Eaton
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

2018 Annual Report We make what matters work. At Eaton, we believe that power is a fundamental part of just about everything people do. Our innovative technologies are helping customers find new ways to manage electrical, hydraulic and mechanical power more efficiently, safely and sustainably. We’re focused on making a difference in the world – improving people’s lives, the communities where we live and work, and the planet our future generations depend on. Because this is what really matters. And we’re here to make sure it works. We make what matters work. Eaton.com/WhatMatters 2018 Financial Highlights NET SALES (Billions of dollars) $20.4 $21.6 $19.7 ADJUSTED EARNINGS PER ORDINARY SHARE (Dollars per share)1 $5.39 $4.65 $4.21 CASH FLOW FROM OPERATIONS (Billions of dollars)2 $3.0 $2.6 $2.7 NET-DEBT-TO-TOTAL- CAPITAL RATIO 33.5% 30.5% 27.8% 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 (In millions except for per share data) Net sales Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders Excluding acquisition integration charges (after-tax) Adjusted earnings Adjusted earnings excluding arbitration decision in 2018, and gain from sale of a business and income from Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in 20171 Net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders–diluted Excluding per share impact of acquisition integration charges (after-tax) Adjusted earnings per ordinary share Adjusted earnings per ordinary share excluding arbitration decision in 2018, and gain from sale of a business and income from Tax Cuts and Jobs Actin 20171 Weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding–diluted Cash dividends declared per ordinary share Total assets Total debt Eaton shareholders’ equity COMPANY STOCK PERFORMANCE 2018 $21,609 2,145 – $ 2,145 $ 2,351 $ 4.91 0.00 $ 4.91 $ 5.39 436.9 $ 2.64 $31,092 7,521 16,107 2017 $20,404 2,985 2 $ 2,987 $ 2,082 $ 6.68 0.00 $ 6.68 $ 4.65 447.0 $ 2.40 $32,623 7,751 17,253 2016 $19,747 1,916 3 $ 1,919 $ 1,919 $ 4.20 0.01 $ 4.21 $ 4.21 456.5 $ 2.28 $30,476 8,277 14,954 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 0 Eaton S&P 500 Index 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 This graph compares the cumulative total return to shareholders for Eaton and the S&P 500 Index on an initial $100 investment over the time period 2008 through 2018. The shareholder returns reflected on the graph assume dividends were reinvested as of the ex-dividend date. 1. Adjusted earnings of $2,145 for 2018 were $2,351 excluding $206 from the after-tax expense for an arbitration decision related to the legacy Cooper Industries business acquired in 2012. Net income and adjusted earnings per ordinary share of $4.91 for 2018 were $5.39 excluding $0.48 per share expense from the arbitration decision. Adjusted earnings of $2,987 for 2017 were $2,082 excluding $843 from the after-tax gain on the sale of the business related to the Eaton Cummins Automated Transmission Technologies (ECATT) joint venture and $62 of income from the United States Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). Net income and adjusted earnings per ordinary share of $6.68 for 2017 were $4.65 excluding $1.89 per share from the gain on the sale of the ECATT business and $0.14 per share of income from the TCJA. 2. Operating cash flows of $2,658 for 2018 would have been $2,955 excluding the $297 payment made for the arbitration decision related to the legacy Cooper Industries business acquired in 2012. 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 3 To our shareholders To our shareholders: When I became CEO of Eaton a few years ago, one of our first tasks was to decide the kind of company we wanted Eaton to be and the legacy we would leave behind. We began by modifying our vision. Today, the vision that guides us is our commitment to improve quality of life and the environment. It’s this emphasis on having a positive impact on the world, combined with a clear understanding of our responsibilities to shareholders, that propels our company forward. We’re keeping our commitments, and we’re making a difference for our customers, communities, shareholders, and employees. In this report, you’ll see why I am so proud of where we are today, and why I’m confident in our future. Meeting our financial commitments 2018 was a good year for Eaton. We generated 6 percent organic revenue growth, double the rate of the previous year. We delivered strong segment operating margins of 16.8 percent, up 100 basis points over 2017. Our earnings per share were $4.91, and excluding the impact of the arbitration decision, earnings per share were $5.39. This represents an increase of 16 percent over the prior year, excluding the gain in 2017 from the creation of the Eaton Cummins joint venture and 2017 income related to the U.S. tax bill. In addition, we achieved strong cash flow, making it possible to reinvest in our business and return $2.45 billion to shareholders through a combination of share buybacks and dividends. Investing for the future Last year, we also increased our focus on organic growth. We invested in technology leadership, strengthened our channel and created new strategic partnerships, and found ways to deliver superior value for our customers. Here are a few examples: • Electrical: We enhanced our cybersecurity program to provide our customers with increased protection against cyber threats. We also earned UL cybersecurity certifications for our labs in Pennsylvania and India – an industry first. And, we expanded partnerships with Microsoft, Cisco, EPRI, and Nissan as we continue to create intelligent and connected solutions for customers. • Aerospace: We began construction on our first aerospace manufacturing facility in India, which will allow us to better serve the growing Indian market. In addition, our Additive Manufacturing Center of Excellence earned a quality certification in 3D printing, enabling Eaton to supply 3D printed metal components to civil and military aerospace customers. 2018 4 EATON Fortune names Eaton one of the World’s Most Admired Companies, recognizing Eaton as an industry leader for social responsibility. Eaton receives ENERGY STAR 2018 Partner of the Year – Sustained Excellence Award demonstrating leadership in energy efficiency. Forbes names Eaton one of America’s Best Employers in 2018. • Hydraulics: We significantly expanded capacity at our Turkish hydraulic hose plant to reduce customer lead times, improve on-time delivery performance, and support share growth. Our new mobile valve technology, which provides unmatched precision and control in mobile equipment applications, was recognized by the industry as one of the most innovative advancements in the design engineering space. • Vehicle: We entered into a joint venture with Shaanxi Fast Gear to develop, manufacture, sell, and service light-duty manual transmissions. This will allow us to expand our presence in the growing Asia-Pacific, Eastern Europe, and Africa markets. In addition, we’ve expanded the use of our automotive advanced valvetrain solutions into commercial vehicle engine brakes and will start production with a major Chinese engine manufacturer this year. • eMobility: We are preparing to open our first eMobility production plant in China, which will further enable us to grow in the largest electric vehicle market in the world. We are also investing in our future and have created a new Center for Intelligent Power (CIP) in Dublin, Ireland. The CIP is an important part of our global engineering organization and is focused on developing new insights and business models that are tied to our proprietary data. Turning our aspirations into reality Meeting our financial commitments and investing for tomorrow’s growth are crucial, but we set our sights on achieving more. We’re continuing to make Eaton a great place to work, and the world a little better. Here’s more on what we are doing to achieve our aspirational goals. • We are making good on our commitment to be active stewards of the environment. We’re pleased to report that nearly 50 percent of our manufacturing facilities have achieved “Zero Waste to Landfill” status. We now offer 106 Energy Star certified products that help customers reduce their energy consumption and carbon footprint. We were also pleased to be named again to the FTSE4Good Index, which recognizes companies that demonstrate strong environmental, social, and governance practices. • We aspire to be a model of inclusion and diversity in our industry – and here, too, we are making progress. Several years ago, we established employee resource groups to promote awareness, respect, and inclusion within the workplace. Since that time, we’ve seen participation in these groups increase significantly. Additionally, we were recognized for the third straight year for our commitment to LGBTQ+ equality by the Human Rights Campaign, and as one of the best employers for diversity, new graduates, and women by Forbes. • We’re committed to the communities in which we live and work. Eaton has a long tradition of community involvement, and whether it’s refurbishing a local school in Indonesia, supporting an orphanage in Brazil, or revitalizing a neighborhood in Ohio, our employees are keeping that tradition alive. In 2018, we also provided $12 million in financial support to local community charitable activities. Our strategy is working, and our future is promising We’ve worked hard to transform Eaton into a new company– a power management company with leading businesses in their respective markets. As we look ahead to 2019, we continue to believe we have the right strategy in place to accelerate growth and deliver long-term value: • We will maintain our focus on strategic growth initiatives by developing technology leadership, growing our strategic partnerships, and delivering superior value for our customers. • We will continue to expand our margins by running our business better. This will require that we create world-class manufacturing facilities, deliver productivity improvements, and enhance our portfolio of products and businesses. • We will maintain our disciplined approach to allocating capital – investing to win in all our businesses, returning cash to shareholders through dividends and share buybacks, and being financially disciplined in the mergers and acquisitions market. In closing Our company is getting better, but we know our work is not done. We will continue to be led by our vision – to improve the quality of life and the environment. We are committed to achieving our financial goals and creating a stronger and more capable company. This will require that we excel at serving the interests of our customers, our employees, our communities, and our environment. And when we do these things well, our shareholders will be rewarded. We’re looking forward to the challenge. On behalf of our employees and partners, thank you for your confidence in Eaton. Sincerely, Craig Arnold Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Eaton Human Rights Campaign awards Eaton a perfect 100 percent score on the 2018 Corporate Equality Index, a national benchmarking survey and report on LGBTQ+ workplace equality. Eaton and Microsoft receive the 2018 Datacenter Dynamics’ Global Award for Mission Critical Innovation. Eaton recognized as FTSE4Good Index Series constituent. 2018 ANNUAL REPORT 5 A commitment to what matters We believe the success of a company should be measured by more than financial results – it should also be defined by its commitment to environmental stewardship, social responsibility and governance – also known as ESG. At Eaton, these elements are at the heart of what our company stands for. Our vision – to improve the quality of life and the environment through the use of power management products and services – guides our everyday decisions and actions, both big and small. While we’re proud of what we’ve been able to achieve so far, we know our work is not done. Reducing our environmental footprint The foundation of our commitment to be a responsible global citizen is to operate efficiently and sustainably, while producing products and services that allow our customers to do the same. We are proud to note that nearly 50 percent of our manufacturing sites have achieved “Zero Waste to Landfill” status, and we are working towards this goal at every Eaton manufacturing site. We have deployed solar power systems at many of our sites, generating 9.2 million kilowatt hours of renewable electricity per year. We also reduced our greenhouse gas emissions by 4.4 percent indexed to sales last year. And, we produce intelligent power management solutions, energy storage systems and microgrids that help customers reduce their environmental impact and improve the reliability of the electrical grid. Strengthening our workforce and communities We’re focused on creating an inclusive, safe and engaging workplace where every employee can make a difference. We increased the number of Inclusion Employee Resource Groups last year and saw membership in these groups grow to nearly 9,000 employees. We recognized 45 Eaton sites with exceptional safety performance through our Safety STAR awards. And, through Eaton University, we offered more than 2,500 courses and videos to support the professional development of our employees. We also care deeply about the communities where we live and work: we encourage our employees to take an active role in local causes important to them, and formally acknowledge the best among us through our annual Stover Award for Volunteerism. Last year, we provided $12 million in financial support for those causes, as well. Doing business right Our commitment to “doing business right” begins at the highest levels of our leadership and is brought to life each day through the actions of our employees. Our corporate governance policies establish a common set of expectations and governance practices that guide senior management and the Board of Directors. We’re proud of the fact that 50 percent of our Board of Directors represent diverse groups. Each year, we ask our directors and employees to recommit to our Code of Ethics, which defines the standards of ethical behavior we expect in everyday interactions with each other and external stakeholders. 6 EATON UNITED STATTT ES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 y For the year ended December 31, 2018 Commission file number 000-54863 EATOAA N CORPORATION AA plc (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Ireland (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 98-1059235 (IRS Employer Identification Number) Eaton House, 30 Pembroke Road, Dublin 4, Ireland (Address of principal executive offices) ff D04 Y0C2 (Zip code) +353 1637 2900 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Ordinary Shares ($0.01 par value) Name of each exchange on which registered The New York Stock Exchange Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes þ No o Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No þ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any,yy every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes þ No o Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer," “smaller reporting company,”yy and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer þ Smaller reporting company o Accelerated filer o Emerging growth company o Non-accelerated filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) If an emerging growth company,yy indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No þ The aggregate market value of Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates ff of the registrant as of June 30, 2018 was $32.4 billion. As of January 31, 2019, there were 423.6 million Ordinary Shares outstanding. Documents Incorporated By Reference Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2019 annual shareholders meeting are incorporated by reference into Part III. Part I TABLE OF CONTENTS Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Business ................................................................................................................................................................................................. Risk Factors ........................................................................................................................................................................................... Unresolved Staff Comments .................................................................................................................................................................. Properties ............................................................................................................................................................................................... Legal Proceedings.................................................................................................................................................................................. Mine Safety Disclosures ........................................................................................................................................................................ Part II Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Ordinary Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities............................................................................................................................................................... Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Selected Financial Data.......................................................................................................................................................................... Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations................................................................. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk................................................................................................................ Financial Statements and Supplementary Data...................................................................................................................................... Change in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.................................................................. Controls and Procedures ........................................................................................................................................................................ Other Information .................................................................................................................................................................................. Part III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance..................................................................................................................... Executive Compensation ....................................................................................................................................................................... Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ............................................. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ...................................................................................... Principal Accounting Fees and Services ................................................................................................................................................ Part IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules ............................................................................................................................................... Form 10-K Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................. SIGNATURES .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Item 16. 2 2 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 14 15 Item 1. Business. Part I Eaton Corporation plc (Eaton or the Company) is a power management company with 2018 net sales of $21.6 billion. The Company provides energy-efficient manage electrical, hydraulic and mechanical power more reliably,yy safely and sustainably. Eaton has approximately 99,000 employees in 59 countries and sells products to customers in more than 175 countries. solutions that help its customers effectively ff ff Eaton electronically files or furnishes reports pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and proxy and information statements, as well as any amendments to those reports. As soon as reasonably practicable, these reports are available free of charge through the Company's website at www.eaton.com. These filings are also accessible on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Business Segment Information Information by business segment regarding principal products, principal markets, methods of distribution and net sales is presented in Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Additional information regarding Eaton's segments and business is presented below. Electrical Products rr and Electrical Systems and Services Principal methods of competition in these segments are performance of products and systems, technology,yy customer service and support, and price. Eaton has a strong competitive position in these segments and, with respect to many products, is considered among the market leaders. In normal economic cycles, sales of these segments are historically lower in the first quarter and higher in the third and fourth quarters of a year. In 2018, 23% of these segments' sales were made to seven large distributors of electrical products and electrical systems and services. Hydraulics Principal methods of competition in this segment are product performance, geographic coverage, service, and price. Eaton has a strong competitive position in this segment and, with respect to many products, is considered among the market leaders. Sales of this segment are historically higher in the first and second quarters and lower in the third and fourth quarters of the year. In 2018, 11% of this segment's sales were made to four large original equipment manufacturers or distributors of agricultural, construction, and industrial equipment and parts. Aerospace rr Principal methods of competition in this segment are total cost of ownership, product and system performance, quality,yy design engineering capabilities, and timely delivery. Eaton has a strong competitive position in this segment and, with respect to many products and platforms, is considered among the market leaders. In 2018, 26% of this segment's sales were made to three large original equipment manufacturers of aircraft. Vehicle Principal methods of competition in this segment are product performance, technology,yy global service, and price. Eaton has a strong competitive position in this segment and, with respect to many products, is considered among the market leaders. In 2018, 61% of this segment's sales were made to nine large original equipment manufacturers of vehicles and related components. eMobility Principal methods of competition in this segment are product performance, technology,yy global service, and price. Eaton has a strong competitive position in this segment. In 2018, 19% of this segment's sales were made to four large original equipment manufacturers of vehicles, construction equipment and related components. Information Concerning Eaton's Business in General Raw Materials Eaton's major requirements for raw materials include iron, steel, copper, nickel, aluminum, brass, tin, silver, lead, titanium, rubber, plastic, electronic components, chemicals and fluids. Materials are purchased in various forms, such as extrusions, castings, powder metal, metal sheets and strips, forging billets, bar stock, and plastic pellets. Raw materials, as well as parts and other components, are purchased from many suppliers. Under normal circumstances, the Company has no difficulty its raw materials. In 2018, Eaton maintained appropriate levels of inventory to prevent shortages and did not experience any availability constraints. obtaining ff 2 Patents and Trademarks Eaton considers its intellectual property,yy including without limitation patents, trade names, domain names, trademarks, confidential information, and trade secrets to be of significant value to its business as a whole. The Company's products are manufactured, marketed and sold under a portfolio of patents, trademarks, licenses, and other forms of intellectual property,yy some of which expire in the future. Eaton develops and acquires new intellectual property on an ongoing basis and considers all of its intellectual property to be valuable. Based on the broad scope of the Company's product lines, management believes that on Eaton's consolidated financial the loss or expiration of any single intellectual property right would not have a material effect statements or its business segments. The Company's policy is to file applications and obtain patents for the majority of its novel and innovative new products including product modifications and improvements. ff rr Order Backlog A significant portion of open orders placed with Eaton are by original equipment manufacturers or distributors. These open orders are not considered firm as they have been historically subject to releases by customers. In measuring backlog orders, only the amount of orders to which customers are firmly committed are included. Using this criterion, total backlog at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $5.3 billion and $4.8 billion, respectively. Backlog should not be relied upon as being indicative of results of operations for future periods. Environmental rr Contingencies Operations of the Company involve the use and disposal of certain substances regulated under environmental protection laws. Eaton continues to modify processes on an ongoing, regular basis in order to reduce the impact on the environment, including the reduction or elimination of certain chemicals used in, and wastes generated from, operations. Compliance with laws that have been enacted or adopted regulating the discharge of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment, are not expected to have a material adverse effect upon earnings or the competitive position of the Company. Eaton's estimated capital expenditures for environmental control facilities are not expected to be material for 2019 and 2020. Information regarding the Company's liabilities related to environmental matters is presented in Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. ff Item 1A. Risk Factors. Among the risks that could materially adversely affect ff Eaton's businesses, financial condition or results of operations are the following: Volatility of end markets that Eaton serves. Eaton's segment revenues, operating results, and profitability have varied in the past and may vary from quarter to quarter in the future. Profitability can be negatively impacted by volatility in the end markets that Eaton serves. The Company has undertaken measures to reduce the impact of this volatility through diversification of the markets it serves and expansion of the geographic regions in which it operates. Future downturns in any of the markets could adversely affect results, and profitability. revenues, operating ff Eaton's operating results depend in part on continued successful research, development, and marketing of new and/or improved products and services, and there can be no assurance that Eaton will continue to successfully introduce new products and services or maintain its present market positions. The success of new and improved products and services depends on their initial and continued acceptance by Eaton's customers. The Company's businesses are affected, customer demand, which could result in unpredictable product transitions or shortened life cycles. Eaton may experience difficulties Eaton from recouping or realizing a return on the investments required to bring new products and services to market. The Company's market positions may also be impacted by new entrants into Eaton's product or regional markets. or delays in the research, development, production, or marketing of new products and services which may prevent to varying degrees, by technological change and corresponding shifts in ff ff Eaton's ability to attract, develop and retain executives and other qualified employees is crucial to the Company's results of operations and future growth. Eaton depends on the continued services and performance of key executives, senior management, and skilled personnel, particularly professionals with experience in its industry and business. Eaton cannot be certain that any of these individuals will continue his or her employment with the Company. A lengthy period of time is required to hire and develop replacement personnel when skilled personnel depart. An inability to hire, develop, and retain a sufficient could materially hinder the business by,yy for example, delaying Eaton's ability to bring new products to market or impairing the success of the Company's operations. number of qualified employees ff 3 Eaton's operations depend on production facilities throughout the world, which subjects them to varying degrees of risk of disrupted production. Eaton manages businesses with manufacturing facilities worldwide. The Company's manufacturing facilities and operations could be disrupted by a natural disaster, labor strike, war, political unrest, terrorist activity,yy economic upheaval, or public health concerns. Some of these conditions are more likely in certain geographic regions in which Eaton operates. Any such disruption could cause delays in shipments of products and the loss of sales and customers, and insurance proceeds may not adequately compensate for losses. If Eaton is unable to protect its information technology infrastructure against service interruptions, data corruption, cyber- based attacks or network security breaches, product or service offerings disrupted or data confidentiality lost. could be compromised or operations could be ff Eaton relies on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes and activities, including procurement, manufacturing, distribution, invoicing and collection. These technology networks and systems may be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases or components; power outages; hardware failures; or computer viruses. In addition, security breaches could result in unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. If these information technology systems suffer business continuity plans do not effectively ff results or the Company may suffer targeting the security,yy integrity and/or reliability of the hardware, software and information installed, stored or transmitted in our products, including after the purchase of those products and when they are incorporated into third party products, facilities or infrastructure. Such attacks could result in disruptions to third party systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information and corruption of data (our own or that of third parties). Further, to a significant extent, the security of our customers’ systems depends on how those systems are protected, configured, updated and monitored, all of which are typically outside our control. financial or reputational damage. Further,r Cyber-based risks could also include attacks resolve the issues in a timely manner, there could be a negative impact on operating severe damage, disruption, breach, or shutdown, and ff ff Eaton's global operations subject it to economic risk as Eaton's results of operations may be adversely affected in government legislation, regulations and policies and currency fluctuations. ff by changes Operating globally subjects Eaton to changes in government regulations and policies in a large number of jurisdictions around the world, including those related to tariffsff privacy,yy and exchange controls. Changes in the relative values of currencies occur from time to time and could affect operating results. While the Company monitors exchange rate exposures and attempts to reduce these exposures through operating results. hedging activities, these risks could adversely affect and trade barriers, investments, property ownership rights, taxation, data Eaton's ff ff Further, existing free trade laws and regulations provide certain beneficial duties and tariffsff for qualifying imports and exports, subject to compliance with the applicable classification and other requirements. Changes in laws or policies governing the terms of foreign trade, and in particular increased trade restrictions, tariffsff or taxes on imports from countries where we manufacture products could have an impact on our business and financial results. Eaton may be subject to risks relating to changes in its tax rates or exposure to additional income tax liabilities. Eaton is subject to income taxes in many jurisdictions around the world. Income tax liabilities are subject to the allocation tax rate could be affected of income among various tax jurisdictions. The Company's effective earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets, or changes in tax legislation, regulations, and policies. The amount of income taxes paid is subject to ongoing audits by tax authorities in the from amounts reserved, future financial results countries in which Eaton operates. If these audits result in assessments different may include unfavorable adjustments to the Company's tax liabilities. by changes in the mix among ff ff ff ff Eaton uses a variety of raw materials and components in its businesses, and significant shortages, price increases, or supplier insolvencies could increase operating costs and adversely impact the competitive positions of Eaton's products. Eaton's major requirements for raw materials are described above in Item 1 “Raw Materials”. Significant shortages could the prices Eaton's businesses are charged and the competitive position of their products and services, all of which could affect ff adversely affect ff operating results. Further, Eaton's suppliers of component parts may increase their prices in response to increases in costs of raw materials that they use to manufacture component parts. The Company may not be able to increase its prices commensurately with its increased costs, adversely affecting operating results. ff 4 Eaton may be unable to adequately protect its intellectual property rights, which could affect compete. ff the Company's ability to Protecting Eaton's intellectual property rights is critical to its ability to compete and succeed. The Company owns a large number of patents and patent applications worldwide, as well as trademark and copyright registrations that are necessary,yy and contribute significantly,yy to the preservation of Eaton's competitive position in various markets. Although management believes that the loss or expiration of any single intellectual property right would not have a material effect on the results of operations or financial position of Eaton or its business segments, there can be no assurance that any one, or more, of these patents and other intellectual property will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented by third parties. Eaton enters into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with the Company's employees, and into non-disclosure agreements with suppliers and appropriate customers, so as to limit access to and disclosure of proprietary information. These measures may not suffice deter misappropriation or independent third party development of similar technologies. to ff ff Eaton is subject to litigation and environmental regulations that could adversely impact Eaton's businesses. At any given time, Eaton may be subject to litigation, the disposition of which may have a material adverse effect ff on the Company's businesses, financial condition or results of operations. Information regarding current legal proceedings is presented in Note 9 and Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. Item 2. Properties. p Eaton's principal executive offices ff are located at Eaton House, 30 Pembroke Road, Dublin 4, Ireland D04 Y0C2. The Company maintains manufacturing facilities at approximately 284 locations in 42 countries. The Company is a lessee under a number of operating leases for certain real properties and equipment, none of which is material to its operations. Management believes that the existing manufacturing facilities are adequate for its operations and that the facilities are maintained in good condition. Item 3. Legal Proceedings. g g Information regarding the Company's current legal proceedings is presented in Note 9 and Note 10 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. y Not applicable. Part II Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Ordinary Equity,yy Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity y Securities. y q q y g The Company's ordinary shares are listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol ETN. At December 31, 2018, there were 12,846 holders of record of the Company's ordinary shares. Additionally,yy 18,972 current and former employees were shareholders through participation in the Eaton Savings Plan (ESP), Eaton Personal Investment Plan (EPIP), and the Eaton Puerto Rico Retirement Savings Plan. Information regarding equity-based compensation plans required by Regulation S-K Item 201(d) is provided in Item 12 of this Form 10-K Report. 5 Irish Taxesaa Applicable to Dividends Irish income tax may arise with respect to dividends paid on Eaton shares. Generally,yy shareholders who are not tax residents of Ireland and otherwise have no connection with Ireland other than his or her shareholding in Eaton, will not be subject to Irish income tax. However, in certain circumstances, Eaton will be required to deduct Irish dividend withholding tax (“IDWT”, currently at the rate of 20%) from dividends paid to its shareholders who are not Irish residents. In the majority of cases though, shareholders resident in the U.S. and certain other countries are exempt from IDWT. To establish exempt status, shareholders who qualify can complete certain Irish dividend withholding tax exemption forms or hold their shares in an account through the Depository Trust dividend. Company and have on file with their broker or qualifying agent a valid U.S. address on the record date of the rr Eaton shareholders who receive their dividends subject to Irish dividend withholding tax will generally have no further liability for Irish income tax on the dividends unless they are otherwise subject to Irish income tax. Issuer's Purchases of Equity Securities During the fourth quarter of 2018, 9.8 million ordinary shares were repurchased in the open market at a total cost of $700 million. Approximately 5.5 million of these shares were repurchased under the program approved by the Board on February 24, 2016. A summary of the shares repurchased in the fourth quarter of 2018 follows: Total number of shares purchased Average price paid per share Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (in millions) 1,455,792 3,998,803 4,388,605 9,843,200 $ $ $ $ 71.11 73.81 68.68 71.12 1,455,792 3,998,803 46,891 5,501,486 $ $ $ 298 3 — October November December Total Item 6. Selected Financial Data. Information regarding selected financial data is presented in the “Five-YearYY Consolidated Financial Summary” of this Form 10-K. Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. p y g Information required by this Item is presented in “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Form 10-K. 6 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk. Information regarding market risk is presented in “Market Risk Disclosure” of this Form 10-K. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. pp y The reports of the independent registered public accounting firm, consolidated financial statements, and notes to consolidated financial statements are presented in Item 15 of this Form 10-K. Information regarding selected quarterly financial information for 2018 and 2017 is presented in “Quarterly Data” of this Form 10-K. Item 9. Change in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. g g g None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures - Pursuant to SEC Rule 13a-15, an evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of Eaton's management, including Craig Arnold - Principal Executive Officer; Richard H. Fearon - Principal Financial Officer ff , of the effectiveness controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, Eaton's management concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure as of December 31, 2018. and ff ff ff Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in Company reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in Company reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company's Principal Executive Officer Principal Financial Officer , to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. and ff ff Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations adopted pursuant thereto, Eaton has included a report of management's assessment of the effectiveness included in Item 15 of this Form 10-K. ff of internal control over financial reporting, which is “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” relating to internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 is included in Item 15 of this Form 10-K. During the fourth quarter of 2018, there was no change in Eaton's internal control over financial reporting that materially ff affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, ff internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information. Disclosure Pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act Set forth below is a description of all matters reported by us pursuant to Section 219 of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 and Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act. Concurrently with the filing of this Annual Report, we are filing a notice pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act that such matters have been disclosed in this Annual Report. During the fourth quarter 2018, certain of our wholly-owned non-U.S. subsidiaries sold various products to customers in Iran. We received total revenue of approximately 820,559 Euros and realized net profits of approximately 268,547 Euros from the sales (approximately $933,380 and $305,470 in whole U.S. dollars, respectively). Eaton has determined not to take any future orders for sales to Iran. 7 Part III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. p Information required with respect to the directors of the Company is set forth under the caption “Election of Directors” in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed on or about March 15, 2019, and is incorporated by reference. A listing of executive officers, ff their ages, positions and offices ff held over the past five years, as of February 15, 2019, follows: Name Craig Arnold Richard H. Fearon Age Position (Date elected to position) 58 Chairman of Eaton Corporation plc (June 1, 2016 - present) Chief Executive Officer ff of Eaton Corporation (June 1, 2016 - present) Director of Eaton Corporation plc (September 1, 2015 - present) President and Chief Operating Officer ff of Eaton Corporation (September 1, 2015 - May 31, 2016) Vice Chairman and Chief Operating Officer ff - Industrial Sector of Eaton Corporation (February 1, 2009 - August 31, 2015) 62 Director of Eaton Corporation plc (September 1, 2015 - present) Vice Chairman and Chief Financial and Planning Officer ff of Eaton Corporation (April 24, 2002 - present) Uday Yadav 55 Chief Operating Officer ff - Industrial Sector of Eaton Corporation (September 1, 2015 - present) President of Aerospace Group of Eaton Corporation (August 1, 2012 - August 31, 2015) Heath B. Monesmith 48 Executive Vice President and General Counsel of Eaton Corporation (March 1, 2017 - present) Senior Vice President and Deputy General Counsel of Eaton Corporation (May 15, 2015 - March 1, 2017) Vice President and Chief Counsel - Litigation of Eaton Corporation (November 30, 2012 - May 15, 2015) Thomas E. Moran Ken D. Semelsberger 54 57 Senior Vice President and Secretary of Eaton Corporation plc (November 27, 2012 - present) Senior Vice President and Controller of Eaton Corporation (November 1, 2013 - present) Senior Vice President, Finance and Planning - Industrial Sector of Eaton Corporation (February 1, 2009 - October 31, 2013) Joao V. Faria 54 President - Vehicle Group of Eaton Corporation (May 1, 2017 - present) Vice President and General Manager, Latin America, Electrical Sector and President, Latin America (August 1, 2013 - April 30, 2017) President, Americas, Hydraulics Group (July 1, 2010 - July 31, 2013) Curtis J. Hutchins 53 President - Hydraulics Group of Eaton Corporation (August 1, 2015 - present) President - Asia Pacific Region of Eaton Corporation (September 1, 2009 - July 31, 2015) Nandakumar Cheruvatath 57 President - Aerospace Group of Eaton Corporation (September 1, 2015 - present) Executive Vice President, Eaton Business System (August 1, 2012 - August 31, 2015) 8 Richard M. Eubanks, Jr. (Mark) Brian S. Brickhouse 46 55 President - Electrical Products Group of Eaton Corporation (September 1, 2015 - present) President, Eaton Lighting Division (February 1, 2010 - August 31, 2015) President - Electrical Systems and Services Group of Eaton Corporation (July 1, 2018 - present) President, Asia Pacific Region, Electrical (May 15, 2015 - June 30, 2018) President, Power Quality Division, Electrical Sector - Americas (August 15, 2012 - May 14, 2015) There are no family relationships among the officers ff ff All officers which any of them were elected as officers. qualified, unless otherwise specified by the Board of Directors; provided, however, that any officer or without cause, at any time, by a vote of a majority of the Board of Directors. listed, and there are no arrangements or understandings pursuant to hold office for one year and until their successors are elected and ff is subject to removal with ff ff Information required with respect to compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act is set forth under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed on or about March 15, 2019, and is incorporated by reference. The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics, which applies to the directors, officers ff and employees worldwide. This document is available on the Company's website at http://www.eaton.com. There were no changes during the fourth quarter 2018 to the procedures by which security holders may recommend nominees to the Company's Board of Directors. Information related to the Audit Committee, and members of the Committee who are financial experts, is set forth under the caption “Board Committees - Audit Committee” in the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed on or about March 15, 2019, and is incorporated by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation. p Information required with respect to executive compensation is set forth under the caption “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed on or about March 15, 2019, and is incorporated by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. p y g Information required with respect to securities authorized for issuance under equity-based compensation plans is set forth under the caption “Equity Compensation Plans” in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed on or about March 15, 2019, and is incorporated by reference. Information required with respect to security ownership of certain beneficial owners, is set forth under the caption “Share Ownership Tables” reference. a in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed on or about March 15, 2019, and is incorporated by Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. p p Information required with respect to certain relationships and related transactions is set forth under the caption “Review of Related Person Transactions” in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed on or about March 15, 2019, and is incorporated by reference. Information required with respect to director independence is set forth under the caption “Director Independence” in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed on or about March 15, 2019, and is incorporated by reference. 9 Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services. p g Information required with respect to principal accountant fees and services is set forth under the caption “Audit Committee Report” in the Company's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed on or about March 15, 2019, and is incorporated by reference. Part IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules. (a) (1) The reports of the independent registered public accounting firm, consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements are included in Item 8 above: Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Statements of Income - Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity - Years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (2) All other schedules for which provision is made in Regulation S-X of the SEC are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and, therefore, have been omitted. (3) Exhibits incorporated by reference to or filed in conjunction with this form 10-K are listed below. 3 (i) 3 (ii) 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Certificate of Incorporation - Incorporated by reference to the Form S-8 filed November 30, 2012 Amended and restated Memorandum and Articles of Incorporation - Incorporated by reference to the Form 8- K Report filed on May 1, 2017 Indenture dated as of November 20, 2012, among Turlock Corporation, the guarantors named therein and The Company,yy N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Eaton Bank of New York Mellon Trust Corporation plc's Form 8-K Current Report filed on November 26, 2012 (Commission File No. 333-182303)) rr Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of November 30, 2012, among Eaton Corporation, the guarantors named therein and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust rr to Exhibit 4.2 of the registrant's Form S-4 filed on September 6, 2013) Company,yy N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference Supplemental Indenture No. 2, dated as of January 8, 2013, among Eaton Corporation, the guarantors named therein and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Exhibit 4.3 of the registrant's Form S-4 filed on September 6, 2013) Company,yy N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference to rr Supplemental Indenture No. 3, dated as of December 20, 2013, among Eaton Corporation, the guarantors named therein and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust rr to Exhibit 4.4 of the registrant's Form 10-K filed on February 28, 2018) Company,yy N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference Supplemental Indenture No. 4, dated as of December 20, 2017 and effective Eaton Corporation, the guarantors named therein and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 of the registrant's Form 10-K filed on February 28, 2018) as of January 1, 2018, among Company,yy N.A., as rr ff Supplemental Indenture No. 5, dated as of February 16, 2018, among Eaton Corporation, the guarantors rr named therein and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust to Exhibit 4.6 of the registrant's Form 10-K filed on February 28, 2018) Company,yy N.A., as trustee (incorporated by reference Pursuant to Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(4), Eaton agrees to furnish to the SEC, upon request, a copy of the instruments defining the rights of holders of its long-term debt other than those set forth in Exhibits (4.1 - 4.6) hereto 10 Material contracts (a) Senior Executive Incentive Compensation Plan (effective reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2012 ff February 27, 2013) - Incorporated by 10 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) Deferred Incentive Compensation Plan II - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2007 First Amendment to Deferred Incentive Compensation Plan II - Incorporated by reference to the Form S-8 filed November 30, 2012 Excess Benefits Plan II (2008 restatement) - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2007 First Amendment to Excess Benefits Plan II (2008 restatement) - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2012 Incentive Compensation Deferral Plan II - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2007 First Amendment to Incentive Compensation Deferral Plan II - Incorporated by reference to the Form S-8 filed November 30, 2012 Limited Eaton Service Supplemental Retirement Income Plan II - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2007 First Amendment to Limited Eaton Service Supplemental Retirement Income Plan II - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2012 Supplemental Benefits Plan II (2008 restatement) - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2007 First Amendment to Supplemental Benefits Plan II (2008 restatement) - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2012 Form of Restricted Share Unit Agreement - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2015 (m) Form of Restricted Share Award Agreement - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2015 (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) (t) (u) (v) (w) (x) (y) Form of Restricted Share Agreement (Non-Employee Directors) - Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K Report filed February 1, 2010 Form of Directors' Restricted Share Unit Agreement - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K report for the year ended December 31, 2012 Form of Stock Option Agreement for Executives - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2015 Form of Stock Option Agreement for Non-Employee Directors (2008) - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2007 Amended and Restated 2002 Stock Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form S-8 filed November 30, 2012 Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form S-8 filed November 30, 2012 Amended and Restated 2008 Stock Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form S-8 filed November 30, 2012 Second Amended and Restated 2009 Stock Plan - Incorporated by reference to Form S-8 filed November 30, 2012 Amended and Restated 2012 Stock Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form S-8 filed November 30, 2012 Amendment to Amended and Restated 2012 Stock Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2012 First Amendment to 2005 Non-Employee Director Fee Deferral Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form S-8 filed November 30, 2012 2013 Non-Employee Director Fee Deferral Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2012 11 (z) (aa) (bb) (cc) (dd) (ee) (ff)ff (gg) (hh) (ii) (jj) (kk) (ll) (mm) (nn) (oo) (pp) (qq) (rr) (ss) (tt) (uu) (vv) 2015 Stock Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form S-8 filed on October 30, 2015 Form of Change of Control Agreement entered into with officers Incorporated by reference to the Form 8-K Report filed on December 17, 2015 of Eaton Corporation - ff Form of Indemnification Agreement entered into with directors - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2012 Form of Indemnification Agreement II entered into with directors - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2012 Amended and Restated Executive Strategic Incentive Plan (amended and restated February 27, 2013) - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2012 Executive Strategic Incentive Plan II (effective Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2002 ff January 1, 2001) - Incorporated by reference to the Amended and Restated Supplemental Executive Strategic Incentive Plan (amended and restated February 27, 2013) - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2012 Deferred Incentive Compensation Plan (amended and restated effective Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2009 November 1, 2007) - ff Excess Benefits Plan (amended and restated effective to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2002 ff January 1, 1989) - Incorporated by reference Amendment to Excess Benefits Plan I - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2012 Supplemental Benefits Plan (amended and restated January 1, 1989) - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2002 Amendment to Supplemental Benefits Plan I - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2012 Eaton Corporation Board of Directors Policy on Incentive Compensation, Stock Options and Other Equity Grants upon the Restatement of Financial Results - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2015 Amended and Restated Grantor Trust Plans - effective ff ended December 31, 2010 January 1, 2010 - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year r Agreement for Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Fees Amended and Restated Grantor Trust effective ff December 31, 2010 r Agreement for Employees’ Deferred Compensation Plans - January 1, 2010 - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended Eaton Savings Plan 2016 Restatement - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2015 Eaton Personal Investment Plan 2015 Restatement - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2015 Performance Share Award Agreement - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2015 Form of Indemnification Agreement entered into with officers by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2015 ff of Eaton Corporation - Incorporated Amendment to Limited Eaton Service Supplemental Retirement Income Plan I- Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2015 First Amendment to Eaton Savings Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016 Second Amendment to Eaton Savings Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016 First Amendment to Eaton Personal Investment Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016 12 (ww) (xx) (yy) (zz) (aaa) (bbb) (ccc) (ddd) (eee) Second Amendment to Eaton Personal Investment Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10- K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016 Amendment to Eaton Corporation Excess Benefits Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016 Amendment to Eaton Corporation Supplemental Benefits Plan - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016 Second Amendment to Eaton Corporation Excess Benefits Plan II - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016 Second Amendment to Limited Eaton Service Supplemental Retirement Income Plan II - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016 Second Amendment to Eaton Corporation Supplemental Benefits Plan II - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016 2016 RSU Grant Agreement - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016 2016 Performance Share Grant Agreement - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016 Special 2016 Performance Share Grant Agreement - Incorporated by reference to the Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2016 Code of Ethics - Incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement filed on March 14, 2008 Subsidiaries of Eaton Corporation plc - Filed in conjunction with this Form 10-K Report * Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Filed in conjunction with this Form 10-K Report * Power of Attorney - Filed in conjunction with this Form 10-K Report * Certification of Principal Executive Officer 302) - Filed in conjunction with this Form 10-K Report * ff (Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Section Certification of Principal Financial Officer 302) - Filed in conjunction with this Form 10-K Report * ff (Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Section Certification of Principal Executive Officer Section 906) - Filed in conjunction with this Form 10-K Report * ff (Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Certification of Principal Financial Officer Section 906) - Filed in conjunction with this Form 10-K Report * ff (Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, XBRL Instance Document * XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document * XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document * XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document * XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document * XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document * 14 21 23 24 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 101.INS 101.SCH 101.CAL 101.DEF 101.LAB 101.PRE _______________________________ * Submitted electronically herewith. Attached as Exhibit 101 to this report are the following formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2018 and 2017, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, (v) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2018. 13 Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.yyy Not applicable. 14 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. AA SIGNATURES EATOAA N CORPORATION Registrant AA p plc Date: February 27, 2019 By: /s/ Richard H. Fearon Richard H. Fearon (On behalf of the registrant and as Principal Financial Officer) ff Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated. Date: February 27, 2019 Signature Title * Craig Arnold /s/ Ken D. Semelsberger Ken D. Semelsberger Chairman, Principal Executive Officer; Director ff /s/ Richard H. Fearon Richard H. Fearon * Principal Financial Officer , Director ff Principal Accounting Officer ff Todd M. Bluedorn Director * Christopher M. Connor Director * Charles E. Golden * Deborah L. McCoy * Sandra Pianalto * Director Director Director Dorothy C. Thompson Director * Michael J. Critelli Director * Arthur E. Johnson Director /s/ Gregory R. Page Gregory R. Page Director * Gerald B. Smith Director *By /s/ Richard H. Fearon Richard H. Fearon, Attorney-in-Fact for the officers ff and directors signing in the capacities indicated 15 REPORTRR OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Eaton Corporation plc Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Eaton Corporation plc (“the Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly,yy in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1923. Cleveland, Ohio February 27, 2019 16 MANAGEMENT'S REPORTRR ON FINANCIAL STATTT EMENTS We have prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related information of Eaton Corporation plc ("Eaton") included herein for the three years ended December 31, 2018. The primary responsibility for the integrity of the financial information included in this annual report rests with management. The financial information included in this annual report has been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States based on our best estimates and judgments and giving due consideration to materiality. The opinion of Ernst & Young LLP,PP Eaton's independent registered public accounting firm, on those consolidated financial statements is included herein. Eaton has high standards of ethical business practices supported by the Eaton Code of Ethics and corporate policies. Careful attention is given to selecting, training and developing personnel, to ensure that management's objectives of establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls and unbiased, uniform reporting standards are attained. Our policies and procedures provide reasonable assurance that operations are conducted in conformity with applicable laws and with the Company's commitment to a high standard of business conduct. The Board of Directors pursues its responsibility for the quality of Eaton's financial reporting primarily through its Audit Committee, which is composed of five independent directors. The Audit Committee meets regularly with management, the internal auditors and the independent registered public accounting firm to ensure that they are meeting their responsibilities and to discuss matters concerning accounting, internal control, audits and financial reporting. The internal auditors and independent registered public accounting firm have full and free access to senior management and the Audit Committee. /s/ Craig Arnold Principal Executive Officer ff /s/ Richard H. Fearon ff Principal Financial Officer /s/ Ken D. Semelsberger ff Principal Accounting Officer February 27, 2019 17 REPORTRR OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Eaton Corporation plc Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited Eaton Corporation plc’s (“the Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, ff effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 and the related notes and our report dated February 27, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion ff internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal of the effectiveness Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. ff We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. ff Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. ff Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. ff Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. ff /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Cleveland, Ohio February 27, 2019 18 MANAGEMENT'S REPORTRR ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING RR The management of Eaton Corporation plc ("Eaton") is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act rules 13a-15(f)). Under the supervision and with the participation of Eaton's management, including our principal executive officer ff and ff , we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness principal financial officer reporting as of December 31, 2018. In conducting this evaluation, we used the framework set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Based on this evaluation under the framework referred to above, management concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective of the Company's internal control over financial as of December 31, 2018. ff ff The independent registered public accounting firm Ernst & Young LLP has issued an audit report on the effectiveness ff of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. This report is included herein. /s/ Craig Arnold Principal Executive Officer ff /s/ Richard H. Fearon ff Principal Financial Officer /s/ Ken D. Semelsberger ff Principal Accounting Officer February 27, 2019 19 EATOAA N CORPORATION CONSOLIDATEDAA AA STATTT EMENTS OF INCOME plc (In millions except for per share data) Net sales Cost of products sold Selling and administrative expense Research and development expense Interest expense - net Gain on sale of business Arbitration decision expense Other (income) expense - net Income before income taxes Income tax expense Net income Less net income for noncontrolling interests Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders Net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders Diluted Basic Weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding Diluted Basic Year ended December 31 2018 2017 2016 $ 21,609 $ 20,404 $ 19,747 14,511 3,548 584 271 — 275 (4) 2,424 278 2,146 (1) 13,756 3,526 584 246 1,077 — 1 3,368 382 2,986 (1) 13,396 3,464 587 233 — — (51) 2,118 199 1,919 (3) 2,145 $ 2,985 $ 1,916 $ 4.91 4.93 $ 6.68 6.71 4.20 4.21 436.9 434.3 447.0 444.5 456.5 455.0 $ $ Cash dividends declared per ordinary share $ 2.64 $ 2.40 $ 2.28 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 20 EATOAA N CORPORATION CONSOLIDATEDAA AA STATTT EMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME plc (In millions) Net income Less net income for noncontrolling interests Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Currency translation and related hedging instruments Pensions and other postretirement benefits Cash flow hedges Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders Year ended December 31 2018 2017 2016 $ 2,146 $ 2,986 $ 1,919 (1) 2,145 (1) 2,985 (3) 1,916 (609) (139) 7 (741) 807 241 (4) 1,044 (570) (6) (9) (585) Total comprehensive income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders $ 1,404 $ 4,029 $ 1,331 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 21 EATOAA N CORPORATION CONSOLIDATEDAA AA BALANCE SHEETS plc (In millions) Assets Current assets Cash Short-term investments Accounts receivable - net Inventory Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property,yy plant and equipment Land and buildings Machinery and equipment Gross property,yy plant and equipment Accumulated depreciation Net property,yy plant and equipment Other noncurrent assets Goodwill Other intangible assets Deferred income taxes Other assets Total assets Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Current liabilities Short-term debt Current portion of long-term debt Accounts payable Accrued compensation Other current liabilities Total current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Long-term debt Pension liabilities Other postretirement benefits liabilities Deferred income taxes Other noncurrent liabilities Total noncurrent liabilities Shareholders’ equity Ordinary shares (423.6 million outstanding in 2018 and 439.9 million in 2017) Capital in excess of par value Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Shares held in trust Total Eaton shareholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 22 December 31 2018 2017 $ $ $ $ $ $ 283 157 3,858 2,785 507 7,590 2,466 6,106 8,572 (5,105) 3,467 13,328 4,846 293 1,568 31,092 414 339 2,130 457 1,814 5,154 6,768 1,304 321 349 1,054 9,796 4 12,090 8,161 (4,145) (3) 16,107 35 16,142 $ 31,092 $ 561 534 3,943 2,620 679 8,337 2,491 6,014 8,505 (5,003) 3,502 13,568 5,265 253 1,698 32,623 6 578 2,166 453 1,872 5,075 7,167 1,226 362 538 965 10,258 4 11,987 8,669 (3,404) (3) 17,253 37 17,290 32,623 EATOAA N CORPORATION CONSOLIDATEDAA AA STATTT EMENTS OF CASH FLOWS plc (In millions) Operating activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile to net cash provided by operating activities Depreciation and amortization Deferred income taxes Pension and other postretirement benefits expense Contributions to pension plans Contributions to other postretirement benefits plans Gain on sale of businesses Changes in working capital Accounts receivable - net Inventory Accounts payable Accrued compensation Accrued income and other taxes Other current assets Other current liabilities Other - net Net cash provided by operating activities Investing activities Capital expenditures for property,yy plant and equipment Proceeds from sale of business Sales (purchases) of short-term investments - net Payments for settlement of currency exchange contracts not designated as hedges - net Other - net Net cash used in investing activities Financing activities Proceeds from borrowings Payments on borrowings Cash dividends paid Exercise of employee stock options Repurchase of shares Employee taxes paid from shares withheld Other - net Net cash used in financing activities ff Effect of currency on cash Total increase (decrease) in cash Cash at the beginning of the period Cash at the end of the period The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 23 Year ended December 31 2018 2017 2016 $ 2,146 $ 2,986 $ 1,919 903 (115) 159 (126) (25) — (123) (242) 23 23 (31) 71 144 (149) 2,658 (565) — 355 (110) (78) (398) 410 (574) (1,149) 29 (1,271) (24) (2) 914 (206) 208 (473) (20) (843) (231) (202) 388 59 (4) 2 (203) 291 2,666 (520) 607 (298) — (6) (217) 1,000 (1,554) (1,068) 66 (850) (22) (14) 929 (83) 235 (262) (30) — (170) 34 — 20 30 (21) (44) 13 2,570 (497) — (40) — 8 (529) 631 (653) (1,037) 74 (730) (18) (5) (2,581) (2,442) (1,738) 43 (278) 561 283 $ 11 18 543 561 $ (28) 275 268 543 $ EATOAA N CORPORATION CONSOLIDATEDAA AA STATTT EMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY plc (In millions) Shares Dollars Ordinary shares Capital in excess of par value Accumulated other comprehensive loss Retained earnings Shares held in trust Total Eaton shareholders' equity Noncontrolling interests Total equity Balance at January 1, 2016 458.8 $ Net income Other comprehensive loss, net of tax Cash dividends paid Issuance of shares under equity- based compensation plans - net (net of income tax benefit of $1) Changes in noncontrolling interest of consolidated subsidiaries - net Repurchase of shares Balance at December 31, 2016 Cumulative-effect ff adoption of ASU 2016-09 adjustment upon Net income Other comprehensive income, net of tax Cash dividends paid Issuance of shares under equity- based compensation plans Changes in noncontrolling interest of consolidated subsidiaries - net — — 2.4 — (11.8) 449.4 — — — 2.0 — Repurchase of shares Balance at December 31, 2017 (11.5) 439.9 Cumulative-effect ff adoption of ASU 2014-09 adjustment upon Cumulative-effect ff adoption of ASU 2016-16 adjustment upon Net income Other comprehensive loss, net of tax Cash dividends paid Issuance of shares under equity- based compensation plans Changes in noncontrolling interest of consolidated subsidiaries - net — — — — 1.2 — Repurchase of shares Balance at December 31, 2018 (17.5) 423.6 $ 5 — — — — — 5 — — — — — (1) 4 — — — — — — — 4 $ 11,701 $ 7,409 $ (3,863) $ (3) $ 15,249 $ — — 144 — — 11,845 — — 1,916 (1,037) (3) — (730) 7,555 48 2,985 — (1,068) 142 — — 11,987 — — — — 103 — — (2) — (849) 8,669 (2) (199) 2,145 (1,149) (3) — (1,300) — (585) — — — — (4,448) — — 1,044 — — — — — — — — — (3) — — — — — — 1,916 (585) (1,037) 141 — (730) 14,954 48 2,985 1,044 (1,068) 140 — (850) (3,404) (3) 17,253 — — — (741) — — — — — — — — — — — (2) (199) 2,145 (741) (1,149) 100 — (1,300) $ 12,090 $ 8,161 $ (4,145) $ (3) $ 16,107 $ 45 3 $15,294 1,919 (585) (2) (1,039) — (2) — 44 — 1 141 (2) (730) 14,998 48 2,986 1,044 (5) (1,073) — (3) — 37 — — 1 140 (3) (850) 17,290 (2) (199) 2,146 (741) (1) (1,150) — (2) 100 (2) — (1,300) 35 $16,142 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. 24 EATOAA N CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATEDAA plc AA FINANCIAL STATTT EMENTS Amounts are in millions unless indicated otherwise (per share data assume dilution). Note 1. SUMMARYRR OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES General Information and Basis of Presentation Eaton Corporation plc (Eaton or the Company) is a power management company with 2018 net sales of $21.6 billion. The Company provides energy-efficient manage electrical, hydraulic and mechanical power more reliably,yy safely and sustainably. Eaton has approximately 99,000 employees in 59 countries and sells products to customers in more than 175 countries. solutions that help its customers effectively ff ff The consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. Preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and notes. Actual results could estimates and assumptions that affect differ ff statements were filed with the Securities Exchange Commission. from these estimates. Management has evaluated subsequent events through the date the consolidated financial ff The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Eaton and all subsidiaries and other entities it controls. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. The equity method of accounting is used for investments in associate companies where the Company has significant influence and generally a 20% to 50% ownership interest. Equity investments are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the book value of the investment exceeds fair value. An impairment would exist if there is an other-than-temporary decline in value. Income from equity investments is reported in Other (income) expense - net. Eaton does not have off-balance unconsolidated entities. In the ordinary course of business, the Company leases certain real properties and equipment, as described in Note 9. sheet arrangements or financings with ff Eaton's functional currency is United States Dollars (USD). The functional currency for most subsidiaries is their local currency. Financial statements for these subsidiaries are translated at year-end exchange rates as to assets and liabilities and weighted-average exchange rates as to revenues and expenses. The resulting translation adjustments are recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss. During the first quarter of 2018, Eaton re-segmented certain reportable operating segments due to a reorganization of the Company's businesses. The new reportable business segment is eMobility (which includes certain legacy Electrical Products and Vehicle product lines). For reportable segments that were re-segmented, previously reported segment financial information has been updated for 2016 and 2017. See Note 16 for additional information related to these segments. Adoption of New Accounting Standards Eaton adopted Accounting Standard Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, at the start of the first quarter of 2018 using the modified retrospective approach and recorded a cumulative effect based on the current terms and conditions for open contracts as of January 1, 2018. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated financial statements. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect adjustment to retained earnings for those periods. ff ff Consolidated Balance Sheet Assets Accounts receivable - net Prepaid expenses and other current assets Deferred income taxes LLiabilities and shareholders' equity Other current liabilities Eaton shareholders' equity 25 Balance at December 31, 2017 Adjustments due to ASU 2014-09 Balance at January 1, 2018 $ 3,943 $ (99) $ 3,844 679 253 129 1 808 254 $ 1,872 $ 17,253 33 $ (2) 1,905 17,251 Eaton adopted Accounting Standards Update 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (ASU 2016-16), at the start of the first quarter of 2018. This accounting standard requires companies to recognize the income tax of intercompany sales and transfers of assets other than inventory in the period in which the transfer occurs. The ff effects previous accounting standard required companies to defer the income tax effects of intercompany transfers of assets by recording a prepaid tax, until such assets were sold to an outside party or otherwise recognized. ASU 2016-16 requires companies to write offff any income tax amounts that had been deferred as prepaid taxes from past intercompany transactions, and record deferred tax balances for amounts that have not been recognized, through a cumulative-effect earnings. Upon adoption, the Company recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment of $199 to reduce retained earnings. ff ff ff adjustment to retained Eaton adopted Accounting Standards Update 2017-07, Compensation - Retirement Benefits (TopicTT 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost (ASU 2017-07), at the start of the first quarter of 2018. The new standard requires companies to present service costs consistent with other employee compensation costs on the income statement and separate from all other elements of pension costs. The retrospective adoption of this standard resulted in an increase in Selling and administrative expense with a corresponding increase in Other income - net of $6 for the year ended December 31, 2018, a reduction in Selling and administrative expense with a corresponding decrease in Other income - net of $39 for the year ended December 31, 2017, and a reduction in Cost of products sold, Selling and administrative expense, and Research and development expense with a corresponding decrease in Other income - net of $56 for the year ended December 31, 2016. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Revenue Recognition Sales are recognized when control of promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Control is transferred when the customer has the ability to direct the use of and obtain benefits from the goods or services. The majority of the Company’s sales agreements contain performance obligations satisfied at a point in time when control is transferred to the customer. Sales recognized over time are generally accounted for using an input measure to determine progress completed at the end of the period. Sales for service contracts generally are recognized as the services are provided. For agreements with multiple performance obligations, judgment is required to determine whether performance obligations specified in these agreements are distinct and should be accounted for as separate revenue transactions for recognition purposes. In these types of agreements, we generally allocate sales price to each distinct obligation based on the price of each item sold in separate transactions. Payment terms vary by the type and location of the customer and the products or services offered. ff Generally,yy the time between when revenue is recognized and payment is due is not significant. Eaton does not evaluate whether the selling price includes a financing interest component for contracts that are less than a year. Sales, value added, and other taxes collected concurrent with revenue are excluded from sales. Shipping and handling costs are treated as fulfillment costs and are included in Cost of products sold. Eaton records reductions to sales for returns, and customer and distributor incentives, primarily comprised of rebates, at the time of the initial sale. Rebates are estimated based on sales terms, historical experience, trend analysis, and projected market conditions in the various markets served. The rebate programs offered Eaton serves, but the most common incentives relate to amounts paid or credited to customers for achieving defined volume levels. Returns are estimated at the time of the sale primarily based on historical experience and recorded gross on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. See Note 4 for additional information. vary across businesses due to the numerous markets ff Goodwill and Indefinite Life Intangible Assets Goodwill is evaluated annually for impairment as of July 1 using either a quantitative or qualitative analysis. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is equivalent to Eaton's operating segments and based on the net assets for each segment, including goodwill and intangible assets. Goodwill is assigned to each operating segment, as this represents the lowest level that constitutes a business and is the level at which management regularly reviews the operating results. The Company performs a quantitative analysis using a discounted cash flow model and other valuation techniques, but may elect to perform a qualitative analysis. Additionally,yy goodwill is evaluated for impairment whenever an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of an operating segment is less than its carrying amount. 26 The annual goodwill impairment test was performed using a qualitative analysis in 2018 and 2017 and a quantitative analysis in 2016. A qualitative analysis is performed by assessing certain trends and factors, including projected market outlook and growth rates, forecasted and actual sales and operating profit margins, discount rates, industry data, and other relevant qualitative factors. These trends and factors are compared to, and based on, the assumptions used in the most recent quantitative analysis performed for each reporting unit. The results of the qualitative analyses did not indicate a need to perform quantitative analysis. Goodwill impairment testing was also performed using a quantitative analysis for the Electrical Products, Vehicle and eMobility segments in the first quarter of 2018 due to a reorganization of the Company's businesses resulting in the creation of the eMobility segment. The Company used the relative fair value method to reallocate goodwill among these reporting units. Quantitative analyses were performed by estimating the fair value for each reporting unit using a discounted cash flow model, which considered forecasted cash flows discounted at an estimated weighted-average cost of capital. The forecasted cash flows were based on the Company's long-term operating plan and a terminal value was used to estimate the operating segment's cash flows beyond the period covered by the operating plan. The weighted-average cost of capital is an estimate of the overall after-tax rate of return required by equity and debt market holders of a business enterprise. These analyses require the exercise of significant judgments, including judgments about appropriate discount rates, perpetual growth rates and the timing of expected cash flows of the respective reporting unit. Sensitivity analyses were performed around these assumptions in order to assess the reasonableness of the assumptions and the resulting estimated fair values. Based on these analyses performed in 2018 and 2017, the fair value of Eaton's reporting units continue to substantially exceed their respective carrying amounts and thus, no impairment exists. Indefinite life intangible assets consist of certain trademarks. They are evaluated annually for impairment as of July 1 using either a quantitative or qualitative analysis to determine whether their fair values exceed their respective carrying amounts. Indefinite life intangible asset impairment testing for 2018 and 2017 was performed using a quantitative analysis. The Company determines the fair value of these assets using a royalty relief methodology similar to that employed when the associated assets were acquired, but using updated estimates of future sales, cash flows and profitability. Additionally,yy indefinite life intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired. For 2018 and 2017, the fair value of indefinite lived intangible assets exceeded the respective carrying value. For additional information about goodwill and other intangible assets, see Note 6. Other Long-Lived Assets Depreciation and amortization for property,yy plant and equipment, and intangible assets subject to amortization, are generally computed by the straight-line method and included in Cost of products sold, Selling and administrative expense, and Research and development expense, as appropriate. Cost of buildings are depreciated generally over 40 years and machinery and equipment over 3 to 10 years. At December 31, 2018, the weighted-average amortization period for intangible assets subject to amortization was 17 years for patents and technology; 17 years for customer relationships; and 17 years for certain trademarks. Software is generally amortized up to a life of 15 years. Other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Upon indications of impairment, assets and liabilities are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. The asset group would be considered impaired when the estimated future net undiscounted cash flows generated by the asset group are less than its carrying value. Determining asset groups and underlying cash flows requires the use of significant judgment. Retirement Benefits Plans For the principal pension plans in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom, the Company uses a market-related value of plan assets to calculate the expected return on assets used to determine net periodic benefit costs. The market-related value of plan assets is a calculated value that recognizes changes in the fair value of plan assets over a five year period. All other plans use fair value of plan assets. Net actuarial gains or losses are amortized to expense on a plan-by-plan basis when they exceed the accounting corridor. The Company’s corridors are set at either 8% or 10%, depending on the plan, of the greater of the plan assets or benefit obligations. Gains or losses outside of the corridor are subject to amortization over an average employee future service period that differs by plan, but is approximately 11 years on a weighted average basis. If most or all of the plan’s participants are no longer actively accruing benefits, the average life expectancy is used. ff 27 Asset Retirement Obligations A conditional asset retirement obligation is recognized at fair value when incurred if the fair value of the liability can be reasonably estimated. Uncertainty about the timing or method of settlement of a conditional asset retirement obligation would be considered in the measurement of the liability when sufficient information exists. Eaton believes that for substantially all of its asset retirement obligations, there is an indeterminate settlement date because the range of time over which the Company may settle the obligation is unknown or cannot be estimated. A liability for these obligations will be recognized when sufficient information is available to estimate fair value. ff ff Income Taxes Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference basis of the respective assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates in effect reverse. Deferred income tax assets are recognized for income tax loss carryforwards and income tax credit carryforwards. Judgment is required in determining and evaluating income tax provisions and valuation allowances for deferred income tax assets. Eaton recognizes an income tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. Eaton evaluates and adjusts these accruals based on changing facts and circumstances. Eaton recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized income tax benefits in the provision for income tax expense. For additional information about income taxes, see Note 10. ff ff ff for the year when the differences between the financial statement and tax are expected to Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities Eaton uses derivative financial instruments to manage the exposure to the volatility in raw material costs, currency,yy and interest rates on certain debt. These instruments are marked to fair value in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the fair value of derivative assets or liabilities (i.e., gains or losses) are recognized depending upon the type of hedging relationship and whether an instrument has been designated as a hedge. For those instruments that qualify for hedge accounting, Eaton designates the hedging instrument, based upon the exposure being hedged, as a cash flow hedge, a fair value hedge, or a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation. Changes in fair value of these instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognized immediately in net income. See Note 14 for additional information about hedges and derivative financial instruments. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases (TopicTT 842), (ASU 2016-02). This accounting standard requires that a lessee recognize a lease asset and a lease liability on its balance sheet for all leases, including operating leases. ASU 2016-02 will require additional disclosures in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. Eaton adopted the standard, and related amendments, in the first quarter of 2019 using the optional transition method and will not restate prior periods. The Company elected to use the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which among other things, allowed the carry forward of historical lease classification of existing leases. The Company made an accounting policy election to not recognize lease assets or liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less. Additionally,yy when accounting for leases, the Company combines payments for leased assets, related services and other components of a lease. The Company is in the final stage of assessing the impact of adopting the standard. The Company collected the lease data required by the new standard, and has identified and is implementing the appropriate changes to business processes and controls to support recognition and disclosure under the new standard. In the first quarter of 2019, Eaton plans to conclude its adjustment of less testing of the new third-party lease accounting system. The Company expects to record a cumulative-effect than $1 to retained earnings as of January 1, 2019. Additionally,yy the adoption of the new standard will result in the recording of lease assets and lease liabilities for operating leases in the range of approximately $400 to $500 as of January 1, 2019. The Company does not expect the new standard to have a material impact to the Consolidated Statements of Income or Cash Flows. ff 28 Note 2. SALE AND ACQUISITION OF BUSINESSES Agreement rr to acquirerr controlling rr rr interest of Ulusoy Elektrik Imalat Taahhut ve Ticaretrr A.S. On January 31, 2019, Eaton reached a definitive agreement to acquire an 82.275% controlling interest in Ulusoy Elektrik Imalat Taahhut ve Ticaret A.S., a leading manufacturer of electrical switchgear based in Ankara, Turkey,yy with a primary focus on medium voltage solutions for industrial and utility customers. Its sales for the 12 months ended September 30, 2018 were $126. The purchase price for the shares is approximately $214 on a cash and debt free basis. As required by the Turkish capital for the remaining shares shortly after markets legislation, Eaton plans to file an application to execute a mandatory tender offer the transaction closes. The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals. ff Sale of heavy-duty and medium-duty commercial rr vehicle automated transmission business On July 31, 2017, Eaton sold a 50% interest in its heavy-duty and medium-duty commercial vehicle automated transmission AA business for $600 in cash to Cummins, Inc. The new joint venture is named Eaton Cummins Automated Transmission Technologies (ECATT). In 2017, the Company recognized a pre-tax gain of $1,077, of which $533 related to the pre-tax gain from the $600 proceeds from the sale and $544 related to the Company’s remaining 50% investment in the joint venture being remeasured to fair value. The after-tax gain was $843. The fair value is based on the price paid to Eaton for the 50% interest sold to Cummins, Inc. and further supported by a discounted cash flow model. Eaton accounts for its investment on the equity method of accounting. Note 3. ACQUISITION INTEGRATION AA CHARGES Eaton incurs integration charges related to acquired businesses. A summary of these charges follows: Electrical Products Electrical Systems and Services Total acquisition integration charges before income taxes Income taxes Total after income taxes Per ordinary share - diluted 2018 2017 2016 $ $ $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 4 — 4 2 2 $ $ 3 1 4 1 3 — $ 0.01 Business segment acquisition integration charges in 2017 related to the integration of Ephesus Lighting, Inc. (Ephesus), which was acquired in 2015. The charges associated with Ephesus were included in Selling and administrative expense. Business segment acquisition integration charges in 2016 related to the integration of Ephesus and Oxalis Group Ltd. (Oxalis), which was acquired in 2015. The charges associated with Ephesus were included in Cost of products sold and Selling and administrative expense, while the charges associated with Oxalis were included in Cost of products sold. In Business Segment Information in Note 16, the charges reduced Operating profit of the related business segment. Note 4. REVENUE RECOGNITION Sales are recognized when obligations under the terms of the contract are satisfied and control of promised goods or services have transferred to our customers. Sales are measured at the amount of consideration the Company expects to be paid in exchange for these products or services. The majority of the Company’s sales agreements contain performance obligations satisfied at a point in time when title and risk and rewards of ownership have transferred to the customer. Sales recognized over time are less than 5% of Eaton’s Consolidated Net Sales. Sales recognized over time are generally accounted for using an input measure to determine progress completed at the end of the period. Sales for service contracts generally are recognized as the services are provided. For agreements with multiple performance obligations, judgment is required to determine whether performance obligations specified in these agreements are distinct and should be accounted for as separate revenue transactions for recognition purposes. In these types of agreements, we generally allocate sales price to each distinct obligation based on the price of each item sold in separate transactions. Due to the nature of the work required to be performed for obligations recognized over time, Eaton estimates total costs by contract. The estimate of total costs are subject to judgment. Estimated amounts are included in the recognized sales price to the extent it is not probable that a significant reversal of cumulative sales will occur. Additionally,yy contracts can be modified to account for changes in contract specifications, requirements or sale price. The effect of a contract modification on the sales price or adjustments to the measure of completion under the input method are recognized as adjustments to revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis. ff 29 Payment terms vary by the type and location of the customer and the products or services offered. ff Generally,yy the time between when revenue is recognized and when payment is due is not significant. Eaton does not evaluate whether the selling price includes a financing interest component for contracts that are less than a year. Sales, value added, and other taxes collected concurrent with revenue are excluded from sales. Shipping and handling costs are treated as fulfillment costs and are included in Cost of products sold. Eaton records reductions to sales for returns, and customer and distributor incentives, primarily comprised of rebates, at the time of the initial sale. Rebates are estimated based on sales terms, historical experience, trend analysis, and projected market conditions in the various markets served. The rebate programs offered Eaton serves, but the most common incentives relate to amounts paid or credited to customers for achieving defined volume levels. Returns are estimated at the time of the sale primarily based on historical experience and are recorded gross on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. vary across businesses due to the numerous markets ff Sales commissions are expensed when the amortization period is less than a year and are generally not capitalized as they are typically earned at the completion of the contract when the customer is invoiced or when the customer pays Eaton. Sales of products and services varies by segment and are discussed in Note 16. In the Electrical Products segment, sales contracts are primarily for electrical components, industrial components, residential products, single phase power quality,yy emergency lighting, fire detection, wiring devices, structural support systems, circuit protection, and lighting products. These sales contracts are primarily based on a customer’s purchase order followed by our order acknowledgement, and may also include a master supply or distributor agreement. In this segment, performance obligations are generally satisfied at a point in time either when we ship the product from our facility,yy or when it arrives at the customer’s facility. In the Electrical Systems and Services segment, sales contracts are primarily for power distribution and assemblies, three phase power quality,yy hazardous duty electrical equipment, intrinsically safe explosion-proof instrumentation, utility power distribution, power reliability equipment, and services. The majority of the sales contracts in this segment contain performance obligations satisfied at a point in time either when we ship the product from our facility,yy or when it arrives at the customer’s facility; however, certain power distribution and power quality services are recognized over time. Many of the products and services in power distribution and power quality services meet the definition of continuous transfer of control to customers and are recognized over time. These products are engineered to a customer’s design specifications, have no alternative use to Eaton, and are controlled by the customer as evidenced by the customer’s contractual ownership of the work in process or our right to payment for work performed to date plus a reasonable margin. As control is transferring over time, sales are recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the obligation. Eaton generally uses an input method to determine the progress completed and sales are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. Incurred cost represent work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. In the Hydraulics segment, sales contracts are primarily for hydraulic components and systems for industrial and mobile equipment. These sales contracts are primarily based on a customer’s purchase order. In this segment, performance obligations are generally satisfied at a point in time when we ship the product from our facility. In the Aerospace segment, sales contracts are primarily for aerospace fuel, hydraulics, and pneumatic systems for commercial and military use. These sales contracts are primarily based on a customer’s purchase order, and frequently covered by terms and conditions included in a long-term agreement. In this segment, performance obligations are generally satisfied at a point in time either when we ship the product from our facility,yy or when it arrives at the customer’s facility. Our military contracts are primarily fixed-price contracts that are not subject to performance-based payments or progress payments from the customer. In the Vehicle segment, sales contracts are primarily for drivetrains, powertrain systems and critical components that reduce emissions and improve fuel economy,yy stability,yy performance, and safety of cars, light trucks and commercial vehicles. These sales contracts are primarily based on a customer’s purchase order or a blanket purchase order subject to firm releases, frequently covered by terms and conditions included in a master supply agreement. In this segment, performance obligations are generally satisfied at a point in time either when we ship the product from our facility,yy or when it arrives at the customer’s facility. In the eMobility segment, sales contracts are primarily for electronic and mechanical components and systems that improves the power management and performance of both on-road and off-road based on a customer’s purchase order. In this segment, performance obligations are generally satisfied at a point in time either when we ship the product from our facility,yy or when it arrives at the customer’s facility. vehicles. These sales contracts are primarily ff 30 In limited circumstances, primarily in the Electrical and Vehicle segments, Eaton sells separately-priced warranties that extend the warranty coverage beyond the standard coverage offered on specific products. Sales for these separately-priced ff warranties are recorded based on their stand-alone selling price and are recognized as revenue over the length of the warranty period. The Company’s six operating segments and the following tables disaggregate sales by lines of businesses, geographic destination, market channel or end market. Net sales Electrical Products Electrical Systems and Services Hydraulics Aerospace Vehicle eMobility Total Year ended December 31, 2018 United States Rest of World Total $ 4,112 $ 3,012 $ 3,936 1,190 2,088 1,566 7,124 6,024 2,756 Original Equipment Manufacturers Aftermarket, Distribution and End User $ $ 1,085 $ 811 1,896 Commercial Passenger and Light Duty 1,759 $ 1,730 3,489 320 $ 21,609 The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (revenue recognized exceeds amount billed to the customer), and deferred revenue (advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized). Accounts receivables from customers were $3,402 and $3,399 at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals or upon achievement of contractual milestones. These assets and liabilities are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. Unbilled receivables were $94 and $117 at December 31, 2018 and January 1, 2018, respectively,yy and are recorded in Prepaid expenses and other current assets. The decrease in unbilled receivables was primarily due to billings to customers for amounts previously recognized as revenue, partially offset by revenue recognized and not yet billed. ff Changes in the deferred revenue liabilities are as follows: Balance at January 1, 2018 Customer deposits and billings Revenue recognized in the period Translation Balance at December 31, 2018 Deferred Revenue $ $ 227 967 (939) (7) 248 A significant portion of open orders placed with Eaton are by original equipment manufacturers or distributors. These open orders are not considered firm as they have been historically subject to releases by customers. In measuring backlog of unsatisfied or partially satisfied obligations, only the amount of orders to which customers are firmly committed are included. Using this criterion, total backlog at December 31, 2018 was approximately $5.3 billion. Eaton expects to recognize approximately 87% of this backlog in the next twelve months and the rest thereafter. 31 Impact of new accounting standard In accordance with the new revenue accounting requirements, the impact of the adoption on the financial statement line items within the accompanying consolidated financial statements was as follows: Year ended December 31, 2018 Consolidated Statements of Income Net sales Cost of products sold Income before income taxes Income tax expense Net income As Reported Adjustment $ 21,609 $ (30) $ 14,511 2,424 278 2,146 (20) (10) (2) (8) Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders $ 2,145 $ (8) $ Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 21,579 14,491 2,414 276 2,138 2,137 Balances without Adoption of ASC 606 December 31, 2018 As Reported Adjustment $ 3,858 $ 2,785 507 293 $ 60 18 (109) (1) 3,918 2,803 398 292 $ $ 1,814 16,142 $ $ (26) $ (6) $ 1,788 16,136 Consolidated Balance Sheets Assets Accounts receivable - net Inventory Prepaid expenses and other current assets Deferred income taxes Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Other current liabilities Eaton shareholders' equity Note 5. RESTRUCTURING CHARGES During 2015, Eaton announced its commitment to undertake actions to reduce its cost structure in all business segments and at corporate. The multi-year initiative concluded at the end of 2017. A summary of liabilities related to workforce reductions, plant closings and other associated costs announced as part of this program follows: Workforce reductions Plant closing and other Total Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 113 $ Liability recognized Payments Other adjustments Balance at December 31, 2017 Payments Other adjustments 57 (102) (1) 67 (36) (17) Balance at December 31, 2018 $ 14 $ 32 1 59 (39) (16) 5 (4) — 1 $ $ 114 116 (141) (17) 72 (40) (17) 15 Note 6. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE TT ASSETS Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment follow: Electrical Products Electrical Systems and Services Hydraulics Aerospace Vehicle eMobility Total December 31, 2016 $ 6,418 $ 4,203 1,221 938 342 79 13,201 $ $ Goodwill written offff from sale of business — $ (3) — — (52) — (55) $ A summary of other intangible assets follows: Intangible assets not subject to amortization Trademarks Intangible assets subject to amortization Customer relationships Patents and technology Trademarks Other Total intangible assets subject to amortization $ $ $ Translation December 31, 2017 Translation December 31, 2018 260 $ 6,678 $ (116) $ 6,562 111 36 9 4 2 422 $ 4,311 1,257 947 294 81 13,568 $ (70) (45) (6) (2) (1) (240) $ 4,241 1,212 941 292 80 13,328 2018 2017 Historical cost Accumulated amortization Historical cost Accumulated amortization 1,626 $ 1,654 3,463 $ 1,600 $ 3,586 $ 1,475 1,329 1,032 92 646 419 31 1,395 1,137 99 628 473 30 5,916 $ 2,696 $ 6,217 $ 2,606 Amortization expense related to intangible assets subject to amortization in 2018, and estimated amortization expense for each of the next five years, follows: 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 $ 368 357 352 341 332 283 33 Note 7. DEBT A summary of long-term debt, including the current portion, follows: 5.60% notes due 2018 ($415 converted to floating rate by interest rate swap) 4.215% Japanese yen notes due 2018 6.95% notes due 2019 ($300 converted to floating rate by interest rate swap) 3.875% debentures due 2020 ($150 converted to floating rate by interest rate swap) 3.47% notes due 2021 ($275 converted to floating rate by interest rate swap) 8.10% debentures due 2022 ($100 converted to floating rate by interest rate swap) 2.75% senior notes due 2022 ($1,400 converted to floating rate by interest rate swap) 3.68% notes due 2023 ($200 converted to floating rate by interest rate swap) 0.75% euro notes due 2024 6.50% debentures due 2025 3.10% senior notes due 2027 7.65% debentures due 2029 ($50 converted to floating rate by interest rate swap) 4.00% senior notes due 2032 5.45% debentures due 2034 ($25 converted to floating rate by interest rate swap) 5.80% notes due 2037 4.15% senior notes due 2042 3.92% senior notes due 2047 5.25% to 8.875% notes (maturities ranging from 2019 to 2035, including $50 converted to floating rate by interest rate swap) Other Total long-term debt Less current portion of long-term debt Long-term debt less current portion $ $ 2018 2017 — $ — 300 239 300 100 1,600 300 629 145 700 200 700 136 240 1,000 300 203 15 7,107 (339) 6,768 $ 450 88 300 239 300 100 1,600 300 659 145 700 200 700 136 240 1,000 300 239 49 7,745 (578) 7,167 Substantially all these long-term debt instruments are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on an unsubordinated, unsecured basis by Eaton and certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries (the Senior Notes). Further, as of December 31, 2018 all of these long-term debt instruments except the 3.875% debentures due 2020, the 3.47% notes due 2021, the 3.68% notes due 2023, and the 0.75% Euro notes due 2024 are registered by Eaton Corporation under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Registered Senior Notes). The Company maintains long-term revolving credit facilities totaling $2,000, consisting of a $500 three-year revolving credit facility that will expire November 17, 2020, a $750 five-year revolving credit facility that will expire October 14, 2021, and a $750 five-year revolving credit facility that will expire November 17, 2022. The revolving credit facilities are used to support commercial paper borrowings and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Eaton and certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries on an unsubordinated, unsecured basis. There were no borrowings outstanding under Eaton's revolving credit facilities at December 31, 2018 or 2017. The Company had available lines of credit of $1,079 from various banks primarily for the issuance of letters of credit, of which there was $265 of letters of credit issued thereunder at December 31, 2018. Borrowings outside the United States are generally denominated in local currencies. The Company repaid the 5.60% notes on May 15, 2018 for $450 and the 4.215% Japanese yen notes on December 17, 2018 for $88. The Company repaid the 5.30% notes on March 15, 2017 for $250, the 6.10% debentures on June 29, 2017 for $289 and the 1.50% senior notes on November 2, 2017 for $1,000. Short-term debt of $414 at December 31, 2018 included $388 of short-term commercial paper in the United States, which had a weighted average interest rate of 2.97%, and $26 of short-term debt outside the United States. 34 On September 15, 2017, a subsidiary of Eaton issued senior notes (the 2017 Senior Notes) with a face amount of $1,000. The 2017 Senior Notes are comprised of two tranches of $700 and $300, which mature in 2027 and 2047, respectively,yy with interest payable semi-annually at a respective rate of 3.1% and 3.9%. The issuer received proceeds totaling $993 from the issuance, net of financing costs. The 2017 Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on an unsubordinated, unsecured basis by Eaton and certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries. The 2017 Senior Notes contain customary optional redemption and par call provisions. The 2017 Senior Notes also contain a provision which upon a change of control requires the Company to make an offer to purchase all or any part of the 2017 Senior Notes at a purchase price of 101% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest. The capitalized deferred financing fees are amortized in Interest expense-net over the respective terms of the 2017 Senior Notes. The 2017 Senior Notes are subject to customary non-financial covenants. ff Eaton is in compliance with each of its debt covenants for all periods presented. Maturities of long-term debt for each of the next five years follow: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Interest paid on debt follows: 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 339 241 302 1,701 301 313 293 266 Note 8. RETIREMENT BENEFITS PLANS Eaton has defined benefits pension plans and other postretirement benefits plans. Obligations and Funded Status Funded status Fair value of plan assets Benefit obligations Funded status Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Non-current assets Current liabilities Non-current liabilities Total Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss (pretax) Net actuarial (gain) loss Prior service cost (credit) Total United States pension liabilities Non-United States pension liabilities Other postretirement liabilities 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 $ $ $ 3,068 $ 3,585 $ 1,560 $ 1,727 $ 37 $ (3,633) (3,961) (2,285) (2,399) (378) (565) $ (376) $ (725) $ (672) $ (341) $ — $ (20) (545) 82 $ 58 $ 136 $ (15) (443) (24) (759) (25) (783) — $ (20) (321) $ (565) $ (376) $ (725) $ (672) $ (341) $ 55 (448) (393) — (31) (362) (393) $ $ 1,153 7 1,160 $ $ 1,059 4 1,063 $ $ 683 27 710 $ $ 596 8 604 $ $ (20) $ (32) (52) $ 19 (46) (27) 35 Change in Benefit Obligations Balance at January 1 Service cost Interest cost Actuarial (gain) loss Gross benefits paid Currency translation Plan amendments Other Balance at December 31 Accumulated benefit obligation Change in Plan Assets Balance at January 1 Actual return on plan assets Employer contributions Gross benefits paid Currency translation Other Balance at December 31 United States pension liabilities Non-United States pension liabilities Other postretirement liabilities 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 $ 3,961 $ 3,771 $ 2,399 $ 2,314 $ 448 $ 473 100 122 (272) (282) — 4 — 96 123 271 (301) — 1 — 63 52 (16) (112) (124) 21 2 71 55 (148) (97) 223 — (19) 2 13 (39) (67) (4) — 25 3 14 2 (74) 3 — 27 $ $ 3,633 3,506 $ $ 3,961 3,802 $ $ 2,285 2,175 $ $ 2,399 $ 378 $ 448 2,283 United States pension liabilities Non-United States pension liabilities Other postretirement liabilities 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 $ 3,585 $ 2,969 $ 1,727 $ 1,478 $ (252) 17 (282) — — 543 374 (301) — — (72) 109 (112) (93) 1 131 99 (97) 135 (19) $ 3,068 $ 3,585 $ 1,560 $ 1,727 $ $ 55 — 25 74 8 20 (67) (74) — 24 37 $ — 27 55 The components of pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets at December 31 follow: Projected benefit obligation Accumulated benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets United States pension liabilities Non-United States pension liabilities 2018 2017 2018 2017 $ 3,633 $ 3,540 $ 3,506 3,068 3,380 3,081 $ 905 853 158 966 911 175 Changes in pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss follow: United States pension liabilities Non-United States pension liabilities Other postretirement liabilities 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 Balance at January 1 $ 1,063 $ 1,235 $ 604 $ 779 $ (27) $ Prior service cost arising during the year Net loss (gain) arising during the year Currency translation Less amounts included in expense during the year Net change for the year Balance at December 31 4 233 — (140) 97 1 (28) — (145) (172) $ 1,160 $ 1,063 $ 21 161 (35) (41) 106 710 36 — (185) 66 (56) (175) — (36) (2) 13 (25) (39) — (2) 1 13 12 $ 604 $ (52) $ (27) Benefits Expense United States pension benefit expense 2016 2017 2018 Non-United States pension benefit expense 2016 2017 2018 Other postretirement benefits expense 2017 2016 2018 Service cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization $ $ $ $ 100 122 (253) 94 63 $ 96 123 (244) 83 58 111 125 (250) 92 78 63 52 (105) 39 49 $ 71 55 (94) 51 83 $ 63 62 (92) 33 66 $ 2 13 (3) (13) (1) $ 3 14 (4) (13) — Settlements and special termination benefits Total expense 46 109 $ 62 120 $ 81 159 $ $ 2 51 $ 5 88 $ 3 69 $ — — (1) $ — $ 4 17 (6) (9) 6 1 7 The components of retirement benefits expense other than service costs are included in Other (income) expense - net. The estimated pretax net amounts that will be recognized from Accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic benefit cost in 2019 follow: Actuarial loss Prior service cost (credit) Total United States pension liabilities Non-United States pension liabilities Other postretirement liabilities $ $ 113 1 114 $ $ 36 3 39 $ $ — (14) (14) Retirement Benefits Plans Assumptions For purposes of determining liabilities related to pension plans and other postretirement benefits plans in the United States, in 2016 and 2017, the Company used 2014 mortality tables and generational improvement scales that are based on MP-2016 and MP-2017, respectively. In 2018, for the majority of its plans in the United States, the Company updated its mortality assumption to use tables that are based on the Company's own experience and a generational improvement scale that is based on MP-2018. To estimate the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit cost for the vast majority of its defined benefits pension and other postretirement benefits plans, the Company used a spot rate approach by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period to the relevant projected cash flows. 37 Pension Plans United States pension plans 2017 2016 2018 Non-United States pension plans 2017 2018 2016 Assumptions used to determine benefit obligation at year-end Discount rate Rate of compensation increase 4.28% 3.64% 4.12% 2.83% 2.62% 2.63% 3.14% 3.15% 3.15% 3.10% 3.11% 3.13% Assumptions used to determine expense Discount rate used to determine benefit obligation Discount rate used to determine service cost Discount rate used to determine interest cost Expected long-term return on plan assets Rate of compensation increase 3.64% 4.12% 4.22% 2.62% 2.63% 3.46% 3.78% 4.31% 4.35% 3.54% 3.38% 4.13% 3.19% 3.40% 3.42% 2.31% 2.34% 3.07% 7.52% 7.90% 8.50% 6.40% 6.30% 6.62% 3.15% 3.15% 3.18% 3.11% 3.13% 3.12% The expected long-term rate of return on pension assets was determined for each country and reflects long-term historical data taking into account each plan's target asset allocation. The expected long-term rates of return on pension assets for United States pension plans and Non-United States pension plans for 2019 are 7.25% and 6.42%, respectively. The discount rates were determined using appropriate bond data for each country. rr Other Postretir ement rr Benefits Plans Substantially all of the obligation for other postretirement benefits plans relates to United States plans. Assumptions used to determine other postretirement benefits obligations and expense follow: Other postretirement benefits plans 2017 2016 2018 Assumptions used to determine benefit obligation at year-end Discount rate Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year Ultimate health care cost trend rate Year ultimate health care cost trend rate is achieved Assumptions used to determine expense Discount rate used to determine benefit obligation Discount rate used to determine service cost Discount rate used to determine interest cost Initial health care cost trend rate Ultimate health care cost trend rate Year ultimate health care cost trend rate is achieved 4.23% 3.55% 3.96% 7.10% 8.25% 7.35% 4.75% 4.75% 4.75% 2026 2027 2028 3.55% 3.96% 4.04% 3.62% 4.11% 4.26% 3.04% 3.18% 3.12% 8.25% 7.35% 7.10% 4.75% 4.75% 4.75% 2025 2026 2027 Assumed health care cost trend rates may have a significant effect ff on the amounts reported for the health care plans. A 1- percentage point change in the assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects: ff ff Effect on total service and interest cost ff Effect on other postretirement liabilities 1% increase 1% decrease $ $ 1 11 — (10) 38 Employer Contributions to Retirement Benefits Plans Contributions to pension plans that Eaton expects to make in 2019, and made in 2018, 2017 and 2016, follow: United States plans Non-United States plans Total contributions 2019 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 20 96 116 $ $ 17 109 126 $ $ 374 99 473 $ $ 160 102 262 The following table provides the estimated pension and other postretirement benefit payments for each of the next five years, and the five years thereafter in the aggregate. For other postretirement benefits liabilities, the expected subsidy receipts related to the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 would reduce the gross payments listed below. Estimated other postretirement benefit payments Estimated United States pension payments Estimated non-United States pension payments $ $ 299 291 296 297 294 1,440 86 88 90 94 98 539 Gross $ Medicare prescription drug subsidy $ 40 36 32 33 30 126 (2) (2) (1) — — (2) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 - 2028 Pension Plan Assets Investment policies and strategies are developed on a country specific basis. The United States plans, representing 66% of worldwide pension assets, and the United Kingdom plans representing 27% of worldwide pension assets, are invested primarily for growth, as the majority of the assets are in plans with active participants and ongoing accruals. In general, the plans have their primary allocation to diversified global equities, primarily through index funds in the form of common collective and other trusts. The United States plans' target allocation is 25% United States equities, 25% non-United States equities, 8% real estate (primarily equity of real estate investment trusts), 37% debt securities and 5% other, including hedge funds, private equity and cash equivalents. The United Kingdom plans' target asset allocations are 62% equities and the remainder in debt securities, cash equivalents and real estate investments. The equity risk for the plans is managed through broad geographic diversification and diversification across industries and levels of market capitalization. The majority of debt allocations for these plans are longer duration government and corporate debt. The United States, United Kingdom and Canada pension plans are authorized to use derivatives to achieve more economically desired market exposures and to use futures, swaps and options to gain or hedge exposures. Fair Value Measurements Financial instruments included in pension and other postretirement benefits plan assets are categorized into a fair value hierarchy of three levels, based on the degree of subjectivity inherent in the valuation methodology as follows: Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets in active markets. Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset, either directly or indirectly,yy for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 - Unobservable prices or inputs. Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy and are being presented in the tables to permit a reconciliation to total plan assets. 39 Pension Plans A summary of the fair value of pension plan assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017, follows: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Total Other observable inputs (Level 2) Unobservable inputs (Level 3)1 2018 Common collective trusts Non-United States equity and global equities $ 612 $ United States equity Fixed income Fixed income securities United States treasuries Bank loans Real estate Equity securities Cash equivalents Exchange traded funds Other Common collective and other trusts measured at net asset value Money market funds measured at net asset value 50 483 721 261 107 202 51 152 60 90 1,834 5 — $ — — — 261 — 181 51 104 60 — 612 $ 50 483 721 — 107 — — 48 — 15 — — — — — — 21 — — — 75 Total pension plan assets $ 4,628 $ 657 $ 2,036 $ 96 pension lplan assets i 1 hThese i hmonths or llonger, isix commitments to hthese f include l d dand are not funds of d real estate, i d approximately $$180 at iprivate eligible for li ibl l i l redemption iprivate until hthe il December 31, b di equity f i credit underlying assets are li dand d l i 2018 which will be satisfied by a reallocation of pension plan assets. , i d periods fof i unfunded distributed. hThe Company hhas unfunded generally hhave ll funds hthat d d ib liquidated or di d id redemption iprivate inotice d i 40 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Total Other observable inputs (Level 2) Unobservable inputs (Level 3)1 2017 Common collective trusts Non-United States equity and global equities $ 741 $ United States equity Fixed income Fixed income securities United States treasuries Bank loans Real estate Equity securities Cash equivalents Exchange traded funds Other Common collective and other trusts measured at net asset value Hedge funds measured at net asset value Money market funds measured at net asset value 86 478 709 67 161 239 139 86 224 81 2,225 67 9 — $ — — — 67 — 220 139 51 224 — 741 $ 86 478 709 — 161 — — 35 — 8 — — — — — — 19 — — — 73 Total pension plan assets $ 5,312 $ 701 $ 2,218 $ 92 1 hThese longer longer, to hthese f i pension lplan assets i dand are not eligible funds of approximately l l d iprivate include i il redemption d December 31, b approximately $$20 at eligible for real estate until hthe underlying dand d iprivate equity equity f underlying assets are li d generally hhave funds hthat generally d ib liquidated or di d d distributed. hThe id redemption inotice Company hhas y i i d periods of isix unfunded d d f hmonths ror commitments i 2017 which will be satisfied by a reallocation of pension plan assets. , The fair value measurement of plan assets using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) changed during 2017 and 2018 due to the following: Real estate Other Total $ 6 $ 95 $ 101 1 12 — 19 (1) 3 — 21 $ (5) (17) — 73 — 2 — 75 $ (4) (5) — 92 (1) 5 — 96 Balance at December 31, 2016 Actual return on plan assets: Gains (losses) relating to assets still held at year-end Purchases, sales, settlements - net Transfers into or out of Level 3 Balance at December 31, 2017 Actual return on plan assets: Gains (losses) relating to assets still held at year-end Purchases, sales, settlements - net Transfers into or out of Level 3 Balance at December 31, 2018 $ 41 rr Other Postretir ement rr Benefits Plans A summary of the fair value of other postretirement benefits plan assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017, follows: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Total Other observable inputs (Level 2) Unobservable inputs (Level 3) 6 $ 6 $ — $ 31 37 $ 6 $ — $ — — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Total Other observable inputs (Level 2) Unobservable inputs (Level 3) 7 $ 7 $ — $ 48 55 $ 7 $ — $ — — $ $ $ $ 2018 Cash equivalents Common collective and other trusts measured at net asset value Total other postretirement benefits plan assets 2017 Cash equivalents Common collective and other trusts measured at net asset value Total other postretirement benefits plan assets Valuation Methodologies Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for pension and other postretirement benefits plan assets measured at fair value. There have been no changes in the methodologies used at December 31, 2018 and 2017. Common collective and other trusts - Valued at the net unit value of units held by the trust at year end. The unit value is determined by the total value of fund assets divided by the total number of units of the fund owned. The equity investments in collective trusts are predominantly in index funds for which the underlying securities are actively traded in public markets based upon readily measurable prices. The investments in other trusts are predominantly in exchange traded funds for which the underlying securities are actively traded in public markets based upon readily measurable prices. Common collective and other trusts measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy and are being presented in the tables above to permit a reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total plan assets. Fixed income securities - These securities consist of publicly traded United States and non-United States fixed interest obligations (principally corporate and government bonds and debentures). The fair value of corporate and government debt securities is determined through third-party pricing models that consider various assumptions, including time value, yield curves, credit ratings, and current market prices. The Company verifies the results of trustees or custodians and evaluates the pricing classification of these securities by performing analyses using other third-party sources. United States treasuries rr - Valued at the closing price of each security. Bank loans - These securities consist of senior secured term loans of publicly traded and privately held United States and non-United States floating rate obligations (principally corporations of non-investment grade rating). The fair value is determined through third-party pricing models that primarily utilize dealer quoted current market prices. The Company verifies the results of trustees or custodians and evaluates the pricing classification of these securities by performing analyses using other third-party sources. 42 Equity securities - These securities consist of direct investments in the stock of publicly traded companies. Such investments are valued based on the closing price reported in an active market on which the individual securities are traded. As such, the direct investments are classified as Level 1. Real estate - Consists of direct investments in the stock of publicly traded companies and investments in pooled funds that invest directly in real estate. The publicly traded companies are valued based on the closing price reported in an active market on which the individual securities are traded and as such are classified as Level 1. The pooled funds rely on appraisal based valuations and as such are classified as Level 3. Cash equivalents - Primarily certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements. Exchange traded funds - Valued at the closing price of the exchange traded fund's shares. Hedge funds - Consists of direct investments in hedge funds through limited partnership interests. Net asset values are based on the estimated fair value of the ownership interest in the investment as determined by the General Partner. The majority of the holdings of the hedge funds are in equity securities traded on public exchanges. The investment terms of the hedge funds allow capital to be redeemed quarterly given prior notice with certain limitations. Hedge funds measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy and are being presented in the tables above to permit a reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total plan assets. Money market funds - Money market funds measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy and are being presented in the tables above to permit a reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total plan assets. Other - Primarily insurance contracts for international plans and also futures contracts and over-the-counter options. These investments are valued based on the closing prices of future contracts or indices as available on Bloomberg or similar service, private credit and private equity investments. For additional information regarding fair value measurements, see Note 13. Defined Contribution Plans The Company has various defined contribution benefit plans, primarily consisting of the plans in the United States. The total contributions related to these plans are charged to expense and were as follows: 2018 2017 2016 $ 124 114 72 43 Note 9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES Legal Contingencies Eaton is subject to a broad range of claims, administrative and legal proceedings such as lawsuits that relate to contractual allegations, tax audits, patent infringement, personal injuries, antitrust matters and employment-related matters. Eaton is also subject to asbestos claims from historic products which may have contained asbestos. Insurance may cover some of the costs associated with these claims and proceedings. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome or cost of these on the consolidated financial statements. During the matters, the Company believes they will not have a material adverse effect fourth quarter of 2016, the Company was able to resolve several insurance matters. In total, the income from insurance matters was $68. ff r r T (the “Trust”) in Texas state court. Pepsi and Pneumo. Pepsi subsequently dropped claims against all parties except Cooper. An In December 2011, Pepsi-Cola Metropolitan Bottling Company,yy Inc. (“Pepsi”) filed an action against (a) Cooper Industries, LLC, Cooper Industries, Ltd., Cooper Holdings, Ltd., Cooper US, Inc., and Cooper Industries plc (collectively,yy “Cooper”), (b) M&F Worldwide Corp., Mafco Worldwide Corp., Mafco Consolidated Group LLC, and PCT International Holdings, Inc. (collectively,yy “Mafco”), and (c) the Pneumo Abex Asbestos Claims Settlement Trust alleged that it was harmed by a 2011 settlement agreement (“2011 Settlement”) among Cooper, Mafco, and Pneumo Abex, LLC (“Pneumo,” which prior to the 2011 Settlement was a Mafco subsidiary), which settlement resolved litigation that Pneumo had previously brought against Cooper involving, among other things, a guaranty related to Pneumo’s friction products business. In November 2015, after a Texas court ruled that Pepsi's claims should be heard in arbitration, Pepsi filed a demand for arbitration against Cooper, Mafco, the Trust, arbitration under the auspices of the American Arbitration Association commenced in October 2017. Pepsi’s experts opined, among other things, that the value contributed to the Trust and that an inability of Pneumo to satisfy future liabilities could result in plaintiffsff submitted various expert reports and, among other things, Cooper’s experts opined that Pepsi had no basis to seek any damages and that Cooper paid reasonably equivalent value for the release of its indemnity obligations under the guaranty. The arbitration proceedings closed in December 2017. On July 11, 2018, the arbitration panel made certain findings and concluded that the value contributed to the Trust that should have been contributed to the Trust and the recalculation ordered by the panel, Cooper believed that no additional amount should be contributed. Pepsi argued that an additional $347 should be contributed. Cooper and its expert disagreed with Pepsi’s argument and believed that Pepsi’s recalculation was flawed and failed to comply with the instructions of the panel. On August 23, 2018, the panel issued its final award and ordered Cooper to pay $293 to Pneumo Abex. On August 30, 2018, Pepsi sought to confirm the award in Texas state court, which Cooper opposed on October 9, 2018. Cooper further requested that the court vacate the award on various grounds, including that Cooper was prejudiced by the conduct of the proceedings, the panel exceeded its powers, and because the panel denied Cooper a full and fair opportunity to present certain evidence. The court confirmed the award at the confirmation hearing, which was held on October 12, 2018. On November 2, 2018, the Company appealed. On November 28, 2018, the Company paid $297, the full judgment plus accrued post-judgment interest, to Pneumo Abex and preserved its rights, including to pursue the appeal, which is pending. did not constitute reasonably equivalent value, but ordered the parties to recalculate the amount as of the date of the 2011 transaction. Based on the findings made by the panel for a release of the guaranty was below reasonably equivalent value, suing Pepsi under various theories. Cooper rr r rr Environmental Contingencies Eaton has established policies to ensure that its operations are conducted in keeping with good corporate citizenship and with a positive commitment to the protection of the natural and workplace environments. The Company's manufacturing facilities are required to be certified to ISO 14001, an international standard for environmental management systems. The Company routinely reviews EHS performance at each of its facilities and continuously strives to improve pollution prevention. Eaton is involved in remedial response and voluntary environmental remediation at a number of sites, including certain of its currently-owned or formerly-owned plants. The Company has also been named a potentially responsible party under the United States federal Superfund law,ww or the state equivalents thereof, at a number of disposal sites. The Company became involved in these sites as a result of government action or in connection with business acquisitions. At the end of 2018, the Company was involved with a total of 113 sites worldwide, including the Superfund sites mentioned above, with none of these sites being individually significant to the Company. 44 ff the cost of environmental remediation, including the number of parties involved at a particular site, the Remediation activities, generally involving soil and/or groundwater contamination, include pre-cleanup activities such as fact finding and investigation, risk assessment, feasibility study,yy design and action planning, performance (where actions may range from monitoring, to removal of contaminants, to installation of longer-term remediation systems), and operation and maintenance of a remediation system. The extent of expected remediation activities and costs varies by site. A number of factors affect determination of the extent of contamination, the length of time the remediation may require, the complexity of environmental regulations, and the continuing advancement of remediation technology. Taking these factors into account, Eaton has estimated the costs of remediation, which will be paid over a period of years. The Company accrues an amount on an undiscounted basis, consistent with the estimates of these costs, when it is probable that a liability has been incurred. Actual results may differ from these estimates. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had an accrual totaling $116 and $120, respectively,yy for these costs. ff Based upon Eaton's analysis and subject to the difficulty ff in estimating these future costs, the Company expects that any sum it may be required to pay in connection with environmental matters is not reasonably possible to exceed the recorded liability by an amount that would have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows. ff Warranty Accruals Product warranty accruals are established at the time the related sale is recognized through a charge to Cost of products sold. Warranty accrual estimates are based primarily on historical warranty claim experience and specific customer contracts. Provisions for warranty accruals are comprised of basic warranties for products sold, as well as accruals for product recalls and other events when they are known and estimable. A summary of the current and long-term warranty accruals follows: Balance at January 1 Provision Settled Other Balance at December 31 Lease Commitments 2018 2017 2016 $ $ $ 188 139 (145) (6) $ 180 163 (156) 1 176 $ 188 $ 195 117 (130) (2) 180 Eaton leases certain real properties and equipment. A summary of minimum rental commitments at December 31, 2018 under noncancelable operating leases, which expire at various dates and in most cases contain renewal options, for each of the next five years and thereafter in the aggregate, follow: 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total noncancelable lease commitments A summary of rental expense follows: 2018 2017 2016 $ $ $ 165 133 106 75 53 110 642 232 222 220 45 Note 10. INCOME TAXES Eaton Corporation plc is domiciled in Ireland. Income (loss) before income taxes and income tax (benefit) expense are summarized below based on the geographic location of the operation to which such earnings and income taxes are attributable. Income (loss) before income taxes 2017 2016 2018 Ireland Foreign Total income before income taxes Current Ireland Foreign United States Non-United States Total current income tax expense Deferred Ireland Foreign United States Non-United States Total deferred income tax expense (benefit) Total income tax expense $ $ $ $ (365) $ 2,789 2,424 $ (1,090) $ 4,458 3,368 $ (923) 3,041 2,118 Income tax expense (benefit) 2018 2017 2016 47 $ 1 $ 115 255 417 6 (122) (23) (139) 278 $ 123 234 358 — 82 (58) 24 382 $ 2 93 209 304 2 (77) (30) (105) 199 46 Reconciliations of income taxes from the Ireland national statutory rate of 25% to the consolidated effective ff income tax rate follow: Income taxes at the applicable statutory rate Ireland operations Ireland tax on trading income Nondeductible interest expense Ireland Other - net Foreign operations United States operations (earnings taxed at other than the applicable statutory rate) U.S. federal tax rate change U.S. tax on foreign earnings U.S. foreign tax credit Credit for research activities Tax on foreign currency loss U.S. Other - net Non-U.S. operations (earnings taxed at other than the applicable statutory tax rate) Non-U.S. operations - other items Worldwide operations Adjustments to tax liabilities Adjustments to valuation allowances Effective ff income tax expense rate 2018 2017 2016 25.0 % 25.0 % 25.0 % (2.0)% 7.8 % 0.1 % 0.2 % — % — % (0.2)% (0.8)% (1.6)% 2.4 % — % 8.2 % — % 1.7 % (7.5)% 4.8 % (3.9)% (0.5)% — % 3.2 % (0.3)% 11.5 % — % 0.1 % — % — % 0.6 % (0.8)% — % 2.5 % (19.8)% 0.7 % (22.9)% 0.4 % (26.8)% 0.9 % 1.1 % (1.4)% 11.5 % (1.8)% 4.6 % 11.3 % (2.5)% (0.8)% 9.4 % ff During 2018, income tax expense of $278 was recognized (an effective ff tax rate of 11.3%) and income tax expense of $199 for 2016 (an effective tax rate of 11.5%) compared to income tax expense tax rate of 9.4%). The tax rate includes a tax benefit of $69 on the arbitration decision expense discussed in Note 9. The 2017 effective of $382 for 2017 (an effective ff 2018 effective tax rate includes tax expense of $234 on the gain related to the sale of a business discussed in Note 2 and a tax benefit of $62 related to the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) which is discussed in further detail below. Excluding the one-time impacts of the 2018 arbitration decision, the 2017 sale of business, and the 2017 TCJA, the effective compared to 9.2% for 2017. The increase in the tax rate from 2017 to 2018 was due to greater levels of income in higher tax jurisdictions and an increase in tax contingencies offset by net decreases of related valuation allowances. The decrease from 9.4% for 2016 compared to 9.2% for 2017 was due to the resolution of tax contingencies in various tax jurisdictions and the excess tax benefits recognized for employee share-based payments pursuant to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2016-09, Stock Compensation (TopicTT 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. tax rate for 2018 was 12.8% ff ff ff ff The TCJA was enacted on December 22, 2017, which reduced the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% and required a one-time transition tax on certain unremitted earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries owned directly or indirectly by U.S. subsidiaries of the Company. In December 2017, the Company recorded a provisional tax benefit amount of $79 for the impact of the tax rate change on deferred tax balances and a provisional tax expense of $17 for the one-time transition tax, for a net tax benefit of $62. During 2018, the Company finalized its accounting for the 2017 enactment of the TCJA and recorded an adjustment of $17 tax expense, primarily related to the one-time transition tax, resulting in a final net tax benefit of $45. No provision has been made for income taxes on undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries of approximately $25.5 billion at December 31, 2018, since it is the Company's intention to indefinitely reinvest undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries. It is not practicable to estimate the additional income taxes and applicable withholding taxes that would be payable on the remittance of such undistributed earnings. 47 The Company expects to deploy capital to those markets which offer particularly attractive growth opportunities. The cash that is permanently reinvested is typically used to expand operations either organically or through acquisitions. In addition, the Company expects that minimal to no Irish tax would apply to dividends paid to the Irish parent due to the impact of the Irish foreign tax credit system. The Company's public dividends and share repurchases are funded primarily from Non-U.S. operations. ff Worldwide income tax payments, net of tax refunds, follow: 2018 2017 2016 Deferred Income Tax Assets and Liabilities Components of noncurrent deferred income taxes follow: Accruals and other adjustments Employee benefits Depreciation and amortization Other accruals and adjustments Ireland income tax loss carryforwards Foreign income tax loss carryforwards Foreign income tax credit carryforwards Valuation allowance for income tax loss and income tax credit carryforwards Other valuation allowances Total deferred income taxes $ 371 288 272 2018 2017 Noncurrent assets and liabilities Noncurrent assets and liabilities $ 481 $ (1,198) 434 1 1,915 396 (2,032) $ (53) (56) $ 430 (1,324) 380 1 1,962 404 (1,992) (146) (285) At December 31, 2018, Eaton Corporation plc and certain Irish subsidiaries had tax loss carryforwards that are available to reduce future taxable income and tax liabilities. These carryforwards and their respective expiration dates are summarized below: Ireland income tax loss carryforwards Ireland deferred income tax assets for income tax loss carryforwards 2019 through 2023 2024 through 2028 2029 through 2033 2034 through 2043 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ Not subject to expiration 8 Valuation allowance — $ — — — — 1 (1) At December 31, 2018, the Company's foreign subsidiaries, including all U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries, had income tax loss carryforwards and income tax credit carryforwards that are available to reduce future taxable income or tax liabilities. These carryforwards and their respective expiration dates are summarized below: Foreign income tax loss carryforwards Foreign deferred income tax assets for income tax loss carryforwards Foreign deferred income tax assets for income tax loss carryforwards after ASU 2013-11 Foreign income tax credit carryforwards Foreign income tax credit carryforwards after ASU 2013-11 2019 through 2023 2024 through 2028 $ 929 $ 130 2029 through 2033 $ 7,433 2034 through 2043 $ 788 Not subject to expiration 3,450 $ Valuation allowance — $ 41 36 188 178 686 672 104 32 225 216 120 75 892 892 31 31 (1,790) (1,790) (241) (241) 112 99 116 80 48 Recoverability of Deferred Income Tax Assets Eaton is subject to the income tax laws in the jurisdictions in which it operates. In order to determine its income tax provision for financial statement purposes, Eaton must make significant estimates and judgments about its business operations in these jurisdictions. These estimates and judgments are also used in determining the deferred income tax assets and liabilities that have been recognized for differences income tax loss carryforwards and income tax credit carryforwards. between the financial statement and income tax basis of assets and liabilities, and ff Management evaluates the realizability of deferred income tax assets for each of the jurisdictions in which it operates. If the Company experiences cumulative pretax income in a particular jurisdiction in the three-year period including the current and prior two years, management normally concludes that the deferred income tax assets will more likely than not be realizable and no valuation allowance is recognized, unless known or planned operating developments, or changes in tax laws, would lead management to conclude otherwise. However, if the Company experiences cumulative pretax losses in a particular jurisdiction in the three-year period including the current and prior two years, management then considers a series of factors in the determination of whether the deferred income tax assets can be realized. These factors include historical operating results, known or planned operating developments, the period of time over which certain temporary differences consideration of the utilization of certain deferred income tax liabilities, tax law carryback capability in the particular country,yy prudent and feasible tax planning strategies, changes in tax laws, and estimates of future earnings and taxable income using the same assumptions as those used for the Company's goodwill and other impairment testing. After evaluation of these factors, if the deferred income tax assets are expected to be realized within the tax carryforward period allowed for that specific country,yy management would conclude that no valuation allowance would be required. To the extent that the deferred income tax assets exceed the amount that is expected to be realized within the tax carryforward period for a particular jurisdiction, management would establish a valuation allowance. will reverse, ff Applying the above methodology,yy valuation allowances have been established for certain deferred income tax assets to the extent they are not expected to be realized within the particular tax carryforward period. Adoption of Accounting Policy In January 2018 the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (TopicTT 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects ff option to reclassify to retained earnings certain income tax effects FASB refers to as having been stranded in AOCI. from accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI), which gives companies the resulting from the TCJA related to items in AOCI that the ff The new guidance may be applied retrospectively to each period in which the effect ff of the TCJA is recognized, or in the period of adoption. Companies must adopt this guidance for years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is also permitted for periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. Eaton elected to early adopt ASU 2018-02 in the fourth quarter of 2018. Eaton elected not to reclassify any income tax effects Company’s policy is to release income tax effects extinguished. resulting from the TCJA from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings. The from AOCI when individual units of account are sold, terminated, or ff ff Unrecognized Income Tax Benefits A summary of gross unrecognized income tax benefits follows: Balance at January 1 Increases and decreases as a result of positions taken during prior years Transfers from valuation allowances Other increases, including currency translation Other decreases, including currency translation Increases as a result of positions taken during the current year Decreases relating to settlements with tax authorities Decreases as a result of a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations 2018 2017 2016 $ 735 $ 629 $ 584 2 164 (35) 69 (3) (19) — 10 (30) 162 (10) (26) — 21 (24) 90 (19) (23) 629 Balance at December 31 $ 913 $ 735 $ 49 Eaton recognizes an income tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the benefit would be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The Company evaluates and adjusts the amount of unrecognized income tax benefits based on changes in facts and circumstances. The Company does not enter into any of the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Listed Transactions as set forth in Treasury Regulation 1.6011-4. If all unrecognized income tax benefits were recognized, the net impact on the provision for income tax expense would be $599, which includes all impacts of the TCJA and interaction with deferred tax netting pursuant to ASU 2013-11. The increase in gross unrecognized income tax benefits for positions taken in prior years was primarily offset valuation allowances. by net decreases in related ff As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, Eaton had accrued approximately $74 and $80, respectively,yy for the payment of worldwide interest and penalties, which are not included in the table of unrecognized income tax benefits above. Eaton recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized income tax benefits in the provision for income tax expense. The resolution of the majority of Eaton's unrecognized income tax benefits is dependent upon uncontrollable factors such as the prospect of retroactive regulations; new case law; and the willingness of the income tax authority to settle the issue, including the timing thereof. Therefore, for the majority of unrecognized income tax benefits, it is not reasonably possible to estimate the increase or decrease in the next 12 months. For each of the unrecognized income tax benefits where it is possible to estimate the increase or decrease in the balance within the next 12 months, the Company does not anticipate any significant change. Eaton or its subsidiaries file income tax returns in Ireland and many countries around the world. With only a few exceptions, Irish and non-United States subsidiaries of Eaton are no longer subject to examinations for years before 2007. The United States Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has completed its examination of the consolidated income tax returns of the Company’s United States subsidiaries (“Eaton US”) for 2005 through 2010 and has issued Statutory Notices of Deficiency (Notices) as discussed below. The statute of limitations on these tax years remains open until the matters are resolved. The IRS has also completed its examination of the consolidated income tax returns of Eaton US for 2011 through 2013 and has issued proposed adjustments as discussed below. The statute of limitations on these tax years remains open until June 30, 2020. The IRS is currently examining tax years 2014 through 2016. The statute of limitations for tax years 2014 through 2016 is open until September 30, 2020. Tax year 2017 is still subject to examination by the IRS. Eaton US is also under examination for the income tax filings in various states and localities of the United States. Income tax returns of states and localities within the United States will be reopened to the extent of United States federal income tax adjustments, if any,yy going back to 2005 when those audit years are finalized. Some states and localities might not limit their assessment to the United States federal adjustments, and may require the opening of the entire tax year. In 2011, the IRS issued a Notice for Eaton US for the 2005 and 2006 tax years (the 2011 Notice). The 2011 Notice proposed assessments of $75 in additional taxes plus $52 in penalties related primarily to transfer pricing adjustments for products manufactured in the Company's facilities in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic and sold to affiliated in the United States. Eaton US has set its transfer prices for products sold between these affiliates US sells such products to third parties as required by two successive Advance Pricing Agreements (APAs)PP into with the IRS that governed the 2005-2010 tax years. Eaton US has continued to apply the arms-length transfer pricing methodology for 2011 through the current reporting period. Immediately prior to the 2011 Notice being issued, the IRS sent a Eaton US contested the proposed assessments in United States Tax letter stating that it was retrospectively canceling the APAs.PP Court. The case involved both whether the APAsPP should be enforced and, if not, the appropriate transfer pricing methodology. On July 26, 2017, the United States Tax Court issued a ruling in which it agreed with Eaton US that the IRS must abide by the did not have a material impact on Eaton’s terms of the APAsPP consolidated financial statements. for the tax years 2005-2006. The Tax Court’s ruling on the APAsPP ff companies located at the same prices that Eaton Eaton US entered ff In 2014, Eaton US received a Notice from the IRS for the 2007 through 2010 tax years (the 2014 Notice) proposing assessments of $190 in additional taxes plus $72 in penalties, net of agreed credits and deductions, which the Company has also contested in Tax Court. The proposed assessments pertain primarily to the same transfer pricing issues and APAPP for which the Tax Court has issued its ruling during 2017 as noted above. The Company believes that the Tax Court’s ruling for tax years 2005-2006 will also be applicable to the 2007-2010 years. Following the issuance of the Tax Court’s ruling, Eaton and the IRS did not address a secondary issue regarding the transfer pricing for recognized that the ruling on the enforceability of the APAsPP a certain royalty paid from 2006-2010. Eaton US reported a consistent royalty rate for 2006-2010. The IRS has agreed to the royalty rate as reported by Eaton US in 2006. Although the IRS has not proposed an alternative rate, it has not agreed to apply the same royalty rate in the 2007-2010 years. 50 The 2014 Notice also includes a separate proposed assessment involving the recognition of income for several of Eaton US’s controlled foreign corporations. The Company believes that the proposed assessment is without merit and is contesting the matter in Tax Court. Eaton and the IRS have both moved for partial summary judgment on this issue. The Tax Court heard oral arguments on the motions in January 2018, following which the Court ordered further briefing, which was completed in March 2018. On February 25, 2019 the Tax Court granted the IRS’s motion for partial summary judgment and denied Eaton’s. The Company intends to appeal the Tax Court’s decision to the United States Court of Appeals. The Company is analyzing the impact, if any,yy the Tax Court’s decision will have on its consolidated financial statements in 2019. In 2018 the IRS completed its examination of the Eaton US tax years 2011 through 2013 and has proposed adjustments to certain transfer pricing tax positions, including adjustments similar to those proposed in the 2011 and 2014 Notices for products manufactured in the Company’s facilities in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic and sold to affiliated in the United States. The IRS also proposed adjustments involving the recognition of income for several of Eaton US’s controlled foreign corporation, which is the same issue included in the 2014 Notice described above and subject to litigation in Tax Court. The Company intends to pursue its administrative appeals alternatives with respect to each of the IRS adjustments and believes that final resolution of the proposed adjustments will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. companies located ff During 2010, the Company received a tax assessment, which included interest and penalties, in Brazil for the tax years 2005 through 2008 that relates to the amortization of certain goodwill generated from the acquisition of third-party businesses and corporate reorganizations. In 2018 the Company received an unfavorable result at the final tax administrative appeals level, resulting in an alleged tax deficiency of $32 plus $84 of interest and penalties (translated at the December 31, 2018 exchange rate). The Company plans to challenge the assessment in the judicial system, which is expected to take up to 10 years to resolve. During 2014, the Company received a tax assessment of $33 (translated at the December 31, 2018 exchange rate), plus interest and penalties, for the 2009 through 2012 tax years (primarily relating to the same issues concerning the 2005 through 2008 tax years), which the Company is also contesting and remains under review at the final tax administrative appeals level. The Company continues to believe that final resolution of both of the assessments will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. 51 Note 11. EATON SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY There are 750 million Eaton ordinary shares authorized ($0.01 par value per share), 423.6 million and 439.9 million of which were issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Eaton's Memorandum and Articles of Association authorized 40 thousand deferred ordinary shares (€1.00 par value per share) and 10 thousand preferred A shares ($1.00 par value per share), all of which were issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and 10 million serial preferred shares ($0.01 par value per share), none of which is outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017. At December 31, 2018, there were 12,846 holders of record of Eaton ordinary shares. Additionally,yy 18,972 current and former employees were shareholders through participation in the Eaton Savings Plan, Eaton Personal Investment Plan, or the Eaton Puerto Rico Retirement Savings Plan. On October 22, 2013, Eaton's Board of Directors adopted a share repurchase program (the 2013 Program). Under the 2013 Program, the ordinary shares were expected to be repurchased over time, depending on market conditions, the market price of ordinary shares, capital levels, and other considerations. During 2016, 1.5 million ordinary shares were repurchased under the 2013 Program in the open market at a total cost of $82. On February 24, 2016, the Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase program for share repurchases up to $2,500 of ordinary shares (2016 Program). Under the 2016 Program, the ordinary shares were expected to be repurchased over time, depending on market conditions, the market price of ordinary shares, capital levels, and other considerations. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, 13.2 million, 11.5 million and 10.3 million shares, respectively,yy were purchased on the open market under the 2016 Program for a total cost of $1,002, $850 and $648, respectively. An additional 4.3 million shares were purchased on the open market in December 2018 outside of the 2016 Program for a total cost of $298. Eaton has deferral plans that permit certain employees and directors to defer a portion of their compensation. A trust contains $8 and $11 of ordinary shares and marketable securities at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively,yy to fund a portion of these liabilities. The marketable securities were included in Other assets and the ordinary shares were included in Shareholders' equity at historical cost. On February 27, 2019, Eaton's Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.71 per ordinary share, an 8% increase over the dividend paid in the fourth quarter of 2018. The dividend is payable on March 22, 2019 to shareholders of record on March 9, 2019. Comprehensive Income (Loss) Comprehensive income (loss) consists primarily of net income, currency translation and related hedging instruments, portion of open changes in unrecognized costs of pension and other postretirement benefits, and changes in the effective derivative contracts designated as cash flow hedges. The following table summarizes the pre-tax and after-tax amounts recognized in Comprehensive income (loss): ff 2018 2017 2016 Currency translation and related hedging instruments Pensions and other postretirement benefits Prior service credit (cost) arising during the year Net gain (loss) arising during the year Currency translation Other Amortization of actuarial loss and prior service cost reclassified to earnings Cash flow hedges Gain (loss) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges Changes in cash flow hedges reclassified to earnings Cash flow hedges, net of reclassification adjustments Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders After-tax Pre-tax $ (613) $ (609) $ Pre-tax 800 After-tax 807 $ Pre-tax After-tax $ (562) $ (570) (25) (358) 37 — 168 (178) (8) 16 8 (20) (274) 29 5 121 (139) (6) 13 7 (1) 215 (67) — 188 335 (24) 17 (7) — 169 (53) (5) 130 241 (15) 11 (4) (2) (247) 74 — 201 26 (21) 8 (13) (2) (197) 62 (2) 133 (6) (14) 5 (9) $ (783) $ (741) $ 1,128 $ 1,044 $ (549) $ (585) 52 The changes in Accumulated other comprehensive loss follow: Currency translation and related hedging instruments Pensions and other postretirement benefits Cash flow hedges Total Balance at December 31, 2017 $ (2,255) $ (1,139) $ (10) $ (3,404) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss (income) Net current-period Other comprehensive income (loss) Balance at December 31, 2018 (609) — (260) 121 (609) (2,864) $ (139) (1,278) $ $ (6) 13 7 (3) $ (875) 134 (741) (4,145) The reclassifications out of Accumulated other comprehensive loss follow: Amortization of defined benefits pension and other postretirement benefits items Actuarial loss and prior service cost Tax benefit Total, net of tax Gains and (losses) on cash flow hedges Currency exchange contracts Tax benefit Total, net of tax Total reclassifications for the period December 31, 2018 Consolidated Statements of Income classification $ $ 1 (168) 47 (121) (16) Cost of products sold 3 (13) (134) 1 These components of Accumulated other comprehensive loss are included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost. See Note 8 for additional information about defined benefits pension and other postretirement benefits items. Net Income Per Share Attributable to Eaton Ordinary Shareholders A summary of the calculation of net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders follows: (Shares in millions) Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders 2018 2017 2016 $ 2,145 $ 2,985 $ 1,916 Weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding - diluted Less dilutive effect of equity-based compensation Weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding - basic ff 436.9 2.6 434.3 447.0 2.5 444.5 Net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders Diluted Basic $ $ 4.91 4.93 $ 6.68 6.71 456.5 1.5 455.0 4.20 4.21 In 2018, 2017, and 2016, 0.5 million, 0.4 million, and 1.7 million stock options, respectively,yy were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders because the exercise price of the options exceeded the average market price of the ordinary shares during the period and their effect, antidilutive. accordingly,yy would have been ff 53 Note 12. EQUITY-BASED YY COMPENSATION AA Eaton recognizes equity-based compensation expense based on the grant date fair value of the award. Awards with service conditions or both service and market conditions are expensed over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award. Awards with both service and performance conditions are expensed over the period an employee is required to provide service based on the number of units for which achievement of the performance objective is probable. The Company estimates forfeitures as part of recording equity-based compensation expense. Restricted Stock Units and Awards Restricted stock units (RSUs) and restricted stock awards (RSAs) have been issued to certain employees and directors. Participants awarded RSUs in 2016 do not receive dividends; therefore, the fair value is determined by reducing the closing market price of the Company’s ordinary shares on the date of grant by the present value of the estimated dividends had they been paid. The fair value of RSUs awarded in 2017 and 2018, and RSAs are determined based on the closing market price of the Company’s ordinary shares at the date of grant. The RSUs entitle the holder to receive one ordinary share for each RSU upon vesting, generally over three years. RSAs are issued and outstanding at the time of grant, but remain subject to forfeiture until vested, generally over three or four years. A summary of the RSU and RSA activity for 2018 follows: (Restricted stock units and awards in millions) Non-vested at January 1 Granted Vested Forfeited Non-vested at December 31 Information related to RSUs and RSAs follows: Pretax expense for RSUs and RSAs After-tax expense for RSUs and RSAs Fair value of vested RSUs and RSAs Number of restricted stock units and awards Weighted-average fair value per unit and award $ 2.4 0.7 (0.9) (0.1) 2.1 $ 62.24 81.83 63.44 68.94 68.56 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 59 46 71 $ 66 43 73 65 42 71 As of December 31, 2018, total compensation expense not yet recognized related to non-vested RSUs and RSAs was $72, and the weighted-average period in which the expense is expected to be recognized is 2.4 years. Excess tax benefit for RSUs and RSAs totaled $3 and $2 for 2018 and 2017, respectively. There was no excess tax benefit for RSUs and RSAs in 2016. Performance Share Units In February 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Compensation and Organization Committee of the Board of Directors approved the grant of performance share units (PSUs) to certain employees that vest based on the satisfaction of a three-year service period and total shareholder return relative to that of a group of peers. Awards earned at the end of the three-year vesting period range from 0% to 200% of the targeted number of PSUs granted based on the ranking of total shareholder return of the Company,yy assuming reinvestment of all dividends, relative to a defined peer group of companies. Equity-based compensation expense for these PSUs is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award. Upon vesting, dividends that have accumulated during the vesting period are paid on earned awards. The Company uses a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the fair value of PSUs with market conditions. The principal assumptions utilized in valuing these PSUs include the expected stock price volatility (based on the most recent 3-year period as of the grant date) and the risk-free interest rate (an estimate based on the yield of United States Treasury zero coupon bonds with a 3-year maturity as of the grant date). A summary of the assumptions used in determining fair value of these PSUs follows: Expected volatility Risk-free interest rate 2018 2017 2016 22% 2.38% 24% 1.46% 24% 0.88% Weighted-average fair value of PSUs granted $ 100.86 $ 80.07 $ 76.41 54 A summary of these PSUs that vested follows: (Performance share units in millions) Percent payout Shares vested A summary of the 2018 activity for these PSUs follows: (Performance share units in millions) Non-vested at January 1 Granted1 Adjusted for performance results achieved2 Vested Forfeited Non-vested at December 31 2018 116% 0.5 Number of performance share units Weighted-average fair value per unit $ 0.8 0.3 0.1 (0.5) (0.1) 0.6 $ 77.97 100.86 76.41 76.41 85.92 89.95 1 Performance shares granted assuming the Company will perform at target relative to peers. 2 Adjustments for the number of shares vested under the 2016 awards at the end of the three-year performance period ended December 31, 2018, being higher than the target number of shares. In February 2016, performance share units were granted to certain employees that entitles the holder to receive one ordinary share for each PSU that vest based on the satisfaction of a three-year service period and the achievement of certain performance metrics over that same period. Upon vesting, PSU holders receive dividends that accumulate during the vesting period. The fair value of these PSUs is determined based on the closing market price of the Company's ordinary shares at the date of grant. Equity-based compensation expense is recognized over the period an employee is required to provide service based on the number of PSUs for which achievement of the performance objectives is probable. A summary of the 2018 activity for these PSUs follows: (Performance share units in millions) Non-vested at January 1 Granted Vested Forfeited Non-vested at December 31 Information related to PSUs follows: Pretax expense for PSUs After-tax expense for PSUs Number of performance share units Weighted-average fair value per unit 0.1 $ — — — 0.1 $ 56.55 — — — 56.55 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 28 22 $ 22 13 13 8 As of December 31, 2018, total compensation expense not yet recognized related to non-vested PSUs was $30 and the weighted average period in which the expense is to be recognized is 1.8 years. There was no excess tax benefit for PSUs in 2018, 2017 and 2016. Stock Options Under various plans, stock options have been granted to certain employees and directors to purchase ordinary shares at prices equal to fair market value on the date of grant. Substantially all of these options vest ratably during the three-year period following the date of grant and expire 10 years from the date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized for stock options based on the fair value of the options at the date of grant and amortized on a straight-line basis over the period the employee or director is required to provide service. 55 The Company uses a Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options. The principal assumptions utilized in valuing stock options include the expected stock price volatility (based on the most recent historical period equal to the expected life of the option); the expected option life (an estimate based on historical experience); the expected dividend yield; and the risk-free interest rate (an estimate based on the yield of United States Treasury zero coupon with a maturity equal to the expected life of the option). A summary of the assumptions used in determining the fair value of stock options follows: Expected volatility Expected option life in years Expected dividend yield Risk-free interest rate 2018 2017 2016 26% 6.7 3.0% 2.6 to 2.9% 27% 6.6 2.8% 1.8 to 2.1% 27% 5.5 2.5% 1.2 to 1.5% Weighted-average fair value of stock options granted $ 16.93 $ 15.11 $ 11.80 A summary of stock option activity follows: (Options in millions) Outstanding at January 1, 2018 Granted Exercised Forfeited and canceled Outstanding at December 31, 2018 Exercisable at December 31, 2018 Reserved for future grants at December 31, 2018 Weighted-average exercise price per option Options Weighted-average remaining contractual life in years Aggregate intrinsic value $ $ $ 62.43 81.76 53.26 — 65.96 63.39 4.6 0.6 (0.6) — 4.6 3.2 13.2 6.2 5.2 $ $ 27.4 22.4 The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total excess of the $68.66 closing price of Eaton ordinary shares on the last trading day of 2018 over the exercise price of the stock option, multiplied by the related number of options outstanding and exercisable. The aggregate intrinsic value is not recognized for financial accounting purposes and the value changes based on the daily changes in the fair market value of the Company's ordinary shares. Information related to stock options follows: Pretax expense for stock options After-tax expense for stock options Proceeds from stock options exercised Income tax benefit related to stock options exercised Tax benefit classified in operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Excess tax benefit classified in financing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Intrinsic value of stock options exercised Total fair value of stock options vested 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 11 9 29 3 — 17 11 $ $ 11 8 66 13 — 41 11 $ $ 14 9 74 5 1 42 14 Stock options exercised, in millions of options 0.6 1.5 1.9 As of December 31, 2018, total compensation expense not yet recognized related to non-vested stock options was $10, and the weighted-average period in which the expense is expected to be recognized is 1.8 years. 56 Note 13. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS Fair value is measured based on an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to satisfy a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, a fair value hierarchy is established, which categorizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows: (Level 1) observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; (Level 2) inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and (Level 3) unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions. A summary of financial instruments recognized at fair value, and the fair value measurements used, follows: 2018 Cash Short-term investments Net derivative contracts 2017 Cash Short-term investments Net derivative contracts Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1) Total Other observable inputs (Level 2) Unobservable inputs (Level 3) $ $ $ $ 283 157 14 561 534 36 $ $ 283 157 — 561 534 — — $ — 14 — $ — 36 — — — — — — Eaton values its financial instruments using an industry standard market approach, in which prices and other relevant information is generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. No financial instruments were measured using unobservable inputs. Other Fair Value Measurements Long-term debt and the current portion of long-term debt had a carrying value of $7,107 and fair value of $7,061 at December 31, 2018 compared to $7,745 and $8,048, respectively,yy at December 31, 2017. The fair value of Eaton's debt instruments was estimated using prevailing market interest rates on debt with similar creditworthiness, terms and maturities and is considered a Level 2 fair value measurement. As discussed in Note 2, on July 31, 2017 Eaton sold a 50% interest in its heavy-duty and medium-duty commercial vehicle automated transmission business to Cummins, Inc. Eaton's remaining 50% interest was remeasured to a fair value of $600 on July 31, 2017 using a discounted cash flow model which is considered a Level 3 fair value measurement. The model includes estimates of future cash flows, future growth rates, terminal value amounts, and the applicable weighted-average cost of capital used to discount those estimated cash flows. Eaton accounts for its investment on the equity method of accounting. Short-TermTT Investments Eaton invests excess cash generated from operations in short-term marketable investments. A summary of the carrying value, which approximates the fair value due to the short-term maturities of these investments, follows: Time deposits and certificates of deposit with banks Money market investments Total short-term investments 2018 2017 $ $ 111 46 157 $ $ 435 99 534 57 Note 14. DERIVATVV IVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES In the normal course of business, Eaton is exposed to certain risks related to fluctuations in interest rates, currency exchange rates and commodity prices. The Company uses various derivative and non-derivative financial instruments, primarily interest rate swaps, currency forward exchange contracts, currency swaps and, to a lesser extent, commodity contracts, to manage risks from these market fluctuations. The instruments used by Eaton are straightforward, non-leveraged instruments. The counterparties to these instruments are financial institutions with strong credit ratings. Eaton maintains control over the size of positions entered into with any one counterparty and regularly monitors the credit rating of these institutions. Such instruments are not purchased and sold for trading purposes. Derivative financial instruments are accounted for at fair value and recognized as assets or liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Accounting for the gain or loss resulting from the change in the fair value of the derivative financial instrument depends on whether it has been designated, and is effective, hedging activity. Eaton formally documents all relationships between derivative financial instruments accounted for as designated hedges and the hedged item, as well as its risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge transaction. This process includes linking derivative financial instruments to a recognized asset or liability,yy specific firm commitment, forecasted transaction, or net investment in a foreign operation. These financial instruments can be designated as: as part of a hedging relationship and, if so, as to the nature of the ff • Hedges of the change in the fair value of a recognized fixed-rate asset or liability,yy or the firm commitment to acquire such an asset or liability (a fair value hedge); for these hedges, the gain or loss from the derivative financial instrument, as well as the offsetting income during the period of change in fair value. loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in ff • Hedges of the variable cash flows of a recognized variable-rate asset or liability,yy or the forecasted acquisition of such portion of the gain or loss from the derivative an asset or liability (a cash flow hedge); for these hedges, the effective financial instrument is recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss and reclassified to income in the same period when the gain or loss on the hedged item is included in income. ff • Hedges of the currency exposure related to a net investment in a foreign operation (a net investment hedge); for these portion of the gain or loss from the derivative financial instrument is recognized in Accumulated hedges, the effective other comprehensive loss and reclassified to income in the same period when the gain or loss related to the net investment in the foreign operation is included in income. ff The gain or loss from a derivative financial instrument designated as a hedge that is effective of the Consolidated Statements of Income as the offsetting ff derivative financial instrument that is not effective from these financial instruments are classified in operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. ff loss or gain on the hedged item. The change in fair value of a as a hedge is immediately recognized in income. The cash flows resulting is classified in the same line ff For derivatives that are not designated as a hedge, any gain or loss is immediately recognized in income. The majority of derivatives used in this manner relate to risks resulting from assets or liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and certain commodity contracts that arise in the normal course of business. During 2018 and 2017, Eaton recognized gains of $1 and $2, respectively,yy associated with these commodity hedge contracts. Gains and losses associated with commodity hedge contracts are classified in Cost of products sold. Eaton uses certain of its debt denominated in foreign currency to hedge portions of its net investments in foreign operations against foreign currency exposure (net investment hedges). Foreign currency denominated debt designated as non-derivative net investment hedging instruments on an after-tax basis was $88 at December 31, 2017 and the notes were repaid in 2018, and designated on a pre-tax basis was $623 and $652 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. See Note 7 for additional information about debt. Interest Rate Risk Eaton has entered into fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk of certain long-term debt. These interest rate swaps are accounted for as fair value hedges of certain long-term debt. The maturity of the swap corresponds with the maturity of the debt instrument as noted in the table of long-term debt in Note 7. Eaton also entered into several forward starting floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk on a future anticipated debt issuance. 58 A summary of interest rate swaps outstanding at December 31, 2018, follows: Fixed-to-Floating Interest rr Rate Swaps $ Notional amount 300 25 150 275 100 1,400 200 25 50 25 Fixed interest rate received 6.95% 8.88% 3.88% 3.47% 8.10% 2.75% 3.68% 7.63% 7.65% 5.45% Floating interest rate paid 7.29% 6.07% 4.14% 3.75% 7.92% 2.57% 3.05% 4.73% 4.84% 2.55% Forwardrr Starting Floating-to-Fixed Interest rr Rate Swaps Notional amount Floating interest rate to be received Fixed interest rate to be paid $ 50 50 —% —% 3.10% 3.06% Basis for contracted floating interest rate paid 3 month LIBOR + 5.07% 6 month LIBOR + 3.84% 1 month LIBOR + 2.12% 1 month LIBOR + 1.74% 1 month LIBOR + 5.90% 1 month LIBOR + 0.58% 1 month LIBOR + 1.07% 6 month LIBOR + 2.48% 6 month LIBOR + 2.57% 6 month LIBOR + 0.28% Basis for contracted floating interest rate received 3 month LIBOR + 0.00% 3 month LIBOR + 0.00% 59 Derivative Financial Statement Impacts The fair value of derivative financial instruments recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets follows: Notional amount Other current assets Other noncurrent assets Other current liabilities Other noncurrent liabilities Type of hedge Term December 31, 2018 Derivatives designated as hedges Fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps $ 2,550 $ — $ 22 $ 1 $ 26 Fair value 3 months to 16 years Forward starting floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps Currency exchange contracts 100 951 Total Derivatives not designated as hedges Currency exchange contracts $ 3,886 Total December 31, 2017 Derivatives designated as hedges Fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps $ 2,965 Currency exchange contracts 924 Total Derivatives not designated as hedges Currency exchange contracts Commodity contracts $ 3,719 13 Total $ $ $ $ $ $ $ — 2 24 $ — 19 19 40 40 1 7 8 $ $ 41 7 48 39 1 40 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 3 Cash flow 8 Cash flow 1 to 36 months 37 34 years $ 1 to 12 months — 11 12 20 20 — $ 17 Fair value 22 22 $ 2 Cash flow 19 6 months to 17 years 1 to 36 months 19 — 19 1 to 12 months hmonths 1 to 12 The currency exchange contracts shown in the table above as derivatives not designated as hedges are primarily contracts entered into to manage currency volatility or exposure on intercompany receivables, payables and loans. While Eaton does not elect hedge accounting treatment for these derivatives, Eaton targets managing 100% of the intercompany balance sheet exposure to minimize the effect operations. This activity represents the great majority of these currency exchange contracts. For the year ended December 31, 2018, $110 of cash outflow resulting from the settlement of these derivatives has been classified in investing activities on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The net cash flow from the settlement of these derivatives has been presented in operating activities in prior periods and have not been restated as such amounts are not material. of currency volatility related to the movement of goods and services in the normal course of its ff 60 The impact of derivative instruments to the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income follow: Gain (loss) recognized in other comprehensive (loss) income 2018 2017 Location of gain (loss) reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss Gain (loss) reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss 2018 2017 Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges Forward starting floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps Interest rate locks Currency exchange contracts Total $ $ Amounts recognized in net income follow: Derivatives designated as fair value hedges Fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps Related long-term debt converted to floating interest rates by interest rate swaps (4) $ — (4) Interest expense - net (15) (9) — Cost of products sold Interest expense - net (8) $ (24) $ $ — $ — (16) (16) $ — — (17) (17) 2018 2017 $ $ (30) $ (33) 30 — $ 33 — Gains and losses described above were recognized in Interest expense - net. 61 Note 15. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE VV AND INVENTORYRR Accounts Receivable Eaton performs ongoing credit evaluation of its customers and maintains sufficient allowances for potential credit losses. The Company evaluates the collectability of its accounts receivable based on the length of time the receivable is past due and any anticipated future write-offff based on historic experience. Accounts receivable balances are written offff against an allowance for doubtful accounts after a final determination of uncollectability has been made. Accounts receivable are net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $55 and $57 at December 31, 2018 and 2017. ff Inventory Inventory is carried at lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Cost components include raw materials, purchased components, direct labor, indirect labor, utilities, depreciation, inbound freight charges, purchasing and receiving costs, inspection costs, warehousing costs, and costs of the distribution network. The components of inventory follow: Raw materials Work-in-process Finished goods Total inventory 2018 2017 $ $ 1,077 $ 500 1,208 2,785 $ 953 471 1,196 2,620 62 Note 16. BUSINESS SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC REGION INFORMATION AA Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision maker, or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. Eaton’s segments are as follows: Electrical Products and Electrical Systems and Services The Electrical Products segment consists of electrical components, industrial components, residential products, single phase power quality,yy emergency lighting, fire detection, wiring devices, structural support systems, circuit protection, and lighting products. The Electrical Systems and Services segment consists of power distribution and assemblies, three phase power quality,yy hazardous duty electrical equipment, intrinsically safe explosion-proof instrumentation, utility power distribution, power reliability equipment, and services. The principal markets for these segments are industrial, institutional, governmental, utility,yy commercial, residential and information technology. These products are used wherever there is a demand for electrical power in commercial buildings, data centers, residences, apartment and office industrial and energy facilities. The segments share several common global customers, but a large number of customers are located regionally. Sales are made directly to original equipment manufacturers, utilities, and certain other end users, as well as through distributors, resellers, and manufacturers' representatives. buildings, hospitals, factories, utilities, and ff Hydraulics The Hydraulics segment is a global leader in hydraulics components, systems and services for industrial and mobile ff a wide range of power products including pumps, motors and hydraulic power units; a broad range of equipment. Eaton offers controls and sensing products including valves, cylinders and electronic controls; a full range of fluid conveyance products including industrial and hydraulic hose, fittings, and assemblies, thermoplastic hose and tubing, couplings, connectors, and assembly equipment; filtration systems solutions; industrial drum and disc brakes; and golf grips. The principal markets for the Hydraulics segment include renewable energy,yy marine, agriculture, oil and gas, construction, mining, forestry,yy utility,yy material handling, truck and bus, machine tools, molding, primary metals, and power generation. Key manufacturing customers in these markets and other customers are located globally. Products are sold and serviced through a variety of channels. Aerospace The Aerospace segment is a leading global supplier of aerospace fuel, hydraulics, and pneumatic systems for commercial and military use. Products include hydraulic power generation systems for aerospace applications including pumps, motors, hydraulic power units, hose and fittings, electro-hydraulic pumps; controls and sensing products including valves, cylinders, electronic controls, electromechanical actuators, sensors, aircraft flap and slat systems and nose wheel steering systems; fluid conveyance products, including hose, thermoplastic tubing, fittings, adapters, couplings, sealing and ducting; and fuel systems including fuel pumps, sensors, valves, adapters and regulators. The principal markets for the Aerospace segment are manufacturers of commercial and military aircraft and related after-market customers. These manufacturers and other customers operate globally. Products are sold and serviced through a variety of channels. Vehicle The Vehicle segment is a leader in the design, manufacture, marketing, and supply of: drivetrain, powertrain systems and critical components that reduce emissions and improve fuel economy,yy stability,yy performance, and safety of cars, light trucks and commercial vehicles. Products include transmissions, clutches, hybrid power systems, superchargers, engine valves and valve actuation systems, cylinder heads, locking and limited slip differentials, connectors and conveyance products for the global vehicle industry. The principal markets for the Vehicle segment are original equipment manufacturers and aftermarket customers of heavy-, medium-, and light-duty trucks, SUVs, CUVs, passenger cars and agricultural equipment. transmission controls, fuel vapor components, fluid ff eMobility The eMobility segment designs, manufactures, markets, and supplies electrical and electronic components and systems that improve the power management and performance of both on-road and off-road inverters, converters, fuses, onboard chargers, circuit protection units, vehicle controls, power distribution, fuel tank isolation valves, and commercial vehicle hybrid systems. The principle markets for the eMobility segment are original equipment manufacturers and aftermarket customers of passenger cars, commercial vehicles, and construction, agriculture, and mining equipment. vehicles. Products include high voltage ff 63 Other Information No single customer represented greater than 10% of net sales in 2018, 2017 or 2016, respectively. The accounting policies of the business segments are generally the same as the policies described in Note 1, except that operating profit only reflects the service cost component and the cost of any special termination benefits related to pensions and other postretirement benefits. Intersegment sales and transfers are accounted for at the same prices as if the sales and transfers were made to third parties. These intersegment sales are eliminated in consolidation. Operating profit includes the operating profit from intersegment sales. For purposes of business segment performance measurement, the Company does not allocate items that are of a non- operating nature or are of a corporate or functional governance nature. Corporate expenses consist of transaction costs associated with the acquisition of certain businesses and corporate office occupancy,yy depreciation, and other administrative costs. Identifiable assets of the business segments exclude goodwill, other intangible assets, and general corporate assets, which principally consist of certain cash, short-term investments, deferred income taxes, certain accounts receivable, certain property,yy plant and equipment, and certain other assets. expenses including compensation, benefits, ff Business Segment Information Net sales Electrical Products Electrical Systems and Services Hydraulics Aerospace Vehicle eMobility Total net sales Segment operating profit Electrical Products Electrical Systems and Services Hydraulics Aerospace Vehicle eMobility $ $ $ 2018 2017 2016 $ 7,124 6,024 2,756 1,896 3,489 320 $ 6,917 5,666 2,468 1,744 3,326 283 6,703 5,662 2,222 1,753 3,141 266 21,609 $ 20,404 $ 19,747 1,311 $ 1,233 $ 1,186 896 370 398 611 44 770 288 332 541 50 711 198 335 471 57 Total segment operating profit 3,630 3,214 2,958 Corporate Amortization of intangible assets Interest expense - net Pension and other postretirement benefits expense Gain on sale of business Arbitration decision expense Other corporate expense - net Income before income taxes Income tax expense Net income Less net income for noncontrolling interests (382) (271) (1) — (275) (277) 2,424 278 2,146 (1) (388) (246) (45) 1,077 — (244) 3,368 382 2,986 (1) Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders $ 2,145 $ 2,985 $ (392) (233) (60) — — (155) 2,118 199 1,919 (3) 1,916 64 Business segment operating profit was reduced by acquisition integration charges as follows: Electrical Products Electrical Systems and Services Total 2018 2017 2016 $ $ — $ — — $ 4 — 4 $ $ 3 1 4 There were no corporate acquisition integration charges in 2018, 2017 and 2016. See Note 3 for additional information about acquisition integration charges. Identifiable assets Electrical Products Electrical Systems and Services Hydraulics Aerospace Vehicle eMobility Total identifiable assets Goodwill Other intangible assets Corporate Total assets Capital expenditures for property,yy plant and equipment Electrical Products Electrical Systems and Services Hydraulics Aerospace Vehicle eMobility Total Corporate Total expenditures for property,yy plant and equipment Depreciation of property,yy plant and equipment Electrical Products Electrical Systems and Services Hydraulics Aerospace Vehicle eMobility Total Corporate 2017 2016 $ 2,451 $ 2,446 $ 2,243 1,473 935 2,289 139 9,530 13,328 4,846 3,388 2,141 1,345 938 2,367 136 9,373 13,568 5,265 4,417 2,254 2,222 1,188 830 1,534 124 8,152 13,201 5,514 3,609 31,092 $ 32,623 $ 30,476 135 101 106 38 143 4 527 38 $ 130 $ 83 96 37 141 4 491 29 565 $ 520 $ 136 $ 138 $ 85 64 26 104 5 420 53 83 61 26 109 5 422 54 128 78 92 28 142 6 474 23 497 137 82 64 27 109 4 423 63 486 $ $ $ $ Total depreciation of property,yy plant and equipment $ 473 $ 476 $ 65 Geographic Region Information Net sales are measured based on the geographic destination of sales. Long-lived assets consist of property,yy plant and equipment - net. Net sales United States Canada Latin America Europe Asia Pacific Total Long-lived assets United States Canada Latin America Europe Asia Pacific Total 2018 2017 2016 $ 12,034 $ 11,222 $ 10,937 $ $ 931 1,442 4,553 2,649 942 1,485 4,394 2,361 898 1,448 4,228 2,236 21,609 $ 20,404 $ 19,747 1,898 $ 1,872 $ 1,924 20 286 723 540 20 290 769 551 19 281 681 538 $ 3,467 $ 3,502 $ 3,443 66 Note 17. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING AA FINANCIAL STATTT EMENTS The Registered Senior Notes issued by Eaton Corporation are registered under the Securities Act of 1933. Eaton and certain other of Eaton's 100% owned direct and indirect subsidiaries (the Guarantors) fully and unconditionally guaranteed (subject, in the case of the Guarantors, other than Eaton, to customary release provisions as described below), on a joint and several basis, the Registered Senior Notes. The following condensed consolidating financial statements are included so that separate financial statements of Eaton, Eaton Corporation and each of the Guarantors are not required to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The consolidating adjustments primarily relate to eliminations of investments in subsidiaries and intercompany balances and transactions. The condensed consolidating financial statements present investments in subsidiaries using the equity method of accounting. See Note 7 for additional information related to the Registered Senior Notes. The guarantee of a Guarantor that is not a parent of the issuer will be automatically and unconditionally released and discharged in the event of any sale of the Guarantor or of all or substantially all of its assets, or in connection with the release or termination of the Guarantor as a guarantor under all other U.S. debt securities or U.S. syndicated credit facilities, subject to limitations set forth in the indenture. The guarantee of a Guarantor that is a direct or indirect parent of the issuer will only be automatically and unconditionally released and discharged in connection with the release or termination of such Guarantor as a guarantor under all other debt securities or syndicated credit facilities (in both cases, U.S. or otherwise), subject to limitations set forth in the indenture. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company undertook certain steps to restructure ownership of various subsidiaries. The transactions were entirely among wholly-owned subsidiaries under the common control of Eaton. These restructurings have been reflected as of the beginning of the earliest period presented below. CONSOLIDATING AA STATTT EMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 Eaton Corporation plc Eaton Corporation Guarantors Other subsidiaries Consolidating adjustments Total Net sales $ — $ 7,138 $ 7,131 $ 12,649 $ (5,309) $ 21,609 Cost of products sold Selling and administrative expense Research and development expense Interest expense (income) - net Arbitration decision expense Other expense (income) - net Equity in loss (earnings) of subsidiaries, net of tax Intercompany expense (income) - net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Less net loss (income) for noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders Other comprehensive income (loss) Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders $ $ — 10 — — — (29) (2,302) 176 2,145 — 2,145 — 5,644 1,438 148 273 — 37 (1,089) (212) 899 (39) 938 — 5,172 769 149 15 275 40 (3,555) 2,215 2,051 (112) 2,163 9,011 1,331 287 (18) — (52) (2,408) (2,179) 6,677 428 6,249 (5,316) — — 1 — — 9,354 — (9,348) 1 (9,349) 14,511 3,548 584 271 275 (4) — — 2,424 278 2,146 — (1) — (1) 2,145 $ 938 $ 2,163 $ 6,248 $ (9,349) $ 2,145 (741) (110) (716) (1,575) 2,401 (741) 1,404 $ 828 $ 1,447 $ 4,673 $ (6,948) $ 1,404 67 CONSOLIDATING AA STATTT EMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017 Eaton Corporation plc Eaton Corporation Guarantors Other subsidiaries Consolidating adjustments Total Net sales $ — $ 6,659 $ 6,803 $ 12,358 $ (5,416) $ 20,404 Cost of products sold Selling and administrative expense Research and development expense Interest expense (income) - net Gain on sale of business Other expense (income) - net Equity in loss (earnings) of subsidiaries, net of tax Intercompany expense (income) - net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Less net loss (income) for noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders Other comprehensive income (loss) Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders $ $ — 11 — — — 79 (3,644) 569 2,985 — 2,985 — 5,276 1,374 180 245 560 38 (938) (757) 1,801 389 1,412 — 4,997 781 179 20 — (67) (4,673) 1,242 4,324 (116) 4,440 8,895 1,360 225 (20) 517 (49) (4,619) (1,054) 8,137 111 8,026 (5,412) — — 1 — — 13,874 — (13,879) (2) (13,877) 13,756 3,526 584 246 1,077 1 — — 3,368 382 2,986 — (3) 2 (1) 2,985 $ 1,412 $ 4,440 $ 8,023 $ (13,875) $ 2,985 1,044 80 993 2,281 (3,354) 1,044 4,029 $ 1,492 $ 5,433 $ 10,304 $ (17,229) $ 4,029 68 CONSOLIDATING AA STATTT EMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016 Eaton Corporation plc Eaton Corporation Guarantors Other subsidiaries Consolidating adjustments Total Net sales $ — $ 6,447 $ 6,603 $ 11,706 $ (5,009) $ 19,747 Cost of products sold Selling and administrative expense Research and development expense Interest expense (income) - net Other expense (income) - net Equity in loss (earnings) of subsidiaries, net of tax Intercompany expense (income) - net Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax expense (benefit) Net income (loss) Less net loss (income) for noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders Other comprehensive income (loss) Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders $ $ — 9 — — (35) (2,433) 543 1,916 — 1,916 — 5,057 1,372 196 230 7 (556) (334) 475 24 451 — 4,865 771 160 18 48 (3,023) 1,278 2,486 42 2,444 — 8,484 1,312 231 (14) (71) (2,656) (1,487) 5,907 132 5,775 (5,010) — — (1) — 8,668 — (8,666) 1 (8,667) 13,396 3,464 587 233 (51) — — 2,118 199 1,919 (5) 2 (3) 1,916 $ 451 $ 2,444 $ 5,770 $ (8,665) $ 1,916 (585) 81 (527) (1,341) 1,787 (585) 1,331 $ 532 $ 1,917 $ 4,429 $ (6,878) $ 1,331 69 CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEETS AA DECEMBER 31, 2018 $ $ $ Assets Current assets Cash Short-term investments Accounts receivable - net Intercompany accounts receivable Inventory Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property,yy plant and equipment - net Other noncurrent assets Goodwill Other intangible assets Deferred income taxes Investment in subsidiaries Intercompany loans receivable Other assets Total assets Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Current liabilities Short-term debt Current portion of long-term debt Accounts payable Intercompany accounts payable Accrued compensation Other current liabilities Total current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Long-term debt Pension liabilities Other postretirement benefits liabilities Deferred income taxes Intercompany loans payable Other noncurrent liabilities Total noncurrent liabilities Shareholders’ equity Eaton shareholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity $ Eaton Corporation plc Eaton Corporation Guarantors Other subsidiaries Consolidating adjustments Total 1 — — — — — 1 — — — — 16,476 1,508 — , 17,985 $ $ — $ — — 32 — 30 62 — — — — 1,816 — 1,816 $ $ $ 21 — 483 1,575 540 107 2,726 843 1,330 128 340 7,658 5,843 746 , 19,614 388 338 496 1,127 135 525 3,009 5,814 383 166 1 5,182 389 11,935 — $ — 1,400 1,851 766 32 4,049 678 6,705 3,054 — 71,334 8,406 117 , 94,343 $ — $ — 416 3,206 71 259 3,952 945 130 83 508 66,507 291 68,464 $ $ $ 261 157 1,975 2,968 1,555 354 7,270 1,946 5,293 1,664 288 25,551 59,147 705 , 101,864 26 1 1,218 2,029 251 1,002 4,527 7 791 72 175 1,399 374 2,818 — $ — — (6,394) (76) 14 (6,456) — — — (335) (121,019) (74,904) — ( (202,714) $ ) , — $ — — (6,394) — (2) (6,396) 2 — — (335) (74,904) — (75,237) 283 157 3,858 — 2,785 507 7,590 3,467 13,328 4,846 293 — — 1,568 , 31,092 414 339 2,130 — 457 1,814 5,154 6,768 1,304 321 349 — 1,054 9,796 16,107 — 16,107 , 17,985 $ 4,670 — 4,670 , 19,614 $ 21,927 — 21,927 , 94,343 $ 94,484 35 94,519 , 101,864 $ (121,081) — (121,081) ) , ( (202,714) $ 16,107 35 16,142 , 31,092 70 CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEETS AA DECEMBER 31, 2017 $ $ $ Assets Current assets Cash Short-term investments Accounts receivable - net Intercompany accounts receivable Inventory Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Property,yy plant and equipment - net Other noncurrent assets Goodwill Other intangible assets Deferred income taxes Investment in subsidiaries Intercompany loans receivable Other assets Total assets Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Current liabilities Short-term debt Current portion of long-term debt Accounts payable Intercompany accounts payable Accrued compensation Other current liabilities Total current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Long-term debt Pension liabilities Other postretirement benefits liabilities Deferred income taxes Intercompany loans payable Other noncurrent liabilities Total noncurrent liabilities Shareholders’ equity Eaton shareholders’ equity Noncontrolling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity $ Eaton Corporation plc Eaton Corporation Guarantors Other subsidiaries Consolidating adjustments Total — $ — — 8 — — 8 — — — — 15,045 3,122 — , 18,175 $ 183 — 482 2,864 473 229 4,231 859 1,316 138 356 7,942 7,089 748 , 22,679 $ $ — $ — — 4 — 1 5 — $ 542 533 4,916 128 566 6,685 — — — — 917 — 917 6,180 341 192 — 3,808 313 10,834 18 — 1,376 5,117 737 145 7,393 702 6,705 3,206 6 75,661 2,909 166 , 96,748 $ $ — $ 36 328 4,381 65 317 5,127 976 89 96 607 68,685 273 70,726 $ $ $ 360 534 2,085 2,715 1,493 277 7,464 1,941 5,547 1,921 215 39,556 61,427 784 , 118,855 6 — 1,305 1,403 260 989 3,963 9 796 74 255 1,137 379 2,650 — $ — — (10,704) (83) 28 (10,759) — — — (324) (138,204) (74,547) — ( (223,834) $ ) , — $ — — (10,704) — (1) (10,705) 2 — — (324) (74,547) — (74,869) 17,253 — 17,253 , 18,175 $ 5,160 — 5,160 , 22,679 $ 20,895 — 20,895 , 96,748 $ 112,205 37 112,242 , 118,855 $ (138,260) — (138,260) ) , ( (223,834) $ 71 561 534 3,943 — 2,620 679 8,337 3,502 13,568 5,265 253 — — 1,698 , 32,623 6 578 2,166 — 453 1,872 5,075 7,167 1,226 362 538 — 965 10,258 17,253 37 17,290 , 32,623 CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING AA STATTT EMENTS OF CASH FLOWS DECEMBER 31, 2018 Eaton Corporation plc Eaton Corporation Guarantors Other subsidiaries Consolidating adjustments Total $ (26) $ (92) $ 175 $ 2,696 $ (95) $ 2,658 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities Investing activities Capital expenditures for property,yy plant and equipment Sales (purchases) of short-term investments - net Investments in affiliates ff Loans to affiliates ff Repayments of loans from affiliates ff (Payments) receipts for settlement of currency exchange contracts not designated as hedges - net Other - net Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Financing activities Proceeds from borrowings Payments on borrowings Proceeds from borrowings from ff affiliates Payments on borrowings from ff affiliates Capital contributions from affiliates ff Other intercompany financing activities Cash dividends paid Cash dividends paid to affiliates ff Exercise of employee stock options Repurchase of shares Employee taxes paid from shares withheld Other - net Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities ff Effect of currency on cash Total increase (decrease) in cash Cash at the beginning of the period Cash at the end of the period $ — — (4) — — — — (4) — — (97) — (36) (100) 647 11 (78) 347 388 (538) 3,756 2,452 (1,334) (3,178) — — (1,149) — 29 (1,271) — — 31 — 1 — 1 — 476 — — — — (16) (1) (417) — (162) 183 (93) — — (85) 1,044 — 23 889 — (35) 318 (709) — (651) — — — — (5) — (375) 355 — (6,441) 4,455 (121) (23) (2,150) 22 (1) 100 (925) 40 175 — (95) — — (3) (1) — — 40 6,626 (6,146) — — 520 — — (6,626) 6,146 (40) — — 95 — — — — (565) 355 — — — (110) (78) (398) 410 (574) — — — — (1,149) — 29 (1,271) (24) (2) (1,082) (688) (425) (2,581) — (18) 18 43 (99) 360 261 — — — $ — $ 43 (278) 561 283 $ 21 $ — $ 72 CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING AA STATTT EMENTS OF CASH FLOWS DECEMBER 31, 2017 Eaton Corporation plc Eaton Corporation Guarantors Other subsidiaries Consolidating adjustments Total $ 258 $ (434) $ (56) $ 4,507 $ (1,609) $ 2,666 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities Investing activities Capital expenditures for property,yy plant and equipment Cash received from sales (paid for ff acquisitions) of affiliates Sales (purchases) of short-term investments - net Investments in affiliates ff Return of investments in affiliates ff Loans to affiliates ff Repayments of loans from affiliates ff Proceeds from the sales of businesses Other - net Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Financing activities Proceeds from borrowings Payments on borrowings Proceeds from borrowings from ff affiliates Payments on borrowings from ff affiliates Capital contributions from affiliates ff Return of capital to affiliates ff Other intercompany financing activities Cash dividends paid Cash dividends paid to affiliates ff Exercise of employee stock options Repurchase of shares Employee taxes paid from shares withheld Other - net Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities ff Effect of currency on cash Total increase (decrease) in cash Cash at the beginning of the period — — — (190) — — — — — (190) — — (89) — — (108) — (444) 303 338 (45) (45) 1,000 (1,250) 2,605 3,130 (822) (2,904) — — — (1,068) — 66 (850) — — (69) — (1) 1 — — 616 — — — — (14) (8) 570 — 91 92 (113) (92) — — 90 (415) 384 — 9 (318) 92 (298) (90) — (6,308) 3,479 269 30 — — — 388 (90) 7,167 (4,166) — — (137) (3,144) 3,299 — (297) 991 (353) 90 — 574 — (800) — — (5) (1) — (7) 441 (87) 298 (90) (1,190) — (809) — — (3) (5) — — (7,167) 4,166 (388) 90 — — 1,609 — — — — (520) — (298) — — — — 607 (6) (217) 1,000 (1,554) — — — — — (1,068) — 66 (850) (22) (14) 199 (1,452) (1,690) (2,442) — 6 12 18 $ 11 (78) 438 360 — — — $ — $ 11 18 543 561 Cash at the end of the period $ — $ 183 $ 73 CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING AA STATTT EMENTS OF CASH FLOWS DECEMBER 31, 2016 Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities Investing activities Capital expenditures for property,yy plant and equipment Sales (purchases) of short-term investments - net Investments in affiliates ff Return of investments in affiliates ff Loans to affiliates ff Repayments of loans from affiliates ff Other - net Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities Financing activities Proceeds from borrowings Payments on borrowings Proceeds from borrowings from ff affiliates Payments on borrowings from ff affiliates Capital contribution from affiliates ff Return of capital to affiliates Other intercompany financing ff activities Cash dividends paid Exercise of employee stock options Repurchase of shares Employee taxes paid from shares withheld Other - net Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Eaton Corporation plc Eaton Corporation Guarantors Other subsidiaries Consolidating adjustments Total $ (253) $ (9) $ (209) $ 3,041 $ — $ 2,570 — — (1,250) — — — — (1,250) — — 3,843 (646) — — — (1,037) 74 (730) — — (92) — (8) — (251) 1,293 (9) 933 21 (408) 4,045 (4,712) — — 206 — — — (12) 1 (118) 2 (120) 47 (1,013) 335 42 (287) (42) (1,370) — (7,850) 5,616 (25) — — 2,748 (47) 9,114 (7,244) — (497) (40) — — — — 8 (825) (3,958) 4,571 (529) 610 (233) 1,120 (1,844) 1,370 — 21 — — — (3) (4) — (12) 106 (42) 1,378 (47) (227) — — — (3) (2) — — (9,114) 7,244 (2,748) 47 — — — — — — 631 (653) — — — — — (1,037) 74 (730) (18) (5) 1,504 (859) 1,037 1,151 (4,571) (1,738) ff Effect of currency on cash Total increase (decrease) in cash Cash at the beginning of the period Cash at the end of the period $ — 1 — 1 $ — 65 27 92 — 3 9 $ 12 $ (28) 206 232 438 — — — $ — $ (28) 275 268 543 74 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS AA OPERATIONS. LL OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTSLL OF Amounts are in millions of dollars or shares unless indicated otherwise (per share data assume dilution). COMPANYPP OVERVIEWRR Eaton Corporation plc (Eaton or the Company) is a power management company with 2018 net sales of $21.6 billion. The manage electrical, hydraulic and mechanical Company provides energy-efficient power more reliably,yy safely and sustainably. Eaton has approximately 99,000 employees in 59 countries and sells products to customers in more than 175 countries. solutions that help its customers effectively ff ff Summary of Results of Operations During 2018, the Company's results of operations delivered strong sales growth as major global end markets expanded. As discussed in Note 9, certain Eaton subsidiaries acquired in the 2012 acquisition of Cooper Industries have been ordered to pay $293 by an arbitration panel. The panel’s award, issued on August 23, 2018, relate to claims brought by Pepsi-Cola Metropolitan Bottling Company,yy Inc. (“Pepsi”) in 2011. A Texas state court confirmed the arbitration award at the confirmation hearing, which was held on October 12, 2018. On November 2, 2018, the Company appealed. On November 28, 2018, the Company paid the full judgment plus accrued post-judgment interest to Pneumo Abex and preserved its rights, including to pursue the appeal, which is pending. The impact of the arbitration award was an after-tax expense of $206 in the third quarter 2018, reducing earnings per share by $0.48. During 2017, the Company's results of operations returned to solid growth as global end markets expanded, particularly in the second half of 2017. During the year, the Company completed its multi-year restructuring program, reducing its cost structure and expanding operating margins. On July 31, 2017, Eaton sold a 50% interest in its heavy-duty and medium-duty commercial vehicle automated transmission business for $600 in cash to Cummins, Inc. The Company recognized a pre-tax gain of $1,077, of which $533 related to the pre-tax gain from the $600 proceeds from the sale and $544 related to the Company’s remaining 50% investment in the joint venture being remeasured to fair value. The after-tax gain was $843. Eaton accounts for its investment on the equity method of accounting. The tax rate for 2017 includes a tax benefit of $62 related to the United States Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), which was signed into law on December 22, 2017. The tax benefit of $62 related to the TCJA is comprised of a tax benefit of $79 for adjusting deferred tax assets and liabilities, offset subsidiaries owned directly or indirectly by U.S. subsidiaries of Eaton. by a tax expense of $17 for the taxation of unremitted earnings of non-U.S. ff During 2016, the Company's results of operations were impacted by a decline in several of the Company's end markets. Further, the results of operations were negatively impacted by the strengthening in the value of the U.S. dollar. Despite the declining market conditions and unfavorable impact of currency translation, the Company generated solid operating margins and diluted net income per share. Additional information related to the sale of a business, restructuring activities, and the arbitration decision expense, is presented in Note 2, Note 5, and Note 9, respectively,yy of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. A summary of Eaton’s Net sales, Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders, and Net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders - diluted follows: Net sales Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders Net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders - diluted 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 21,609 2,145 4.91 $ $ 20,404 2,985 6.68 $ $ 19,747 1,916 4.20 75 RESULTSLL OF OPERATIONS AA Non-GAAP Financial Measures The following discussion of Consolidated Financial Results and Business Segment Results of Operations includes certain non-GAAP financial measures. These financial measures include adjusted earnings, adjusted earnings per ordinary share, and operating profit before acquisition integration charges for each business segment as well as corporate, each of which differs from the most directly comparable measure calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). A reconciliation of adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per ordinary share to the most directly comparable GAAP measure is included in the table below. Operating profit before acquisition integration charges is reconciled in the discussion of the operating results of each business segment, and excludes acquisition integration expense related to integration of Ephesus Lighting, Inc. in 2017 and 2016, and Oxalis Group Ltd. in 2016. Management believes that these financial measures are useful to investors because they exclude certain transactions, allowing investors to more easily compare Eaton’s financial performance period to period. Management uses this information in monitoring and evaluating the on-going performance of Eaton and each business segment. For additional information on acquisition integration charges, see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. ff Consolidated Financial Results Net sales Gross profit Percent of net sales Income before income taxes Net income Less net income for noncontrolling interests Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders Excluding acquisition integration charges, after-tax (Note 3) Adjusted earnings 2018 $ 21,609 7,098 32.8% 2,424 2,146 (1) 2,145 — Change from 2017 2017 Change from 2016 2016 6 % $ 20,404 7 % 6,648 3% $ 19,747 5% 6,351 (28)% (28)% 32.6% 3,368 2,986 (1) 59% 56% 32.2% 2,118 1,919 (3) (28)% 2,985 56% 1,916 2 3 $ 2,145 (28)% $ 2,987 56% $ 1,919 Net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders - diluted Excluding per share impact of acquisition integration charges, after-tax (Note 3) Adjusted earnings per ordinary share $ $ 4.91 — 4.91 (26)% $ 6.68 59% $ 4.20 — (26)% $ 6.68 59% $ 0.01 4.21 Net Sales Net sales in 2018 increased by 6% compared to 2017 due to an increase of 6% in organic sales. The increase in organic sales in 2018 was primarily due to higher sales volumes in all business segments. Net sales in 2017 increased by 3% compared to 2016 due to an increase of 3% in organic sales. The increase in organic sales in 2017 was primarily due to higher sales volumes in the Electrical Products, Hydraulics, and Vehicle business segments. Gross Profit Gross profit margin increased from 32.6% in 2017 to 32.8% in 2018. The increase in gross profit margin in 2018 was primarily due to higher sales volumes, savings from restructuring actions, and lower restructuring charges, partially offset commodity inflation and increased freight costs. Gross profit increased from 32.2% in 2016 to 32.6% in 2017. The increase in gross profit margin in 2017 was primarily due to higher sales volumes, savings from restructuring actions, and lower restructuring charges, partially offset by commodity inflation. by ff ff 76 Income Taxes During 2018, income tax expense of $278 was recognized (an effective ff tax rate of 11.5%) compared to income tax expense ff tax rate of 11.3%) and income tax expense of $199 in 2016 (an effective tax rate includes a tax benefit of $69 on the arbitration decision expense discussed in Note 9. The 2017 effective of $382 in 2017 (an effective 2018 effective ff tax rate includes tax expense of $234 on the gain related to the sale of business discussed in Note 2 and a tax benefit of $62 related to the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). Excluding the one-time impacts of the 2018 arbitration decision, the 2017 sale of business, and the 2017 TCJA, the effective 9.2% for 2017 compared to 12.8% for 2018 was due to greater levels of income in higher tax jurisdictions and an increase in tax contingencies offset compared to 9.2% for the full year 2017 was due to the resolution of tax contingencies in various tax jurisdictions and the excess tax benefits recognized for employee share-based payments pursuant to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (TopicTT 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting in 2017. by net decreases of related valuation allowances. The decrease from 9.4% for the full year 2016 tax rate for 2018 was 12.8% compared to 9.2% for 2017. The increase from tax rate of 9.4%). The ff ff ff ff Net Income Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders of $2,145 in 2018 decreased 28% compared to $2,985 in 2017. Net income in 2018 included after-tax expense of $206 from the arbitration decision discussed in Note 9, and in 2017 included $843 from the after-tax gain on the sale of the business discussed in Note 2 and $62 of income from the new U.S. tax bill discussed in Note 10. Excluding these items, the increase in 2018 was primarily due to higher sales volumes, savings from restructuring actions, and lower restructuring charges, partially offset by commodity inflation and increased freight costs. Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders of $2,985 in 2017 increased 56% compared to $1,916 in 2016. Net income in 2017 included $843 from the after-tax gain on the sale of the business and $62 of income from the new U.S. tax bill. Excluding these items, the increase in 2017 was primarily due to higher sales volumes, savings from restructuring actions, and lower restructuring charges, partially offset by commodity inflation. ff ff Net income per ordinary share decreased to $4.91 in 2018 compared to $6.68 in 2017, and increased to $6.68 in 2017 compared to $4.20 in 2016. Net income per ordinary share in 2018 included an unfavorable $0.48 from the arbitration decision expense discussed in Note 9. Net income per ordinary share in 2017 included $1.89 from the gain on the sale of business discussed in Note 2 and $0.14 income from the 2017 U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act discussed in Note 10. Excluding these items, Net income per ordinary share increased in 2018 and 2017 due to higher Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders and the Company's share repurchases over the past year. Adjusted Earnings There were no acquisition integration charges in 2018, $2 in 2017, and $3 in 2016 after-tax, which resulted in the same percent change for both Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders and Adjusted earnings for the respective periods. There was no impact of excluding the per share impact of acquisition integration charges from Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders to arrive at Adjusted earnings per ordinary share for 2018 and 2017, and an increase of $0.01 for 2016. Business Segment Results of Operations The following is a discussion of Net sales, operating profit and operating profit margin by business segment, which includes a discussion of operating profit and operating profit margin before acquisition integration charges. For additional information related to acquisition integration charges see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. 77 Electrical Products Net sales Operating profit Operating margin Acquisition integration charges Before acquisition integration charges Operating profit Operating margin 2018 7,124 1,311 18.4% Change from 2017 2017 Change from 2016 2016 3% $ 6,917 3% $ 6,703 6% $ 1,233 4% $ 1,186 17.8% 17.7% — $ 4 $ 3 $ $ $ $ 1,311 6% $ 1,237 4% $ 1,189 18.4% 17.9% 17.7% Net sales increased 3% in 2018 compared to 2017 due to an increase of 3% in organic sales. Organic sales grew in 2018 in North America and Europe, primarily driven by growth in products going into commercial, residential and industrial by weakness in North American lighting sales. Net sales increased 3% in 2017 compared to 2016 applications, partially offset due to an increase of 3% in organic sales. Organic sales growth in 2017 was driven by growth in North America and Europe. ff Operating margin increased from 17.8% in 2017 to 18.4% in 2018. The increase in operating margin in 2018 was primarily due to higher sales volumes, lower restructuring costs, and savings from restructuring actions, partially offset inflation and increased freight costs. Operating margin increased from 17.7% in 2016 to 17.8% in 2017. The increase in operating margin in 2017 was primarily due to higher sales volumes, savings from restructuring actions, and lower restructuring charges, partially offset by commodity inflation and the impact from natural disasters in 2017. ff ff by commodity Operating margin before acquisition integration charges increased from 17.9% in 2017 to 18.4% in 2018. The increase in operating margin before acquisition integration charges in 2018 was primarily due to an increase in operating margin, partially offset by lower acquisition integration charges. Operating margin before acquisition integration charges increased from 17.7% ff in 2016 to 17.9% in 2017. The increase in operating margin before acquisition integration charges in 2017 was primarily due to an increase in operating margin and higher acquisition integration charges. Electrical Systems and Services Net sales Operating profit Operating margin Acquisition integration charges Before acquisition integration charges Operating profit Operating margin 2018 6,024 Change from 2017 2017 Change from 2016 2016 6% $ 5,666 —% $ 5,662 896 14.9% — 896 14.9% 16% $ 770 8% $ 711 13.6% 12.6% $ — $ 1 16% $ 770 8% $ 712 13.6% 12.6% $ $ $ $ Net sales increased 6% in 2018 compared to 2017 due to an increase of 7% in organic sales, partially offset ff by a decrease of 1% from the sale of a stake in a joint venture in the fourth quarter of 2017. The organic sales increase in 2018 was primarily due to strength in large industrial projects and commercial construction markets, data centers, and oil and gas markets. Net sales were broadly flat in 2017 compared to 2016. Operating margin increased from 13.6% in 2017 to 14.9% in 2018. Operating margin increased in 2018 primarily due to higher sales volumes, savings from restructuring actions, and lower restructuring costs, partially offset unfavorable product mix, and increased freight costs. Operating margin increased from 12.6% in 2016 to 13.6% in 2017. Operating margin increased in 2017 primarily due to savings from restructuring actions and lower restructuring charges, partially offset by commodity inflation. ff ff by commodity inflation, 78 Operating margin before acquisition integration charges increased from 12.6% in 2016 to 13.6% in 2017. The increase in operating margin before acquisition integration charges was primarily due to an increase in operating margin. Hydraulics Net sales Operating profit Operating margin 2018 2,756 Change from 2017 2017 Change from 2016 2016 12% $ 2,468 11% $ 2,222 370 13.4% 28% $ 288 11.7% 45% $ 198 8.9% $ $ Net sales in 2018 increased 12% compared to 2017 due to an increase in organic sales of 11% and an increase of 1% from the impact of positive currency translation. The increase in organic sales in 2018 was due to strength in global mobile equipment markets. Net sales in 2017 increased 11% compared to 2016 due to an increase in organic sales of 12% and a decrease of 1% from the impact of negative currency translation. The increase in organic sales in 2017 was due to strength in global mobile equipment markets. Operating margin increased from 11.7% in 2017 to 13.4% in 2018. The increase in operating margin in 2018 was primarily due to higher sales volumes, lower restructuring costs, and savings from restructuring actions, partially offset inflation, unfavorable product mix and increased freight costs. Operating margin increased from 8.9% in 2016 to 11.7% in 2017. The increase in operating margin in 2017 was primarily due to higher sales volumes, lower restructuring charges, and by commodity inflation. savings from restructuring actions, partially offset by commodity ff ff Aerospace Net sales Operating profit Operating margin 2018 1,896 Change from 2017 2017 Change from 2016 2016 9% $ 1,744 — % $ 1,753 398 21.0% 20% $ 332 19.0% (1)% $ 335 19.1% $ $ Net sales in 2018 increased 9% compared to 2017 due to an increase in organic sales of 9%. The increase in organic sales during 2018 was primarily due to higher sales in all major commercial and military end markets. Net sales were broadly flat in 2017 compared to 2016. Operating margin increased from 19.0% in 2017 to 21.0% in 2018. The increase was primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable product mix. Operating margin decreased from 19.1% in 2016 to 19.0% in 2017. The decrease was primarily due to higher program development spending, partially offset by savings from restructuring actions. ff Vehicle Net sales Operating profit Operating margin 2018 3,489 Change from 2017 2017 Change from 2016 2016 5% $ 3,326 6% $ 3,141 611 17.5% 13% $ 541 16.3% 15% $ 471 15.0% $ $ Net sales increased 5% in 2018 compared to 2017 due to an increase in organic sales of 7%, partially offset ff by a decrease of 2% from the sale of the business discussed in Note 2. The increase in organic sales in 2018 was primarily driven by growth in the Americas and Asia Pacific regions, with particular strength in the North American Class 8 truck market, partially offset by weakness in light vehicle markets in the European region. Net sales increased 6% in 2017 compared to 2016 due to an increase in organic sales of 5% and an increase of 2% from the impact of positive currency translation, partially offset by a decrease of 1% from the sale of the business discussed in Note 2. The increase in organic sales in 2017 was primarily due to growth in North America. ff ff 79 Operating margin increased from 16.3% in 2017 to 17.5% in 2018. The increase in operating margin in 2018 was primarily due to higher sales volumes, partially offset Operating margin increased from 15.0% in 2016 to 16.3% in 2017. The increase in operating margin in 2017 was primarily due to higher sales volumes, lower restructuring costs, and savings from restructuring actions, partially offset by commodity inflation and unfavorable product mix. by unfavorable product mix, commodity inflation and increased freight costs. ff ff eMobility Net sales Operating profit Operating margin 2018 320 Change from 2017 2017 Change from 2016 2016 13 % $ 283 6 % $ 266 44 13.8% (12)% $ 50 17.7% (12)% $ 57 21.4% $ $ Net sales increased 13% in 2018 compared to 2017 due to an increase in organic sales of 12% and an increase of 1% from the impact of positive currency translation. The increase in organic sales in 2018 was primarily due to strength in North America and Europe. Net sales increased 6% in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to strength in North America. Operating margin decreased from 21.4% in 2016 to 17.7% in 2017 to 13.8% in 2018. The decrease in operating margin in 2018 and 2017 was primarily due to increased research and development costs. Corporate Expense (Income) 2018 Change from 2017 2017 Change from 2016 2016 Amortization of intangible assets Interest expense - net Pension and other postretirement benefits expense Gain on sale of a business Arbitration decision expense Other corporate expense - net $ 382 271 1 — 275 277 Total corporate expense (income) $ 1,206 (2)% $ 10 % (98)% NM NM 14 % (883)% $ 388 246 45 (1,077) — 244 (154) (1)% $ 6 % (25)% NM NM 57 % (118)% $ 392 233 60 — — 155 840 Corporate results were expense of $1,206 in 2018 compared to income of $154 in 2017. The change in Total corporate expense (income) in 2018 was primarily due to the 2018 arbitration decision discussed in Note 9 and the 2017 gain on the sale of the business discussed in Note 2. Corporate results were income of $154 in 2017 compared to expense of $840 in 2016. The change in Total corporate expense (income) in 2017 was primarily due to the gain on the sale of the business discussed in Note 2, partially offset by an increase in other corporate expense. ff LIQUIDITY,YY CAPITALTT RESOURCES AND CHANGES IN FINANCIAL CONDITION Financial Condition and Liquidity Eaton’s objective is to finance its business through operating cash flow and an appropriate mix of equity and long-term and short-term debt. By diversifying its debt maturity structure, Eaton reduces liquidity risk. The Company maintains access to the commercial paper markets through a $2,000 commercial paper program. The Company maintains long-term revolving credit facilities totaling $2,000, consisting of a $500 three-year revolving credit facility that will expire November 17, 2020, a $750 five-year revolving credit facility that will expire October 14, 2021, and a $750 five-year revolving credit facility that will expire November 17, 2022. The revolving credit facilities are used to support commercial paper borrowings and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Eaton and certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries on an unsubordinated, unsecured basis. There were no borrowings outstanding under Eaton's revolving credit facilities at December 31, 2018 or 2017. The Company had available lines of credit of $1,079 from various banks primarily for the issuance of letters of credit, of which there was $265 outstanding at December 31, 2018. Over the course of a year, cash, short-term investments and short-term debt may fluctuate in order to manage global liquidity. Eaton believes it has the operating flexibility,yy cash flow,ww cash and short-term investment balances, and access to capital markets in excess of the liquidity necessary to meet future operating needs of the business as well as scheduled payments of long-term debt. 80 On September 15, 2017, a subsidiary of Eaton issued senior notes (the 2017 Senior Notes) with a face amount of $1,000. The 2017 Senior Notes are comprised of two tranches of $700 and $300 which mature in 2027 and 2047, respectively,yy with interest payable semi-annually at a respective rate of 3.1% and 3.9%. The issuer received proceeds totaling $993 from the issuance, net of financing costs. For additional information on financing transactions and debt, see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Eaton’s credit facilities and indentures governing certain long-term debt contain various covenants, the violation of which would limit or preclude the use of the credit facilities for future borrowings, or might accelerate the maturity of the related outstanding borrowings covered by the indentures. At Eaton’s present credit rating level, the most restrictive financial covenant provides that the ratio of secured debt (or lease payments due under a sale and leaseback transaction) to adjusted consolidated net worth (or consolidated net tangible assets, in each case as defined in the relevant credit agreement or indenture) may not exceed 10%. Eaton's actual ratios are substantially below the required threshold. In addition, Eaton is in compliance with each of its debt covenants for all periods presented. Sources and Uses of Cash Operating Cash Flow Net cash provided by operating activities was $2,658 in 2018, a decrease of $8 compared to $2,666 in 2017. The decrease was driven by a $297 payment made during 2018 for the arbitration decision discussed in Note 9, offset by lower pension contributions to Eaton's U.S. qualified pension plans in 2018. Other-net includes the impact of foreign currency gains and losses related to the remeasurement of intercompany balance sheet exposures, which have no impact on Operating cash flow. ff Net cash provided by operating activities was $2,666 in 2017, an increase of $96 compared to $2,570 in 2016. The increase was driven by higher net income, and lower working capital balances compared to 2016, partially offset contributions, including $350 of voluntary contributions to Eaton's U.S. qualified pension plans. ff by higher pension Investing Cash Flow Net cash used in investing activities was $398 in 2018, an increase in the use of cash of $181 compared to $217 in 2017. The increase in the use of cash was primarily driven by proceeds from the sale of a business as part of the formation of the Eaton Cummins joint venture in 2017 discussed in Note 2 and $110 in payments for the settlement of currency exchange contracts not designated as hedges discussed in Note 14, partially offset by net sales of short-term investments of $355 in 2018 compared to net purchases of $298 in 2017. Capital expenditures were $565 in 2018 compared to $520 in 2017. Eaton expects approximately $600 in capital expenditures in 2019. ff Net cash used in investing activities was $217 in 2017, a decrease in the use of cash of $312 compared to $529 in 2016. The decrease in 2017 was primarily driven by proceeds of $600 from the sale of the business as part of the formation of the Eaton Cummins joint venture in 2017, partially offset 2016. Capital expenditures were $520 in 2017 compared to $497 in 2016. by purchases of short-term investments of $298 in 2017 compared to $40 in ff Financing Cash Flow Net cash used in financing activities was $2,581 in 2018, an increase in the use of cash of $139 compared to $2,442 in 2017. The increase in the use of cash was primarily due to lower proceeds from borrowings of $410 in 2018 compared to $1,000 in 2017, higher share repurchases of $1,271 in 2018 compared to $850 in 2017, and higher dividends paid of $1,149 in 2018 compared to $1,068 in 2017, partially offset 2017. by lower payments on borrowings of $574 in 2018 compared to $1,554 in ff Net cash used in financing activities was $2,442 in 2017, an increase in the use of cash of $704 compared to $1,738 in 2016. The increase in the use of cash was primarily due to higher payments on borrowings of $1,554 in 2017 compared to $653 in 2016 and higher share repurchases of $850 in 2017 compared to $730 in 2016, partially offset borrowings of $1,000 in 2017 compared to $631 in 2016. by higher proceeds from ff 81 Credit Ratings Eaton's debt has been assigned the following credit ratings: Credit Rating Agency (long- /short-term rating) Standard & Poor's Moody's Fitch Defined Benefits Plans Pension Plans Rating A-/A-2 Baa1/P-2 BBB+/F2 Outlook Stable outlook Stable outlook Positive outlook During 2018, the fair value of plan assets in the Company’s employee pension plans decreased $684 to $4,628 at December 31, 2018. The decrease in plan assets was primarily due to lower than expected return on plan assets and the impact of negative currency translation. At December 31, 2018, the net unfunded position of $1,290 in pension liabilities consisted of $400 in the U.S. qualified pension plan, $865 in plans that have no minimum funding requirements, and $83 in all other plans that require minimum funding, partially offset by $58 in plans that are overfunded. ff Funding requirements are a major consideration in making contributions to Eaton’s pension plans. With respect to the Company’s pension plans worldwide, the Company intends to contribute annually not less than the minimum required by applicable law and regulations. In 2018, $126 was contributed to the pension plans. The Company anticipates making $116 of contributions to certain pension plans during 2019. The funded status of the Company’s pension plans at the end of 2019, and future contributions, will depend primarily on the actual return on assets during the year and the discount rate used to calculate certain benefits at the end of the year. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements Eaton does not have off-balance ff sheet arrangements or financings with unconsolidated entities or other persons. In the ordinary course of business, the Company leases certain real properties and equipment, as described in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the United States requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that may involve the exercise of significant judgment. For any estimate or assumption used, there may be other reasonable estimates or assumptions that could have been used. However, based on facts and circumstances inherent in developing estimates and assumptions, management believes it is unlikely that applying other such estimates and assumptions would have caused materially different amounts to have been reported. Actual results may differ from these estimates. ff ff Revenue Recognition Sales are recognized when control of promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Control is transferred when the customer has the ability to direct the use of and obtain benefits from the goods or services. The majority of the Company’s sales agreements contain performance obligations satisfied at a point in time when control is transferred to the customer. Sales recognized over time are generally accounted for using an input measure to determine progress completed at the end of the period. Sales for service contracts generally are recognized as the services are provided. For agreements with multiple performance obligations, judgment is required to determine whether performance obligations specified in these agreements are distinct and should be accounted for as separate revenue transactions for recognition purposes. In these types of agreements, we generally allocate sales price to each distinct obligation based on the price of each item sold in separate transactions. Due to the nature of the work required to be performed for obligations recognized over time, Eaton estimates total costs by contract. The estimate of total costs are subject to judgment. Estimated amounts are included in the recognized sales price to the extent it is not probable that a significant reversal of cumulative sales will occur. Additionally,yy contracts can be modified to of a contract modification on the sales account for changes in contract specifications, requirements or sale price. The effect price or adjustments to the measure of completion under the input method are recognized as adjustments to revenue on a cumulative catch-up basis. ff 82 Eaton records reductions to sales for returns, and customer and distributor incentives, primarily comprised of rebates, at the time of the initial sale. Rebates are estimated based on sales terms, historical experience, trend analysis, and projected market conditions in the various markets served. The rebate programs offered Eaton serves, but the most common incentives relate to amounts paid or credited to customers for achieving defined volume levels. Returns are estimated at the time of the sale primarily based on historical experience and recorded gross on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. See Note 4 for additional information. vary across businesses due to the numerous markets ff Impairment of Goodwill and Other Long-Lived Assets Goodwill Goodwill is evaluated annually for impairment as of July 1 using either a quantitative or qualitative analysis. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is equivalent to Eaton's operating segments and based on the net assets for each segment, including goodwill and intangible assets. Goodwill is assigned to each operating segment, as this represents the lowest level that constitutes a business and is the level at which management regularly reviews the operating results. The Company performs a quantitative analysis using a discounted cash flow model and other valuation techniques, but may elect to perform a qualitative analysis. Additionally,yy goodwill is evaluated for impairment whenever an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of an operating segment is less than its carrying amount. Events or circumstances that may result in an impairment review include changes in macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, other relevant entity-specific events, specific events affecting reporting unit or sustained decrease in share price. ff the The annual goodwill impairment test was performed using a qualitative analysis in 2018 and 2017 and a quantitative analysis in 2016. A qualitative analysis is performed by assessing certain trends and factors that require significant judgment, including projected market outlook and growth rates, forecasted and actual sales and operating profit margins, discount rates, industry data, and other relevant qualitative factors. These trends and factors are compared to, and based on, the assumptions used in the most recent quantitative analysis performed for each reporting unit. The results of the qualitative analyses did not indicate a need to perform quantitative analysis. Goodwill impairment testing was also performed using a quantitative analysis for the Electrical Products, Vehicle and eMobility segments in the first quarter of 2018 due to a reorganization of the Company's businesses resulting in the creation of the eMobility segment. The Company used the relative fair value method to reallocate goodwill among these reporting units. Quantitative analyses were performed by estimating the fair value for each reporting unit using a discounted cash flow model, which considered forecasted cash flows discounted at an estimated weighted-average cost of capital. The forecasted cash flows were based on the Company's long-term operating plan and a terminal value was used to estimate the operating segment's cash flows beyond the period covered by the operating plan. The weighted-average cost of capital is an estimate of the overall after-tax rate of return required by equity and debt market holders of a business enterprise. These analyses require the exercise of significant judgments, including judgments about appropriate discount rates, perpetual growth rates and the timing of expected cash flows of the respective reporting unit. Sensitivity analyses were performed around these assumptions in order to assess the reasonableness of the assumptions and the resulting estimated fair values. Based on these analyses performed in 2018 and 2017, the fair value of Eaton's reporting units continue to substantially exceed their respective carrying amounts and thus, no impairment exists. Indefinite Life Intangible Assets Indefinite life intangible assets consist of certain trademarks. They are evaluated annually for impairment as of July 1 using either a quantitative or qualitative analysis to determine whether their fair values exceed their respective carrying amounts. Indefinite life intangible asset impairment testing for 2018 and 2017 was performed using a quantitative analysis. Determining the fair value of these assets requires significant judgment and the Company uses a royalty relief methodology similar to that employed when the associated assets were acquired, but using updated estimates of future sales, cash flows and profitability. Additionally,yy indefinite life intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired. Events or circumstances that may result in an impairment review include changes in industry and market considerations, cost factors, financial performance, and other relevant entity-specific events that could affect intangible assets. inputs used to determine the respective fair values of the indefinite-lived ff For 2018 and 2017, the fair value of indefinite lived intangible assets exceeded the respective carrying value. 83 Other Long-Lived Assets Other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Events or circumstances that may result in an impairment review include operations reporting losses, a significant adverse change in the use of an asset, the planned disposal or sale of the asset, a significant adverse change in the business climate or legal factors related to the asset, or a significant decrease in the estimated market value of an asset. Upon indications of impairment, assets and liabilities are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. The asset group would be considered impaired when the estimated future net undiscounted cash flows generated by the asset group are less than its carrying value. In instances where the carrying amount of the asset group exceeded the undiscounted cash flows, the fair value of the asset group would be determined and an impairment loss would be recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds its fair value. Determining asset groups and underlying cash flows requires the use of significant judgment. For additional information about goodwill and other intangible assets, see Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Recoverability of Deferred Income Tax Assets Eaton is subject to the income tax laws in the jurisdictions in which it operates. In order to determine the income tax provision for financial statement purposes, Eaton must make significant estimates and judgments about its business operations in these jurisdictions. These estimates and judgments are also used in determining the deferred income tax assets and liabilities that have been recognized for differences income tax loss carryforwards and income tax credit carryforwards. between the financial statement and income tax basis of assets and liabilities, and ff Management evaluates the realizability of deferred income tax assets for each jurisdiction in which it operates. If the Company experiences cumulative pretax income in a particular jurisdiction in a three-year period including the current and prior two years, management normally concludes that the deferred income tax assets will more likely than not be realizable and no valuation allowance is recognized, unless known or planned operating developments, or changes in tax laws, would lead management to conclude otherwise. However, if the Company experiences cumulative pretax losses in a particular jurisdiction in a three-year period including the current and prior two years, management then considers a series of factors in the determination of whether the deferred income tax assets can be realized. These factors include historical operating results, known or planned operating developments, the period of time over which certain temporary differences consideration of the utilization of certain deferred income tax liabilities, tax law carryback capability in a particular country,yy prudent and feasible tax planning strategies, changes in tax laws, and estimates of future earnings and taxable income using the same assumptions as the Company’s goodwill and other impairment testing. After evaluation of these factors, if the deferred income tax assets are expected to be realized within the tax carryforward period allowed for that specific country,yy management would conclude that no valuation allowance would be required. To the extent that the deferred income tax assets exceed the amount that is expected to be realized within the tax carryforward period for a particular jurisdiction, management would establish a valuation allowance. For additional information about income taxes, see Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. will reverse, ff Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits Plans The measurement of liabilities related to pension plans and other postretirement benefits plans is based on assumptions related to future events including interest rates, return on plan assets, rate of compensation increases, and health care cost trend rates. Actual plan asset performance will either reduce or increase losses included in accumulated other comprehensive loss, which ultimately affects net income. ff The discount rate for United States plans was determined by discounting the expected future benefit payments using a theoretical zero-coupon spot yield curve derived from a universe of high-quality bonds as of the measurement date and solving for the single rate that generated the same benefit obligation. Only corporate bonds with a rating of Aa or higher by either Moody’s or Standard & Poor's were included. Callable bonds that are not make-whole bonds and certain other non-comparable bonds were eliminated. Finally,yy a subset of bonds was selected by grouping the universe of bonds by duration and retaining 50% of the bonds that had the highest yields. The discount rates for non-United States plans were determined by region and are based on high quality long-term corporate and government bonds. Consideration has been given to the duration of the liabilities in each plan when selecting the bonds to be used in determining the discount rate. To estimate the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit cost for the vast majority of its defined benefits pension and other postretirement benefits plans, the Company used a spot rate approach by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period to the relevant projected cash flows. 84 Key assumptions used to calculate pension and other postretirement benefits expense are adjusted at each year-end. A 1- on percentage point change in the assumed rate of return on pension plan assets is estimated to have approximately a $50 effect on pension expense. Likewise, a 1-percentage point change in the discount rate is estimated to have approximately a $62 effect pension expense. A 1-percentage point change in the assumed rate of return on other postretirement benefits assets is estimated to have approximately a $1 effect on other postretirement benefits expense. A 1-percentage point change in the discount rate is estimated to have approximately a $2 effect on expense for other postretirement benefits plans. ff ff ff ff Additional information related to changes in key assumptions used to recognize expense for other postretirement benefits plans is found in Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Environmental Contingencies As a result of past operations, Eaton is involved in remedial response and voluntary environmental remediation at a number of sites, including certain of its currently-owned or formerly-owned plants. The Company has also been named a potentially responsible party under the United States federal Superfund law,ww or the state equivalents thereof, at a number of disposal sites. A number of factors affect ff the cost of environmental remediation, including the number of parties involved at a particular site, the determination of the extent of contamination, the length of time the remediation may require, the complexity of environmental regulations, and the continuing advancement of remediation technology. Taking these factors into account, Eaton has estimated the costs of remediation, which will be paid over a period of years. The Company accrues an amount on an undiscounted basis, consistent with the estimates of these costs, when it is probable that a liability has been incurred. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, $116 and $120, respectively,yy was accrued for these costs. Based upon Eaton's analysis and subject to the difficulty ff in estimating these future costs, the Company expects that any sum it may be required to pay in connection with environmental matters is not reasonably possible to exceed the recorded liability by an amount that would have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows. ff MARKET RISK DISCLOSURE On a regular basis, Eaton monitors third-party depository institutions that hold its cash and short-term investments, primarily for safety of principal and secondarily for maximizing yield on those funds. The Company diversifies its cash and short-term investments among counterparties to minimize exposure to any one of these entities. Eaton also monitors the creditworthiness of its customers and suppliers to mitigate any adverse impact. Eaton uses derivative instruments to manage exposure to volatility in raw material costs, currency,yy and interest rates on certain debt instruments. Derivative financial instruments used by the Company are straightforward and non-leveraged. The counterparties to these instruments are financial institutions with strong credit ratings. Eaton maintains control over the size of positions entered into with any one counterparty and regularly monitors the credit rating of these institutions. See Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about hedges and derivative financial instruments. Eaton’s ability to access the commercial paper market, and the related cost of these borrowings, is based on the strength of its credit rating and overall market conditions. The Company has not experienced any material limitations in its ability to access these sources of liquidity. At December 31, 2018, Eaton had $2,000 of long-term revolving credit facilities with banks in support of its commercial paper program. It has no borrowings outstanding under these credit facilities. Interest rate risk can be measured by calculating the short-term earnings impact that would result from adverse changes in interest rates. This exposure results from short-term debt, which includes commercial paper at a floating interest rate, long-term debt that has been swapped to floating rates, and money market investments that have not been swapped to fixed rates. Based upon the balances of investments and floating rate debt at year end 2018, a 100 basis-point increase in short-term interest rates would have increased the Company’s net, pretax interest expense by $24. Eaton also measures interest rate risk by estimating the net amount by which the fair value of the Company’s financial liabilities would change as a result of movements in interest rates. Based on Eaton’s best estimate for a hypothetical, 100 basis point increase in interest rates at December 31, 2018, the market value of the Company’s debt and interest rate swap portfolio, in aggregate, would increase by $463. The Company is exposed to currency risk associated with translating its functional currency financial statements into its reporting currency,yy which is the U.S. dollar. As a result, the Company is exposed to movements in the exchange rates of various currencies against the U.S. dollar. Eaton also monitors exposure to transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of each country in which the Company operates, and regularly enters into forward contracts to mitigate that exposure. In the aggregate, Eaton’s portfolio of forward contracts related to such transactions was not material to its Consolidated Financial Statements. 85 CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AA A summary of contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 follows: Long-term debt, including current portion(1) Interest expense related to long-term debt Increase (reduction) of interest expense from interest rate swap agreements related to long- term debt Operating leases Purchase obligations Other obligations Total 2019 $ $ 339 255 3 165 993 144 2020 to 2021 2022 to 2023 Thereafter Total 543 483 1 239 117 8 $ 2,002 $ 4,217 $ 391 1,795 (8) 128 33 9 (37) 110 — 23 7,101 2,924 (41) 642 1,143 184 $ 1,899 $ 1,391 $ 2,555 $ 6,108 $ 11,953 (1) Long-term debt excludes deferred gains and losses on derivatives related to debt, adjustments to fair market value, and premiums and discounts on long-term debentures. ff Interest expense related to long-term debt is based on the fixed interest rate, or other applicable interest rate, related to the debt instrument. The increase (reduction) of interest expense due to interest rate swap agreements related to long-term debt is based on the difference in the fixed interest rate the Company receives from the swap, compared to the floating interest rate the Company pays on the swap. Purchase obligations are entered into with various vendors in the normal course of business. These amounts include commitments for purchases of raw materials, outstanding non-cancelable purchase orders, releases under blanket purchase orders, and commitments under ongoing service arrangements. Other obligations principally include $116 of anticipated contributions to pension plans in 2019, $21 of other postretirement benefits payments expected to be paid in 2019, and $44 of deferred compensation earned under various plans for which the participants have elected to receive disbursement at a later date. The table above does not include all other future expected pension and other postretirement benefits payments. Information related to the amounts of these future payments is described in Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The table above also excludes the liability for unrecognized income tax benefits, since the Company cannot predict with reasonable certainty the timing of cash settlements with the respective taxing authorities. At December 31, 2018, the gross liability for unrecognized income tax benefits totaled $913 and interest and penalties were $74. FORWARR RD-LOOKING STATTT EMENTS This Annual Report to Shareholders contains forward-looking statements concerning litigation and regulatory developments, expected pension or other post-retirement benefits payments and rates of return, and expected future liquidity. These statements may discuss goals, intentions and expectations as to future trends, plans, events, results of operations or financial condition, or state other information relating to Eaton, based on current beliefs of management as well as assumptions made by,yy and information currently available to, management. Forward-looking statements generally will be accompanied by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “guidance,” “intend,” “may,”yy “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project” or other similar words, phrases or expressions. These statements should be used with caution and are subject to various risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside Eaton’s control. The following factors could cause actual results to differ ff materially from those in the forward-looking statements: unanticipated changes in the markets for the Company’s business segments; unanticipated downturns in business relationships with customers or their purchases from us; the availability of credit to customers and suppliers; competitive pressures on sales and pricing; unanticipated changes in the cost of material and other production costs, or unexpected costs that cannot be recouped in product pricing; the introduction of competing technologies; unexpected technical or marketing difficulties; ff resolutions; strikes or other labor unrest; the impact of acquisitions and divestitures; unanticipated difficulties acquisitions; new laws and governmental regulations; interest rate changes; tax rate changes or exposure to additional income tax liability; stock market and currency fluctuations; war, natural disasters, civil or political unrest or terrorism; and unanticipated deterioration of economic and financial conditions in the United States and around the world. Eaton does not assume any obligation to update these forward-looking statements. unexpected claims, charges, litigation or dispute integrating ff 86 RR QUARTERL YLL DATAAA (unaudited) Quarter ended in 2018 Quarter ended in 2017 (In millions except for per share data) Dec. 31 Sept. 30 June 30 Mar. 31 Dec. 31 Sept. 30 June 30 Mar. 31 Net sales Gross profit $ 5,459 $ 5,412 $ 5,487 $ 5,251 $ 5,213 $ 5,211 $ 5,132 $ 4,848 1,789 1,815 1,816 1,678 1,678 1,745 1,684 1,541 Percent of net sales 32.8% 33.5% 33.1% 32.0% 32.2% 33.5% 32.8% 31.8% Income before income taxes Net income Less net (income) loss for noncontrolling interests Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders Net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders 726 632 (1) 439 416 — 694 611 (1) 565 487 1 635 634 — 1,694 1,401 572 517 — (1) 467 434 — $ 631 $ 416 $ 610 $ 488 $ 634 $ 1,401 $ 516 $ 434 Diluted Basic $ 1.46 $ 1.46 0.95 0.96 $ 1.39 1.40 $ 1.10 1.11 $ 1.43 1.44 $ 3.14 3.16 $ 1.15 1.16 $ 0.96 0.97 Cash dividends declared per ordinary share $ 0.66 $ 0.66 $ 0.66 $ 0.66 $ 0.60 $ 0.60 $ 0.60 $ 0.60 Earnings per share for the four quuarters in aa yyear may noott equal full yyear earninggs per sharee. Acquisition integration charges inncluded in IIncome befoorre income ttaaxes are as ffoollows: Acquisition integration charges $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 1 $ 1 $ 1 $ 1 Quarter endded in 2018 Quarter enddeed in 2017 Dec. 31 Sept. 30 June 30 Mar. 31 Dec. 31 Sept. 30 June 30 Mar. 31 FIVE-YEAR CONSOLIDATEDAA FINANCIAL SUMMARYRR (unaudited) (In millions except for per share data) Net sales Income before income taxes Net income Less net income for noncontrolling interests 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 $21,609 $20,404 $19,747 $20,855 $22,552 2,424 2,146 3,368 2,986 2,118 1,919 2,133 1,974 1,762 1,804 (1) (1) (3) (2) (10) Net income attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders $ 2,145 $ 2,985 $ 1,916 $ 1,972 $ 1,794 Net income per share attributable to Eaton ordinary shareholders Diluted Basic Weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding Diluted Basic Cash dividends declared per ordinary share Total assets Long-term debt Total debt Eaton shareholders' equity Eaton shareholders' equity per ordinary share Ordinary shares outstanding $ 4.91 $ 6.68 $ 4.20 $ 4.22 $ 3.76 4.93 6.71 4.21 4.23 3.78 436.9 434.3 447.0 444.5 456.5 455.0 467.1 465.5 476.8 474.1 $ 2.64 $ 2.40 $ 2.28 $ 2.20 $ 1.96 $31,092 $32,623 $30,476 $31,059 $33,557 6,768 7,521 7,167 7,751 6,711 8,277 7,746 8,414 7,982 8,992 16,107 17,253 14,954 15,249 15,856 $ 38.02 $ 39.22 $ 33.28 $ 33.24 $ 33.89 423.6 439.9 449.4 458.8 467.9 Eaton Corporation plc 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K Item 15(b) Exhibit 31.1 Certification I, Craig Arnold, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Eaton Corporation plc; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer ff and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness ff conclusions about the effectiveness this report based on such evaluation; and ff of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, ff and the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; or is reasonably likely to materially affect, ff 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer ff and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect report financial information; and ff the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 27, 2019 /s/ Craig Arnold Craig Arnold Principal Executive Officer ff Eaton Corporation plc 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K Item 15(b) Exhibit 31.2 Certification I, Richard H. Fearon, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Eaton Corporation plc; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer ff and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness ff conclusions about the effectiveness this report based on such evaluation; and ff of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, ff and the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; or is reasonably likely to materially affect, ff 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer ff and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect report financial information; and ff the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 27, 2019 /s/ Richard H. Fearon Richard H. Fearon Principal Financial Officer ff Eaton Corporation plc 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K Item 15(b) Exhibit 32.1 Certification This written statement is submitted in accordance with Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. It accompanies Eaton Corporation plc’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (“10-K Report”). I hereby certify that, based on my knowledge, the Report on Form 10-K fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C 78m), and information contained in the 10-K Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Eaton Corporation plc and its consolidated subsidiaries. Date: February 27, 2019 /s/ Craig Arnold Craig Arnold Principal Executive Officer ff Eaton Corporation plc 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K Item 15(b) Exhibit 32.2 Certification This written statement is submitted in accordance with Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. It accompanies Eaton Corporation plc’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (“10-K Report”). I hereby certify that, based on my knowledge, the Report on Form 10-K fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C 78m), and information contained in the 10-K Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Eaton Corporation plc and its consolidated subsidiaries. Date: February 27, 2019 /s/ Richard H. Fearon Richard H. Fearon Principal Financial Officer ff THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK Shareholder Information (This content was not included in our 10-K SEC filing.) Annual General Meeting of Shareholders The company’s 2019 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders will be held at 8:00 a.m., Dublin time, on Wednesday, April 24, 2019, at Eaton House, 30 Pembroke Road, Dublin 4, Ireland. Formal notice of the meeting will be made available on or about March 15, 2019, to each shareholder of record as of February 25, 2019. Most Eaton shareholders will not receive a mailed copy of the Proxy Statement and Annual Report to Shareholders, but rather a notice that these materials are available online. Eaton shareholders who currently receive paper copies, due to a prior election or due to participation in an employee benefit plan, can register for electronic delivery of these materials as well as online proxy voting, at http://enroll.icsdelivery.com/etn. Annual Report to Shareholders This 2018 Annual Report to Shareholders is available online at www.eaton.com/ annualreport. Any shareholder may obtain at no charge a printed copy of this Annual Report upon written request to the address shown to the left. Other public financial reports also are available on Eaton’s website at www.eaton.com. Annual Certifications The most recent certifications required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 were filed as Exhibits 31.1,31.2, 32.1 and 32.2 to Eaton’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for 2018. Additionally, Eaton submitted to the New York Stock Exchange its 2018 Chief Executive Officer Certification regarding Eaton’s compliance with the corporate governance listing standards of the Exchange. Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions Regular Mail: P.O. Box 1342, Brentwood, NY 11717 Registered/Overnight Packages: ATTN: IWS, 1155 Long Island Ave., Edgewood, NY 11717 Phone: +1 888.597.8625 (U.S. & Canada) +1 303.562.9631 (Toll)TT TDD: +1 855.627.5080 (hearing impaired inside the U.S.) TDD: +1 720.399.2074 (hearing impaired outside the U.S.) Email: shareholder@broadridge.com Website: https://shareholder.broadridge.com/eaton-corp/ Dividend Reinvestment and Direct Stock Purchase Plan A dividend reinvestment plan is available at no charge to shareholders of record of Eaton Ordinary Shares. Through the plan, shareholders of record may buy additional shares by reinvesting their cash dividends or investing additional cash up to $60,000 per year. Also, new investors may buy Eaton shares under this plan. Interested shareholders of record or new investors should contact Broadridge, as shown above. Direct Deposit of Dividends Shareholders of record may have their dividends directly deposited into their bank accounts. Interested shareholders of record should contact Broadridge, as shown above. Forward-Looking Statements This Annual Report to Shareholders, including the Chairman’s letter,r contains forward-looking statements concerning our corporate strategy, in addition to the forward-looking statements made in the Form 10-K included in this Annual Report. These statements should be used with caution and are subject to various risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside of Eaton’s control. Please see the factors described in the paragraph under the heading “Forward-Looking Statements” on page 86 of the Form 10-K included in this Annual Report to Shareholders for a discussion of the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements. Eaton Shareholder Contact Information Investor Relations, Eaton 1000 Eaton Boulevard Cleveland, OH 44122 USA +1 440.523.4059 www.eaton.com Quarterly Financial Releases Eaton’s financial results are available approximately four weeks after the end of each quarter. Releases are available on Eaton’s website at www.eaton.com. Copies may also be obtained by calling +1 440.523.4059. Common Shares Listed for trading: New York Stock Exchange (Ticker Symbol: ETN) This publication was printed at an FSC®-certified printer. The FSC Logo identifies products that contain wood or wood fiber from well-managed forests certified in accordance with the rules of the Forest Stewardship Council®. Soy-based inks and elemental chlorine-free, acid-free, recycled content and recyclable papers were employed throughout this publication. EATON Directors and Leadership Team As of March 1, 2019 Directors, Eaton Corporation plc Craig Arnold 5* Chairman, Eaton Corporation plc, Dublin, Ireland Todd M. Bluedorn 2*, 3, 5 Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Lennox International Inc., Richardson, Texas, a global provider of climate control solutions for heating, air conditioning and refrigeration markets Christopher M. Connor 1, 4, 5 Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, The Sherwin-Williams Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a global manufacturer of paint, architectural coatings, industrial finishes and associated supplies Michael J. Critelli 2, 4 Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Pitney Bowes Inc., Stamford, Connecticut, a global mailstream solutions company Richard H. Fearon Vice Chairman and Chief Financial and Planning Officer, Eaton Corporation Charles E. Golden 2, 4 Retired Former Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and Director, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, a pharmaceutical company Sandra Pianalto 1, 3*, 5 Retired Former President and Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Arthur E. Johnson 2, 4*, 5 Retired Former Senior Vice President, Corporate Strategic Development, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland, a manufacturer of advanced technology systems, products and services Deborah L. McCoy 1, 4 Independent consultant. Former Senior Vice President, Flight Operations, Continental Airlines Inc., Houston, Texas, a commercial airline Gregory R. Page 2, 3 Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Cargill Incorporated, Minneapolis, Minnesota, an international marketer, processor and distributor of agricultural, food, financial and industrial products and services Gerald B. Smith 1*, 3 , 5 Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Smith, Graham & Company, Houston, Texas, an investment advisory firm Dorothy C. Thompson 1, 3 Retired Chief Executive, Drax Group plc, London, England, a power generation company 1 Audit Committee 2 Compensation and Organization Committee 3 Finance Committee 4 Governance Committee 5 Executive Committee * Denotes Committee Chair Eaton Global Leadership Team Craig Arnold President and Chief Executive Officer Mark Eubanks President–Electrical Products Group Donald H. Bullock Senior Vice President–Investor Relations Heath B. Monesmith Executive Vice President and General Counsel Richard H. Fearon Vice Chairman and Chief Financial and Planning Officer Uday Yadav President and Chief Operating Officer, Industrial Sector Brian S. Brickhouse President–Electrical Systems and Services Group Frank C. Campbell President–Europe, Middle East and Africa Region, Corporate and Electrical Sector Nandakumar Cheruvatath President–Aerospace Group João V. Faria President–Vehicle Group Curtis J. Hutchins President–Hydraulics Group Nancy L. Berardinelli-Krantz Senior Vice President– Global Ethics and Compliance William W. Blausey Jr. Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer Rogerio Branco Executive Vice President– Supply Chain Management Mary Kim Elkins Senior Vice President–Taxes Harold V. Jones Executive Vice President–Eaton Business System and Sustainability Ernest W. Marshall Jr. Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer John J. Matejka Senior Vice President– Internal Audit Trent M. Meyerhoefer Senior Vice President–Treasury Ramanath I. Ramakrishnan Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer Harpreet Saluja Senior Vice President–Corporate Development and Planning Ken D. Semelsberger Senior Vice President and Controller Taras G. Szmagala Jr. Senior Vice President–Public and Community Affairs and Corporate Communications 2018 ANNUAL REPORT We make what matters work. Eaton Corporation plc Eaton House 30 Pembroke Road Dublin 4, Ireland www.eaton.com ©2019 Eaton All Rights Reserved Printed in USA Eaton is a registered trademark. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. Eaton.com/socialmedia 

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