with surgery, radiation and with the drug temozolomide. The clinical trial has enrolled its target of 28 patients and demonstrated that an albumin-binding therapycan enter the brain and have anti-tumor activity. At the 2016 American Society for Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting, the trial results were presented including the medianoverall survival of 8.6 months.We completed a Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating the preliminary efficacy of aldoxorubicin in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Results presented at the 2016 ASCOAnnual Meeting showed that aldoxorubicin localized in the tumor lesions and compared to non-tumor tissues. Eleven of 13 patients (85%) treated with low dose aldoxorubicin achieveda partial response at week four.We also conducted a Phase 1b/2 trial in combination with ifosfamide in patients with STS, and completed a Phase 1b trial in combination with gemcitabine in subjects withmetastatic solid tumors. Since most chemotherapy agents are administered in combination with other chemotherapeutics, these studies will demonstrate the dose of aldoxorubicin thatcan be administered with two other chemotherapies that are commonly used to treated patients with sarcomas, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer and lung cancer.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #5#Disposition of Molecular Chaperone AssetsUntil 2011, we owned the rights to two drug candidates, arimoclomol and iroxanadine, based on molecular chaperone regulation technology that were designed to repair or degrademis-folded proteins associated with disease. On May 13, 2011, we sold all pre-clinical and clinical data, intellectual property rights and other assets relating to those compounds toOrphazyme ApS in exchange for a cash payment of $150,000 and the right to receive various future payments that are contingent upon the achievement of specified regulatory andbusiness milestones, as well as royalty payments based on a specified percentage of any eventual net sales of products derived from the assets. Innovive Acquisition AgreementOn September 19, 2008, we completed our merger acquisition of Innovive Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Innovive, and its clinical-stage cancer product candidates, including aldoxorubicinand tamibarotene. Under the merger agreement by which we acquired Innovive, we agreed to pay the former Innovive stockholders up to approximately $18.3 million of future earnoutmerger consideration, subject to our achievement of specified net sales under the Innovive license agreements. The earnout merger consideration, if any, will be payable in shares of ourcommon stock, subject to specified conditions, or, at our election, in cash or by a combination of shares of our common stock and cash. Our common stock will be valued for purposes ofany future earnout merger consideration based upon the trading price of our common stock at the time the earnout merger consideration is paid. The earnout will be accrued if and whenearned.Research and DevelopmentExpenditures for research and development activities related to continuing operations were $19.8 million, $35.9 million and $43.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016and 2015, respectively, or approximately 60%, 68% and 68%, respectively, of our total expenses. For further information regarding our research and development activities, see"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" below.ManufacturingWe do not have the facilities or expertise to manufacture clinical supplies of aldoxorubicin or any of our other product candidates, and we lack the resources and capability tomanufacture any of our product candidates on a commercial scale. Accordingly, we are dependent upon third-party manufactures, or potential future strategic alliance partners, tomanufacture these supplies. Currently, we are no longer responsible for manufacturing aldoxorubicin, having entered into an exclusive licensing agreement with NantCell, Inc.Commercialization and MarketingWe currently have no sales, marketing or commercial product distribution capabilities or experience in marketing products. As additional product candidates advance through our pipeline, our commercial plans may change. In particular, some of our pipeline assets target potentially large solid tumorindications. Factors such as clinical data, the size of the development programs, the size of the target market, the size of a commercial infrastructure, and manufacturing needs mayinfluence our strategies in the U.S., the European Union, and other territories.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #6#Patents and Proprietary TechnologyWe actively seek patent protection for our technologies, processes, uses, and ongoing improvements and consider our patents and other intellectual property to be critical to ourbusiness. We regularly evaluate the patentability of new inventions and improvements developed by us or our collaborators, and, whenever appropriate, will endeavor to file U.S. andinternational patent applications to protect these new inventions and improvements. We cannot be certain that any of the current pending patent applications we have filed or licensed,or any new patent applications we may file or license, will ever be issued in the U.S. or any other country. There also is no assurance that any issued patents will be effective to preventothers from using our products or processes. It is also possible that any patents issued to us, as well as those we have licensed or may license in the future, may be held invalid orunenforceable by a court, or third parties could obtain patents that we would need to either license or to design around, which we may be unable to do. Current and future competitorsmay have licensed or filed patent applications or received patents, and may acquire additional patents and proprietary rights relating to compounds, products or processes that may becompetitive with ours.In addition to patent protection, we attempt to protect our proprietary products, processes and other information by relying on trade secrets and non-disclosure agreements with ouremployees, consultants and certain other persons who have access to such products, processes and information. Under the agreements, all inventions conceived by employees are ourexclusive property, but there is no assurance that these agreements will afford significant protection against misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets andconfidential information.As of December 31, 2017, we have three pending U.S. patent applications and thirteen pending foreign patent applications covering our LADRTM-related technology and DK049.The unextended patent term of patents that issue covering our LADRTM-related technology and DK049 is June 2038. In conjunction with our July 27, 2017 NantCell licensing agreement,we granted NantCell an exclusive license to all our aldoxorubicin-related patents, including the rights in four granted U.S. patents, 72 granted foreign patents, two pending U.S. patentapplications, and fourteen pending foreign patent applications covering aldoxorubicin and related technologies. Our intellectual property holdings relating to aldoxorubicin and relatedtechnologies include an exclusive license from Vergell Medical, S.A. or Vergell, to U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications. Patents and applications that cover pharmaceuticalcompositions of aldoxorubicin, processes for their production, and their use in treatment methods (e.g., cancer (including glioblastoma), viral diseases, autoimmune diseases, and acuteor chronic inflammatory diseases) have unextended patent terms expiring between June 2020 and June 2034. LICENSE AGREEMENTSAldoxorubicinWe are the licensee of patent rights held by KTB for the worldwide development and commercialization of aldoxorubicin under a license agreement dated April 17, 2006. In February2017, we received notice that KTB had transferred and assigned its rights and obligations under the license to Vergell Medical, S.A. The license is exclusive and applies to all productsthat may be subject to the licensed intellectual property in all fields of use. We may sublicense the intellectual property in our sole discretion. Pursuant to an amendment to the licenseagreement entered into in March 2014, we also have a non-exclusive worldwide license to any additional technology that is claimed or disclosed in the licensed patents and patentapplications for use in the field of oncology.Under the agreement, we must make payments to Vergell in the aggregate of up to $7.5 million upon meeting clinical and regulatory milestones, and up to and including the product'ssecond final marketing approval. We also agreed to pay:●commercially reasonable royalties based on a percentage of net sales (as defined in the agreement);●a percentage of any non-royalty sub-licensing income (as defined in the agreement); and●milestones of $1 million for each additional final marketing approval that we obtain.In the event that we must pay a third party in order to exercise our rights to the intellectual property under the agreement, we are entitled to deduct a percentage of those paymentsfrom the royalties due Vergell, up to an agreed upon cap.Under the agreement with Vergell, we must use commercially reasonable efforts to conduct the research and development activities we determine are necessary to obtain regulatoryapproval to market aldoxorubicin in those countries that we determine are commercially feasible. Under the agreement, Vergell is to use its commercially reasonable efforts to provide uswith access to suppliers of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, of aldoxorubicin, on the same terms and conditions as may be provided to Vergell by those suppliers.The agreement will expire on a product-by-product basis upon the expiration of the subject patent rights. We have the right to terminate the agreement on 30 days' notice, providedwe pay a cash penalty to Vergell. Vergell may terminate the agreement if we are in breach and the breach is not cured within a specified cure period, or if we fail to use diligent andcommercial efforts to meet specified clinical milestones.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #7#CompetitionThe biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. Whilewe believe that our LADR™ technology platform and ultra-high potency albumin-bind drug conjugates provide us with competitive advantages, we face potential competition frommany different sources, including major pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions and governmental agencies and public and privateresearch institutions. Any drug candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in thefuture.Many competitors and potential competitors have substantially greater scientific, research and product development capabilities, as well as greater financial, marketing andhuman resources than we do. In addition, many specialized biotechnology firms have formed collaborations with large, established companies to support the research, development andcommercialization of products that may be competitive with ours.There are many companies developing antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) for the treatment of cancer that use the same classes of cytotoxic payloads as we are currently using. These include Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Seattle Genetics Inc. who market Adcetris®, and F. Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd./Genentech who market Kadcyla®. According towww.clinicaltrials.gov, there are approximately 75 clinical trials testing an ADC that are either on-going or currently enrolling. Other companies have created or have programs to createpotent cell‑killing agents for attachment to antibodies or other targeting agents. These companies may compete with us for technology out‑license arrangements.In addition to ADCs, we face competition from other nanomedicine platforms developing targeted therapies, including platforms focused on nanoparticles andliposomes. Non‑ADC therapies may be in development for the cancer types we or our partners elect to pursue. Further, these companies may also compete with us for technologyout‑license arrangements.Continuing development of conventional and targeted chemotherapeutics by large pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies may result in new compounds thatmay compete with our product candidates. More recently, immuno-oncology therapies that stimulate the body's own defense system to attack cancers are being developed by certain ofthese companies and some have been approved for use as cancer therapeutics. In the future, immuno-oncology agents including cell therapies, targeted therapies or cytotoxic treatmentsmay compete with our product candidates. Other companies have created or have programs to create potent cell‑killing agents for attachment to tumor targeting agents. Thesecompanies may compete with us for technology out‑license arrangements.Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects,are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidlythan we obtain approval for ours. In addition, our ability to compete may be affected in many cases by insurers or other third-party payors seeking to encourage the use of genericproducts. If our drug candidates achieve marketing approval, we expect that they will be priced at a significant premium over competitive generic products. Many companies, including large pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms with financial resources, research and development staffs, and facilities that may be substantiallygreater than those of ours or our strategic partners or licensees, are engaged in the research and development of pharmaceutical products that could compete with our potentialproducts. To the extent that we seek to acquire, through license or otherwise, existing or potential new products, we will be competing with numerous other companies, many of whichwill have substantially greater financial resources, large acquisition and research and development staffs that may give those companies a competitive advantage over us in identifyingand evaluating these drug acquisition opportunities. Any products that we acquire will be competing with products marketed by companies that in many cases will have substantiallygreater marketing resources than we have. The industry is characterized by rapid technological advances and competitors may develop their products more rapidly and such productsmay be more effective than those currently under development or that may be developed in the future by our strategic partners or licensees. Competitive products for a number of thedisease indications that we have targeted are currently being marketed by other parties, and additional competitive products are under development and may also include productscurrently under development that we are not aware of or products that may be developed in the future. CytRx 2017 10-K Page #8#Government RegulationThe U.S. and other developed countries extensively regulate the preclinical and clinical testing, manufacturing, labeling, storage, record-keeping, advertising, promotion, export,marketing and distribution of drugs and biologic products. The FDA, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the Public Health Service Act and other federal statutes andregulations, regulates pharmaceutical and biologic products.To obtain approval of our product candidates from the FDA, we must, among other requirements, submit data supporting safety and efficacy for the intended indication as well asdetailed information on the manufacture and composition of the product candidate. In most cases, this will require extensive laboratory tests and preclinical and clinical trials. Thecollection of these data, as well as the preparation of applications for review by the FDA involve significant time and expense. The FDA also may require post-marketing testing tomonitor the safety and efficacy of approved products or place conditions on any approvals that could restrict the therapeutic claims and commercial applications of these products.Regulatory authorities may withdraw product approvals if we fail to comply with regulatory standards or if we encounter problems at any time following initial marketing of our products.The first stage of the FDA approval process for a new drug involves completion of preclinical studies and the submission of the results of these studies to the FDA. These data,together with proposed clinical protocols, manufacturing information, analytical data and other information submitted to the FDA, in an investigational new drug application, or IND,must become effective before human clinical trials may commence. Preclinical studies generally involve FDA regulated laboratory evaluation of product characteristics and animal studiesto assess the efficacy and safety of the product candidate.After the IND becomes effective, a company may commence human clinical trials. These are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap. Phase 1trials consist of testing of the product candidate in a small number of patients or healthy volunteers, primarily for safety at one or more doses. Phase 2 trials, in addition to safety,evaluate the efficacy of the product candidate in a patient population somewhat larger than Phase 1 trials. Phase 3 trials typically involve additional testing for safety and clinical efficacyin an expanded population at multiple test sites. A company must submit to the FDA a clinical protocol, accompanied by the approval of the Institutional Review Boards at theinstitutions participating in the trial, prior to commencement of each clinical trial.To obtain FDA marketing authorization, a company must submit to the FDA the results of the preclinical and clinical testing, together with, among other things, detailed informationon the manufacture and composition of the product candidate, in the form of a new drug application, or NDA.The amount of time taken by the FDA for approval of an NDA will depend upon a number of factors, including whether the product candidate has received priority review, the qualityof the submission and studies presented, the potential contribution that the compound will make in improving the treatment of the disease in question, and the workload at the FDA.The FDA may, in some cases, confer upon an investigational product the status of a fast-track product. A fast-track product is defined as a new drug or biologic intended for thetreatment of a serious or life-threatening condition that demonstrates the potential to address unmet medical needs for this condition. The FDA can base approval of an NDA for a fast-track product on an effect on a surrogate endpoint, or on another endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. If a preliminary review of clinical data suggests that a fast-track product may be effective, the FDA may initiate review of entire sections of a marketing application for a fast-track product before the sponsor completes the application.We anticipate that our products will be manufactured by our strategic partners, licensees or other third parties. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will inspect the facilities at whichthe product is manufactured and will not approve the product unless the manufacturing facilities are in compliance with the FDA's cGMP, which are regulations that govern themanufacture, holding and distribution of a product. Our manufacturers also will be subject to regulation under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the National EnvironmentalPolicy Act, the Nuclear Energy and Radiation Control Act, the Toxic Substance Control Act and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Following approval, the FDA periodicallyinspects drug and biologic manufacturing facilities to ensure continued compliance with the good manufacturing practices regulations. Our manufacturers will have to continue tocomply with those requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements subjects the manufacturer to possible legal or regulatory action, such as suspension of manufacturing orrecall or seizure of product. Adverse patient experiences with the product must be reported to the FDA and could result in the imposition of marketing restrictions through labelingchanges or market removal. Product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory requirements is not maintained or if problems concerning safety or efficacy of the productoccur following approval.The labeling, advertising, promotion, marketing and distribution of a drug or biologic product also must be in compliance with FDA and Federal Trade Commission requirementswhich include, among others, standards and regulations for off-label promotion, industry sponsored scientific and educational activities, promotional activities involving the internet,and direct-to-consumer advertising. We also will be subject to a variety of federal, state and local regulations relating to the use, handling, storage and disposal of hazardous materials,including chemicals and radioactive and biological materials. In addition, we will be subject to various laws and regulations governing laboratory practices and the experimental use ofanimals. In each of these areas, as above, the FDA has broad regulatory and enforcement powers, including the ability to levy fines and civil penalties, suspend or delay issuance ofproduct approvals, seize or recall products, and deny or withdraw approvals.We will also be subject to a variety of regulations governing clinical trials and sales of our products outside the U.S. Whether or not FDA approval has been obtained, approval of aproduct candidate by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries and regions must be obtained prior to the commencement of marketing the product in those countries.The approval process varies from one regulatory authority to another and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. In the European Union, Canada andAustralia, regulatory requirements and approval processes are similar, in principle, to those in the U.SCytRx 2017 10-K Page #9#EmployeesAs of March 16, 2018, we had twenty employees, thirteen of whom were engaged in preclinical research at our Freiburg, Germany laboratory, and seven of whom were involved inmanagement and administrative operations.Available InformationWe maintain a website at www.cytrx.com and make available there, free of charge, our periodic reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, as soon as isreasonably practicable after filing. The public may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. Thepublic may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov that containsreports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers such as us that file electronically with the SEC. Among other things, we post on our website our Codeof Business Conduct and Ethics.Potential Strategic AlternativesFrom time to time, we may consider strategic alternatives available to us to enhance shareholder value. Strategic alternatives could include the acquisition of or strategic partnershipwith one or more parties or the licensing of some of our proprietary technologies. See "Item 1A – Risk Factors – The impact and results of our exploration of strategic alternatives areuncertain and may not be successful."Item 1A. RISK FACTORSYou should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties facing our business. The risks described below are not the only ones facing us. Our business is also subject to therisks that affect many other companies, such as employment relations, general economic conditions and geopolitical events. Further, additional risks not currently known to us orthat we currently believe are immaterial may in the future materially and adversely affect our business, operations, liquidity and stock price.Risks Associated With Our BusinessWe have operated at a loss and will likely continue to operate at a loss for the foreseeable future.We have operated at a loss due to our ongoing expenditures for research and development of our product candidates and for general and administrative purposes, and lack ofsignificant recurring revenues. We incurred a net loss of $35.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and $50.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and had anaccumulated deficit as of December 31, 2017 of $450.9 million. We are likely to continue to incur losses unless and until we are able to commercialize aldoxorubicin or one or more of ourother existing or possible future product candidates. These losses, among other things, have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders' equity and workingcapital. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with our product development efforts, we are unable to predict when we may become profitable, if at all. If we do notbecome profitable or are unable to maintain future profitability, the market value of our common stock will be adversely affected.Because we have no source of significant recurring revenue, we must depend on capital raising to sustain our operations, and our ability to raise capital may be severelylimited.Developing products and conducting clinical trials require substantial amounts of capital. To date, we have relied primarily upon proceeds from sales of our equity securities underour "shelf" registration statements on Form S-3 filed with the SEC and proceeds from the exercise of options and warrants to generate funds needed to finance our business andoperations. We will need to raise additional capital to, among other things:●fund development of product candidates based on our LADR™ technology;●finance our general and administrative expenses●acquire or license new technologies;●prepare, file, prosecute, maintain, enforce and defend our patent and other proprietary rights; and●develop and implement sales, marketing and distribution capabilities to successfully commercialize any product for which we obtain marketing approval and choose to marketourselves.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #10#The depressed market price of our common stock may severely limit our ability to continue to raise capital, because the aggregate or market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates, referred to as our "public float," as of the file date of this Annual Report is less than $75 million. As a result, under Instruction I.B.6 to Form S-3 the aggregate amount ofsecurities that we can offer and sell under our "shelf" registration statements in any 12-month period cannot exceed one-third of our public float, or approximately $20.5 million as ofMarch 16, 2018. If our public float increases to $75 million or more, we will no longer be subject to this limitation.At December 31, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $37.6 million. Under the terms of the loan agreement, however, we are required to maintain cash equalto a minimum of the greater of three months projected cash burn or $10 million. Management believes that our current resources will be sufficient to fund our operations for theforeseeable future. This estimate is based, in part, upon our currently projected expenditures for 2018 and the first three months of 2019 of approximately $27.8 million (unaudited),which includes approximately $1.5 million (unaudited) for our clinical programs, approximately $3.1 million (unaudited) for pre-clinical development of new high potency cytotoxicalbumin-binding cancer drugs, approximately $0.7 million (unaudited) for general operation of its clinical programs, approximately $10.1 million (unaudited) for other general andadministrative expenses and $12.4 million of interest and principal payments on our outstanding term loan. These projected expenditures are also based upon numerous otherassumptions and subject to many uncertainties, and actual expenditures may be significantly different from these projections. While these projections represent our current expectedexpenditures, we have the ability to reduce the amounts and alter the timing of research and development expenditures as needed to manage its liquidity needs while still advancing itsresearch and development objectives. We will ultimately be required to obtain additional funding in order to execute our long-term business plans, although we do not currently havecommitments from any third parties to provide us with long term debt or capital. We cannot assure that additional funding will be available on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to obtainadditional funding when needed, we may not be able to execute our business plans and our business may suffer, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial position,results of operations and cash flows.If we are not successful in negotiating an agreement with a strategic partner to advance at least one lead compound from our Freiburg operations, we may reduce our headcount anddiscontinue certain development programs and drug discovery activities. For these reasons and others, our operating results may fluctuate from period to period, and the results of priorperiods should not be relied upon as predictive of the results in future periods. Furthermore, if we obtain marketing approval and successfully commercialize aldoxorubicin, or anotherproduct candidate, we anticipate it will take a minimum of two years, and likely longer, for us to generate significant recurring revenue, and we will be dependent on future financing untilsuch time, if ever, as we can generate significant recurring revenue. We have no commitments from third parties to provide us with any additional financing, and we may not be able toobtain future financing on favorable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain adequate financing would adversely affect our ability to operate as a going concern. If we raise additional funds byissuing equity securities, dilution to stockholders may result and new investors could have rights superior to holders of the shares issued in this offering. In addition, debt financing, ifavailable, may include restrictive covenants. If adequate funds are not available to us, we may have to liquidate some or all of our assets or to delay or reduce the scope of or eliminatesome portion or all of our development programs or clinical trials. We also may have to license to other companies our product candidates or technologies that we would prefer todevelop and commercialize ourselves. If NantCell fails to successfully develop aldoxorubicin or our exclusive licensing arrangement with NantCell is otherwise unsuccessful, our business prospects will be materiallyadversely affected. In July 2017, we entered into an exclusive licensing agreement with NantCell to complete the clinical development of and commercialization of aldoxorubicin. Under this agreement,NantCell has committed to provide substantial funding, as well as significant capabilities in clinical development, regulatory affairs, marketing and sales. If, for any reason, NantCell does not devote sufficient time and resources to the development and commercialization of aldoxorubicin, we will not realize the potential commercialbenefits of the arrangement, and our results of operations will be adversely affected. In addition, if NantCell were to breach or terminate its arrangement with us, the development andcommercialization of aldoxorubicin could be delayed, curtailed or terminated, and we may not have sufficient financial resources or capabilities to continue development andcommercialization of aldoxorubicin on our own.Under our agreement with NantCell, they may opt out of a project by giving us twelve months' prior written notice. If NantCell were to exercise its right to opt out of a program orto terminate the licensing agreement, the development and commercialization of aldoxorubicin would be adversely affected, our potential for generating revenue from this program wouldbe adversely affected and attracting new partners would be made more difficult.Much of the potential revenue from our existing and future arrangement with NantCell will consist of contingent payments, such as payments for achieving development andcommercialization milestones and royalties payable on commercial sales of successfully developed aldoxorubicin. The milestone, royalty and other revenue that we may receive underthis arrangement will depend upon our, and NantCell's ability to successfully develop, introduce, market and sell aldoxorubicin. We will not be directly involved in this process and willdepend entirely on NantCell, which may fail to develop or effectively commercialize aldoxorubicin because they:·decide not to devote the necessary resources due to internal constraints, such as limited personnel with the requisite scientific expertise, limited cash resources orspecialized equipment limitations, or the belief that other drug development programs may have a higher likelihood of obtaining regulatory approval or may potentiallygenerate a greater return on investment;·do not have sufficient resources necessary to carry aldoxorubicin through clinical development, regulatory approval and commercialization;·cannot obtain the necessary regulatory approvals for aldoxorubicin; or·decide to pursue a competitive drug candidate.If NantCell fails to develop or effectively commercialize aldoxorubicin or for any of the other reasons described above, we may not be able to develop and commercialize that drugindependently, or replace NantCell with another suitable partner in a reasonable period of time and on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #11#If we do not achieve our projected development goals in the time frames we estimate, the commercialization of our products may be delayed and our business prospects maysuffer. Our financial projections also may prove to be materially inaccurate.From time to time, we estimate the timing of the accomplishment of various scientific, clinical, regulatory and other product development goals, which we sometimes refer to asmilestones. These milestones may include the commencement or completion of scientific studies and clinical trials and the submission of regulatory filings.We also may disclose projected expenditures or other forecasts for future periods. These and other financial projections are based on management's current expectations and do notcontain any margin of error or cushion for any specific uncertainties, or for the uncertainties inherent in all financial forecasting.The actual timing of milestones and actual expenditures or other financial results can vary dramatically compared to our estimates, in some cases for reasons beyond our control. Ifwe do not meet milestones or financial projections as announced from time to time, the development and commercialization of our products may be delayed and our business prospectsmay suffer. The assumptions management has used to produce these projections may significantly change or prove to be inaccurate. Accordingly, you should not unduly rely on any ofthese financial projections.The regulatory approval process is lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if our products are not successfully developed and approved by the FDA orforeign regulatory authorities, we may be forced to reduce or curtail our operations.All of our product candidates in development must be approved by the FDA or corresponding foreign governmental agencies before they can be marketed. The process forobtaining FDA and foreign government approvals is both time-consuming and costly, with no certainty of a successful outcome. This process typically includes the conduct ofextensive pre-clinical and clinical testing, including post-approval testing, which may take longer or cost more than we or our licensees, if any, anticipate, and may prove unsuccessfuldue to numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary togain approval may change during the course of a product candidate's clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. We have not obtained regulatory approval for any productcandidate.Numerous factors could affect the timing, cost or outcome of our product development efforts, including the following:·difficulty in enrolling patients in conformity with required protocols or projected timelines;·requirements for clinical trial design imposed by the FDA;·unexpected adverse reactions by patients in trials;·difficulty in obtaining clinical supplies of the product;·changes in or our inability to comply with FDA or foreign governmental product testing, manufacturing or marketing requirements;·regulatory inspections of clinical trials or manufacturing facilities, which may, among other things, require us or our manufacturers or licensees to undertake corrective actionor suspend or terminate the affected clinical trials if investigators find them not to be in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements;·inability to generate statistically significant data confirming the safety and efficacy of the product being tested;·modification of the product during testing; and·reallocation of our limited financial and other resources to other clinical programs.It is possible that none of the product candidates we develop will obtain the regulatory approvals necessary for us to begin selling them. The time required to obtain FDA andforeign governmental approvals is unpredictable, but often can take years following the commencement of clinical trials, depending upon the complexity of the product candidate. Anyanalysis we perform on data from clinical activities is subject to confirmation and interpretation by regulatory authorities, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. Inaddition, even if we were to obtain approval, regulatory authorities may approve any of our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request, may not approvethe price we intend to charge for our products, may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or may approve a product candidate with a labelthat does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of that product candidate. Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm thecommercial prospects for our product candidates.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #12#Furthermore, even if we obtain regulatory approvals, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, import, export, advertising,promotion and recordkeeping for the product will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, as well as continued compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMPs, and good clinical practices, or cGCPs, for anyclinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or withour third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:·restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, withdrawal of the product from the market, or voluntary or mandatory product recalls;·fines, warning letters or holds on clinical trials;·refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us or our strategic partners, or suspension or revocation of productlicense approvals;·injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.The FDA's policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. We cannotpredict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow orunable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketingapproval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business. We will also be subject to periodic inspections and thepotential for mandatory post- approval clinical trials required by the FDA and other U.S. and foreign regulatory authorities. Any delay or failure in obtaining required approvals or tocomply with post-approval regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenue from the particular product candidate. The failure to complywith any post-approval regulatory requirements also could result in the rescission of the related regulatory approvals or the suspension of sales of the offending product. Clinical drug development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trialresults.Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. The results ofpreclinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinicaldevelopment may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials. A number of companies in thebiopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. Forexample, aldoxorubicin has shown encouraging preliminary clinical results in our Phase 2b clinical trial as a treatment for STS; however, these conclusions may not be reproduced infuture clinical trial results; for instance, the Phase 3 pivotal clinical trial testing aldoxorubicin as a treatment for STS narrowly missed statistical significance although it demonstrated astatistically significant improvement in PFS over investigator's choice in 312 patients treated in North America plus Australia . Accordingly, our development partner may ultimately beunable to provide the FDA with satisfactory data on clinical safety and efficacy sufficient to obtain FDA approval of aldoxorubicin for any indication.Further, we may experience delays in clinical trials of our product candidates. We do not know whether ongoing clinical trials will be completed on schedule or at all, or whetherplanned clinical trials will begin on time, need to be redesigned, enroll patients on time or be completed on schedule, if at all. Clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons,including delays related to:·obtaining regulatory approval to commence a trial;·reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensivenegotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and clinical trial sites;·obtaining institutional review board approval at each clinical trial site;·recruiting suitable patients to participate in a trial;·having patients complete a trial or return for post-treatment follow-up;·clinical trial sites deviating from trial protocol or dropping out of a trial;·adding new clinical trial sites; or·manufacturing sufficient quantities of product candidate for use in clinical trials.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #13#Our SPA with the FDA for our pivotal study of aldoxorubicin does not guarantee marketing approval in the U.S.We have an SPA with the FDA for the pivotal trial of aldoxorubicin for the treatment of STS. The SPA means that the FDA agrees that the design and analyses proposed in a protocolare acceptable to support regulatory approval of the product candidate with respect to effectiveness of the indication studied. However, an SPA agreement does not guarantee approvalof a product candidate, and even if the FDA agrees to the design, execution, and analysis proposed in protocols reviewed under the SPA process, the FDA may revoke or alter itsagreement in certain circumstances. In particular, an SPA agreement is not binding on the FDA if public health concerns emerge that were unrecognized at the time of the SPA agreement,other new scientific concerns regarding product safety or efficacy arise, the sponsor fails to comply with the agreed upon trial protocols, or the relevant data, assumptions or informationprovided by the sponsor in a request for the SPA change or are found to be false or omit relevant facts. In addition, even after an SPA agreement is finalized, the SPA agreement may bemodified, and such modification will be deemed binding on the FDA review division, except under the circumstances described above, if the FDA and the sponsor agree in writing tomodify the protocol and such modification is intended to improve the study. The FDA retains significant latitude and discretion in interpreting the terms of the SPA agreement and thedata and results from any study that is the subject of the SPA agreement. Moreover, a final determination that the agreed-upon protocol satisfies a specific objective, such as thedemonstration of efficacy and safety (positive benefit-risk ratio), or supports an approval decision, will be based on a complete review of all the data submitted to the FDA.We rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical and clinical trials. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, weand our collaborators may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.We have agreements with third-party CROs to monitor and manage data for our preclinical and clinical programs. We rely heavily on these parties for execution of our preclinical andclinical trials, and control only certain aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicableprotocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs are required to comply with cGCPs,which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for products in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce thesecGCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or any of these CROs fails to comply with applicable cGCP regulations, the clinical datagenerated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving ourmarketing applications. We cannot assure you that, upon inspection, such regulatory authorities will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with the cGCP regulations. Inaddition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under cGMP regulations, and will require a large number of test subjects. Our or our CROs' failure to comply withthese regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.If any of our relationships with these third-party CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or to do so on commercially reasonable terms.In addition, our CROs are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such CROs, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient timeand resources to our ongoing preclinical and clinical programs. If CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need tobe replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons,our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our product candidates. As a result, ourfinancial results and the commercial prospects for aldoxorubicin would be harmed, our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.Switching or adding additional CROs involves substantial cost and requires extensive management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CROcommences work. As a result, delays occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we carefully manage our relationships withour CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter similar challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on ourbusiness, financial condition and prospectsWe rely upon third parties for the manufacture of our clinical product supplies, and we intend to rely on third parties to produce commercial supplies of any approved productcandidate, and our commercialization of any product candidates could be stopped, delayed or made less profitable if those third parties fail to obtain approval of the FDA, fail toprovide us with sufficient quantities of drug product or fail to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices.We do not have the facilities or expertise to manufacture any of our other product candidates, and we lack the resources and capability to manufacture any of our product candidateson a clinical or commercial scale. Accordingly, we are dependent upon third-party manufacturers, or potential future strategic alliance partners, to manufacture these supplies. Our failureto secure arrangements as needed could have a materially adverse effect on our ability to complete the development of our future products or to commercialize them.The facilities used by our contract manufacturers to manufacture our product candidates must be approved by the FDA pursuant to inspections that will be completed after wesubmit our NDA to the FDA. We do not control the manufacturing process of aldoxorubicin and are completely dependent on our contract manufacturing partners for compliance withthe FDA's requirements for manufacture of aldoxorubicin. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the FDA'sstrict regulatory requirements, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain FDA approval for the manufacturing facilities. In addition, we have no control over the ability of ourcontract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If the FDA does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our productcandidates or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtainregulatory approval for or market our product candidates.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #14# We may be unable to protect our intellectual property rights, which could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively.We will be able to protect our technologies from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that we have rights to valid and enforceable patents or other proprietary rightsthat cover them. Although we have rights to patents and patent applications directed to our product candidates, these patents and applications may not prevent third parties fromdeveloping or commercializing similar or identical technologies. In addition, our patents may be held to be invalid if challenged by third parties, and our patent applications may notresult in the issuance of patents.The patent positions of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principlesremain unresolved. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in biotechnology patents has emerged to date in the United States and in many foreign countries. Theapplication and enforcement of patent laws and regulations in foreign countries is even more uncertain. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively file, protect or defend ourproprietary rights on a consistent basis. Many of the patents and patent applications on which we rely were issued or filed by third parties prior to the time we acquired rights to them.The validity, enforceability and ownership of those patents and patent applications may be challenged, and if a court decides that our patents are not valid, we will not have the right tostop others from using our inventions. There is also the risk that, even if the validity of our patents is upheld, a court may refuse to stop others on the ground that their activities do notinfringe our patents.Any litigation brought by us to protect our intellectual property rights could be costly and have a material adverse effect on our operating results or financial condition, make it moredifficult for us to enter into strategic alliances with third parties to develop our products, or discourage our existing licensees from continuing their development work on our potentialproducts. If our patent coverage is insufficient to prevent third parties from developing or commercializing similar or identical technologies, the value of our assets is likely to bematerially and adversely affected.We also rely on certain proprietary trade secrets and know-how, especially where we believe patent protection is not appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets and know-howare difficult to protect. Although we have taken measures to protect our unpatented trade secrets and know-how, including the use of confidentiality and invention assignmentagreements with our employees, consultants and some of our contractors, it is possible that these persons may disclose our trade secrets or know-how or that our competitors mayindependently develop or otherwise discover our trade secrets and know-how.If our product candidates infringe the rights of others, we could be subject to expensive litigation or be required to obtain licenses from others to develop or market them.Our competitors or others may have patent rights that they choose to assert against us or our licensees, suppliers, customers or potential collaborators. Moreover, we may not knowabout patents or patent applications that our products would infringe. For example, because patent applications do not publish for at least 18 months, if at all, and can take many years toissue, there may be currently pending applications unknown to us that may later result in issued patents that our product candidates would infringe. In addition, if third parties file patentapplications or obtain patents claiming technology also claimed by us or our licensors in issued patents or pending applications, we may have to participate in interference proceedingsin the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to determine priority of invention. If third parties file oppositions in foreign countries, we may also have to participate in opposition proceedingsin foreign tribunals to defend the patentability of our foreign patent applications.If a third-party claims that we are infringing on its proprietary rights, any of the following may occur:·we may become involved in time-consuming and expensive litigation, even if the claim is without merit;·we may become liable for substantial damages for past infringement if a court decides that our technology infringes a competitor's patent;·a court may prohibit us from selling or licensing our product without a license from the patent holder, which may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all,or which may require us to pay substantial royalties or grant cross licenses to our patents; and·we may have to redesign our product candidates or technology so that it does not infringe patent rights of others, which may not be possible or commercially feasible.If any of these events occurs, our business and prospects will suffer and the market price of our common stock will likely decline substantially.The results of pre-clinical studies or early clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results, and our ultra-high potency albumin-binding drug conjugates may not havefavorable results in later clinical trials or receive regulatory approval.Success in pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will generate adequate data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of our ultra-highpotency albumin-binding drug conjugates. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including those with greater resources and experience than wehave, have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after seeing promising results in earlier clinical trials. Despite the results reported in earlier preclinical trials for our ultra-high potency albumin-binding drug conjugates, we do not know whether the clinical trials we may conduct will demonstrate adequate efficacy and safety to result in regulatory approvalto market them in any particular jurisdiction. If our clinical trials do not produce favorable results, our ability to achieve regulatory approval for these drug candidates will be adverselyimpacted and the value of our stock may decline.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #15# Any products we develop may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations or third-party coverage and reimbursement policies, which could have a material adverseeffect on our business.We intend to sell our products that may be approved for marketing primarily to hospitals, which generally receive reimbursement for the health care services they provide to theirpatients from third-party payors, such as Medicare, Medicaid and other domestic and international government programs, private insurance plans and managed care programs.We currently expect that any drugs we develop may need to be administered under the supervision of a physician. Under currently applicable law, drugs that are not usually self-administered may be eligible for coverage by the Medicare program if:·they are "incidental" to a physician's services;·they are "reasonable and necessary" for the diagnosis or treatment of the illness or injury for which they are administered according to accepted standard of medicalpractice;·they are not excluded as immunizations; and·they have been approved by the FDA.There is significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. In the United States, third-party payors, including private andgovernmental payors, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs, play an important role in determining the extent to which new drugs and biologics will be covered and reimbursed.The Medicare program covers certain individuals aged 65 or older, disabled or suffering from end-stage renal disease. The Medicaid program, which varies from state-to-state, coverscertain individuals and families who have limited financial means. The Medicare and Medicaid programs increasingly are used as models for how private payors and other governmentalpayors develop their coverage and reimbursement policies for drugs and biologics. It is difficult to predict at this time what third-party payors will decide with respect to the coverageand reimbursement for our product candidates.Most third-party payors may deny coverage or reimbursement if they determine that a medical product was not used in accordance with cost-effective treatment methods, asdetermined by the third-party payor, or was used for an unapproved indication. Third-party payors also may refuse to cover and reimburse for experimental procedures and devices.Furthermore, because our programs are in the early stages of development, we are unable at this time to determine their cost-effectiveness and the level or method of reimbursement.Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices, and are challenging the prices charged for medicalproducts. If the price we are able to charge for any products we develop is inadequate in light of our development and other costs, our profitability could be adversely affected.Healthcare legislative reform measures could hinder or prevent the commercial success of our products and product candidates.In the United States, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system that could affect our futurerevenues and profitability. Federal and state lawmakers regularly propose and, at times, enact legislation that results in significant changes to the healthcare system, some of which areintended to contain or reduce the costs of medical products and services. For example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Careand Education Reconciliation Act, or collectively, the Affordable Care Act, became law in the United States It contains a number of provisions, including those governing enrollments infederal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes and fraud and abuse measures, all of which will impact existing government healthcare programs and will result in the developmentof new programs. The Affordable Care Act, among other things, (i) increases the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, extendsthe rebate program to individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations, and addresses new methodologies by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the MedicaidDrug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected, and for drugs that are line extension products; (ii) establishes annual fees andtaxes on manufacturers of certain branded prescription drugs, and (iii) enacts a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50%point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer's outpatient drugs tobe covered under Medicare Part D.In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. On August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Actof 2011 among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficitreduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation's automatic reduction to several governmentprograms. This includes aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers up to 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect on April 1, 2013. On January 2, 2013, the AmericanTaxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancertreatment centers. We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and stategovernments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our products once approved or additional pricing pressures.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #16# We may also be subject to healthcare laws, regulation and enforcement and our failure to comply with those laws could adversely affect our business, operations and financialcondition.If we obtain FDA approval for any of our product candidates and begin commercializing those products in the United States, our operations may be directly, or indirectly through ourcustomers, subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal False Claims Act, and physiciansunshine laws and regulations. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing, and education programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacyregulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:·the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, any person from knowingly and willfully offering, soliciting, receiving or providing remuneration,directly or indirectly, to induce either the referral of an individual, for an item or service or the purchasing or ordering of a good or service, for which payment may be madeunder federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;·the federal False Claims Act, which prohibits, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, false claims, or knowinglyusing false statements, to obtain payment from the federal government, and which may apply to entities that provide coding and billing advice to customers;·federal criminal laws that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters;·the federal physician sunshine requirements under the Affordable Care Act, which requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical supplies to reportannually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians, other healthcare providers, andteaching hospitals, and ownership and investment interests held by physicians and other healthcare providers and their immediate family members;·the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, whichgoverns the conduct of certain electronic healthcare transactions and protects the security and privacy of protected health information; and·state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-partypayor, including commercial insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry's voluntary compliance guidelines andthe applicable compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government, or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other potentialreferral sources; state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcareproviders or marketing expenditures; and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each otherin significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts.Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject tochallenge under one or more of such laws. In addition, recent health care reform legislation has strengthened these laws. For example, the recently enacted Affordable Care Act, amongother things, amends the intent requirement of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute and criminal healthcare fraud statutes. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge ofthe statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the Affordable Care Act provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violationof the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act.Achieving and sustaining compliance with these laws may prove costly. In addition, any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, couldcause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management's attention from the operation of our business. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the lawsdescribed above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, the exclusion fromparticipation in federal and state healthcare programs, imprisonment, or the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate ourbusiness and our financial results.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #17# We are subject to intense competition, and we may not compete successfully.Many companies, including large pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms with financial resources, research and development staffs, and facilities that may be substantially greaterthan those of ours or our strategic partners or licensees, are engaged in the research and development of pharmaceutical products that could compete with our potential products. To theextent that we seek to acquire, through license or otherwise, existing or potential new products, we will be competing with numerous other companies, many of which will havesubstantially greater financial resources, large acquisition and research and development staffs that may give those companies a competitive advantage over us in identifying andevaluating these drug acquisition opportunities. Any products that we acquire will be competing with products marketed by companies that in many cases will have substantially greatermarketing resources than we have. The industry is characterized by rapid technological advances and competitors may develop their products more rapidly and such products may bemore effective than those currently under development or that may be developed in the future by our strategic partners or licensees. Competitive products for a number of the diseaseindications that we have targeted are currently being marketed by other parties, and additional competitive products are under development and may also include products currentlyunder development that we are not aware of or products that may be developed in the future.As a result, these competitors may:·succeed in developing competitive products sooner than us or our strategic partners or licensees;·obtain FDA or foreign governmental approvals for their products before we can obtain approval of any of our products;·obtain patents that block or otherwise inhibit the development and commercialization of our product candidate candidates;·develop products that are safer or more effective than our products;·devote greater resources than us to marketing or selling products;·introduce or adapt more quickly than us to new technologies and other scientific advances;·introduce products that render our products obsolete;·withstand price competition more successfully than us or our strategic partners or licensees;·negotiate third-party strategic alliances or licensing arrangements more effectively than us; and·take better advantage than us of other opportunities.We will be required to pay substantial milestone and other payments relating to the commercialization of our products.The agreement relating to our worldwide rights to aldoxorubicin provides for our payment of up to an aggregate of $7.5 million upon meeting specified clinical and regulatorymilestones up to and including the product's second, final marketing approval. We also will be obliged to pay:·commercially reasonable royalties based on a percentage of net sales (as defined in the agreement);·a percentage of any non-royalty sub-licensing income (as defined in the agreement); and·milestones of $1,000,000 for each additional final marketing approval that we might obtain.Under the merger agreement by which we acquired Innovive, we agreed to pay the former Innovive stockholders a total of up to approximately $18.3 million of future earnout mergerconsideration, subject to our achievement of specified net sales under the Innovive license agreements. The earnout merger consideration, if any, will be payable in shares of ourcommon stock, subject to specified conditions, or, at our election, in cash or by a combination of shares of our common stock and cash. Our common stock will be valued for purposes ofany future earnout merger consideration based upon the trading price of our common stock at the time the earnout merger consideration is paid.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #18# We rely significantly on information technology and any failure, inadequacy, interruption or security lapse of that technology, including any cybersecurity incidents, could harmour ability to operate our business effectively.We rely significantly on information technology and any failure, inadequacy, interruption or security lapse of that technology, including any cybersecurity incidents, could harm ourability to operate our business effectively. We maintain sensitive data pertaining to our Company on our computer networks, including information about our development activities, ourintellectual property and other proprietary business information. Our internal computer systems and those of third parties with which we contract may be vulnerable to damage fromcyber-attacks, computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures, despite the implementation of security measures.System failures, accidents or security breaches could cause interruptions to our operations, including material disruption of our development activities, result in significant data losses ortheft of our intellectual property or proprietary business information, and could require substantial expenditures to remedy. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were toresult in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and our development programscould be delayed, any of which would harm our business and operations.We are subject to potential liabilities from clinical testing and future product liability claims.If any of our products are alleged to be defective, they may expose us to claims for personal injury by patients in clinical trials of our products or, if we obtain marketing approval andcommercialize our products, by patients using our commercially marketed products. Even if one or more of our products is approved by the FDA, users may claim that such productscaused unintended adverse effects. We maintain clinical trial insurance for our ongoing clinical trials, and we plan to seek to obtain similar insurance for any other clinical trials that weconduct. We also would seek to obtain product liability insurance covering the commercial marketing of our product candidates. We may not be able to obtain additional insurance,however, and any insurance obtained by us may prove inadequate in the event of a claim against us. Any claims asserted against us also may divert management's attention from ouroperations, and we may have to incur substantial costs to defend such claims even if they are unsuccessful.We may be unable to successfully acquire additional technologies or products. If we require additional technologies or products, our product development plans may changeand the ownership interests of our shareholders could be diluted.We may seek to acquire additional technologies by licensing or purchasing such technologies, or through a merger or acquisition of one or more companies that own suchtechnologies. We have no current understanding or agreement to acquire any technologies, however, and we may not be able to identify or successfully acquire any additionaltechnologies. We also may seek to acquire products from third parties that already are being marketed or have been approved for marketing, although we have not currently identifiedany of these products. We do not have any prior experience in acquiring or marketing products approved for marketing and may need to find third parties to market any products that wemight acquire.We have focused our product development efforts on our oncology drug candidates, which we believe have the greatest revenue potential. If we acquire additional technologies orproduct candidates, we may determine to make further changes to our product development plans and business strategy to capitalize on opportunities presented by the newtechnologies and product candidates.We may determine to issue shares of our common stock to acquire additional technologies or products or in connection with a merger or acquisition of another company. To theextent we do so, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted accordingly. The impact and results of our exploration of any strategic alternatives are uncertain and may not be successful.From time to time, we may consider strategic alternatives available to us to enhance shareholder value. Strategic alternatives could include acquisition transactions and/or strategicpartnerships with one or more parties, the licensing of some of our proprietary technologies, or other possible transactions. Any strategic transaction that is completed ultimately maynot deliver the anticipated benefits or enhance shareholder value. Further, we may devote a significant amount of our management resources to such a transaction, which couldnegatively impact our operations. We may incur significant costs in connection with seeking certain acquisitions or other strategic opportunities regardless of whether the transaction iscompleted, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and capital resources. In the event that we consummate an acquisition or strategic alternative in the future, there isno assurance that we would fully realize the potential benefits of such a transaction. Integration may be difficult and unpredictable, and acquisition-related integration costs, includingcertain non-recurring charges, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Moreover, integrating assets and businesses may significantly burden management andinternal resources, including the potential loss or unavailability of key personnel. If we fail to successfully integrate any assets and businesses we acquire, we may not fully realize thepotential benefits we expect, and our operating results could be adversely affected. If we pay for an acquisition in cash, it would reduce our cash available for operations or cause us toincur additional debt, and if we pay with our stock it could be dilutive to our stockholders.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #19# In the event of a dispute regarding our international drug development, it may be necessary for us to resolve the dispute in the foreign country of dispute, where we would befaced with unfamiliar laws and procedures.The resolution of disputes in foreign countries can be costly and time consuming, similar to the situation in the United States. However, in a foreign country, we face the additionalburden of understanding unfamiliar laws and procedures. We may not be entitled to a jury trial, as we might be in the United States. Further, to litigate in any foreign country, we wouldbe faced with the necessity of hiring lawyers and other professionals who are familiar with the foreign laws. For these reasons, we may incur unforeseen expenses if we are forced toresolve a dispute in a foreign country.Drug discovery is a complex, time-consuming and expensive process, and we may not succeed in creating new product candidates.Conducting drug discovery and pre-clinical development of our albumin-binding technology is a complex and expensive process that will take many years. Accordingly, we cannotbe sure whether or when our drug discovery and pre-clinical development activities will succeed in developing any new product candidates. In addition, any product candidates that wedevelop in pre-clinical testing may not demonstrate success in clinical trials required for marketing approval.Any deficiency in the design, implementation or oversight of our drug discovery and pre-clinical testing programs could cause us to incur significant additional costs, experiencesignificant delays, prevent us from obtaining marketing approval for any product candidate that may result from these programs or abandon development of certain product candidates. If any of these risks materializes, it could harm our business and cause our stock price to decline.We have a limited operating history in drug discovery, which is inherently risky, and we may not succeed in addressing these risks.We have operated our drug discovery laboratory and LADR™ development program since October 2014. Accordingly, we have a limited operating history in conducting our owndrug discovery programs. Consequently, there is limited information for investors to use as basis for assessing the viability of our drug discovery efforts. Investors must consider therisks and difficulties inherent in drug discovery and pre-clinical activities, including the following:·difficulties, complications, delays and other unanticipated factors in connection with the development of new drugs;·competition from companies that have substantially greater assets and financial resources than we have;·our ability to anticipate and adapt to a competitive market and rapid technological developments;·our need to rely on multiple levels of complex financing agreements with outside funding due to the length of drug development cycles and governmental approvedprotocols associated with the pharmaceutical industry; and·our dependence upon key scientific personnel, including Felix Kratz, Ph.D., our Vice President of Drug Discovery.We cannot be certain that we will successfully address these risks or that our drug discovery efforts will be successful. In the event that we do not successfully address these risks,our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. We also may be required to reduce or discontinue altogether our drugdiscovery and pre-clinical programs.Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an "ownership change," the corporation's ability to use its pre-change net operatingloss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research and development tax credits) to offset its post-change income and taxes may be limited. In general, an"ownership change" occurs if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by "5% shareholders" that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. Similar rules mayapply under state tax laws. As a result of a previous ownership change, our annual utilization of approximately $136.8 million in federal net operating loss carryforwards will besubstantially limited. If we experience ownership changes as a result of future transactions in our stock, we may be further limited in our ability to use our net operating losscarryforwards and other tax assets to reduce taxes owed on the net taxable income that we earn. Any such limitations on the ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and othertax assets could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us on any net income that we may earn in the future.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #20# Risks Associated with Our Common StockYou may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings or other equity issuances.To raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our common stock, preferred stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our commonstock. We cannot assure you that we will be able to sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is equal to or greater than the price per share that you maypay for the shares of our common stock offered hereby. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeablefor our common stock in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share that you may pay for the shares of our common stock.We may experience volatility in our stock price, which may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.The market price of our common stock in 2017 ranged from $1.65 to $6.00 per share, and it may continue to experience significant volatility from time to time. Factors that may affectthe market price of our common stock include the following:·announcements of interim or final results of our clinical trials or our drug discovery activities;·announcements of regulatory developments or technological innovations by us or our competitors;·changes in our relationship with our licensors and other strategic partners;·our quarterly operating results;·litigation involving or affecting us;·shortfalls in our actual financial results compared to our guidance or the forecasts of stock market analysts;·developments in patent or other technology ownership rights;·acquisitions or strategic alliances by us or our competitors;·public concern regarding the safety of our products; and·government regulation of drug pricing.Our outstanding options and warrants and the availability for resale of the underlying shares may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.As of December 31, 2017, we had outstanding stock options to purchase 2,865,512 shares of our common stock at a weighted-average exercise price of $10.62 per share andoutstanding warrants to purchase 3,980,781 shares of common stock at a weighted-average exercise price of $4.26 per share. Our outstanding options and warrants could adversely affectour ability to obtain future financing or engage in certain mergers or other transactions, since the holders of options and warrants can be expected to exercise them at a time when wemay be able to obtain additional capital through a new offering of securities on terms more favorable to us than the terms of outstanding options and warrants. For the life of the optionsand warrants, the holders have the opportunity to profit from a rise in the market price of our common stock without assuming the risk of ownership. The issuance of shares upon theexercise of outstanding options and warrants will also dilute the ownership interests of our existing stockholders. Many of our outstanding warrants contain anti-dilution provisionspertaining to dividends with respect to our common stock. In the event that these anti-dilution provisions are triggered by us in the future, we would likewise be required to reduce theexercise price, and increase the number of shares underlying, those warrants, which would have a dilutive effect on our stockholders.We have registered with the SEC the resale by the holders of all or substantially all shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of our outstanding options and warrants. Theavailability of these shares for public resale, as well as actual resales of these shares, could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #21# We cannot assure investors that our internal controls will prevent future material weaknesses.Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal controls for financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Weare required to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment needs to include disclosure ofany material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting.There can be no assurance that we will not suffer from material weaknesses in the future. If we fail to remediate these material weaknesses or fail to otherwise maintain effectiveinternal controls over financial reporting in the future, such failure could result in a material misstatement of our annual or quarterly financial statements that would not be prevented ordetected on a timely basis and which could cause investors and other users to lose confidence in our financial statements, limit our ability to raise capital and have a negative effect onthe trading price of our common stock. Additionally, failure to remediate the material weaknesses or otherwise failing to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting mayalso negatively impact our operating results and financial condition, impair our ability to timely file our periodic and other reports with the SEC, subject us to additional litigation andregulatory actions and cause us to incur substantial additional costs in future periods relating to the implementation of remedial measures.We are subject to legal actions that could adversely affect our financial condition.From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings that arise in ordinary course of business. Securities-related class action and derivative lawsuits have often been broughtagainst companies, including many biotechnology companies, which experience volatility in the market price of their securities. This risk is especially relevant for biotechnology andbiopharmaceutical companies such as ours, which often experience significant stock price volatility in connection with their product development programs.As described further in Item 3 of Part I of this Annual Report, our directors and certain of our officers are subject to stockholder derivative claims pending in the Delaware Court ofChancery and we and certain of our officers are subject to class-action complaints filed in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. Although we carry director's andofficer's and other liability insurance, we must pay the first legal fees and other litigation expenses incurred up to the application retention, or deductible, amounts under our insurancepolicies, and the insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of the liabilities that we may incur in connection with the pending or possible future legal actions. As a result, the pendinglegal proceedings and any future legal actions may adversely affect out financial condition.Our anti-takeover measures may make it more difficult to change our management, or may discourage others from acquiring us, and thereby adversely affect stockholdervalue.We have a stockholder rights plan and provisions in our restated by-laws, as amended, that are intended to protect our stockholders' interests by encouraging anyone seekingcontrol of our company to negotiate with our board of directors. These provisions may discourage or prevent a person or group from acquiring us without the approval of our board ofdirectors, even if the acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders.We have a classified board of directors, which means that at least two stockholder meetings, instead of one, will be required to effect a change in the majority control of our board ofdirectors. This applies to every election of directors, not just an election occurring after a change in control. The classification of our board increases the amount of time it takes tochange majority control of our board of directors and may cause potential acquirers to lose interest in a potential purchase of us, regardless of whether our purchase would be beneficialto us or our stockholders. The additional time and cost to change a majority of the members of our board of directors makes it more difficult and may discourage our existingstockholders from seeking to change our existing management in order to change the strategic direction or operational performance of our company.Our by-laws provide that directors may only be removed for cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of our capital stock thenentitled to vote at an election of directors. This provision prevents stockholders from removing any incumbent director without cause. Our by-laws also provide that a stockholder mustgive us at least 120 days notice of a proposal or director nomination that such stockholder desires to present at any annual meeting or special meeting of stockholders. Such provisionprevents a stockholder from making a proposal or director nomination at a stockholder meeting without us having advance notice of that proposal or director nomination. This couldmake a change in control more difficult by providing our directors with more time to prepare an opposition to a proposed change in control. By making it more difficult to remove orinstall new directors, these bylaw provisions may also make our existing management less responsive to the views of our stockholders with respect to our operations and other issuessuch as management selection and management compensation.We are subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may also prevent or delay a takeover of us that may be beneficial to ourstockholders.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #22# Our restated by-laws, as amended, designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings thatmay be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or otheremployees.Our by-laws provide that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) anyderivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee to us or ourstockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or (iv) any action asserting a claim that is governed by theinternal affairs doctrine. Any person purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to thisprovision of our by-laws. This choice-of-forum provision may limit our stockholders' ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors,officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of our amended and restated by-laws inapplicable or unenforceablewith respect to one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which couldadversely affect our business and financial condition.We may issue preferred stock in the future, and the terms of the preferred stock may reduce the value of our common stock.We are authorized to issue shares of preferred stock in one or more series. Our board of directors may determine the terms of future preferred stock offerings without further action byour stockholders. If we issue preferred stock, it could affect your rights or reduce the value of our outstanding common stock. In particular, specific rights granted to future holders ofpreferred stock may include voting rights, preferences as to dividends and liquidation, conversion and redemption rights, sinking fund provisions, and restrictions on our ability tomerge with or sell our assets to a third party.We do not expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock.We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock or other securities, and we currently do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.Because we do not anticipate paying cash dividends for the foreseeable future, our stockholders will not realize a return on their investment in our common stock except to the extent ofany appreciation in the value of our common stock. Our common stock may not appreciate in value, or may decline in value.Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTSNone.Item 2. PROPERTIESWe lease our headquarters in Los Angeles, California. The lease covers approximately 5,739 square feet of office and storage space and expires in February 2020. Our monthly rent is$20,396, which is subject to annual increases. In addition to the monthly rent, we are responsible for paying our allocable portion of operating expenses. We have an option to extendthe term of the lease for a five-year period and a right of first offer during the extended lease term to lease any available space on the sixth floor of the premises, subject to the terms andconditions set forth in the lease agreement. We also lease additional storage space for approximately 540 square feet. This lease expires in February 2020, and requires us to makemonthly payments of $1,257, subject to annual increases.We lease laboratory space in Freiburg, Germany, covering approximately 752 square meters (8,094 square feet). Our monthly rent is €10,070 (approximately $11,143), which is subject toannual increases. The amended lease expires on September 30, 2018, and we have an option to extend the term of the lease for up to three additional three-year periods.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #23# Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGSWe are occasionally involved in legal proceedings and other matters arising from the normal course of business. As previously reported in our Quarterly Report filed with the SEC onNovember 7, 2017, the following actions are currently outstanding:Shareholder Derivative Actions in Delaware. There are two competing derivative complaints pending in the Delaware Court of Chancery alleging claims related to our allegedretention of DreamTeamGroup and MissionIR. On December 14, 2015, a shareholder derivative complaint, captioned Niedermeyer et al. v. Kriegsman et al., C.A. No. 11800, was filedagainst certain of our officers and directors, for which a second amended complaint was filed on October 12, 2016. On September 6, 2016, one of the plaintiffs in the California litigation(discussed above) effectively refiled his complaint in the Delaware Court of Chancery, with the case captioned Taylor v. Kriegsman, C.A. No. 12720. Following competing motions forappointment of a lead plaintiff and lead counsel, On February 22, 2017, the Court of Chancery appointed Niedermeyer et al.as lead plaintiffs in the complaint. On May 3, 2017, the partiesentered into negotiations with a mediator and on June 2, 2017, the parties entered into a Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU") to settle the entire action. On June 15, 2017, the MOUwas submitted to the Court and the parties are now seeking Court approval. The Stipulation of Settlement was filed with the Court on January 22, 2018, which was preliminarily approvedby the Court. A final approval hearing is scheduled for April 19, 2018. Any petition for an attorney fee award to the Plaintiff's counsel will also be considered by the Court at the April19, 2018 hearing.Class Action in California. On July 25 and 29, 2016, nearly identical class action complaints were filed in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, titledCrihfield v. CytRx Corp., et al., Case No. 2:16-cv-05519 and Dorce v. CytRx Corp., Case No. 2:16-cv-05666 alleging that we and certain of our officers violated the Securities ExchangeAct of 1934 by allegedly making materially false and/or misleading statements, and/or failing to disclose material adverse facts to the effect that the clinical hold placed on the Phase 3trial of aldoxorubicin for STS would prevent sufficient follow-up for patients involved in the study, thus requiring further analysis, which could cause the trial's results and/or FDAapproval to be materially adversely affected or delayed. The plaintiffs allege that such wrongful acts and omissions caused significant losses and damages to a class of persons andentities that acquired our securities between November 18, 2014 and July 11, 2016, and seek an award of compensatory damages, costs and expenses, including counsel and expert fees,and such other and further relief as the Court may deem just and proper. On October 26, 2016, the Court entered an Order consolidating the actions titled In re: CytRx CorporationSecurities Litigation, Master File No. 16 cv-05519-SJO and appointing a Lead Plaintiff and Lead Counsel. Following the filing of a first amended complaint on January 13, 2017, on March14, 2017 the Company and the individual defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff filed an Opposition thereto on April 28, 2017. The Company and the individual defendants filed aReply on May 30, 2017 and the matter was heard by the Court on June 12, 2017. On June 14, 2017, the Court issued an Order granting the Motion to Dismiss with leave to amend. Plaintifffiled a Second Amended Complaint and the Individual Defendants filed a renewed Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff filed an Opposition thereto on July 24, 2017. The Company and theIndividual Defendants filed a Reply on July 31, 2017. On August 14, 2017, the Court issued an Order granting in part and denying in part the motion to dismiss. On September 18, 2017,the Court issued an Order setting a schedule for the case. On January 30, 2018, the parties entered into negotiations with a mediator and on February 1, 2018, the parties entered into aconfidential Term Sheet to settle the Class Action. On February 7, 2018, the Court stayed the action for all purposes until May 2, 2018, to provide the parties sufficient time to prepare andsubmit a stipulation of settlement.Shareholder Derivative Action in Delaware (Zyontz). On October 17, 2017, a shareholder derivative complaint was filed against certain current and former directors in theDelaware Court of Chancery, entitled Zyontz v. Kriegsman et al., Case No. 2017-0738-JRS. The complaint essentially sets forth the allegations pled in the federal securities class action inCalifornia, asserts a claim for breach of fiduciary duty, and seeks damages, fees and costs, and other and further relief as the Court may deem just and proper. On December 18, 2017, theCompany and individual defendants filed motion to dismiss for failure to make a demand on the Board and for failure to state a claim, and a motion to stay the proceedings pendingresolution of the federal securities class action. On January 30, 2018, the parties participated in a mediation. The parties are currently negotiating a settlement agreement comprised ofcorporate governance reforms that will be submitted to the Court of Chancery for approval. Shareholder Derivative Action in Delaware (Patterson). On September 1, 2017, a shareholder derivative complaint was filed against the current directors in the Delaware Courtof Chancery, entitled Patterson v. Kriegsman et al., C.A. No. 2017-0636-TMR. The complaint sets forth claims for breach of fiduciary duty for allegedly disseminating false andmisleading information, unjust enrichment, gross mismanagement, abuse of control and corporate waste based on allegations concerning various business decisions matters. Thecomplaint seeks damages, corporate governance reforms, restitution, fees and costs, and other and further relief as the Court may deem just and proper. On September 26, 2017, theCompany and individual defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, for which the opening brief in support of such motion was filed on November 3, 2017, the plaintiff'sopposition was filed on December 11, 2017, and the defendants' reply was filed on January 5, 2018. The hearing on the motion to dismiss was heard by the Vice-Chancellor on March 8,2018, and she took the matter under advisement. On March 13, 2018, the Vice-Chancellor ruled that defendants' motion to dismiss was granted, with prejudice.We intend to vigorously defend against the foregoing complaints. We have directors' and officers' liability insurance, which will be utilized in the defense of these matters. Theliability insurance may not cover all of the future liabilities we may incur in connection with the foregoing matters. These claims are subject to inherent uncertainties, and management'sview of these matters may change in the future. We evaluate developments in legal proceedings and other matters on a quarterly basis. If an unfavorable outcome becomes probable and reasonably estimable, we could incurcharges that could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations for the period in which the outcome becomes probable and reasonably estimable.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #24# Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURESNot Applicable.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #25# PART IIItem 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIESMarket InformationOur common stock is traded on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol "CYTR." The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices for our common stock for theperiods indicated as reported by The NASDAQ Capital Market: High Low Fiscal Year 2017: Fourth Quarter $2.94 $1.65 Third Quarter $6.00 $2.40 Second Quarter $5.94 $2.52 First Quarter $3.06 $2.28 Fiscal Year 2016: Fourth Quarter $4.44 $2.16 Third Quarter $16.02 $3.30 Second Quarter $21.96 $12.78 First Quarter $18.48 $9.30 HoldersOn March 16, 2018, there were approximately 350 holders of record of our common stock. The number of record holders does not reflect the number of beneficial owners of ourcommon stock for whom shares are held by brokerage firms and other nominees.DividendsWe have not paid any cash dividends since our inception and do not contemplate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.Equity Compensation PlansThe following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 2017, regarding securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans: Plan Category (a) Number ofSecurities to beIssued UponExercise ofOutstandingOptions,Warrants andRights (b) Number of IssuedShares ofRestricted Stock (c) Weighted-Average ExercisePrice ofOutstandingOptions,Restricted Stock,Warrants andRights Number ofSecuritiesRemainingAvailable forissuance UnderEquityCompensationPlans (ExcludingSecuritiesReflected inColumns (a) and(b) Equity compensation plans approved by our security holders: 2000 Long-Term Incentive Plan 44,371 — $34.56 — 2008 Stock Incentive Plan 2,821,141 775,194 8.82 1,247,662 Equity compensation plans not approved by our security holders: Outstanding warrants (1) 3,980,781 — 4.26 — Total 6,846,293 775,194 $6.44 1,247,662 ______________ (1) The warrants shown were issued in discrete transactions from time to time as compensation for services rendered by consultants, advisors or other third parties, and do notinclude warrants sold in capital-raising transactions. The material terms of such warrants were determined based upon arm's-length negotiations with the service providers. The warrantexercise prices approximate the market price of our common stock at or about the date of grant, and the warrant terms range from two to ten years from the grant date. The warrantscontain customary anti-dilution adjustments in the event of a stock split, reverse stock split, reclassification or combination of our outstanding common stock and similar events andcertain of the warrants contain anti-dilution adjustments triggered by other corporate events, such as dividends.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #26# Comparison of Cumulative Total ReturnsThe following line graph presentation compares cumulative total stockholder returns of CytRx with The NASDAQ Stock Market Index and The NASDAQ Pharmaceutical Index (the"Peer Index") for the five-year period from December 31, 2013 to December 31, 2017. The graph and table assume that $100 was invested in each of our common stock, The NASDAQStock Market Index and the Peer Index on December 31, 2012, and that all dividends were reinvested. This data was furnished by Zacks Investment Research. December 31, 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 CytRx Corporation 235.20 -56.29 -3.28 -85.97 -24.22 The NASDAQ Stock Market Index 40.12 14.75 6.96 8.87 29.64 The NASDAQ Pharmaceutical Index 64.86 30.51 5.82 -21.99 19.62 Recent Issuances of Unregistered SecuritiesNone.Repurchase of SharesWe did not repurchase any of our shares during the year ended December 31, 2017.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #27# Item 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATAGeneralThe following selected financial data are derived from our audited financial statements. Our financial statements for these past five years have been audited by BDO USA, LLP, ourindependent registered public accounting firm. These historical results do not necessarily indicate future results. When you read this data, it is important that you also read our financialstatements and related notes, as well as the "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Risk Factors" sections of this AnnualReport. Financial information provided below has been rounded to the nearest thousand (except for per share data). 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 Statement of Operations Data: Revenue Licensing revenue $100,000 $200,000 $100,000 $100,000 $300,000 Total revenue $100,000 $200,000 $100,000 $100,000 $300,000 Net loss $(34,986,000) $(50,771,000) $(58,587,000) $(30,118,000) $(47,485,000)Basic and diluted loss per share applicable to common stock $(1.46) $(3.78) $(5.82) $(3.30) $(8.64)` Balance Sheet Data: Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments $37,643,000 $56,959,000 $57,297,000 $77,840,000 $38,568,000 Total assets $48,348,000 $62,770,000 $67,024,000 $85,693,000 $41,500,000 Total stockholders' equity $18,145,000 $24,777,000 $44,079,000 $67,911,000 $10,661,000 Factors Affecting ComparabilityIn July 2017, we issued 1,969,697 shares of our common stock as part of an exclusive licensing agreement granted to NantCell, Inc.In May 2017, we completed a public offering of 5.0 million shares of our common stock. Net of underwriting discounts, legal, accounting and other offering expenses, we receivedproceeds of approximately $14.0 million.In December 2016, we completed a public offering of 1.9 million shares of our common stock and 550 shares of our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and re-priced outstanding July2016 warrants to purchase 3.2 million shares of our common stock and extended the term of the warrants to July 2018. Net of underwriting discounts, legal, accounting and other offeringexpenses, we received proceeds of approximately $7.5 million.In July 2016, we completed a public offering issuing 4.8 million shares of our common stock and one-year warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of our common stock in apublic offering. Net of underwriting discounts, legal, accounting and other offering expenses, the Company received proceeds of approximately $18.3 million In July 2015, we completed a $28.7 million underwritten public offering, in which we sold and issued approximately 1.8 million shares of common stock at a price of $16.50 per share.Net of underwriting discounts, legal, accounting and other offering expenses, the Company received proceeds of approximately $26.8 million.In February 2014, we completed an $86.0 million underwritten public offering, in which we sold and issued 2.2 million shares of common stock at a price of $39.00 per share. Net ofunderwriting discounts, legal, accounting and other offering expenses, we received proceeds of approximately $80.5 million.In October 2013, we completed a $25.9 million underwritten public offering, in which we sold and issued 1.9 million shares of common stock at a price of $13.50 per share. Net ofunderwriting discounts, legal, accounting and other offering expenses, we received proceeds of approximately $24.1 million.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #28# Item 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONSThe following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with the discussion under "Selected Financial Data" and ourfinancial statements included in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements, based on current expectations and related to future events and our futurefinancial performance, that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of manyimportant factors, including those set forth under the caption "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Annual Report.OverviewCytRx CorporationWe are a biopharmaceutical research and development company specializing in oncology. Our focus is on the discovery, research and clinical development of novel anti-cancerdrug candidates that employ novel linker technologies to enhance the accumulation and release of cytotoxic anti-cancer agents at the tumor. Since 2008, we have worked to developaldoxorubicin, In July 2017 we entered into an exclusive worldwide license under which NantCell, Inc. took over development of aldoxorubicin, invested in our common stock and agreedto make future milestone and royalty payments upon the successful development and commercialization of aldoxorubicin. We are now actively pursuing new anti-cancer compoundsthrough our drug discovery and research operation at our laboratory facilities in Freiburg, Germany.LADR Drug Discovery PlatformThe LADR™ (Linker Activated Drug Release) technology platform is a discovery engine combining our expertise in linker chemistry and albumin biology to create a pipeline ofanti-cancer molecules that will avoid unacceptable systemic toxicity while delivering highly potent agents directly to the tumor. We have created a "toolbox" of linker technologies thathave the ability to significantly increase the therapeutic index of ultra-high potency drugs (10-1,000 times more potent than traditional chemotherapies) by controlling the release of thedrug payloads and improving drug-like properties. After infusion, these ultra-high potency drug conjugates bind to circulating albumin for transport of the drug to thetumor. Subsequently, due to specific conditions within the tumor, the linkers are cleaved and release the anti-cancer drug payload.Our current efforts are focused on two classes of ultra-high potency drug conjugates. Our strategy across these programs is to generate additional pre-clinical data that willallow them to make informed decisions regarding the selection of one or both programs for moving into human clinical trials either independently or on a partnered basis.We recently entered into an agreement with Destum Partners, Inc., a leading strategic advisory firm serving companies in the life sciences industry, to assist in our pharmapartnering activities. Destum will be our exclusive advisor for the identification of partnership opportunities for LADR™ ultra-high potency drug conjugates. During 2017, our discovery laboratory synthesized and tested over 75 rationally designed drug conjugates with highly potent cytotoxic payloads, and two distinct classes ofcompounds have been created. To date, four lead candidates have been selected based on in vitro and animal preclinical studies, stability, and manufacturing feasibility. Additionalanimal efficacy and toxicology testing of these lead candidates is underway.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #29# AldoxorubicinUntil July 2017, we were focused on the research and clinical development of aldoxorubicin, our modified version of the widely-used chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin.Aldoxorubicin combines the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin with a novel linker-molecule that binds specifically to albumin in the blood to allow for delivery of higher amounts ofdoxorubicin (3½ to 4 times) without several of the major dose-limiting toxicities seen with administration of doxorubicin alone.On July 27, 2017, we entered into an exclusive worldwide license with NantCell, Inc. ("NantCell"), granting to NantCell the exclusive rights to develop, manufacture andcommercialize aldoxorubicin in all indications, and our company is no longer directly working on development of aldoxorubicin. As part of the license, NantCell made a strategicinvestment of $13 million in CytRx common stock at $6.60 per share (adjusted to reflect our 2017 reverse stock split), a premium of 92% to the market price on that date. We also issuedNantCell a warrant to purchase up to 500,000 shares of common stock at $6.60 over the following 18 months. We are entitled to receive up to an aggregate of $343 million in potentialmilestone payments, contingent upon achievement of certain regulatory approvals and commercial milestones. We are also entitled to receive ascending double-digit royalties for netsales for soft tissue sarcomas and mid to high single digit royalties for other indications.In order to fund our business and operations, we have relied primarily upon sales of our equity securities, including proceeds from the exercise of stock options and commonstock purchase warrants and we recently secured long-term financing. We also have received limited funding from our strategic partners and licensees.At December 31, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $37.6 million. Under the terms of the loan agreement, however, we are required to maintain cash equalto a minimum of the greater of three months projected cash burn or $10 million. Management believes that its current resources will be sufficient to fund its operations for the foreseeablefuture. This estimate is based, in part, upon our currently projected expenditures for 2018 and the first three months of 2019 of approximately $27.8 million (unaudited), which includesapproximately $1.5 million (unaudited) for its clinical programs, approximately $3.1 million (unaudited) for pre-clinical development of new high potency cytotoxic albumin-binding cancerdrugs, approximately $0.7 million (unaudited) for general operation of its clinical programs, approximately $10.1 million (unaudited) for other general and administrative expenses and$12.4 million of interest and principal payments on our outstanding term loan. These projected expenditures are also based upon numerous other assumptions and subject to manyuncertainties, and actual expenditures may be significantly different from these projections. While these projections represent our current expected expenditures, we have the ability toreduce the amounts and alter the timing of research and development expenditures as needed to manage our liquidity needs while still advancing our research and developmentobjectives. We will ultimately be required to obtain additional funding in order to execute our long-term business plans, although we do not currently have commitments from any thirdparties to provide us with long term debt or capital. We cannot assure that additional funding will be available on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to obtain additional funding whenneeded, we may not be able to execute our business plans and our business may suffer, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations andcash flows.Research and DevelopmentExpenditures for research and development activities related to continuing operations were $19.8 million, $35.9 million and $43.4 million, respectively, for the years ended December31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, or approximately 60%, 68% and 68%, respectively, of our total expenses.Research and development expenses are further discussed below under "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" and "Results of Operations."Our currently projected expenditures for 2018 include approximately $1.5 million for our clinical programs for aldoxorubicin, approximately $3.1 million for pre-clinical development ofnew high potency cytotoxic albumin-binding cancer drugs, and approximately $0.7 million related to supporting our clinical programs. The actual cost of our clinical programs could differsignificantly from our current projections due to any additional requirements or delays, or if actual costs are higher than current management estimates for other reasons. In the eventthat actual costs of our clinical programs, or any of our other ongoing research activities, are significantly higher than our current estimates, we may be required to significantly modifyour planned level of operations.All of our product candidates in development must be approved by the FDA or corresponding foreign governmental agencies before they can be marketed. The process forobtaining FDA and foreign government approvals is both time-consuming and costly, with no certainty of a successful outcome. A discussion of these and other risks and uncertaintiesassociated with our business is set forth in the "Risk Factors" section of this Annual Report.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #30# Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesManagement's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance withaccounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect thereported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates,including those related to stock options, impairment of long-lived assets, including accrued liabilities and certain expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience and onvarious other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets andliabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.Our significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 2 of the Notes to Financial Statements included in this Annual Report. We believe the following critical accountingpolicies are affected by our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements:Revenue RecognitionRevenue consists of license fees from strategic alliances with pharmaceutical companies, as well as service and grant revenues. Service revenue consists of contract research andlaboratory consulting. Grant revenues consist of government and private grants.Monies received for license fees are deferred and recognized ratably over the performance period in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") AccountingStandards Codification ("ASC") ASC 605-25, Revenue Recognition – Multiple-element Arrangements ("ASC 605-25"). Milestone payments will be recognized upon achievement of themilestone as long as the milestone is deemed substantive and we have no other performance obligations related to the milestone and collectability is reasonably assured, which isgenerally upon receipt, or recognized upon termination of the agreement and all related obligations. Deferred revenue represents amounts received prior to revenue recognition.Revenues from contract research, government grants, and consulting fees are recognized over the respective contract periods as the services are performed, provided there ispersuasive evidence of an arrangement, the fee is fixed or determinable and collection of the related receivable is reasonably assured. Once all conditions of the grant are met and nocontingencies remain outstanding, the revenue is recognized as grant fee revenue and an earned but unbilled revenue receivable is recorded.Research and Development ExpensesResearch and development expenses consist of costs incurred for direct and overhead-related research expenses and are expensed as incurred. Costs to acquire technologies,including licenses, that are utilized in research and development and that have no alternative future use are expensed when incurred. Technology developed for use in our productcandidates is expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established.Clinical Trial ExpensesClinical trial expenses, which are included in research and development expenses, include obligations resulting from our contracts with various contract research organizations, orCROs, in connection with conducting clinical trials of our product candidates. We recognize expenses for these activities based on a variety of factors, including actual and estimatedlabor hours, clinical site initiation activities, patient enrollment rates, estimates of external costs and other activity-based factors. We believe that this method is the best measure of theefforts expended on a clinical trial with the expenses we record. We adjust our rate of clinical expense recognition if actual results differ from our estimates. If our estimates prove to beincorrect, clinical trial expenses recorded in any particular period could vary.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #31# Stock-based CompensationOur stock-based employee compensation plans are described in Note 13 of the Notes to Financial Statements. We follow the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation - StockCompensation ("ASC 718"), which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees.For stock options and stock warrants paid in consideration of services rendered by non-employees, we recognize compensation expense in accordance with the requirements of ASC505-50, Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees ("ASC 505-50").Non-employee option grants that do not vest immediately upon grant are recorded as an expense over the vesting period. At the end of each financial reporting period prior toperformance, the value of these options, as calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, is determined, and compensation expense recognized or recovered during the periodis adjusted accordingly. Since the fair market value of options granted to non-employees is subject to change in the future, the amount of the future compensation expense is subject toadjustment until the common stock options or warrants are fully vested.Net Loss Per ShareBasic net loss per common share attributable to common shareholders is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net loss per commonshare is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding. Potentially dilutive stock options and warrants to purchaseapproximately 7.6 million, 8.3 million and 3.6 million shares at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share, becausethe effect would be anti-dilutive.Potential Strategic AlternativesFrom time to time, we may consider strategic alternatives available to us to enhance shareholder value. Strategic alternatives could include the acquisition of or strategic partnershipwith one or more parties or the licensing of some of our proprietary technologies. See "Item 1A – Risk Factors – The impact and results of our exploration of strategic alternatives areuncertain and may not be successful."Liquidity and Capital ResourcesGeneralIn order to fund our business and operations, we have relied primarily upon sales of our equity securities, including proceeds from the exercise of stock options and common stockpurchase warrants and a long-term loan financing completed in February 2016. We also have received limited funding from our strategic partners and licensees. At December 31, 2017, wehad cash and cash equivalents of approximately $37.6 million. Under the terms of the loan agreement, however, we are required to maintain cash equal to a minimum of the greater of threemonths projected cash burn or $10 million. Management believes that its current resources will be sufficient to fund its operations for the foreseeable future. This estimate is based, inpart, upon our currently projected expenditures for 2018 and the first three months of 2019 of approximately $27.8 million (unaudited), which includes approximately $1.5 million(unaudited) for its clinical programs, approximately $3.1 million (unaudited) for pre-clinical development of new high potency cytotoxic albumin-binding cancer drugs, approximately $0.7million (unaudited) for general operation of its clinical programs, approximately $10.1 million (unaudited) for other general and administrative expenses and $12.4 million of interest andprincipal payments on our outstanding Term Loans (defined below). These projected expenditures are also based upon numerous other assumptions and subject to many uncertainties,and actual expenditures may be significantly different from these projections. While these projections represent our current expected expenditures, we have the ability to reduce theamounts and alter the timing of research and development expenditures as needed to manage our liquidity needs while still advancing our research and development objectives. We willultimately be required to obtain additional funding in order to execute our long-term business plans, although we do not currently have commitments from any third parties to provide uswith long term debt or capital. We cannot assure that additional funding will be available on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to obtain additional funding when needed, we may not beable to execute our business plans and our business may suffer, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.If NantCell obtains marketing approval and successfully commercializes aldoxorubicin, we anticipate it will take two years, and possibly longer, for us to generate significant recurringrevenue, and we will be dependent on future financing until such time, if ever, as we can generate significant recurring revenue. We have no commitments from third parties to provide uswith any additional financing, and we may not be able to obtain future financing on favorable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain adequate financing would adversely affect our ability tooperate as a going concern. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to stockholders may result and new investors could have rights superior to holders of theshares issued in this offering. In addition, debt financing, if available, may include restrictive covenants. If adequate funds are not available to us, we may have to liquidate some or all ofour assets or to delay or reduce the scope of or eliminate some portion or all of our development programs or clinical trials. We also may have to license to other companies our productcandidates or technologies that we would prefer to develop and commercialize ourselves.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #32# Effective November 1, 2017, we completed a 1-for-6 reverse stock split of our outstanding shares of common and preferred stock, reduced our authorized shares of both common andpreferred stock by one-sixth; no change was made to the per-share par value of the common stock. All share and per share amounts in the accompanying financial statements have beenadjusted to reflect the reverse stock split as if it had occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented.Discussion of Operating, Investing and Financing ActivitiesNet loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $35.0 million, and cash used for operating activities for that period was $27.2 million. The net loss reflects $3.3 million of stockoption and warrant expense, interest expense on the Term Loan of $3.8 million and a non-cash gain of $1.4 million on the fair value adjustment of the warrant liability.Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $50.8 million, and cash used for operating activities for that period was $49.9 million. The net loss reflects $6.7 million of stockoption and warrant expense, interest expense on the Term Loan of $2.8 million and a non-cash gain of $3.8 million on the fair value adjustment of the warrant liability.Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $58.6 million, and cash used for operating activities for that period was $47.6 million. The net loss reflects $7.4 million of stockoption and warrant expense, and a non-cash gain of $4.4 million on the fair value adjustment of the warrant liability.For the year ended December 31, 2017, no money was provided by investing activities, and $0.1 million was used for the purchase of equipment and furnishings.For the year ended December 31, 2016, $34.0 million was provided by investing activities. This included $35.0 million of net proceeds from the sale of short-term investments partiallyoffset by the purchase of equipment and furnishings of $1.0 million, primarily for our laboratory in Freiburg, Germany.For the year ended December 31, 2015, $10.3 million was provided by investing activities. This included $10.6 million net proceeds from the sale of short-term investments and thedifference for purchase of equipment and furnishings, primarily for our laboratory in Freiburg, Germany.Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $8.0 million, which included $14.0 million of net proceeds received from our May 2017 public offering.We also received $6.1 million from the sale of common shares and warrants to NantCell, Inc. We also received net proceeds of $3.2 million from the exercise of stock options and warrantsand made principal Term Loan payments of $15.0 million.Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $50.5 million, which included $25.8 million of net proceeds received from our December and July 2016public offerings. We also received net proceeds of $24.0 million from our Term Loans in February 2016 and $0.7 million from the exercise of stock options and warrants.Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $27.4 million, which included $26.8 million of net proceeds received from our July 2015 publicoffering.Term Loan FacilityOn February 5, 2016, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Hercules Technology Growth Capital, Inc. ("HTGC"), as administrative agent and lender, and HerculesTechnology III, L.P., as lender ("Hercules"), pursuant to which the lenders made term loans to us on February 8, 2016 in the aggregate principal amount of $25 million (the "TermLoans"). The Term Loans bear interest at the daily variable rate per annum equal to 6.0% plus the prime rate, or 10.5%, whichever is greater. We are required to make interest-onlypayments on the Term Loans through February 28, 2017, and beginning on March 1, 2017 blended equal monthly installments of principal amortization and accrued interest until thematurity date of the Term Loans on February 1, 2020. Under the terms of the loan, we are required to maintain a minimum cash balance equal to the greater of (i) $10 million or (ii) forwardthree months projected cash burn. As security under our obligations, we issued to the lenders warrants to purchase a total of 105,691 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of$12.30. These warrants are classified as equity warrants with a fair value of $633,749. All outstanding principal and accrued interest on the term loans will be due and payable in full onthe maturity date of February 1, 2020.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #33# On July 28, 2017, we entered into an Amended Loan Services Agreement with the lenders of the Term Loans whereby we agreed to make an immediate payment of $5 million ofprincipal and unpaid interest, a further $5 million payment of principal and unpaid interest by September 30, 2017, and agreed to an updated schedule of monthly payments and a newmaturity date of August 1, 2018.On July 28, 2017, we entered into a First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement providing for our payment, on July 28, 2017, of $5.0 million in outstanding principal andunpaid interest due under the Loan Agreement, and for our potential repayment, on or prior to September 30, 2017, of an additional $5.0 million outstanding principal under the LoanAgreement. We made the First Repayment on July 28, 2017. Pursuant to the Amendment, the lenders consented to the License Transaction with NantCell and agreed that the LicenseTransaction is deemed a "Permitted Transfer" under the Loan Agreement, and confirmed that the sale of our common stock to NantCell is not an "Equity Event" under the LoanAgreement. In connection with the Loan Agreement, we restructured the existing lender warrants to purchase an aggregate of up to approximately 105,691 shares of our common stock atan exercise price of $12.30 per share. Pursuant to the Amendment, a portion of the warrants (representing 80% of the total number of shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants) wasamended to change the exercise price of such portion of the warrants from $12.30 per share to the 30-day volume-weighted average price of our common stock over the 30-day periodbeginning 15 days before the July 28, 2017 announcement of the License Transaction (the "Warrant Amendments").Off-Balance Sheet ArrangementsWe have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have a material current effect or that are reasonably likely to have a material future effect on our financial condition, changes infinancial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources.Contractual ObligationsWe acquire assets still in development and enter into research and development arrangements with third parties that often require milestone and royalty payments to the third-partycontingent upon the occurrence of certain future events linked to the success of the asset in development. Milestone payments may be required, contingent upon the successfulachievement of an important point in the development life-cycle of the pharmaceutical product (e.g., approval of the product for marketing by a regulatory agency). We also typicallyhave to make royalty payments based upon a percentage of the sales of the pharmaceutical product in the event that regulatory approval for marketing is obtained. Because of thecontingent nature of these payments, they are not included in the table of contractual obligations.These arrangements may be material individually, and in the event that multiple milestones are reached in the same period, the aggregate charge to expense could be material to theresults of operations in any one period. In addition, these arrangements often give us the discretion to unilaterally terminate development of the product, which would allow us to avoidmaking the contingent payments; however, we are unlikely to cease development if the compound successfully achieves clinical testing objectives.Our current contractual obligations that will require future cash payments are as follows (in thousands): Payments due by periods as of December 31, 2017 Contractual Obligations Total Year 1 Years 2 and 3 Years 4 and 5 Years 6 andbeyond Operating lease obligations $710 $373 $337 $— $— Employment obligations 4,848 1,678 2,113 1,057 — Term loan obligation 12,377 12,377 — — — R&D contract obligations 1,000 1,000 — — — Total contractual obligations $18,935 $15,428 $2,450 $1,057 $— (1)Operating leases are primarily our facility lease obligations, as well as equipment and software lease obligations with third party vendors. (2)Employment agreements include management contracts that provide for minimum salary levels, adjusted periodically at the discretion of our Compensation Committee, as well asminimum bonuses andemployee benefits, in some cases. (3)Term loan obligation includes principal and interest payments and an end fee payment. (4)Research and development obligations relate primarily to our Reimbursement Agreement with NantCell, Inc. We apply the disclosure provisions of ASC 460, Guarantees ("ASC 460"), to our contractual guarantees and indemnities. We have provided contractual indemnities to other partiesagainst possible losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified parties in connection with various types of third-party claims, as well as indemnities to our officers and directors againstthird party claims arising from the services they provide to us. To date, we have not incurred material costs as a result of these indemnities, and we do not expect to incur material costsin the future; further, we maintain insurance to cover certain losses arising from these indemnities. Accordingly, we have not accrued any liabilities related to these indemnities.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #34# Net Operating Loss CarryforwardsAt December 31, 2017, we had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of $373.7 million and $236.3 million, respectively, available to offset against future taxable income,which expire in 2018 through 2037.As a result of a change in-control that occurred in the CytRx shareholder base in 2013, approximately $136.8 million in federal net operating loss carryforwards became substantiallylimited in their annual availability. We currently believe that the remaining $236.9 million in federal net operating loss carryforwards, and the $236.3 million in state net operating losscarryforwards, are unrestricted.As of December 31, 2017, we also had research and development tax credits for federal and state purposes of approximately $16.6 million and $21.9 million, respectively, available foroffset against future income taxes, which expire in 2022 through 2037. Based on an assessment of all available evidence including, but not limited to, our limited operating history in itscore business and lack of profitability, uncertainties of the commercial viability of its technology, the impact of government regulation and healthcare reform initiatives, and other risksnormally associated with biotechnology companies, we have concluded that it is more likely than not that these net operating loss carryforwards and credits will not be realized and, as aresult, a 100% deferred tax valuation allowance has been recorded against these assets.Results of OperationsWe incurred a net loss of $35.0 million, $50.8 million and $58.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.During 2017, 2016 and 2015, we recognized no service revenue and earned an immaterial amount of license fees and grant revenue. All future licensing fees under our currentlicensing agreements are dependent upon successful development milestones being achieved by our licensees. In 2017, we recognized deferred revenue of $6.9 million from theexclusive licensing agreement signed with NantCell, Inc. We anticipate recognizing that revenue in 2018.Due to the nature of research and development, our operating results may fluctuate from period to period, and the results of prior periods should not be relied upon as predictive ofthe results in future periods.Research and Development Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (In thousands) Research and development expenses $19,279 $34,107 $41,805 Non-cash research and development expenses 12 — — Employee stock and stock option expense 549 1,823 1,591 Total $19,840 $35,930 $43,396 Research expenses are expenses incurred by us in the discovery of new information that will assist us in the creation and the development of new drugs or treatments. Developmentexpenses are expenses incurred by us in our efforts to commercialize the findings generated through our research efforts.Research and development expenses incurred during 2017, 2016 and 2015 relate to our various development programs. In 2017, our research and development expenses decreasedsubstantially over 2016 since our pivotal, global Phase 3 clinical trial for STS with aldoxorubicin wound down in the year. These expenses included $11.7 million for our clinical programsfor aldoxorubicin, $3.3 million for our drug discovery laboratory, and approximately $4.3 million for general operations of our clinical program, including licensing fees. In 2016, ourresearch and development expenses decreased over 2015 primarily due to a reduction in costs for our pivotal, global Phase 3 clinical trial for STS with aldoxorubicin. The costs of ourglobal Phase 2b clinical trial in SCLC remained consistent with the prior year. These expenses included approximately $27.1 million for our clinical programs for aldoxorubicin,approximately $2.3 million at our drug discovery laboratory, and approximately $4.3 million for general operation of our clinical programs. In 2015, research and development expensestotaled approximately $37.0 million for our clinical programs for aldoxorubicin, which included a full year of costs in our pivotal, global Phase trial, approximately $1.7 million at our drugdiscovery laboratory, and approximately $3.6 million for general operation of our clinical programs.As compensation to consultants, or in connection with the acquisition of technology, we sometimes issue shares of common stock, stock options and warrants to purchase shares ofcommon stock. For financial statement purposes, we value these shares of common stock, stock options, and warrants at the fair value of the common stock, stock options or warrantsgranted, or the services received, whichever is more reliably measurable. In 2017, we record $11,600 of non-cash expense, as compared to $0 in both 2016 and 2015. In 2017, we recorded$0.5 million of employee stock and stock option expense, as compared to $1.8 million in 2016 and $1.6 million in 2015.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #35# General and Administrative Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 (In thousands) General and administrative expenses $9,718 $11,078 $13,871 Stock, stock option and warrant expenses to non-employees and consultants 874 236 226 Employee stock and stock option expense 1,910 4,677 5,568 Total $12,502 $15,991 $19,665 General and administrative expenses include all administrative salaries and general corporate expenses, including legal expenses associated with the prosecution of our intellectualproperty. Our general and administrative expenses, excluding common stock, stock options and warrants issued, were $9.7 million, $11.1 million and $13.9 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015,respectively. In 2017, the general and administrative expenses decreased by 12.3%, primarily due to a decrease in salaries, since 2016 included pre-commercialization activities in the firsthalf of the year. In 2015, these expenses included litigation settlement expenses of $5.5 million (of which a non-cash amount of $4.5 million was settled through the issuance of ourcommon shares).From time to time, we issue shares of our common stock or warrants or options to purchase shares of our common stock to consultants and other service providers in exchange forservices. For financial statement purposes, we value these shares of common stock, stock options, and warrants at the fair value of the common stock, stock options or warrants granted,or the services received whichever we can measure more reliably. In 2017, we recorded $0.9 million of such expenses, as compared to $0.2 million and $0.2 million in 2016 and 2015,respectively. We recorded employee stock option expense of $1.9 million, $4.7 million and $5.6 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.Depreciation and AmortizationDepreciation and amortization expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were approximately $0.6 million, $0.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively. Thedepreciation expense reflects the depreciation of our equipment and furnishings.Other Income (Expense)We realized a small foreign exchange loss in 2017, other income of $0.2 million in 2016 from a VAT refund, and a de minimus amount of other income in 2015.Interest IncomeInterest income was $0.4 million in 2017, $0.3 million in 2016 and $0.2 million in 2015. The variances between years are attributable primarily to the amount of funds available forinvestment each year and, to a lesser extent, changes in prevailing market interest rates.Interest ExpenseOn February 5, 2016, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Hercules Technology Growth Capital, Inc. ("HTGC"), as administrative agent and lender, and HerculesTechnology III, L.P., as lender. The lenders made term loans on February 8, 2016 in the aggregate principal amount of $25 million, and at an interest rate of 9.5%. The interest rate ispegged to the Prime rate and at December 31, 2017, the interest rate stood at 10.5%. Total interest expense in 2017 was $3.8 million, $2.8 million in 2016 and $0 in 2015.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #36# Recent Accounting PronouncementsIn January 2017, the FASB issued an ASU entitled "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment." The objective of the ASU is tosimplify how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing theimplied fair value of a reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interimperiods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We do not believe that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our financial statements.In August 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU No. 2016-15 "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and CashPayments (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force)." The objective of ASU No. 2016-15 is to provide specific guidance on eight cash flow classification issues and how toreduce diversity in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows under Topic 230, Statement of Cash Flows, and other Topics.The amendments in this update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. We are still in theprocess of determining the impact that the implementation of ASU 2016-15 will have on our financial statements.In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation ("ASU 2016-09"). ASU 2016-09 includes several areas ofsimplification to stock compensation including simplifications to the accounting for income taxes, classification of excess tax benefits on the Statement of Cash Flows and forfeitures.ASU 2016-09 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We adopted this Standard on January 1, 2017. The adoption of this Standard did not have amaterial impact to our financial position or our results of operations. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)," which requires companies to recognize all leases as assets and liabilities on the consolidated balancesheet. This ASU retains a distinction between finance leases and operating leases, and the classification criteria for distinguishing between finance leases and operating leases aresubstantially similar to the classification criteria for distinguishing between capital leases and operating leases in the current accounting literature. The result of retaining a distinctionbetween finance leases and operating leases is that under the lessee accounting model in Topic 842, the effect of leases in a statement of operations and a statement of cash flows islargely unchanged from previous GAAP. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years.Earlier application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this ASU will have on our financial statements. Although we have not finalized our process ofevaluating the impact of adoption of the ASU on our financial statements, we expect there will not be a material increase to assets and liabilities on our balance sheet for leases currentlyclassified as operating leases. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01 "Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and FinancialLiabilities." ASU 2016-01 amends various aspects of the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure for financial instruments. With respect to the Company's financialstatements, the most significant impact relates to the accounting for equity investments. It will impact the disclosure and presentation of financial assets and liabilities. ASU 2016-01 isstatements, the most significant impact relates to the accounting for equity investments. It will impact the disclosure and presentation of financial assets and liabilities. ASU 2016-01 iseffective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption by public entities is permitted only for certainprovisions. We do not believe that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on our financial statements.In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17 "Income Taxes: Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes". ASU 2015-17 simplifies the balance sheet classification ofdeferred taxes and requires that all deferred taxes be presented as noncurrent. ASU 2015-17 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 with early adoption permitted.The adoption of this update did not have a material effect on our financial statements.In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09 (Topic 606) "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." Topic 606 supersedes the revenue recognitionrequirements in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 605, "Revenue Recognition", and requires entities to recognize revenue when they transfer control of promised goods orservices to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. We are currently assessing themethod of adoption and the impact this new guidance will have on our financial statements. We expect to adopt these standards using the modified retrospective method. The timing ofrevenue recognition for variable consideration under our licensing and collaboration agreements may be different as a result of this new guidance. We are reviewing our licensingagreement for variable consideration, and if any such consideration exists, whether it should be estimated and recognized earlier than under the current revenue guidance.In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASU 2015-14") which deferred the effective date by one year to December 15, 2017for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after that date and allows for adoption using a full retrospective method, or a modified retrospective method. We will adopt the newstandard in our first quarter 2018 using the modified retrospective method and are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on our financialstatements.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #37# Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKHistorically, our exposure to market risk is limited primarily to interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates, particularly because asignificant portion of our investments are in short-term debt securities issued by the U.S. government and institutional money market funds. The primary objective of our investmentactivities is to preserve principal. Due to the short-term nature of our investments, we believe that we are not exposed to any material market risk. We do not have any speculative orhedging derivative financial instruments or foreign currency instruments. If interest rates had varied by 10% in the year ended December 31, 2017, it would not have had a material effecton our results of operations or cash flows for that period.Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATAOur financial statements and supplemental schedule and notes thereto as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017,together with the reports thereon of our independent registered public accounting firm, are set forth beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report.Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURENone.Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURESConclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and ProceduresOur management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation ofour disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of December 31, 2017, the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based onthis evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2017, asdescribed further below.There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2017 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely tohave a material effect, on our internal control over financial reporting.Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial ReportingOur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under thesupervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we assessed the effectiveness of our internal controlover financial reporting as of December 31, 2017. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the TreadwayCommission ("COSO") in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Edition) ("the Framework"). Based upon management's assessment using the criteria contained in COSO,management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017. Our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 has been audited by BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their reportbelow.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #38# Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmBoard of Directors and StockholdersCytRx CorporationLos Angeles, CaliforniaOpinion on Internal Control over Financial ReportingWe have audited CytRx Corporation's (the "Company's") internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – IntegratedFramework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the "COSO criteria"). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all materialrespects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on the COSO criteria.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the balance sheets of the Company andsubsidiaries as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related statements of operations, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31,2017, and the related notes and financial statement schedule of valuation and qualifying accounts and our report dated March 16, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.Basis for OpinionThe Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financialreporting, included in the accompanying "Item 9A, Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting." Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company'sinternal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Companyin accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtainreasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internalcontrol over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on theassessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for ouropinion.Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial ReportingA company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financialstatements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies andprocedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2)provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, andthat receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonableassurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to futureperiods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate./s/ BDO USA, LLLos Angeles, CaliforniaMarch 16, 2018CytRx 2017 10-K Page #39# Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATIONNone.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #40# PART IIIItem 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCEThe following table sets forth information concerning our directors and executive officers:Name Age Class ofDirector (1) PositionSteven A. Kriegsman 76 II Director, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive OfficerLouis Ignarro, Ph.D. 76 I Lead Director (2) (3) (4) (5)Joel Caldwell 62 III Director (2) (4) (5)Earl Brien. M.D. 57 III Director (2) (3) (4) (5)John Y. Caloz 66 — Chief Financial OfficerFelix Kratz, Ph.D. 55 — Senior Vice President-Drug Development____________(1)Our Class I director serves until the 2019 annual meeting of stockholders, our Class II directors serve until the 2020 annual meeting of stockholders, and our Class III directorsserve until the 2018 annual meeting of stockholders.(2)Members of our Audit Committee. Mr. Caldwell is Chairman of the Committee.(3)Members of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Dr. Ignarro is Chairman of the Committee.(4)Members of our Compensation Committee. Dr. Ignarro is Chairman of the Committee.(5)Members of our Strategy Committee. Dr. Brien is Chairman of the Committee.Steven A. Kriegsman has been CytRx's Chief Executive Officer and a director since July 2002. In October 2014, he was elected Chairman of the Board. Mr. Kriegsman served on theboards of directors of Galena Biopharma, Inc. from 2009 until 2016 and Catasys, Inc. from November 2013 to August 2015. He previously served as Director and Chairman of GlobalGenomics from June 2000 until 2002. Mr. Kriegsman is an inactive Chairman and the founder of Kriegsman Capital Group LLC, a financial advisory firm specializing in the development ofalternative sources of equity capital for emerging growth companies in the healthcare industry. During his career, he has advised such companies as SuperGen Inc., Closure MedicalCorporation, Novoste Corporation, Miravant Medical Technologies, and Maxim Pharmaceuticals. In the past, Mr. Kriegsman has also served on the Board of Directors of BradleyPharmaceuticals, Inc. and Hythiam, Inc. Mr. Kriegsman has a B.S. degree with honors from New York University in Accounting and completed the Executive Program in Mergers andAcquisitions at New York University, The Management Institute. Mr. Kriegsman is a graduate of the Stanford Law School Directors' CollegeMr. Kriegsman was formerly a Certified Public Accountant with KPMG in New York City. In February 2006, Mr. Kriegsman received the Corporate Philanthropist of the YearAward from the Greater Los Angeles Chapter of the ALS Association and in October 2006, he received the Lou Gehrig Memorial Corporate Award from the Muscular DystrophyAssociation. Mr. Kriegsman has been a guest speaker and lecturer at various universities including California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Brown University, and New YorkUniversity. He also was an instructor at York College in Jamaica (Queens), NY, where he taught business to a diverse group of students in York's adult education program. Mr. Kriegsmanhas been active in various charitable organizations including the Biotechnology Industry Organization, the California Health Institute, the ALS Association, the Los Angeles VentureAssociation, the Southern California Biomedical Council, the American Association of Dance Companies and the Palisades-Malibu YMCA.Mr. Kriegsman's extensive history as a member of management is vital to the board of directors' collective knowledge of our day-to-day operations. Mr. Kriegsman also providesgreat insight as to how CytRx grew as an organization and his institutional knowledge is an invaluable asset to the board of directors in effecting its oversight of CytRx's strategic plans.Mr. Kriegsman's presence on the board of directors also allows for a flow of information and ideas between the board of directors and management.Louis Ignarro, Ph.D. has been a director since July 2002. He previously served as a director of Global Genomics from November 2000 until 2002. Dr. Ignarro serves as the Jerome J.Belzer, M.D. Distinguished Professor of Pharmacology in the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology at the UCLA School of Medicine. Retired in 2013, Dr. Ignarro had beenat the UCLA School of Medicine since 1985 as a professor, acting chairman and assistant dean. Dr. Ignarro received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1998.Dr. Ignarro received a B.S. in pharmacy from Columbia University and his Ph.D. in Pharmacology from the University of Minnesota. Dr. Ignarro is a Nobel Laureate and an esteemedmedical researcher whose experience enables him to offer importance scientific guidance to our Board of Directors. In December 2016, Dr. Ignarro was appointed Lead Director.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #41# Joel Caldwell joined our Board of Directors on July 12, 2017. He brings more than 30 years of experience in tax matters, finance, and internal auditing. He retired from SouthernCalifornia Edison, one of the nation's largest public utilities, where he had been employed for 28 years in various executive-level accounting and finance positions covering InternalAudits, Executive Compensation, Long Term Finance, Employee Benefits and, most recently prior to his retirement, Sarbanes-Oxley Internal Controls Compliance. He also worked inpublic accounting at the firm of Arthur Andersen & Co. In 1980, Mr. Caldwell earned his MBA with a major in finance from the University of California at Berkeley. Prior to that, hereceived a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting and Finance, also from the University of California at Berkeley. He has been a Certified Public Accountant in California since 1982and a Certified Internal Auditor since 1986. Mr. Caldwell volunteers his business skills, serving as a financial advisor on the board of trustees of a charitable organization, and continueshis involvement with track and field sports by volunteering as a meet official at Pacific Palisades Charter High School. He is a member of both the American Institute of Certified PublicAccountants and the California Society of Certified Public Accountants.Mr. Caldwell's diverse background in accounting, auditing and finance, along with his accreditation as a member of both the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants andthe California Society of Certified Public Accountants will provide the board with a balanced perspective to enhance its stewardship and fulfill his role as the named financial expert onour Audit Committee.Earl Brien, M.D. joined our board of directors in December 2016. He is a renowned orthopedic and sarcoma surgeon who has served as a Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and as theSurgical Director of the Sarcoma Service at Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California since February 2008. After completing his matriculation as a Fellow at Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center and the Hospital for Special Surgery in musculoskeletal tumors and metabolic bone disease respectively, he became the Director of the Musculoskeletal TumorProgram and Metabolic Bone Disease Center at Orthopedic Hospital. Dr. Brien is the recipient of numerous grants, with an extensive bibliography of peer-reviewed articles spanningmore than twenty years to his credit. He has also represented at national and international meetings for the past twenty years. From 1993 until 2004, he served as the Cancer CommissionChairman and Cancer Liaison Physician for the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer at Orthopedic Hospital.John Y. Caloz joined us in October 2007 as our Chief Accounting Officer. In January of 2009 Mr. Caloz was named Chief Financial Officer. He has a history of providing seniorfinancial leadership in the life sciences sector, as Chief Financial Officer of Occulogix, Inc, a NASDAQ listed, medical therapy company. Prior to that, Mr. Caloz served as Chief FinancialOfficer of IRIS International Inc., a Chatsworth, CA based medical device manufacturer. He served as Chief Financial Officer of San Francisco-based Synarc, Inc., a medical imagingcompany, and from 1993 to 1999 he was Senior Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer of Phoenix International Life Sciences Inc. of Montreal, Canada, which was acquired byMDS Inc. in 1999. Mr. Caloz was a partner at Rooney, Greig, Whitrod, Filion & Associates of Saint Laurent, Quebec, Canada, a firm of Chartered Accountants specializing in research anddevelopment and high-tech companies, from 1983 to 1993. Mr. Caloz, a Chartered Professional Accountant and Chartered Accountant, holds a degree in Accounting from YorkUniversity, Toronto, Canada.Felix Kratz, Ph.D. joined CytRx in 2014 as Vice President, Drug Discovery. He is a medicinal chemist with more than 25 years of pertinent experience in the preclinical development ofanticancer drugs, prodrugs and protein conjugation chemistry and profound knowledge of translational research from the laboratory to the clinic. He has successfully transferredaldoxorubicin, CytRx clinical lead compound, from bench to bedside that is based on an innovative drug delivery platform exploiting circulating albumin as a tumor-specific drug carrier.Felix Kratz graduated in Chemistry from the University of Heidelberg with Magna Cum Laude. Prior to joining CytRx Corporation he established the Division of Macromolecular Prodrugsat the Tumor Biology Center Freiburg. He serves on the Editorial Board for Bioconjugate Chemistry, Current Medicinal Chemistry, Current Bioactive Compounds, and Pharmacology &Pharmacy and has authored approximately 260 scientific publications, book articles and proceedings and is the inventor of over 20 patents and patent applications. He heads the CytRxDrug Discovery Branch located in the Innovation Center Freiburg, Germany.DiversityOur board of directors, acting through the Nomination and Governance Committee, is responsible for assembling for stockholder consideration director-nominees who, takentogether, have appropriate experience, qualifications, attributes, and skills to function effectively as a board. The Nomination and Governance Committee periodically reviews thecomposition of the board of directors in light of our changing requirements, its assessment of the board of directors' performance, and the input of stockholders and other keyconstituencies. The Nomination and Governance Committee looks for certain characteristics common to all board members, including integrity, strong professional reputation and recordof achievement, constructive and collegial personal attributes, and the ability and commitment to devote sufficient time and energy to board service. In addition, the Nomination andGovernance Committee seeks to include on the board of directors a complementary mix of individuals with diverse backgrounds and skills reflecting the broad set of challenges that theboard of directors confronts. These individual qualities can include matters such as experience in our company's industry, technical experience (i.e., medical or research expertise),experience gained in situations comparable to the company's, leadership experience, and relevant geographical diversity.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #42# CommitteesOur business, property and affairs are managed by or under the direction of the board of directors. Members of the board are kept informed of our business through informaldiscussions with our chief executive and financial officers and other officers, by reviewing materials provided to them and by participating at meetings of the board and its committees.Our board of directors currently has four committees. The Audit Committee consists of Mr. Caldwell, Dr. Ignarro and Dr. Brien. The Compensation Committee consists of Dr. Ignarro,Mr. Caldwell and Dr. Brien; the Nomination and Governance Committee consists of Dr. Ignarro and Dr. Brien, and the Strategy Committee consists of Dr. Brien, Dr Ignarro and Mr.Caldwell. Such committees operate under formal charters that govern their duties and conduct. Copies of the charters are available on our website at www.cytrx.com.Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Caldwell, one of the independent directors serving on our Audit Committee, is an "audit committee financial expert" as defined by theSEC's rules. Our board of directors has determined that Dr. Ignarro, Mr. Caldwell and Dr. Brien are "independent" under the current independence standards of both The NASDAQCapital Market and the SEC.Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting ComplianceEach of our executive officers and directors and persons who own more than 10% of our outstanding shares of common stock is required under Section 16(a) of the SecuritiesExchange Act to file with the SEC initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of our common stock and to furnish us with copies of those reports. Based solely onour review of copies of reports we have received and written representations from certain reporting persons, we believe that our directors and executive officers and greater than 10%shareholders for 2014 complied with all applicable Section 16(a) filing requirements.Code of EthicsWe have adopted a Code of Ethics applicable to all employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, a copy of which isavailable on our website at www.cytrx.com. We will furnish, without charge, a copy of our Code of Ethics upon request. Such requests should be directed to Attention: CorporateSecretary, 11726 San Vicente Boulevard, Suite 650, Los Angeles, California, or by telephone at 310-826-5648.Board Leadership Structure On October 15, 2014, our board of directors appointed Mr. Kriegsman as Chairman of the Board. The Chairman of the Board presides at all meetings of our board of directors (butnot at its executive sessions) and exercises and performs such other powers and duties as may be assigned to him from time to time by the board or prescribed by our amended andrestated bylaws.Our board of directors has no established policy on whether it should be led by a Chairman who is also the Chief Executive Officer, but periodically considers whether combining, orseparating, the role of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer is appropriate. At this time, our board is committed to the combined role given the circumstances of our company, includingMr. Kriegsman's knowledge of the pharmaceutical industry and our company's strategy. Our board believes that having a Chairman who also serves as the Chief Executive Officer allowstimely communication with our board on company strategy and critical business issues, facilitates bringing key strategic and business issues and risks to the board's attention, avoidsambiguity in leadership within the company, provides a unified leadership voice externally and clarifies accountability for company business decisions and initiatives. In December 2016,Dr. Ignarro was appointed as an independent Lead Director to act as a liaison between the Chairman of the Board and the independent directors. The board will continue to assesswhether this leadership structure is appropriate and will adjust it as it deems appropriateBoard of Directors Role in Risk OversightIn connection with its oversight responsibilities, our board of directors, including the Audit Committee, periodically assesses the significant risks that we face. These risks include,but are not limited to, financial, technological, competitive, and operational risks. Our board of directors administers its risk oversight responsibilities through our Chief Executive Officerand Chief Financial Officer who review and assess the operations of our business, as well as operating management's identification, assessment and mitigation of the material risksaffecting our operations.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #43# Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATIONCompensation Discussion and AnalysisOverview of Executive Compensation ProgramThe Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors has responsibility for establishing, implementing and monitoring our executive compensation program philosophy andpractices. Generally speaking, the Compensation Committee determines the compensation of our Chief Executive Officer and other named executive officers with the approval of ourBoard of Directors.The Compensation Committee seeks to ensure that the total compensation paid to our named executive officers is fair, reasonable and competitive. Generally, the types ofcompensation and benefits provided to the named executive officers are similar to those provided to our other officers.The Compensation Committee operates under a formal charter, a copy of which is available on our website at www.cytrx.com that governs its duties and conduct.At the 2017 annual meeting of stockholders, the stockholders on a non-binding, advisory basis, approved the compensation of our executive officers as disclosed in our 2017 proxystatement. Based upon the results of this stockholder advisory vote, the Compensation Committee determined to continue its compensation policies and procedures.Throughout this Annual Report, the individuals included in the Summary Compensation Table below are referred to as our "named executive officers."Compensation Philosophy and ObjectivesThe components of our executive compensation consist of salary, annual and special cash bonuses awarded based on the Compensation Committee's subjective assessment of theachievement of corporate goals and each individual executive's job performance, stock option grants to provide executives with longer-term incentives, and occasional specialcompensation awards (either cash, stock or stock options) to reward extraordinary efforts or results.The Compensation Committee believes that an effective executive compensation program should provide base annual compensation that is reasonable in relation to individualexecutive's job responsibilities and reward the achievement of strategic goals of our company. We use annual and other periodic cash bonuses to reward an officer's achievement ofspecific goals, including goals related to the development of our drug candidates and replenishment and management of our working capital. We use employee stock options as aretention tool and as a means to align the executive's long-term interests with those of our stockholders, with the ultimate objective of affording our executives an appropriate incentiveto improve stockholder value. The Compensation Committee evaluates both performance and compensation to maintain our company's ability to attract and retain excellent employees inkey positions and to assure that compensation provided to key employees remains competitive relative to the compensation paid to similarly situated executives of comparablecompanies.Each of the corporate goals established and subsequently reviewed by the Compensation Committee results from a collaboration among our named executive officers, including theleadership of our Chief Executive Officer and the support of our principal legal, financial, clinical, medical, commercial and business development officers. The Compensation Committee'sassessment of the relative contribution of each named executive officer is based on periodic reports to our full Board of Directors regarding the progress of these businessaccomplishments and the individual efforts of our named executive officers, and year-end consultations, which include discussions of performance reviews, with our Chief ExecutiveOfficer that are a normal part of the Compensation Committee's compensation determinations. The Compensation Committee employs no objective measure of any individual'scontribution.The bonus amounts awarded to our eligible named executive officers are a function of their office and total compensation relative to the total compensation of our Chief Executiveofficer, based upon their employee evaluations, and with consideration given to comparable companies for similarly-situated employees. The bonus amounts awarded to each namedexecutive officer is set forth in the Summary Compensation Table.Because of the size of our company, the small number of executive officers in our company, and our company's financial priorities, the Compensation Committee has not implementedany pension benefits, deferred compensation plans or other similar plans for our named executive officers.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #44# Role of Executive Officers in Compensation DecisionsThe Compensation Committee annually determines the compensation of our named executive officers. Mr. Kriegsman, our Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer,typically attends all meetings of the Compensation Committee, except for executive sessions at which his compensation is discussed. At the request of the Compensation Committee, Mr.Kriegsman provides his assessment of the performance of our named executive officers, other than himself. Mr. Kriegsman also takes an active part in the discussions of thecompensation of named executive officers other than himself and assists in the development of a review matrix of each executive's contributions to the goals of the company that formsthe basis for some compensation determinations. The Compensation Committee grants due consideration to Mr. Kriegsman's assessments when making determinations regarding thecompensation of our named executive officers. All Compensation Committee deliberations and determinations regarding the compensation of Mr. Kriegsman are made outside hispresence.Setting Executive CompensationBased on the foregoing objectives, the Compensation Committee has structured the company's annual cash and incentive-based cash and non-cash executive compensation to seekto motivate our named executives to achieve our company's business goals, including goals related to the development of our drug candidates and management of working capital, toreward the executives for achieving such goals, and to retain the executives. In doing so, the Compensation Committee historically has not employed outside compensation consultantsor legal advisors. During 2017, the Compensation Committee used two industry compensation surveys in its compensation deliberations regarding cash and equity compensation for ourexecutive officers. The surveys used were Radford Global Life Sciences Survey, which is a survey of public and private life sciences companies of all sizes, including those companieswith under fifty employees and a survey of public and private companies in Los Angeles provided by salary.com (which the Compensation Committee uses to consider geographicdifferences in cost of living).The Compensation Committee utilized this data to set annual salary increases and bonus amounts for our executive officers at levels targeted at or around the third quartile ofcompensation amounts provided to executives at comparable companies, considering each individual's experience level related to their position with us. The Compensation Committeehas no policy regarding the use of benchmarks, and we have no established policy or target for the allocation between cash and non-cash incentive compensation.The Compensation Committee is authorized to retain its own independent advisors to assist in carrying out its responsibilities, but has not relied upon outside compensationconsultants or legal advisors.Performance-driven CompensationWe emphasize performance in annually reviewing and setting our executive officers' base salaries, bonuses and equity incentive compensation. This emphasis on performance isintended to motivate our executive officers to pursue our corporate goals, reward them for achievement of these goals and align their interests with those of our stockholders.Each year, we determine goals that we hope to achieve in the coming year, both on a company and individual basis. Our overall corporate performance as compared to these goals,and an individual's performance compared to his or her individual goals, primarily drive the recommendations that the Compensation Committee with respect to each executive officer'sbase salary, cash bonus and equity incentive compensation. Other factors, such as larger macroeconomic conditions of the industry and market in which we compete, as well as strategicbusiness decisions and issues related to key employee retention, also influence compensation decisions.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #45# Individual performance goals for each year initially are identified and developed by senior executives through a self-evaluation and goal-setting process, and our CEO refines anddocuments those goals in conjunction with the Compensation Committee. At the end of the year, the Compensation Committee reviews each performance goal and determines the extentto which we achieved such goals, and our CEO assesses the achievement of specific performance goals relating to our other executive officers.In establishing performance goals, the Compensation Committee considers whether the goals could possibly result in an incentive for any executives to take unwarranted risks in ourcompany's business and seeks to avoid creating any such incentives. Company Performance Goals For 2017, the Compensation Committee and our board of directors approved the following performance goals:·Analyze the primary endpoint from the Phase 2 SCLC clinical trial;·Completion of drug substance and drug product registration batches for aldoxorubicin;·Meet with the FDA re 505(b)(2) NDA submission;·Submit two ASCO abstracts;·Identify an in vivo proof of concept for at least one ultra-potent albumin-binding drug candidate, and file provisional patent applications; and·Raise additional capital.For 2017, the Compensation Committee determined that, with the exception of the completion of registration batches for aldoxorubicin and the analysis of the Phase 2 SCLC clinicaltrial, both of which became no longer applicable with the execution of the licensing agreement with NantCell, each of the corporate goals had been achieved, and noted the particularcontributions of executive officers to the achievement of those goals.Individual PerformanceThe Compensation Committee reviews our executive officers' performance based on overall achievement of the corporate goals and a review of individual goals developed for eachexecutive officer every year. The Compensation Committee, with the assistance of our Chief Executive Officer, determines the relative achievement of the performance goals applicable toeach executive officer, and assigns a performance rating based on a set of criteria set forth in an evaluation form. No specific formula is used with respect to setting any particular elementof compensation based on the individual performance metrics. The score assigned to each officer was based on a subjective assessment by our Compensation Committee members ofthe officer's performance against the scoring standards of:5 – Consistently Exceeds Expectations4 – Sometimes Exceeds Expectations3 – Meets Expectations2 – Sometimes Meets Expectations1 – Needs ImprovementThe numerical job scores, with a 5.0 being the best and 1.0 being the worst, are determined based on an initial self-assessment by the officer, which is subject to change based on anevaluation of the self-assessment by the officer's direct supervisor and on the Compensation Committee's own assessment of the officer's job performance.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #46# For 2017, our Compensation Committee determined that the individual performance scores indicated below were merited by the officer's respective contributions to our key businessachievements discussed above, as well as the performance of their day-to-day responsibilities. On an officer-by-officer basis, our Compensation Committee also considered thefollowing:Mr. Kriegsman's individual performance goals relate primarily to overall corporate objectives, including building stockholder value as reflected in our market capitalization and ourworking capital, managing and directing the executive management team, and successfully developing our company's operations and personnel for future success. Based on thosecriteria, and the fact the Company was able to sign an exclusive licensing agreement with NantCell, the Compensation Committee gave a rating of 4.8 to Mr. Kriegsman.Mr. Caloz's individual performance goals relate primarily to achievement of key financial objectives, such as managing and raising working capital, controlling spending, managingaccounting personnel and maintaining regulatory compliance. Based on those criteria, the Compensation Committee noted Mr. Caloz's role in obtaining needed working capital, hisefforts to control expenditures, the continued improvement of our accounting department, and our compliance with filing deadlines, and gave a rating of 4.7 to Mr. Caloz.Dr. Kratz's individual performance goals relate primarily to the execution of the objectives related to our drug discovery unit, including identifying at least one ultra-potent albumin-binding drug candidate, managing the drug discovery laboratory within budget and maintaining a strong scientific team. Based on those criteria, the Compensation Committee gave arating of 4.0 to Dr. Kratz.2017 Executive Compensation ComponentsFor 2017, as in recent years, the principal components of compensation for the named executive officers were:·base salary;·annual bonuses; and·equity incentive compensation.Base SalaryWe provide named executive officers and other employees with base salary to compensate them for services rendered during the year. Generally, the base salary element ofcompensation is used to recognize the experience, skills, knowledge and responsibilities required of each named executive officer, and reflects our executive officers' overall sustainedperformance and contributions to our business.During its review of base salaries for executives, the Compensation Committee primarily considers:·the negotiated terms of each executive's employment agreement, if any;·each executive's individual performance;·an internal review of the executive's compensation, both individually and relative to other named executive officers; and·to a lesser extent, base salaries paid by comparable companies.Salary levels are typically considered annually as part of our company's performance review process, as well as upon a change in job responsibility. Merit-based increases to salariesare based on our company's available resources and the Compensation Committee's assessment of the individual's performance. This assessment is based upon written evaluations ofsuch criteria as job knowledge, communication, problem solving, initiative, goal-setting, and expense management. In 2017, the Compensation Committee considered our successfulachievement or substantial progress towards our corporate performance goals, and with consideration of the challenging financial environment, awarded no increases in base salary for2018. Base salaries were also reviewed in light of the Radford and salary.com survey data to validate that they were within acceptable ranges based on market salaries.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #47# Annual and Special BonusesAs we do not generate significant revenue and have not commercially released any products, the Compensation Committee bases its discretionary annual bonus awards on theachievement of corporate and individual goals, efforts related to extraordinary transactions, effective fund-raising efforts, effective management of personnel and capital resources, andbonuses paid by comparable companies, among other criteria. Mr. Kriegsman's employment agreement entitles him to an annual cash bonus in an amount to be determined in ourdiscretion, but not less than $150,000. Any cash bonuses to our other named executive officers are entirely in our discretion.During 2017, the Compensation Committee granted Mr. Kriegsman an annual cash bonus of $150,000, and granted the other named executive officers ranging from $75,000 to$100,000, principally based on their efforts in achieving the Company's corporate goals. In December 2017, the Compensation Committee approved an award to Mr. Kriegsman of a $0.7million restricted stock grant, or 387,597 shares of our common stock based on the closing price of the Company's common stock at December 15th, the award date to vest in three equalannual installments.Equity Incentive CompensationWe believe that strong long-term corporate performance is achieved with a corporate culture that encourages a long-term focus by our executive officers through the use of equityawards, the value of which depends on our stock performance. We have established equity incentive plans to provide all of our employees, including our executive officers, withincentives to help align those employees' interests with the interests of our stockholders and to enable them to participate in the long-term appreciation of our stockholder value.Additionally, equity awards provide an important retention tool for key employees, as the awards generally are subject to vesting over an extended period of time based on continuedservice with us.Historically, equity awards have been granted annually at the end of each year based primarily on corporate performance as a whole during the preceding year. In addition, we maygrant equity awards upon the occurrence of certain events during the year, for example, upon an employee's hire or achievement of a significant business objective such as positiveresults or other progress of our clinical trials or successful capital-raising efforts.The Compensation Committee has established December 15 as the date for the annual grant of stock options. The December 15 date correlates to the approximate dates of ourhistorical annual stock option grants, but otherwise was not based upon any particular methodology. All stock option grants, other than initial stock option grants to new employees,are made at a meeting, whether in-person or telephonic, of the Compensation Committee and not by unanimous written consent, and the Compensation Committee determines thegrantees, amounts, dates, and prices of all stock options and do not delegate these responsibilities.No formula is used in setting equity award grants and the determination of whether to grant equity awards, or the size of such equity awards, to our executive officers; rather, itinvolves subjective assessments by our board of directors, Compensation Committee and, with respect to executive officers other than Mr. Kriegsman. Generally, annual equity awardsare intended to encourage retention of experienced employees, and we consider individual performance and contributions during the preceding year to the extent our board of directorsand Compensation Committee believe such factors are relevant. As with base salary and cash bonuses, for 2017 our board of directors and Compensation Committee also considereddata from two surveys in determining equity award grants to our executive officers.At a meeting of the Compensation Committee on December 15, 2017, the Compensation Committee granted to Mr. Kriegsman nonqualified stock options to purchase 208,334 sharesof our common stock at a price of $1.75 per share, which equaled the closing market prices on December 15, 2017, the specified grant date. The options vest monthly over three years,provided that Mr. Kriegsman remains in our employ throughout such monthly vesting periods, unless Mr. Kriegsman's employment agreement is not renewed by us or by him uponexpiration of its term on December 31, 2021, or his employment is terminated by us without "cause," or by reason of his "disability", upon FDA approval of aldoxorubicin, or by Mr.Kriegsman for "good reason," or due to his death. In any one of these events, the options will vest immediately and will remain exercisable for their full term. In addition, in connectionwith the annual review of our other named executive officers, at its December 15, 2017 meeting, the Compensation Committee granted to our other named executive officers nonqualifiedstock options to purchase an aggregate of 83,334 shares of our common stock. All of the stock options had an exercise price equal to $1.75, the closing market price on December 15,2017, the specified grant date, and vest either bi-monthly over two years or monthly over three years, provided that such executives remain in our employ through such vesting periodsunless, with respect to Mr. Caloz, his employment is terminated by us without "cause" or by reason of his "disability," or due to his death, in which cases the vested options will remainexercisable for their full term.Generally speaking, we have not taken into consideration any amounts realized by our named executive officers from prior stock option or stock awards in determining whether togrant new stock options or stock awards. No named executive officers have exercised options since 2003.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #48# Retirement Plans, Perquisites and Other Personal BenefitsOur executive officers are eligible to participate in the same group insurance and employee benefit plans as our other salaried employees. These benefits include medical, dental,vision, and disability benefits and life insurance.We have adopted a tax-qualified employee savings and retirement plan, our 401(k) Plan, for eligible U.S. employees, including our named executive officers. Eligible employees mayelect to defer a percentage of their eligible compensation in the 401(k) Plan, subject to the statutorily prescribed annual limit. We may make matching contributions on behalf of allparticipants in the 401(k) Plan in an amount determined by our board of directors. We made matching contributions to the 401(k) Plan for 2017 of $78,000. Matching contributionsimmediately vest, as do all employee contributions. We intend the 401(k) Plan, and the accompanying trust, to qualify under Sections 401(k) and 501 of the Internal Revenue Code so thatcontributions by employees to the 401(k) Plan, and income earned (if any) on plan contributions, are not taxable to employees until withdrawn from the 401(k) Plan, and so that we will beable to deduct our contributions, if any, when made. The trustee under the 401(k) Plan, at the direction of each participant, may invest the assets of the 401(k) Plan in any of a number ofinvestment options.We generally do not provide any of our named executive officers with any other perquisites or personal benefits, other than benefits to Mr. Kriegsman provided for in hisemployment agreement. We are required by his employment agreement to carry a life insurance policy for Mr. Kriegsman in the amount of not less than $1.4 million under which Mr.Kriegsman's designee is the beneficiary. We purchased a policy with a face value of $2 million, for which we pay the premium, and Mr. Kriegsman immediately reimburses us for thepremium relating to the $0.6 million of additional coverage. We periodically review the levels of perquisites and other personal benefits provided to our named executive officers. Nochanges to these benefits were made during 2017.Employment Agreements and Severance ArrangementsWe have entered into written employment agreements with each of our named executive officers. The main purpose of these agreements is to protect the company from businessrisks such as competition for the executives' service, loss of confidentiality or trade secrets, and solicitation of our other employees, and to define our right to terminate the employmentrelationship. The employment agreements also protect the executive from termination without "cause" (as defined) and, in Mr. Kriegsman's case, entitle them to resign for "good reason"(as defined). Each employment agreement was individually negotiated, so there are some variations in the terms among executive officers. Generally speaking, however, the employmentagreements provide for termination and severance benefits that the Compensation Committee believes are consistent with industry practices for similarly situated executives. TheCompensation Committee believes that the termination and severance benefits help the company retain the named executive officers by providing them with a competitive employmentarrangement and protection against unknowns such as termination without "cause" that go along with the position.In the event of termination without "cause," the named executive officers will be entitled to a lump-sum payment equal to six months' base salary (24 month's base salary andminimum annual bonus under his employment agreement in the case of Mr. Kriegsman). The named executive officers' agreements also provide for our continuation of medical benefitsduring the severance period (including, for Mr. Kriegsman, payments for life insurance). If a named executive officer's employment is terminated by us without "cause" (or by Mr.Kriegsman for "good reason") within two years following a change of control of the company, the named executive officers will be entitled to a lump-sum payment equal to 12 months'base salary (36 month' base salary and minimum annual bonus in the case of Mr. Kriegsman), and Mr. Kriegsman also would be entitled under his employment agreement to receive a"gross-up" payment equal to the sum of any excise tax on termination benefits (including any accelerated vesting of his options under our Plans as described below) plus any penaltiesand interest.On January 10, 2017, we entered into an amendment with Mr. Kriegsman, under which the term of his employment agreement was extended by three years to December 31, 2021.We agree in Mr. Kriegsman's employment agreement that if there is a change in control and his employment agreement is either not renewed by either us or Mr. Kriegsman or, followingthe expiration of the employment agreement, we terminate Mr. Kriegsman's employment other than for "cause" or he resigns for "good reason," he will be entitled to the lump-sumseverance and continuation of benefits described in the preceding paragraph for a change in control.We agree in the employment agreements with our named executive officers (other than Mr. Kriegsman) that if we do not offer to renew or extend the officer's employmentagreement, and we had not theretofore terminated their employment, we will continue to pay the officer his annual salary thereunder during the period commencing upon expiration of hisemployment agreement and ending on June 30, 2019, or the date of his re-employment with another employer, whichever is earlier.In the event we terminate Mr. Kriegsman's employment without "cause," Mr. Kriegsman resigns for "good reason" or his employment terminates due to his "disability" (each asdefined in the employment agreement) or death, he will be entitled to full and immediate vesting of his restricted stock and stock options and any other equity awards based on oursecurities and all such awards will remain exercisable for their full term notwithstanding the termination of his employment (other than a termination by the company for "cause" or theirresignation without "good reason").Change of Control ArrangementsIn addition to the severance and benefits payable to our named executive officers in the event of a termination of their employment following a change of control of the company, our2000 Long-Term Incentive Plan and 2008 Plan provide generally that, upon a change of control of the company, all unvested stock options and awards under the Plans held by planparticipants, including the named executive officers, will become immediately vested and exercisable immediately prior to the effective date of the transaction. The CompensationCommittee believes that such "single trigger" change of control policy is consistent with the objective of aligning the interests of the named executive officer's and of the company'sstockholders by allowing the executives to participate equally with stockholders in the event of a change of control transaction.The foregoing severance and change of control arrangements, including the quantification of the payments and benefits provided under these arrangements, are described in moredetail elsewhere in this Annual Report under the heading "Executive Compensation – Employment Agreements and Potential Payment Upon Termination or Change in Control."CytRx 2017 10-K Page #49# Ownership GuidelinesThe Compensation Committee has no requirement that named executive officers maintain a minimum ownership interest in our company.Our long-term incentive compensation consists solely of periodic grants of stock options to our named executive officers. The stock option program:·links the creation of stockholder value with executive compensation;·provides increased equity ownership by executives;·functions as a retention tool, because of the vesting features included in all options granted by the Compensation Committee; and·helps us to maintain competitive levels of total compensation.We normally grant stock options to new executive officers when they join our company based upon their position with us and their relevant prior experience. The options granted bythe Compensation Committee generally vest monthly over the first three years of the ten-year option term. Vesting and exercise rights generally cease upon termination of employment(unless such termination is without cause or is a resignation for good reason), except in the case of death (subject to a one-year limitation), disability or retirement. Prior to the exercise ofan option, the holder has no rights as a stockholder with respect to the shares subject to such option, including voting rights and the right to receive dividends or dividend equivalents.In addition to the initial option grants, our Compensation Committee may grant additional options to retain our executives and reward, or provide incentive for, the achievement ofcorporate goals and strong individual performance.On an annual basis, the Compensation Committee assesses the appropriate individual and corporate goals for our executives and provides additional option grants based upon theachievement by the new executives of both individual and corporate goals. We expect that we will continue to provide new employees with initial option grants in the future to providelong-term compensation incentives and will continue to rely on performance-based and retention grants to provide additional incentives for current employees. Additionally, in thefuture, the Compensation Committee may consider awarding additional or alternative forms of equity incentives, such as grants of bonus stock, restricted stock and restricted stockunits.It is our policy to award stock options at an exercise price equal to The Nasdaq Capital Market's closing price of our common stock on the date of the grant. In certain limitedcircumstances, the Compensation Committee may grant options to an executive at an exercise price in excess of the closing price of the common stock on the grant date. TheCompensation Committee will not grant options with an exercise price that is less than the closing price of our common stock on the grant date, nor will it grant options which are pricedon a date other than the grant date. For purposes of determining the exercise price of stock options, the grant date is deemed to be the first day of employment for newly hiredemployees. Among our corporate governance practices, we will grant stock options to directors, officers and employees only on pre-set dates established by the CompensationCommittee prior to the fiscal year in which the options are to be granted. The Compensation Committee has established December 15 as the date for the annual grant of stock options. The December 15 date correlates to the approximate dates of our historical annual stock option grants, but otherwise was not based upon any particular methodology. We also publiclydisclose the method used to determine the pre-set stock option grant dates and any future changes thereto at least 90 days before they become effective. All stock option grants, otherthan initial stock option grants to new employees, will be made at a meeting, whether in-person or telephonic, of the Compensation Committee and not by unanimous written consent,and that the Compensation Committee will determine the grantees, amounts, dates and prices of all stock options and will not delegate these responsibilities.We have no program, practice or plan to grant stock options to our executive officers, including new executive officers, in coordination with the release of material nonpublicinformation. We also have not timed the release of material nonpublic information for the purpose of affecting the value of stock options or other compensation to our executive officers,and we have no plan to do so. We have no policy regarding the adjustment or recovery of stock option awards in connection with the restatement of our financial statements, as ourstock option awards have not been tied to the achievement of specific financial goals.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #50# Tax and Accounting ImplicationsDeductibility of Executive CompensationAs part of its role, the Compensation Committee reviews and considers the deductibility of executive compensation under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, whichprovides that corporations may not deduct compensation of more than $1,000,000 that is paid to certain individuals. We believe that compensation paid to our executive officersgenerally is fully deductible for federal income tax purposes.Accounting for Share-Based CompensationBeginning on January 1, 2006, we began accounting for share-based compensation in accordance with the requirements of ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. Thisaccounting treatment has not significantly affected our compensation decisions. The Compensation Committee takes into consideration the tax consequences of compensation to thenamed executive officers, but tax considerations are not a significant part of the company's compensation policy.These policies remained in place throughout 2017, and we expect to continue to follow them for the foreseeable future.Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation in Compensation DecisionsThere are no "interlocks," as defined by the SEC, with respect to any member of the Compensation Committee. Louis Ignarro, Ph.D. and Dr. Brien served as members of theCompensation Committee for all of 2017. Anita Chawla, Ph. D. and Eric Selter served as members of the Compensation Committee in 2017 until July 2017. In July 2017, Joel Caldwell wasappointed to the Compensation Committee when he joined the Board. Compensation Committee ReportThe Compensation Committee has reviewed and discussed with management the "Compensation Discussion and Analysis" required by Item 402(b) of Regulation S-K and, based onsuch review and discussions, has recommended to our board of directors that the foregoing "Compensation Discussion and Analysis" be included in this Annual Report.Louis Ignarro, Ph.D.Chairman Earl Brien, M.D. Joel Caldwell, CPA CytRx 2017 10-K Page #51# Summary Compensation TableThe following table presents summary information concerning all compensation paid or accrued by us for services rendered in all capacities during 2017, 2016 and 2015 by Steven A.Kriegsman and John Y. Caloz, who are the only individuals who served as our principal executive and financial officers during the year ended December 31, 2017; our one other mosthighly compensated executive officer who was serving as an executive officer as of December 31, 2017 and two former executive officers who would have been our other most highlycompensated executive officers as of December 31, 2017 but for the fact that they were not serving as executive officers on that date:Summary Compensation Table Name and Principal Position YearSalary ($) Bonus($) (1) OptionAwards($) (2) All OtherCompensation ($)(3) Total($) Steven A. Kriegsman Chief Executive Officer 2017 850,000 150,000 953,300 13,700 1,967,000 2016 850,000 150,000 1,388,750 13,700 2,402,450 2015 825,000 150,000 1,593,000 13,700 2,606,700 John Y. Caloz Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer 2017 400,000 100,000 77,000 — 577,000 2016 400,000 135,000 108,850 — 643,850 2015 375,000 135,000 477,900 — 987,900 Daniel Levitt, M.D., Ph.D. Chief Operating Officer and Chief Medical Officer (4) 2017 430,600 702,300 — — 1,132,900 2016 625,000 512,500 124,400 — 1,261,900 2015 625,000 150,000 796,500 — 1,571,500 Scott Wieland, Ph.D., Senior Vice President – Drug Development (4) 2017 254,100 — — — 254,100 2016 400,000 50,000 46,650 — 496,650 2015 400,000 75,000 159,300 — 634,300 Felix Kratz, Ph.D., Vice President – Drug Development 2017 222,400 76,000 33,000 — 331,400 2016 194,500 33,000 31,100 — 258,600 2015 182,000 49,000 119,500 — 350,500 _______________________________ (1)Bonuses to the named executive officers reported above were paid in December of the applicable year, with the exception of Dr. Levitt, who received a signing bonus in January2017.(2)The values shown in this column represent the aggregate grant date fair value of equity-based awards granted during the fiscal year, inclusive of Mr. Kriegsman's restricted stockaward, in accordance with ASC 718, "Share Based-Payment." The fair value of the stock options at the date of grant was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model,based on the assumptions described in Note 13 of the Notes to Financial Statements included in this Annual Report.(3)Represents life insurance premiums.(4)Dr. Levitt and Dr. Wieland resigned in July and June 2017, respectively. CytRx 2017 10-K Page #52# 2017 Grants of Plan-Based AwardsIn 2017, we granted stock options and restricted stock to our named executive officers under our 2008 Stock Incentive Plan as follows:2017 Grants of Plan-Based AwardsName Grant Date All OtherOption Awards(# of CytRxShares) Exercise Price ofOption Awards($/Share) Grant DateFair Value ofStock andOption Awards($) Steven A. Kriegsman 12/15/2017 595,931(1)(2) $1.75 $953,300 Chief Executive Officer John Y. Caloz 12/15/2017 58,334(1) $1.75 $77,000 Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer Daniel Levitt, M.D., Ph.D. — — — — Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer Scott Wieland, Ph.D. — — — — Senior Vice President – Drug Development Felix Kratz, Ph.D. Vice President – Drug Discovery 12/15/2017 25,000(1) $1.75 $33,000 ___________________________________(1)Options vest in 36 equal monthly installments, subject to the named executive officer's remaining in our continuous employ through such dates, except in the case of Dr. Kratz,which vest bi-monthly over 24 months, and except that in the case of Mr. Kriegsman, the unvested options will vest, in full, upon termination of his employment by us without"cause", or by reason of his "disability" or by him for "good reason" or upon his death.(2)Includes the award of 387,597 restricted shares of our common stock which will vest in three equal annual instalments.2000 Long-Term Incentive Plan and 2008 Stock Incentive PlanThe purpose of our 2000 Long-Term Incentive Plan, or 2000 Plan, and our 2008 Stock Incentive Plan, or 2008 Plan, is to promote our success and enhance our value by linking thepersonal interests of our employees, officers, consultants and directors to those of our stockholders. The 2000 Plan was originally adopted by our board of directors on August 24, 2000and by our stockholders on June 7, 2001, with certain amendments to the Plan having been subsequently approved by our board of directors and stockholders. On May 11, 2009, ourboard of directors approved an amendment to the 2000 Plan to allow for a one-time stock option re-pricing program for our employees. The 2008 Plan was adopted by our board ofdirectors on November 21, 2008 and by our stockholders on July 1, 2009 with certain amendments to that Plan having been subsequently approved by our board of directors andstockholders.2000 Plan and 2008 Plan DescriptionsThe 2000 Plan and the 2008 Plan, or the Plans, are administered by the Compensation Committee of our board of directors. The Compensation Committee has the power, authority anddiscretion to:·designate participants;·determine the types of awards to grant to each participant and the number, terms and conditions of any award·establish, adopt or revise any rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or advisable to administer the Plan; and·make all other decisions and determinations that may be required under, or as the Compensation Committee deems necessary or advisable to administer, the Plan.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #53# Awards under the 2000 PlanThe 2000 Plan expired on August 6, 2010, and thus no shares are available for future grant under the 2000 Plan.Awards under the 2008 PlanThe following is a summary description of financial instruments that may be granted to participants in our 2008 Plan by the Compensation Committee of our board of directors. TheCompensation Committee to date has only granted stock options to participants in the 2008 Plan.Stock Options. The Compensation Committee is authorized to grant both incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options. The terms of any incentive stock option must meetthe requirements of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code. The exercise price of an option may not be less than the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant, andno option may have a term of more than 10 years from the grant date.Restricted Stock. The Compensation Committee may make awards of restricted stock, which will be subject to forfeiture to us and other restrictions as the Compensation Committeemay impose.Stock Bonus Awards. The Compensation Committee may make awards of stock bonus awards in consideration for past services actually rendered, which will be subject to repurchaseby us and such other terms as the Compensation Committee may impose.Limitations on Transfer; Beneficiaries. Stock Option awards under the 2008 Plan may generally not be transferred or assigned by participants other than by will or the laws ofdescent and distribution. Awards of Restricted Stock or Stock Bonus awards may be transferred or assigned only upon such terms and conditions as set forth in the award agreement oras determined by the Compensation Committee in its discretion.Acceleration Upon Certain Events. In the event of a "Corporate Transaction" as defined in the 2008 Plan, all outstanding options will become fully vested, subject to the holder'sconsent with respect to incentive stock options, and exercisable and all restrictions on all outstanding awards will lapse. Unless the surviving or acquiring entity assumes the awards inthe Corporate Transaction or the stock award agreement provides otherwise, the stock awards will terminate if not exercised at or prior to the Corporate Transaction.Termination and AmendmentOur board of directors or the Compensation Committee may, at any time and from time to time, terminate or amend the 2000 Plan or the 2008 Plan without stockholder approval;provided, however, that our board or the Compensation Committee may condition any amendment on the approval of our stockholders if such approval is necessary or deemed advisablewith respect to tax, securities or other applicable laws, policies or regulations. No termination or amendment of the Plans may adversely affect any award previously granted without thewritten consent of the participants affected. The Compensation Committee may amend any outstanding award without the approval of the participants affected, except that no suchamendment may diminish or impair the value of an award.Holdings of Previously Awarded EquityEquity awards held as of December 31, 2017 by each of our named executive officers were issued under our 2000 Plan and 2008 Plan. The following table sets forth outstanding equityawards held by our named executive officers as of December 31, 2017:CytRx 2017 10-K Page #54# 2017 Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End Option Awards Number ofSecuritiesUnderlyingUnexercisedOptions(#) Name Exercisable Unexercisable Option ExercisePrice ($) Option ExpirationDate Steven A. Kriegsman — (1) 208,334 1.75 12/14/27 President and Chief Executive Officer 129,199 (4) — n/a n/a 69,445 (1) 138,889 2.58 12/14/26 111,111 (1) 55,555 14.64 12/14/25 100,000 (1) — 12.90 12/09/24 154,167 (3) — 27.96 12/09/23 12,363 — 14.76 3/07/23 83,334 — 10.98 12/10/22 23,810 — 13.02 12/11/21 17,858 — 42.42 12/14/20 17,858 — 44.10 12/10/19 7,143 — 15.54 11/21/18 10,715 — 48.30 4/07/18 John Y. Caloz — (1) 58,334 1.75 12/14/27 Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer 19,444 (1) 38,889 2.58 12/14/26 33,334 (1) 16,666 14.64 12/14/25 33,334 — 12.90 12/14/24 25,000 (3) — 27.96 12/09/23 16,667 — 10.98 12/10/22 4,762 — 13.02 12/11/21 1,191 — 42.42 12/14/20 2,976 — 44.10 12/10/19 1,191 — 12.60 01/02/19 1,191 — 15.54 11/21/18 595 — 48.30 04/07/18 Felix Kratz, Ph.D. Vice-President – Drug Discovery — (2) 25,000 1.75 12/14/27 8,333 (2) 8,334 2.58 12/14/26 12,500 (2) — 14.64 12/09/25 10,000 — 12.90 12/10/24 16,667 — 24.90 3/14/24 ____________ (1)These options vest in 36 equal monthly installments, subject to the named executive officer's remaining in our continuous employ through such dates. All stock options held by Mr.Kriegsman and Dr.Levitt provide for (a) vesting, in full, of the stock options in the event of, and upon, FDA approval to market aldoxorubicin and in the event of the termination of his employment byus without "cause" or dueto his "disability," his resignation for "good reason" or his death and (b) the extended exercisability for their full term of all vested options in the event of the termination of hisemployment other thana termination by us with "cause" or his resignation without "good reason." (2)These options vest in equal bi-monthly installments, subject to the named executive officer's remaining in our continuous employ through such dates. (3)The options were re-priced from $14.34 to $27.96 on June 1, 2015, with no change to the expiration date of the options. (4)Represents restricted stock fully-vested at December 31, 2017. On December 15, 2016, Mr. Kriegsman was granted 387,597 shares of restricted stock, which vest over three years inequal annual amounts. CytRx 2017 10-K Page #55# Employment Agreements and Potential Payment upon Termination or Change in ControlEmployment Agreement with Steven A. KriegsmanMr. Kriegsman is employed as our Chief Executive Officer pursuant to a fourth amendment dated as of January 10, 2017 to his fourth amended and restated employment agreement, asamended. The employment agreement will expire on December 31, 2021, but will automatically renew following the expiration date for successive additional one-year periods, unlesseither Mr. Kriegsman or we elect not to renew it.Under his employment agreement, Mr. Kriegsman is currently entitled to receive a base salary of $850,000. Our board of directors (or its Compensation Committee) reviews the basesalary annually and may increase (but not decrease) it in its sole discretion. In addition to his annual salary, Mr. Kriegsman is eligible to receive an annual bonus as determined by ourboard of directors (or its Compensation Committee) in its sole discretion, but not to be less than $150,000.Mr. Kriegsman is eligible to receive grants of options to purchase shares of our common stock. The number and terms of those options, including the vesting schedule, will bedetermined by our board of directors (or its Compensation Committee) in its sole discretion. In his employment agreement, however, we have agreed that all stock options held by Mr.Kriegsman will provide for (a) vesting, in full, of the stock options in the event of, and upon, FDA approval to market aldoxorubicin and in the event of the termination of Mr. Kriegsman'semployment by us without "cause" or due to his "disability," his resignation for "good reason" or his death and (b) ) the extended exercisability for their full term of all vested options inthe event of the termination of his employment by us without "cause," his resignation for "good reason," due to his disability or his death.In Mr. Kriegsman's employment agreement, we have agreed that, if he is made a party, or threatened to be made a party, to a suit or proceeding by reason of his service to us, we willindemnify and hold him harmless from all costs and expenses to the fullest extent permitted or authorized by our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or any resolution of our board ofdirectors, to the extent not inconsistent with Delaware law. We also have agreed to advance to Mr. Kriegsman such costs and expenses upon his request if he undertakes to repay suchadvances if it ultimately is determined that he is not entitled to indemnification with respect to the same. These employment agreement provisions are not exclusive of any other rights toindemnification to which Mr. Kriegsman may be entitled and are in addition to any rights he may have under any policy of insurance maintained by us.If his employment agreement is not renewed by us or by Mr. Kriegsman, or in the event we terminate Mr. Kriegsman's employment without "cause" (as defined), or if Mr. Kriegsmanterminates his employment with "good reason" (as defined), in either case whether during or following the term of his employment agreement (i) we have agreed to pay Mr. Kriegsman alump-sum equal to his salary and prorated minimum annual bonus through to his date of termination, plus his salary and minimum annual bonus for a period of two years (three years ifsuch termination occurs within two years following a change of control of the company) after his termination date, or until the expiration of the employment agreement, whichever islater, (ii) he will be entitled to immediate vesting of all stock options or other awards based on our equity securities, and (iii) he will also be entitled to continuation of his life insurancepremium payments and continued participation in any of our health plans through to the later of the expiration of the amended and restated employment agreement or two years (threeyears if such termination occurs within two years following a change of control) following his termination date. Mr. Kriegsman will have no obligation in such events to seek newemployment or offset the severance payments to him by any compensation received from any subsequent reemployment by another employer.Under Mr. Kriegsman's employment agreement, he and his affiliated company, The Kriegsman Group LLC, are to provide us during the term of his employment with the firstopportunity to conduct or take action with respect to any acquisition opportunity or any other potential transaction identified by them within the biotech, pharmaceutical or health careindustries and that is within the scope of the business plan adopted by our board of directors. Mr. Kriegsman's employment agreement also contains confidentiality provisions relatingto our trade secrets and any other proprietary or confidential information, which provisions shall remain in effect for five years after the expiration of the employment agreement withrespect to proprietary or confidential information and for so long as our trade secrets remain trade secrets.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #56# Potential Payment upon Termination or Change in Control for Steven A. KriegsmanMr. Kriegsman's employment agreement contains no provision for payment to him upon the event of a change in control of the company. If, however, a change in control (as definedin our 2000 Plan or our 2008 Plan) occurs and within two years after the date on which the change in control occurs, Mr. Kriegsman's employment is terminated by us without "cause" orby him for "good reason" (each as defined in his employment agreement), in either case, whether during or following the term of his employment agreement, then, in addition to theseverance benefits described above, to the extent that any payment or distribution of any type by us to or for the benefit of Mr. Kriegsman resulting from the termination of hisemployment is or will be subject to the excise tax imposed under Section 4999 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, we have agreed to pay Mr. Kriegsman, prior to the timethe excise tax is payable with respect to any such payment (through withholding or otherwise), an additional amount that, after the imposition of all income, employment, excise and othertaxes, penalties and interest thereon, is equal to the sum of (i) the excise tax on such payments plus (ii) any penalty and interest assessments associated with such excise tax.Employment Agreement with John Y. CalozJohn Y. Caloz is employed as our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer pursuant to an employment agreement dated as of February 26, 2018 that is to expire on December 31, 2018. Mr.Caloz is paid an annual base salary of $400,000 and is eligible to receive an annual bonus as determined by our board of directors (or our Compensation Committee) in its sole discretion.In the event we terminate Mr. Caloz's employment without cause (as defined), we have agreed to pay him a lump-sum equal to his accrued but unpaid salary and vacation, plus anamount equal to six months' salary under his employment agreement.We agree in Mr. Caloz's employment agreement that if we do not offer to renew or extend his employment agreement, and that his employment had not theretofore been terminated,we will continue to pay him his annual salary thereunder during the period commencing upon expiration of his employment agreement and ending on June 30, 2019.Employment Agreement with Felix Kratz, Ph.D.Felix Kratz is employed as our Vice President — Drug Discovery pursuant to an employment agreement dated as of March 16, 2017 that is to expire on March 15, 2018. Dr. Kratz ispaid an annual base salary of 185,000 Euros ($222,400) and is eligible to receive an annual bonus as determined by our board of directors (or our Compensation Committee) in its solediscretion. In the event we terminate Dr. Kratz's employment without "cause" (as defined), we have agreed to pay him a lump-sum equal to his accrued but unpaid salary and vacation,plus an amount equal to six months' base salary.We agree in Dr. Kratz's employment agreement that if we do not offer to renew or extend his employment agreement, and that his employment had not theretofore been terminated, wewill continue to pay him his annual salary thereunder during the period commencing upon expiration of his employment agreement and ending on September 15, 2019.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #57# Quantification of Termination Payments and BenefitsThe table below reflects the amount of compensation to each of our named executive officers in the event of termination of such executive's employment without "cause" or hisresignation for "good reason," termination following a change in control and termination upon the executive's death of permanent disability. The named executive officers are not entitledto any payments other than accrued compensation and benefits in the event of their voluntary resignation. The amounts shown in the table below assume that such termination waseffective as of December 31, 2017, and thus includes amounts earned through such time, and are estimates only of the amounts that would be payable to the executives. The actualamounts to be paid will be determined upon the occurrence of the events indicated.Termination Payments and Benefits Termination w/o Cause or, for Mr.Kriegsman, for Good Reason Name BenefitBefore Change inControl ($) After ChangeinControl ($) Death ($) Disability ($) ChangeinControl($) Steven A. Kriegsman Severance Payment (4) 4,250,000 4,250,000 1,700,000 1,700,000 — Chief Executive Officer Stock Options (1) — — — — — Health Insurance (2) 89,500 134,200 89,500 89,500 — Life Insurance (2) 27,400 41,100 — 27,400 — Bonus 750,000 750,000 300,000 300,000 — Tax Gross Up (3) — — — — — John Y. Caloz Severance Payment (4) 200,000 400,000 — — — Chief Financial Officer Stock Options (1) — — — — — Health Insurance — — 21,500 21,500 — Felix Kratz, Ph.D. Severance Payment (4) 111,000 222,000 — — — Vice President, Drug Discovery Stock Options (1) ____________ (1)Represents the aggregate value of stock options that vest and become exercisable immediately upon each of the triggering events listed as if such events took place onDecember 31, 2017, determined by the aggregate difference between the stock price as of December 31, 2017 and the exercise prices of the underlying options.(2)Represents the cost as of December 31, 2017 for benefits provided to Mr. Kriegsman for a period of two years, or in the event of a change in control, a period of three years.(3)Mr. Kriegsman's employment agreement provides that if a change in control (as defined in our 2000 Plan or our 2008 Plan) occurs during the term of the employment agreement,and if, during the term and within two years after the date on which the change in control occurs, Mr. Kriegsman's employment is terminated by us without "cause" or by him for"good reason" (each as defined in their respective employment agreement), then, to the extent that any payment or distribution of any type by us to or for the benefit of Mr.Kriegsman resulting from the termination of his respective employment is or will be subject to the excise tax imposed under Section 4999 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986,as amended, we will pay Mr. Kriegsman prior to the time the excise tax is payable with respect to any such payment (through withholding or otherwise), an additional amountthat, after the imposition of all income, employment, excise and other taxes, penalties and interest thereon, is equal to the sum of (i) the excise tax on such payments plus (ii) anypenalty and interest assessments associated with such excise tax. Based on Mr. Kriegsman's past compensation and the estimated payment that would result from a terminationof employment following a change in control, we have estimated that a gross-up payment would not be required. "Good reason" as defined in Mr. Kriegsman's employmentagreement includes any change in Mr. Kriegsman's duties or title, as applicable, that are inconsistent with his respective positions. Mr. Kriegsman's employment agreementprovides that, if the employment agreement is not renewed by us or by Mr. Kriegsman upon the expiration of its term on December 31, 2021, Mr. Kriegsman will be entitled to thetermination payments and benefits described above.(4)Severance payments are prescribed by our employment agreements with the named executive officers and represent a factor of their annual base compensation ranging from sixmonths to two years, except for Mr. Kriegsman, which is the later of December 2021, the expiry of his agreement, or three years.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #58# Pay Ratio Annual total compensation of the median employee for 2017 $81,000 Annual total compensation of the CEO for 2017 $1,967,000 Ratio of annual total compensation of the median employee to the annual total compensation of CEO for 20171:24.3 The Company chose December 31, 2017 as the date for establishing the employee population used in identifying the median employee and used fiscal 2017 as the measurementperiod. The Company identified the median employee using a consistently applied compensation measure which includes annual base salary or wages, target annual performance-basedcash bonuses, and long-term equity awards based on their grant date fair values. All U.S. and non-U.S. employees employed as of December 31, 2017 were captured. No cost-of-livingadjustments were made. The annual total compensation of the median employee and the annual total compensation of the CEO were calculated in accordance with the requirements ofItem 402(c)(2)(x) of Regulation S-K.Compensation of DirectorsWe use a combination of cash and stock-based compensation to attract and retain qualified candidates to serve on our board of directors. Directors who also are employees of ourcompany currently receive no compensation for their service as directors or as members of board committees. In setting director compensation, we consider the significant amount oftime that directors dedicate to the fulfillment of their director responsibilities, as well as the competency and skills required of members of our board. The directors' current compensationschedule has been in place since December 2013. The directors' annual compensation year begins with the annual election of directors at the annual meeting of stockholders. The annualretainer year period has been in place for directors since 2003. Periodically, our board of directors reviews our director compensation policies and, from time to time, makes changes tosuch policies based on various criteria the board deems relevant.Our non-employee directors receive a quarterly retainer of $6,000 (plus an additional $5,000 for the Chairmen of the Audit, Compensation and Strategy Committees, and $1,500 for theChairman of the Nomination and Governance Committee), a fee of $3,000 for each board meeting attended ($750 for board actions taken by unanimous written consent), $2,000 for eachmeeting of the Audit Committee and Compensation Committee attended, and $1,000 for each meeting of the Nomination and Governance Committee meeting attended. Non-employeedirectors who serve as the chairman of a board committee receive an additional $2,000 for each meeting of the Nomination and Governance Committee attended and an additional $2,500for each meeting of the Audit, Compensation or Strategy Committees attended. During 2017, we granted ten-year stock options to purchase 30,000 shares of our common stock to ournewly appointed non-employee director, Mr. Joel Caldwell at an exercise price equal to the market value of our common stock on the date of grant. In December 2017, we also granted ten-year stock options to purchase 30,000 shares of our common stock to each non-employee director at an exercise price equal to the market value of our common stock on the date of grant.In addition, Dr. Earl Brien was appointed Chairman of the Strategy Committee, for which he was awarded an additional grant of 40,000 shares. The options vested, in full, upon grant.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #59# The following table sets forth the compensation paid to our directors other than our Chief Executive Officer for 2017:Director Compensation TableName (1) Fees Earned orPaid in Cash ($)(2) Option Awards ($)(3) Total($) Louis Ignarro, Ph.D., Lead Director 135,250 45,600 180,850 Earl Brien, M.D., Director 97,450 106,400 203,850 Joel Caldwell, Director 67,300 150,000 217,300 Eric Selter, Director 42,250 — 42,250 Anita Chawla, Ph.D., Director 24,250 — 24,250 ____________(1)Steven A. Kriegsman does not receive additional compensation for his role as Chairman of the Board. For information relating to Mr. Kriegsman's compensation as ChiefExecutive Officer, see the Summary Compensation Table above.(2)The amounts in this column represent cash payments made to Non-Employee Directors for annual retainer fees, committee and/or chairmanship fees and meeting fees during theyear. (3) In July 2017, we granted stock options to purchase 30,000 shares of our common stock to newly-appointed non-employee director, Joel Caldwell at an exercise price equal to thecurrent market value of our common stock on the date of grant, which had an aggregate grant date fair value respectively of $104,400, and in December 2017, we granted newly-appointed Chairman ofthe Strategy Committee, Dr. Earl Brien stock options to purchase 40,000 shares of our common stock on the date of grant, which had an aggregate grant date fair value respectively of $60,800, bothcalculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The amount recognized for these awards was calculated using the Black Scholes option-pricing model, and reglect grants from our 2008 Stock Incentive Plan. In December 2017, wegranted stock options to purchase 30,000 shares of our common stock to each non-employee director at an exercise price equal to the current market value of our common stock on thedate of grant, which had an aggregate grant date fair value of $45,600. The amount recognized for these awards was calculated using the Black Scholes option-pricing model, and reflectgrants from our 2008 Stock Incentive Plan, which is described in Note 13 of the Notes to Financial Statements. Eric Selter and Anita Chawla both departed from the Board in July 2017,prior to the annual granting of stock options.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #60# Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERSBased solely upon information made available to us, the following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of March 16, 2018 by(1) each person who is known by us to beneficially own more than five percent of our common stock; (2) each of our directors; (3) the named executive officers listed in the SummaryCompensation Table under Item 11 who were serving as named Executive Officers as of March 16, 2018; and (4) all of our executive officers and directors as a group. Beneficial ownershipis determined in accordance with the SEC rules. Shares of common stock subject to any warrants or options that are presently exercisable, or exercisable within 60 days of March 16, 2018(which are indicated by footnote) are deemed outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of the person holding the warrants or options, but are not treated asoutstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. The percentage ownership reflected in the table is based on 28,037,501 shares of our commonstock outstanding as of March 16, 2018. Except as otherwise indicated, the holders listed below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stockshown, subject to applicable community property laws. An asterisk represents beneficial ownership of less than 1%. Shares ofCommon Stock Name of Beneficial Owner Number Percent Named Executive Officers and Directors Louis Ignarro, Ph.D. 174,212 * (1)Steven A. Kriegsman 1,552,819 5.5% (2)Joel Caldwell 60,000 * (3)Felix Kratz, Ph.D. 54,445 * (4)Earl Brien, M.D. 140,247 * (5)John Y. Caloz 163,588 * (6)All executive officers and directors as a group (six persons) 2,145,312 7.7% (7) 5% Beneficial Owners NantCell, Inc. 2,469,697 8.8% (8) _______1)Includes 172,024 shares subject to options or warrants.(2)Includes 678,107 shares subject to options or warrants.(3)Includes 60,000 shares subject to options or warrants.(4)Includes 54,445 shares subject to options or warrants.(5)Includes 130,000 shares subject to options or warrants.(6)Includes 162,831 shares subject to options or warrants.(7)Includes 1,257,406 shares subject to options or warrants.(8)Includes 500,000 shares subject to warrants.Equity Compensation PlansThe information required is incorporated herein by reference to Item 5 of this Annual Report relating to our Equity Compensation Plans as set forth on page 26.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #61# Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS, RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCEDirector IndependenceOur board of directors has determined that Messrs. Ignarro, Brien and Caldwell are "independent" under the current independence standards of both The NASDAQ Capital Marketand the SEC, and have no material relationships with us (either directly or as a partner, shareholder or officer of any entity) that are inconsistent with a finding of their independence asmembers of our board of directors. Our board has determined that Messrs. Ignarro, Brien and Caldwell also are "independent" for purposes of service as the members of our AuditCommittee. In making these determinations, our board of directors has broadly considered all relevant facts and circumstances, recognizing that material relationships can includecommercial, banking, consulting, legal, accounting, and familial relationships, among others.Transactions with Related PersonsGeneralOur Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing and approving, as appropriate, all transactions with related persons, in accordance with its Charter and NASDAQ MarketplaceRules.Transactions between us and one or more related persons may present risks or conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest. Our Code of Ethics requires allemployees, officers and directors to avoid activities or relationships that conflict, or may be perceived to conflict, with our interests or adversely affect our reputation. It is understood,however, that certain relationships or transactions may arise that would be deemed acceptable and appropriate so long as there is full disclosure of the interest of the related parties inthe transaction and review and approval by disinterested directors to ensure there is a legitimate business reason for the transaction and that the transaction is fair to us and ourstockholders.As a result, the procedures followed by the Audit Committee to evaluate transactions with related persons require:·that all related person transactions, all material terms of the transactions, and all the material facts as to the related person's direct or indirect interest in, or relationship to, therelated person transaction must be communicated to the Audit Committee; and·that all related person transactions, and any material amendment or modification to any related person transaction, be reviewed and approved or ratified by the AuditCommittee, as required by NASDAQ Marketplace Rules.Our Audit Committee will evaluate related person transactions based on:·information provided by members of our board of directors in connection with the required annual evaluation of director independence;·pertinent responses to the Directors' and Officers' Questionnaires submitted periodically by our officers and directors and provided to the Audit Committee by our management;·background information on nominees for director provided by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of our board of directors; and·any other relevant information provided by any of our directors or officers.·In connection with its review and approval or ratification, if appropriate, of any related person transaction, our Audit Committee is to consider whether the transaction willcompromise standards included in our Code of Ethics. In the case of any related person transaction involving an outside director or nominee for director, the Audit Committeealso is to consider whether the transaction will compromise the director's status as an independent director as prescribed in the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules.There were no related person transactions in 2017.Applicable DefinitionsFor purposes of our Audit Committee's review:·"related person" has the meaning given to such term in Item 404(a) of Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-K ("Item 404(a)"); and·"related person transaction" means any transaction for which disclosure is required under the terms of Item 404(a) involving us and any related persons.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #62# Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICESBDO USA, LLP, or BDO, serves as our independent registered public accounting firm and audited our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.Audit FeesThe fees for 2017 and 2016 from BDO for professional services rendered in connection with the audits of our annual financial statements and internal controls over financial reportingand reviews of our unaudited quarterly financial statements and Form S-3 registration statements were $425,210 and $436,609, respectively.Tax FeesThe aggregate fees billed by BDO for professional services for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning were $17,511 and $45,550 for 2017 and 2016, respectively.All Other FeesNo other services were rendered by BDO in either 2017 or 2016.Pre-Approval Policies and ProceduresIt is the policy of our Audit Committee that all services to be provided by our independent registered public accounting firm, including audit services and permitted audit-related andnon-audit services, must be pre-approved by our Audit Committee. Our Audit Committee pre-approved all services, audit and non-audit, provided to us by BDO for 2017 and 2016.CytRx 2017 10-K Page #63# PART IVItem 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES(a) The following documents are filed as part of this 10-K:(1) Financial StatementsOur financial statements and the related report of the independent registered public accounting firm thereon are set forth on pages F-1 to F-22 of this Annual Report. These financialstatements are as follows:Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015Notes to Financial StatementsReports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm(2) Financial Statement ScheduleThe following financial statement schedule is set forth on page F-24 of this Annual Report.Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015All other schedules are omitted because they are not required, not applicable, or the information is provided in the financial statements or notes thereto.(b) ExhibitsSee Exhibit Index to this Annual Report, which is incorporated herein by reference. CytRx 2017 10-K Page #64# CytRx CorporationForm 10-K Exhibit Index Incorporated By Reference to ExhibitNumberDescription Form ExhibitFiling DateFiled / FurnishedHerewith2.1Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 6, 2008, among CytRx Corporation, CytRxMerger Subsidiary, Inc., Innovive Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Steven Kelly8-K2.16/9/2008 3.1Restated Certificate of Incorporation of CytRx Corporation, as amended10-K3.13/13/2012 3.2Certificate of Amendment of Restated Certificate of Incorporation8-K3.15/15/2012 3.3Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series B ConvertiblePreferred Stock, Pursuant to Section 151 of the Delaware General Corporation Law8-K3.112/14/2016 3.4Certificate of Amendment of Restated Certificate of Incorporation8-K3.111/1/2017 3.5Restated By-Laws of CytRx Corporation, as amended8-K3.27/16/2013 4.1Shareholder Protection Rights Agreement dated April 16, 1997 between CytRx Corporationand American Stock Transfer &Trust Company, as Rights Agent8-K99.14/17/1997 4.1.1Amendment No. 1 to Shareholder Protection Rights Agreement, dated February 11, 200210-K4.24/1/2002 4.1.2Amendment No. 2 to Shareholder Protection Rights Agreement, dated March 30, 200710-K4.34/2/2007 4.1.3Amendment No. 3 to Shareholder Protection Rights Agreement, dated July 12, 201610-Q4.111/9/2016 4.2Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued by CytRx Corporation to Alexander Capital, L.P.10-K4.53/11/2016 4.3Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant issued by CytRx Corporation, dated July 20, 201610-K4.63/15/2017 4.4Contingent Common Stock Purchase Warrant Agreement dated as of December 5, 2016issued by CytRx Corporation to Bristol Capital Advisors, LLC on February 10, 201710-K4.73/15/2017 4.5Warrant Agreement dated as of February 5, 2016 issued by CytRx Corporation to HerculesTechnology Growth Capital, LLC8-K10.22/9/2016 4.5.1First Amendment to Warrant Agreement, dated July 28, 2017, issued by CytRx Corporation toHercules Capital, Inc. 8-K10.58/1/2017 4.6Warrant Agreement dated as of February 5, 2016 issued by CytRx Corporation to HerculesTechnology III, L.P.8-K10.32/9/2016 4.6.1First Amendment to Warrant Agreement, dated July 28, 2017, issued by CytRx Corporation toHercules Technology III, L.P. 8-K10.68/1/2017 4.7Warrant, dated as of July 27, 2017, issued by CytRx Corporation to NantCell, Inc. 8-K10.38/1/2017 CytRx 2017 10-K Page #65# Incorporated By Reference to ExhibitNumberDescription Form ExhibitFiling DateFiled / FurnishedHerewith10.1.1*Amendment No. 2 to CytRx Corporation 2000 Long-Term Incentive Plan14A (proxy)Annex C6/11/2002 10.1.2*Amendment No. 3 to CytRx Corporation 2000 Long-Term Incentive Plan10-K10.145/14/2004 10.1.3*Amendment No. 4 to CytRx Corporation 2000 Long-Term Incentive Plan10-K10.155/14/2004 10.2*CytRx Corporation Amended and Restated 2008 Stock Incentive Plan10-K10.63/13/2012 10.2.1*Sixth Amendment to Amended and Restated CytRx Corporation 2008 Stock Incentive Plan14A(proxy)Annex B5/5/2015 10.2.2*Seventh Amendment to Amended and Restated CytRx Corporation 2008 Stock Incentive Plan14A(proxy)Annex A5/20/2016 10.2.3*Eighth Amendment to Amended and Restated CytRx Corporation 2008 Stock Incentive Plan14A(proxy)Annex B5/20/2016 10.2.4*Form of Non-qualified Stock Option for grants to non-employee directors under Amendedand Restated 2008 Stock Incentive Plan.10-K10.113/11/2016 10.2.5*Form of Non-qualified Stock Option for grants to executive officers under Amended andRestated 2008 Stock Incentive Plan.10-K10.123/11/2016 10.3*Form of Non-qualified Stock Option for grants to Steven A. Kriegsman and Daniel J. Levitt,M.D., Ph.D., under Amended and Restated 2008 Stock Incentive Plan.10-K10.133/11/2016 10.3.1*Amendment No. 1 to Stock Option Agreements of Daniel J. Levitt, M.D., Ph.D., datedDecember 31, 2015.10-K10.143/11/2016 10.3.2*Amendment No. 1 to Stock Option Agreements (2000 Long-Term Incentive Plan) of Steven A.Kriegsman, dated March 8, 2016.10-K10.153/11/2016 10.3.3*Amendment No. 1 to Stock Option Agreements (2008 Stock Incentive Plan) of Steven A.Kriegsman, dated March 8, 201610-K10.163/11/2016 10.4†License Agreement, dated December 7, 2001, by and between CytRx Corporation and VicalIncorporated8-K9912/21/2001 10.5Office Lease between The Kriegsman Capital Group, LLC and Douglas Emmett Joint Venture,dated April 13, 200010-K10.635/14/2004 10.5.1Assignment, Assumption and Consent, effective July 1, 2003, by and among CytRxCorporation, The Kriegsman Capital Group, LLC and Douglas Emmett Joint Venture,concerning Office Lease dated April 13, 200010-K10.645/14/2004 10.5.2First Amendment to Office Lease dated October 14, 2005, by and between CytRx Corporationand Douglas Emmett 1993, LLC8-K10.110/20/2005 10.5.3Second Amendment to Office Lease dated June 30, 2008, by and between CytRx Corporationand Douglas Emmett 1993, LLC 10-K 10.29 3/13/2009 10.5.4Third Amendment to Office Lease dated December 1, 2009, by and between CytRxCorporation and Douglas Emmett 1993, LLC10-Q 10.1 12/4/2009 10.5.5Fourth Amendment to Office Lease dated February 10 2014, by and between CytRxCorporation and Douglas Emmett 1993, LLC8-K 10.1 2/13/2014 CytRx 2017 10-K Page #66# Incorporated By Reference to ExhibitNumber Description Form Exhibit Filing Date Filed/FurnishedHerewith10.6†License Agreement dated April 17, 2006 between Innovive Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and KTBTumorforschungs GmbH10-Q10.1511/14/2006 10.6.1Amendment dated March 14, 2014 to License Agreement between CytRx Corporation andKTB Tumorforschungs GmbH8-K1.13/17/2014 10.7*Employment Agreement dated January 1, 2017, between CytRx Corporation and Daniel J.Levitt, M.D., Ph.D.10-K10.263/15/2017 10.8*Employment Agreement dated January 1, 2017, between CytRx Corporation and ScottWieland10-K10.293/15/2017 10.9*Employment Agreement dated January 10, 2017, between CytRx Corporation and John Y.Caloz10-K10.303/15/2017 10.10*Employment Agreement dated February 26, 2018, between CytRx Corporation and John Y.Caloz **10.11*Fourth Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated May 10, 2012, by and betweenCytRx Corporation and Steven A. Kriegsman8-K10.110/19/2012 10.11.1*First Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and betweenCytRx Corporation and Steven A. Kriegsman, dated March 4, 201410-K10.323/5/2014 10.11.2*Second Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by andbetween CytRx Corporation and Steven A. Kriegsman, dated January 1, 201510-K10.313/10/2015 10.11.3*Third Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by andbetween CytRx Corporation and Steven A. Kriegsman, dated March 8, 201610-K10.363/11/2016 10.11.4*Fourth Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by andbetween CytRx Corporation and Steven A. Kriegsman dated January 10, 201710-K10.383/15/2017 10.12*Restricted Stock Purchase Agreement by and between CytRx Corporation and Steven A.Kriegsman, dated January 11, 201710-K10.393/15/2017 10.13*Restricted Stock Purchase Agreement by and between CytRx Corporation and Steven A.Kriegsman, dated January 30, 2018 **10.14Loan and Security Agreement dated February 5, 2016 among CytRx Corporation, the Lenderreferred to therein, and Hercules Technology Growth Capital, Inc., as Agent8-K10.12/9/2016 10.14.1First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated July 28, 2017, among CytRxCorporation, the lenders parties thereto, and Hercules Capital, Inc., as collateral agent foritself and the lenders 8-K10.48/1/2017 10.15†Exclusive License Agreement, dated as of July 27, 2017, by and between CytRx Corporationand NantCell, Inc. 8-K10.18/1/2017 10.16Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 27, 2017, by and between CytRx Corporation andNantCell, Inc. 8-K10.28/1/2017 23.1Consent of BDO USA, LLP **31.1Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as adoptedpursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 **31.2Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as adoptedpursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 **32.1Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adoptedpursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ***32.2Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adoptedpursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 *** CytRx 2017 10-K Page #67# Incorporated By Reference to ExhibitNumberDescription FormExhibit Filing Date Filed/FurnishedHerewith101.INS++XBRL Instance Document. **101.SCH++XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. **101.CAL++XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. **101.DEF++XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. **101.LAB++XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. **101.PRE++XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. ** ______________ *Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.**Filed herewith.***Furnished herewith.†Confidential treatment has been requested or granted for certain portions which have been blanked out in the copy of the exhibit filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission. The omitted information has been filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.++Pursuant to applicable securities laws and regulations, the Registrant is deemed to have complied with the reporting obligation relating to the submission of interactive datafiles in such exhibits and is not subject to liability under any anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws as long as the Registrant has made a good faith attempt tocomply with the submission requirements and promptly amends the interactive data files after becoming aware that the interactive data files fails to comply with the submissionrequirements. These interactive data files are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, asamended, are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise are not subject to liability under these sections. Item 16. SUMMARYNoneCytRx 2017 10-K Page #68# SIGNATURESIn accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto dulyauthorized. Company Name Date: March 16, 2018By:/s/ STEVEN A. KRIEGSMAN Steven A. Kriegsman Chairman and Chief Executive Officer In accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the datesindicated.SignatureTitleDate/s/ STEVEN A. KRIEGSMAN Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer March 16, 2018 Steven A. Kriegsman (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ JOHN Y. CALOZ Chief Financial OfficerMarch 16, 2018John Y. Caloz(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) /s/ LOUIS IGNARRO Director March 16, 2018Louis Ignarro, Ph.D. /s/ EARL BRIEN DirectorMarch 16, 2018EARL Brien, M.D. /s/ JOEL CALDWELL DirectorMarch 16, 2018Joel Caldwell CytRx 2017 10-K Page #69# INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTSAND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULECytRx Corporation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F-1 Balance Sheets F-2 Statements of Operations F-3 Statements of Stockholders' Equity F-4 Statements of Cash Flows F-5 Notes to Financial Statements F-6 Financial Statement Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts F-22 CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-iii# Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmBoard of Directors and StockholdersCytRx CorporationLos Angeles, CaliforniaOpinion on the Financial StatementsWe have audited the accompanying balance sheets of CytRx Corporation (the "Company") as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related statements of operations, stockholders' equity,and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule of valuation and qualifying accounts(collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with accounting principlesgenerally accepted in the United States of America.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB"), the Company's internal control over financialreporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of theTreadway Commission ("COSO") and our report dated March 16, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.Basis for OpinionThese financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits.We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to theCompany in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether thefinancial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respondto those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating theaccounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide areasonable basis for our opinion./s/ BDO USA, LLPWe have served as the Company's auditor since 2004.Los Angeles, CaliforniaMarch 16, 2018CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-1# CYTRX CORPORATIONBALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2017 2016 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $37,643,404 $56,959,485 Receivables 7,529,032 183,703 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 1,914,077 3,434,238 Total current assets 47,086,513 60,577,426 Equipment and furnishings, net 1,042,892 1,959,667 Goodwill 183,780 183,780 Other assets 34,334 48,911 Total assets $48,347,519 $62,769,784 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable $4,122,017 $6,406,445 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 8,029,274 3,830,498 Deferred revenue 6,924,353 — Term loan, net - current 10,599,795 5,481,656 Warrant liabilities 527,025 3,789,391 Total current liabilities 30,202,464 19,507,990 Long term loan, net — 18,484,510 Total liabilities 30,202,464 37,992,500 Commitment and contingencies Stockholders' equity (2016 restated to reflect a 1-6 reverse stock split, see Note 1): Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value, 833,334 shares authorized, including 4,167 shares of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock; noshares issued and outstanding — — Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value, stated value $1,000, 650 shares authorized of Series B Convertible Preferred Shares at $2.52 per share, 550issued, 0 outstanding at December 31, 2017, 518 outstanding at December 31, 2016. — 518,000 Common stock, $0.001 par value, 41,666,667 shares authorized; 28,037,501 and 18,553,817 shares issued and outstanding at December 31,2017 and 2016, respectively 28,037 18,553 Additional paid-in capital 468,969,445 440,106,726 Accumulated deficit (450,852,427) (415,865,995)Total stockholders' equity 18,145,055 24,777,284 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $48,347,519 $62,769,784 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-2# CYTRX CORPORATIONSTATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Revenue: Licensing revenue $100,000 $200,000 $100,000 Expenses: Research and development 19,840,106 35,930,212 43,395,574 General and administrative 12,502,042 15,990,789 19,664,904 Depreciation and amortization 629,312 536,631 317,649 32,971,460 52,457,632 63,378,127 Loss before other income (expense) (32,871,460) (52,257,632) (63,278,127)Other income (expense): Interest income 365,584 255,123 233,958 Interest expense (3,831,211) (2,754,677) — Other income (expense), net (16,322) 159,148 20,151 Gain on warrant liabilities 1,367,777 3,827,617 4,437,628 Loss before provision for income taxes (34,985,632) (50,770,421) (58,586,390)Provision for income taxes (800) (800) (800)Net loss $(34,986,432) $(50,771,221) $(58,587,190) Basic and diluted loss per share $(1.46) $(3.78) $(5.82)Basic and diluted weighted average shares outstanding 24,042,293 13,510,629 10,080,526 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-3# CYTRX CORPORATIONSTATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Series BPreferredShares Issued CommonShares Issued PreferredStock Amount CommonStock Amount AdditionalPaid-inCapital AccumulatedDeficit TreasuryStock Total Balance at January 1, 2015 — 9,320,331 $— $9,321 $377,022,587 $(306,507,584) $(2,612,861) $67,911,463 Issuance of stockoptions/warrants forcompensation and services — — — — 7,384,656 — — 7,384,656 Common stock issued inconnection with a public offering — 1,744,167 — 1,744 26,778,324 — — 26,780,068 Options and warrants exercised — 48,726 — 48 589,953 — — 590,001 Retirement of treasury stock — (33,213) — (33) (2,612,828) — 2,612,861 — Net loss — — — — — (58,587,190) — (58,587,190)Balance at December 31, 2015 — 11,080,011 11,080 409,162,692 (365,094,774) — 44,078,998 Issuance of stockoptions/warrants forcompensation and services — — — — 6,735,576 — — 6,735,576 Stock issued in connection with apublic offering 550 6,685,362 550,000 6,685 25,220,572 — — 25,777,257 Warrants issued in connectionwith a public offering — — — — (6,923,551) — — (6,923,551)Preferred stock conversion (32) 76,191 (32,000) 76 31,924 — — — Issuance of restricted stock grant — 387,597 — 388 1,937 — — 2,325 Warrants issued in connectionwith term loan — — — — 633,749 — — 633,749 Beneficial conversion feature –Series B preferred stock — — (314,286) — 314,286 — — — Series B preferred stock deemeddividend — — 314,286 — (314,286) — — — Options and warrants exercised — 64,393 — 64 744,087 — — 744,151 Class action settlement shareissuance — 260,263 — 260 4,499,740 — 4,500,000 Net loss — — — — — (50,771,221) — (50,771,221)Balance at December 31, 2016 518 18,553,817 518,000 18,553 440,106,726 (415,865,995) — 24,777,284 Options and warrants exercised — 880,788 — 881 3,012,779 — — 3,013,660 Stock issued in connection with apublic offering — 5,000,000 — 5,000 13,946,218 — — 13,951,218 Preferred stock conversion (518) 1,233,334 (518,000) 1,233 516,767 — — — Issuance of restricted stock grant — 387,597 — 388 — — — 388 Warrants repriced to term loanlender — — — — 76,549 — — 76,549 Shares issued in connection withlicensing sale — 1,969,697 — 1,970 6,073,677 — — 6,075,647 1 – 6 reverse stock split fractionalshares — 12,268 — 12 (12) — — — Issuance of stockoptions/warrants forcompensation and services — — — — 3,344,520 — — 3,344,520 Warrant liability exercises — — — — 1,894,589 — — 1,894,589 Banking fee on warrant exercises — — — — (2,368) — — (2,368)Net loss — — — — — (34,986,432) — (34,986,432)Balance at December 31, 2017 — 28,037,501 $— $28,037 $468,969,445 $(450,852,427) $— $18,145,055 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-4# CYTRX CORPORATIONSTATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss $(34,986,432) $(50,771,221) $(58,587,190)Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 629,312 536,631 317,649 Loss on retirement of equipment and furnishings 424,049 12,276 2,614 Gain on warrant liabilities (1,367,777) (3,827,617) (4,437,628)Amortization of loan cost and discount 1,923,816 587,837 — Stock-based compensation expense 3,344,520 6,735,576 7,384,656 Non-cash litigation settlement due in common stock — — 4,500,000 Changes in assets and liabilities: Receivable (7,344,941) 4,412,097 (2,574,182)Interest receivable — 28,130 76,497 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 1,534,738 (28,569) 1,118,931 Accounts payable (2,286,416) (1,672,631) 916,919 Deferred revenue 6,924,353 — — Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 4,007,210 (5,862,861) 3,699,287 Net cash used in operating activities (27,197,568) (49,850,352) (47,582,447) Cash flows from investing activities: Proceeds from matured short-term investments — 35,035,420 76,544,319 Purchase of short-term investments — — (65,958,146)Purchases of equipment and furnishings (134,598) (1,020,441) (331,328)Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (134,598) 34,014,979 10,254,845 Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from common stock issued in public offering, net of fees 13,951,218 25,777,257 26,780,068 Proceeds from term loan, net — 24,012,078 — Proceeds from sale of common shares and warrants related to NantCell 6,075,647 — — Loan amendment fee payment (200,000) — — Term loan principal repayment (15,013,638) — — Net proceeds from exercise of stock options and warrants 3,202,858 744,151 590,001 Net cash provided by financing activities 8,016,085 50,533,486 27,370,069 Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (19,316,081) 34,698,113 (9,957,533)Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 56,959,485 22,261,372 32,218,905 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $37,643,404 $56,959,485 $22,261,372 Supplemental disclosures of non-cash financing/investing activities: Warrant liability exercises $1,894,589 $— $3 Warrants repriced in connection with the sale of licenses $76,549 $— $— Receivable from issuance of restricted stock $388 $2,325 $— Equipment and furnishings purchased but not paid $1,988 $20,452 $485,743 Retirement of treasury stock — $— $2,612,861 Warrants issued in connection with the term loan $— $633,749 $— 1 – 6 reverse stock split $12 $4,500,000 $— Series B Preferred stock beneficial conversion feature and deemed dividend $— $314,286 $— Warrants issued/amended in connection with the public offering $— $6,923,551 $— Series B Preferred stock conversion $1,233 $457 $— Supplemental disclosure of Cash Flow Information: Cash paid during the year for income taxes $800 $800 $800 Cash paid during the year for interest $2,025,468 $1,959,375 $— The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-5# CYTRX CORPORATIONNOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS1. Nature of BusinessCytRx Corporation ("CytRx" or "the Company") is a biopharmaceutical research and development company specializing in oncology. Our focus is on the discovery, research andclinical development of novel anti-cancer drug candidates that employ novel linker technologies to enhance the accumulation and release of cytotoxic anti-cancer agents at the tumor. CytRx has an active drug discovery and research operation at its laboratory facilities in Freiburg, Germany.The LADR™ (Linker Activated Drug Release) technology platform is a discovery engine combining CytRx's expertise in linker chemistry and albumin biology to create apipeline of anti-cancer molecules that will avoid unacceptable systemic toxicity while delivering highly potent agents directly to the tumor. The Company has created a "toolbox" oflinker technologies that have the ability to significantly increase the therapeutic index of ultra-high potency drugs (10-1,000 times more potent than traditional chemotherapies) bycontrolling the release of the drug payloads and improving drug-like properties. After infusion, these ultra-high potency drug conjugates bind to circulating albumin for transport of thedrug to the tumor. Subsequently, due to specific conditions within the tumor, the linkers are cleaved and release the anti-cancer drug payload.CytRx's current efforts are focused on two classes of ultra-high potency drug conjugates. The Company's strategy across these programs is to generate additional pre-clinicaldata that will allow them to make informed decisions regarding the selection of one or both programs for moving into human clinical trials either independently or on a partnered basis.During 2017, CytRx's discovery laboratory synthesized and tested over 75 rationally designed drug conjugates with highly potent cytotoxic payloads, and two distinct classesof compounds have been created. To date, four lead candidates have been selected based on in vitro and animal preclinical studies, stability, and manufacturing feasibility. Additionalanimal efficacy and toxicology testing of these lead candidates is underway.On July 27, 2017, CytRx entered into an exclusive worldwide license with NantCell, Inc. ("NantCell"), granting to NantCell the exclusive rights to develop, manufacture andcommercialize aldoxorubicin in all indications, and it is no longer directly working on development of aldoxorubicin. As part of the license, NantCell made a strategic investment of $13million in CytRx common stock at $6.60 per share (adjusted to reflect its 2017 reverse stock split), a premium of 92% to the market price on that date. CytRx also issued NantCell a warrantto purchase up to 500,000 shares of common stock at $6.60 over the following 18 months. The Company is entitled to receive up to an aggregate of $343 million in potential milestonepayments, contingent upon achievement of certain regulatory approvals and commercial milestones. CytRx is also entitled to receive ascending double-digit royalties for net sales forsoft tissue sarcomas and mid to high single digit royalties for other indications.Aldoxorubicin is a conjugate of the commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin that binds to circulating albumin in the bloodstream and is believed toconcentrate the drug at the site of the tumor. Aldoxorubicin, the Company's lead clinical candidate, has been tested in over 600 patients with various types of cancer. Specifically, it iscomprised of (6-maleimidocaproyl) hydrazine, an acid-sensitive molecule that is conjugated to doxorubicin. The initial indication for aldoxorubicin is for patients with advanced softtissue sarcomas (STS). Aldoxorubicin has received Orphan Drug Designation (ODD) by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of STS. ODD provides several benefits including seven years of marketexclusivity after approval, certain R&D related tax credits, and protocol assistance by the FDA. European regulators granted aldoxorubicin Orphan designation for STS which confersten years of market exclusivity among other benefits.In the first quarter of 2018, CytRx announced that NantCell was expanding aldoxorubicin' s use by combining it with immunotherapies and cell based treatments, specifically inmetastatic pancreatic cancer and in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck or non-small cell lung cancer.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-6# Currently, the Company's only research and development activities are at its laboratory facilities in Freiburg, Germany. For this reason and others, its operating expenses areexpected to be significantly lower in the near future. Therefore, period to period comparisons should not be relied upon as predictive of the results in future periods.At December 31, 2017, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $37.6 million. Under the terms of the loan agreement, however, the Company is required tomaintain cash equal to a minimum of the greater of three months projected cash burn or $10 million. Management believes that its current resources will be sufficient to fund itsoperations for the foreseeable future. This estimate is based, in part, upon the Company's currently projected expenditures for 2018 and the first three months of 2019 of approximately$27.8 million (unaudited), which includes approximately $1.5 million (unaudited) for its clinical programs, approximately $3.1 million (unaudited) for pre-clinical development of new highpotency cytotoxic albumin-binding cancer drugs, approximately $0.7 million (unaudited) for general operation of its clinical programs, approximately $10.1 million (unaudited) for othergeneral and administrative expenses and $12.4 million of interest and principal payments on our outstanding term loan. These projected expenditures are also based upon numerousother assumptions and subject to many uncertainties, and actual expenditures may be significantly different from these projections. While these projections represent the Company'scurrent expected expenditures, the Company has the ability to reduce the amounts and alter the timing of research and development expenditures as needed to manage its liquidity needswhile still advancing its research and development objectives. The Company will ultimately be required to obtain additional funding in order to execute its long-term business plans,although it does not currently have commitments from any third parties to provide it with long term debt or capital. The Company cannot assure that additional funding will be availableon favorable terms, or at all. If the Company fails to obtain additional funding when needed, it may not be able to execute its business plans and its business may suffer, which wouldhave a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations and cash flows.Effective November 1, 2017, the Company completed a 1-for-6 reverse stock split of the Company's outstanding shares of common and preferred stock, reduced its authorizedshares of both common and preferred stock by one-sixth; no change was made to the per-share par value of the common stock. All share and per share amounts in the accompanyingfinancial statements have been adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split as if it had occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented.2. Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesBasis of Presentation — The accompanying Financial Statements are prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") andaccounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP").Revenue Recognition — Revenue consists of license fees from strategic alliances with pharmaceutical companies.Since 2011, the Company has followed the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codifications ("ASC") ASC 605-25, Revenue Recognition –Multiple-Element Arrangements ("ASC 605-25" to determine the recognition of revenue under license and collaboration agreements. The ASC provides guidance relating to theseparation of deliverables including an arrangement into different units of accounting and the allocation of consideration to the units of accounting. The allocated consideration for eachunit of accounting is recognized over the related obligation period in accordance with the applicable revenue recognition criteria. Revenue is considered realizable and earned when thefollowing criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (2) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; (3) the price is fixed or determinable; and(4) collection of the amounts due are reasonably assured. Amounts received prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue in the Company'sbalance sheets. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified as current liabilities.Other Income (Expense) — The Company realized a small foreign exchange loss in 2017, other income of $0.2 million in 2016 from a VAT refund, and a de minimus amount of otherincome in 2015.Cash Equivalents — The Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments with an original maturity of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist primarilyof amounts invested in money market accounts.Equipment and Furnishings — Equipment and furnishings are stated at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives (generally three tofive years for equipment and furniture) of the related assets. Whenever there is a triggering event that might suggest impairment, management evaluates the realizability of recordedlong-lived assets to determine whether their carrying values have been impaired. The Company records impairment losses on long-lived assets used in operations when events andcircumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired and the non-discounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the carrying amount of those assets.Any impairment loss is measured by comparing the fair value of the asset to its carrying amount. There are no impairment losses recognized in each of 2017, 2016 and 2015.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-7# Fair Value Measurements — Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the balance sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used tomeasure the fair value. Level inputs are as follows:Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.Level 2 – other significant observable inputs for the assets or liabilities through corroboration with market data at the measurement date.Level 3 – significant unobservable inputs that reflect management's best estimate of what market participants would use to price the assets or liabilities at the measurement date.The following table summarizes fair value measurements by level at December 31, 2017 for assets and liabilities measuredat fair value on a recurring basis:(In thousands) Level I Level II Level III Total Cash equivalents $35,834 $— $— $35,834 Warrant liabilities — — (527) (527)The following table summarizes fair value measurements by level at December 31, 2016 for assets and liabilities measuredat fair value on a recurring basis:(In thousands) Level I Level II Level III Total Cash equivalents $56,276 $— $— $56,276 Warrant liabilities — — (3,789) (3,789)There were no transfers between Levels I, II and III during 2017 or 2016.The changes in carrying amounts of the warrant liability for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:(In thousands) 2017 2016 Beginning balance $3,789 $693 Issued — 6,933 Exercised (1,895) (9)Net changes in valuation (1,367) (3,828)Ending balance $527 $3,789 Liabilities measured at fair market value on a recurring basis include warrant liabilities resulting from recent debt and equity financing. In accordance with ASC 815-40, Derivativesand Hedging – Contracts in Entity's Own Equity ("ASC 815-40"), the warrant liabilities are being marked to fair value each quarter-end until they are completely settled. The warrants arevalued using the Black-Scholes method, using assumptions consistent with the Company's application of ASC 505-50, Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees ("ASC 505-50"). SeeWarrant Liabilities below. The Company considers carrying amounts of accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and term loan, net to approximate fair value due to the short-term nature ofthese financial instruments. Patents and Patent Application Costs — Although the Company believes that its patents and underlying technology have continuing value, the amount of future benefits to bederived from the patents is uncertain. Patent costs are therefore expensed as incurred.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-8# Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share — Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted netincome (loss) per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of common share and common share equivalents outstanding. Potentially dilutive stock options andwarrants to purchase approximately 7.6 million, 8.3 million and 3.6 million shares at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted netincome (loss) per share, because the effect would be anti-dilutive.Warrant Liabilities —Liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis include warrant liabilities resulting from the Company's July 2016 equity financings. In accordance withASC 815-40, the warrant liabilities are being marked to fair value each quarter-end until they are completely settled. The warrants are valued using the Black-Scholes method, usingassumptions consistent with CytRx's application of ASC 505-50. The gain or loss resulting from the fair value calculation is shown on the Statements of Operations as gain (loss) onwarrant liabilities. See "Note 10 – Warrant Liabilities" for additional information related to the determination of fair value of warrants.Stock-based Compensation — The Company's stock-based employee compensation plans are described in Note 13. The Company has adopted the provisions of ASC 718, whichrequires the fair value measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees.For stock options and stock warrants paid in consideration of services rendered by non-employees, the Company recognizes compensation expense in accordance with therequirements of ASC 505-50, Equity ("ASC 505"), as amended. Non-employee option grants that do not vest immediately upon grant are recorded as an expense over the vesting period.At the end of each financial reporting period prior to performance, the value of these options, as calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, is determined, andcompensation expense recognized or recovered during the period is adjusted accordingly. Since the fair market value of options granted to non-employees is subject to change in thefuture, the amount of the future compensation expense is subject to adjustment until the common stock options or warrants are fully vested.Research and Development Expenses — Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for direct and overhead-related research expenses and are expensed asincurred. Costs to acquire technologies, including licenses and drugs, that are utilized in research and development and that have no alternative future use are expensed when incurred.Technology developed for use in its products is expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established.Clinical Trial Expenses — Clinical trial expenses, which are included in research and development expenses, include obligations resulting from the Company's contracts with variousclinical research organizations in connection with conducting clinical trials for its product candidates. The Company recognizes expenses for these activities based on a variety offactors, including actual and estimated labor hours, clinical site initiation activities, patient enrollment rates, estimates of external costs and other activity-based factors. The Companybelieves that this method best approximates the efforts expended on a clinical trial with the expenses it records. The Company adjusts its rate of clinical expense recognition if actualresults differ from its estimates. If its estimates are incorrect, clinical trial expenses recorded in any particular period could vary. Non-refundable advance payments for goods andservices that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when thepayment is made.Income Taxes — The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC 740-10, Income Taxes, ("ASC 740") which requires the recognition ofdeferred tax assets and liabilities for taxable temporary differences and deferred tax assets for deductible temporary differences and operating loss carry-forwards using enacted tax ratesin effect in the years the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred income tax benefit or expense is recognized as a result of changes in net deferred tax assets or deferred taxliabilities. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that some or all of any deferred tax assets will not be realized.On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the 2017 Tax Act) was enacted reducing the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% which is effective on January 1, 2018. Thecarrying value of the Company's deferred tax assets is also determined by the enacted U.S. corporate income tax rate. Consequently, any changes in the U.S. corporate income tax ratehave impacted the carrying value of the Company's deferred tax assets. Under the new corporate income tax rate of 21%, deferred income taxes decreased but there is a correspondingdecrease to the valuation allowance. Therefore, the 2017 Tax Act is expected to have no impact on the Company's 2017 earnings. In accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, asof December 31, 2017, the Company has not completed its accounting for the tax effects of the enactment of the 2017 Tax Act; however, the Company has made a reasonable estimate ofthe effects on its existing deferred tax balances.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-9# The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the taxingauthorities based on the technical merits of the position. The Company's policy is to recognize any interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of incometax expenses.Concentrations of Risks — Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents andshort-term investments. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents in large well-capitalized financial institutions and the Company's investment policy disallows investment inany debt securities rated less than "investment-grade" by national ratings services. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash or cash equivalents or itsshort-term investments. Cash and cash equivalents are maintained at financial institutions and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has neverexperienced any losses related to these balances.Use of Estimates — The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management tomake estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates include the accrual for research anddevelopment expenses, valuation on deferred tax assets, contingent liabilities and the estimate of expense arising from the common stock options and warrants granted to employees andnon-employees. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.Recent Accounting Pronouncements — In January 2017, the FASB issued an ASU entitled "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for GoodwillImpairment." The objective of the ASU is to simplify how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures agoodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginningafter December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not believe that the adoption of this guidance will have amaterial impact on its financial statements.In August 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU No. 2016-15 "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and CashPayments (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force)." The objective of ASU No. 2016-15 is to provide specific guidance on eight cash flow classification issues and how toreduce diversity in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows under Topic 230, Statement of Cash Flows, and other Topics.The amendments in this update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company isstill in the process of determining the impact that the implementation of ASU 2016-15 will have on its financial statements.In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation ("ASU 2016-09"). ASU 2016-09 includes several areas ofsimplification to stock compensation including simplifications to the accounting for income taxes, classification of excess tax benefits on the Statement of Cash Flows and forfeitures.ASU 2016-09 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company adopted this Standard on January 1, 2017. The adoption of this Standard did nothave a material impact to the Company's financial position or its results of operations. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)," which requires companies to recognize all leases as assets and liabilities on the consolidated balancesheet. This ASU retains a distinction between finance leases and operating leases, and the classification criteria for distinguishing between finance leases and operating leases aresubstantially similar to the classification criteria for distinguishing between capital leases and operating leases in the current accounting literature. The result of retaining a distinctionbetween finance leases and operating leases is that under the lessee accounting model in Topic 842, the effect of leases in a statement of operations and a statement of cash flows islargely unchanged from previous GAAP. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years.Earlier adoption is permitted. Although the Company has not finalized its process of evaluating the impact of adoption of the ASU on its financial statements, the Company expects therewill not be a material increase to assets and liabilities on the Company's balance sheet for leases currently classified as operating leases. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01 "Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and FinancialLiabilities." ASU 2016-01 amends various aspects of the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure for financial instruments. With respect to the Company's financialstatements, the most significant impact relates to the accounting for equity investments. It will impact the disclosure and presentation of financial assets and liabilities. ASU 2016-01 iseffective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption by public entities is permitted only for certain provisions.The Company does not believe that the adoption of this guidancewill have a material impact on its financial statements. CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-10# In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17 "Income Taxes: Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes." ASU 2015-17 simplifies the balance sheet classification ofdeferred taxes and requires that all deferred taxes be presented as noncurrent. ASU 2015-17 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 with early adoption permitted.The adoption of this update did not have a material effect on the Company's financial statements.In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09 (Topic 606) "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." Topic 606 supersedes the revenue recognitionrequirements in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 605, "Revenue Recognition", and requires entities to recognize revenue when they transfer control of promised goods orservices to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The Company is currentlyassessing the method of adoption and the impact this new guidance will have on its financial statements. The Company expects to adopt these standards using the modifiedretrospective method. The timing of revenue recognition for variable consideration under our licensing and collaboration agreements may be different as a result of this new guidance.The Company is reviewing its licensing agreement for variable consideration, and if any such consideration exists, whether it should be estimated and recognized earlier than under thecurrent revenue guidance.In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASU 2015-14") which deferred the effective date by one year to December 15, 2017for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after that date and allows for adoption using a full retrospective method, or a modified retrospective method. The Company will adoptthe new standard in its first quarter 2018 using the modified retrospective method and is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on its financialstatements.3. Foreign Currency RemeasurementThe U.S. dollar has been determined to be the functional currency for the net assets of the Company's laboratory in Freiburg, Germany. The transactions are recorded in the localcurrencies and are remeasured at each reporting date using the historical rates for nonmonetary assets and liabilities and current exchange rates for monetary assets and liabilities at thebalance sheet date. Exchange gains and losses from the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities are recognized in other income (loss). The Company recognized a loss ofapproximately $23,000, $18,000 and $6,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.4. ReceivablesAt December 31, 2017, the Company had a receivable of $7.5 million as compared to $0.2 million at December 31, 2016, primarily related to amounts recoverable from its insurancecarrier, associated with ongoing legal proceedings. Of this amount, approximately $1.7 million and $0.2 million relate to recoverable legal costs and approximately $5.8 million and $0 relateto recoverable legal settlements accrued by the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively (See Note 11). Due to the likelihood of the collectability of the accountsreceivable, no allowance was recorded.5. Prepaid and Other AssetsAt December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company had $1.9 million and $3.4 million, respectively, of prepaid and other current assets, which consist primarily of deposits on contracts forresearch and development, prepaid insurance and leases for its facility.6. Equipment and FurnishingsEquipment and furnishings at December 31, 2017 and 2016 consist of the following (in thousands): 2017 2016 Equipment and furnishings $2,212 $2,811 Less — accumulated depreciation (1,169) (851)Equipment and furnishings, net $1,043 $1,960 Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $629,312, $536,631 and $317,649, respectively.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-11# 7. Accrued Expenses and Other Current LiabilitiesAccrued expenses and other current liabilities at December 31, 2017 and 2016 are summarized below (in thousands) 2017 2016 Professional fees $209 $193 Research and development costs 223 2,208 Litigation settlement 6,450 700 Wages, bonuses and employee benefits 396 487 Royalties 626 — Other 125 242 Total $8,029 $3,830 8. Deferred RevenuesWe primarily generate revenue through licensing arrangements of our intellectual property. The Company recognizes revenue when amounts are realized or realizable andearned. Revenue is considered realizable and earned when the following criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (2) delivery has occurred or services have beenrendered; (3) the price is fixed or determinable; and (4) collection of the amounts due are reasonably assured. Amounts received prior to satisfying the revenue recognition criteria arerecorded as deferred revenue in the Company's balance sheets. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within the 12 months following the balance sheet date are classified ascurrent liabilities.Deferred revenue represents amounts received prior to revenue recognition. On October 3, 2017, CytRx entered into a Reimbursement Agreement with NantCell, Inc. wherebythe Company agreed to reimburse them for payment obligations under certain of the contracts under the NantCell licensing agreement up to a maximum of $4.2 million plus one half ofany amounts in excess thereof. Once all conditions of the agreement are met and no contingencies remain outstanding, the revenue will be recognized as licensing fee revenue. CytRxrecognized $6.9 million of deferred revenue from the NantCell licensing agreement and anticipates recording this as revenues in 2018, once the Company's cost reimbursement obligationsare met.9. Term LoanOn February 5, 2016, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement with Hercules Technology Growth Capital, Inc. ("HTGC"), as administrative agent and lender, andHercules Technology III, L.P., as lender, pursuant to which the lenders made long-term loans to the Company on February 8, 2016 in the aggregate principal amount of $25 million.The Term Loans bear interest at the daily variable rate per annum equal to 6.0% plus the prime rate, or 10.5%, whichever is greater. CytRx was required to make interest-onlypayments on the Term Loans through February 28, 2017, and beginning on March 1, 2017 blended equal monthly installments of principal amortization and accrued interest until thematurity date of the Term Loans on February 1, 2020. Under the terms of the loan, CytRx is required to maintain a minimum cash balance equal to the greater of (i) $10 million or (ii)forward three months projected cash burn. As security under their obligations, the Company issued to the lenders warrants to purchase a total of 105,691 shares of its common stock atan exercise price of $12.30. These warrants are classified as equity warrants with a fair value of $633,749. All outstanding principal and accrued interest on the term loans will be due andpayable in full on the maturity date of February 1, 2020.On July 28, 2017, CytRx entered into a First Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement with Hercules to amend its existing long-term loan facility (the "Loan Agreement").The amendment provided for payment, on July 28, 2017, of $5.0 million in outstanding principal and unpaid interest due under the Loan Agreement, plus a $100,000 prepayment charge,and for repayment, on or prior to September 30, 2017, of an additional $5.0 million outstanding principal and unpaid interest due under the Loan Agreement, plus a second $100,000prepayment charge. CytRx also agreed to an updated schedule of monthly payments and a new maturity date of August 1, 2018. Pursuant to the amendment, a portion of the warrants(representing 80% of the total number of shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants) was amended to change the exercise price of that portion of the warrants from $12.30 per share to$4.62 per share, which was calculated based upon the 30-day volume-weighted average price of our common stock over the 30-day period beginning 15 days before the July 28, 2017announcement of the NantCell license transaction. CytRx evaluated the amended debt agreement under ASC 470 and determined it to be a modification and that in accordance withaccounting guidance for debt modifications, the incremental fair value of the repriced warrants of $77,000 and the $200,000 fee paid to the lender was recorded as additional loan discountto be recognized using the interest method over the remaining life of the loan. The payment schedule was changed, and the loan will mature in 2018.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-12# As security for the Company's obligations under the loan and securities agreement, the Company granted HTGC, as administrative agent, a security interest in substantially all of itsexisting and after-acquired assets except for its intellectual property and certain other excluded assets. December 31,2017 December 31,2016 Term Loan Principal – Current $9,986,362 $6,214,057 End Fee Payable 1,771,250 — Issuance Cost/Loan Discount – Current (1,157,817) (732,401)Term Loan, Net – Current $10,599,795 $5,481,656 Long Term Loan Principal $— $18,785,943 End Fee Payable — 1,771,250 Long Term Loan Discount/Issuance Cost — (2,072,683)Long Term Loan, Net $— $18,484,510 10. Warrant LiabilitiesWarrants issued in connection with the Company's July 2016 equity public offering and modified in the Company's December 2016 equity public offering are classified as liabilities asopposed to equity due to their settlement terms. These warrants are non-cash liabilities and the Company is not required to expend any cash to settle these liabilities. The fair value ofthese warrants were recorded on the balance sheet at issuance and the warrants were marked to fair value at each financial reporting period, with changes in the fair value recorded as again or loss in the statement of operations. The fair value of the warrants is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the use of significant judgment andestimates for the inputs used in the model. The warrants issued in connection with the Company's August 2011 equity public offering expired in August 2016. The following reflects theweighted-average assumptions for each of the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Risk-free interest rate 1.53% 0.90% 0.57%Expected dividend yield 0% 0% 0%Expected lives 0.55 1.23 0.59 Expected volatility 96.7% 119.1% 61.7%Number of warrants classified as liabilities 2,834,246 4,752,512 1,061,976 Gain on warrant liabilities $1,367,777 $3,827,617 $4,437,628 The dividend yield assumption of zero is based upon the fact the Company has never paid cash dividends and presently has no intention of paying cash dividends. The risk-freeinterest rate used for each grant is equal to the U.S. Treasury rates in effect at the time of the grant for instruments with a similar expected life. The expected lives are based on theremaining contractual lives of the related warrants at the valuation date. The Company's computation of expected volatility is based on the historical daily volatility of its publicly tradedstock.In 2017, 1.2 million warrants expired, and 0.9 million warrants were exercised resulting in the issuance of 0.9 million shares of the Company's common stock. In 2016, 4.8 millionwarrants in connection with the July 2016 equity offering were issued.11. Commitments and ContingenciesCommitmentsThe Company acquires assets still in development and enters into research and development arrangements with third parties that often require milestone and royalty payments to thethird-party contingent upon the occurrence of certain future events linked to the success of the asset in development. Milestone payments may be required, up to an aggregate of $7.5million, contingent upon the successful achievement of an important point in the development life-cycle of the pharmaceutical product (e.g., approval of the product for marketing by aregulatory agency). If required, CytRx may also have to make royalty payments, based upon a percentage of the sales of the pharmaceutical product. In respect of aldoxorubicin, itagreed to pay up to a maximum amount of approximately $18.3 million, payable in shares of its common stock, in the event that regulatory approval for marketing is obtained.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-13# These arrangements may be material individually, and in the unlikely event that milestones for multiple products covered by these arrangements were reached in the same period, theaggregate charge to expense could be material to the results of operations in any one period. In addition, these arrangements often give CytRx the discretion to unilaterally terminatedevelopment of the product, which would allow CytRx to avoid making the contingent payments; however, CytRx is unlikely to cease development if the compound successfullyachieves clinical testing objectives.CytRx's current contractual obligations that will require future cash payments are as follows (in thousands): OperatingLeases (1) EmploymentAgreements (2) Research andDevelopment (3) Total 2018 $373 $1,678 $1,000 $3,051 2019 278 1,057 — 1,335 2020 59 1,057 — 1,116 2021 — 1,057 — 1,057 2022 — — — — Thereafter — — — — Total $710 $4,849 $1,000 $6,559 ____________(1)Operating leases are primarily facility lease related obligations, as well as equipment lease obligations with third party vendors. The Company recognized rent expenses of$420,106, $358,247, and $351,075 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.(2)Employment agreements include management contracts which have been revised from time to time. The employment agreement for the Company's executive officers provide forminimum salaries, which are adjusted annually at the discretion of the Company's Compensation Committee, and in some cases provide for minimum annual bonuses andemployee benefits, as well. New employment agreements for the Company's other executive officers are usually entered into annually or biennially.(3)Research and development obligations relate primarily to the Reimbursement Agreement with NantCell. All of these purchase obligations are cancelable. ContingenciesThe Company applies the disclosure provisions of ASC 460, Guarantees ("ASC 460") to its agreements that contain guarantees or indemnities by the Company. The Companyprovides (i) indemnifications of varying scope and size to certain investors and other parties for certain losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party in connection with varioustypes of third-party claims; and (ii) indemnifications of varying scope and size to officers and directors against third party claims arising from the services they provide to the Company.Shareholder Derivative Actions in Delaware. There are two competing derivative complaints pending in the Delaware Court of Chancery alleging claims related to theCompany's alleged retention of DreamTeamGroup and MissionIR. On December 14, 2015, a shareholder derivative complaint, captioned Niedermeyer et al. v. Kriegsman et al., C.A.No. 11800, was filed against certain of the Company's officers and directors, for which a second amended complaint was filed on October 12, 2016. On September 6, 2016, one of theplaintiffs in the California litigation (discussed above) effectively refiled his complaint in the Delaware Court of Chancery, with the case captioned Taylor v. Kriegsman, C.A. No. 12720. Following competing motions for appointment of a lead plaintiff and lead counsel, on February 22, 2017, the Court of Chancery appointed Niedermeyer et al.as lead plaintiffs in thecomplaint. On May 3, 2017, the parties entered into negotiations with a mediator and on June 2, 2017, the parties entered into a Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU") to settle theentire action. On June 15, 2017, the MOU was submitted to the Court and the parties are now seeking Court approval. The Stipulation of Settlement was filed with the Court on January22, 2018, which was preliminarily approved by the Court. A final approval hearing is scheduled for April 19, 2018. Any petition for an attorney fee award to the Plaintiff's counsel willalso be considered by the Court at the April 19, 2018 hearing.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-14# Class Action in California. On July 25 and 29, 2016, nearly identical class action complaints were filed in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, titledCrihfield v. CytRx Corp., et al., Case No. 2:16-cv-05519 and Dorce v. CytRx Corp., Case No. 2:16-cv-05666 alleging that the Company and certain of its officers violated the SecuritiesExchange Act of 1934 by allegedly making materially false and/or misleading statements, and/or failing to disclose material adverse facts to the effect that the clinical hold placed on thePhase 3 trial of aldoxorubicin for STS would prevent sufficient follow-up for patients involved in the study, thus requiring further analysis, which could cause the trial's results and/orFDA approval to be materially adversely affected or delayed. The plaintiffs allege that such wrongful acts and omissions caused significant losses and damages to a class of personsand entities that acquired the Company's securities between November 18, 2014 and July 11, 2016, and seek an award of compensatory damages, costs and expenses, including counseland expert fees, and such other and further relief as the Court may deem just and proper. On October 26, 2016, the Court entered an Order consolidating the actions titled In re: CytRxCorporation Securities Litigation, Master File No. 16-cv-05519-SJO and appointing a Lead Plaintiff and Lead Counsel. Following the filing of a first amended complaint on January 13,2017, on March 14, 2017 the Company and the individual defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff filed an Opposition thereto on April 28, 2017. The Company and the individualdefendants filed a Reply on May 30, 2017 and the matter was heard by the Court on June 12, 2017. On June 14, 2017, the Court issued an Order granting the Motion to Dismiss with leaveto amend. Plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint and the Individual Defendants filed a renewed Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiff filed an Opposition thereto on July 24, 2017. TheCompany and the Individual Defendants filed a Reply on July 31, 2017. On August 14, 2017, the Court issued an Order granting in part and denying in part the motion to dismiss. OnSeptember 18, 2017, the Court issued an Order setting a schedule for the case. On January 30, 2018, the parties entered into negotiations with a mediator and on February 1, 2018, theparties entered into a confidential Term Sheet to settle the Class Action. On February 7, 2018, the Court stayed the action for all purposes until May 2, 2018, to provide the partiessufficient time to prepare and submit a stipulation of settlement.Shareholder Derivative Action in Delaware (Zyontz). On October 17, 2017, a shareholder derivative complaint was filed against certain current and former directors in theDelaware Court of Chancery, entitled Zyontz v. Kriegsman et al., Case No. 2017-0738-JRS. The complaint essentially sets forth the allegations pled in the federal securities class action inCalifornia, asserts a claim for breach of fiduciary duty, and seeks damages, fees and costs, and other and further relief as the Court may deem just and proper. On December 18, 2017, theCompany and individual defendants filed a motion to dismiss for failure to make a demand on the Board and for failure to state a claim, and a motion to stay the proceedings pendingresolution of the federal securities class action. On January 30, 2018, the parties participated in a mediation. The parties are currently negotiating a settlement agreement comprised ofcorporate governance reforms that will be submitted to the Court of Chancery for approval. Shareholder Derivative Action in Delaware (Patterson). On September 1, 2017, a shareholder derivative complaint was filed against the current directors in the Delaware Courtof Chancery, entitled Patterson v. Kriegsman et al., C.A. No. 2017-0636-TMR. The complaint sets forth claims for breach of fiduciary duty for allegedly disseminating false andmisleading information, unjust enrichment, gross mismanagement, abuse of control and corporate waste based on allegations concerning various business decisions matters. Thecomplaint seeks damages, corporate governance reforms, restitution, fees and costs, and other and further relief as the Court may deem just and proper. On September 26, 2017, theCompany and individual defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, for which the opening brief in support of such motion was filed on November 3, 2017, the plaintiff'sopposition was filed on December 11, 2017, and the defendants' reply was filed on January 5, 2018. The hearing on the motion to dismiss was heard by the Vice-Chancellor on March 8,2018, and she took the matter under advisement. On March 13, 2018, the Vice-Chancellor ruled that defendants' motion to dismiss was granted, with prejudice. The Company intends to vigorously defend against the foregoing complaints. CytRx has directors' and officers' liability insurance, which will be utilized in the defense of thesematters. The liability insurance may not cover all of the future liabilities the Company may incur in connection with the foregoing matters. These claims are subject to inherentuncertainties, and management's view of these matters may change in the future.The Company evaluates developments in legal proceedings and other matters on a quarterly basis. The Company records accruals for loss contingencies to the extent that theCompany concludes that it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the related loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company has accrued $6.5 million oflitigation settlements related to legal actions.12. Equity TransactionsAs of December 31, 2017, the Company has reserved approximately 1.2 million of its authorized but unissued shares of common stock for future issuance pursuant to its employeestock option plans issued to employees and consultants.In December 2017, the Company issued an additional 12,268 fractional shares of its common stock as a result of is 1 to 6 reverse stock split and issued 387,597 shares in restrictedcommon stock (see Note 13).In the second and third quarters of 2017, a total of 880,788 shares of the Company's common stock were issued from the exercise of warrants and options.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-15# On July 27, 2017, the Company issued 1,969,697 shares of its common stock and 500,000 warrants to purchase common stock as part of an exclusive licensing agreement granted toNantCell, Inc.On May 2, 2017, the Company issued 5 million of its common stock in a public offering.In the first quarter of 2017, the Company converted 518 shares of its Series B preferred stock in exchange for 1,233,334 shares of its common stock.In 2016, the Company issued 55,000 shares of its common stock resulting from the exercise of employee stock options and issued 387,597 shares in restricted common stock.On December 16, 2016, the Company issued 1,923,457 shares of its common stock and 550 convertible preferred shares at a stated value of $1,000, and repriced 3,232,981 warrantsfrom the July 2016 financing, from $4.20 to $3.06 per common stock, along with extending their term through July 2018, all in respect of a public offering. As a result of the Series Bconversion price of $2.52 being less than the common stock price at the closing date, a beneficial conversion feature was recognized in the amount of $0.3 million. Since the preferredstock was immediately convertible, the entire beneficial conversion feature was recognized as a deemed dividend on December 16, 2016. In December 2016, 32 preferred shares wereconverted at their conversion rate of $2.52 in exchange for 76,191 common shares.On July 20, 2016, the Company issued 4,761,905 shares of its common stock and one-year warrants to purchase an equal number of shares of its common stock in a public offering.On October 26, 2015, the Company retired 33,213 shares of its treasury stock at cost ($2.6 million).On July 24, 2015, the Company issued 1,744,167 shares of common stock in a public offering.13. Stock Options and Equity-Classified WarrantsStock OptionsThe Company has a 2000 Long-Term Incentive Plan under which 233,334 shares of common stock were originally reserved for issuance. As of December 31, 2017, there were44,371shares subject to outstanding stock options. This plan expired on August 6, 2010, and thus no further shares are available for future grant under this plan.The Company also has a 2008 Stock Incentive Plan under which 5 million shares of common stock are reserved for issuance. As of December 31, 2017, there were 2.8 million sharessubject to outstanding stock options and 0.8 million shares outstanding related to restricted stock grants issued from the 2008 Plan and 1.2 million shares available for future grant underthis plan.The Company follows the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees.The fair value of the stock options at the date of grant was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, based on the following assumptions: 2017 2016 2015 Risk-free interest rate 2.04% - 2.35% 1.20% - 2.26% 1.74% - 2.12%Expected volatility 86% - 92% 74% - 88% 74% - 85%Expected lives (years) 6 - 10 6 - 10 6 - 10 Expected dividend yield 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%The Company's computation of expected volatility is based on the historical daily volatility of its publicly traded stock. For option grants issued during years ended December 31,2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company used a calculated volatility for each grant. The Company lacks adequate information about the exercise behavior at this time and has determined theexpected term assumption under the simplified method provided for under ASC 718, which averages the contractual term of the Company's options of ten years with the average vestingterm of three years for an average of six years. The dividend yield assumption of zero is based upon the fact the Company has never paid cash dividends and presently has no intentionof paying cash dividends. The risk-free interest rate used for each grant is equal to the U.S. Treasury rates in effect at the time of the grant for instruments with a similar expected life.Based on historical experience, for each of the two years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company has estimated an annualized forfeiture rate of 10% for options granted to itsemployees, 2% for options granted to senior management and 0% for options granted to directors. Compensation costs will be adjusted for future changes in estimated forfeitures. TheCompany will record additional expense if the actual forfeitures are lower than estimated and will record a recovery of prior expense if the actual forfeiture rates are higher than estimated.On January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09 and made a policy election to recognize forfeitures as they occur. The adoption of ASU 2016-09 did not have a material impact tothe Company's financial condition or results of operations. No amounts relating to stock-based compensation have been capitalized. No amounts relating to employee stock-basedcompensation have been capitalized.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-16# At December 31, 2017, there remained approximately $1.8 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options granted to current employees anddirectors, to be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of 1.15 years. Presented below is the Company's stock option activity for employees and directors: Stock Options Weighted AverageExercise Price 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 Outstanding — beginning of year 2,813,280 2,263,977 1,559,765 $14.14 $18.66 $16.98 Granted 591,369 809,500 765,000 1.87 3.54 15.66 Exercised (19,213) (55,000) (47,857) 2.58 12.84 12.30 Forfeited (874,210) (196,054) — 13.11 20.94 — Expired (19,047) (9,143) (12,931) 56.88 48.18 33.48 Outstanding — end of year 2,492,179 2,813,280 2,263,977 11.35 14.14 18.66 Exercisable at end of year 1,701,445 1,811,320 1,336,694 $14.85 $17.70 $20.70 Weighted average fair value of stock optionsgranted during the year: $1.47 $2.58 $11.28 For stock options paid in consideration of services rendered by non-employees, the Company recognizes compensation expense in accordance with the requirements of ASC 505-50.Non-employee option grants that do not vest immediately upon grant are recorded as an expense over the vesting period. At the end of each financial reporting period prior toperformance, the value of these options, as calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, is determined, and compensation expense recognized or recovered during the periodis adjusted accordingly. Since the fair market value of options granted to non-employees is subject to change in the future, the amount of the future compensation expense is subject toadjustment until the common stock options are fully vested.The Company recorded approximately $422,000, $0 and $0 of non-cash charges related to the issuance of stock options to certain consultants in exchange for services during 2017,2016 and 2015, respectively.At December 31, 2017, there was no unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested non-employee stock options. Presented below is the Company's non-employee stockoption activity: Stock Options Weighted AverageExercise Price 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 Outstanding — beginning of year 100,000 105,952 115,357 $16.41 $18.12 $20.82 Granted 273,333 — — 1.78 — — Exercised — — — — — — Expired/Forfeited — (5,952) (9,405) — 46.62 51.24 Outstanding — end of year 373,333 100,000 105,952 5.70 16.41 18.12 Exercisable at end of year 373,333 100,000 105,952 $5.70 $16.41 $18.12 Weighted average fair value of stock optionsgranted during the year: $1.54 $— $— The fair value of the stock options at the date of grant was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, based on the following assumptions: 2017 2016 2015 Risk-free interest rate 2.30% - 2.35% — — Expected volatility 92.00% — — Expected lives (years) 10 — — Expected dividend yield — — — CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-17# The following table summarizes significant ranges of outstanding stock options under the two plans at December 31, 2017: Range ofExercise Prices Number of Options Weighted AverageRemainingContractual Life(years) Weighted AverageExercise Price Number ofOptionsExercisable Weighted AverageContractual Life Weighted AverageExercise Price $1.50 — 1.75 829,702 9.96 $1.75 400,000 9.96 $1.75 $1.76 —11.00 720,970 7.98 4.76 469,910 7.47 5.92 $11.01 — 15.00 776,290 7.20 13.92 667,290 7.07 13.80 $15.01 — 195.30 538,550 5.44 27.36 537,578 5.43 27.36 2,865,512 7.86 $10.62 2,074,778 7.29 $13.21 There was no aggregate intrinsic value to the outstanding options, options vested, and options exercised during 2017.The following table sets forth the total stock-based compensation expense resulting from stock options included in the Company's Statements of Operations: Years Ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Research and development - employee $549,315 $1,822,508 $1,590,267 General and administrative - employee 1,909,729 4,661,795 5,568,537 Total employee stock-based compensation $2,459,044 $6,484,303 $7,158,804 Research and development – non-employee $11,600 $— $— General and administrative – non-employee 410,400 235,764 225,852 Total non-employee stock-based compensation $422,000 $235,764 $225,852 Restricted StockIn December 2017, the Company granted to Steven Kriegsman, Chief Executive Officer, 387,597 shares of restricted common stock, pursuant to the 2008 Plan. This restricted stockvests in equal annual instalments over three years. The fair value of the restricted stock is based on the market price of the Company's shares on the grant date less the par valuereceived as consideration. The fair value of the restricted stock on the grant date was $679,000. In December 2016, the Company granted to Steven Kriegsman, Chief Executive Officer,387,597 shares of restricted common stock, pursuant to the 2008 Plan. This restricted stock vests in equal annual instalments over three years. The fair value of the restricted stock isbased on the market price of the Company's shares on the grant date less the par value received as consideration. The fair value of the restricted stock on the grant date was $1,000,000. The Company did not issue any restricted stock for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company recorded an employee stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock ofapproximately $344,000, $15,000 and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-18# Equity-Classified WarrantsIn July 2017, pursuant to a Loan amendment (see Note 9), a portion of the warrants (representing 80% of the total number of shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants) wasamended to change the exercise price of 84,554 warrants to $12.30 per share from $4.62 per share.In July 2017, the Company issued 500,000 warrants to purchase common stock as part of an exclusive licensing agreement granted to NantCell, Inc.In December 2016, the Company issued to a consultant an eighteen-month contingent warrant to purchase 333,334 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.20. No expensewas recorded due to the performance contingent nature of the warrants.In February 2016, in connection with a loan and security agreement with Hercules Technology Growth Capital, Inc. and Hercules Technology III, L.P. ("lenders") (see Note 9), theCompany issued to the lenders warrants to purchase a total of 105,691 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $12.30. These warrants had a fair value of $633,749 on the dateof issuance and were recorded as a loan discount.In February 2016, the Company also issued a warrant to a consultant to purchase 83,334 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $10.44. These warrants will be fully vestedby February 2018. The warrant expense in 2017 and 2016, recognized as non-employee stock-based compensation expenses, was $41,865 and $157,797, respectively.A summary of the Company's warrant activity and related information for the years ended December 31 are shown below. Warrants Weighted AverageExercise Price 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 Outstanding — beginning of year 5,417,155 1,204,245 1,224,960 $4.08 $25.68 $25.62 Granted 584,554 5,284,263 — 6.31 3.72 — Exercised (861,581) (9,393) (1,667) 3.66 4.20 15.00 Forfeited — — — — — — Expired (1,159,347) (1,061,960) (19,048) 4.92 26.88 22.92 Outstanding — end of year 3,980,781 5,417,155 1,204,245 4.26 4.08 25.68 Exercisable at end of year 3,626,613 5,031,715 1,204,245 $4.23 $4.02 $25.68 Weighted average fair value of warrants grantedduring the year: $1.65 $1.56 $— The following table summarizes additional information concerning warrants outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2017: WarrantsOutstanding Range ofExercise Prices Number of Shares Weighted AverageRemainingContractual Life(years) Weighted AverageExercise Price Number ofWarrantsExercisable Weighted AverageContractual Life Weighted AverageExercise Price $3.00 — 6.00 3,252,137 0.60 $3.19 2,918,803 0.62 $3.08 $6.01 — 9.00 500,000 1.07 6.60 500,000 1.07 6.60 $9.01 — 12.00 83,335 3.11 10.44 62,501 3.11 10.44 $12.01 — 33.60 145,309 1.19 16.65 145,309 1.19 16.65 3,980,781 0.74 $4.26 3,626,613 0.75 $4.23 CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-19# 14. Stockholder Protection Rights PlanEffective April 16, 1997, the Company's board of directors declared a distribution of one right ("Rights") for each outstanding share of the Company's common stock to stockholdersof record at the close of business on May 15, 1997 and for each share of common stock issued by the Company thereafter and prior to a Flip-in Date (as defined below). Each Rightentitles the registered holder to purchase from the Company one-ten thousandth (1/10,000th) of a share of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, at an exercise price of $30. TheRights are generally not exercisable until 10 business days after an announcement by the Company that a person or group of affiliated persons (an "Acquiring Person") has acquiredbeneficial ownership of 15% or more of the Company's then outstanding shares of common stock (a "Flip-in Date").In the event the Rights become exercisable as a result of the acquisition of shares, each Right will enable the owner, other than the Acquiring Person, to purchase at the Right's then-current exercise price a number of shares of common stock with a market value equal to twice the exercise price. In addition, unless the Acquiring Person owns more than 50% of theoutstanding shares of common stock, the Board of Directors may elect to exchange all outstanding Rights (other than those owned by such Acquiring Person) at an exchange ratio ofone share of common stock per Right. All Rights that are owned by any person on or after the date such person becomes an Acquiring Person will be null and void.The Rights have been distributed to protect the Company's stockholders from coercive or abusive takeover tactics and to give the Board of Directors more negotiating leverage indealing with prospective acquirers. In July 2016, the Company extended the stockholder rights plan through April 2022.15. Income TaxesAt December 31, 2017, the Company had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of $373.7 million and $236.3 million, respectively, available to offset against future taxableincome, which expire in 2018 through 2037.As a result of a change in-control that occurred in the CytRx shareholder base in 2013, approximately $136.8 million in federal net operating loss carryforwards became substantiallylimited in their annual availability. Management currently believes that the remaining $236.9 million in federal net operating loss carryforwards, and the $236.3 million in state netoperating loss carryforwards, are unrestricted.As of December 31, 2017, CytRx also had research and development tax credits for federal and state purposes of approximately $16.6 million and $21.9 million, respectively, availablefor offset against future income taxes, which expire in 2022 through 2037. Based on an assessment of all available evidence including, but not limited to, the Company's limited operatinghistory in its core business and lack of profitability, uncertainties of the commercial viability of its technology, the impact of government regulation and healthcare reform initiatives, andother risks normally associated with biotechnology companies, the Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that these net operating loss carryforwards and credits will notbe realized and, as a result, a 100% deferred tax valuation allowance has been recorded against these assets.On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the 2017 Tax Act) was enacted reducing the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% which is effective on January 1, 2018. Thecarrying value of the Company's deferred tax assets is also determined by the enacted U.S. corporate income tax rate. Consequently, any changes in the U.S. corporate income tax ratehave impacted the carrying value of the Company's deferred tax assets. Under the new corporate income tax rate of 21%, deferred income taxes decreased but there is a correspondingdecrease to the valuation allowance. Therefore, the 2017 Tax Act is expected to have no impact on the Company's 2017 earnings. Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118") wasissued to address the application of US GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) inreasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Act. In accordance with SAB 118, the Company has determined that the $27.3 million of deferred taxexpense recorded in connection with the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities.The Company implemented ASU 2016-09 during the first quarter of 2017 as stipulated in the FASB guidance for publicly-traded entities. To account for the implementation of ASU2016-09, the Company accounted for previously unrecognized excess tax benefits by recognizing those benefits. Due to the Company's full valuation allowance, this recognition has noeffect on the net accrual after the valuation allowance.Deferred income taxes reflect the net effect of temporary differences between the financial reporting carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and income tax carrying amounts ofassets and liabilities. The components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities, all of which are long-term, are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2017 2016 Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carryforwards $66,251 $126,244 Tax credit carryforwards 33,899 29,970 Equipment, furnishings and other 4,909 9,297 Total deferred tax assets 105,059 165,511 Deferred tax liabilities — (301)Net deferred tax assets 105,059 165,210 Valuation allowance (105,059) (165,210) $— $— For all years presented, the Company did not recognize any deferred tax assets or liabilities. The net change in valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016was $60.2 million and $21.4 million, respectively.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-20# The provision for income taxes differs from the provision computed by applying the Federal statutory rate to net loss before income taxes as follows (in thousands): Years ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Federal benefit at statutory rate $(11,895) $(17,262) $(19,919)State income taxes, net of Federal taxes (2,073) (3,086) (3,556)State credits (506) (1,031) (1,324)Warrant liabilities (465) (1,301) (1,509)Other permanent differences 11 40 16 Provision related to change in valuation allowance (60,358) 21,601 20,142 Federal rate adjustment 27,314 — — NQ Options 47 — — Current year tax credit (665) (1,119) (2,050)NOL Adjustments 45,521 — — Termination/Cancellation of Equity Compensation Awards 2,983 2,274 5,960 Return to provision 84 (118) 2,238 Other, net 3 3 3 $1 $1 $1 There have been no changes to the Company's liability for unrecognized tax benefits during the year ended December 31, 2017.The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. Federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. As of the year ended December 31, 2017, the tax returns for 2013 through 2017remain open to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and various state tax authorities.The Company's policy is to recognize any interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. As of the date of adoption of ASC 740and the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company had accrued no interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.16. Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)Summarized quarterly financial data for 2017 and 2016 is as follows (in thousands, except per share data): Quarters Ended March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 (In thousands, except per share data) 2017 Total revenues $— $— $— $100 Net loss $(11,044) $(14,358) $(5,124) $(4,460)Basic and diluted loss per share applicable to common stock $(0.60) $(0.60) $(1.14) $(0.16) 2016 Total revenues $— $100 $— $100 Net loss $(12,643) $(18,280) $(12,175) $(7,672)Basic and diluted loss per share applicable to common stock $(1.14) $(1.62) $(0.78) $(0.48)Quarterly and year-to-date loss per share amounts are computed independently of each other. Therefore, the sum of the per share amounts for the quarters may not agree to the pershare amounts for the year.CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-21# CYTRX CORPORATIONSCHEDULE II — VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTSFor the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 Additions Description Balance atBeginning ofYear Charged toCosts andExpenses Charged to OtherAccounts Deductions Balance atEnd of Year Reserve Deducted in the Balance Sheet from the Asset to Which itApplies: Allowance for Deferred Tax Assets Year ended December 31, 2017 $165,210,000 $— $(60,151,000) $— $105,059,000 Year ended December 31, 2016 $143,609,000 $— $21,601,000 $— $165,210,000 Year ended December 31, 2015 $123,466,000 $— $20,143,000 $— $143,609,000 CytRx 2017 10-K Page # F-22#Exhibit 10.30EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENTThis Employment Agreement (this "Agreement") is made and entered into this February 26, 2018, with an effective date of Jamuary 1, 2018 (the "Effective Date") by andbetween CytRx Corporation, a Delaware corporation ("Employer"), and John Caloz, an individual and resident of the State of California ("Employee").WHEREAS, Employer desires to continue to employ Employee, and Employee is willing to continue to be employed by Employer, on the terms set forth in this Agreement.NOW, THEREFORE, upon the above premises, and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements hereinafter contained, the parties hereto agree as follows.1. Employment. Effective as of the Effective Date, Employer shall continue to employ Employee, and Employee shall serve, as Employer's Chief Financial Officer on theterms set forth herein.2. Duties; Place of Employment. Employee shall perform in a professional and business-like manner, and to the best of his ability, the duties described on Schedule 1 tothis Agreement and such other duties as are assigned to him from time to time by Employer's Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer. Employee understands and agrees thathis duties, title and authority may be changed from time to time in the discretion of Employer's Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer. Employee's services hereunder shall berendered at Employer's principal executive office, except for travel when and as required in the performance of Employee's duties hereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Employerunderstands and agrees that Employee shall be entitled to render his services hereunder from his home when necessary and as agreed with his supervisor.3. Time and Efforts. Employee shall devote all of his business time, efforts, attention and energies to Employer's business and to discharge his duties hereunder.4. Term. The term (the "Term") of Employee's employment hereunder shall commence on the Effective Date and shall expire on December 31, 2018 unless soonerterminated in accordance with Section 6. Neither Employer nor Employee shall have any obligation to extend or renew this Agreement. In the event that Employee's employment has nottheretofore been terminated and Employer has not offered to extend or renew Employee's employment under this Agreement, upon expiration of the Term Employer shall continue to payEmployee his salary as provided for in Section 5.1 during the period commencing on the final date of the Term and ending on (a) June 30, 2019 or (b) the date of Employee's re-employment with another employer, whichever is earlier; provided that, as a condition to Employer's obligations under this sentence, Employee shall have executed and delivered toEmployer a General Release of All Claims in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A. Employee shall notify Employer immediately in the event Employee accepts such employment withanother employer.5. Compensation. As the total consideration for Employee's services rendered hereunder, Employer shall pay or provide Employee the following compensation andbenefits:5.1.Salary. Employee shall be entitled to receive an annual salary of Four Hundred Thousand Dollars ($400,000), payable inaccordance with Employer's normal payroll policies and procedures.5.2.Discretionary Bonus. Employee also may be eligible for a bonus from time to time for his services during the Term. Employee'seligibility to receive a bonus, any determination to award Employee such a bonus and, if awarded, the amount thereof shall be in Employer's solediscretion.5.3.Expense Reimbursement. Employer shall reimburse Employee for reasonable and necessary business expenses incurred byEmployee in connection with the performance of Employee's duties in accordance with Employer's usual practices and policies in effect from time to time.5.4.Vacation. Employee shall continue to accrue vacation days without loss of compensation in accordance with Employer's usualpolicies applicable to all employees at a rate of four weeks' vacation time for each 12-month period during the Term.5.5.Employee Benefits. Employee shall be eligible to participate in any medical insurance and other employee benefits madeavailable by Employer to all of its employees under its group plans and employment policies in effect during the Term. Schedule 2 hereto sets forth asummary of such plans and policies as currently in effect. Employee acknowledges and agrees that, any such plans or policies now or hereafter in effectmay be modified or terminated by Employer at any time in its discretion.5.6.Payroll Taxes. Employer shall have the right to deduct from the compensation and benefits due to Employee hereunder any andall sums required for social security and withholding taxes and for any other federal, state, or local tax or charge which may be in effect or hereafter enactedor required as a charge on the compensation or benefits of Employee.Exh 10.30-16. Termination. This Agreement may be terminated as set forth in this Section 6.6.1.Termination by Employer for Cause. Employer may terminate Employee's employment hereunder for "Cause" upon notice toEmployee. "Cause" for this purpose shall mean any of the following:(a) Employee's breach of any material term of this Agreement; provided that the first occasion of any particular breach shall not constitute suchCause unless Employee shall have previously received written notice from Employer stating the nature of such breach and affording Employee at least ten days to correct such breach;(b) Employee's conviction of, or plea of guilty or nolo contendere to, any misdemeanor, felony or other crime of moral turpitude;(c) Employee's act of fraud or dishonesty injurious to Employer or its reputation;(d) Employee's continual failure or refusal to perform his material duties as required under this Agreement after written notice from Employer statingthe nature of such failure or refusal and affording Employee at least ten days to correct the same;(e) Employee's act or omission that, in the reasonable determination of Employer's Board of Directors (or a Committee of the Board), indicates alcoholor drug abuse by Employee; or(f) Employee's act or personal conduct that, in the judgment of Employer's Board of Directors (or a Committee of the Board), gives rise to a materialrisk of liability of Employee or Employer under federal or applicable state law for discrimination, or sexual or other forms of harassment, or other similar liabilities to subordinateemployees.Upon termination of Employee's employment by Employer for Cause, all compensation and benefits to Employee hereunder shall cease and Employee shall be entitled only topayment upon the effective date of termination of any accrued but unpaid salary and unused vacation as provided in Sections 5.1 and 5.5 as of the date of such termination and anyunpaid bonus that may have been awarded Employee as provided in Section 5.2 prior to such date.6.2. Termination by Employer without Cause. Employer may also terminate Employee's employment without Cause upon ten days' notice to Employee. Upontermination of Employee's employment by Employer without Cause, all compensation and benefits to Employee hereunder shall cease and Employee shall be entitled to (1) any accruedbut unpaid salary and unused vacation as of the date of such termination as required by California law, which shall be due and payable upon the effective date of such termination, (2)any unpaid bonus that may have been awarded to Employee under Section 5.2 prior to such date, which shall be due and payable in accordance with Employer's normal payroll practicesor as otherwise required by California law, (3) all of Employee's vested stock options and other equity awards as of the date of terrmination of Employee's employment shall remainexercisable for their full term, (4) retain and have full ownership of all electronic devices provided to Employee (including, without limitation, a computer, telephone, tablet and printer),provided that all Employer confidential information shall be deleted by Employer from such devices before releasing them to Employee, (5) an amount, which shall be due and payablewithin ten days following the effective date of such termination, equal to six months' salary as provided in Section 5.1., provided, that if such termination occurs following a Change ofControl (as hereinafter defined), then the amount described in this clause (5) shall be equal to 12 months' salary as provided in Section 5.1, and (6) continued participation, at Employer'scost and expense, of Employee and his dependents for a period of six months following such termination (12 months if such termination occurs following a Change of Control) in anyEmployer-sponsored group benefit plans in which Employee was participating as of the date of termination. Employee's right to the compensation and benefits provided for in clauses (5)and (6) of this Section 6.2 shall be conditioned upon Employee having executed and delivered to Employer a General Release of All Claims in the form attached hereto as Exhibit A. Forpurposes of this Section 6.2, a "Change of Control" shall have the meaning ascribed to the term "Corporate Transaction" in Employer's 2008 Stock Incentive Plan, as such Plan may beamended from time to time.Exh 10.30-26.3 Death or Disability. In the event of Employee's death or "Disability" (as defined below) during the Term, the Employee's employment shall automatically cease andterminate as of the date of Employee's death or the effective date of Employer's written notice to Employee of its decision to terminate his employment by reason of his Disability, as thecase may be, and Employee or his heirs or personal representative shall be entitled to the same payments and benefits, at the same times, as described in Section 6.2 for a termination ofemployment by Employer without Cause and all of Employee's stock options and any other equity awards based on Employer securities held by Employee at the time of his death orDisability shall immediately vest in full and shall remain exercisable thereafter for their full term. In addition, Employee or his heirs or personal representative shall be entitled to retain andhave full ownership of all electronic devices provided to Employee (including, without limitation, a computer, telephone and tablet); provided that all Employer confidential informationshall be deleted by Employer from such devices before releasing them to Employee or such heirs or personal representatives. Notwithstanding the foregoing or any provision of Section6.2, Employer's obligation to pay Employee the salary called for in Section 6.2 for the Severance Period following termination of his employment by reason of his Disability shall besubject to offset and shall be reduced by any and all amounts paid to Employee under any disability insurance policy paid or provided for by Employer as provided in Section 5.6 orotherwise. Employee's "Disability" shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in any policy of disability insurance maintained by Employer (or by Employee, as the case may be) withrespect to Employee or, if no such policy is then in effect, shall mean Employee's inability to fully perform his duties hereunder for any period of at least 75 consecutive days or for a totalof 90 days, whether or not consecutive.7. Confidentiality. While this Agreement is in effect and for a period of five years thereafter, Employee shall hold and keep secret and confidential all "trade secrets"(within the meaning of applicable law) and other confidential or proprietary information of Employer and shall use such information only in the course of performing Employee's dutieshereunder; provided, however, that with respect to trade secrets, Employee shall hold and keep secret and confidential such trade secrets for so long as they remain trade secrets underapplicable law. Employee shall maintain in trust all such trade secrets or other confidential or proprietary information, as Employer's property, including, but not limited to, all documentsconcerning Employer's business, including Employee's work papers, telephone directories, customer information and notes, and any and all copies thereof in Employee's possession orunder Employee's control. Upon the expiration or earlier termination of Employee's employment with Employer, or upon request by Employer, Employee shall deliver to Employer all suchdocuments belonging to Employer, including any and all copies in Employee's possession or under Employee's control.8. Equitable Remedies; Injunctive Relief. Employee hereby acknowledges and agrees that monetary damages are inadequate to fully compensate Employer for thedamages that would result from a breach or threatened breach of Section 7 of this Agreement and, accordingly, that Employer shall be entitled to equitable remedies, including, withoutlimitation, specific performance, temporary restraining orders, and preliminary injunctions and permanent injunctions, to enforce such Section without the necessity of proving actualdamages in connection therewith. This provision shall not, however, diminish Employer's right to claim and recover damages or enforce any other of its legal or equitable rights ordefenses.9. Indemnification; Insurance. Employer and Employee acknowledge that, as the Chief Financial Officer of the Employer, Employee shall be a corporate officer ofEmployer and, as such, Employee shall be entitled to indemnification to the full extent provided by Employer to its officers, directors and agents under the Employer's Certificate ofIncorporation and Bylaws as in effect as of the date of this Agreement. Employer shall maintain Employee as an additional insured under its current policy of directors and officersliability insurance and shall use commercially reasonable efforts to continue to insure Employee thereunder, or under any replacement policies in effect from time to time, during the Term.10. Severable Provisions. The provisions of this Agreement are severable and if any one or more provisions is determined to be illegal or otherwise unenforceable, inwhole or in part, the remaining provisions, and any partially unenforceable provisions to the extent enforceable, shall nevertheless be binding and enforceable.Exh 10.30-311. Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and shall be binding upon Employer, its successors and assigns and Employee and his heirsand representatives; provided, that this Agreement may be assigned by Employer to a successor (whether direct or indirect, by purchase, merger, consolidation or otherwise) to all orsubstantially all of the business or assets of Employer.12. Entire Agreement. This Agreement contains the entire agreement of the parties relating to the subject matter hereof, and the parties hereto have made noagreements, representations or warranties relating to the subject matter of this Agreement that are not set forth otherwise herein. This Agreement supersedes any and all prior orcontemporaneous agreements, written or oral, between Employee and Employer relating to the subject matter hereof. Any such prior or contemporaneous agreements are herebyterminated and of no further effect, and Employee, by the execution hereof, agrees that any compensation provided for under any such agreements is specifically superseded andreplaced by the provisions of this Agreement.13. Amendment. No modification of this Agreement shall be valid unless made in writing and signed by the parties hereto and unless such writing is made by anexecutive officer of Employer (other than Employee). The parties hereto agree that in no event shall an oral modification of this Agreement be enforceable or valid.14. Governing Law. This Agreement is and shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of California without giving effect to California'schoice-of-law rules.15. Notice. All notices and other communications under this Agreement shall be in writing and mailed, telecopied (in case of notice to Employer only) or delivered byhand or by a nationally recognized courier service guaranteeing overnight delivery to a party at the following address (or to such other address as such party may have specified bynotice given to the other party pursuant to this provision):If to Employer: CytRx Corporation11726 San Vicente Boulevard, Suite 650Los Angeles, California 90049Facsimile: (310) 826-5529Attention: Chief Executive Officer If to Employee: John Caloz[residential address] 16. Survival. Sections 7 through 16, 18 and 19 shall survive the expiration or termination of this Agreement.17. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original and all of which together shall be deemed to be oneand the same agreement. A counterpart executed and transmitted by facsimile shall have the same force and effect as an originally executed counterpart.18. Attorney's Fees. In any action or proceeding to construe or enforce any provision of this Agreement the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover its or hisreasonable attorneys' fees and other costs of suit (up to a maximum of $15,000) in addition to any other recoveries.19. No Interpretation of Ambiguities Against Drafting Party. This Agreement has been negotiated at arm's length between persons knowledgeable in the matters dealtwith herein. In addition, each party has been represented by experienced and knowledgeable legal counsel. Accordingly, the parties agree that any rule of law, including, but not limitedto, California Civil Code Section 1654 or any other statutes, legal decisions, or common law principles of similar effect, that would require interpretation of any ambiguities in thisAgreement against the party that has drafted it, is of no application and is hereby expressly waived. The provisions of this Agreement shall be interpreted in a reasonable manner toeffect the intentions of the parties hereto. [Signature Page Follows]Exh 10.30-4IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Agreement is executed as of the day and year first above written. "EMPLOYER" CytRx Corporation By: /s/ STEVEN A. KRIEGSMAN Steven A. Kriegsman Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer "EMPLOYEE" /s/JOHN Y. CALOZ John Y. Caloz Exh 10.30-5EXHIBIT AGENERAL RELEASE OF ALL CLAIMSThis General Release of All Claims is made as of _________, 20__ ("General Release"), by and between John Caloz ("Executive") and CytRx Corporation, a Delawarecorporation (the "Company"), with reference to the following facts:WHEREAS, this General Release is provided for in, and is in furtherance of, the Employment Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2017, between the Company and Executive (the"Employment Agreement");WHEREAS, Executive desires to execute and deliver to the Company this General Release in consideration of the Company's providing Executive with certain severancebenefits pursuant to Section 4 or Section 6.2, as applicable, of the Employment Agreement; andWHEREAS, Executive and the Company intend that this General Release shall be in full satisfaction of any and all obligations described in this General Release owed toExecutive by the Company, except as expressly provided in this General Release.NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the promises and the mutual covenants and agreements herein contained, Executive and the Company agree as follows:1. Executive, for himself, his spouse, heirs, administrators, children, representatives, executors, successors, assigns, and all other persons claiming through Executive, ifany (collectively, "Releasers"), does hereby release, waive, and forever discharge the Company and each of its agents, subsidiaries, parents, affiliates, related organizations, employees,officers, directors, attorneys, successors, and assigns (collectively, the "Releasees") from, and does fully waive any obligations of Releasees to Releasers for, any and all liability,actions, charges, causes of action, obligations, demands, damages, or claims for relief, remuneration, sums of money, accounts or expenses (including attorneys' fees and costs) of anykind whatsoever, whether known or unknown or contingent or absolute, which heretofore has been or which hereafter may be suffered or sustained, directly or indirectly, by Releasers inconsequence of, arising out of, or in any way relating to: (a) Executive's employment with and services to the Company or any of its affiliates; (b) the termination of Executive'semployment with and services to the Company and any of its affiliates; or (c) any event whatsoever occurring on or prior to the date of this General Release. The foregoing release anddischarge, waiver and covenant not to sue includes, but is not limited to, all claims and any obligations or causes of action arising from such claims, under common law including, butnot limited to, wrongful or retaliatory discharge, breach of contract (including but not limited to any claims under any employment agreement between Executive, on the one hand, andthe Company or its affiliates, on the other hand) and any action arising in tort including, but not limited to, libel, slander, defamation or intentional infliction of emotional distress, andclaims under any federal, state or local statute including the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA"), Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and1871 (42 U.S.C. § 1981), the National Labor Relations Act, the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, theRehabilitation Act of 1973, the California Fair Employment and Housing Act, the Family and Medical Leave Act, the California Family Rights Act or the discrimination or employmentlaws of any state or municipality, and any claims under any express or implied contract which Releasers may claim existed with Releasees. This also includes, but is not limited to, arelease of any claims for wrongful discharge and all claims for alleged physical or personal injury, emotional distress relating to or arising out of Executive's employment with or servicesto the Company or any of its affiliates or the termination of that employment or those services; and any claims under the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act, CaliforniaLabor Code Section 1400 et seq. or any similar law, which requires, among other things, that advance notice be given of certain work force reductions. This release and waiver does notapply to: (i) the Executive's rights to receive the compensation and benefits provided for in Section 4 or Section 6.2, as applicable, of the Employment Agreement: or (ii) Executive's rightsunder any stock option agreement between Executive and the Company.Exh 10.30-62. Executive understands and agrees that he is expressly waiving all rights afforded by Section 1542 of the Civil Code of the State of California ("Section 1542") withrespect to the Releasees. Section 1542 states as follows:A GENERAL RELEASE DOES NOT EXTEND TO CLAIMS WHICH THE CREDITOR DOES NOT KNOW OR SUSPECT TO EXIST IN HIS FAVOR AT THE TIME OF EXECUTING THERELEASE, WHICH IF KNOWN BY HIM MUST HAVE MATERIALLY AFFECTED HIS SETTLEMENT WITH THE DEBTOR.Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 1542, and for the purpose of implementing a full and complete release, Executive understands and agrees that this General Release isintended to include all claims, if any, which Executive may have and which he does not now know or suspect to exist in his favor against the Releasees and Executive understands andagrees that this Agreement extinguishes those claims.3. Excluded from this General Release and waiver are any claims which cannot be waived by law, including but not limited to the right to participate in an investigationconducted by certain government agencies. Executive, however, waives Executive's right to any monetary recovery should any agency (such as the Equal Employment OpportunityCommission or the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing) pursue any claims on Executive's behalf. Executive represents and warrants that Executive has not filed anycomplaint, charge or lawsuit against the Releasees with any government agency or any court.4. Executive agrees never to seek personal recovery from Releasees in any forum for any claim covered by the above waiver and release language, except that Executivemay bring a claim under the ADEA to challenge this General Release. Nothing in this General Release is intended to reflect any party's belief that Executive's waiver of claims underADEA is invalid or unenforceable, it being the intent of the parties that such claims are waived.5. Executive acknowledges and recites that:(a) Executive has executed this General Release knowingly and voluntarily;(b) Executive has read and understands this General Release in its entirety;(c) Executive acknowledges that he has been advised by his own legal counsel and has sought such other advice as he wishes with respect to the terms of this General Releasebefore executing it;(d) Executive's execution of this General Release has not been forced by any employee or agent of the Company, and Executive has had an opportunity to negotiate about theterms of this General Release; and(e) Executive has not sold, assigned, transferred or conveyed any claim, demand, right, action, suit, cause of action or other interest that is the subject matter of this GeneralRelease.6. This General Release shall be governed by the internal laws (and not the choice of laws) of the State of California, except for the application of preemptive Federallaw.Exh 10.30-77. Executive acknowledges that he is waiving his rights under the ADEA and the Older Worker's Benefit Protection Act and therefore, in compliance with thosestatutes, acknowledges the following: Executive acknowledges that he has been provided a minimum of twenty-one (21) calendar days after receipt of this Agreement to consider whether to sign it; Executive acknowledges that he shall have seven days from the date he executes this General Release to revoke his waiver and release of any ADEA claimsonly (but not his waiver or release hereunder of other claims) by providing written notice of the revocation to the Company, and that, in the event of such revocation, the provisions ofSection 4 or clauses (3) through (5) of Section 6.2, as applicable, of the Employment Agreement shall thereupon become null and void and the Company shall be entitled to a return fromExecutive of all payments to Executive pursuant to such clauses; Executive acknowledges that this waiver and release does not apply to any rights or claims that may arise under ADEA after the effective date of thisAgreement; and Executive acknowledges that the consideration given in exchange for this waiver and release Agreement is in addition to anything of value to which he wasalready entitled.PLEASE READ THIS AGREEMENT CAREFULLY. IT CONTAINS A RELEASE OF ALL KNOWN AND UNKNOWN CLAIMS.Dated: ___________________, 20__ John Y. CalozExh 10.30-8Schedule 1Description of DutiesThe duties of the Chief Financial Officer of CytRx Corporation (the "Company") shall include, but not be limited to, the following:·Accounting and finance departments·Budgeting·Cash management·Accounts payable and aging·Accounts receivable and aging·Posting of recurring accounting entries·Bank reconciliations·Vendor reconciliations·Monthly closings of company books of account·Monthly, quarterly and annual comparisons of actual vs. budgeted results of operations·Assisting in preparation of press releases regarding financial matters·Assisting in capital-raising and other financing transactions·Assisting in in-licensing, business acquisitions and other corporation transactions·Coding of income and expenditures·Payroll·Assisting in establishing and maintaining internal controls and procedures, including financial controls, and complying with the requirements of the Sarbanes-OxleyAct·Primary responsibility for audits of the company's financial statements and accounting-related disclosure in the company's SEC filings Exh 10.30-9Schedule 2Summary of Group Plans1. See CytRx Corporation Employee Handbook, Part II dated January 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference.Exh 10.30-10EXHIBIT 23.1CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMCytRx CorporationLos Angeles, CaliforniaWe hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (Nos. 333-208803, 333-215252 and 333-217184) and Form S-8 (Nos. 333-68200, 333-93305,333-123339, 333-163212 and 333-212934) of CytRx Corporation of our reports dated March 16, 2018, relating to the financial statements and financial statement schedule, and theeffectiveness of CytRx Corporation's internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10-K./s/ BDO USA, LLPLos Angeles, CaliforniaMarch 16, 2018Exhibit 31.1CERTIFICATIONSI, Steven A. Kriegsman, Chief Executive Officer of CytRx Corporation, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of CytRx Corporation;2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, inlight of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the periods covered by this annual report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition,results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e)and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure thatmaterial information relating to the registrant, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to providereasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accountingprinciples;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of thedisclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the periods covered by this report based on such evaluation; and(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (theregistrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financialreporting; and5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors andthe audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adverselyaffect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financialreporting. Date: March 16, 2018By:/s/ STEVEN A. KRIEGSMAN Steven A. Kriegsman Title: Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31.2CERTIFICATIONSI, John Y. Caloz, Chief Financial Officer of CytRx Corporation, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of CytRx Corporation;2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, inlight of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the periods covered by this annual report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition,results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e)and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure thatmaterial information relating to the registrant, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to providereasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accountingprinciples;(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of thedisclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the periods covered by this report based on such evaluation; and(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (theregistrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financialreporting; and5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors andthe audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adverselyaffect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financialreporting. Date: March 16, 2018By:/s/ JOHN Y. CALOZ John Y. Caloz Title: Chief Financial Officer Exhibit 32.1Certification of Chief Executive OfficerPursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officer of CytRx Corporation (the "Company") hereby certifies that:(i) the accompanying Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2017 (the "Report") fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: March 16, 2018By:/s/ STEVEN A. KRIEGSMAN Steven A. Kriegsman Title: Chief Financial Officer A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Section 906), or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwiseadopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to CytRx Corporation and will beretained by CytRx Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.The foregoing certification is being furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission as an Exhibit to the Form 10-K and shall not be considered filed as part of the Form 10-K.Exhibit 32.2Certification of Chief Financial OfficerPursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officer of CytRx Corporation (the "Company") hereby certifies that:(i) the accompanying Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2017 (the "Report") fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: March 16, 2018By:/s/ JOHN Y. CALOZ John Y. Caloz Title: Chief Financial Officer A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Section 906), or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwiseadopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to CytRx Corporation and will beretained by CytRx Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.The foregoing certification is being furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission as an Exhibit to the Form 10-K and shall not be considered filed as part of the Form 10-K.

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