eHealth Annual Report 2008

Plain-text annual report

2 0 0 8 A N N U A L R E P O R T e H e a l t h 2 0 0 8 A N N U A L R E P O R T T R A N S F O R M I N G H O W P E O P L E A N D B U S I N E S S E S B U Y H E A LT H I N S U R A N C E CORPORATE PROFILE eHealth, Inc. (NASDAQ: EHTH) is the nation’s leading online source of health insurance for individuals, families and small businesses. Through the company’s website, http://www.ehealthinsurance.com, consumers can get quotes from leading health insurance carriers, compare plans side by side, and apply for and purchase health insurance. eHealthInsurance offers thousands of health plans underwritten by more than 180 of the nation’s health insurance companies. eHealthInsurance is licensed to sell health insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. FINAN CIAL HIGHLIGHTS In 2008 we delivered growth while maintaining a disciplined approach to spending. 7 . 1 1 1 8 . 7 8 2 . 0 3 2 . 6 2 3 . 1 6 8 . 1 4 2 . 0 3 4 . 1 1 6 . 2 3 . 1 2 0 . 6 1 0 . 8 1 . 1 2 6 4 . 8 1 5 9 . 3 9 3 6 . 7 7 2 4 . 2 1 2 04 05 06 07 08 04 05 06 07 08 04 05 06 07 08 04 05 06 07 08 6 . 0 - 4 . 3 - 6 . 0 - Revenue in millions ($’s) Operating Cash Flow in millions ($’s) Operating Income in millions ($’s) Membership in thousands (estimated) eHealth 2 0 0 8 A N N U A L R E P O R T 200 8 S TOCKHOLD ER LE TTER Our technology continued to transform the distribution channel for individual health insurance products into a highly efficient, purely digital paperless experience. 2008 was an unprecedented year in the history of our country. We witnessed a historical presidential election, which raised political awareness and created strong momentum in Washington, DC for economic reform and the improvement of our healthcare system. At the same time, we saw the economy in the United States sharply deteriorate as fourth-quarter GDP decreased at an estimated annual rate of 6.3%; unemployment reached 7.2% in December; and consumer conﬁ dence dropped to an all-time low. At the end of 2008, we were unfortunately seeing many businesses and industries in various states of decline. Looking back on this challenging year, we are proud of our accomplishments as we continued to execute on our operating plans and grow our business in this extraordinary macro-economic environment. Our 2008 ﬁ nancial highlights include: Annual revenues of $111.7 million, a 27% increase over 2007 Operating income of $21.3 million, a 33% increase over 2007 Cash ﬂ ow from operations of $30.2 million, a 15% increase over 2007 621,100 estimated members as of December 31, 2008, a 20% increase over 2007 In 2008 we delivered growth while maintaining a disciplined approach to spending. Our operating margins increased year-over-year, and our balance sheet remained solid with no debt and over $150M in cash and marketable securities as of the end of the year. On the competitive front, eHealth remained the market leader with no comparable technology platform available commercially, continued leadership position in paid and natural search and strong relationships with major health insurance carriers nationwide. Our technology continued to transform the distribution channel for individual health Gary Lauer Chairman and CEO insurance products into a highly efﬁ cient, purely digital paperless experience. The ability to compare multiple products through our unique online approach and select the health insurance plan that best ﬁ ts an individual’s requirements and budget is now more important than ever. In this difﬁ cult economy with household incomes eroding, our value proposition is highly relevant as we help people ﬁ nd affordable, quality health insurance options. Our market opportunity continues to expand. The number of people covered through their employers is declining as workers are forced out of the group health insurance environment by bankruptcies and lay-offs. In addition, many work for small businesses that ﬁ nd it increasingly difﬁ cult to afford employee health coverage in the current economy. We reach out to these people in many ways, including through our media efforts, educational content on our website, direct contact with HR organizations and partnerships with not-for-proﬁ t and government organizations. one eHealth 2 0 0 8 A N N U A L R E P O R T 200 8 S TOCKHOLD ER LE TTER continued Providing access to affordable health insurance to individuals and small businesses in this challenging environment. In 2008 our growth, proﬁ tability and strong cash position allowed us to continue investing aggressively in technology and content, the cornerstones of our business. Last year’s highlights included progress with our instant approval technology, eApproval, which is currently live with three carriers, including one of our largest carrier partners, Anthem Blue Cross in California. We are very pleased with the application growth we observed with eApproval- enabled plans and believe these preliminary results show the attractiveness of this platform to both the consumer and carriers. Our licensing business, which we call eCommerce On-Demand, or eOD, had a great year. At the end of 2008 we had carriers utilizing our eOD solution in 43 states and the District of Columbia; and through many of these eOD relationships, carriers are extending our technology to the desktops and laptops of their agents and brokers. In fact, in excess of 7,500 brokers and agents now use eHealth’s platform. In China we expanded the reach of our uBao.com platform across the entire mainland by adding medical and accident insurance products underwritten by Tai-Kang Life Insurance Co., Ltd., one of the largest life insurance companies in Carriers are also increasingly emphasizing the individual market, which remains one of the very few sources of enrollment growth in the current environment. As an example, a well-recognized brand, CIGNA, successfully entered the individual market in 2008. CIGNA joins the ranks of other recent IFP market entrants that are using eHealth as part of their channel strategy to gain traction in the growing individual market. 8 7 6 5 t n e c r e P 4 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Month Unemployment Rates Source: United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics eHealth’s COBRA Alternatives COBRA coverage is a valuable option for many, but it may cost more than what you’re willing or able to pay two eHealth 2 0 0 8 A N N U A L R E P O R T 200 8 S TOCKHOLD ER LE TTER continued eHealth is first and foremost a technology company. China. The Tai-Kang model is one where eHealth acts as an Internet technology provider, allowing Tai-Kang to market and sell their insurance products online nationally under their licensure. On the public policy front, we maintained a strong presence in Washington, DC. We support the need for increased access to healthcare and efforts to extend coverage to the 46 million Americans who are currently uninsured. We believe these initiatives are good for the American people and also may represent signiﬁ cant business opportunities for eHealth. A considerable portion of our new applications last year came from previously uninsured people, and we are proud of our role in providing these individuals with access to quality health care plans. In 2008 we made two important appointments. John Desser has joined us as Vice President of Public Policy and Government Affairs. John Desser was most recently Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health Policy at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mr. Desser will spend most of his time in Washington, D.C. and work closely with legislators and others involved in public policy to provide them with much-needed information and knowledge about the growing individual market. We also brought on board a new senior marketing executive, Scott Sanborn, who will be managing all major marketing and demand-generation functions for eHealth. Mr. Sanborn has extensive experience in online and traditional consumer marketing, having previously been Senior Vice President of Marketing at Home Shopping Network (HSN). Mr. Sanborn’s appointment adds strength to our senior executive team and enables Bruce Telkamp, who had been very effectively managing our marketing activities, to focus more of his attention on our corporate and business development, which are critically important areas for us. At the end of last year, eHealth announced a stock buy-back program, reﬂ ecting our strong belief in the fundamental value of our company and its growth prospects. The Board of Directors authorized a repurchase program of up to $30 million or ten percent of our outstanding shares of common stock, whichever is less. We started buying back shares at the end of December pursuant to a 10b5-1 trading plan. Looking into 2009, we are very optimistic about our company and the market opportunity. The economy may not improve this year and might even deteriorate. Robust e-commerce platform offering a broad selection of quality health insurance plans Highly qualiﬁ ed technology team with over 165 full-time engineers eCommerce On-Demand licensing platform allowing carriers the use of our industry’s leading technology to market and sell their products online three eHealth 2 0 0 8 A N N U A L R E P O R T 200 8 S TOCKHOLD ER LE TTER continued We are very optimistic about our company and the market opportunity. We will continue to execute upon our strategy by creating broader awareness and visibility for the company and building our membership base. This is a time when health insurance topics are receiving signiﬁ cant media exposure and are on the top of the minds of many Americans. We think that eHealth can capitalize on this trend. As unemployment rates continue to climb and family incomes decline, we are putting a lot of effort into educating people about their health coverage options and the availability of our convenient platform to enable them to research and buy quality, affordable policies. We will also work to grow our high-margin licensing business, which is accretive to our core business and supports our mission to be the online distribution standard for health insurance products for individuals, families and small businesses. In conclusion, eHealth is ﬁ rst and foremost a technology company. Our business is a good example of how the right application of technology can improve our healthcare system and make it more cost-efﬁ cient. I would like to thank our members, partners and investors for their ongoing support and commitment to our company’s objectives. I look forward to sharing our continuing progress with you. Sincerely, Gary Lauer Chairman and CEO Despite this, we believe we are better positioned for this environment than many other companies and can continue to grow revenues at healthy rates, as reﬂ ected in our 2009 guidance. We will also continue to be vigilant about our spending in this environment. Our business model remains highly scalable. We expect to generate additional economies of scale across several operating areas, and we intend to continue to invest in our marketing and advertising initiatives. The 2008 Stockholder Letter from our chief executive ofﬁ cer contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding expansion of our market opportunity, the declining number of people covered through employers, carriers’ increasing emphasis on the individual market, future growth of the individual market, our access to legislators and others involved in public policy, legislative initiatives as business opportunities, future economic conditions, revenue growth at healthy rates, 2009 guidance, continued vigilance in spending, generation of additional economies of scale, continued investment in marketing and advertising initiatives, execution of our strategy, our ability to capitalize on current trends and the growth of our licensing business and its accretiveness. four UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K Í ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 OR ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to 001-33071 (Commission File Number) EHEALTH, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State of incorporation) 56-2357876 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 440 EAST MIDDLEFIELD ROAD MOUNTAIN VIEW, CALIFORNIA 94043 (Address of principal executive offices, including zip code) (650) 584-2700 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (NASDAQ Global Market) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ‘ NO È Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Act. YES ‘ NO È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES È NO ‘ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer ‘ Accelerated filer È Non-accelerated filer ‘ Smaller reporting company ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ‘ NO È Based on the closing price of the Registrant’s common stock on the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, which was June 30, 2008, the aggregate market value of its shares (based on a closing price of $17.66 per share) held by non-affiliates was $380,957,034. Shares of the Registrant’s common stock held by each executive officer and director and by each entity or person that owned 5 percent or more of the Registrant’s outstanding common stock were excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. As of February 28, 2009, 24,904,614 shares of common stock were outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on June 9, 2009 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. EHEALTH, INC. FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 3. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 4. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Consolidated Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 6. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal Accountant Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 14. Page 1 7 8 30 30 31 31 32 35 37 59 61 62 63 64 65 67 68 95 95 98 99 99 99 99 99 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exhibit Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 101 102 PART IV i [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] ITEM 1. BUSINESS PART I In addition to historical information, this Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements include, among other things, statements relating to elements of our strategy; increase in demand for individual and family health insurance; factors that influence conversion rates, future growth, and our relationship with our marketing partners; use of proceeds from our initial public offering; cost of acquiring new members; exploration of new marketing initiatives; estimates we make in connection with our critical accounting policies; future effective income tax rate and expected cash outlay for federal and state taxes; our expectation to continue utilizing tax benefits in 2009 and the impact of doing so; future membership growth; future growth in our sponsorship and technology licensing business; future hiring; growth in submitted health insurance applications; revenue, cost of revenue sharing, marketing and advertising expenses, cost of acquiring members, customer care and enrollment expenses, technology and content expenses, general and administrative expenses, and interest and other income, net, for 2009; sufficiency of cash generated from operations and our current cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities to fund our operations; and our investment policy, as well as other statements regarding our future operations, financial condition, prospects and business strategies. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in this report, and in particular, the risks discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this report. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes that appear elsewhere in this report. We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. General We are the leading online source of health insurance for individuals, families and small businesses. We are licensed to market and sell health insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Since our incorporation in November 1997, we have invested significant time and resources in building a scalable, proprietary ecommerce platform, and have developed partnerships with over 180 leading health insurance carriers in the United States, enabling us to offer thousands of health insurance products online. Our ecommerce platform can be accessed directly through our website addresses (www.ehealth.com and www.ehealthinsurance.com) in the United States as well as through our network of marketing partners. We were incorporated in Delaware in November 1997. Our headquarters are located at 440 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View, California 94043, and our telephone number is (650) 584-2700. We make our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, available free of charge on the Investor Relations page of our web site as soon as reasonably practicable after we file these reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The information on or that can be accessed through our websites is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Further, a copy of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is located at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding our filings at http://www.sec.gov. We organize and present voluminous and complex health insurance information online in a user-friendly format and enable consumers to choose from a wide variety of health insurance products. Our platform enables individuals and families to research, analyze, compare and purchase health insurance products that best meet their needs. Our technology also enables us to communicate electronically with our insurance carrier partners and 1 process consumers’ health insurance applications online. As a result, we simplify and streamline the complex and traditionally paper-intensive health insurance sales and purchasing process. We generate revenue primarily from commissions we receive from health insurance carriers whose policies are purchased through us by individuals, families and small businesses. The commissions are typically based on a percentage of the premium our members have paid to the carrier. We also in some instances receive commission override payments for achieving certain sales volume thresholds. We typically receive commission payments on a monthly basis for as long as a policy remains active. As a result, much of our revenue for a given financial reporting period relates to policies that we sold prior to the beginning of the period and is recurring in nature. Because health insurance pricing is set by the carrier and approved by state regulators, health insurance pricing is fixed. We, therefore, are not generally subject to negotiation or discounting of prices by health insurance carriers or our competitors. We estimate that as of December 31, 2008, we had approximately 621,100 members. We define a member as an individual currently covered by an insurance product for which we are entitled to receive compensation. In addition to the revenue we derive from the sale of health insurance products, we derive revenue from our online sponsorship advertising program and from licensing the use of our ecommerce technology. Our sponsorship advertising program allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website much like paid search on Google or Yahoo!. Our technology licensing business allows carriers to offer their own health insurance policies on their websites and to electronically process their traditional agent generated business. In both our sponsorship and our technology licensing businesses, we are typically paid performance-based fees. Industry Background Individual, family and small business health insurance has historically been sold by independent insurance agents and, to a much lesser degree, directly by insurance companies. Most of these agents are self-employed or part of small agencies, and they typically service only their local communities. In addition, many of these agents sell health insurance from a limited number of insurance carriers (in some cases only one), resulting in a reduced selection of products for the consumer. The purchase and sale of health insurance has historically been a complex, time-consuming and paper- intensive process. This complexity can make it difficult to make informed health insurance decisions. In addition, the human error that arises from traditional paper-intensive distribution has historically resulted in a high number of incomplete and inaccurate applications being submitted to health insurance carriers. Incomplete and inaccurate paper applications often result in back-and-forth communications, delay and additional cost. The Internet’s convenient, information-rich and interactive nature offers the opportunity to provide consumers with more organized information, a broader choice of products and a more efficient process than have typically been available from traditional health insurance distribution channels. Our Strategy Our objective is to continue to strengthen our position as the leading online distribution platform for health insurance sold to individuals, families and small businesses. Key elements of our strategy are to: Increase Our Brand Awareness. We believe that building greater awareness of our brand is critical for our continued growth. A significant percentage of our website traffic is direct, and we intend to attempt to grow our direct website traffic by strengthening our brand awareness through a variety of marketing and public relations efforts. 2 Offer the Best Consumer Experience. We believe that providing the best consumer experience increases market adoption of our services, builds our brand awareness, drives word-of-mouth referrals and improves our visitor-to-member conversion rates. We intend to continue to further develop an online experience that empowers consumers with the knowledge, choice and services they need to select and purchase health insurance plans that best meet their needs. Extend Our Technology Leadership. We believe that our technology infrastructure and online platform give us a significant competitive advantage for the distribution of individual, family and small business health insurance. To extend our leadership position, we plan to continue to enhance our platform and its key capabilities to increase functionality, reliability, scalability and performance. Broaden Our Carrier Network and Product Portfolio. Our goal is to continue to add new health insurance carriers and products to our ecommerce platform. We also seek to deepen our technology integration with our carrier partners, allowing us to further streamline the sales, underwriting and member fulfillment processes and increase revenue opportunities for us and our carrier partners. Expand Our Network of Marketing Partners and Other Member Acquisition Programs. We plan to continue to develop and expand our marketing relationships with banking, insurance, mortgage and other Internet services and association partners. We also plan to continue our investments in other member acquisition sources such as traditional media, paid search and other forms of online advertising. Expand our Technology Licensing Business. Our technology licensing business allows carriers to use our ecommerce platform to market and sell their own health insurance products. Growth in this business will allow us to enter new markets and participate in business transacted in the traditional agent distribution channel. Grow Our Online Advertising Sponsorship Business. Our online advertising sponsorship business allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website, much like paid search on Google or Yahoo!. Our sponsorship program enables carriers to achieve cost-effective advertising campaigns, because their advertisements are targeted directly to consumers shopping for health insurance products in specific markets. Our Platform and Technology Our ecommerce platform organizes and presents voluminous and complex health insurance information in an unbiased and objective format and empowers individuals, families and small businesses to research, analyze, compare and purchase a wide variety of health insurance products. The products we offer include major medical health insurance coverage such as preferred provider organization, health maintenance organization and indemnity plans, short-term medical insurance, student health insurance, health savings account (“HSA”) eligible health insurance plans and ancillary products such as dental, vision and life insurance. Elements of our platform include: Online Rate Quoting and Comprehensive Plan Information. Our ecommerce platform instantly provides consumers online rate quotes and comprehensive plan benefit information from a large number of health insurance carriers. After entering a minimal amount of relevant information on our website, such as zip code, gender, age, date of birth, smoker or non-smoker and student status, our platform allows consumers to instantly receive a list of applicable health insurance products and rate and benefit information in an easy-to-understand format. The consumer can sort through the quoted plans based on price, health insurance carrier, deductible amount, or search the list of quoted plans to obtain a subset based on certain consumer preferences. 3 Plan Comparison and Recommendations. We offer online comparison and recommendation tools that distill voluminous health insurance information. Our ecommerce platform enables consumers to compare and contrast health insurance plans in a side-by-side format based on plan characteristics such as price, plan type, deductible amount, co-payment amount and in-network and out-of-network benefits. To further assist consumers, our automated recommendation capability presents a short series of questions and recommends up to four health insurance plans based on the consumer’s input. Online Application and Enrollment Forms. Health insurance applications vary widely by carrier and state. Our proprietary graphical Application Designer Tool allows us to capture each application’s unique business rules and build a corresponding online application in XML format. Our online application process offers our consumers significant improvements over the traditional, paper-intensive application process. It employs dynamic business logic to help individuals and families complete application and enrollment forms correctly in real-time. This reduces delay resulting from application rework, a significant problem with traditional health insurance distribution, where incomplete applications are mailed back and forth between the consumer, the traditional agent and the carrier. We further simplify the enrollment process by accepting electronic signature and electronic payment from our consumers. Electronic Processing Interchange. Our Electronic Processing Interchange (EPI) technology integrates our online application process with health insurance carriers’ technology systems, enabling us to electronically deliver our consumers’ applications to health insurance carriers. This expedites the application process by eliminating manual delivery and reducing the need for data entry and human review. Through EPI, we also receive alerts and data from carriers, such as notification of underwriting approval or a request from a carrier for a consumer’s medical records for underwriting purposes, which we then relay electronically to the consumer. These features of our service help prevent applications from becoming delayed or rejected through inactivity of the consumer or the carrier. Back Office Systems. Our proprietary back office customer relationship management system enables us to provide a full range of customer service tasks in an efficient, highly scalable and personalized manner. Using these tools, we can track each consumer throughout the application process, obtain real-time updates from the carrier, generate automated emails specific to each consumer and access a cross-sell engine and dashboard to identify and track cross-sell opportunities. Our auto-email system is feature-rich with HTML capability, customizable merge tags, granular segmentation and tracking capability. Carrier Relationships We have developed partnerships with leading health insurance carriers in the United States, enabling us to offer thousands of health insurance products online. As of December 31, 2008, we had relationships with over 180 carriers, including large national carriers such as Aetna, Humana, UnitedHealthcare and Wellpoint, over 40 BlueCross BlueShield carriers, and well-established regional carriers such as Health Net, Kaiser Permanente and Unicare. We typically enter into contractual agency relationships with health insurance carriers that are non-exclusive and terminable on short notice by either party for any reason. Revenue derived from carriers owned by UnitedHealthcare and Wellpoint represented approximately 17% and 16% of our total revenue in 2008, respectively. Revenue derived from Aetna represented approximately 14% of our total revenue in 2008. Our agreements with each of these carriers are terminable on short notice. Marketing We focus on building brand awareness, increasing website visitors and converting visitors into buyers. Our marketing initiatives are varied and numerous. They include: Direct Marketing. Our direct member acquisition channel consists of consumers who access our website addresses (www.ehealth.com and, www.ehealthinsurance.com) either directly or through algorithmic search listings on Internet search engines and directories. 4 Online Advertising. Our online advertising channel consists of consumers who access our website through paid keyword search advertising from search engines such as Google, MSN and Yahoo!, as well as various Internet marketing programs such as banner advertising, email marketing and an integrated partnership with MSN. Marketing Partners. Our marketing partner member acquisition channel consists of consumers who access our website through a network of financial services, Internet and other companies. We have established a pay-for-performance network, comprised of hundreds of partners that drive consumers to our ecommerce platform. These partners fall into three general categories: • Financial and online services partners in industries such as banking, insurance, mortgage and association partners. • Affiliate programs, including our marketing programs managed through Commission Junction. • Online advertisers and content providers that are specialists in paid and unpaid (algorithmic) search, as well as specialists in other types of Internet marketing. We generally compensate our partners for their consumer referrals based on the consumer submitting a health insurance application to us. If a partner is licensed to sell health insurance, we may share a percentage of the revenue we earn from the carrier for each member referred by that partner. Technology and Content We have a technology and content team consisting of 165 full-time employees as of December 31, 2008 located in our Mountain View and Gold River locations, as well as our subsidiary in Xiamen, China. Our technology and content team is responsible for ongoing enhancements to the features and functionality of our ecommerce platform, which we believe are critical to maintaining our technology leadership position in the industry. Government Regulation and Compliance We distribute health insurance products in all 50 states and in the District of Columbia. The health insurance industry is heavily regulated. Each of these jurisdictions has its own rules and regulations pertaining to the offer and sale of health insurance products, typically administered by a department of insurance. State insurance departments have administrative powers relating to, among other things: regulating premium prices; granting and revoking licenses to transact insurance business; approving individuals and entities to which commissions can be paid; regulating advertising, marketing and trade practices; monitoring broker and agent conduct; and imposing continuing education requirements. We are required to maintain valid life and/or health agency and/or agent licenses in each jurisdiction in which we transact health insurance business. We also have a non-business-transacting (Bei An) Internet Content Provider (ICP) registration from the Ministry of Information Industry in China and a business-ancillary (Jian Ye) insurance agency license from the China Insurance Regulatory Commission (CIRC), which permits the sale of health, accident and life insurance in the Fujian province in China. Intellectual Property We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary technology and our brand. Our eHealth and eHealthInsurance trademarks have reached incontestability status with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, which means the marks have been in use for over five years and, subject to certain limited exceptions, no third party can contest the validity of the marks or our ownership of them. We also have filed patent applications that relate to certain of our technology and business processes. 5 Competition The market for selling insurance products is highly competitive and the sale of health insurance over the Internet is new and rapidly evolving. We compete with entities and individuals that offer and sell health insurance products utilizing traditional distribution channels, as well as the Internet. Our current or potential competitors include the tens of thousands of local insurance agents across the United States who sell health insurance products in their communities. There are a number of agents that operate websites and provide a limited online shopping experience for consumers interested in purchasing health insurance (e.g., online quoting of health insurance product prices). Some local agents use “lead aggregator” services that use the Internet to find consumers interested in purchasing health insurance and are compensated for referring those consumers to the traditional agent. Most online agents operate in only one or very few states, and some represent only one or a limited number of health insurance carriers. In addition to health insurance brokers and agents, some health insurance carriers directly market and sell their plans to consumers through call centers and their own websites. Although we offer health insurance plans for many of these carriers, they also compete with us by offering their products directly to consumers. Employees As of December 31, 2008, we had 482 employees, of which 38 were in marketing and advertising, 179 were in customer care and enrollment, 165 were in technology and content and 100 were in general and administrative. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We have not experienced any work stoppages and consider our employee relations to be good. 6 MANAGEMENT Executive Officers The following table sets forth our executive officers and their ages and the positions they held as of December 31, 2008. Name Age Title Gary L. Lauer . . . . . . . . . . . . Stuart M. Huizinga . . . . . . . . Robert S. Hurley . . . . . . . . . . Scott C. Sanborn . . . . . . . . . . Bruce A. Telkamp . . . . . . . . . Dr. Sheldon X. Wang . . . . . . President and Chief Executive Officer Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Senior Vice President of Carrier Relations 55 46 49 39 Chief Marketing and Revenue Officer 41 Executive Vice President of Business and Corporate Development 49 Executive Vice President of Technology and Chief Technology Officer Gary L. Lauer. President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Lauer has served as president and chief executive officer since December 1999, and as chairman of our board of directors since March 2002. Prior to joining us, Mr. Lauer was the chairman and chief executive officer of MetaCreations Corporation. Prior to MetaCreations, Mr. Lauer spent more than nine years at Silicon Graphics, Inc., a computing technology company, where he was a member of the senior executive team. Mr. Lauer started his career at IBM in sales and marketing management. Mr. Lauer holds a B.S. degree in finance and marketing from the University of Southern California Business School. Stuart M. Huizinga. Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Huizinga has served as senior vice president and chief financial officer since May 2000. Previously, Mr. Huizinga was a partner at Arthur Andersen LLP, an accounting firm. Mr. Huizinga holds a B.S. degree in business administration from San Jose State University and is a Certified Public Accountant in the state of California. Robert S. Hurley. Senior Vice President of Carrier Relations. Mr. Hurley has served as senior vice president of carrier relations since May 2007. Prior to becoming senior vice president of carrier relations, Mr. Hurley served as vice president of strategic initiatives since September 2003 and was responsible for our public and government relations efforts. From April 1999 to September 2003, Mr. Hurley was responsible for our customer care and enrollment functions. Mr. Hurley served as an associate vice president of sales and operations for the consumer business segment at Health Net, Inc., a managed healthcare company, and in various leadership roles at Foundation Health, a California health plan. Mr. Hurley holds a B.A. degree in law and society from the University of California, Santa Barbara. Scott C. Sanborn. Chief Marketing and Revenue Officer. Mr. Sanborn has served as chief marketing and revenue officer since November 2008. Prior to joining eHealth, Mr. Sanborn served as chief marketing officer of RedEnvelope, Inc., an e-commerce and catalog retailer, from April 2007 to June 2008. Before joining RedEnvelope, Mr. Sanborn held several senior marketing positions at Home Shopping Network, a television and internet retailer of consumer products, from December 2002 to April 2007, including as senior vice president of marketing. Prior to Home Shopping Network, Mr. Sanborn worked in marketing and advertising agencies including i-traffic/Agency.com in San Francisco, and Ammirati Puris Lintas in Holland. Mr. Sanborn holds a B.A. degree in English from Tufts University. Bruce A. Telkamp. Executive Vice President of Business and Corporate Development. Mr. Telkamp has served as executive vice president of business and corporate development since November 2008. Prior to becoming executive vice president of business and corporate development, Mr. Telkamp held senior executive level positions with us since May 2000, including serving as our first general counsel. Mr. Telkamp has also served as corporate secretary since May 2000. Prior to joining eHealth, Mr. Telkamp was the vice president of business development and general counsel of MetaCreations Corporation. Before joining MetaCreations, Mr. Telkamp was an attorney with the leading technology law firm of Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati P.C. in Palo Alto, California. Mr. Telkamp holds a J.D. degree with honors from the University of California, Hastings and a B.A. degree in economics from the University of California, Los Angeles. Mr. Telkamp is a member of the California Bar. 7 Dr. Sheldon X. Wang. Executive Vice President of Technology and Chief Technology Officer. Dr. Wang has served as executive vice president of technology since May 2007 and as chief technology officer since August 1999. Dr. Wang also serves as president and chief executive officer of our subsidiary, eHealth China, Inc. Previously, Dr. Wang was senior vice president of research and development at Eclipsys Corporation, formerly known as HealthVISION, a provider of integrated healthcare enterprise information-technology solutions. Dr. Wang holds a B.S. degree in physics from the Fuzhou University of China, an M.S. degree in physics from Idaho State University and a Ph.D. in medical informatics from the University of Utah. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS In addition to other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the following risk factors should be carefully considered in evaluating our business as they may have a significant impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Because of the following factors, as well as other variables affecting our operating results, past financial performance should not be considered as a reliable indicator of future performance and investors should not use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods. Risks Related to Our Business Our future operating results are likely to fluctuate and could fall short of expectations. Our operating results are likely to fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, including the factors described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful and you should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Our business model is characterized primarily by recurring revenue based on commissions we receive from insurance carriers whose policies are purchased by our members. Although our services are complete upon the approval of a member’s application, we receive commissions and record related revenue, typically on a monthly basis, until the health insurance policy is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy. A significant component of our marketing and advertising expenses consists of payments owed to our marketing partners in connection with applications submitted on our ecommerce platform by potential members referred to us by our marketing partners. As a result of this timing difference between expense and associated revenue recognition, our operating results and cash flows may be adversely affected in periods where we experience a significant increase in new applicants. In addition, if we incur other unanticipated or one-time expenses in a particular quarter or if we lose a significant amount of our member base for any reason, we would likely be unable to offset these expenses by increasing sales within that quarter or to replace lost revenue in the quarter with revenue from new members. As a result, our quarterly results may suffer due to unanticipated expenses, one-time charges or significant member turnover. Changes and developments in the structure of the health insurance system in the United States could harm our business. Our business depends upon the private sector of the United States health insurance system, its relative role in financing healthcare delivery and health insurance carriers’ use and payment of commissions to agents and brokers to market individual and family health insurance products. Recently, there has been substantial national and state attention and debate regarding healthcare reform. While President Obama and members of Congress have expressed that our healthcare system is in need of reform, a detailed proposal regarding federal healthcare reform has yet to emerge. It is therefore not possible for us to predict the impact of any healthcare reform at the federal level on our business. In addition, various proposals have emerged at the state level for healthcare reform. For instance, some advocates promote a single-payer healthcare system that would be largely underwritten by the state or federal government, or a hybrid system involving both public and private sectors. Significant federal or 8 state changes to the existing health insurance system, the individual and family health insurance market or in the manner in which health insurance is distributed in the United States could increase competition or reduce or eliminate the need for health insurance agents or demand for private health insurance for individuals, families or small businesses, any of which could materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. The adoption of state or federal laws that promote or establish a government-sponsored or partially government- sponsored healthcare system could reduce or eliminate the number of individuals, families and small businesses seeking or permitted to purchase private health insurance or supplemental coverage, which would substantially reduce the demand for our service and harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, speculation regarding healthcare reform or potential changes in the regulatory environment in which we operate creates uncertainty that could lead to increased volatility and a reduction in stock price. Some healthcare reform proposals seek to provide health insurance coverage to all individuals, but do so by maintaining many key aspects of the private sector health insurance system rather than proposing a government sponsored system. We do not know what impact the adoption of proposals like these would have on our business, but they could, if implemented, harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our rate of growth may decline. We have in the past and may in the future continue to make significant expenditures related to the development of our business, including expenditures relating to marketing and website technology development. In addition, we will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses as a public company. Although we have experienced revenue growth in prior periods, this growth may not be sustainable, and we may not achieve sufficient revenue to maintain profitability. Our future revenue growth will depend in large part upon our ability to continue to attract new individuals, families and small businesses to purchase health insurance through our ecommerce platform and to maintain our relationship with existing members within historical levels. We may not be able to maintain or exceed our historical membership growth rates, and to the extent that the rate of growth of our net new members slows (after accounting for member turnover), our revenue growth is also likely to slow. The commission rates that we receive for individuals and families are typically higher in the first twelve months of a policy. After the first twelve months, they generally decline significantly. Accordingly, to the extent that the rate of growth of our net new members slows, our revenue growth would slow due to a decline in commissions we receive for members whose policies have been active for more than twelve months, in addition to the reduction in revenue growth that would occur solely as a result of a decline in our membership growth rate. The commission rates we receive are impacted by a variety of factors, including the particular health insurance policies chosen by our members, the carriers offering those policies, the location of members and the laws and regulations in that jurisdiction and the amount of time policies have been active. Our commission rate per member could decrease as a result of either reductions in contractual commission rates or unfavorable changes in health insurance carrier override commission programs, each of which may be beyond our control and may occur on short notice. To the extent these factors cause our commission rate per member to decline, our rate of growth may decline. Current economic conditions and other factors beyond our control may negatively impact our business, operating results and financial condition. Our revenue depends upon demand for health insurance in the individual, family and small business markets, which can be influenced by a variety of factors beyond our control. For instance, an increasing number of individuals are becoming self-employed or unemployed. In addition, as a result of substantial health insurance premium inflation in recent years, we believe that many employers are seeking to reduce the costs associated with providing health insurance to their employees, including offering fewer benefits to employees, reducing or eliminating dependent coverage, increasing employee health insurance premium contributions and eliminating health insurance benefits altogether. We also believe that demand in the individual and family health insurance market may increase as the employees of these employers look to other sources for their health insurance needs and as the number of self-employed and unemployed individuals increases. We have no control over the economic and other factors that influence these trends, and they may reverse. If economic or other factors beyond our control negatively impact our business, our operating results and financial condition could be harmed. 9 We believe that we have been adversely impacted by recent economic conditions. We cannot be certain of the future impact that the current recession will have on our business. A softening of demand for products and services offered by us, whether caused by changes in customer preferences or a weakening of the U.S. economy, including as a result of recent disruptions in the global financial markets or a decrease in general consumer confidence, may result in decreased revenue or growth. Consumers may attempt to reduce expenses by cancelling existing health insurance purchased through us, determine not to purchase new health insurance through us, or purchase health insurance products with lower premiums for which we receive lower commissions. With the recent passage of the economic stimulus bill, which includes a 65% federal subsidy for COBRA premiums for up to nine months for certain eligible workers, we may experience a decline in membership growth due to consumers electing COBRA coverage or our existing members cancelling existing policies for which we serve as the broker of record to take advantage of the subsidy. We experience a significant delay in learning about changes in our membership from health insurance carriers. Given this delay, we do not know to what extent the current economic environment has impacted our membership retention rates. To the extent the economy or other factors adversely impacts our membership retention or the number or type of health insurance applications submitted through us and that are approved by health insurance carriers, our rate of growth will decline and our business and operating results will be harmed. A continuing recessionary environment could also negatively impact the health insurance carriers whose products are offered on our ecommerce platform, and they may, among other things, determine to reduce their commission rates, increase premiums or reduce benefits, change their underwriting practices so that fewer health insurance applications are approved or decrease the amount they are willing to spend for marketing purposes, all of which would negatively impact our sale of health insurance as well as our sponsorship and technology licensing businesses. In addition, interest rates recently have declined, and may continue to decline, and we have experienced a significant reduction in the rate of return on our investments both as a result of the decline in interest rates and as a result of our implementation of more conservative investment policies. While the amount of accumulated unrealized losses on our marketable securities as of December 31, 2008, was not material, economic conditions could materially and adversely impact our investments in the future, including loss of principal, despite our implementation of more conservative investment policies. Our business may not grow if consumers are not informed about the availability and accessibility of affordable health insurance. Numerous health insurance products are available to consumers in any given market. Most of these products vary by price, benefits and other policy features. Health insurance terminology and provisions are often confusing and difficult to understand. As a result, researching, selecting and purchasing health insurance can be a complex process. We believe that this complexity has contributed to a perception held by many consumers that individual health insurance is prohibitively expensive and difficult to obtain. We attempt to make the health insurance research and application process on our website understandable and user-friendly. We also attempt to use our website and other means to educate consumers about the accessibility and affordability of health insurance. If consumers are not informed about the availability and accessibility of affordable health insurance or our ecommerce platform is difficult to navigate, our business may not grow and our operating results and financial condition would be harmed. If we are not successful in cost-effectively converting visitors to our website into members, our business and operating results would be harmed. Our growth depends upon growth in our membership. The rate at which consumers visiting our ecommerce platform and seeking to purchase health insurance are converted into members is a significant factor in the growth of our membership. A number of factors could influence this conversion rate for any given period, some of which are outside of our control. These factors include: • changes in consumer shopping behavior due to circumstances outside of our control, such as economic conditions; 10 • • • • • • • the quality of and changes to the consumer experience on our ecommerce platform and with our customer care center; the variety and affordability of the health insurance products that we offer; system failures or interruptions in the operation of our ecommerce platform or call center operations; changes in the mix of consumers who are referred to us through our direct, marketing partner and online advertising member acquisition channels; the number, type and identity of the health insurance carriers offering the health insurance products for which consumers have expressed interest, and the degree to which our technology is integrated with those carriers; the health insurance carrier underwriting practices and guidelines applicable to applications submitted by consumers and the amount of time a carrier takes to make a decision on that application; and competitive offerings. Our conversion rates can be impacted by changes in the mix of consumers referred to us through our member acquisition channels. For example, our conversion rates have historically been lower with respect to consumers referred to us by Internet lead aggregators and relatively higher with respect to consumers coming to us through our direct member acquisition channel. In addition, we may make changes to our ecommerce platform or undertake other initiatives in an attempt to improve consumer experience or for other reasons. These changes have in the past, and may in the future, have the unintended consequence of adversely impacting our conversion rates. A decline in the percentage of consumers who submit health insurance applications on our ecommerce platform could cause an increase in our cost of acquiring members as a result of increased costs on a per member basis. In the event the rate at which we convert consumers visiting our ecommerce platform into members does not continue to improve at our historical rate of improvement, our membership growth rate may decline, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our year-over-year growth rate for approved members from all products declined from 22% in the three months ended December 31, 2007 to 10% in the three months ended December 31, 2008. This decline was due to various factors, including an increase in the prior- year base used to compute the amount of growth in making the comparison, a decline in the growth rate of submitted health insurance applications and a decline in the rate at which submitted health insurance applications that were sent to our carriers were approved by our carrier partners. We undertake initiatives in an attempt to improve the rate at which visitors to our ecommerce platform are converted into members. For instance, we previously developed our Electronic Processing Interchange (EPI) technology to simplify the health insurance enrollment process and better integrate our technology systems with those of health insurance carriers. The more our technology is integrated with our carrier partners, the more our application processing times, sales yields and processing costs improve. The third phase of our EPI technology, which we call “eApproval,” allows consumers to apply for health insurance online, electronically transmit signature and payment, receive an instant underwriting response and print membership material at the point of approval on our website. We initially launched our eApproval technology for use with individual and family health insurance with a carrier in California during the second quarter of 2008. The implementation of eApproval is dependent upon its adoption by health insurance carriers, and there can be no assurance that it will be implemented with any carrier in any specific timeframe or at all. In addition, there can be no assurance that any such implementation will impact our membership growth rate, improve sales yields or otherwise be effective. It is too early to determine the effectiveness of any technology or relationship that allows for expedited or instant underwriting, and the effectiveness of any such relationship or technology could be influenced by a number of factors, including sufficient carrier adoption of the technology and willingness to enter into the relationship, carrier allocation of resources, carrier commitment and ability to integrate their systems with ours and to provide expedited responses to insurance applications, system failures and process breakdowns, malfunctions, bugs or capacity constraints, the performance, reliability and availability of our ecommerce platform and underlying 11 network infrastructure, ecommerce security risks, compliance with insurance and other laws and regulations and changes in laws and regulations. In addition, our implementation of eApproval may materially impact other aspects of our business. For example, shortened time periods between submission of a health insurance application and coverage may reduce demand for short term health insurance. In the event that we are not successful in integrating with our carrier partners to provide expedited underwriting, or if such integration is not effective in improving the rate at which we convert visitors into members, our membership growth rate may decline, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If we are unable to retain our members, our business and operating results would be harmed. We receive revenue from commissions health insurance carriers pay to us for health insurance policies sold through our ecommerce platform. When one of these policies is cancelled, or if we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy, we no longer receive the related commission revenue. Individuals, families and small businesses may choose to discontinue their health insurance policies for a variety of reasons. For example, individuals and families may replace a health insurance policy purchased through us with a health insurance policy provided by a new or existing employer or may determine that they cannot afford health insurance. In addition, our members may choose to transfer their policies to a different agent if, for example, they are not satisfied with our customer service or the health insurance products that we offer. Health insurance carriers may also terminate health insurance plans purchased and held by our members. If we are not successful in transferring members covered under a terminated plan to another policy that we offer, we will lose these members. Our cost in acquiring a new member is substantially greater than the cost involved in maintaining our relationship with an existing member. If we are not able to successfully retain existing members and limit member turnover, our revenue and operating margins will be adversely impacted and our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. Our business may be harmed if we lose our relationships with health insurance carriers, become dependent upon a limited number of insurance carriers, fail to develop new carrier relationships, or if our carrier partners experience negative publicity. We typically enter into contractual agency relationships with health insurance carriers that are non-exclusive and terminable on short notice by either party for any reason. Carriers may be unwilling to allow us to sell their existing or new health insurance products for a variety of reasons, including for competitive or regulatory reasons, as a result of a reluctance to distribute their products over the Internet or because they do not want to be associated with our brand. For example, one carrier terminated its relationship with us with respect to the policies it offers in a particular state because the carrier decided to sell those policies through agents that exclusively offered that particular carrier’s products. In the future, an increasing number of carriers may decide to rely on their own internal distribution channels, including traditional in-house agents and carrier websites, to sell their own products and, in turn, could limit or prohibit us from selling their products on our ecommerce platform. For instance, carriers may choose to exclude us from their most profitable or popular products or may determine not to distribute insurance products in the individual, family and small business markets altogether. We may decide to terminate our relationship with a carrier for a number of reasons, including as a result of a reduction in a carrier’s financial ratings, a carrier determining to pay lower commissions or a carrier demanding a sales process that we believe compromises or impairs the value of our service. The termination of our relationship with a carrier could reduce the variety of health insurance products we offer, which could harm our business. We also would lose a source of commissions for future sales and, if our relationship with a carrier is terminated as a result of our material breach of our agreement with the carrier and in a limited number of other cases, future commissions for past sales. Our business could also be harmed if in the future we fail to develop new carrier relationships and are unable to offer consumers a wide variety of health insurance products. The health insurance industry in the United States has experienced a substantial amount of consolidation over the past several years, resulting in a decrease in the number of health insurance carriers. In the future, we may be forced to offer insurance policies from a reduced number of insurance carriers or to derive a greater 12 portion of our revenue from a more concentrated number of carriers as our business and the health insurance industry evolve. We derived 19% and 17% of our total revenue in the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively, from carriers owned by UnitedHealthcare. We derived 18% and 16% of our total revenue in the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively, from carriers owned by Wellpoint. We derived 11% and 14% of our total revenue in the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively, from Aetna. Our agreements with these carriers, entered into in the ordinary course of business, are terminable on short notice by either party for any reason. Notwithstanding our separate agreements with various carriers directly or indirectly owned by the same entity, certain carriers have attempted and may continue to attempt to consolidate our relationship with them, which could increase the impact of carrier concentration on us, decrease the commission rates we receive and adversely affect our financial results. Should our dependence on fewer carrier relationships increase (whether as a result of the termination of carrier relationships, further carrier consolidation or otherwise), we may become more vulnerable to adverse changes in our relationships with our carriers, particularly in states where we offer health insurance from a relatively smaller number of carriers or where a small number of carriers dominates the market, and our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. From time to time, health insurance carriers may experience negative publicity as a result of consumer perception of, and reaction to, certain underwriting practices, news events or other matters. For example, health insurance carriers in California are experiencing negative publicity relating to allegations of violations of California’s “post-claims underwriting” regulations. Negative publicity experienced by our carrier partners may in turn adversely affect us, even if we are not involved, due to our business relationship with the carriers. If it does, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. Changes in the quality and affordability of the health insurance products that carriers offer on our ecommerce platform could harm our business and operating results. The demand for health insurance marketed through our ecommerce platform is impacted by, among other things, the variety, quality and price of the health insurance products we offer. If health insurance carriers do not continue to provide us with a variety of high-quality, affordable health insurance products in the individual, family and small business markets, or if their offerings are limited as a result of consolidation in the health insurance industry or otherwise, our sales may decrease and our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. Health insurance carriers could determine to reduce the commissions paid to us or to change their underwriting practices in ways that reduce the number of insurance policies sold through our ecommerce platform, which could harm our business and operating results. Our commission rates, and the commission override payments we receive from health insurance carriers for achieving sales volume thresholds or other objectives, are either set by each carrier or negotiated between us and each carrier. Carriers have altered, and may in the future alter, the contractual relationships we have with them, either by renegotiation or unilateral action. If these contractual changes result in reduced commissions, our business may suffer and our operating results and financial condition could be harmed. In addition, carriers periodically change the criteria they use for determining whether they are willing to insure individuals as well as other underwriting practices. Beginning in the second half of 2007, we believe that carriers have been applying more stringent underwriting criteria and practices to applications for health insurance and that this condition persisted through December 31, 2008. Changes such as these have in the past resulted in a decrease in the number of insurance policies submitted through our ecommerce platform that are approved. Changes in carrier underwriting criteria or practices could negatively impact sales of insurance policies on our ecommerce platform and could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand, our business and operating results will be harmed. We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand identity is critical to our relationships with existing members, marketing partners and health insurance carriers and to our ability to attract new members, marketing 13 partners and carriers. We may from time to time test the use of television and radio advertisements as a means to enhance our brand. The promotion of our brand in these and other ways may require us to make substantial investments and we anticipate that, as our market becomes increasingly competitive, these branding initiatives may become increasingly difficult and expensive. Our brand promotion activities may not be successful or yield increased revenue, and to the extent that these activities yield increased revenue, the increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur and our operating results could be harmed. If we do not successfully maintain and enhance our brand, our business may not grow and we could lose our relationships with health insurance carriers, marketing partners and/or members, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, we have historically received media attention in connection with our public relations efforts. While we cannot be certain of the impact of media coverage on our business, if it were to be reduced, the number of consumers visiting our platform could decrease, and our cost of acquiring members could increase as a result of a reduction in the number of members coming from our direct member acquisition channel, both of which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. System failures or capacity constraints could harm our business and operating results. Our revenue depends upon the number of health insurance applications consumers submit utilizing our ecommerce platform that are approved by health insurance carriers. As a result, the performance, reliability and availability of our ecommerce platform and underlying network infrastructure are critical to our financial results, our brand and our relationship with members, marketing partners and health insurance carriers. Although we regularly attempt to enhance our ecommerce platform and system infrastructure, system failures and interruptions may occur if we are unsuccessful in these efforts, if we are unable to accurately project the rate or timing of increases in our website traffic or for other reasons, some of which are completely outside our control. Although we have experienced only minor system failures and interruptions to date, we could experience significant failures and interruptions in the future, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We rely in part upon third-party vendors, including data center and bandwidth providers, to operate our ecommerce platform. We cannot predict whether additional network capacity will be available from these vendors as we need it, and our network or our suppliers’ networks might be unable to achieve or maintain a sufficiently high capacity of data transmission to allow us to process health insurance applications in a timely manner or effectively download data, especially if our website traffic increases. Any system failure that causes an interruption in or decreases the responsiveness of our services would impair our revenue-generating capabilities and harm our business and operating results and damage our reputation. In addition, any loss of data could result in loss of customers and subject us to potential liability. Our database and systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, earthquakes, fire, floods, power loss, telecommunications failures, physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, acts of terrorism, other attempts to harm our systems and similar events. In addition, our operations are vulnerable to earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay Area and elsewhere in Northern California. While we regularly back-up our system and store the system back-ups in secure third-party offsite locations with restricted access, there can be no assurance that such data recovery systems will operate as designed or prevent a loss of data. Additionally, if we were forced to rely on our system back-ups, we would experience significant delays in restoring the functionality of our website and could experience loss of data, which would harm our business and our operating results. Although we maintain insurance to cover a variety of risks, the scope and amount of our insurance coverage is not sufficient to cover our losses resulting from system failures or other disruptions to our online operations. Consumers may access our customer care center for assistance in connection with submitting health insurance applications through our ecommerce platform. We depend upon third parties, including telephone service providers and third party software providers, to operate our customer care center. Any failure of the systems that we rely upon in the operation of our customer care center could negatively impact sales of insurance policies through our ecommerce platform or our relationship with consumers and members, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. 14 If consumers or carriers opt for more traditional or alternative channels for the purchase and sale of health insurance, our business will be harmed. Our success depends in part upon widespread consumer and health insurance carrier acceptance of the Internet as a marketplace for the purchase and sale of health insurance. Consumers and health insurance carriers may choose to depend more on traditional sources, such as individual agents, or alternative sources may develop. Our future growth, if any, will depend in part upon: • • • • • the growth of the Internet as a commerce medium generally, and as a market for consumer financial products and services specifically; consumers’ willingness to conduct their own health insurance research; our ability to make the process of purchasing health insurance online an attractive alternative to traditional means of purchasing health insurance; our ability to successfully and cost-effectively market our services as superior to traditional or alternative sources for health insurance to a sufficiently large number of consumers; and health insurance carriers’ willingness to use us and the Internet as a distribution channel for health insurance products. If consumers and health insurance carriers determine that other sources for health insurance and health insurance applications are superior, our business will not grow and our operating results and financial condition would be harmed. We depend upon Internet search engines to attract a significant portion of the consumers who visit our website, and if we are unable to effectively advertise on search engines on a cost-effective basis, our business and operating results would be harmed. We derive a significant portion of our website traffic from consumers who search for health insurance through Internet search engines, such as Google, MSN and Yahoo!. A critical factor in attracting consumers to our website is whether we are prominently displayed in response to an Internet search relating to health insurance. Search engines typically provide two types of search results, algorithmic listings and paid advertisements. We rely on both algorithmic listings and paid advertisements to attract consumers to our website. Algorithmic search result listings are determined and displayed in accordance with a set of formulas or algorithms developed by the particular Internet search engine. The algorithms determine the order of the listing of results in response to the consumer’s Internet search. From time to time, search engines revise these algorithms. In some instances, these modifications have caused our website to be listed less prominently in algorithmic search results, which has resulted in decreased traffic to our website. Our website may also become listed less prominently in algorithmic search results for other reasons, such as search engine technical difficulties, search engine technical changes and changes we make to our website. In addition, search engines have deemed the practices of some companies to be inconsistent with search engine guidelines and decided not to list their website in search result listings at all. If we are listed less prominently in, or removed altogether from, search result listings for any reason, the traffic to our website likely would decline and we may not be able to replace this traffic, which in turn would harm our operating results. If we decide to attempt to replace this traffic, we may be required to increase our marketing expenditures, which would also harm our operating results. We also purchase paid advertisements on search engines in order to attract consumers to our website. We typically pay a search engine for prominent placement of our name and website when particular health insurance- related terms are searched for on the search engine, regardless of the algorithmic search result listings. In some circumstances, the prominence of the placement of our name and website is determined by a combination of factors, including the amount we are willing to pay and algorithms designed to determine the relevance of our paid advertisement to a particular search term. As with algorithmic search result listings, search engines may revise the algorithms relevant to paid advertisements. These revisions may result in our having to pay increased 15 amounts to maintain our paid advertisement placement in response to a particular search term. We could also have to pay increased amounts should the market share of major search engines continue to become more concentrated with a single search engine. Additionally, we bid against our competitors and others for the display of these paid search engine advertisements. Many of our competitors, including many health insurance carriers, have greater resources with which to bid and better brand recognition than we do. We recently have experienced increased competition from carriers for both algorithmic search result listings and for paid Internet advertisements, which has increased our marketing and advertising expenses. If this competition increases significantly, or if the fees associated with paid search advertisements increase as a result of algorithm changes or other factors, our advertising expenses could rise significantly or we could reduce or discontinue our paid search advertisements, either of which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, our cost of acquiring members is significantly dependent on the rate at which consumers who click on paid advertisements submit health insurance applications. If this rate does not improve consistent with our historical levels of improvement, our cost of acquisition could increase significantly. We rely significantly on marketing partners for the sale of health insurance on our ecommerce platform and our business and operating results would be harmed if we are unable to maintain effective relationships with our existing marketing partners or if we do not establish successful relationships with new marketing partners. In addition to marketing through Internet search engines, we frequently enter into contractual marketing relationships with other online and offline businesses that promote us to their customers. These marketing partners include financial and online service companies, affiliate programs and online advertisers and content providers. We compensate many of our marketing partners for their referrals on a submitted health insurance application basis and, if they are licensed to sell health insurance, may share a percentage of the commission we earn from the health insurance carrier for each member referred by the marketing partner. Our agreements with many of our marketing partners are terminable on short notice. Many factors influence the success of our relationship with our marketing partners, including: • • • • • • • the continued positive market presence, reputation and growth of the marketing partner; the effectiveness of the marketing partner in marketing our website and services, including whether the marketing partner is successful in maintaining the prominence of its website in algorithmic search result listings and paid Internet advertisements; the interest of the marketing partner’s customers in the health insurance products that we offer on our ecommerce platform; the contractual terms we negotiate with the marketing partner, including the marketing fees we agree to pay a marketing partner; the percentage of the marketing partner’s customers that submit applications or purchase health insurance policies through our ecommerce platform; the ability of a marketing partner to maintain efficient and uninterrupted operation of its website; and our ability to work with the marketing partner to implement website changes, launch marketing campaigns and pursue other initiatives necessary to maintain positive consumer experiences and acceptable traffic volumes. If we are unable to maintain successful relationships with our existing marketing partners or fail to establish successful relationships with new marketing partners, our business, operating results and financial condition will be harmed. 16 We face risks in the event that we pursue new strategies and opportunities in segments of the health insurance market in which we do not currently operate. We evaluate and explore new strategies and opportunities in segments of the health insurance market in which we do not currently operate, such as Medicare, where we may be able to leverage our technology. We may not adopt these new strategies, and even if we do, we cannot predict whether demand for any new product or service that we offer will result in increased membership or revenue. In addition, modifying our ecommerce platform or creating a new platform for these opportunities may be time consuming and expensive, and our pursuit of them would expose us to laws, regulations and business practices with which we are unfamiliar. If we are unable to successfully introduce new products and adopt new strategies for the growth of our business, our business and financial condition may be harmed. We rely on health insurance carriers to accurately and regularly prepare commission reports, and if these reports are inaccurate or not sent to us in a timely manner, our business and operating results could be harmed. We also may not recognize trends in our membership as a result of a lack of information from health insurance carriers. Health insurance carriers typically pay us a specified percentage of the premium amount collected by the carrier during the period that a member maintains coverage under a policy. We rely on carriers to timely and accurately report the amount of commissions earned by us, and we calculate our commission revenue, prepare our financial reports, projections and budgets and direct our marketing and other operating efforts based on the reports we receive from health insurance carriers. It is often difficult for us to independently determine whether or not carriers are reporting all commissions due to us, primarily because the majority of our members terminate their policies by discontinuing their premium payments to the carrier instead of by informing us of the cancellation. To the extent that health insurance carriers understate or fail to report the amount of commissions due to us in a timely manner or at all, we will not collect and recognize revenue to which we are entitled, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We also are dependent on our carrier partners and others for data related to our membership. For instance, with respect to health insurance products other than small business group health insurance, our carrier partners do not directly report member cancellations to us, resulting in the need for us to determine cancellations using payment data that carriers provide. We infer cancellations from this payment data by analyzing whether payments from members have ceased for a period of time, and we may not learn of a cancellation for several months, given that some of our members pay on a schedule less frequently than monthly (e.g., quarterly). With respect to our small business group membership, many groups notify the carrier directly with respect to increases or decreases in group size and policy cancellations. Our insurance carrier partners often do not communicate this information to us, and it often takes a significant amount of time for us to learn about small business group cancellations and changes in our membership within the group itself. We often are not made aware of policy cancellations until the time of the group’s annual renewal. After we have estimated membership for a period, we may receive information from health insurance carriers that would have impacted the estimate if we had received the information prior to the date of estimation. We may receive commission payments or other information that indicates that a member who was not included in our estimates for a prior period was in fact an active member at that time, or that a member who was included in our estimates was in fact not an active member of ours. We also reconcile information carriers provide to us and may determine that we were not historically paid commissions owed to us, which would cause us to have underestimated our membership. Additionally, carriers may require us to return commission payments paid in a prior period due to policy cancellations for members we previously estimated as being active. For these and other reasons, including if current trends in membership cancellation are inconsistent with past cancellation trends that we use to estimate our membership or if carriers subsequently report changes to the commission payments that they previously reported to us, our actual membership could be different from our estimates, perhaps materially. 17 Total revenue per estimated member for the period would also change if our estimated membership changed. Our estimate regarding the average amount of time our members maintain their health insurance products also could be inaccurate as it is dependent upon the accuracy of our membership estimates. Our operating results fluctuate depending upon health insurance carrier payment practices and the timing of our receipt of commission reports from health insurance carriers. The timing of our revenue depends upon the timing of our receipt of commission reports and associated payments from health insurance carriers. Although carriers typically report and pay commissions to us on a monthly basis, there have been instances where their report of commissions and payment have been delayed, such as during holiday periods. Any delay could materially impact our financial results for a given quarter as we would not be able to recognize the related commission revenue in that quarter. In addition, much of our commission override revenue is not reported and paid to us in accordance with a scheduled pattern, and some is only reported and paid to us once per year. This could result in a large amount of commission revenue from a carrier being recorded in a given quarter that is not indicative of the amount of revenue we may receive from that carrier in subsequent quarters, causing fluctuations in our operating results. We could report revenue below the expectations of our investors or securities analysts in any particular period if a material report or payment from a health insurance carrier were delayed or not received within the time frame required for revenue recognition. We may be unsuccessful in competing effectively against current and future competitors. The market for selling health insurance products is intensely competitive and the sale of health insurance over the Internet is new and rapidly evolving. Consumers have the ability to use several sources other than our ecommerce platform to research and purchase health insurance. In addition, consumers can research health insurance using our ecommerce platform and purchase their health insurance through one of our competitors. We compete directly with health insurance carriers, including many of the carriers that offer health insurance through our ecommerce platform. Many carriers market and sell their health insurance plans, including those that are offered on our ecommerce platform, directly to consumers using call centers, their own websites and other means. We also compete with a large number of local insurance agents across the United States that sell health insurance products in their local communities. Some of these traditional insurance agents utilize the Internet in various ways to acquire their customers. For instance, some local agents use “lead aggregator” services that use Websites, Internet search engines and other forms of online advertising to find consumers interested in purchasing health insurance and are compensated for referring those consumers to the traditional agent. We compete with lead aggregators for these consumers, and some lead aggregators have begun to use quoting and plan comparison tools similar to ours. In addition, a number of traditional agents operate websites that provide some form of online shopping experience for consumers interested in purchasing health insurance. Although some of these online agents only sell health insurance in a limited number of states and/or represent only a limited number of health insurance carriers, these agents could expand their service area and product offerings. We may not be able to compete successfully against our current or future competitors. Some of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, larger customer bases, greater brand recognition and significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. As compared to us, our current and future competitors may be able to: • • • undertake more extensive marketing campaigns for their brands and services; devote more resources to website and systems development; negotiate more favorable commission rates and commission override payments; and • make more attractive offers to potential employees, marketing partners and third-party service providers. 18 Competitive pressures may result in our experiencing increased marketing costs, decreased traffic to our website and loss of market share, or may otherwise harm our business, operating results and financial condition. There are many risks associated with our operations in China. A portion of our operations is conducted in China. Among other things, we use employees in China to maintain and update our ecommerce platform. This and other information is delivered to us through secured communications over the Internet. Our business would be harmed if this connection temporarily failed, and we were prevented from promptly updating our software or implementing other changes to our database and systems. Our operations in China also expose us to different and unfamiliar laws, rules and regulations, including different intellectual property laws, which are not as protective of our intellectual property as the laws in the United States, and different labor and tax laws. United States and Chinese trade laws may impose restrictions on the importation of programming or technology to or from the United States. These risks could cause us to incur increased expenses and could harm our ability to effectively and successfully manage our operations in China, which in turn could cause our business, operating results and financial condition to suffer. We plan to continue to expand our Chinese operations. These plans will require additional management attention and resources and may be unsuccessful, as we have limited experience with respect to operations in China. In addition, our subsidiary in China has a subsidiary business insurance agency license in the Fujian province in China pursuant to which we are piloting the sale of health, accident and life insurance in the Fujian province. Our license is up for renewal at the end of 2011. We also have entered into a relationship with a local insurance agency outside the Fujian province in Shanghai, China, pursuant to which we offer the local insurance agency’s insurance products in Shanghai on our website in our capacity as a technology service provider. We recently entered into a similar relationship with an insurance company to offer certain of that company’s product throughout China. We have no prior experience marketing or selling insurance in China or in adapting our business and ecommerce platform to Chinese markets and cultures, legal and regulatory regimes or business customs. For instance, the laws and regulations applicable to our marketing and selling insurance online and assisting others in those efforts in China are unclear, and our operations may be in violation of them. The consequences of violating insurance and other applicable laws and regulations in China are unclear, but they could result in the termination of our license and our ability to host insurance products on our technology platform, payment of fines and damages and could harm our business as a whole. For various reasons, we may not expand in China, and even if we do, there can be no assurance that our ecommerce platform in China would ever generate a significant amount of revenue or otherwise be successful. Our success in establishing an insurance-related business in China is dependent upon many of the factors that influence the success of our business in the United States, including, but not limited to, our receiving regulatory approvals (including the renewal of our license), acceptance of the Internet and our ecommerce platform as a marketplace for the purchase of insurance, our success in marketing our ecommerce platform and in retaining members who purchase insurance through that platform, our ability to enter into and maintain relationships with insurance carriers, commission rates, the affordability of the insurance products offered, insurance carrier business practices, the effectiveness with which we establish a brand identity, performance, reliability and availability of our ecommerce platform, competition, the regulatory and healthcare reimbursement environment and changes to the environment, our ability to attract qualified personnel and network security. Our participation and success in the China market may be impacted by additional factors given that outside of Xiamen city, the insurance products offered on our website are offered directly by an insurance carrier or through another insurance agent, including our dependence on a single insurance carrier or insurance agent for the products on our website, the agent’s relationship with insurance carriers and consumers, our relationship with the insurance carrier and agent, each of the agent’s and the insurance carrier’s ability to maintain its licenses and regulatory approvals, and the number, quality and attractiveness of the insurance products offered by the agent and the insurance carrier through our platform. While there is no certainty that we would be able to expand our presence in the insurance industry in China, we may attempt to do so. If we decide to do so, we may need to receive additional government licenses and approvals or enter into additional relationships and may face disadvantages in doing so as a result of our subsidiary in China being wholly foreign owned. 19 Our rate of growth may decline if we are unable to increase our revenue relating to sponsorship advertising. We sell advertising space to health insurance carriers on our website through our sponsorship advertising program. Our sponsorship advertising program allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website. If we do not continue to grow our revenue from the sale of sponsorship advertising, or if the rate of growth declines, our business, operational results and financial condition may be harmed. Current economic conditions have adversely impacted the advertising industry in general. To the extent that they impact the amount health insurance carriers are willing to pay for advertising on our ecommerce platform, our sponsorship advertising program will be adversely impacted. The success of our sponsorship advertising program is dependent upon a number of other factors, including the effectiveness of the sponsorship advertising program as a cost-effective method for carriers to obtain additional members, consumer and health insurance carrier adoption of the Internet and our ecommerce platform as a medium for the purchase and sale of health insurance, our ability to attract consumers visiting our ecommerce platform and convert those consumers into members, the existence of a relationship between us and a diverse group of carriers that offer a number of health insurance plans in the markets in which we attempt to sell sponsorship advertising, the cost and other features of the health insurance product that is the subject of the sponsorship advertising, the impact the sponsorship advertising has on the sale of the health insurance product that is the subject of the advertising and the effectiveness of the carrier’s other means of advertising. In addition, while our practice of selling sponsorship advertising is described on our ecommerce platform, it could cause consumers to perceive us as not objective, which could harm our brand and result in a decline in our health insurance sales. It also could adversely impact our relationship with health insurance carriers that do not purchase our sponsorship advertising. As a result, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. We may not be successful in licensing our ecommerce technology to health insurance carriers and other third parties. We license the use of our ecommerce technology to health insurance carriers and agents. Carriers use our platform to offer their own health insurance policies on their websites, and agents use it to power their quoting and online content. If we do not continue to grow our revenue from the license of our technology, or if the rate of growth declines, our business, operating results and financial condition may be harmed. The business of licensing the use of our technology to others could facilitate carrier and other third party competition with us in the sale of health insurance over the Internet and is subject to a number of additional risks and uncertainties, including consumer and health insurance carrier adoption of our ecommerce platform as a medium for the purchase and sale of health insurance, our ability to establish relationships with new health insurance carriers, the reliability and performance of our ecommerce platform and the relative cost of developing competing technology. If we are not able to offer health insurance carriers and other third parties a reliable platform to cost-efficiently offer their products over the Internet, our technology licensing business will be unsuccessful. Our HSA platform may not be successful. We have developed a beta version of the business health savings account (HSA) platform to facilitate employer contributions to employee HSAs. We have entered into a relationship with a third party that helped to develop and assists in administering the HSA component of the platform, including its HSA bank account component. This third party has the relationship with one or more banks that may act as custodian of the HSAs established in connection with the platform. The success of the business HSA platform will depend upon a number of factors, including the attractiveness of the platform to businesses and employees; our effectiveness in engaging partners, such as associations, banks and other financial services partners, to market the platform; our ability to otherwise successfully market the platform and make it understandable and easy to navigate; our ability to maintain an effective relationship with the third party that assists in administering the HSA component of the platform; our ability and this third party’s ability to maintain a relationship with a bank that acts as custodian for the HSAs opened using the platform; our ability to enter into and maintain a relationship with a bank that will act as processor for the debit cards that relate to the HSAs opened using the platform; the ability of the third party 20 and a bank to successfully manage and operate the HSA aspects of the platform; our ability and the ability of the third party and relevant bank to avoid process breakdowns, malfunctions, technical difficulties and bugs in the platform; the performance, reliability and availability of the platform and our success in training our customer care center representatives to adequately serve consumers desiring assistance with respect to HSAs. We are dependent upon third parties to operate the platform, and the platform’s success depends in part on our ability to maintain effective relationships with those parties as well as their allocation of sufficient resources and commitment to develop the platform within certain timeframes. The insurance, banking and other laws and regulations applicable to the platform are complicated and in some cases unclear. For example, it is possible that certain states could take the position that the platform or marketing individual insurance into businesses violates certain laws and regulations, including those relating to the sale of insurance to small businesses. The HSA platform also increases our potential exposure under laws and regulations relating to privacy and security as we have access to certain financial and confidential information of consumers using the platform. In light of legal and regulatory risks, we may determine not to launch the platform in certain states. Regardless, we could be subject to adverse legal and regulatory action in any state from departments of insurance and otherwise and may need to cease offering the platform in those states. If the business HSA platform is not successful, our business and operating results could be harmed and our rate of growth may decline. We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property, which could harm our business and operating results. We believe that our intellectual property is an essential asset of our business and that our technology infrastructure currently gives us a competitive advantage in the distribution of individual, family and small business health insurance. We rely on a combination of copyright, trademark and trade secret laws as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to establish and protect our intellectual property rights in the United States. Although we have pending patent applications in the United States, they may not result in issued patents. We have not filed for protection of our intellectual property in any foreign jurisdiction other than China. We have Chinese-registered computer software copyrights for an internally-developed software system and a project management tool and have filed certain trademark applications in China. We have not filed any patent applications in China. The efforts we have taken to protect our intellectual property may not be sufficient or effective, and our trademarks, copyrights and patents if issued, may be held invalid or unenforceable. Moreover, the law relating to intellectual property is not as developed in China, and our intellectual property rights may not be as respected in China as they are in the United States. Any United States or other patents issued to us may not be sufficiently broad to protect our proprietary technologies, and given the costs of obtaining patent protection, we may choose not to seek patent protection for certain of our proprietary technologies. We may not be effective in policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property, and even if we do detect violations, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights. Any enforcement efforts we undertake, including litigation, could be time-consuming and expensive, could divert our management’s attention and may result in a court determining that our intellectual property rights are unenforceable. If we are not successful in cost-effectively protecting our intellectual property rights, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. We may in the future be subject to intellectual property rights claims, which are extremely costly to defend, could require us to pay significant damages and could limit our ability to use certain technologies in the future. Companies in the Internet and technology industries own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. We have received, and may in the future receive, notices that claim we have misappropriated or misused other parties’ intellectual property rights, and, to the extent we gain greater visibility, we face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims. There may be third-party intellectual property rights, including issued or pending patents, that cover significant aspects of our technologies or business methods. Any intellectual property claim against us, with or without merit, could be time consuming, 21 expensive to settle or litigate and could divert our management’s attention and other resources. These claims also could subject us to significant liability for damages and could result in our having to stop using technology found to be in violation of a third party’s rights. We might be required to seek a license for third-party intellectual property, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all. Even if a license is available, we could be required to pay significant royalties, which would increase our operating expenses. We may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense. If we cannot license or develop technology for any infringing aspect of our business, we would be forced to limit our services and may be unable to compete effectively. Any of these results would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Any legal liability, regulatory penalties, or negative publicity for the information on our website or that we distribute will likely harm our business and operating results. Our members rely upon information we provide on our website, through our customer care center or otherwise regarding the health insurance plans offered on our website, including information relating to insurance premiums, coverage, benefits, exclusions, limitations, availability, plan comparisons and insurance company ratings. A significant amount of both automated and manual effort is required to maintain the considerable amount of insurance plan information on our website. Separately, from time to time, we use the information provided on our website and otherwise collected by us to publish reports designed to educate consumers, facilitate public debate, and effectuate reform at the state and federal level relating to the accessibility and affordability of health insurance. If the information we provide on our website, through our customer care center or otherwise is not accurate or is construed as misleading, members, health insurance carriers and others could attempt to hold us liable for damages, and state regulators could attempt to subject us to penalties, revoke our license to transact health insurance business in a particular jurisdiction, and/or compromise the status of our licenses to transact health insurance business in other jurisdictions. In the ordinary course of operating our business, we have received complaints that the information we provided was not accurate or was misleading. Although in the past we have resolved these complaints without significant financial cost, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so in the future. In addition, these types of claims could be time-consuming and expensive to defend, could divert our management’s attention and other resources, and could cause a loss of confidence in our services. As a result, whether or not we are able to successfully resolve these claims, they could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In the ordinary course of our business, we have received and may continue to receive inquiries from state regulators relating to various matters. We have become, and may in the future become, involved in litigation in the ordinary course of our business. If we are found to have violated laws or regulations in any state, we could be subject to various fines and penalties, including revocation of our license to sell insurance in that state (which could impact our licenses in other jurisdictions), and our business and financial results would be harmed. We would also be harmed to the extent that related publicity damages our reputation as a trusted source of objective information relating to health insurance and its affordability. It could also be costly to defend ourselves regardless of the outcome. Our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel is critical to our success. Our success is dependent upon the performance of our senior management and key personnel. Our management and employees can terminate their employment at any time, and the loss of the services of any of our executive officers or key employees could harm our business. For example, we are required to appoint a single writing agent with each insurance carrier with which we have a relationship in every state. Currently, a single part-time employee acts as writing agent with respect to some carriers with which we have a relationship; however, we are in the process of transferring the duties of writing agent for those carriers to an existing executive officer and appointing a back-up writing agent. If we lose the service of our appointed writing agent, the duties of writing agent will need to be transitioned to other company personnel. Due to our national reach and the large number of carrier partners whose policies are purchased by our members, this transition may be difficult and requires a significant period of time to complete, even if we have a back-up writing agent. If the transition is 22 not successful or takes too long to complete, our agency relationship with particular insurance carriers may be terminated, our commission payments could be discontinued or delayed and, as a result, our business and operating results would be harmed. Our success is also dependent upon our ability to attract additional personnel for all areas of our organization. We may not be successful in attracting and retaining personnel on a timely basis, on competitive terms or at all. If we are unable to attract and retain the necessary personnel, our business would be harmed. All of our senior management and key employees have sold shares of our common stock in the open market, and some have sold a significant portion of their vested holdings. These employees may be more likely to leave us given that they have liquidated some or a substantial percentage of their holdings. Our senior management and key employees work for us on an at-will basis and our business could be harmed if we lose their services. If we fail to manage future growth effectively, our business and operating results would be harmed. We have expanded our operations significantly and anticipate that further expansion will be required in order for us to grow our business. Our growth has placed, and if our growth continues will continue to place, increasing and significant demands on our management, our operational and financial systems and infrastructure and our other resources. If we do not effectively manage our growth, the quality of our services could suffer, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In order to manage future growth, we will need to hire, integrate and retain highly skilled and motivated employees. We will also be required to continue to improve our existing systems for operational and financial management, including our reporting systems, procedures and controls. These improvements may require significant capital expenditures and will place increasing demands on our management. We may not be successful in managing or expanding our operations or in maintaining adequate financial and operating systems and controls. If we do not successfully implement improvements in these areas, our business, operating results and financial condition will be harmed. Seasonality may cause fluctuations in our financial results. The number of health insurance applications submitted through our ecommerce platform has generally increased in our first quarter compared to our fourth quarter and in our third quarter compared to our second quarter. Conversely, we have generally experienced a decline or flattening of submitted applications in our second quarter compared to our first quarter and in our fourth quarter compared to our third quarter. Since a significant portion of our marketing and advertising expenses are driven by the number of health insurance applications submitted on our ecommerce platform, those expenses are influenced by these patterns. We believe that consumer adoption of the Internet is still in its early stages and, therefore, the reasons for these seasonal patterns are not entirely clear. As the use of the Internet for the purchase and sale of health insurance becomes more widely accepted and our business matures, other seasonality trends may develop and the existing seasonality and consumer behavior that we experience may change. Any seasonality that we experience may cause fluctuations in our financial results. Future acquisitions could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and operating results. We may decide to acquire businesses, products and technologies. Our ability as an organization to successfully make acquisitions is unproven. Acquisitions could require significant capital infusions and could involve many risks, including the following: • • an acquisition may negatively impact our results of operations because it may require us to incur charges and substantial debt or liabilities, may require the amortization, write down or impairment of amounts related to deferred compensation, goodwill and other intangible assets, or may cause adverse tax consequences, substantial depreciation or deferred compensation charges; an acquisition undertaken for strategic business purposes may negatively impact our results of operations; • we may encounter difficulties in assimilating and integrating the business, technologies, products, personnel or operations of companies that we acquire, particularly if key personnel of the acquired company decide not to work for us; 23 • an acquisition may disrupt our ongoing business, divert resources, increase our expenses and distract our management; • we may be required to implement or improve internal controls, procedures and policies appropriate for a public company at a business that prior to the acquisition lacked these controls, procedures and policies; • the acquired businesses, products or technologies may not generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition costs or to maintain our rate of growth; • we may have to issue equity securities to complete an acquisition, which would dilute our stockholders’ ownership and could adversely affect the market price of our common stock; and • acquisitions may involve the entry into geographic or business markets in which we have little or no prior experience. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify or consummate any future acquisition on favorable terms, or at all. If we do pursue an acquisition, it is possible that we may not realize the anticipated benefits from the acquisition or that the financial markets or investors will negatively view the acquisition. Even if we successfully complete an acquisition, it could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Issues arising from the implementation of our commission accounting system and an enterprise data management system could affect our operating results and ability to manage our business effectively. We have completed implementation of our commission accounting system for the majority of our health insurance products. In addition, we are in the initial stages of implementing an enterprise data management system. Each of these systems is or will be important to our accounting, financial and operating functions, and the implementation of these systems raises costs and risks associated with the conversion to new systems, including disruption to our normal accounting procedures and problems achieving accuracy in the conversion of electronic data. Failure to properly or adequately address these issues could result in increased costs and the diversion of management’s attention and resources and could harm our operating results and ability to manage our business effectively. If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements could be impaired, which could adversely affect our operating results, our ability to operate our business and our stock price. We have a complex business organization. Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place to help ensure that we can produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently. During 2007, we completed the initial documentation of our internal controls and procedures in connection with Section 404 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002. Our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, does not expect that our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors or all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. Over time, controls may become inadequate because changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may occur. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. As a result, we cannot assure that significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, could result in significant deficiencies or material weaknesses, cause us to fail to timely meet our periodic reporting obligations, or result in 24 material misstatements in our financial statements. Any such failure could also adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual auditor attestation reports regarding disclosure controls and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules promulgated thereunder. The existence of a material weakness could result in errors in our financial statements that could result in a restatement of financial statements, cause us to fail to timely meet our reporting obligations and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, leading to a decline in our stock price. Changes in our provision for income taxes or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our results. Our provision for income taxes is subject to volatility and could be adversely affected by earnings differing materially from our projections; by changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; by expiration of or lapses in the research and development tax credit laws; by tax effects of share-based compensation; or by changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles, including accounting for uncertain tax positions, or interpretations thereof. For instance, on September 23, 2008, the state of California approved budget legislation which substantially limits the utilization of net operating losses and tax credits. The new law does not affect the amount of net operating losses and tax credits that we expect to ultimately use to offset future California taxes, but limits the amount we can utilize in 2008 and 2009, resulting in an increase in cash taxes in those years. Since the majority of our state taxes are in California, where our headquarters are located, we expect that our cash outlay for federal and state taxes will increase to approximately 6% to 7% of pre-tax income for the year ending December 31, 2009, up from approximately 5% of pre-tax income for the year ended December 31, 2008 primarily as a result of this new law. Significant judgment is required to determine the recognition and measurement attribute prescribed in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (“FIN 48”), which we adopted on January 1, 2007. In addition, FIN 48 applies to all income tax positions, including the potential recovery of previously paid taxes, which if settled unfavorably could adversely impact our provision for income taxes or additional paid-in capital. In addition, we are subject to examinations of our income tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities. We assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. There may be exposure that the outcomes from these examinations will have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. Any expansion of our business into foreign countries involves significant risks. We currently do not sell health insurance or license our technology platform outside the United States other than in China. Our subsidiary in China recently launched pilot programs to market and sell insurance online in the city of Xiamen in the Fujian province of China and outside the Fujian province in Shanghai, China. We may attempt to expand our pilot programs to additional geographic regions. We face significant challenges in connection with expanding our business into any foreign country, since we have no prior experience marketing or selling insurance in any foreign jurisdiction. Additionally, demand for private health insurance is not significant in many foreign countries as a result of government-sponsored healthcare systems. In addition to facing many of the same challenges we face domestically, we also would have to overcome other obstacles such as: • • • • legal, political or systemic restrictions on the ability of United States companies to market insurance or otherwise do business in foreign countries; varied, unfamiliar and unclear legal and regulatory restrictions; less extensive adoption of the Internet as a commerce medium or information source and increased restriction on the content of websites; and the adaptation of our website and distribution model to fit the particular foreign country. 25 As a result of these obstacles, we may find it impossible or prohibitively expensive to expand our services internationally or we may be unsuccessful should we attempt to do so, either of which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Risks Related to Insurance Regulation Compliance with the strict regulatory environment applicable to the health insurance industry and the specific products we sell is difficult and costly. If we fail to comply with the numerous laws and regulations that are applicable to our business, our business and operating results would be harmed. The health insurance industry is heavily regulated by each state in the United States. For instance, state regulators require us to maintain a valid license in each state in which we transact health insurance business and further require that we adhere to sales, documentation and administration practices specific to that state. In addition, each employee who transacts health insurance business on our behalf must maintain a valid license in one or more states. Because we do business in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, compliance with health insurance-related laws, rules and regulations is difficult and imposes significant costs on our business. Each jurisdiction’s insurance department typically has the power, among other things, to: • • • • • • • • • grant and revoke licenses to transact insurance business; conduct inquiries into the insurance-related activities and conduct of agents and agencies; require and regulate disclosure in connection with the sale and solicitation of health insurance; authorize how, by which personnel and under what circumstances insurance premiums can be quoted and published and an insurance policy sold; approve which entities can be paid commissions from carriers; regulate the content of insurance-related advertisements, including web pages; approve policy forms, require specific benefits and benefit levels and regulate premium rates; impose fines and other penalties; and impose continuing education requirements. Due to the complexity, periodic modification and differing interpretations of insurance laws and regulations, we may not have always been, and we may not always be, in compliance with them. New insurance laws and regulations also may not be compatible with the sale of health insurance over the Internet or with various aspects of our platform, including electronic signature or our EPI or eApproval technology as a whole. We would face increased legal and regulatory risks in this regard if we were to pursue opportunities to sell products in segments of the health insurance market in which we do not currently operate, such as Medicare or limited benefit products. Failure to comply with insurance laws and regulations or other laws and regulations applicable to or business could result in significant liability, additional department of insurance licensing requirements or the revocation of licenses in a particular jurisdiction, which could significantly increase our operating expenses, prevent us from transacting health insurance business in a particular jurisdiction and otherwise harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Moreover, an adverse regulatory action in one jurisdiction could result in penalties and adversely affect our license status or reputation in other jurisdictions due to the requirement that adverse regulatory actions in one jurisdiction be reported to other jurisdictions. Even if the allegations in any regulatory or other action against us are proven false, any surrounding negative publicity could harm consumer, marketing partner or health insurance carrier confidence in us, which could significantly damage our brand. Because some consumers, marketing partners and health insurance carriers may not be comfortable with the concept of purchasing health insurance using the Internet, any negative publicity may affect us more than it would others in the health insurance industry and would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Changes in insurance laws and regulations may also require that we make significant modifications to our existing technology or practices, which may be costly and time-consuming to implement and could also harm our business, operating results and financial condition. 26 In addition, we have received, and may in the future receive, inquiries from state insurance regulators regarding our marketing and business practices. We typically respond by explaining how we believe we are in compliance with relevant regulations or may modify our practices in connection with the inquiry. Any modification of our marketing or business practices in response to future regulatory inquiries could harm our business, operating results or financial condition. Regulation of the sale of health insurance is subject to change, and future regulations could harm our business and operating results. The laws and regulations governing the offer, sale and purchase of health insurance are subject to change, and future changes may be adverse to our business. For example, once health insurance pricing is set by the carrier and approved by state regulators, it is fixed and not generally subject to negotiation or discounting by insurance companies or agents. Additionally, state regulations generally prohibit carriers, agents and brokers from providing financial incentives, such as rebates, to their members in connection with the sale of health insurance. As a result, we do not currently compete with carriers or other agents and brokers on the price of the health insurance products offered on our website. If these regulations change, we could be forced to reduce prices or provide rebates or other incentives for the health insurance products sold through our ecommerce platform, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Another example of a potentially adverse regulatory change relates to the adoption of “guaranteed issue” laws and regulations in the individual and family health insurance markets. These requirements, which are currently in effect in a limited number of states such as Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York, prohibit health insurance carriers from denying health insurance coverage to individuals based on their health status. It has been our experience that substantially fewer health insurance carriers offer plans in the individual and family health insurance market in states with guaranteed issue regulations in effect compared to others. Moreover, health insurance carriers that do offer individual and family plans may charge substantially increased premiums and/or pay reduced commissions to agents. We believe that limited choice and high premiums result in less demand for individual and family health insurance plans which, when coupled with reduced commissions to agents, results in substantially less revenue for us. Our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed if the adoption of guaranteed issue laws or regulations becomes more widespread and results in less demand and/or reduced commissions. In some states, guaranteed issue laws have or could be coupled with related measures that may impact our business. For example, a previous proposal in California included a combination of a number of items, including a guaranteed issue component, a “mandate” that requires all individuals to purchase or otherwise obtain health insurance and a requirement that health insurance carriers spend 85% or more of premium revenue on patient care. The impact of such reforms on our business is unclear. If they are implemented, they could materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We are also subject to additional insurance regulatory risks, because we use the Internet as our distribution platform. In many cases, it is not clear how existing insurance laws and regulations apply to Internet-related health insurance advertisements and transactions. To the extent that new laws or regulations are adopted that conflict with the way we conduct our business, or to the extent that existing laws and regulations are interpreted adversely to us, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. Risks Related to the Internet and Electronic Commerce Our business is subject to online commerce security risks and, if we are unable to safeguard the security and privacy of confidential data, our business will be harmed. Our services involve the collection and storage of confidential information of consumers and the transmission of this information to their chosen health insurance carriers. For example, we collect names, addresses, Social 27 Security and credit card numbers, and information regarding the medical history of consumers in connection with their applications for health insurance. We cannot guarantee that we will be free of security breaches. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches. Despite our implementation of security measures, techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently. As a result, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any compromise or perceived compromise of our security could damage our reputation and our relationship with our members, marketing partners and health insurance carriers, could reduce demand for our services and could subject us to significant liability as well as regulatory action, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Government regulation of the Internet could adversely affect our business. The laws governing general commerce on the Internet remain unsettled and it may take years to fully determine whether and how existing laws such as those governing intellectual property, privacy and taxation apply to the Internet. In addition, the growth and development of the market for electronic commerce may prompt calls for more stringent consumer protection laws that may impose additional burdens on companies conducting business over the Internet. Any new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations relating to the Internet could harm our business and we could be forced to incur substantial costs in order to comply with them, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our business could be harmed if we are unable to correspond with our consumers or market the availability of our ecommerce platform by email. We use email to market our services to potential members and as the primary means of communicating with our existing members. The laws and regulations governing the use of email for marketing purposes continue to evolve and the growth and development of the market for commerce over the Internet may lead to the adoption of additional legislation. If new laws or regulations are adopted, or existing laws and regulations are interpreted, to impose additional restrictions on our ability to send email to our members or potential members, we may not be able to communicate with them in a cost-effective manner. In addition to legal restrictions on the use of email, Internet service providers and others attempt to block the transmission of unsolicited email, commonly known as “spam.” If an Internet service provider or software program identifies email from us as “spam,” we can be placed on a restricted list that will block our email to members or potential members who maintain email accounts with these Internet service providers or who use these software programs. If we are unable to communicate by email with our members and potential members as a result of legislation, blockage or otherwise, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. Consumers depend upon third-party service providers to access our website, and our business and operating results could be harmed as a result of technical difficulties experienced by these service providers. Consumers using our website depend upon Internet, online and other service providers for access to our website. Many of these service providers have experienced significant outages, delays and other difficulties in the past and could experience them in the future. Any significant interruption in access to our website or increase in our website’s response time as a result of these difficulties could damage our relationship with insurance carriers, marketing partners and existing and potential members and could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Common Stock The trading price of our common stock may be subject to significant fluctuations and volatility, and our stockholders may be unable to resell their shares at a profit. The stock markets, in general, and the markets for high technology stocks in particular, have historically experienced high levels of volatility. The market for technology stocks has been extremely volatile and 28 frequently reaches levels that bear no relationship to the past or present operating performance of those companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In addition, the trading price of our common stock has been subject to significant fluctuations and may continue to fluctuate or decline. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock include, but are not limited to, the following: • • • • • • • • • price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time; significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of technology companies in general, and companies in our industry; actual or anticipated changes in our results of operations or fluctuations in our operating results; actual or anticipated changes in the expectations of investors or securities analysts, including changes in financial estimates or investment recommendations by securities analysts who follow our business and changes in perceptions relating to the economy; speculation in the press or investment community; technological advances or introduction of new products by us or our competitors; actual or anticipated developments in our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally; litigation involving us, our industry or both; actual or anticipated regulatory developments in the United States, foreign countries or both; • major catastrophic events; • • • • announcements or developments relating to the economy; our sale of common stock or other securities in the future; the trading volume of our common stock, as well as sales of large blocks of our stock; or departures of key personnel. These factors, as well as general economic and political conditions and the announcement of proposed and completed acquisitions or other significant transactions, or any difficulties associated with such transactions, by us or our strategic partners, customers or our current competitors, may materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock in the future. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against that company. Such litigation could result in substantial cost and a diversion of management’s attention and resources. In addition, volatility, lack of positive performance in our stock price or changes to our overall compensation program, including our equity incentive program, may adversely affect our ability to retain key employees. Certain provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage takeover attempts and lead to management entrenchment. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control or changes in our management without the consent of our board of directors. These provisions include: • • a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which may delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors; cumulative voting in the election of directors is prohibited, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates; 29 • • • • • the exclusive right of our board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors; the ability of our board of directors to determine to issue shares of preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquiror; a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders; the requirement that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by the chairman of the board of directors, the chief executive officer or the board of directors, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors; and advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquiror from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquiror’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us. We are also subject to certain anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law. Under Delaware law, a corporation may, in general, not engage in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other things, the board of directors has approved the transaction. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES The following table sets forth the location, approximate square footage and primary use of each of the principal properties we occupied at December 31, 2008: Location Mountain View, California – East Middlefield Road Mountain View, California – North Whisman Road Approximate Square Footage 17,740 Primary Use Corporate headquarters, marketing and advertising, technology and content and general and administrative 7,744 General and administrative Gold River, California 38,897 Customer care and enrollment, technology and content and general and administrative San Francisco, California 6,500 Marketing and advertising and general and administrative Xiamen, China 36,631 Technology and content, customer care and enrollment, marketing and advertising and general and administrative We lease or sublease all of these properties. We believe our existing facilities will be adequate to meet our needs for the next twelve months. 30 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS In the ordinary course of our business, we have received and may continue to receive inquiries from state regulators relating to various matters. We have also become, and may in the future become, involved in litigation in the ordinary course of our business. ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS No matters were submitted to a vote of security holders during the quarter ended December 31, 2008. 31 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our common stock has been quoted on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “EHTH” since our initial public offering on October 13, 2006. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our stock. As of February 27, 2009, there were 98 stockholders of record of our common stock (which does not include the number of stockholders holding shares of our common stock in “street name”) and the closing price of our common stock was $12.65 per share on February 27, 2009 as reported by The NASDAQ Global Market. The following table sets forth for the indicated period the closing high and low sales prices for our common stock as reported on The NASDAQ Global Market. High Low First Quarter 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $35.31 $28.31 $17.05 $15.68 $35.31 $20.17 $17.66 $12.80 $ 8.80 $ 8.80 First Quarter 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25.61 $23.86 $27.70 $35.99 $35.99 $20.20 $17.89 $18.89 $26.28 $17.89 High Low Dividend Policy We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities During the quarter ended December 31, 2008, we did not issue or sell any shares of our common stock or other equity securities pursuant to unregistered transactions in reliance upon an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. 32 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities On November 12, 2008, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program, pursuant to which up to 2,507,950 shares, representing ten percent of eHealth’s outstanding common stock may be repurchased, for a total cost not to exceed $30 million, although the actual number of shares to be purchased and the timing of purchases will depend on market conditions. The repurchase program does not require us to acquire a specific number of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. Share repurchases under this program will comply with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and may be made through a variety of methods. We will fund the share repurchase program from available working capital. For accounting purposes, common stock repurchased under the program is recorded based upon the settlement date of the applicable trade. The table below provides information regarding our stock repurchases made during the fourth quarter of 2008 under our stock repurchase program. Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program Approximate Number of Shares that May be Repurchased as of December 31, 2008 Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share December 22, 2008 – December 31, 2008 . . . . 50,657 $12.59 50,657 2,457,293 Approximate Dollar Amount of Shares that May be Repurchased as of December 31, 2008 (in thousands) $29,361 All stock repurchases under the stock repurchase program were made on the open market for a total cost of $0.6 million. In addition to the 50,657 shares repurchased under our stock repurchase program as of December 31, 2008, we have in treasury 3,797 shares that were surrendered by employees in lieu of tax withholdings due for restricted stock units. As of December 31, 2007 and 2008, we had a total of 47 shares and 54,454 shares, respectively, held in treasury. Use of Proceeds from our Initial Public Offering The Securities and Exchange Commission declared our registration statement, filed on Form S-1 (File No. 333-133526) under the Securities Act of 1933 in connection with the initial public offering of our common stock, $0.001 par value, effective on October 12, 2006. Under this registration statement, we registered 5,000,000 shares of our common stock, and another 750,000 shares subject to the underwriters’ over-allotment option. All 5,750,000 shares of common stock registered under the registration statement, including the 750,000 shares covered by the over-allotment option, were sold at a price to the public of $14.00 per share. All of the shares of common stock were sold by us and there were no selling stockholders in the offering. The offering closed on October 18, 2006. The managing underwriters were Morgan Stanley, Merrill Lynch & Co., Thomas Weisel Partners LLC and JMP Securities. The offering did not terminate until after the sale of all of the shares registered on the registration statement. The aggregate gross proceeds to us from our sale of shares of common stock were $80.5 million. The aggregate net proceeds to us from the offering were approximately $70.2 million, after deducting an aggregate of $5.7 million in underwriting discounts and commissions paid to the underwriters and an estimated $4.6 million in other expenses incurred in connection with the offering. We have invested the net proceeds from the offering in investment-grade, interest bearing marketable securities and money market accounts. In the future, we may use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire or make investments in complementary companies, services and technologies. 33 STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH The following information relating to the price performance of our common stock shall not be deemed “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission or “soliciting material” under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, or to liabilities under Section 18 of the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically request that such information be treated as soliciting material or to the extent that we specifically incorporate this information by reference. The graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock with the cumulative total returns on the NASDAQ Composite index and the Research Data Group (“RDG”) Internet Composite index for the period between our initial public offering on October 13, 2006 and December 31, 2008, assuming an investment of $100 at the beginning of such period and the reinvestment of any dividends. Pursuant to Securities and Exchange Commission rules, the starting value of the investment in our common stock is based on the closing price of our common stock on October 13, 2006, or $22.90 per share. It is not based on our $14.00 per share initial public offering price. COMPARISON OF 27 MONTH CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* Among eHealth, Inc., The NASDAQ Composite Index And The RDG Internet Composite Index $160 $140 $120 $100 $80 $60 $40 $20 $0 10/06 10/06 11/06 12/06 1/07 2/07 3/07 4/07 5/07 6/07 7/07 8/07 9/07 10/07 11/07 12/07 1/08 2/08 3/08 4/08 5/08 6/08 7/08 8/08 9/08 10/08 11/08 12/08 eHealth, Inc. NASDAQ Composite RDG Internet Composite *$100 invested on 10/13/06 in stock & 9/30/06 in index-including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31. 10/13/06 10/31/06 11/30/06 12/29/06 1/31/07 2/28/07 3/30/07 4/30/07 eHealth, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NASDAQ Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . RDG Internet Composite . . . . . . . . . . 100.00 100.00 100.00 96.59 104.95 106.52 97.86 107.94 111.82 87.82 107.65 111.66 96.24 109.77 114.49 109.26 107.71 110.71 102.84 108.15 111.17 96.42 112.16 115.85 5/31/07 86.90 115.84 121.43 3/31/08 96.38 101.09 112.34 6/29/07 7/31/07 8/31/07 9/28/07 10/31/07 11/30/07 12/31/07 1/31/08 2/29/08 83.36 115.79 121.75 85.68 113.38 120.57 87.55 115.20 123.76 120.96 120.69 131.20 122.01 127.43 146.40 135.33 118.29 135.11 140.22 117.62 136.46 114.37 105.73 118.29 106.94 101.10 110.18 4/30/08 5/30/08 6/30/08 7/31/08 8/29/08 9/30/08 10/31/08 11/28/08 12/31/08 118.12 107.18 122.35 108.86 112.04 127.66 77.12 102.13 115.25 63.41 102.08 112.22 64.80 103.49 116.54 69.87 90.66 98.95 55.55 74.35 82.40 47.90 66.56 73.27 57.99 68.58 73.99 The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. 34 ITEM 6. SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We effected a 1-for-2 reverse stock split of our common stock, convertible preferred stock and Class A nonvoting common stock in September 2006. Our convertible preferred stock and Class A nonvoting common stock converted into common stock in connection with our initial public offering in October 2006. All share and per share amounts have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the conversion and the reverse stock split. Year Ended December 31, 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (in thousands, except per share amounts) Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) Data: Revenue: Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sponsorship, licensing and other $29,783 432 $41,237 515 $58,943 2,367 $ 81,502 6,289 $100,839 10,872 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating costs and expenses: Cost of revenue-sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and advertising* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest and other income, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,215 41,752 61,310 87,791 111,711 447 12,732 7,577 7,461 5,385 33,602 (3,387) 60 (3,327) — 614 17,786 8,822 8,054 7,108 42,384 (632) 239 (393) 21 1,305 21,405 10,991 10,137 9,482 53,320 7,990 1,326 1,702 29,497 12,137 12,393 16,046 71,775 16,016 5,287 9,316 (7,161) 21,303 (10,292) 1,746 42,161 14,379 14,182 17,983 90,451 21,260 3,714 24,974 10,806 Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (3,327) $ (414) $16,477 $ 31,595 $ 14,168 Net income (loss) per share: Basic—common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic—Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . . . . . Diluted—common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted—Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . . . $ (0.74) $ (0.09) $ — $ (0.09) $ $ (0.74) $ (0.09) $ — $ (0.09) $ 1.91 1.91 0.80 0.80 $ $ $ $ 1.37 — 1.22 — 0.57 — 0.55 — Net income (loss): Allocated to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allocated to Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . $ (3,327) $ (414) $16,391 86 — — $ 31,595 — $ 14,168 — Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (3,327) $ (414) $16,477 $ 31,595 $ 14,168 Weighted average number of shares used in per share amounts: Basic—common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic—Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . . . . . Diluted—common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted—Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . . . 4,473 — 4,473 — 4,661 3 4,661 3 8,590 45 20,572 45 23,092 — 25,797 — 24,963 — 25,954 — * Includes stock-based compensation as follows: Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 59 7 14 19 99 $ $ 97 6 62 26 $ 191 $ 47 42 226 139 454 $ $ 218 138 611 539 644 266 898 1,686 $ 1,506 $ 3,494 35 As of December 31, 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (in thousands) Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities . . . . . Working capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other non-current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Convertible preferred stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total stockholders’ equity (deficit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,707 4,797 12,898 59 86,370 (79,718) (78,396) $ 9,415 $ 90,474 86,503 104,928 317 — (63,655) 95,740 3,636 15,165 212 86,319 (80,132) (78,181) $121,514 126,845 147,453 252 — (32,060) 135,894 $150,635 148,946 168,755 628 — (17,892) 154,979 36 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Overview We are the leading online source of health insurance for individuals, families and small businesses. Our ecommerce platform enables individuals, families and small businesses to research, analyze, compare and purchase health insurance products that best meet their needs. Our technology also enables us to communicate electronically with our insurance carrier partners and process consumers’ health insurance applications online. As a result, we simplify and streamline the complex and traditionally paper-intensive health insurance sales and purchasing process. Since our incorporation in November 1997, we have invested heavily in technology and content related to our ecommerce platform. We have also invested significant time and resources in obtaining licenses to sell health insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, developing diverse and successful member acquisition programs and establishing relationships with over 180 leading insurance carriers, enabling us to offer thousands of health insurance products online. Our first online transaction relating to the sale of a health insurance policy was completed during the fourth quarter of 1998. We generate revenue primarily from commissions we receive from health insurance carriers whose policies are purchased through us by individuals, families and small businesses. We typically receive commission payments on a monthly basis for as long as a policy remains active. As a result, much of our revenue for a given financial reporting period relates to policies that we sold prior to the beginning of the period and is recurring in nature. Because health insurance pricing is set by the carrier and approved by state regulators, health insurance pricing is fixed. We, therefore, are not generally subject to negotiation or discounting of prices by health insurance carriers or our competitors. Sources of Revenue Revenue We generate most of our revenue from commissions paid to us by health insurance carriers whose health insurance policies we have sold. Commission revenue represented 96%, 93% and 90% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The remainder of our revenue is primarily attributable to carrier sponsorship advertising on our website and licensing arrangements related to our technology. We also refer to these licensing arrangements as ecommerce on demand, or eOD, arrangements. Our commission revenue has grown principally as a result of our penetration of the individual and family health insurance markets and corresponding growth in our membership. We estimate that as of December 31, 2008 we had approximately 621,100 members compared to an estimated 518,400 members at December 31, 2007. We define a member as an individual covered by an insurance product for which we are entitled to receive compensation. Our commission revenue generally represents a percentage of the insurance premium a member has paid to his or her insurance carrier and, to a lesser extent, commission override payments that insurance carriers pay us for achieving sales volume thresholds or other objectives. Commission rates vary by carrier and by the type of plan purchased by a member. Commission rates also can vary based upon the amount of time that the policy has been active, with commission rates for individual and family policies typically being higher in the first twelve months of the policy. After the first twelve months, commission rates generally decline significantly. As a result, if we do not add a sufficient number of members on new policies, our revenue growth may be negatively impacted. Individuals, families and small businesses purchasing health insurance through us typically pay their premiums on a monthly basis. Insurance carriers typically pay us our commissions monthly, after they receive the premium payment from the member. We generally continue to receive the commission payment from the relevant insurance carrier until the health insurance policy is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy. As a result, the majority of our revenue is recurring in nature and has grown in correlation with the growth we have experienced in our membership base. 37 We recognize commission revenue when our commission is reported to us by a health insurance carrier, net of an allowance for future forfeiture amounts payable to carriers due to policy cancellations. Commissions are reported to us by a cash payment and commission statement. We generally receive these communications simultaneously. In instances when we receive the cash payment and commission statement separately and in different accounting periods, we recognize revenue in the period that we receive the earliest communication, provided we receive the second communication corroborating the amount reported in the first communication within ten business days following the end of the accounting period. If the second corroborating communication is not received within ten business days following the end of the accounting period, we recognize revenue in the period the second communication is received. We use the data in the commission statement to identify the members for which we are receiving a commission payment and the amount received for each member, and to estimate our allowance for forfeitures. Commission override payments, which are recognized on the same basis as premium commissions, are generally reported to us in a more irregular pattern than premium commissions. As a result, our revenue for a particular quarter could be higher or lower than expectations due to the timing of the reporting of commission override payments. Revenue attributable to individual and family product offerings in the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 represented approximately 83%, 85% and 88% of our commission revenue, respectively. We define individual and family product offerings as major medical individual and family health insurance plans, which does not include small business, short-term major medical, stand-alone dental, life and student health insurance product offerings. In addition to the commission revenue we derive from the sale of health insurance products, we derive revenue from our online sponsorship advertising program and from licensing the use of our ecommerce technology. Our sponsorship advertising program allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website. In return, we are typically paid a monthly fee and a performance fee based on metrics such as submitted or approved health insurance applications. Our technology licensing business allows carriers to offer their own health insurance policies on their websites and agents to utilize our technology to power their online quoting, content and application submission processes. Typically, we are paid a one-time implementation fee, which we recognize on a straight-line basis over the estimated term of the customer relationship (generally the initial term of the agreement), commencing once the technology is available for use by the third party. In addition, we typically generate revenue based on performance criteria that are either measured based on data tracked by us, or based on data tracked by the third party. In instances where the performance criteria data are tracked by us, we recognize revenue in the period of performance. In instances where the performance criteria data are tracked by the third party, we recognize revenue when the amounts earned are both fixed and determinable and collection is reasonably assured. Typically, this occurs through our receipt of a cash payment from the third party along with a detailed statement containing the data that is tracked by the third party. Member Acquisition An important factor in our revenue growth is the growth of our member base. Our marketing initiatives are an important component of our strategy to grow our member base and are focused on three primary member acquisition channels: direct, marketing partners and online advertising. Our marketing initiatives are designed to encourage consumers to complete an online application for health insurance on our ecommerce platform. Direct. Our direct member acquisition channel consists of consumers who access our website addresses (www.ehealth.com and www.ehealthinsurance.com) either directly or through algorithmic natural search listings on Internet search engines and directories. For each of the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, applications submitted through us for individual and family health insurance from our direct channel constituted 40%, 40% and 39%, respectively, of all individual and family health insurance applications submitted on our website. Marketing Partners. Our marketing partner member acquisition channel consists of consumers who access our website through a network of affiliate partners and financial services and other companies. Growth in our 38 marketing partner channel depends upon our expanding marketing programs with existing partners and adding new partners to our network. For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, applications submitted through us for individual and family health insurance products for which we paid fees to our marketing partners constituted approximately 35%, 31% and 33%, respectively, of all individual and family health insurance applications submitted on our website. Online Advertising. Our online advertising channel consists of consumers who access our website through paid keyword search advertising from search engines such as Google, MSN and Yahoo!, as well as various Internet marketing programs such as banner advertising, non-direct email marketing and an integrated partnership with MSN. For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, applications submitted through us for individual and family health insurance products from our online advertising channel constituted approximately 25%, 29% and 28%, respectively, of all individual and family health insurance applications submitted on our website. Operating Costs and Expenses Cost of Revenue-Sharing Cost of revenue-sharing consists primarily of payments related to health insurance policies sold to members who were referred to our website by marketing partners with whom we have revenue-sharing arrangements. In order to enter into a revenue-sharing arrangement, these marketing partners must be licensed to sell health insurance in the state where the policy is sold. Costs related to revenue-sharing arrangements are expensed as the related revenue is recognized. Marketing and Advertising Marketing and advertising expenses consist primarily of member acquisition expenses associated with our direct, marketing partner and online advertising channels, in addition to compensation and other expenses related to marketing, business development, public relations and carrier relations personnel who support our offerings. Our direct channel expenses primarily consist of television advertising, radio advertising, print advertising, direct mail, email and other activities that drive consumers directly to our website. We compensate a significant number of our marketing partners by paying a one-time fee each time a consumer referral from a partner results in a submitted health insurance application on our ecommerce platform, regardless of whether the consumer’s application is approved by the health insurance carrier. Many of our marketing partners have tiered volume-incentive arrangements in which the amount of the one-time fee increases as the volume of submitted applications we receive from such marketing partners increases over a particular period. We recognize these expenditures in the period when a marketing partner’s referral results in the submission of a health insurance application on our website. The number of health insurance applications submitted through our ecommerce platform has generally increased in our first quarter compared to our fourth quarter and in our third quarter compared to our second quarter. Conversely, we have generally experienced a decline or flattening in submitted applications in our second quarter compared to our first quarter and in our fourth quarter compared to our third quarter. Since a significant portion of our marketing and advertising expenses are driven by the number of health insurance applications submitted on our website, those expenses are influenced by these patterns. In addition, because the total volume of submitted applications that we receive from our marketing partners is largely outside of our control, particularly during any short-term period, and because of our tiered volume-incentive marketing partner arrangements, we could incur expenses in excess of the amounts we had planned in periods of rapid growth in the volume of submitted applications from marketing partner referrals. Accordingly, an unanticipated increase in submitted applications resulting from marketing partner referrals could cause our net income to be lower than our expectation since the revenue to be derived from submitted applications that are approved by health insurance carriers will not be recognized until future periods. 39 Paid keyword search advertising on search engines represents the majority of expenses in our online advertising channel. We incur expenses associated with search engine advertising in the period in which the consumer clicks on the advertisement. Although the costs associated with consumer click-throughs have increased, we have been able to offset much of this increase by actively managing our paid keyword search advertising expense, taking into account the anticipated return from referrals. We also take into account the productivity and relative cost of paid keyword search as compared to other marketing channels and the anticipated lifetime revenue from members acquired, to control the amount of expense incurred during a given period. We expect the average cost of acquiring new members to increase in 2009 compared to 2008 primarily due to an increase in online advertising and marketing expenditures, including paid keyword search advertising. Our cost of acquisition depends significantly on the rate at which visitors to our website submit health insurance applications, particularly with respect to paid search advertising, as our paid search costs are incurred on the referral of a potential member rather than on the submission of a health insurance application. Other factors that may impact the average cost of acquiring new members include the mix of health insurance applications submitted through our three marketing channels, the mix of marketing partners referring consumers to our website, the overall trend in costs of online marketing, seasonality patterns, the amounts we pay marketing partners to refer consumers to our website, television and radio advertising expenditures, and an increase in compensation and benefit costs for marketing and advertising personnel. Additionally, we may explore new marketing initiatives that increase per member acquisition costs as part of our efforts to drive more consumers to our website. Customer Care and Enrollment Customer care and enrollment expenses primarily consist of compensation and related expenses for personnel engaged in pre-sales assistance to applicants who call our customer care center and for enrollment personnel who assist applicants during the underwriting process. Technology and Content Technology and content expenses consist primarily of compensation and related expenses for personnel associated with developing and enhancing our website technology as well as maintaining our website. A portion of our technology and content group is located at our wholly owned subsidiary in China, where technology development costs are generally lower than in the United States. Our technology and content expenses incurred in China totaled $1.0 million, $1.3 million and $1.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. General and Administrative General and administrative expenses include compensation and related expenses for staff working in our finance, legal, human resources, internal audit, facilities and internal information technology departments. These expenses also include fees paid for outside professional services, mainly for audit, tax, legal and information technology consulting. 40 d e d n E s h t n o M e e r h T , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S 8 0 0 2 8 0 0 2 , 0 3 e n u J 8 0 0 2 8 0 0 2 7 0 0 2 7 0 0 2 , 1 3 h c r a M , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S , 0 3 e n u J 7 0 0 2 , 1 3 h c r a M 7 0 0 2 : s c i r t e M y e K 0 0 6 , 5 1 1 0 0 7 , 7 9 0 0 2 , 1 3 1 0 0 3 , 7 1 1 0 0 8 , 0 0 1 0 0 4 , 4 4 1 0 0 8 , 3 0 1 0 0 3 , 4 9 0 0 6 , 2 3 1 0 0 5 , 4 1 1 0 0 5 , 2 0 1 0 0 4 , 3 4 1 0 0 9 , 7 9 0 0 8 , 3 8 0 0 8 , 8 1 1 0 0 9 , 7 9 0 0 6 , 3 8 0 0 3 , 5 2 1 0 0 3 , 8 8 0 0 2 , 8 7 0 0 6 , 4 1 1 0 0 8 , 1 9 0 0 3 , 2 8 0 0 6 , 9 1 1 0 0 0 , 4 4 4 , 7 $ 0 0 0 , 7 5 2 , 8 $ 0 0 0 , 7 4 6 , 8 $ 0 0 0 , 6 4 8 , 5 $ 0 0 0 , 0 1 9 , 7 $ 0 0 0 , 1 1 7 , 7 $ 0 0 0 , 3 6 1 , 7 $ 0 0 0 , 8 0 4 , 3 $ 0 0 0 , 5 5 4 , 9 2 $ 0 0 0 , 5 7 4 , 8 2 $ 0 0 0 , 1 0 5 , 7 2 $ 0 0 0 , 0 8 2 , 6 2 $ 0 0 0 , 3 3 2 , 4 2 $ 0 0 0 , 7 9 9 , 2 2 $ 0 0 0 , 2 7 0 , 1 2 $ 0 0 0 , 9 8 4 , 9 1 $ 6 1 . 8 4 $ 9 1 . 8 4 $ 4 3 . 8 4 $ 2 8 . 8 4 $ 0 0 . 8 4 $ 6 1 . 8 4 $ 8 4 . 6 4 $ 6 5 . 6 4 $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 1 ( s w o l f h s a c g n i t a r e p O ) 2 ( s n o i t a c i l p p a d e t t i m b u s P F I . . . . ) 3 ( s r e b m e m d e v o r p p a P F I ) 4 ( s r e b m e m d e v o r p p a l a t o T . . . . . . . . . ) 5 ( e u n e v e r l a t o T ) 6 ( d o i r e p e h t r o f r e b m e m d e t a m i t s e r e p e u n e v e r l a t o T : 8 0 0 2 d n a 7 0 0 2 r o f s c i r t e m y l r e t r a u q d e t c e l e s n i a t r e c s w o h s e l b a t g n i w o l l o f e h T s c i r t e M d e t c e l e S f o y r a m m u S 0 0 5 , 8 2 5 0 0 1 , 1 2 6 8 0 0 2 0 0 1 , 6 0 5 0 0 1 , 2 0 6 8 0 0 2 f o s A f o s A , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S 0 0 3 , 8 8 4 0 0 6 , 9 7 5 0 0 2 , 1 7 4 0 0 2 , 8 5 5 0 0 7 , 2 3 4 0 0 4 , 8 1 5 d e d n E s h t n o M e e r h T f o s A , 0 3 e n u J 8 0 0 2 8 0 0 2 7 0 0 2 f o s A f o s A f o s A , 1 3 h c r a M , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S 0 0 1 , 8 0 4 0 0 3 , 1 9 4 7 0 0 2 f o s A , 0 3 e n u J 7 0 0 2 f o s A , 1 3 h c r a M 7 0 0 2 0 0 4 , 3 8 3 0 0 6 , 3 6 4 0 0 3 , 2 6 3 0 0 2 , 3 4 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 7 ( p i h s r e b m e m d e t a m i t s e P F I ) 8 ( p i h s r e b m e m d e t a m i t s e l a t o T % 0 4 % 2 3 % 8 2 % 0 0 1 % 9 3 % 3 3 % 8 2 % 0 0 1 % 0 4 % 2 3 % 8 2 % 8 3 % 4 3 % 8 2 % 0 0 1 % 0 0 1 % 8 3 % 4 3 % 8 2 % 0 0 1 % 0 4 % 1 3 % 9 2 % 0 0 1 % 0 4 % 0 3 % 0 3 % 0 4 % 1 3 % 9 2 % 0 0 1 % 0 0 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l a t o T . . . . . . . . . . ) 1 1 ( t c e r i D ) 2 1 ( s r e n t r a p g n i t e k r a M ) 3 1 ( g n i s i t r e v d a e n i l n O l a t o t f o e g a t n e c r e p a s a ( s n o i t a c i l p p a d e t t i m b u s P F I f o e c r u o S : ) d o i r e p e h t r o f s n o i t a c i l p p a P F I d e t t i m b u s P F I n o l a u d i v i d n i r e p t s o c n o i t i s i u q c A : s c i r t e M r e h t O 5 3 . 5 6 $ 4 3 . 5 6 $ 9 3 . 0 6 $ 1 4 . 5 5 $ 3 7 . 6 5 $ 7 0 . 9 4 $ 8 9 . 9 4 $ 8 1 . 9 4 $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 4 1 ( s n o i t a c i l p p a % 9 3 % 0 4 % 4 3 % 7 3 % 5 3 % 2 3 % 2 3 % 6 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 0 1 ( e u n e v e r l a t o t f o e g a t n e c r e p a s a g n i s i t r e v d a d n a g n i t e k r a M 0 0 0 , 8 2 5 , 1 1 $ 0 0 0 , 2 0 5 , 1 1 $ 0 0 0 , 2 8 4 , 9 $ 0 0 0 , 9 4 6 , 9 $ 0 0 0 , 6 7 4 , 8 $ 0 0 0 , 9 0 3 , 7 $ 0 0 0 , 2 8 7 , 6 $ 0 0 0 , 0 3 9 , 6 $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 9 ( s e s n e p x e g n i s i t r e v d a d n a g n i t e k r a M , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S 8 0 0 2 8 0 0 2 , 0 3 e n u J 8 0 0 2 8 0 0 2 7 0 0 2 7 0 0 2 , 1 3 h c r a M , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S , 0 3 e n u J 7 0 0 2 , 1 3 h c r a M 7 0 0 2 41 Notes: (1) Net cash provided by operating activities for the period from the consolidated statements of cash flows. (2) IFP applications submitted on eHealth’s website during the period. Applications are counted as submitted when the applicant completes the application, provides a method for payment and clicks the submit button on our website and submits the application to us. The applicant generally has additional actions to take before the application will be reviewed by the insurance carrier, such as providing additional information and providing an electronic signature. In addition, an applicant may submit more than one application. We include applications for IFP products for which we receive commissions as well as other forms of payment. We define our “IFP” offerings as major medical individual and family health insurance plans, which does not include small business, short-term major medical, stand-alone dental, life or student health insurance product offerings. (3) New IFP members reported to eHealth as approved during the period. Some members that are approved by a carrier do not accept the approval and therefore do not become paying members. (4) New members for all products reported to eHealth as approved during the period. Some members that are approved by a carrier do not accept the approval and therefore do not become paying members. (5) Total revenue (from all sources) recognized during the period from the consolidated statements of income. (6) Calculated as total revenue recognized during the period (see note (5) above) divided by average estimated membership for the period (calculated as beginning and ending estimated membership for all products for the period, divided by two). See discussion below for further information as to our methodology in estimating membership. (7) Estimated number of members active on IFP insurance policies as of the date indicated. See discussion below for further information as to our methodology in estimating membership. (8) Estimated number of members active on all insurance policies as of the date indicated. See discussion below for further information as to our methodology in estimating membership. (9) Marketing and advertising expenses for the period from the consolidated statements of income. (10) Calculated as marketing and advertising expenses for the period (see note (9) above) divided by total revenue for the period (see note (5) above). (11) Percentage of IFP submitted applications from applicants who came directly to the eHealth website through algorithmic search engine results or otherwise. See note (2) above for further information as to what constitutes a submitted application. (12) Percentage of IFP submitted applications from applicants sourced through eHealth’s network of marketing partners. See note (2) above for further information as to what constitutes a submitted application. (13) Percentage of IFP submitted applications from applicants sourced through paid search and other online advertising activities. See note (2) above for further information as to what constitutes a submitted application. (14) Calculated as marketing and advertising expenses for the period (see note (9) above) divided by the number of individuals on IFP applications submitted on eHealth’s website during the period. This metric may not reflect the true acquisition cost. Our insurance carrier partners bill and collect insurance premiums paid by our members. Carrier partners do not report to us the number of members that we have as of a given date. The majority of our members who terminate their policies do so by discontinuing their premium payments to the carrier and do not inform us of the cancellation. Also, some of our members pay their premiums less frequently than monthly. Given the number of months required to observe non-payment of commissions in order to confirm cancellations, we estimate the number of members who are active on insurance policies as of a specified date. We estimate the number of continuing members on non-small business insurance policies as of a specific date by taking the sum of (i) the number of members for whom we have received a commission payment for the month that is six months (or three months in the case of short-term, student and dental insurance) prior to the date of estimation (after reducing that number using historical experience for assumed member cancellations over, as applicable, the three-month or six-month period); and (ii) the number of approved members over the six-month period (or three months in the case of short-term, student and dental insurance) prior to the date of estimation (after reducing that number using historical experience for an assumed number of members who do not accept their approved policy 42 and for estimated member cancellations through the date of the estimate). We estimate the number of small business group members using the number of initial members at the time the group is approved, and we update this number for changes in membership if such changes are reported to us by the group or carrier in the period it is reported. However, groups generally notify the carrier directly of policy cancellations and increases or decreases in group size without informing us. Additionally, our carrier partners often do not communicate this information to us. We often are made aware of policy cancellations at the time of annual renewal and update our membership statistics accordingly in the period they are reported. After we have estimated membership for a period, we may receive information from health insurance carriers that would have impacted the estimate if we had received the information prior to the date of estimation. We may receive commission payments or other information that indicates that a member who was not included in our estimates for a prior period was in fact an active member at that time, or that a member who was included in our estimates was in fact not an active member of ours. For instance, we reconcile information carriers provide to us and may determine that we were not historically paid commissions owed to us, which would cause us to have underestimated our membership. Conversely, carriers may require us to return commission payments paid in a prior period due to policy cancellations for members we previously estimated as being active. We reflect updated information regarding our membership in the membership estimate for the current period that we are estimating, if applicable. As a result of the delay in our receipt of information from insurance carriers, actual trends in our membership are most discernable over periods longer than from one quarter to the next. In addition, and as a result of the delay we experience in receiving information about our membership, it is difficult for us to determine with any certainty the impact of current economic conditions on our membership retention. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to the useful lives of long-lived assets including property and equipment, fair value of investments, fair value of intangible assets, allowances for commission forfeitures payable to carriers, income taxes and the assumptions used in determining stock-based compensation and our assessment whether internal use software and website development costs will result in additional functionality, among others. We based our estimates of the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable. In many cases, we could reasonably have used different accounting policies and estimates. In some cases, changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Accordingly, actual results may differ materially from these estimates. We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Revenue Recognition We recognize commission revenue when our commission is reported to us by a health insurance carrier, net of an allowance for future forfeiture amounts payable to carriers due to policy cancellations. Commissions are reported to us by a cash payment and commission statement. We use the data in the commission statements to help identify the members for which we are receiving a commission payment and the amount received for each member, and to estimate our allowance for forfeitures payable to carriers. We are not obligated with respect to the insurance coverage sold through our ecommerce platform. As a result, we recognize the net amount of compensation earned as the agent in the transaction. Our insurance carrier partners bill and collect insurance premiums that our members pay. We rely on health insurance carriers to report accurately and in a timely manner the amount of commissions earned by us, and we 43 calculate our commission revenues, prepare our financial reports, projections and budgets, and direct our marketing and other operating efforts based on the reports we receive from them. Each month we analyze the reports we receive from our carriers by comparing such data to the database we maintain on our members. It is often difficult for us to independently determine whether or not carriers are reporting all commissions due to us, primarily because the majority of our members who terminate their policies do so by discontinuing their premium payments to the carrier instead of by informing us of the cancellation. Also, some of our members pay their premiums less frequently than monthly. This results in our having to identify underpayment or non-payment of commissions on a policy and follow up with a carrier to obtain an explanation and/or request correction of the amount of commissions paid to us. To date, we have not had disputes of any significance with carriers related to reported commissions. To the extent that carriers understate or fail to timely and accurately report or pay the amount of commissions due to us, we will not collect and recognize revenue to which we are entitled, which, if material in amount, would adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Commission override revenue, which we recognize on the same basis as premium commissions, is generally reported to us in a more irregular pattern than premium commissions. As a result, our revenues for a particular quarter could be higher or lower than expectations due to the timing of the reporting of commission override revenue to us. Certain commission amounts are subject to forfeiture in circumstances where a member has prepaid his or her premium for a future period of coverage and subsequently cancels his or her policy before the completion of that period. We estimate and record an allowance for these forfeitures based on historical cancellation experience using data provided on commission statements. The forfeitures are typically reported to us by health insurance carriers one to two months after the commission is reported and paid to us by the carrier. Our estimate of the allowance for forfeitures includes an estimate of both the reporting time lag and the forfeiture amount. Changes in our historical trends would result in changes to our estimated forfeitures in future periods. There were no changes in our average forfeiture rates or reporting time lag during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, which had a material impact on our allowance for forfeitures. In addition to the commission revenue we derive from the sale of health insurance products, we derive revenue from our online sponsorship advertising program and from licensing the use of our ecommerce technology. Our sponsorship advertising program allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website. In return, we are typically paid a monthly fee, which is recognized over the period that advertising is displayed, and often a performance fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. Our technology licensing business allows carriers the use of our ecommerce platform to offer their own health insurance policies on their websites and agents to utilize our technology to power their online quoting, content and application submission processes. Typically, we are paid a one-time implementation fee, which we recognize on a straight-line basis over the estimated term of the customer relationship (generally the initial term of the agreement), commencing once the technology is available for use by the third party, and a performance fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. The metrics used to calculate performance fees for both sponsorship advertising and technology licensing are based on performance criteria that are either measured based on data tracked by us, or based on data tracked by the third party. In instances where the performance criteria data is tracked by us, we recognize revenue in the period of performance. In instances where the performance criteria data is tracked by the third party, we recognize revenue when the amounts earned are both fixed and determinable and collection is reasonably assured. Typically, this occurs through our receipt of a cash payment from the third party along with a detailed statement containing the data that is tracked by the third party. Deferred revenue consists of deferred technology licensing implementation fees as well as amounts collected from sponsorship or technology licensing customers in advance of our performing our service for such customers. We also defer amounts that have been reported to us related to transactions where our services are complete, but where we cannot currently estimate the allowance for future forfeitures related to those amounts. 44 Internal-Use Software and Website Development Costs We account for internal-use software and website development costs in accordance with the guidance set forth in Statement of Position No. 98-1, Accounting for the Costs of Computer Software Developed or Obtained for Internal Use, and EITF Issue No. 00–02, Accounting for Web Site Development Costs. We capitalize costs of materials, consultants and compensation and related expenses of employees who devote time to the development of internal-use software; however, we usually expense as incurred website development costs for new features and functionalities because it is not probable that they will result in additional functionality until they are both developed and tested with confirmation that they are more effective than the current set of features and functionalities on our website. Our judgment is required in determining the point at which various projects enter the states at which costs may be capitalized, in assessing the ongoing value of the capitalized costs and in determining the estimated useful lives over which the costs are amortized, which is generally three years. To the extent that we change the manner in which we develop and test new features and functionalities related to our website, assess the ongoing value of capitalized assets or determine the estimated useful lives over which the costs are amortized, the amount of website development costs we capitalize and amortize in future periods would be impacted. Stock-Based Compensation Prior to the adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 123R, Share-Based Payment (“SFAS 123R”) on January 1, 2006, we accounted for stock option grants in accordance with Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25 (“APB 25”), Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, and complied with the disclosure provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 123, Accounting for Stock Based Compensation, as amended by SFAS No. 148, Accounting for Stock Based Compensation—Transition and Disclosure. Under APB 25, deferred stock-based compensation expense is recorded for the intrinsic value of options (the difference between the deemed fair value of our common stock and the option exercise price) at the grant date and is amortized ratably over the option’s vesting period. On January 1, 2006, we adopted SFAS 123R, which requires us to measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments, based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant, and to recognize the cost over the period during which the employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award. We adopted SFAS 123R using the prospective method, which requires us to apply its provisions only to stock-based awards to employees granted on or after January 1, 2006, and to awards modified, repurchased or cancelled on or after January 1, 2006. In anticipation of the adoption of SFAS 123R, we did not modify the terms of any previously granted stock options or restricted stock awards. During the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, we recorded stock-based compensation expense totaling $0.3 million, $1.4 million and $3.4 million, respectively, related to stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units granted to employees and accounted for in accordance with the provisions of SFAS 123R. At December 31, 2008, total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units granted to employees under our stock plans and accounted for in accordance with SFAS 123R was approximately $12.6 million, net of estimated forfeitures of $1.3 million. This cost will be amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining weighted average vesting term of the underlying equity awards, which was approximately 2.8 years as of December 31, 2008. Unrecognized stock- based compensation will be adjusted for subsequent changes in estimated forfeitures. As of December 31, 2008, historical actual and estimated future forfeitures of our awards have been immaterial. Changes in estimated forfeitures are recorded as a cumulative catch up adjustment in the period when they occur. We will continue to evaluate our forfeiture experience in the future. Stock-based compensation expense recognized during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 consisted of stock-based compensation related to stock option and restricted stock awards granted prior to January 1, 2006, which was calculated in accordance with APB 25, and stock-based compensation for all stock- based awards granted on or after January 1, 2006, based on the grant-date fair value estimated in accordance with 45 SFAS 123R. The adoption of SFAS 123R results in higher amounts of stock-based compensation expense for awards granted after January 1, 2006 than would have been recorded if we had continued to apply the provisions of APB 25. The grant date fair value of our stock-based awards was determined using the Black-Scholes-Merton pricing model and a single option award approach. The weighted average expected term for stock options granted was calculated using the simplified method in accordance with the provisions of Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107, Share-Based Payment, as we did not have sufficient historical option exercise behavior on which to estimate expected terms. The simplified method defines the expected term as the average of the contractual term and the vesting period of the stock option. We have estimated the volatility used as an input to the model based on an analysis of our stock price since our IPO in October 2006, as well as an analysis of similar public companies for which we have data. We estimate our expected volatility using the weighted average of: our implied volatility; our mean reversion volatility; and the mean reversion volatility of similar public companies for which we have data. We have used judgment in selecting these companies, as well as evaluating the available historical and implied volatility data for these companies. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based payment awards represent management’s best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. We will continue to use judgment in evaluating the expected term and volatility related to our own stock-based awards on a prospective basis, and incorporating these factors into the model. The accounting for and disclosure of employee and non-employee equity instruments, primarily stock options, restricted common stock, restricted stock units and Class A nonvoting common stock, requires judgment by management on a number of assumptions. Changes in key assumptions will significantly impact the valuation of such instruments. Because there had been no public market for our stock prior to our initial public offering in October 2006, our board of directors determined the fair value of our common stock based upon, among other things, internal valuation analyses prepared by management, which considered sales of our common stock to unrelated independent third parties. Determining the fair value of our common stock prior to our initial public offering required us to make complex and subjective judgments involving estimates of revenues, earnings, assumed market growth rates and estimated costs as well as appropriate probabilities of future events and discount rates. These estimates were consistent with the plans and estimates that we used to manage our business. There was inherent uncertainty in making these estimates. The intrinsic value of outstanding vested and unvested stock options at December 31, 2008, was $15.9 million based on the last reported price for our common stock on The NASDAQ Global Market on December 31, 2008. The intrinsic value of options outstanding does not impact the amount of stock-based compensation expense to be recorded in future periods. Future stock-based compensation expense is dependent upon the fair value of each option at the date each option is granted and the number of awards issued and outstanding during each period. We expect stock-based compensation expense will increase in the future as the number of equity awards issued and outstanding increases. Accounting for Income Taxes We account for income taxes using the liability method as required by SFAS No. 109 (“SFAS 109”), Accounting for Income Taxes. Under SFAS 109, deferred income taxes are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted statutory tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Since tax laws and financial accounting standards differ in their recognition and measurement of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, expenses, gains and losses, differences arise between the amount of taxable income and pretax financial income for a year and between the tax bases of assets or liabilities and their reported amounts in our financial statements. Because we assume that the reported amounts of assets and liabilities will be recovered and settled, respectively, a difference between the tax basis of an asset or a liability and its reported 46 amount in the balance sheet will result in a taxable or a deductible amount in some future years when the related liabilities are settled or the reported amounts of the assets are recovered, which gives rise to a deferred tax asset or liability. We must then assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and to the extent we believe that recovery does not meet the more likely than not criteria, we must establish a valuation allowance. Management judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets. In the fourth quarter of 2007, we were able to develop expectations of future taxable income and estimate other relevant factors sufficiently in the future to conclude that it was more likely than not that we will realize sufficient earnings to utilize all of our deferred tax assets. Accordingly, we reversed our valuation allowance against deferred tax assets in the fourth quarter of 2007. As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our income taxes. This process involves estimating our actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences that may result in deferred tax assets, as well as discrete tax items during the period, such as excess tax benefits related to share-based payments. Our effective tax rate in 2008 was in line with statutory federal and state tax rates. Our effective tax rates in 2007 and 2006 differed from the statutory federal tax rate primarily due to the releases of our valuation allowance against deferred tax assets in those years. On September 23, 2008, the state of California approved its budget for fiscal year ending June 30, 2009, which contained changes to the California tax law which substantially limit our ability to utilize state net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards to reduce our state income taxes payable in 2008 and 2009. Under the new tax law, the utilization of net operating loss carry forwards is suspended for tax years 2008 and 2009; however the expiration date of the net operating loss carry forwards is extended for an equivalent two-year period. Additionally, for tax years 2008 and 2009, taxpayers may only utilize tax credit carry forwards to reduce their current tax liability up to 50% of their net tax amount before application of such credits. The new law does not affect the amount of net operating loss or tax credit carry forwards that we expect to ultimately use to offset future California taxes; however, it does limit the amount of net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards that we will be able to utilize to reduce our taxes payable during the years ending December 31, 2008 and 2009, resulting in an increase in cash taxes payable to the state of California in those years. While we do not expect this change in the California tax law to impact our effective tax rate, our cash outlay for federal and state taxes is expected to increase to approximately 6% to 7% of pre-tax income for 2009, up from approximately 5% of pre-tax income for 2008. Under SFAS 123R, we consider stock option deduction benefits in excess of book compensation charges realized when we obtain an incremental benefit determined by the “With and Without” calculation method. Under the “With and Without” approach, excess tax benefits related to share-based payments are generally not deemed to be realized until after the utilization of all other tax benefits available to us. For example, net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards from prior years are used to reduce taxes currently payable prior to deductions from stock option exercises for purposes of financial reporting, while for tax return purposes, current year stock compensation deductions are generally used before net operating loss carry forwards. Indirect effects of excess tax benefits, such as the effect on research and development tax credits, are not considered. In accordance with SFAS 123R, only realized excess tax benefits are reflected in the financial statements. During 2008, due to the restriction on our ability to utilize net operating loss carry forwards to reduce taxes currently payable in California, we utilized excess tax benefits related to share-based payments and other unrecognized tax benefits, which resulted in a $0.3 million increase in additional paid-in capital and a $0.4 million increase in other non-current liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2008. We expect to continue utilizing excess tax benefits related to share-based payments and other unrecognized tax benefits in 2009, which will result in further increases to additional paid-in capital and other non-current liabilities. 47 Future changes in various factors, such as the amount of stock-based compensation we record during the year and the related tax benefit we realize upon the exercise of employee stock options, potential limitations on the use of our federal and state net operating loss credit carry forwards, pending or future tax law changes including rate changes and the tax benefit from or limitations on our ability to utilize research and development credits, changes in our valuation allowance and state and foreign taxes, would impact our estimates, and as a result, could affect our effective tax rate and the amount of income tax expense we record, and pay, in future periods. We adopted the provisions of FASB Interpretation No. 48 (“FIN 48”), Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, an Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109, on January 1, 2007. As of December 31, 2007 and 2008, we had approximately $2.4 million and $2.8 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits. As of December 31, 2007 and 2008, there were $2.0 million and $2.2 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits, that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. Due to net operating losses, all tax years after 1998 are open to examination and adjustment. On October 3, 2008, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 and Tax Extenders and Alternative Minimum Tax Relief Act of 2008 (HR1424) was signed into law, which, as enacted, includes a provision that retroactively extends the federal research and development tax credit from January 1, 2008 through December 31, 2009. Federal research and development tax credits for 2008, which were not material, were included in our provision for income taxes for the three months ended December 31, 2008. Fair Value Measurements We implemented Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 157 (“SFAS 157”), Fair Value Measurement, effective January 1, 2008 for our financial assets and liabilities that are re-measured and reported at fair value at each reporting period, and non-financial assets and liabilities that are re-measured and reported at fair value at least annually. In accordance with the provisions of FASB Staff Position No. FAS 157-2, Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157, we have elected to defer until January 1, 2009, implementation of SFAS 157 for all non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities, except those that are recognized and disclosed at fair value in the consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis. The partial adoption of SFAS 157 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. SFAS 157 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value under generally accepted accounting principles and enhances disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is defined under SFAS 157 as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value under SFAS 157 must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. SFAS 157 classifies the inputs used to measure fair value into the following hierarchy: Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities Level 2 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, or Unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability Level 3 Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability We endeavor to utilize the best available information in measuring fair value of our assets, and as such, use market data or assumptions that we believe market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant 48 to the fair value measurement. We have determined that our financial assets are classified as either Level 1 or Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2008. The adoption of SFAS 157 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In October 2008, the FASB issued Staff Position (FSP) No. FAS 157-3 (FSP 157-3), Determining the Fair Value of a Financial Asset When the Market for That Asset Is Not Active, which clarifies the application of Statement No. 157 in an inactive market and illustrates how an entity would determine fair value when the market for a financial asset is not active. FSP 157-3 amends Statement No. 157 to include an example that illustrates key considerations when applying the principles in Statement No. 157 to financial assets when the market for these instruments is not active. The implementation of FAS 157-3 did not have an impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. During the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008, we recorded immaterial amounts of unrealized gains and losses on our investments in marketable securities and, as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, we carried net unrealized gains on our marketable securities of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. Unrealized gains and losses are the result of the change in fair value of our investments in marketable securities, primarily corporate bonds, at the beginning and end of the period. As we do not consider our investments to be other-than- temporarily impaired at December 31, 2008, unrealized losses are excluded from earnings and reported as a component of stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets and in comprehensive income on the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. We did not realize any significant gains or losses on sales of marketable securities during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007. We did not hold any marketable securities during the year ended December 31, 2006. Results of Operations The following table sets forth our operating results and the related percentage of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 Revenue: Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sponsorship, licensing and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $58,943 2,367 96% $ 81,502 6,289 4 93% $100,839 10,872 7 90% 10 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating costs and expenses: 61,310 100 87,791 100 111,711 100 Cost of revenue-sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,305 21,405 10,991 10,137 9,482 Total operating costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,320 Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest and other income, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,990 1,326 2 35 18 17 15 87 13 2 1,702 29,497 12,137 12,393 16,046 71,775 16,016 5,287 2 34 14 14 18 82 18 6 Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,316 (7,161) 15 (12) 21,303 (10,292) 24 (12) 1,746 42,161 14,379 14,182 17,983 90,451 21,260 3,714 24,974 10,806 1 38 13 13 16 81 19 3 22 9 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,477 27% $ 31,595 36% $ 14,168 13% 49 Operating costs and expenses include the following amounts related to stock-based compensation (in thousands): Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2006 $ 47 42 226 139 $454 2007 2008 $ 218 138 611 539 $ 644 266 898 1,686 $1,506 $3,494 Years Ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 Revenue The following table presents our commission, sponsorship, licensing and other and total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 and the dollar and percentage change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Revenue: Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sponsorship, licensing and Year Ended December 31, 2006 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2007 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2008 $58,943 $22,559 38% $81,502 $19,337 24% $100,839 other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,367 3,922 166% 6,289 4,583 73% 10,872 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $61,310 $26,481 43% $87,791 $23,920 27% $111,711 2008 compared to 2007—Commission revenue increased $19.3 million, or 24%, in 2008 compared to 2007, primarily due to an increase in our membership. Our estimated membership increased approximately 20% to 621,100 at December 31, 2008 from 518,400 at December 31, 2007. Sponsorship, licensing and other revenue increased $4.6 million, or 73%, in 2008 compared to 2007, primarily due increased sales of carrier sponsorship advertising on our website and, to a lesser extent, new licensing arrangements related to our technology. 2007 compared to 2006—Commission revenue increased $22.6 million, or 38%, in 2007 compared to 2006, primarily due to an increase in our membership. Our estimated membership increased approximately 32% to 518,400 at December 31, 2007 from 393,900 at December 31, 2006. Included in commission revenue for 2006 and 2007 was $0.5 million and $0.7 million of commission revenue, respectively, we recognized from certain small business members who were transferred to us by a partner with whom we share a percentage of the ongoing commissions we receive on these transferred policies. Commission revenue for 2006 also included the recognition of $0.5 million of revenue related to commissions received from a single health insurance carrier during 2005, which was included in deferred revenue at December 31, 2005. Sponsorship, licensing and other revenue increased $3.9 million, or 166%, in 2007 compared to 2006, primarily due to increased sales of carrier sponsorship advertising on our website and, to a lesser extent, new licensing arrangements related to our technology. All revenue for all periods presented was generated from customers located in the United States. The following carriers (or carriers owned by them) represented 10% or more of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2008: UnitedHealthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wellpoint Aetna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20% 22% 7% 19% 18% 11% 17% 16% 14% 50 Year Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 Based on information currently available to us, we expect total revenue to increase in absolute dollars in 2009 compared to 2008 as a result of continued growth in our membership as well as growth in our sponsorship and technology licensing businesses. Operating Costs and Expenses Cost of Revenue-Sharing The following table presents our cost of revenue-sharing for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 and the dollar and percentage change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2006 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2007 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2008 Cost of revenue-sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,305 $397 30% $1,702 $44 3% $1,746 2% 2% 1% 2008 compared to 2007—Cost of revenue-sharing increased $44,000, or 3%, in 2008 compared to 2007, primarily due to a slight increase in the number of health insurance policies sold to members who were referred to our website by marketing partners with whom we have revenue-sharing arrangements. Included in cost of revenue-sharing in 2007 was $0.3 million of revenue-sharing expense related to commission revenue we recognized during the year associated with a partner who transferred certain small business members to us and with whom we share a percentage of the ongoing commissions we receive on these transferred policies. As a percentage of total revenue, cost of revenue-sharing decreased to 1% in 2008 from 2% in 2007. 2007 compared to 2006—Cost of revenue-sharing increased $0.4 million, or 30%, in 2007 compared to 2006, primarily due to an increase in the number of health insurance policies sold to members who were referred to our website by marketing partners with whom we have revenue-sharing arrangements. Included in cost of revenue-sharing for both 2006 and 2007 was $0.3 million of revenue-sharing expense, related to commission revenue we recognized during the year associated with a partner who transferred certain small business members to us and with whom we share a percentage of the ongoing commissions we receive on these transferred policies. As a percentage of total revenue, cost of revenue-sharing remained consistent at 2% in both 2006 and 2007. We expect cost of revenue-sharing to increase in absolute dollars in 2009 compared to 2008 as a result of an increase in commission revenue related to health insurance policies sold to members who were referred to our website by marketing partners with whom we have revenue-sharing arrangements. Marketing and Advertising The following table presents our marketing and advertising expenses for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 and the dollar and percentage change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2006 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2007 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2008 Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . $21,405 $8,092 38% $29,497 $12,664 43% $42,161 35% 34% 38% 2008 compared to 2007—Marketing and advertising expenses increased $12.7 million, or 43%, in 2008 compared to 2007. This was primarily due to an increase in our online advertising expenses of $7.0 million resulting from an increase in paid keyword search advertising costs on Internet search engines, as the cost of and volume of click-throughs from the online advertising channel increased during 2008 compared to 2007. Marketing partner expenses increased $3.7 million due to an increase in the costs per application and the growth in the number of applications submitted on our website through the marketing partner channel during 2008 51 compared to 2007. Additionally, direct advertising expenses increased $1.2 million as a result of television, radio and other marketing initiatives we undertook during the year. Finally, compensation and benefit costs of marketing and advertising personnel increased $0.5 million. Our acquisition cost per member, if measured as total marketing and advertising expenses for the year divided by the number of members included on applications for individual and family product offerings submitted during the year, increased 20% to $61.68 in 2008 from $51.30 in 2007. This increase was primarily due to the increases in online advertising expenditures, television and radio advertising expenditures and an increase in marketing partner channel expenses. As a percentage of total revenue, total marketing and advertising expenses increased to 38% in 2008 from 34% in 2007. 2007 compared to 2006—Marketing and advertising expenses increased $8.1 million, or 38%, in 2007 compared to 2006. This was primarily due to an increase in our online advertising expenses of $5.6 million resulting from an increase in paid keyword search advertising costs on Internet search engines, as the volume of click-throughs from the online advertising channel increased during 2007 compared to 2006. Marketing partner expenses increased $1.3 million due to the growth in the number of applications submitted on our website through the marketing partner channel during 2007 compared to 2006. In addition, direct advertising expenses increased $0.4 million as a result of television and other marketing initiatives. Compensation and benefit costs increased $0.6 million and public relations expenses increased $0.4 million. Our acquisition cost per member, if measured as total marketing and advertising expenses for a period divided by the number of members included on applications for individual and family product offerings submitted during the period, increased 11% to $51.30 in 2007 from $46.33 in 2006, primarily due to the increases in online advertising and marketing partner channel expenses. As a percentage of total revenue, total marketing and advertising expenses decreased to 34% in 2007 from 35% in 2006. We expect our marketing and advertising expenses to increase in absolute dollars in 2009 compared to 2008 as we increase our online advertising and marketing expenditures, including paid keyword search advertising. We also expect the average cost of acquiring new members to increase in 2009 compared to 2008. Our cost of acquisition depends significantly on the rate at which visitors to our website submit health insurance applications, particularly with respect to paid search advertising, as our paid search costs are incurred on the referral of a potential member rather than on the submission of a health insurance application. Other factors that may impact the average cost of acquiring new members include the mix of health insurance applications submitted through our three marketing channels, the mix of marketing partners referring consumers to our website, the overall trend in costs of online marketing, seasonality patterns, the amounts we pay marketing partners to refer consumers to our website, television and radio advertising expenditures, and an increase in compensation and benefit costs for marketing and advertising personnel. We may also explore new marketing initiatives that increase per member acquisition costs as part of our efforts to drive more consumers to our website. Customer Care and Enrollment The following table presents our customer care and enrollment expenses for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 and dollar and percentage change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2006 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2007 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2008 Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . $10,991 $1,146 10% $12,137 $2,242 18% $14,379 18% 14% 13% 2008 compared to 2007—Customer care and enrollment expenses increased $2.2 million, or 18%, in 2008 compared to 2007, primarily due to an increase of $1.3 million in compensation and benefit costs associated with an increase in personnel servicing health insurance applications submitted through our website. As a percentage of total revenue, customer care and enrollment expenses decreased to 13% in 2008 from 14% in 2007 as a result of economies of scale achieved by our customer care and enrollment operations in 2007. 52 2007 compared to 2006—Customer care and enrollment expenses increased $1.1 million, or 10%, in 2007 compared to 2006, primarily due to an increase of $0.8 million in compensation and benefit costs associated with an increase in personnel servicing health insurance applications submitted through our website. As a percentage of total revenue, customer care and enrollment expenses decreased to 14% in 2007 from 18% in 2006 as a result of economies of scale achieved by our customer care and enrollment operations in 2007. We expect customer care and enrollment expenses to increase in absolute dollars in 2009 compared to 2008 as we hire additional personnel to service the growth in health insurance applications submitted through our website. Technology and Content The following table presents our technology and content expenses for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 and dollar and percentage change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2006 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2007 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2008 Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . $10,137 $2,256 22% $12,393 $1,789 14% $14,182 17% 14% 13% 2008 compared to 2007—Technology and content expenses increased $1.8 million, or 14%, in 2008 compared to 2007. This increase was primarily due to a $0.4 million increase in compensation and benefit costs associated with an increase in the number of personnel necessary to develop and maintain our technology and website content. Stock-based compensation costs increased $0.3 million due to additional equity grants to employees in 2008. Data center expenses increased $0.3 million due to a new lease for data center space, as well as new maintenance agreements for hardware and software. As a percentage of total revenue, technology and content costs decreased to 13% in 2008 from 14% in 2007 as a result of economies of scale achieved by our technology and content operations in 2008. 2007 compared to 2006—Technology and content expenses increased $2.3 million, or 22%, in 2007 compared to 2006. This increase was primarily due to a $1.0 million increase in compensation and benefit costs associated with an increase in the number of personnel necessary to develop and maintain our technology and website content. Stock-based compensation costs increased $0.4 million due to additional equity grants to employees in 2007. Data center expenses increased $0.3 million due to new maintenance agreements for hardware and software. As a percentage of total revenue, technology and content costs decreased to 14% in 2007 from 17% in 2006 as a result of economies of scale achieved by our technology and content operations in 2007. We expect technology and content expenses to increase in absolute dollars in 2009 compared to 2008 due to our continued focus on technology development, including the enhancement of our ecommerce platform. General and Administrative The following table presents our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 and dollar and percentage change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2006 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2007 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2008 General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . $9,482 $6,564 69% $16,046 $1,937 12% $17,983 15% 18% 16% 2008 compared to 2007—General and administrative expenses increased $1.9 million, or 12%, in 2008 compared to 2007, primarily due to an increase in compensation, benefit and recruiting costs of $1.3 million 53 associated with increased personnel in our finance and legal departments. Additionally, stock-based compensation expense increased $1.1 million due to additional equity grants to employees and directors in 2008. Partially offsetting these increases were decreases in legal and accounting fees of $0.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively. As a percentage of total revenue, general and administrative expenses decreased to 16% in 2008 from 18% in 2007. 2007 compared to 2006—General and administrative expenses increased $6.6 million, or 69%, in 2007 compared to 2006, primarily due to an increase in compensation, benefit and recruiting costs of $2.4 million associated with increased personnel in our finance and legal departments. We also incurred additional costs associated with operating as a public company for the full year of 2007, including an increase in accounting, audit and other professional service fees of $2.3 million, an increase in legal fees of $0.5 million, an increase in directors and officers insurance costs of $0.4 million and an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $0.4 million due to additional equity grants to employees in 2007. As a percentage of total revenue, general and administrative expenses increased to 18% in 2007 from 15% in 2006. We expect our general and administrative expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars in 2009 compared to 2008 due to the increased costs necessary to support the growth in our business. Interest and Other Income, Net The following table presents our interest and other income, net, for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 and the dollar and percentage change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2006 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2007 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2008 Interest and other income, net . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . $1,326 $3,961 299% $5,287 $(1,573) (30)% $3,714 2% 6% 3% Interest and other income, net, primarily consists of interest income earned on our invested cash, cash equivalent and marketable securities balances, offset by administrative bank fees, investment management fees and interest expense on our capital lease obligations. 2008 compared to 2007—Interest and other income, net, decreased $1.6 million, or 30%, in 2008 compared to 2007, primarily due to a decline in the average yield earned on our invested cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities during the year ended December 31, 2008. Interest income totaled $3.9 million and $5.4 million for the years ended December 2008 and 2007. Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities increased from $121.5 million at December 31, 2007 to $150.6 million at December 31, 2008 primarily from cash generated from operations and net proceeds from the exercise of common stock options. As a percentage of total revenue, interest and other income, net decreased to 3% in 2008 from 6% in 2007. 2007 compared to 2006—Interest and other income, net, increased $4.0 million, or 299%, in 2007 compared to 2006. This increase was primarily due to an increase in interest income from our invested cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. Interest income totaled $5.4 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 2007 and 2006. Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities increased primarily from cash generated from operations during 2007. Additionally, the average yield earned on our invested cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities increased in 2007 compared to 2006. As a percentage of total revenue, interest and other income, net increased to 6% in 2007 from 2% in 2006. We expect interest and other income, net, to decline in absolute dollars, as well as a percentage of total revenue in 2009 compared to 2008 as a result of a continued decline in the average yield we earn on our invested cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. 54 Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes The following table presents our provision (benefit) for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 and the dollar change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2006 Change $ Year Ended December 31, 2007 Change $ Year Ended December 31, 2008 Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(7,161) $(3,131) $(10,292) $21,098 $10,806 (12)% (12)% 9% 2008—We recorded a provision for income taxes in 2008 of $10.8 million, representing an effective tax rate of 43.3% for 2008. Our effective tax rate in 2008 was in line with statutory federal and state tax rates. 2007—In the fourth quarter of 2007, we concluded, based upon recent operating results, expectations of future taxable income, available carryforward periods and other factors, that it was more likely than not that we will realize sufficient earnings to utilize all of our deferred tax assets. Accordingly, we reversed the remaining valuation allowance against deferred tax assets and recorded a tax benefit of $18.9 million. This benefit was partially offset by a provision for income taxes of $8.6 million for 2007. 2006—In the fourth quarter of 2006, we concluded, based upon recent operating results, expectations of future taxable income, available carryforward periods and other factors, that it was more likely than not that we would realize sufficient earnings to utilize a portion of our deferred tax assets. Accordingly, we partially reduced the valuation allowance against deferred tax assets and recorded a tax benefit of $7.4 million in 2006. This benefit was partially offset by a provision for income taxes of $0.3 million for 2006. Our future effective income tax rate will depend on various factors, such as the amount of stock-based compensation we record during the year and the related tax benefit we realize upon the exercise of employee stock options, potential limitations on the use of our federal and state net operating loss credit carry forwards, the impact of pending or future tax law changes including rate changes and the tax benefit from or limitations on our ability to utilize research and development credits, state and foreign income taxes, as well as changes in our valuation allowance. Liquidity and Capital Resources The following table presents a summary of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 Net cash provided by (used in): Operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,412 (2,253) 71,713 $ 26,192 (41,671) 6,452 $ 30,194 (18,706) 1,206 At December 31, 2008, our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaled $150.6 million. Cash equivalents are comprised primarily of financial instruments with an original maturity of 90 days or less from the date of purchase, and marketable securities are comprised primarily of available-for-sale financial instruments with original maturities of more than 90 days but less than two years from the date of purchase. Marketable securities that are available for use in current operations are classified as current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets regardless of the remaining time to maturity. 55 Operating Activities Cash provided by operating activities primarily consists of net income, adjusted for certain non-cash items including deferred income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation and the effect of changes in working capital and other activities. 2008—Our operating activities generated cash of $30.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2008 primarily due to $14.2 million of net income, $9.5 million of deferred income tax, $3.5 million in non-cash stock-based compensation expense, $1.9 million in non-cash depreciation and amortization expenses, a $0.7 million increase in accrued marketing expenses, a $0.7 million increase in accounts payable and a $0.5 million increase in other current liabilities. These items were partially offset by a $0.7 million increase in accounts receivable. During the year ended December 31, 2008, due to the restriction on our ability to utilize net operating loss carry forwards to reduce taxes currently payable in California, we utilized excess tax benefits related to share- based payments, which resulted in a $0.3 million decrease in cash generated from operating activities and a $0.3 million increase in cash generated from financing activities during 2008. We expect to continue utilizing excess tax benefits related to share-based payments in 2009, which will reduce our cash generated from operating activities and increase our cash generated from financing activities in 2009. Additionally, as a result of a recent change in the California tax law, our cash outlay for federal and state taxes is expected to increase to approximately 6% to 7% of pre-tax income for 2009, up from approximately 5% of pre-tax income for 2008. 2007—Our operating activities generated cash of $26.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2007, primarily due to $31.6 million of net income, $1.7 million in non-cash depreciation and amortization expenses, $1.5 million in non-cash stock-based compensation expense, a $1.0 million increase in accrued compensation and benefits, a $0.8 million increase in accrued marketing expenses, a $0.4 million increase in other current liabilities, a $0.4 million increase in deferred revenue and a $0.3 million increase in accounts payable. These items were partially offset by a $10.3 million benefit from the recognition of deferred income tax assets, a $0.6 million increase in accounts receivable and a $0.5 million increase in other assets. 2006—Our operating activities generated cash of $11.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2006, primarily due to $16.5 million of net income, $1.5 million in non-cash depreciation and amortization expenses, $0.5 million in non-cash stock-based compensation expense, a $0.7 million increase in other current liabilities, a $0.7 million increase in accrued compensation and benefits and a $0.6 million increase in accrued marketing expenses. These items were partially offset by a $7.4 million benefit from the recognition of deferred income tax assets, a $1.0 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets, a $0.6 million increase in accounts receivable and a $0.5 million decrease in deferred revenue. The timing of the recognition of our commission revenue depends upon the timing of our receipt of commission reports and associated commission payments from health insurance carriers. If we were to experience a delay in receiving a commission payment from a health insurance carrier at the end of a quarter, our operating cash flows for that quarter could be negatively impacted. Additionally, commission override payments are reported to us in a more irregular pattern than premium commissions. For example, a carrier may make a commission override payment to us on an annual basis, which would positively impact our cash flows in the quarter the payment is received. The majority of our annual commission override payments are typically received during the first quarter of the year. Historically, we have experienced a reduction in operating cash flows during the first quarter of the year due to the payment of annual performance bonuses to employees. In addition, a significant portion of our marketing and advertising expenses are driven by the number of health insurance applications submitted on our ecommerce platform. Since our marketing and advertising costs are expensed as incurred and the revenue from approved applications is recognized as commissions are subsequently reported to us, our operating cash flows could be negatively impacted by a substantial increase in the volume of applications submitted during a quarter or positively impacted by a substantial decline in the volume of applications submitted during a quarter. 56 Investing Activities Our investing activities primarily consist of purchases, sales and maturities of marketable securities and capital expenditures for property and equipment associated with computer hardware and software to enhance our website and to support our growth. Marketable securities generally consist of investment grade corporate and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise debt securities, commercial paper and certificates of deposit that have a maturity of more than 90 days but less than two years from the date of purchase and are available for use in current operations. These investments are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as a component of stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets and in comprehensive income on the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. 2008—Cash used in investing activities of $18.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2008 was primarily attributable to purchases of marketable securities of $85.7 million and capital expenditures of $2.5 million, partially offset by sales and maturities of marketable securities of $10.1 million and $59.3 million, respectively. Capital expenditures in 2008 were impacted by a project relating to the expansion of our data center operations. 2007—Cash used in investing activities of $41.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2007 was primarily attributable to purchases of marketable securities of $54.3 million and capital expenditures of $1.8 million, partially offset by sales and maturities of marketable securities of $9.0 million and $5.5 million, respectively. 2006—Cash used in investing activities of $2.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2006 was primarily attributable to capital expenditures of $2.2 million. Financing Activities 2008— Cash provided by financing activities of $1.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2008 was primarily due to $1.5 million of net proceeds received from the issuance of common stock pursuant to stock option exercises, partially offset by $0.6 million utilized to repurchase 50,657 shares of our common stock. 2007—Cash provided by financing activities of $6.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2007 was primarily due to $6.9 million of net proceeds received from the issuance of common stock pursuant to stock option exercises, partially offset by $0.3 million of costs paid related to our initial public offering. 2006—Cash provided by financing activities of $71.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2006 was primarily due to $74.8 million in proceeds received from our initial public offering, plus $0.5 million of net proceeds received from the issuance of common stock pursuant to stock option exercises, partially offset by $3.3 million of costs incurred in connection with our initial public offering. Future Needs We believe that cash generated from operations and our current cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the number and price of common shares we repurchase under our stock repurchase program and our level of investment in technology and advertising initiatives. We currently do not have any bank debt, line of credit facilities or other borrowing arrangements. To the extent that available funds are insufficient to fund our future activities, we may need to raise additional capital through public or private equity or debt financing to the extent such funding sources are available. 57 Contractual Obligations and Commitments The following table presents a summary of our future minimum payments under non-cancellable operating and capital lease agreements and certain contractual service and licensing obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2008 (in thousands): Years Ending December 31, Operating Lease Obligations Capital Lease Obligations Service and Licensing Obligations 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,587 1,397 1,140 971 $6,095 $ 57 57 56 14 $184 $592 168 — — $760 Total Obligations $3,236 1,622 1,196 985 $7,039 Operating Lease Obligations We lease certain of our office, operating facilities, equipment and furniture and fixtures under various operating leases, the latest of which expires in December 2012. Certain of these leases have free or escalating rent payment provisions. We recognize rent expense on our operating leases on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases, although actual cash payment obligations under certain of these agreements fluctuate over the terms of the agreements. The operating leases for our headquarter facilities located in Mountain View, California and our facility located in San Francisco, California expire in the second half of 2009. Capital Lease Obligations In December 2008 we entered into a capital lease agreement for office equipment which expires in April 2012. Service and Licensing Obligations We have entered into service and licensing agreements with third-party vendors to provide various services, including website development, website hosting, network access and software licensing. The terms of these services and licensing agreements are generally up to three years, the latest of which expires in September 2010. We record the related service and licensing expenses on a straight-line basis, although actual cash payment obligations under certain of these agreements fluctuate over the terms of the agreements. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, investments in special purpose entities or undisclosed borrowings or debt. Additionally, we are not a party to any derivative contracts or synthetic leases. Recently Issued Accounting Standards See Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for recently issued accounting standards that could have an effect on us. 58 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Interest Rate Sensitivity As of December 31, 2008, we had cash and cash equivalents of $94.1 million, which consisted primarily of cash and highly liquid money market instruments, commercial paper and U.S. government-sponsored enterprise debt securities with original maturities of 90 days or less from the date of purchase. We also had marketable securities of $56.5 million, which consisted primarily of U.S. government-sponsored enterprise and corporate debt securities, commercial paper and certificates of deposit with original maturities of more than 90 days but less than two years from the date of purchase and are available for use in current operations. Marketable securities that are available for use in current operations are classified as current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets regardless of the remaining time to maturity. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing income without significantly increasing risk. Some of the securities in which we invest may be subject to market risk. This means that a change in prevailing interest rates may cause the principal amount of the investment to fluctuate. To minimize this risk, we intend to maintain our portfolio of highly liquid cash equivalents and marketable securities in a variety of instruments, including money market funds, commercial paper, corporate and U.S. government- sponsored enterprise debt securities and certificates of deposit. We do not use financial instruments for trading or other speculative purposes, nor do we use leveraged financial instruments. Our investment policy limits investments to certain types of securities issued by institutions with investment-grade credit ratings and places restrictions on maturities and concentration by type and issue. The policy also prohibits investing in certain types of instruments including asset-backed securities, mortgage-backed securities, collateralized bond, debt and mortgage obligations, tax exempt securities, auction rate securities and derivatives. If overall interest rates had fallen by 10% during the year ended December 31, 2008, our interest income would have declined approximately $0.4 million, assuming a consistent level in our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. Foreign Currency Exchange Risk To date, all of our revenue has been derived from transactions denominated in United States Dollars. We have exposure to adverse changes in exchange rates associated with operating expenses of our foreign operations, which are denominated in Chinese Yuan Renminbi. Foreign currency fluctuations have not had a material impact historically on our results of operations; however, there can be no assurance that future fluctuations will not have material adverse effects on our results of operations. We have not engaged in any foreign currency hedging or other derivative transactions to date. 59 Credit Risk Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk principally consist of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and accounts receivable. We deposit our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities in accounts with major banks and financial institutions and, at times such marketable securities may be in excess of federally insured limits. As of December 31, 2007 and 2008, our cash, cash equivalent and marketable securities balances were invested in securities issued by institutions in the following industries (in thousands): Industry December 31, 2007 December 31, 2008 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bonds, commercial paper and certificates of deposit: 4,580 55,292 $ 4,659 89,477(1) Government sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utility sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,322 34,862 13,418 2,040 38,003 12,176 4,308 2,012 Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities . . . $121,514 $150,635 (1) At December 31, 2008, money market accounts were invested in U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds and discount notes, U.S. government treasury bills and notes and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government obligations. At December 31, 2008, we evaluated each of our unrealized losses, the majority of which are from corporate bonds, and determined them to be temporary in accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Abstract No. 03-1, The Meaning of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment and Its Application to Certain Investments. Factors we considered in determining whether unrealized losses were temporary included the length of time and extent to which each investment’s fair value has been less than its cost basis, the financial condition and near- term prospects of the investee, and our intent and ability to retain the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. Based upon our evaluation of these factors, and because we have the ability and intent to hold each of our investments with net unrealized losses until their respective maturity dates, we do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2008. During the year ended December 31, 2008, we incurred net unrealized gains on our marketable securities of $0.2 million. Net unrealized gains and losses incurred on our marketable securities during the year ended December 31, 2007 were not significant. Net unrealized gains and losses are the result of the change in fair value of our investments in marketable securities, primarily corporate bonds, at the beginning and end of the period. We did not realize any significant gains or losses on sales of marketable securities during the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007. We did not hold any marketable securities during the year ended December 31, 2006. We do not require collateral or other security for our accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2008, one carrier represented $0.3 million, or 14%, of our total accounts receivable. We believe the potential for collection issues with any of our carriers is minimal. Accordingly, we have not recorded an allowance for uncollectible amounts at December 31, 2008. 60 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 63 64 65 67 68 61 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The Board of Directors and Stockholders of eHealth, Inc. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of eHealth, Inc. as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of eHealth, Inc. at December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, eHealth, Inc. changed its method of accounting for stock-based compensation as of January 1, 2006, and its method of accounting for uncertain tax positions as of January 1, 2007. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), eHealth, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 13, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Palo Alto, California March 13, 2009 62 EHEALTH, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands, except share and per share information) December 31, 2007 December 31, 2008 Current assets: Assets Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 81,395 40,119 1,300 13,240 2,098 138,152 3,791 4,535 975 $ 94,136 56,499 2,005 7,580 1,874 162,094 4,567 1,314 780 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $147,453 $168,755 Current liabilities: Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued marketing expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other non-current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments and contingencies (see Note 8) Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock: $0.001 par value; Authorized shares: 10,000,000; Issued and $ 1,495 4,849 2,454 436 2,073 11,307 252 $ 2,190 4,662 3,162 427 2,707 13,148 628 outstanding shares: none . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Common stock: $0.001 par value; Authorized shares: 100,000,000; Issued and outstanding shares: 24,686,842 and 25,040,935 at December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock shares, at cost: 47 and 54,454 at December 31, 2007 and 2008, 25 167,847 (104) (32,060) 186 25 173,095 (22) (17,892) 412 respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (639) Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,894 154,979 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $147,453 $168,755 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 63 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (In thousands, except per share amounts) EHEALTH, INC. Year Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 Revenue: Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sponsorship, licensing and other $58,943 2,367 $ 81,502 6,289 $100,839 10,872 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating costs and expenses: 61,310 87,791 111,711 Cost of revenue-sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,305 21,405 10,991 10,137 9,482 Total operating costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,320 Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest and other income, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,990 1,326 1,702 29,497 12,137 12,393 16,046 71,775 16,016 5,287 Income before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,316 (7,161) 21,303 (10,292) 1,746 42,161 14,379 14,182 17,983 90,451 21,260 3,714 24,974 10,806 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,477 $ 31,595 $ 14,168 Comprehensive income: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in unrealized gain on investments, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,477 — 26 $ 31,595 58 77 $ 14,168 156 70 Total comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,503 $ 31,730 $ 14,394 Net income per share: Basic – common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic – Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted – common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted – Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ $ 1.91 1.91 0.80 0.80 Net income: $ 1.37 $ 0.57 $ — $ — $ 0.55 $ — $ — 1.22 $ Allocated to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allocated to Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,391 86 $ 31,595 — $ 14,168 — Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,477 $ 31,595 $ 14,168 Weighted average number of shares used in per share amounts: Basic – common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic – Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted – common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted – Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,590 45 20,572 45 23,092 — 25,797 — 24,963 — 25,954 — The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 64 . C N I , H T L A E H E l a t o T - k c o t S ’ s r e d l o h y t i u q E ) t i c i f e D ( k c o t S y r u s a e r T d e t a l u m u c c A r e h t O e v i s n e h e r p m o C d e t a l u m u c c A d e r r e f e D - k c o t S d e s a B t n u o m A s e r a h S e m o c n I t i c i f e D n o i t a s n e p m o C l a n o i t i d d A n i - d i a P l a t i p a C A s s a l C g n i t o v n o N ) s d n a s u o h t n I ( k c o t S d e r r e f e r P e l b i t r e v n o C k c o t S n o m m o C k c o t S n o m m o C C s e i r e S B s e i r e S A s e i r e S t n u o m A s e r a h S t n u o m A s e r a h S t n u o m A s e r a h S t n u o m A s e r a h S t n u o m A s e r a h S ) T I C I F E D ( Y T I U Q E ’ S R E D L O H K C O T S D N A K C O T S D E R R E F E R P E L B I T R E V N O C F O S T N E M E T A T S D E T A D I L O S N O C ) 1 8 1 , 8 7 ( $ — $ — 5 2 $ ) 2 3 1 , 0 8 ( $ ) 2 6 ( $ 3 8 9 , 1 $ — $ 7 5 2 5 $ 9 8 7 , 4 2 1 2 , 2 3 $ 6 1 6 , 5 0 6 1 , 2 4 $ 3 2 1 , 2 7 4 9 , 1 1 $ 9 4 5 , 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D t a e c n a l a B 6 7 4 — — — — — 6 7 4 — — — 8 1 2 — — — — — — . . . . . . . . s n o i t p o k c o t s k c o t s n o m m o c f o e c n a u s s I n o m m o c f o e s i c r e x e h t i w n o i t c e n n o c n i — 3 8 2 — — — — — — — — — — — 3 8 2 — — 6 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — s d r a w a k c o t s n o m m o c f o t e n , s e e y o l p m e o t d e t c i r t s e r g n i t o v n o n A s s a l C f o e c n a u s s I d e t a n i m r e t r o f s l a s r e v e r . . . . . . . . . . s e e y o l p m e . . s e e y o l p m e o t d e t a l e r n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t S n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t S d e t c i r t s e r g n i t o v n o n A s s a l C o t d e t a l e r k c o t s n o m m o c 8 0 1 — — — — — 8 0 1 — — — — — — — — — — . . . . . . . . . . . . . s d r a w a 65 — 3 6 9 1 3 , 6 8 9 6 1 , 0 7 6 2 7 7 4 , 6 1 0 4 7 , 5 9 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 6 2 — 1 5 — — — — — 7 7 4 , 6 1 ) 5 5 6 , 3 6 ( ) 4 5 2 ( 6 7 5 , 9 5 1 — — — — 8 0 3 , 6 8 3 6 1 , 0 7 — — ) 5 5 2 ( 5 5 2 — — — — 3 6 — — — — — — — — — — — — . . . . . . . . . . s e e y o l p m e d e r r e f e d f o n o i t a z i t r o m A d e s a b - k c o t s — — — — — . . . . . . . . n o i t a s n e p m o c o t d e t n a r g s d r a w a k c o t s g n i t o v n o n A s s a l C n o m m o c d e t c i r t s e r o t d e t a l e r n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s d e r r e f e D s l a s r e v e r f o t e n , 5 2 . o N B P A h t i w e c n a d r o c c a d e t a n i m r e t r o f n i r o f d e t n u o c c a d n a s e e y o l p m e — — — — — ) 3 9 2 ( 1 1 2 9 9 , 0 1 ) 2 1 2 , 2 3 ( ) 6 1 6 , 5 ( ) 0 6 1 , 2 4 ( ) 3 2 1 , 2 ( ) 7 4 9 , 1 1 ( ) 9 4 5 , 2 ( . . . . . . . k c o t s n o m m o c — 6 0 5 7 , 5 — — — — — — . . . . . . . g n i r e f f o c i l b u p l a i t i n i m o r f s d e e c o r P — — — — — — — — — 2 2 9 4 7 , 1 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n o i t a l s n a r t t n e m t s u j d a . . e m o c n i t e N y c n e r r u c n g i e r o F — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D t a e c n a l a B e l b i t r e v n o c f o n o i s r e v n o C d n a k c o t s d e r r e f e r p g n i t o v n o n A s s a l C o t k c o t s n o m m o c l a t o T - k c o t S ’ s r e d l o h y t i u q E ) t i c i f e D ( 8 6 8 , 6 — 8 8 3 , 1 8 1 1 0 5 8 5 7 7 5 9 5 , 1 3 4 9 8 , 5 3 1 8 3 5 , 1 5 2 4 , 3 9 6 8 9 2 6 5 1 0 7 ) 9 3 6 ( 8 6 1 , 4 1 k c o t S y r u s a e r T d e t a l u m u c c A r e h t O e v i s n e h e r p m o C d e t a l u m u c c A d e r r e f e D - k c o t S d e s a B t n u o m A s e r a h S e m o c n I t i c i f e D n o i t a s n e p m o C l a n o i t i d d A n i - d i a P l a t i p a C A s s a l C g n i t o v n o N ) s d n a s u o h t n I ( k c o t S d e r r e f e r P e l b i t r e v n o C k c o t S n o m m o C k c o t S n o m m o C C s e i r e S B s e i r e S A s e i r e S t n u o m A s e r a h S t n u o m A s e r a h S t n u o m A s e r a h S t n u o m A s e r a h S t n u o m A s e r a h S . C N I , H T L A E H E ) d e u n i t n o C ( – ) T I C I F E D ( Y T I U Q E ’ S R E D L O H K C O T S D N A K C O T S D E R R E F E R P E L B I T R E V N O C F O S T N E M E T A T S D E T A D I L O S N O C 9 7 9 , 4 5 1 $ ) 9 3 6 ( $ ) 4 5 ( 2 1 4 $ ) 2 9 8 , 7 1 ( $ ) 2 2 ( $ 5 9 0 , 3 7 1 $ — $ — 5 2 $ 5 9 0 , 5 2 — $ . s t n e m e t a t s l a i c n a n i f d e t a d i l o s n o c e s e h t f o t r a p l a r g e t n i n a e r a s e t o n g n i y n a p m o c c a e h T — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ) 9 3 6 ( — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ) 4 5 ( — — — — — — 8 5 7 7 — 6 8 1 — — — — 6 5 1 0 7 — — — — — — — — — 5 9 5 , 1 3 — — — 5 6 8 , 6 — 8 8 3 , 1 0 5 1 ) 2 3 ( — — — — 0 5 — — — ) 0 6 0 , 2 3 ( ) 4 0 1 ( 7 4 8 , 7 6 1 — — — — — — — 8 6 1 , 4 1 — — 2 8 — — — — — 8 3 5 , 1 5 2 4 , 3 ) 3 1 ( 8 9 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 0 4 9 , 2 — — — — — — — — ) 2 ( — — — — — — — — — — — — — 5 2 7 8 6 , 4 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 0 4 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — . . . . . . . . . . . . . s t i n u k c o t s f o e s i c r e x e h t i w n o i t c e n n o c d n a s n o i t p o k c o t s n o m m o c d e t c i r t s e r d e t s e v f o e s a e l e r n i k c o t s n o m m o c f o e c n a u s s I — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s d r a w a — . . . . . s e e y o l p m e o t d e t a l e r n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t S — . . . . r o f s t n e m t s u j d a f o t e n s e e y o l p m e d e t a n i m r e t — . . . . . . . . . . . . s n o i t c a s n a r t — . . s e x a t f o t e n , s t n e m t s e v n i — — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t n e m t s u j d a . . e m o c n i t e N n o i t a l s n a r t y c n e r r u c n g i e r o F n o n i a g d e z i l a e r n u n i e g n a h C n o i t p o k c o t s r o f t i f e n e b x a T n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s d e r r e f e d f o n o i t a z i t r o m A k c o t s n o m m o c d e t c i r t s e r e e y o l p m e f o n o i t a n i m r e T — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 0 2 n i k c o t s n o m m o c f o e c n a u s s I , 1 3 r e b m e c e D t a e c n a l a B f o e s i c r e x e h t i w n o i t c e n n o c d n a s n o i t p o k c o t s n o m m o c d e t c i r t s e r d e t s e v f o e s a e l e r — . . . . . . . . . . . . . s t i n u k c o t s — . . . . . s e e y o l p m e o t d e t a l e r n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t S — . . . . r o f s t n e m t s u j d a f o t e n s e e y o l p m e d e t a n i m r e t — . . s e x a t f o t e n , s t n e m t s e v n i — . . . . . . . . . . . . s n o i t c a s n a r t n o n i a g d e z i l a e r n u n i e g n a h C n o i t p o k c o t s r o f t i f e n e b x a T — — — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t n e m t s u j d a k c o t s y r u s a e r t f o s e s a h c r u P . . . . . . . . . . . . . e m o c n i t e N n o i t a l s n a r t y c n e r r u c n g i e r o F n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s d e r r e f e d f o n o i t a z i t r o m A — $ — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D t a e c n a l a B 66 EHEALTH, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 $16,477 $ 31,595 $ 14,168 (7,422) 1,526 454 — 122 — (10,303) 1,709 1,506 (50) (40) 30 9,451 1,863 3,494 (298) (51) 45 (705) 64 196 693 (41) 708 (9) 526 90 Operating activities Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on disposal of property and equipment Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued marketing expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other long-term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (589) (954) (44) 209 740 620 (461) 734 — (583) (11) (524) 308 958 807 374 416 — Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,412 26,192 30,194 Investing activities Purchases of property and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment Changes in restricted investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales of marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maturities of marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2,248) — (5) — — — (1,777) 14 — (54,343) 8,952 5,483 (2,482) — — (85,653) 10,120 59,309 Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2,253) (41,671) (18,706) Financing activities Proceeds from initial public offering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Costs incurred in connection with initial public offering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net proceeds from exercise of common stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal payments in connection with capital leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,752 (3,309) 476 — — (206) Net cash provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,713 Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 80,901 9,415 — (252) 6,868 — 50 (214) 6,452 106 — — 1,547 (639) 298 — 1,206 47 (8,921) 90,316 12,741 81,395 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $90,316 $ 81,395 $ 94,136 Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities Capital lease obligations incurred (terminated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 406 $ (6) $ 164 Conversion of preferred stock into common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $86,319 $ — $ — Supplemental disclosure of cash flows Cash paid for interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 30 30 $ $ 7 $ — 487 $ 133 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 67 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1—Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business—eHealth, Inc. (the “Company,” “we” or “us”) offers Internet-based insurance agency services for individuals, families and small businesses in the United States, as well as technology licensing and Internet advertising services. Our services and technology enable individuals, families and small businesses to research, analyze, compare and purchase health insurance products from health insurance carriers across the nation. We are licensed to market and sell health insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Initial Public Offering—In October 2006, we completed an initial public offering (“IPO”) of our common stock in which we issued and sold 5,750,000 shares of our common stock, including 750,000 shares sold by us pursuant to the underwriters’ full exercise of their over-allotment option, at an issuance price of $14.00 per share. As a result of our IPO, we raised a total of $80.5 million in gross proceeds, or approximately $70.2 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $5.7 million and offering expenses of $4.6 million. Upon the closing of our IPO, all outstanding shares of our previously outstanding convertible preferred stock and Class A nonvoting common stock automatically converted into 10,955,744 and 36,603 shares of common stock, respectively. Reverse Stock Split—We effected a 1-for-2 reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock, convertible preferred stock and restricted Class A nonvoting common stock (“Class A common stock”) on September 25, 2006. All share and per share amounts contained in the consolidated financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split. Principles of Consolidation—The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of eHealth, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Segments—We operate in one business segment. See Note 9—Segment and Geographic Information for additional information regarding our business segment. Use of Estimates—The preparation of consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to, but not limited to, the useful lives of long-lived assets including property and equipment, fair value of investments, fair value of intangible assets, allowances for commission forfeitures payable to carriers, valuation allowance for deferred income taxes, provision for income taxes, our assessment whether internal use software and website development costs will result in additional functionality and the assumptions used in determining stock-based compensation which included estimating the value of our common stock prior to our IPO in October 2006. We base our estimates of the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Cash Equivalents—We consider all investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. We classify all of our cash equivalents as available-for-sale. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at fair value. Marketable Securities—We invest in accordance with a policy that seeks to preserve principal while maximizing income without significantly increasing risk. The policy limits investments to certain types of 68 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. securities issued by institutions with investment-grade credit ratings and places restrictions on maturities and concentration by type and issue. The policy also prohibits investing in certain types of instruments including asset-backed securities, mortgage-backed securities, collateralized bond, debt and mortgage obligations, tax exempt securities, auction rate securities and derivatives. It is our policy to review our marketable securities on at least a quarterly basis to determine if any security is not in compliance with our policy. Additionally, our investment managers are required to inform us within three business days of any credit rating downgrade resulting in non-compliance with our investment policy. All of our marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (“SFAS”) No. 115, Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities. We do not have any marketable securities classified as held-to-maturity or trading. Marketable securities are carried at their fair value, based on quoted market prices or other available information, with unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Realized gains and losses on marketable securities are recognized in earnings as a component of interest and other income, net in the statements of income. The cost of investments sold is based on the specific identification method. We determine the appropriate classification of our investments in marketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluate such designation at each balance sheet date. In response to changes in the availability of and the yield on alternative investments, we may sell certain securities prior to their stated maturities. Marketable securities that are available for use in current operations are classified as current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets regardless of the remaining time to maturity. It is our policy to review our marketable securities on a regular basis to evaluate whether or not any security has experienced an other-than-temporary decline in fair value. Our policy includes, but is not limited to, reviewing the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than the cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and our intent and ability to retain our investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for recovery of fair value. If an investment’s decline in fair value is caused by factors other than changes in interest rates and is deemed to be other-than-temporary, we would reduce the investment’s carrying value to its estimated fair value, as determined based on quoted market prices or other market indicators. Declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary, if any, are recorded as incurred in our consolidated statements of income. See Note 2—Balance Sheet Accounts for additional information regarding our marketable securities. Property and Equipment—Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Capital lease amortization expenses are included in depreciation expense in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method based on estimated useful lives as follows: Computer equipment and software . . . . . . . . . Office equipment and furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesser of useful life (typically 5 to 7 years) 3 to 5 years 5 years or related lease term Maintenance and minor replacements are expensed as incurred. See Note 2—Balance Sheet Accounts for additional information regarding our property and equipment. Long-Lived Assets—In accordance with SFAS No. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, we evaluate long-lived assets for impairment on a periodic basis or whenever events or 69 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. No long-lived assets were deemed impaired during the three-year period ended December 31, 2008. Fair Value of Financial Instruments—The carrying amounts of our financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities (including accrued compensation and benefits, accrued marketing expenses and other current liabilities), approximate fair value because of their short maturities. The carrying amounts of our capital leases approximate the fair value of these obligations based upon our best estimates of interest rates that would be available for similar debt obligations at December 31, 2007 and 2008. Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers—Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk principally consist of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and accounts receivable. We invest our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities with major banks and financial institutions and, at times, such investments may be in excess of federally insured limits. As of December 31, 2007 and 2008, our cash, cash equivalent and marketable securities balances were invested in securities issued by institutions in the following industries (in thousands): Industry Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bonds, commercial paper and certificates of deposit: December 31, 2007 December 31, 2008 $ 4,580 55,292 $ 4,659 89,477(1) Government sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utility sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,322 34,862 13,418 2,040 38,003 12,176 4,308 2,012 Total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities . . . . . . . $121,514 $150,635 (1) At December 31, 2008, money market accounts invested in U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds and discount notes, U.S. government treasury bills and notes and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government obligations. We do not require collateral or other security for our accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2008, one carrier represented 14%, or $0.3 million, of our total accounts receivable. No other carrier represented 10% or more of our total accounts receivable. We believe the potential for collection issues with any of our carriers is minimal. Accordingly, we have not recorded an allowance for uncollectible amounts at December 31, 2008. Revenue for all periods presented was generated from customers located solely in the United States. The following carriers (or carriers owned by them) represented 10% or more of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2008: UnitedHealthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wellpoint Aetna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20% 22% 7% 19% 18% 11% 17% 16% 14% Year Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 70 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Revenue attributable to individual and family product offerings in the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 represented approximately 83%, 85% and 88% of our commission revenue, respectively. We define individual and family product offerings as major medical individual and family health insurance plans, which does not include small business, short-term major medical, stand-alone dental, life and student health insurance product offerings. Seasonality—The number of health insurance applications submitted through our ecommerce platform has generally increased in our first quarter compared to our fourth quarter and in our third quarter compared to our second quarter. Conversely, we have generally experienced a decline or flattening in submitted applications in our second quarter compared to our first quarter and in our fourth quarter compared to our third quarter. Since a significant portion of our marketing and advertising expenses are driven by the number of health insurance applications submitted on our website, those expenses are influenced by these seasonal patterns. Revenue Recognition—We recognize revenue for our services using the criteria set forth in Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 104 (“SAB 104”), Revenue Recognition. SAB 104 states that revenue is recognized when each of the following four criteria is met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; the seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable; and collectibility is reasonably assured. Our revenue is primarily comprised of compensation paid to us by health insurance carriers related to insurance policies that have been purchased by a member who used our service. We define a member as an individual currently covered by an insurance product for which we are entitled to receive compensation from an insurance carrier. Our compensation generally represents a percentage of the premium amount collected by the carrier during the period that a member maintains coverage under a policy (commissions) and, to a lesser extent, override commissions that health insurance carriers pay us for achieving certain objectives. Premium-based commissions are reported to us after the premiums are collected by the carrier, generally on a monthly basis. We generally continue to receive the commission payment from the relevant insurance carrier until the health insurance policy is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy. We determine that there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement when we have a commission agreement with a health insurance carrier, a carrier reports to us that it has approved an application submitted through our ecommerce platform and the applicant starts making payments on the policy. Our services are complete when a carrier has approved an application. Commissions are deemed fixed or determinable and collectibility is reasonably assured when commission amounts have been reported to us by a carrier. We recognize commission override revenue when reported to us by a carrier based on the actual attainment of predetermined target sales levels or other objectives as determined by the carrier. We recognize commission revenue when our commission is reported to us by a health insurance carrier, net of an allowance for future forfeiture amounts payable to carriers due to policy cancellations. Commissions are reported to us by a cash payment and commission statement. We generally receive these communications simultaneously. In instances when we receive the cash payment and commission statement separately and in different accounting periods, we recognize revenue in the period that we receive the earliest communication, provided we receive the second communication corroborating the amount reported in the first communication within ten business days following the end of the accounting period. If the second corroborating communication is not received within ten business days following the end of the accounting period, we recognize revenue in the period the second communication is received. We use the data in the commission statement to identify the members for which we are receiving a commission payment and the amount received for each member, and to estimate our allowance for forfeitures. Insurance carriers typically pay us cash commission payments monthly, after they receive the premium payment from the member, and we generally continue to receive the commission payment from the relevant insurance carrier until the health insurance policy is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy. 71 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Certain commission amounts are subject to forfeiture in circumstances where a member has prepaid his or her premium for a future period of coverage and subsequently cancels his or her policy before the completion of that period. We record an allowance for these forfeitures based on historical cancellation experience using data provided on commission statements. The forfeitures are typically reported to us by health insurance carriers one to two months after the commission is reported and paid to us by the carrier. Our estimate of the allowance for forfeitures includes an estimate of both the reporting time lag and the forfeiture amount. Changes in our historical trends would result in changes to our estimated forfeitures in future periods. The allowance for forfeitures payable to carriers totaled $0.4 million and $0.5 million at December 31, 2007 and 2008, respectively, and is included in other current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. We also evaluate the criteria outlined in Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Issue No. 99-19, Reporting Revenue Gross as a Principal Versus Net as an Agent, in determining whether it is appropriate to record the gross amount of the insurance premiums from our transactions or the net amount earned as commissions. We are not obligated with respect to the insurance coverage sold through our ecommerce platform. As a result, we recognize the net amount of compensation earned as the agent in the transaction. We generate sponsorship revenue from carrier advertisements that appear on our website. Specifically, carriers who have purchased advertising can choose to have specific health insurance plans displayed prominently after a consumer has entered certain census information. In return, we are typically paid a monthly fee, which is recognized over the period that advertising is displayed, and often a performance fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. In instances where the performance criteria is measured based on data that is tracked by us, revenue is recognized in the period of performance. In instances where the performance criteria is measured based on data that is tracked by the carrier, revenue is recognized when the amounts earned are both fixed and determinable and collection is reasonably assured. Typically, this occurs through our receipt of a cash payment from the carrier along with a detailed statement containing the data that is tracked by the carrier. We also generate revenue from the licensing of our technology to third parties, such as carriers and agents. Typically, we are paid a one-time implementation fee, which we recognize on a straight-line basis over the estimated term of the customer relationship (generally the initial term of the agreement), commencing once the technology is available for use by the third party. In addition, these license agreements generally include performance criteria that is either measured based on data that is tracked by us or based on data that is tracked by the third party. In instances where the performance criteria data is tracked by us, we recognize revenue in the period of performance. In instances where the performance criteria data is tracked by the third party, we recognize revenue when the amounts earned are both fixed and determinable and collection is reasonably assured. Typically, this occurs through our receipt of a cash payment from the third party along with a detailed statement containing the data that is tracked by the third party. Deferred Revenue—Deferred revenue consists of deferred technology licensing implementation fees as well as amounts collected from sponsorship or technology licensing customers in advance of our performing our service for such customers. We also defer amounts that have been reported to us related to transactions where our services are complete, but where we cannot currently estimate the allowance for future forfeitures related to those amounts. Cost of Revenue-Sharing—Cost of revenue-sharing consists primarily of payments related to health insurance policies sold to members who were referred to our website by marketing partners with whom we have revenue-sharing arrangements. Costs related to revenue-sharing arrangements are expensed at the time the related revenue is recognized. 72 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Marketing and Advertising—Marketing and advertising expenses consist primarily of member acquisition expenses associated with our direct, marketing partner and online advertising channels, in addition to compensation, benefits and other expenses related to marketing, business development, public relations and carrier relations personnel who support our offerings. We report the cost of advertising as expense in the period in which costs are incurred. Occasionally we participate in cooperative advertising programs with certain of our partners whereby they reimburse us for a portion of our advertising costs. The amounts our partners will reimburse us for advertising are typically determined at the beginning of each year and we are able to choose when to advertise and receive the related reimbursement throughout the year. Advertising costs incurred have been classified as follows (in thousands): Contra-commission revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of revenue-sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and advertising expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 18 1,286 16,880 $ 15 1,701 24,141 $ 13 1,746 36,025 Total advertising costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $18,184 $25,857 $37,784 Year Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 Costs associated with revenue-sharing of commissions with a health insurance carrier have been offset against commission revenue in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, while costs associated with revenue-sharing of commissions with partners have been included in cost of revenue- sharing. Customer Care and Enrollment—Customer care and enrollment expenses primarily consist of compensation and related expenses for personnel engaged in pre-sales assistance to applicants who call our customer care center and enrollment personnel who assist applicants during the underwriting process. Technology and Content— Technology and content expenses consist primarily of compensation and related expenses for personnel associated with developing and enhancing our website technology as well as maintaining our website. A portion of our technology and content group is located at our wholly owned subsidiary in China, where technology development costs are generally lower than in the United States. Research and Development—Research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation and related expenses incurred for enhancements to the functionality of our websites. Research and development costs, which totaled $3.7 million, $4.1 million and $4.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively, are included in technology and content expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Internal-Use Software and Website Development Costs— We account for internal-use software and website development costs in accordance with the guidance set forth in Statement of Position No. 98-1, Accounting for the Costs of Computer Software Developed or Obtained for Internal Use, and EITF Issue No. 00– 02, Accounting for Web Site Development Costs. We capitalize costs of materials, consultants and compensation and related expenses of employees who devote time to the development of internal-use software; however, we usually expense as incurred website development costs for new features and functionalities because it is not probable that they will result in additional functionality until they are both developed and tested with confirmation that they are more effective than the current set of features and functionalities on our website. Our 73 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. judgment is required in determining the point at which various projects enter the states at which costs may be capitalized, in assessing the ongoing value of the capitalized costs and in determining the estimated useful lives over which the costs are amortized, which is generally three years. To the extent that we change the manner in which we develop and test new features and functionalities related to our website, assess the ongoing value of capitalized assets or determine the estimated useful lives over which the costs are amortized, the amount of website development costs we capitalize and amortize in future periods would be impacted. Through December 31, 2008, a majority of our internal-use software and website development costs have been expensed as incurred. General and Administrative—General and administrative expenses include compensation and related expenses for staff working in our finance, legal, human resources, internal audit, facilities and internal information technology departments. These expenses also include fees paid for outside professional services, mainly for audit, tax, legal and information technology consulting. Stock-Based Compensation—Effective January 1, 2006, we adopted SFAS No. 123R (“SFAS 123R”), Share-Based Payment, which requires us to measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments, based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant, and to recognize the cost over the period during which the employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award. We adopted SFAS 123R using the prospective method, which requires us to apply its provisions only to stock-based awards to employees granted on or after January 1, 2006, and to awards modified, repurchased or cancelled on or after January 1, 2006. We account for equity grants issued prior to January 1, 2006 in accordance with Accounting Principles Board (“APB”) Opinion No. 25 (“APB 25”), Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees. Under APB 25, deferred stock-based compensation expense is recorded for the intrinsic value of options (the difference between the fair value of our common stock and the option exercise price) at the grant date and is amortized ratably over the option’s vesting period. In addition, prior to January 1, 2006, we complied with the disclosure provisions of SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock Based Compensation, as amended by SFAS No. 148, Accounting for Stock Based Compensation—Transition and Disclosure using the minimum value method. Stock- based compensation expense recognized during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 consisted of 1) stock-based compensation related to stock option and restricted stock awards granted prior to January 1, 2006, which were calculated in accordance with APB 25, and 2) stock-based compensation for all stock-based awards granted on or after to January 1, 2006, based on the grant-date fair value estimated in accordance with SFAS 123R. We are recognizing stock-based compensation expense under SFAS 123R only for those equity awards expected to vest. As of December 31, 2008, historical actual and estimated future forfeitures of our awards have been immaterial. Changes in estimated forfeitures are recorded as a cumulative catch up adjustment in the period when they occur. We estimate the fair value of stock options granted after the adoption of SFAS 123R using the Black- Scholes-Merton pricing model and a single option award approach. This fair value is then recognized in expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally the vesting period. The weighted average expected terms for stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 were calculated using the simplified method in accordance with the provisions of SAB No. 107, Share- Based Payment, as we did not have sufficient historical option exercise behavior on which to estimate expected terms. The simplified method defines the expected term as the average of the contractual term and the vesting period of the stock option. We have estimated the volatility used as an input to the model based on an analysis of our stock price since our IPO in October 2006, as well as an analysis of similar public companies for which we have data. We estimate our expected volatility using the weighted average of: our implied volatility; our mean reversion volatility; and the mean reversion volatility of similar public companies. We have used judgment in selecting these companies, as well as evaluating our available historical and implied volatility for these companies. The dividend yield is determined by dividing the expected per share dividend during the coming year 74 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. by the grant date stock price. Through December 31, 2008, we had not declared or paid any cash dividends, and we do not expect to pay any in the foreseeable future. We base the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term of our stock options. We account for equity instruments issued to non-employees in accordance with SFAS 123, EITF Issue No. 96-18, Accounting for Equity Instruments That Are Issued to Other Than Employees for Acquiring or in Conjunction with Selling, Goods or Services, and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Interpretation No. 44 (“FIN 44”), Accounting for Certain Transactions Involving Stock Compensation, which is an interpretation of APB 25. All transactions in which equity instruments are issued in consideration for the receipt of goods or services are accounted for based on the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instrument issued, whichever is more reliably measurable. The measurement date of the fair value of the equity instrument issued is the earlier of the date on which the counterparty’s performance is complete or the date on which it is probable that performance will occur. Income Taxes—We account for income taxes using the liability method as required by SFAS No. 109 (“SFAS 109”), Accounting for Income Taxes. Under SFAS 109, deferred income taxes are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted statutory tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. Under SFAS 123R, we consider stock option deduction benefits in excess of book compensation charges realized when we obtain an incremental benefit determined by the “With and Without” calculation method. Under the “With and Without” approach, excess tax benefits related to share-based payments are not deemed to be realized until after the utilization of all other tax benefits available to us. For example, net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards from prior years are used to reduce taxes currently payable prior to deductions from stock option exercises for purposes of financial reporting, while for tax return purposes, current year stock compensation deductions are generally used before net operating loss carryforwards. Indirect effects of excess tax benefits, such as the effect on research and development tax credits, are not considered. In accordance with SFAS 123R, only realized excess tax benefits are reflected in the financial statements. Excess tax benefits are classified in the statements of cash flows as a financing cash inflow and an operating cash outflow. We adopted the provisions of FASB Interpretation No. 48 (“FIN 48”), Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, an Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109, on January 1, 2007. FIN 48 prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement approach for uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a company’s income tax return, and also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition. FIN 48 utilizes a two-step approach for evaluating uncertain tax positions accounted for in accordance with SFAS No. 109. Step one, Recognition, requires a company to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. Step two, Measurement, is based on the largest amount of benefit, which is more likely than not to be realized on ultimate settlement. We recognized no cumulative effect adjustment upon adoption of FIN 48 on January 1, 2007, because our uncertain tax positions on that date had a full valuation allowance recorded against them. On September 23, 2008, the state of California approved its budget for fiscal year ending June 30, 2009, which contained changes to the California tax law which substantially limit our ability to utilize state net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards to reduce our state income taxes payable. Under the new tax law, the utilization of net operating loss carry forwards is suspended for tax years 2008 and 2009; however, the expiration date of the net operating loss carry forwards is extended for an equivalent two-year period. Additionally, for tax 75 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. years 2008 and 2009, taxpayers may only utilize tax credit carry forwards to reduce their current tax liability up to 50% of their net tax amount before application of such credits. The new law does not affect the amount of net operating loss or tax credit carry forwards that we expect to ultimately use to offset future California taxes; however, it does limit the amount of net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards that we will be able to utilize to reduce our taxes payable for 2008 and 2009, resulting in an increase in cash taxes payable to the state of California in those years. Foreign Currency Translation—Our only foreign subsidiaries are located in Xiamen, China. The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is the local currency (the Chinese Yuan Renminbi) and their financial statements are translated into U.S. Dollars using month-end rates of exchange for assets and liabilities, and average rates of exchange for revenues, costs and expenses. Translation adjustments are reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, while gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in interest and other income, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. We did not recognize any material gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 or 2008. Comprehensive Income—In accordance with SFAS No. 130, Reporting Comprehensive Income, all components of comprehensive income, including net income, are reported in our consolidated financial statements in the period in which they are recognized. Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources (primarily foreign currency translation gains and losses and unrealized gains and losses on cash equivalents and marketable securities). Statements of comprehensive income have been included within the accompanying consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Net Income Per Share—We calculate net income per share in accordance with SFAS No. 128 (“SFAS 128”), Earnings Per Share. Under SFAS 128, basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period (excluding shares subject to repurchase). Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing the net income for the period by the weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive securities, composed of incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options and the conversion of convertible preferred stock and Class A common stock, are included in diluted net income per share to the extent such shares are dilutive. Recently Issued Accounting Standards—We implemented SFAS No. 157 (“SFAS 157”), Fair Value Measurement, effective January 1, 2008 for our financial assets and liabilities that are re-measured and reported at fair value at each reporting period, and non-financial assets and liabilities that are re-measured and reported at fair value at least annually. In accordance with the provisions of FASB Staff Position No. FAS 157-2, Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157, we have elected to defer until January 1, 2009 the implementation of SFAS 157 for all non-financial assets and liabilities, except those that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis. The implementation of SFAS 157 is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. We adopted SFAS No. 159 (“SFAS 159”), The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, effective January 1, 2008. SFAS 159 allows an entity the irrevocable option to elect fair value for the initial and subsequent measurement for specified financial assets and liabilities on a contract-by-contract basis. The implementation of SFAS 159 did not have an impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows, as we did not elect to apply the fair value option under this Statement. 76 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. In October 2008, the FASB issued Staff Position (FSP) No. FAS 157-3 (FSP 157-3), Determining the Fair Value of a Financial Asset When the Market for That Asset Is Not Active, which clarifies the application of Statement No. 157 in an inactive market and illustrates how an entity would determine fair value when the market for a financial asset is not active. The implementation of FAS 157-3 did not have an impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Note 2—Balance Sheet Accounts Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash equivalents are comprised primarily of available-for-sale financial instruments with an original maturity of 90 days or less from the date of purchase. As of December 31, 2008, our money market funds consisted primarily of federal agency securities. The cost, unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, and estimated fair value of our cash equivalents consisted of the following as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 (in thousands): Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2008 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash equivalents – money market funds (1) $ 4,659 89,477 Total cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . $94,136 $— — $— December 31, 2007 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash equivalents: Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,580 $— 55,292 21,521 76,813 — 2 2 2 Total cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . $81,393 $ $— — $— $— — — — $— $ 4,659 89,477 $94,136 $ 4,580 55,292 21,523 76,815 $81,395 (1) At December 31, 2008, money market accounts invested in U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds and discount notes, U.S. government treasury bills and notes and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government obligations. We did not realize any significant gains or losses on sales of cash equivalents during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008. 77 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Marketable Securities—Marketable securities are comprised primarily of available-for-sale financial instruments with original maturities of more than 90 days from the date of purchase. Marketable securities that are available for use in current operations are classified as current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets regardless of the remaining time to maturity. The cost, unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, and estimated fair value of our marketable securities consisted of the following as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 (in thousands): Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses (1) Estimated Fair Value December 31, 2008 U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. government-sponsored enterprise discount notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit $36,217 15,457 2,141 1,472 1,000 Total marketable securities . . . . . . . . . $56,287 December 31, 2007 Corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit $15,368 13,047 11,298 350 Total marketable securities . . . . . . . . . $40,063 $293 30 4 21 — $348 $ 36 2 25 — $ 63 $— 136 — — — $36,510 15,351 2,145 1,493 1,000 $136 $56,499 $ 6 — 1 — $ 7 $15,398 13,049 11,322 350 $40,119 (1) No marketable security had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than twelve months as of December 31, 2008 or 2007. We did not realize any significant gains or losses on sales of marketable securities during the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008. During the year ended December 31, 2006, we did not sell any marketable securities. During the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008, we recorded immaterial amounts of unrealized gains and losses on our investments in marketable securities and, as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, we carried net unrealized gains on our marketable securities of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. Unrealized gains and losses are the result of the change in fair value of our investments in marketable securities, specifically corporate bonds, at the beginning and end of the period and are excluded from earnings and reported as a component of stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets and in comprehensive income on the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. At December 31, 2008, we evaluated each of our unrealized losses, all of which are from corporate bonds, and determined them to be temporary in accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Abstract No. 03-1, The Meaning of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment and Its Application to Certain Investments. Factors we considered in determining whether unrealized losses were temporary included the length of time and extent to which each investment’s fair value has been less than its cost basis, the financial condition and near- term prospects of the investee, and our intent and ability to retain the investment for a period of time sufficient to 78 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. Based upon our evaluation of these factors, and because we have the ability and intent to hold each of our investments with net unrealized losses until their respective maturity dates, we do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2008. The contractual maturities of our marketable securities as of December 31, 2007 and 2008, were as follows (in thousands): Due within 1 year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due within 1 year to 2 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $28,219 11,900 $46,798 9,701 Total marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $40,119 $56,499 As of December 31, 2007 2008 Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands): Prepaid insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid maintenance contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property and Equipment Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2007 $ 532 347 383 836 $2,098 2008 $ 462 320 628 464 $1,874 As of December 31, 2007 2008 Computer equipment and software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office equipment and furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,269 781 562 $ 7,746 1,068 725 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,612 (3,821) 9,539 (4,972) Property and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,791 $ 4,567 During the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, we disposed of and wrote-off certain property and equipment that were no longer in use. Disposals by category were as follows (in thousands, at cost): Computer equipment and software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office equipment and furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2006 $ 62 — 57 119 (119) 2007 $ 1,943 18 — 1,961 (1,931) 2008 $ 786 3 1 790 (745) Loss on disposal of property and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 30 $ 45 79 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Other Current Liabilities Other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands): Professional fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payable to carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of December 31, 2007 $1,292 4 406 371 $2,073 2008 $1,025 905 477 300 $2,707 Note 3—Fair Value Measurements SFAS 157 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value under generally accepted accounting principles and enhances disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is defined under SFAS 157 as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value under SFAS 157 must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. SFAS No. 157 classifies the inputs used to measure fair value into the following hierarchy: Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities Level 2 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, or Unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability Level 3 Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability The following table presents information about our financial assets (cash equivalents and marketable securities) that are re-measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2008, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques we utilized to determine such fair value (in thousands): As of December 31, 2008 Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Total Cash equivalents: Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $89,477 $ — $ 89,477 Marketable securities: U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds . . . . . . . Corporate bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commercial paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. government-sponsored enterprise discount notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Certificates of deposit Total cash equivalents and marketable securities . . . . . . . . — — — — — — $89,477 36,510 15,351 2,145 1,493 1,000 56,499 $56,499 36,510 15,351 2,145 1,493 1,000 56,499 $145,976 80 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. We endeavor to utilize the best available information in measuring fair value. We used observable prices in active markets in determining the classification of our money market funds as Level 1. For our other cash equivalents and marketable securities classified as Level 2, we primarily relied on observable quotes in active markets; however if we concluded the market was non-active, we relied on independent market pricing data. We did not hold any financial assets as of December 31, 2008 whereby the fair value measurements were estimated using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). Note 4—Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-Based Compensation Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) Preferred Stock—Our board of directors has the authority, without any further action by our stockholders, to issue up to 110,000,000 shares, par value $0.001 per share, of which 10,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock. As of December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, there were no shares of preferred stock outstanding. Convertible Preferred Stock—All shares of convertible preferred stock were converted into 10,955,744 shares of common stock upon the completion of our IPO in October 2006. Common Stock—On all matters submitted to our stockholders for vote, our common stockholders are entitled to one vote per share, voting together as a single class, and do not have cumulative voting rights. Accordingly, the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors can elect all of the directors standing for election, if they so choose. Subject to preferences that may apply to any shares of preferred stock outstanding, the holders of common stock are entitled to share equally in any dividends, when and if declared by our board of directors. Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of common stock are entitled to share equally in all assets remaining after the payment of any liabilities and the liquidation preferences on any outstanding preferred stock. Holders of common stock have no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights and there are no redemption or sinking funds provisions applicable to the common stock. As of December 31, 2007 and 2008, there were 24,686,842 shares and 25,040,935 shares of common stock outstanding, respectively. Class A Nonvoting Common Stock—As of December 31, 2005, we had authorized 1,600,000 shares of Class A nonvoting common stock, par value $0.001 per share. Each share of Class A nonvoting common stock had the same rights as our common stock, except each share of Class A nonvoting common stock was nonvoting and, in accordance with a resolution adopted by our board of directors on May 3, 2006, would automatically convert into one-eighth of one share of our common stock upon the closing of a firmly underwritten public offering of our common stock pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1933, as amended. In connection with our IPO in October 2006, all shares of Class A nonvoting common stock converted into 36,603 shares of common stock. 81 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Shares Reserved—We issue common stock upon the exercise of stock options, the vesting of restricted stock units and upon granting of restricted common stock awards. Shares of authorized but unissued common stock reserved for future issuance were as follows (in thousands): Common stock: Stock options issued and outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units issued and outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock options and awards available for future grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common shares held in treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of December 31, 2007 2008 2,626 23 2,464 — 5,113 2,725 231 2,714 51 5,721 Stock Plans—Our 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan”) became effective in October 2006. As of December 31, 2008, we had 2,713,682 shares of our common stock available for future grants under the 2006 Plan. In general, if options or shares awarded under the 2006 Plan are forfeited or repurchased, those options or shares will again become available for grant under the 2006 Plan. In addition, on January 1 of each year, the number of shares available for future grant under the 2006 Plan will automatically increase by the lowest of (a) 1,500,000 shares, (b) 4% of the total number of shares of our common stock then outstanding or (c) a lower number determined by our board of directors or its compensation committee. As of January 1, 2007, 2008 and 2009, shares reserved under the 2006 Plan automatically increased by 869,957 shares, 987,473 shares and 1,001,637 shares, respectively, which equaled 4% of the total number of shares of our common stock then outstanding. Employees, non-employee members of our board of directors and consultants of our company are eligible to participate in our 2006 Plan. The 2006 Plan requires that the exercise price of stock options and stock appreciation rights awarded shall in no event be less than 100% of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date of grant. We also maintain the 1998 Stock Plan and the 2005 Stock Plan, under which we previously granted options to purchase shares of our common stock and restricted common stock. The 1998 and 2005 Stock Plans were terminated with respect to the grant of additional awards upon the effective date of the registration statement related to our IPO in October 2006, although we will continue to issue new shares of common stock upon the exercise of stock options previously granted under the 1998 and 2005 Stock Plans. Our stock options and restricted stock awards granted under the 2006 Plan and the 1998 and 2005 Stock Plans (collectively, the “Stock Plans”) generally vest over four years at a rate of 25% after one year and 1/48th per month thereafter. Our stock options granted prior to December 31, 2007 generally expire after ten years from the date of grant. Stock options granted subsequent to December 31, 2007 generally expire after seven years from the date of grant. Options granted prior to our IPO in October 2006 typically may be exercised at any time, with unvested shares issued upon exercise being subject to repurchase rights by us at the exercise price of the stock option. As of December 31, 2007, no shares were subject to repurchase. Our restricted stock unit awards granted under the 2006 Plan generally vest over four years at a rate of 25% after one year and 25% annually thereafter. 82 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. The following table summarizes option activity under the Stock Plans (in thousands, except per share amounts and weighted average remaining contractual life data): Shares Available for Grant Number of Stock Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Balance at December 31, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduction in number of authorized shares (1) . . . . . . Additional shares authorized (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduction in number of authorized shares (1) . . . . . . Additional shares authorized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units and awards cancelled . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduction in number of authorized shares (1) . . . . . . Additional shares authorized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units and awards cancelled . . . . . . . . 312 (168) 2,000 (33) (392) — 125 1,844 (131) 870 (11) (296) — 175 13 2,464 (28) 987 (224) (683) — 187 11 5,387 — — — 392 (218) (125) 5,436 — — — 296 (2,931) (175) — 2,626 — — — 683 (397) (187) — $ 3.05 — — — $15.39 $ 2.19 $ 8.24 $ 3.85 — — — $25.66 $ 2.34 $12.06 — $ 7.44 — — — $19.39 $ 4.05 $23.17 — Balance at December 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,714 2,725 $ 9.85 Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2008 . . . . . . Exercisable at December 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,661 1,674 $ 9.67 $ 5.34 5.91 5.88 5.13 $15,878 $15,820 $14,584 (1) The 1998 and 2005 Stock Plans were terminated with respect to the grant of additional shares upon the effective date of the registration statement related to our IPO in October 2006, resulting in reductions in the total number of authorized shares. (2) We reserved 2,000,000 shares under the 2006 Plan, which became effective in October 2006 upon the effective date of the registration statement related to our IPO. The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock options and the fair value of our common stock at December 31, 2008. Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 was $1.9 million, $62.0 million and $7.9 million, respectively. 83 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. The following table presents total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense as of December 31, 2008 related to stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units granted to employees under our stock plans during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 and accounted for in accordance with SFAS 123R (in thousands): As of December 31, 2008 Stock Options Restricted Stock Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense . . . . . Estimated forfeitures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,716 (825) $29 (2) Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense, net Restricted Stock Units $4,109 (455) Total $13,854 (1,282) of estimated forfeitures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,891 $27 $3,654 $12,572 Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, was $12.6 million as of December 31, 2008 and will be amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining weighted average vesting term of the underlying equity awards which was approximately 2.8 years as of December 31, 2008. Unrecognized stock-based compensation will be adjusted for subsequent changes in estimated forfeitures. Net cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options were $0.5 million, $6.9 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2008, we recognized $0.3 million of income tax benefits from stock option related exercises, which were recorded as an increase in additional paid-in capital. No significant income tax benefits were realized from stock option exercises during the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2007. The fair value of stock options granted to employees for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2008 was estimated using the following weighted average assumptions: Expected term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average grant-date fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2007 2008 6.1 years 4.8 years 58.2% 0% 4.47% 15.06 $ $ 55.7% 0% 3.04% 9.55 The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2008 (in thousands, except per share amounts and weighted average remaining contractual life data): Exercise Price $1.00 $2.00 $4.00 - $8.80 $9.70 - $21.16 $21.25 - $31.08 $1.00 - $31.08 Outstanding and Exercisable Vested Number of Shares of Common Stock Subject to Options Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) Number of Shares of Common Stock Subject to Options 18 1,124 562 684 337 2,725 2.23 4.18 6.84 7.02 8.08 5.91 84 18 1,124 322 110 99 1,673 Weighted Average Exercise Price $ 1.00 $ 2.00 $ 8.20 $14.12 $24.89 $ 5.34 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. We account for grants of restricted stock units in accordance with the provisions of SFAS 123R. The fair value of the restricted stock units is based on eHealth’s stock price on the date of grant, and compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity under the Stock Plans (in thousands, except weighted average remaining contractual life data): Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Number Outstanding Balance as of December 31, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance as of December 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected to vest at December 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 33 — — 33 12 (9) (13) 23 228 (12) (8) 231 212 1.73 1.66 $3,070 $2,815 The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the fair value at December 31, 2008 of the underlying common stock outstanding and vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2008. 2004 Stock Plan for eHealth China—During November 2004, our board of directors adopted the 2004 Stock Plan for eHealth China, Inc. (the “eHealth China Plan”) for the issuance of shares of Class A common stock. Shares of Class A common stock constituted all of the awards granted under the eHealth China Plan and all of those shares converted into common stock in October 2006 in connection with our IPO. In addition, the eHealth China Plan was terminated with respect to the grant of additional shares upon the effective date of the 2006 Plan in October 2006. Shares issued under the eHealth China Plan generally vest over four years at a rate of 25% after one year and 1/48th per month thereafter. 85 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Restricted stock activity under the Stock Plans and the eHealth China Plan (as converted) is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts): Non-vested Shares Outstanding at December 31, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding at December 31, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding at December 31, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding at December 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Shares Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value 32 7 (11) (3) 25 — (11) (3) 11 — (6) (3) 2 $ 5.89 $12.49 $ 5.18 $ 6.28 $ 7.98 — $ 7.21 $ 7.28 $ 8.86 $ — $ 7.52 $11.14 $ 9.19 Stock Repurchase Program On November 12, 2008, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program, pursuant to which up to 2,507,950 shares, representing ten percent of eHealth’s outstanding common stock, may be repurchased, for a total cost not to exceed $30 million, although the actual number of shares to be purchased and the timing of purchases will depend on market conditions. The repurchase program does not require us to acquire a specific number of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. During the year ended December 31, 2008, we repurchased 50,657 shares of common stock on the open market for $0.6 million and an average purchase price of $12.59 per share. As of December 31, 2008, the number of additional shares that may yet be purchased under the program was 2,457,293 and the approximate dollar amount of additional shares that may yet be purchased under the program was $29.4 million. For accounting purposes, common stock repurchased under the program is recorded based upon the settlement date of the applicable trade. Such repurchased shares are held in treasury and are presented as if retired, using the cost method. As of December 31, 2008, all stock repurchases under the stock repurchase program were made on the open market. In addition to the 50,657 shares repurchased under our stock repurchase program as of December 31, 2008, we have in treasury 3,797 shares that were surrendered by employees in lieu of tax withholdings due for restricted stock units. As of December 31, 2007 and 2008, we had a total of 47 shares and 54,454 shares, respectively, held in treasury. 86 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Stock-Based Compensation The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense recorded during the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 (in thousands): Awards granted to employees accounted for in accordance with SFAS 123R: Common stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Awards granted to employees accounted for in accordance with APB 25: Common stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 $264 6 13 283 26 145 171 $1,100 $2,481 931 13 268 20 1,388 3,425 17 101 118 — 69 69 Total stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $454 $1,506 $3,494 The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense by operating function included in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008 (in thousands): Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2006 $ 47 42 226 139 $454 2007 2008 $ 218 138 611 539 $1,506 $ 644 266 898 1,686 $3,494 Note 5—401(k) Plan In September 1998, our board of directors adopted a defined contribution retirement plan (401(k) Plan), which qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Participation in the 401(k) Plan is available to substantially all employees in the United States. Employees can contribute up to 25% of their salary, up to the federal maximum allowable limit, on a before-tax basis to the 401(k) Plan. Employee contributions are fully vested when contributed. Company contributions to the 401(k) Plan are discretionary and are expensed when incurred. In April 2006, we began matching employee contributions to our 401(k) Plan at 25% of an employee’s contribution each pay period, up to a maximum of 1% of the employee’s salary during such pay period. Our matching contributions are expensed as incurred and vest one-third for each of the first three years of the recipient’s service. The recipient is fully vested in all 401(k) Plan matching contributions after three years of service. 87 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Note 6—Income Taxes The components of our income before income taxes were as follows (in thousands): United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 $9,229 87 $9,316 $21,259 44 $25,318 (344) $21,303 $24,974 The provision (benefit) for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 Current: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 196 58 7 261 $ 53 2 3 58 Deferred: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6,375) (1,047) (9,008) (1,342) Total deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7,422) (10,350) 367 1,557 — 1,924 8,178 704 8,882 Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(7,161) $(10,292) $10,806 The following table provides a reconciliation of the federal statutory income tax rate to our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008: Federal statutory rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign income and withholding taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development tax credit carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilization of previously unbenefited operating losses . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2006 2007 35.0% 0.4 — (0.6) 1.2 (111.6) (1.3) 35.0% 5.2 — (0.8) 0.2 (88.9) 1.0 2008 35.0% 6.7 0.5 (0.2) 0.7 — 0.6 Effective tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (76.9)% (48.3)% 43.3% 88 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, together with net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Significant components of our deferred tax assets were as follows (in thousands): Deferred tax assets: Federal and state net operating loss carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal and state tax credit carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accruals and reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities—depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of December 31, 2007 2008 $15,408 1,325 356 454 305 17,848 — 17,848 (73) $5,040 1,314 1,298 712 633 8,997 (103) 8,894 — Total net deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $17,775 $8,894 Assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets in accordance with SFAS 109 is dependent upon several factors, including the likelihood and amount, if any, of future taxable income in relevant jurisdictions during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management forecasts taxable income by considering all available positive and negative evidence, including its history of operating income and losses and its financial plans and estimates that are used to manage the business. These assumptions require significant judgment about future taxable income. As a result, the amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if estimates of future taxable income change. Historically, management had provided a valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets to reflect these uncertainties. At the end of 2007, management developed expectations of future taxable income and other relevant factors sufficiently in the future to conclude that it was more likely than not that we would realize sufficient earnings to utilize all of our deferred tax assets. Accordingly, we reversed our $18.9 million valuation allowance against deferred tax assets in the fourth quarter of 2007. During the year ended December 31, 2006, we partially reduced the valuation allowance by $7.4 million due to managements’ belief at the end of 2006 that it was more likely than not that $7.4 million of net deferred tax assets would be realized in the foreseeable future. Our effective tax rates in 2006 and 2007 differed from the statutory federal tax rate primarily due to the releases of our valuation allowance against deferred tax assets in those years. The net valuation allowance decreased by $9.9 million and $18.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2007, respectively, and increased by $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2008. Our net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards were available without annual limitations as of December 31, 2008. For tax return purposes, we had net operating loss carryforwards at December 31, 2008 of approximately $78.4 million and $66.2 million for U.S. federal income tax and state income tax purposes, respectively. Included in these amounts are unrealized federal and state net operating loss deductions resulting from stock option exercises of approximately $66.1 million and $55.4 million, respectively. The benefit of these unrealized stock option-related deductions has not been included in the deferred tax assets table above and will be recognized as a credit to additional paid-in capital when realized. U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards begin expiring in 2019 and 2014, respectively. 89 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. During the year ended December 31, 2008, due to the restriction on our ability to utilize net operating loss carry forwards to reduce taxes currently payable in California, we utilized excess tax benefits related to share- based payments and other unrecognized tax benefits, which resulted in a $0.3 million increase in additional paid-in capital and a $0.4 million increase in other non-current liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2008. At December 31, 2008, we had tax credit carryforwards of approximately $1.9 million and $1.4 million for U.S. federal income tax purposes and state income tax purposes, respectively. Federal tax credit carryforwards begin expiring in 2019 and state tax credits carry forward indefinitely. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands): Balance at January 1, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions based on tax positions related to the current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions based on tax positions related to the prior year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions based on tax positions related to the current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions based on tax positions related to the prior year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized Tax Benefits $1,097 685 645 — 2,427 256 76 — Balance at December 31, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,759 As of December 31, 2007 and 2008, there were $2.0 million and $2.2 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits, that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. We have elected to record interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as income tax expense in the consolidated financial statements in accordance with FIN 48. We have not accrued interest due to our net operating loss position. All tax years after 1998 are open to examination and adjustment due to our net operating losses. We consider the foreign earnings of our China subsidiary to be indefinitely reinvested outside the United States. Our China subsidiary has incurred cumulative net losses since inception. Accordingly, we have not provided U.S. taxes on the cumulative foreign earnings of our China subsidiary. Note 7—Net Income Per Share Basic net income per share is calculated using the weighted average number of shares of common stock and Class A nonvoting common stock outstanding during the period, excluding shares subject to repurchase or forfeiture. Since our common stock and Class A nonvoting common stock are both participating securities as defined in SFAS No. 128, Earnings Per Share, diluted net income per share is presented using the two-class method and gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period, including convertible preferred stock, common stock options and warrants, preferred stock warrants, and common stock and Class A nonvoting common stock subject to repurchase or forfeiture, unless such common stock equivalent shares are anti-dilutive. Shares of Class A common stock converted into common stock in October 2006 in connection with our IPO. 90 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share (in thousands, except per share amounts): Year Ended December 31, 2006 2007 2008 Basic: Numerator: Net income allocated to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income allocated to Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . . . . . . $16,391 86 $31,595 — $14,168 — $16,477 $31,595 $14,168 Denominator: Weighted average number of common stock shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average number of common stock shares held in treasury . . . Net weighted average common stock shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,590 — 8,590 23,092 — 24,964 (1) 23,092 24,963 Weighted average number of Class A nonvoting common stock shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 — — Net income per share—basic: Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 1.91 1.91 $ 1.37 $ — $ 0.57 — Diluted: Numerator: Net income allocated to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income allocated to Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . . . . . . $16,441 36 $31,595 — $14,168 — $16,477 $31,595 $14,168 Denominator: Weighted average number of common stock shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average number of options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average number of restricted stock and restricted stock 8,590 3,418 23,092 2,690 24,963 977 units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 15 14 Weighted average number of convertible preferred shares which were converted into shares of common stock upon the closing of the initial public offering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,564 — — Total common stock shares used in per share calculation . . . . . . . . 20,572 25,797 25,954 Weighted average number of Class A nonvoting common stock shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 — — Net income per share—diluted: Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class A nonvoting common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.80 0.80 1.22 $ 0.55 $ — $ — $ For each of the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, we had securities outstanding that could potentially dilute earnings per share, but the shares from the assumed conversion or exercise of these securities were excluded in the computation of diluted net income per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. 91 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. The number of outstanding weighted average anti-dilutive shares that were excluded from the computation of diluted net income per share consisted of the following (in thousands): Common stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock shares held in treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2006 90 1 — 91 2007 209 — — 209 2008 673 9 1 683 Note 8—Commitments and Contingencies Leases—We lease certain of our office and operating facilities and certain furniture and fixtures under various operating leases, the latest of which expires in December 2012. In addition, we lease office equipment under operating leases that range in original terms from three to over five years, the latest of which expires in July 2012. Certain of these leases have free or escalating rent payment provisions. We recognize rent expense on our operating leases on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases, although actual cash payment obligations under certain of these agreements fluctuate over the terms of the agreements. Total rent expense under all operating leases was approximately $1.9 million, $2.4 million and $3.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases at December 31, 2008 were as follows (in thousands): Years Ending December 31, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total minimum lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Obligations $2,587 1,397 1,140 971 $6,095 Service and Licensing Agreements—We have entered into service and licensing agreements with third- party vendors to provide various services including website development, website hosting, network access and software licensing. The terms of these services and licensing agreements are generally up to three years, the latest of which expires in September 2010. We record the related service and licensing expenses on a straight-line basis, although actual cash payment obligations under certain of these agreements fluctuate over the terms of the agreements. 92 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. As of December 31, 2008, future cash payment commitments for services provided in connection with these agreements were as follows (in thousands): Years Ending December 31, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service And Licensing Obligations $592 168 $760 Capital Lease—In December 2008 we entered into a capital lease agreement for office equipment which expires in April 2012. As of December 31, 2008, future cash payment commitments related to this lease were as follows (in thousands): Years Ending December 31, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total minimum lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less amount representing interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Present value of net minimum lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Lease Obligations $ 57 57 56 14 184 (45) 139 (37) Non-current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $102 Legal Proceedings—In the ordinary course of our business, we have received and may continue to receive inquiries from state regulators relating to various matters. We have become, and may in the future become, involved in litigation in the ordinary course of our business. If we are found to have violated laws or regulations in any of the states, we could be subject to various fines and penalties, including revocation of our license to sell insurance in those states, and our business and financial results would be harmed. We would also be harmed to the extent that related publicity damages our reputation as a trusted source of objective information relating to health insurance and its affordability. It could also be costly to defend ourselves regardless of the outcome. Guarantees and Indemnifications—We have agreed to indemnify members of our board of directors and our executive officers for fees, expenses, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred in any action or proceeding, including actions or proceedings by or in the right of the Company, to which any of them is, or is threatened to be, made a party by reason of their service as a director or officer of the Company or service provided to another company or enterprise at our request. The term of the director and officer indemnification is perpetual as to events or occurrences that take place while the director or officer is, or was, serving at our request, as such, the maximum potential amount of future payment we could be required to make under these indemnification arrangements is unlimited. We, however, maintain directors and officers insurance coverage that limits our exposure under certain circumstances and that may allow us to recover a portion of future amounts paid. We believe the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements is minimal. Accordingly, we have not recorded any liabilities for these agreements as of December 31, 2007 or 2008. 93 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. While we have made various guarantees included in contracts in the normal course of business, primarily in the form of indemnity obligations under certain circumstances, these guarantees do not represent significant commitments or contingent liabilities of the indebtedness of others. Accordingly, we have not recorded a liability related to these indemnification provisions. Note 9—Segment and Geographic Information Operating Segments—SFAS No. 131, Disclosures About Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information, establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance of the Company. Our chief operating decision maker is considered to be our chief executive officer. Our chief executive officer reviews our financial information presented on a consolidated basis in a manner substantially similar to the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we have concluded that we operate in one segment, and accordingly we have provided only the required enterprise-wide disclosures. Geographic Information—We recognized revenue solely in the United States for the years ended December 2006, 2007 and 2008. As of December 31, 2007 and 2008, our long-lived assets consisted primarily of property and equipment and indefinite-lived intangible assets. Our long-lived assets are attributed to the geographic location in which they are located. Long-lived assets by geographical area were as follows (in thousands): United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of December 31, 2007 As of December 31, 2008 $4,172 594 $4,766 $4,703 644 $5,347 Note 10—Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) Selected summarized quarterly financial information for 2008 and 2007 is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts): 2008 Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income per share: 1ST Quarter 2ND Quarter 3RD Quarter 4TH Quarter Year $26,280 4,725 3,297 $27,501 6,396 4,201 $28,475 4,486 3,021 $29,455 5,653 3,649 $111,711 21,260 14,168 Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.13 0.13 $ $ 0.17 0.16 $ $ 0.12 0.12 $ $ 0.15 0.14 $ $ 0.57 0.55 2007 1ST Quarter 2ND Quarter 3RD Quarter 4TH Quarter Year Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income per share: $19,489 2,693 2,277 $21,072 4,174 3,228 $22,997 4,843 3,730 $24,233 4,306 22,360 $ 87,791 16,016 31,595 Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.10 0.09 $ $ 0.14 0.13 $ $ 0.16 0.14 $ $ 0.92 0.86 $ $ 1.37 1.22 94 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Our Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on management’s evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Report in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008 based on the guidelines established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Our internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Based on the results of our evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2008. We reviewed the results of management’s assessment with our Audit Committee. Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued a report on internal control over financial reporting, which is presented below. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2008 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls Our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, do not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the 95 inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. 96 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders of eHealth, Inc. We have audited eHealth, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO criteria). eHealth, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, eHealth, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of eHealth, Inc. as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008 of eHealth, Inc. and our report dated March 13, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP Palo Alto, California March 13, 2009 97 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 98 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information concerning our directors, executive officers, compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and corporate governance, required by this Item 10 of Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2008. We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to all employees, including our principal executive officer, Gary Lauer, principal financial and accounting officer, Stuart Huizinga, and all other executive officers. The code of ethics is available on the investor relations/corporate governance page of our website at www.ehealthinsurance.com. A copy may also be obtained without charge by contacting investor relations, attention Kate Sidorovich, Director of Investor Relations, 440 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View, CA 94043 or by calling (650) 210-3111. We plan to post on our website at the address described above any future amendments or waivers of our Code of Conduct. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by Item 11 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2008. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS As of December 31, 2008, all but one of our executive officers was a party to an individual Rule 10b5-1 trading plan pursuant to which shares of our common stock will be sold for their account from time to time in accordance with the provisions of the plans without any further action or involvement by the officers. Additional information required by Item 12 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2008. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by Item 13 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2008. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information required by Item 14 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2008. 99 PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) We have filed the following documents as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: 1. Consolidated Financial Statements Information in response to this Item is included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 2. Financial Statement Schedules None. 3. Exhibits See Item 15(b) below. (b) Exhibits—We have filed, or incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference, the exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (c) Financial Statement Schedule—See Item 15(a) above. 100 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES March 13, 2009. eHealth, Inc. /S/ GARY L. LAUER Gary L. Lauer Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors /S/ STUART M. HUIZINGA Stuart M. Huizinga Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on the 13th day of March, 2009. Signature /S/ STEVEN M. CAKEBREAD Steven M. Cakebread /S/ SCOTT N. FLANDERS Scott N. Flanders /S/ MICHAEL D. GOLDBERG Michael D. Goldberg /S/ LAWRENCE M. HIGBY Lawrence M. Higby /S/ RANDALL S. LIVINGSTON Randall S. Livingston /s/ JACK L. OLIVER III Jack L. Oliver III Title Director Director Director Director Director Director 101 EXHIBIT INDEX Exhibit Number 3.1 3.2 4.1 10.1 Incorporation by Reference Herein Description of Exhibit Form Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) Form of the Registrant’s Common Stock Certificate Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) Date April 25, 2006 November 17, 2008 June 28, 2006 Form of Indemnification Agreement entered into between the Registrant and its directors and officers Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 10.2* 1998 Stock Plan of the Registrant 10.3 2004 Stock Plan for eHealth China 10.4* 2005 Stock Plan of the Registrant Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 10.5* 10.5.1* 10.5.2* 10.5.3* 10.5.4* 10.5.5* 10.5.6* †2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant, as amended and restated November 11, 2008 Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement (Initial Director Grant) under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement (Annual Director Grant) under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Unit Grant and Stock Unit Agreement under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant †Form of Notice of Initial Outside Director Stock Unit Grant Under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant †Form of Notice of Annual Outside Director Stock Unit Grant Under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 21, 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 21, 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 21, 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 21, 2007 102 Exhibit Number 10.5.7* 10.6 10.9* 10.9.1* 10.9.2* 10.10* 10.11* 10.12* 10.12.1* 10.12.2* Description of Exhibit †Form of Outside Director Stock Unit Agreement Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement, dated May 23, 2005 Employment Agreement, dated November 30, 1999, between Gary Lauer and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Letter Amendment, dated November 2007, amending Offer Letter dated November 30, 1999, between Gary Lauer and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. †Second Amendment to Offer Letter, dated December 27, 2008, amending Offer Letter dated November 30, 1999, as amended, between Gary Lauer and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Employment Agreement, dated May 4, 2000, between Stuart Huizinga and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc., as amended on August 22, 2000 Supplemental Employment Agreement, dated August 24, 2000, between Sheldon Wang and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Supplemental Employment Agreement, dated August 7, 2000, between Bruce Telkamp and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Letter Amendment, dated September 2007, amending Offer Letter dated April 6, 2000 and Offer Letter Supplement dated August 7, 2000, between Bruce Telkamp and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. †Second Amendment to Offer Letter and Offer Letter Supplement, effective December 29, 2008, amending Offer Letter dated April 6, 2000, as amended, between Bruce Telkamp and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Incorporation by Reference Herein Form Date Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 April 25, 2006 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) November 14, 2007 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 April 25, 2006 April 25, 2006 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) November 14, 2007 103 Exhibit Number 10.13* 10.14 10.15 10.15.1 10.16 10.16.1 10.16.2 Description of Exhibit Form Letter Agreement, dated November 17, 2005, between Jack L. Oliver III and the Registrant Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) Date April 25, 2006 Incorporation by Reference Herein Lease Agreement, dated May 2004, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Brian Avery, Trustee of the 1983 Avery Investments Trust, as amended Standard Lease Agreement, dated June 10, 2004, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Gold Pointe E LLC, as amended Fourth Amendment to Standard Lease Agreement (Office), effective as of November 6, 2007, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Carlsen Investments, LLC Office Lease Contract, dated March 31, 2006, among Xiamen Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Finance Services Center, Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd.; Appendix 1 to Office Lease Contract; and Property Management Service Contract, dated April 4, 2006, between Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Appendix 3 to Office Lease Contract, dated November 25, 2007, among Xiamen Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Finance Services Center, Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Amendment Two to Property Management Service Contract, effective January 16, 2008, between Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) November 7, 2007 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 17, 2008 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 17, 2008 104 Exhibit Number 10.16.3 Incorporation by Reference Herein Description of Exhibit Form Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) Appendix 4 to Office Lease Contract, dated March 27, 2008, among Xiamen Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Finance Services Center, Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Date May 12, 2008 10.17 Employment Agreement, dated as of June 6, 2007, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Robert Fahlman Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) June 8, 2007 10.18* 2008 Executive Bonus Plan Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 17, 2008 10.19* †Offer Letter dated November 13, 2008, between Scott Sanborn and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 List of Subsidiaries Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 †Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm †Certification of Gary L. Lauer, Chief Executive Officer of eHealth, Inc., pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 †Certification of Stuart M. Huizinga, Chief Financial Officer of eHealth, Inc., pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ‡Certification of Gary L. Lauer, Chief Executive Officer of eHealth, Inc., pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 105 Exhibit Number 32.2 Description of Exhibit Form Date Incorporation by Reference Herein ‡Certification of Stuart M. Huizinga, Chief Financial Officer of eHealth, Inc., pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 † ‡ * Filed herewith. Furnished herewith. Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. 106 [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] CORPORATE INFORMATI ON Corporate Headquarters eHealth, Inc. 440 East Middleﬁ eld Road Mountain View, CA 94043 Phone: 650-584-2700 Fax: 650-961-2110 Website: www.ehealth.com Annual Meeting eHealth’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders will be held at 8:30 a.m. PDT, Tuesday, June 9, 2009, at the Garden Court Hotel, 520 Cowper Street, Palo Alto, CA 94301 Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Ernst & Young LLP Palo Alto, California Outside Counsel Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati PC Palo Alto, California Transfer Agent Computershare Ltd P.O. Box 43023 Providence, RI 02940-3023 Stockholder Inquiries Phone: 781-575-4238 Website: www.computershare.com eHealth Stock Since its initial public offering in October 2006, eHealth’s common stock has been listed on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol EHTH. Investor Relations For further information about eHealth, Inc., additional copies of this report, Form 10-K, or other ﬁ nancial information, please contact: Investor Relations Kate Sidorovich 440 East Middleﬁ eld Road Mountain View, CA 94043 Phone: 650-210-3111 eHealth, eHealthInsurance, eHealthSystems and Online Anytime are registered trademarks of eHealth, Inc. in the United States. Additional information is available on eHealth’s website: www.ehealth.com Executive Ofﬁ cers Board of Directors Gary L. Lauer Chairman of the Board of Directors, President and Chief Executive Ofﬁ cer Gary L. Lauer Chairman of the Board of Directors, President and Chief Executive Ofﬁ cer Steven M. Cakebread Chief Financial and Administrative Ofﬁ cer, Xactly Corporation Scott N. Flanders President, Chief Executive Ofﬁ cer and Member of the Board of Directors, Freedom Communications, Inc. Michael D. Goldberg General Partner, Mohr Davidow Ventures Stuart M. Huizinga Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Ofﬁ cer Robert S. Hurley Senior Vice President of Carrier Relations Scott C. Sanborn Chief Marketing and Revenue Ofﬁ cer Bruce A. Telkamp Executive Vice President of Business and Corporate Development Dr. Sheldon X. Wang Executive Vice President of Technology and Chief Technology Ofﬁ cer Lawrence M. Higby Former President and Chief Executive Ofﬁ cer, Apria Healthcare Group Randall S. Livingston Chief Financial Ofﬁ cer and Vice President for Business Affairs, Stanford University Jack L. Oliver III Senior Advisor, Bryan Cave Strategies LLC e H e a l t h 2 0 0 8 A N N U A L R E P O R T Corporate Headquarters eHealth, Inc. 440 E. Middleﬁ eld Road Mountain View, CA 94043 www.ehealth.com Cert no. SCS-COC-00648 002CS18836

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