eHealth
Annual Report 2012

Plain-text annual report

ANNUAL REPORT 2012 3 MILLION CUSTOMERS INSURED e H e a l t h , I n c . 2 0 1 2 A n n u a l R e p o r t “eHealthInsurance offers thousands of individual, family and small business health plans underwritten by more than 200 of the nation's leading health insurance companies.” About eHealth, Inc. eHealth, Inc. is the parent company of eHealthInsurance, America's first and largest private health insurance exchange where individuals, families and small businesses can compare health insurance products from leading insurers side by side and purchase and enroll in coverage online. eHealthInsurance offers thousands of individual, family and small business health plans underwritten by more than 200 of the nation's leading health insurance companies. eHealthInsurance is licensed to sell health insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Since its inception eHealth has helped to insure over 3 million Americans. Through the company's eHealthTechnology solution (www.eHealthTechnology.com), eHealth is also a leading provider of health insurance exchange technology. eHealthTechnology's exchange platform provides a suite of hosted e-commerce solutions that enable health plan providers, resellers and government entities to market and distribute products online. eHealth, Inc. also provides powerful online and pharmacy-based tools to help seniors navigate Medicare health insurance options, choose the right plan and enroll in select plans online through its wholly-owned subsidiary, PlanPrescriber.com (www.planprescriber.com) and through its Medicare website www.eHealthMedicare.com. eHealth is headquartered in Mountain View, CA. As of December 31, 2012, we had 772 full time employees. ANNUAL REPORT 2012 Gary L. Lauer Chairman and Chief Executive Officer FEllOW SHarEHOlDErS, 2012 was an important year for eHealth. We returned to annual revenue and earnings growth after a challenging 2011, saw a significant improve- ment in our individual and family health insurance business, and achieved meaningful progress in our Medicare business by completing the transition to a direct fulfillment model and significantly expanding our Medicare membership base. eHealth remains financially sound with strong cash flows, a debt-free balance sheet and a cash balance in excess of $140 million as of December 31, 2012. We continue to return capital to shareholders through share repurchases. In September 2012, we announced our fourth $30 million share repurchase program, which was increased by an additional $30 million in March 2013, making the total amount of shares that we may repurchase $60 million. Our 2012 Financial Highlights Include: • 982,900 estimated total members as of December 31, 2012 a 21% increase over 2011 • 70,600 estimated Medicare members as of December 31, 2012 a 191% increase over 2011 • annual revenues of $155.5 million a 3% increase over 2011 • Operating income of $13.4 million reflecting a 9% operating margin • Cash flow from operations of $24.9 million a 10% increase over 2011 p. 1 eHealth’s Value Proposition for the Changing Marketplace There is no question that the health insurance market, and the entire healthcare industry, are rapidly changing. The affordable Care act, or aCa, will have a profound impact on the way consumers access and utilize health insurance. While some of the initial provisions of the aCa have already become effective, the major implementation of this legislation will begin in the fourth quarter of 2013 when Federal and state exchanges are expected to become operational. We believe that one of the outcomes of health care reform implementation will be a further shift to a consumer-centric model of distributing health insurance. We expect that the number of consumers who directly purchase health insurance will grow significantly. Some of this growth will be driven by previously uninsured individuals entering the market, but it is also possible that we see member attrition from the employer-based market. In addition, the Internet will likely become an increasingly popular platform for consumers to research and purchase health insurance and an increasingly attractive distribution channel for insurance carri- ers. We see eHealth as the ultimate consumer-centric online marketplace and seek to capitalize on these trends through a combination of our industry-leading technology platform and our broad nationwide reach. Convenient, real-time access to health insurance anywhere, any time: We represent over 200 health insurance carriers and offer consumers transparency, objectivity, choice and affordability when it comes to shopping for health insurance and related products. Our platform can be accessed through desk-top, laptop, smart phone, or tablet or by speaking to our customer care professionals. Consumer engagement: addressing the increasing involvement of consumers in evaluating their health insurance options, eHealth’s platform provides educational content and advanced tools to help personalize the search for health insurance. We also interact with our customers through social media, publish buyer guides targeting a variety of consumer demo- graphics, and share industry insights ranging from tips on finding child-only coverage to comparing Medicare plans. reach: We offer carriers an attractive distribu- tion channel that reaches a large national audience through lead rankings in paid and natural search, strategic marketing partnerships, expertise in data analytics and customer segmentation. We have over 18 million visitors per year to our websites and have insured over 3 million consumers since our inception. p. 2 “We believe that one of the outcomes of health care reform implementation will be a further shift to a consumer-centric model of distributing health insurance.” While we believe that the implementation of the affordable Care act may substantially increase our market opportunity, we are facing near-term uncertainty driven by changes in the regulatory environment. First, Federal and state exchanges will emerge as competing online platforms, and we need to maintain our technology leadership and continue to innovate in our marketing strategies to remain the leading exchange of choice for health insurance. The extent to which we will benefit from the expected expansion in the individual health insurance market will also depend on health insurance carrier reaction to health care reform and determinations by states and the federal government regarding our ability to enroll subsidy eligible individuals—a large segment of the population with incomes between 133% and 400% of the Federal Poverty level. Finally, we may experience unusual demand patterns and see changes in product supply as health insurance carriers announce new products and remove others to meet the requirements of the affordable Care act. 2012 Business Overview Individual & Family Plan Business: In 2012 we achieved a meaningful improvement in our individual and family health insurance business after the negative impact to our 2011 revenue and profitability from health care reform related commission rate changes that became effective in January of 2011. In 2012 our individual and family health insurance submitted application growth rate improved in each quarter, and we finished the year at a solid 10% year-over-year growth in the fourth quarter—a significant improvement from a 7% decline in the fourth quarter of 2011. Pertinent indicators, including growth in approved and revenue generating individual and family members and individual and family commission revenue trends, all improved throughout the year. It is important to note that we returned to application and membership growth in our individual and family health insurance business in a disciplined way, while continuing to improve our cost of acquisition per submitted individual and family plan member and ensuring that each acquisition channel remained profitable based on our current lifetime member value projections. In fact, our acquisition cost per individual and family plan member has declined on a year-over-year basis each quarter since the second quarter of 2010. Medicare: 2012 was an important year for our Medicare business, as we successfully completed the transition to a more lucrative commission-based direct fulfillment model ahead of our original schedule. This represents a significant change from 2010, when almost 100% of our Medicare related revenue came from one-time lead payments. a lot of work has been done in the last two years to develop in-house fulfillment capabilities and transition to a direct broker model, which is characterized by higher projected lifetime revenue values and margin dollars compared to the sale of leads. By the third quarter of 2012, we were fulfilling in house, as a broker, almost 100% of the Medicare demand that we generated. For the full year 2012, the number of total Medicare members sold grew in excess of 85% compared to 2011, and the number of Medicare advantage members sold grew 137%. Growth in Medicare demand and enrollments persisted throughout the year, including outside of the annual Enrollment Period, which we believe further validates our Medicare strategy and our view of this important market. We finished the year with approximately 70,000 estimated revenue generating Medicare members. We expect that these members will generate recurring annual revenue for us and represent a solid revenue foundation on which we plan to build in 2013 and beyond as we bring more Medicare members on board. p. 3 “Our strategic priority is to further strengthen eHealth’s position as the leading online exchange for health insurance products” Strategic Priorities for 2013 looking forward, our strategic priority is to further strengthen eHealth’s position as the leading online exchange for health insurance products. We plan to achieve this through focused investments in our technology platform and consumer experi- ence, continued efforts to increase our marketing reach and brand awareness, and broadening our carrier network and product portfolio. We also plan to continue to diversify our revenue by entering into new business areas where our tech- nology, experience and relationships can be leveraged. Given the changing regulatory landscape in our industry, we recognize the importance of maintaining strategic and operational flexibility as we execute on these plans. We remain committed to maximizing shareholder value and will again return capital to our investors this year through our share repurchase program. I want to thank all of our shareholders for your continuing support, and we look forward to another successful year at eHealth. Gary L. Lauer Chairman and Chief Executive Officer The Shareholder letter from our chief executive officer contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements related to the impact of the affordable Care act and related changes in the healthcare industry and business opportunities; anticipated change in consumer behaviors in purchasing health insurance; expected increase of additional purchasers of health insurance; adoption of the Internet by consumers as a platform for purchasing health insurance and as a distribution channel by insurance carriers for insurance products; our ability to maintain our competitive advantage in technology and market position and to capitalize on the business opportunities created by the affordable Care act and changes in the healthcare industry; our Medicare strategies, plans and projections; the identification and execution of and our ability to benefit from our strategic priorities; and expectations regarding revenue, earnings, growth and return of shareholder value. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed under the heading “risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1a of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012. We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements. p. 4 ANNUAL REPORT 2012 FORm 10-K UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 OR For the transition period from to 001-33071 (Commission File Number) EHEALTH, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 56-2357876 (I.R.S Employer Identification No) 440 EAST MIDDLEFIELD ROAD MOUNTAIN VIEW, CALIFORNIA 94043 (Address of principal executive offices) (650) 584-2700 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (NASDAQ Global Select Market) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ‘ NO È Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES ‘ NO È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES È NO ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulations S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES È NO ‘ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer ‘ Accelerated filer È Non-accelerated filer ‘ Smaller reporting company ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ‘ NO È Based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock on the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, which was June 30, 2012, the aggregate market value of its shares (based on a closing price of $16.11 per share) held by non-affiliates was $84,325,266. Shares of the registrant’s common stock held by each executive officer and director and by each entity or person that owned 5 percent or more of the registrant’s outstanding common stock were excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding as of February 28, 2013 was 20,923,307 shares. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2013 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2012, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. EHEALTH, INC. FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. Item 3. Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Consolidated Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 6. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exhibit Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAGE 1 10 38 39 39 39 40 43 45 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 106 106 109 110 110 110 110 110 111 112 113 [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] ITEM 1. BUSINESS PART I In addition to historical information, this Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements include, among other things, statements concerning the impact of health care reform laws on the health insurance industry and on our business; the effect of our technology on the Medicare plan purchasing process, the expected timing of our competition with health insurance exchanges for the enrollment of individuals and small businesses in health insurance; our expectations regarding seasonal trends in our business; our beliefs regarding the demographic trends of those individuals becoming eligible for Medicare; the adequacy and suitability of our existing facilities; elements of our strategy; plans to market our ecommerce technology to state exchanges and our competitors in this business; impact of medical loss ratio regulations and commission rate changes; expenditures related to the development of our business; our projections relating to future revenue growth and earnings per share; our plans and expectations relating to our Medicare revenue generating activities and factors impacting its success; expansion into new business areas and additional geographic regions; our need for additional regulatory licenses and approvals; our expectations relating to revenue, our Medicare revenue, cost of revenue, seasonality, profitability, marketing and advertising expenses, customer care and enrollment employees and expenses, technology and content expenses, general and administrative expenses, tax rates and cash outlay for taxes; future dividends; our expectations and projections relating to membership and commission rates; the timing and source of our Medicare-related revenue; estimates relating to critical accounting policies and related impact on our financial statements; the sufficiency of our cash and cash equivalents; future capital requirements; our potential for collection issues; as well as other statements regarding our future operations, financial condition, prospects and business strategies. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in this report, and in particular, the risks discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this report and those discussed in our other Securities and Exchange Commission filings. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes contained therein that appear elsewhere in this report. We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward- looking statements. General eHealth, Inc. is the parent company of eHealthInsurance, America’s first and largest private health insurance exchange where individuals, families and small businesses can compare health insurance products from leading insurers side by side and purchase and enroll in coverage online. We offer thousands of individual, family and small business health plans underwritten by more than 200 of the nation’s leading health insurance companies through our website addresses (www.eHealth.com, www.eHealthInsurance.com, www.eHealthMedicare.com and www.PlanPrescriber.com). Our ecommerce platform can be accessed directly through our websites as well as through our network of marketing partners. We are licensed to sell health insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Our ecommerce technology also enables us to deliver consumers’ health insurance applications electronically to health insurance carriers. As a result, we simplify and streamline the complex and traditionally paper-intensive health insurance sales and purchasing process. In addition, through our eHealthTechnology solution (www.eHealthTechnology.com), we provide a suite of hosted e-commerce solutions that enable health plan providers and resellers to market and distribute health insurance products online. We also make available powerful online and pharmacy-based tools to help seniors navigate Medicare health insurance options, choose the right plan and enroll in select plans online through our wholly-owned subsidiary, PlanPrescriber, Inc., (www.planprescriber.com), and through our Medicare website (www.eHealthMedicare.com). 1 We were incorporated in Delaware in November 1997. Our headquarters are located at 440 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View, California 94043, and our telephone number is (650) 584-2700. We make our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, available free of charge on the Investor Relations page of our web site (www.ehealth.com)as soon as reasonably practicable after we file these reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The information on or that can be accessed through our websites is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Further, a copy of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is located at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding our filings at http://www.sec.gov. Our Business Model Individual, Family and Small Business Health Insurance Plans Substantially all of our revenue is generated from customers located in the United States. We generate revenue primarily from commissions we receive from health insurance carriers whose individual, family and small business policies are purchased through our ecommerce platforms (www.eHealth.com and www.eHealthInsurance.com), as well as commission override payments we receive for achieving sales volume thresholds or other objectives. The commission payments we receive are typically a percentage of the premium on an individual and family or small business health insurance policy that we sold and are made to us on a monthly basis for as long as a policy remains active with us. As a result, much of our revenue for a given financial reporting period relates to policies that we sold prior to the beginning of the period and is recurring in nature. Additionally, health insurance pricing, which is set by the health insurance carrier and approved by state regulators, is not subject to negotiation or discounting by health insurance carriers or our competitors. Medicare Health Insurance Plans We began actively marketing the availability of Medicare-related insurance plans during 2010 through our online Medicare plan platforms (www.eHealthMedicare.com and www.PlanPrescriber.com). Our Medicare plan platforms enable consumers to research and compare their Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. We also make available online application capabilities for certain Medicare plans and, through our customer care and enrollment centers, we offer telephonic enrollment capabilities. To the extent that we assist in the sale of Medicare-related insurance plans as a health insurance agent, through either online applications or telephonically, we generate revenue from commissions we receive from health insurance carriers. The commission payments we receive for Medicare Supplement plans are typically a percentage of the premium on the policy that was sold through us and are made to us on a monthly basis for as long as a policy remains active with us. In the first year of a Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plan we are paid a fixed, full-year commission after the health insurance carrier approves the application. Additionally, these commission rates may be higher in the first twelve months of a policy if the policy is the first Medicare-related policy issued to the member. Beginning with and subsequent to the second plan year, we receive fixed, monthly commissions for Medicare Advantage plans or fixed, annual commissions for Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. We earn commission revenue for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans for which we are the broker of record, typically for a period of up to six years, or longer depending on the carrier arrangement, provided that the policy remains active with us. Through May 2012 we also generated referral fee revenue by delivering and selling Medicare leads generated by our online platforms to third parties. We, however, have transitioned away from selling leads to providing health insurance agent services to our Medicare plan customers rather than referring them to other health insurance agents. As part of our Medicare strategy we acquired PlanPrescriber, Inc., formerly Experion Systems, Inc. and a privately-held company, in April 2010. PlanPrescriber is a leading provider of online tools that help Medicare- eligible individuals navigate their Medicare-related health insurance options. 2 Online Sponsorship and Advertising We derive revenue from our online sponsorship and advertising program that allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website and allows Medicare plan carriers to purchase advertising on a separate website developed, hosted and maintained by us. In return, we are typically paid a flat fee or, with respect to individual and family health insurance plans, a monthly fee and a performance- based fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. Technology Licensing We derive revenue from licensing the use of our health insurance ecommerce technology. Our technology platform enables health insurance carriers and agents to market and distribute health insurance plans online. Health insurance carriers or agents that license our technology typically pay us implementation fees and performance-based fees that are based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. Our commission revenue that we received from insurance carriers for individual, family and small business health insurance plans and Medicare health insurance plans represented 84%, 79% and 84% of our total revenue in the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Additional financial information about our company is included in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Industry Background The purchase and sale of health insurance has historically been a complex, time-consuming and paper- intensive process. This complexity can make it difficult to make informed health insurance decisions. In addition, the human error that arises from traditional paper-intensive distribution has historically resulted in a high number of incomplete and inaccurate applications being submitted to health insurance carriers. Incomplete and inaccurate paper applications often result in back-and-forth communications, delay and additional cost. The Internet’s convenient, information-rich and interactive nature offers the opportunity to provide consumers with more organized information, a broader choice of plans and a more efficient process than have typically been available from traditional health insurance distribution channels. Individual, family and small business health insurance has historically been sold by independent insurance agents and, to a lesser degree, directly by insurance companies. Most of these agents are self-employed or part of small agencies, and they typically service only their local communities. In addition, many of these agents sell health insurance from a limited number of insurance carriers (in some cases only one), resulting in a reduced selection of plans for the consumer. Medicare is a federal program that provides persons sixty-five years of age and over, and some persons under the age of sixty-five with certain conditions, with hospital and medical insurance benefits. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, administers this original Medicare program. CMS also contracts with private health insurance carriers under the Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug programs for these health insurance carriers to provide health insurance and prescription drug benefits to Medicare-eligible individuals. Medicare Advantage plans replace original Medicare. Medicare Part D prescription drug plans provide prescription drug coverage that original Medicare does not provide. In addition, health insurance carriers offer Medicare Supplement health insurance plans, which help to pay health care costs not covered through original Medicare. Medicare-related insurance plans, including Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, are typically marketed and sold by insurance carriers, also known as plan sponsors, through a combination of dedicated internal sales representatives and licensed independent brokers and agents. CMS also offers plan information, comparison tools, call centers and online enrollment for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. 3 Health Care Reform In March 2010, the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and related amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act were signed into law. These health care reform laws contain provisions that have and will continue to change the health insurance industry in substantial ways. Among several other provisions, they and the regulations implementing them include a mandate requiring individuals to be insured or face tax penalties; a mandate that certain employers offer and contribute to their employees group health insurance coverage or face tax penalties; prohibitions against insurance companies using pre-existing health conditions as a reason to deny an application for health insurance; requirements for minimum individual and small business health insurance benefit levels, including prohibitions on lifetime coverage limits and limitations on annual coverage limits; medical loss ratio requirements that require each health insurance carrier to spend a certain percentage of their premium revenue on reimbursement for clinical services and activities that improve health care quality; establishment of state and/or federal health insurance exchanges to facilitate access to, and the purchase of, health insurance; open enrollment periods for the purchase of individual health insurance during specified times of the year; Medicaid expansion so that a greater number of individuals will be insured under Medicaid programs; and subsidies and cost-sharing credits to make health insurance more affordable for those below certain income levels if they are eligible and purchase individual or small group health insurance through the state or federal health insurance exchange. While many aspects of health care reform do not become effective until 2014, health insurance carriers have been required to maintain medical loss ratios of eighty percent in their individual and family health insurance business since the beginning of 2011. The implementation of the medical loss ratio requirements by carriers has resulted in a reduction in the commission rates that we are paid to us as a result of our selling individual and family health insurance plans. These reductions began to impact our individual and family health insurance plan commission-based revenue in 2011. We expect that the implementation of health care reform will impact us and the industry in which we operate in substantial ways. Our Strategy Our objective is to continue to strengthen our position as the leading online distribution platform for health insurance sold to individuals, families and small businesses and to enter new business areas where this platform may be leveraged. Key elements of our strategy are to: Increase Our Brand Awareness. We believe that building greater awareness of our brand is critical for our continued growth. A significant percentage of our website traffic is direct, and we intend to attempt to grow our direct website traffic by strengthening our brand awareness through a variety of marketing and public relations efforts. Offer the Best Consumer Experience. We believe that providing the best consumer experience increases market adoption of our services, builds our brand awareness, drives word-of-mouth referrals and improves our visitor-to-member conversion rates. We intend to continue to further develop an online experience that empowers consumers with the knowledge, choice and services they need to select and purchase health insurance plans that best meet their needs. Extend Our Technology Leadership. We believe that our technology infrastructure and online platforms give us a significant competitive advantage for the distribution of individual, family and small business health insurance. To extend our leadership position, we plan to continue to enhance our platforms and their capabilities to increase functionality, reliability, scalability and performance. Broaden Our Carrier Network and Product Portfolio. Our goal is to continue to add new health insurance carriers and health insurance plans to our ecommerce platform. We seek to deepen our technology integration 4 with health insurance carriers, allowing us to further streamline the sales, underwriting and member fulfillment processes and increase revenue opportunities for us and health insurance carriers. We also seek to enter into relationships with carriers and government health insurance exchanges mandated as part of health care reform to be able to offer subsidy-eligible health insurance. Grow Our Medicare Opportunity. We believe that our technology can be used to streamline and simplify the Medicare plan purchasing process. We seek to enhance the technology behind our online Medicare platforms and further develop demand generation programs in the Medicare market. Expand Our Technology Licensing Business. Our technology licensing business allows health insurance carriers to use our ecommerce platform to market and sell their own health insurance plans on their websites. It also allows their agents to utilize our technology to power online quoting, content and application submission processes. We intend to further penetrate the market for online sales solutions for health insurance carriers and their agents. Growth in this business will allow us to enter new markets such as private exchanges for defined contribution benefit offerings by employers. Diversify Our Revenue. We plan to continue to diversify our revenue by entering into new business areas where our technology, experience and relationships can be leveraged. Our Platforms and Technology Our ecommerce platforms organize and present voluminous and complex health insurance information in an objective format that empowers individuals, families and small businesses to research, analyze, compare and purchase a wide variety of health insurance plans. The plans we offer include major medical health insurance coverage such as preferred provider organization, health maintenance organization and indemnity plans, Medicare plans, short-term medical insurance, student health insurance, health savings account eligible health insurance plans and ancillary plans such as dental and vision insurance. Elements of our platforms include: Online Rate Quoting and Comprehensive Plan Information. Our ecommerce platforms instantly provide consumers online rate quotes and comprehensive plan benefit information from a large number of health insurance carriers. After entering a minimal amount of relevant information on our website, our platforms allow consumers to instantly receive a list of applicable health insurance plans and rate and benefit information in an easy-to-understand format. The consumer can sort through the quoted plans based on price, health insurance carrier or deductible amount, or search the list of quoted plans to obtain a subset based on certain consumer preferences. Medicare-eligible individuals may also obtain annualized cost comparisons that include out-of- pocket estimates for their prescription drugs. Plan Comparison and Recommendations. We offer online comparison and recommendation tools that condense voluminous health insurance information. Our ecommerce platform enables consumers to compare and contrast health insurance plans in a side-by-side format based on plan characteristics such as price, plan type, deductible amount, co-payment amount and in-network and out-of-network benefits. To further assist consumers, our automated recommendation capability for individual and family health insurance presents a short series of questions and recommends up to four health insurance plans based on the consumer’s input. Our Medicare plan comparison tool enables Medicare-eligible individuals to compare plan premiums, deductibles, out-of-pocket drug expenses, coverage limitations on medications and other aspects of Medicare plans. Online Application and Enrollment Forms. Health insurance applications vary widely by carrier and state. Our proprietary graphical Application Designer Tool allows us to capture each individual and family health insurance application’s unique business rules and build a corresponding online application in XML format. Our online application process offers our consumers significant improvements over the traditional, paper-intensive application process. It employs dynamic business logic to help individuals and families complete application and 5 enrollment forms correctly in real-time. This reduces delay resulting from application rework, a significant problem with traditional health insurance distribution, where incomplete applications are mailed back and forth between the consumer, the traditional agent and the carrier. We further simplify the enrollment process by accepting electronic signature and electronic payment from our consumers. Electronic Processing Interchange. Our Electronic Processing Interchange (“EPI”) technology integrates our online application process with health insurance carriers’ technology systems, enabling us to electronically deliver our consumers’ applications to health insurance carriers. This expedites the application process by eliminating manual delivery and reducing the need for data entry and human review. Through EPI, we also receive alerts and data from carriers, such as notification of underwriting approval or a request from a carrier for a consumer’s medical records for underwriting purposes, which we then relay electronically to the consumer. These features of our service help prevent applications from becoming delayed or rejected through inactivity of the consumer or the carrier. Back Office Systems. Our proprietary back office customer relationship management systems enable us to provide a full range of customer service tasks in an efficient, highly scalable and personalized manner. Using these tools, we can track each consumer throughout the application process, obtain real-time updates from the carrier, generate automated emails specific to each consumer and access a cross-sell engine and dashboard to identify and track cross-sell opportunities. Our auto-email system is feature-rich with HTML capability, customizable merge tags, granular segmentation and tracking capability. Carrier Relationships We have developed strategic relationships with leading health insurance carriers in the United States, enabling us to offer thousands of health insurance plans online. As of December 31, 2012, we had relationships with over 200 individual, family, Medicare and small business health insurance carriers, including large national carriers and well-established regional carriers. We typically enter into contractual agency relationships with health insurance carriers that are non-exclusive and terminable on short notice by either party for any reason. In addition, health insurance carriers often have the ability to amend our agreements unilaterally on short notice, including provisions in our agreements relating to our commission rates. The amendment or termination of an agreement we have with a health insurance carrier may adversely impact the commissions we are paid on health insurance plans that we have already sold through the carrier. Revenue derived from Humana represented approximately 4%, 8% and 18% of our total revenue in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Revenue derived from carriers owned by WellPoint represented approximately 12%, 11% and 13% of our total revenue in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Revenue derived from carriers owned by UnitedHealthcare represented approximately 14%, 13% and 12% of our total revenue in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Marketing We focus on building brand awareness, increasing website visitors and converting visitors into buyers. Our marketing initiatives are varied and numerous. They include: Direct Marketing. Our direct member acquisition channel consists of consumers who access our website addresses (www.eHealth.com, www.eHealthInsurance.com, www.PlanPrescriber.com and eHealthMedicare.com) either directly or through algorithmic search listings on Internet search engines and directories. Online Advertising. Our online advertising member acquisition channel consists of consumers who access our website through paid keyword search advertising from search engines such as Google, Bing and Yahoo!, as well as various Internet marketing programs such as banner advertising and email marketing. 6 Marketing Partners. Our marketing partner member acquisition channel consists of consumers who access our website through a network of affiliate partners and financial services and other companies. We have established a pay-for-performance network, comprised of hundreds of partners that drive consumers to our ecommerce platform. These partners generally fall into one of the following categories: • Financial and online services partners in industries such as banking, insurance, mortgage and association partners. • Affiliate programs, including our marketing programs managed through Commission Junction. • Online advertisers and content providers that are specialists in paid and unpaid (algorithmic) search, as well as specialists in other types of Internet marketing. We generally compensate our marketing partners for their individual, family and small business health insurance referrals based on the consumer submitting a health insurance application to us. If a marketing partner is licensed to sell health insurance, we may share a percentage of the commission revenue we earn from the health insurance carrier for each member referred by that partner. Technology and Content We have a technology and content team that is responsible for ongoing enhancements to the features and functionality of our ecommerce platform, which we believe are critical to maintaining our technology leadership position in the industry. A substantial number of our technology and content employees are located in our subsidiary in Xiamen, China. There are many risks associated with having an operation and doing business in China. Information regarding risks involving our operations in China is included in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Government Regulation and Compliance We distribute health insurance plans in all 50 states and in the District of Columbia. The health insurance industry is heavily regulated. In addition to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, each of these jurisdictions has its own rules and regulations pertaining to the offer and sale of health insurance plans, typically administered by a department of insurance. State insurance departments have administrative powers relating to, among other things: regulating premium prices; granting and revoking licenses to transact insurance business; approving individuals and entities to which, and circumstances under which, commissions can be paid; regulating advertising, marketing and trade practices; monitoring broker and agent conduct; and imposing continuing education requirements. We are required to maintain valid life and/or health agency and/or agent licenses in each jurisdiction in which we transact health insurance business. In addition to state regulations, we also are subject to regulations and guidelines issued by CMS that place a number of requirements on health insurance carriers and agents and brokers in connection with the marketing and sale of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. We are subject to similar requirements of state insurance departments with respect to our marketing and sale of Medicare Supplement plans. CMS and state insurance department regulations and guidelines include a number of prohibitions regarding the ability to contact Medicare-eligible individuals and place many restrictions on the marketing of Medicare plans. For example, our health insurance carrier partners are required to obtain CMS or state department of insurance approval of certain aspects of our platforms, call center scripts and other marketing materials used to market Medicare plans. In addition, the laws and regulations applicable to the marketing and sale of Medicare plans are ambiguous, complex and, particularly with respect to regulations and guidance issued by CMS for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, change frequently. We are also subject to various federal and state privacy and security laws, regulations and requirements. These laws govern our collection, use, disclosure, protection and _maintenance_ of the individually-identifiable information that we collect from consumers. For example, we are subject to the Health Insurance Portability and 7 Accountability Act, or HIPAA. HIPAA and regulations adopted pursuant to HIPPA require us to maintain the privacy of individually-identifiable health information that we collect on behalf of health insurance carriers, implement measures to safeguard such information and provide notification in the event of a breach in the privacy or confidentiality of such information. The use and disclosure of certain data that we collect from consumers is also regulated in some instances by other federal laws, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, or GLBA, and state statutes implementing GLBA, which generally require brokers to provide customers with notice regarding how their non-public personal health and financial information is used and the opportunity to “opt out” of certain disclosures before sharing such information with a third party, and which generally require safeguards for the protection of personal information. Violations of these federal and state privacy and security laws may result in significant liability and expense. Intellectual Property We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary technology and our brand. Our eHealth and eHealthInsurance trademarks have reached incontestability status with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, which means the marks have been in use for over five years and, subject to certain limited exceptions, no third party can contest the validity of the marks or our ownership of them. We also have filed patent applications that relate to certain of our technology and business processes. Competition The market for selling health insurance plans is highly competitive. Many health insurance carriers directly market and sell their plans to consumers through call centers and their own websites. Although we offer health insurance plans for many of these carriers, they also compete with us by offering their plans directly to consumers. In addition to the direct competition from health insurance carriers, we compete with entities and individuals that offer and sell health insurance plans utilizing traditional distribution channels as well as the Internet. Our current competitors include the tens of thousands of local insurance agents across the United States who sell health insurance plans in their communities. There are a number of agents that operate websites and provide an online shopping experience for consumers interested in purchasing health insurance. Some agents use “lead aggregator” services that use the Internet to find consumers interested in purchasing health insurance and are compensated for referring those consumers to the agent. Most online agents operate in only one or very few states, and some represent only one or a limited number of health insurance carriers. In connection with our marketing of Medicare plans, we also compete with the original Medicare program. In addition, CMS offers plan information, comparison tools, call centers and online enrollment for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. CMS also has regulatory authority over the Medicare Advantage program and can influence the competitiveness of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans compared to the original Medicare program. As a part of health care reform and the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, each state is required to establish a health insurance exchange in time for the first health insurance exchange open enrollment period that begins in October 2013, unless they decide to opt out. If a state opts out of establishing a health insurance exchange, the federal government will operate the health insurance exchange in that state. Most states are expected to opt out of establishing their own health insurance exchange. Health insurance exchanges are required to, among other things, establish a call center and website where individuals and businesses may purchase health insurance. We will compete with health insurance exchanges for the enrollment of individuals and small businesses in health insurance beginning in October 2013. Exchanges will offer qualified health insurance plans that individuals and small businesses must purchase in order to receive health care reform related financial assistance in the form of subsidies to purchase health insurance and cost sharing reductions. States may at their election (and the federal government may where it is operating the health insurance exchange for a state) allow health insurance agents and brokers to enroll individuals in qualified health insurance plans, subject to the agent 8 or broker meeting certain conditions. We will not be able to enroll individuals and small businesses into qualified health plans if we are not granted permission to do so by the exchange operating in a state as well as meet the applicable conditions, including entering into an agreement with the applicable health insurance exchange. In licensing our health insurance purchasing platform, we compete with companies providing technology that automates premium quoting, research and analysis of health insurance plans, member enrollment and other tools that support online sales efforts by health insurance carriers and their agents and brokers. Seasonality The number of individual and family health insurance applications submitted through our ecommerce platform has generally increased in our first quarter compared to our fourth quarter and in our third quarter compared to our second quarter. Conversely, we have generally experienced a decline or flattening of individual and family submitted applications in our second quarter compared to our first quarter and in our fourth quarter compared to our third quarter. The majority of Medicare plans are sold in our fourth quarter during the Medicare annual enrollment period, when Medicare-eligible individuals are permitted to change their Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug coverage for the following year. As a result, we generate a significant amount of Medicare plan-related revenue in the fourth quarter of the year. Additionally, we recognize a majority of our renewal Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plan commission revenue in the first quarter of each year as the majority of policies sold during the annual enrollment period typically renew on January 1 of each year. Since a significant portion of our marketing and advertising expenses are driven by the number of health insurance applications submitted on our ecommerce platform, those expenses are influenced by these patterns. As a result, marketing and advertising expenses related to individual and family health insurance plans are highest in our first and third quarters, while marketing and advertising expenses related to Medicare plans are highest in our third and fourth quarters. Additionally, in preparation for the Medicare annual enrollment period, we begin ramping up our temporary customer care center staff during our second and third quarters and employ our temporary customer care center staff until the end of the Medicare annual enrollment period in December. Accordingly, our customer care center staffing costs are significantly higher in our third and fourth quarters compared to our first and second quarters. Based on these seasonal trends, our revenue is highest in the fourth quarter of the year and our profitability is relatively higher in the first and fourth quarters and substantially lower in the third quarter of the year. We expect this seasonal trend to occur in future years. Under the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and related amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, subsidy-eligible health insurance plans are required to be purchased by individuals, families and small businesses during an initial open enrollment period beginning in October 2013 and running through March 2014 in order for the individual, family or small business to receive subsidies from the government. Subsidy-eligible individuals, families and small businesses can thereafter change their qualified health plan only during an annual enrollment period scheduled to occur from October 15 through December 7 of each year thereafter, subject to states extending the period and exceptions for special enrollment periods for certain qualifying events. To the extent states allow us to market subsidy-eligible health plans and to the extent states adopt open enrollment periods for the sale of individual and family and small business health insurance in general, we will experience additional seasonality in both our sales volumes and expenses as a result of the enrollment period. Additionally, if states adopt open enrollment periods for the sale of health insurance that is not subsidy-eligible, we may experience additional seasonality. 9 Employees As of December 31, 2012, we had 772 full-time employees, of which 46 were in marketing and advertising, 338 were in customer care and enrollment, 241 were in technology and content and 147 were in general and administrative. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We have not experienced any work stoppages and consider our employee relations to be good. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS In addition to other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the following risk factors should be carefully considered in evaluating our business as they may have a significant impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Because of the following factors, as well as other variables affecting our operating results, past financial performance should not be considered as a reliable indicator of future performance and investors should not use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods. Risks Related to Our Business Changes and developments in the health insurance system in the United States as a result of health care reform or otherwise could harm our business. Our business depends upon the private sector of the United States health insurance system, its relative role in financing health care delivery and health insurance carriers’ use of, and payment of commissions to, agents and brokers to market health insurance plans. In March 2010, the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and related amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act were signed into law. These health care reform laws contain provisions that have and will continue to change the industry in which we operate in substantial ways. Among several other provisions, they include a mandate requiring individuals to be insured or face tax penalties; a mandate that certain employers offer their employees group health insurance coverage or face tax penalties; requirements relating to employer contribution to employee health coverage; prohibitions against insurance companies using pre-existing health conditions as a reason to deny an application for health insurance; prohibitions on rescission of health insurance; prohibitions on lifetime coverage limits; requirements for guaranteed renewability of health insurance plans; health insurance premium setting guidelines; limitations on deductibles and cost-sharing; medical loss ratio requirements that require each health insurance carrier to spend a certain percentage of their premium revenue on reimbursement for clinical services and activities that improve health care quality and, if they do not, to provide rebates to policyholders; minimum benefit levels for health insurance plans; including limitations on annual coverage limits; taxes and assessments on health insurance carriers; establishment of state and/or federal health insurance exchanges to facilitate access to, and the purchase of, health insurance; open enrollment periods for individual health insurance; assistance for member run health insurance issuers; creation of multi-state health insurance plans to be offered on the exchanges and with oversight from the Office of Personnel Management; requirements for uniform disclosure relating to the costs and benefits of health insurance; government subsidized high risk pools; an expansion of Medicaid so that more individuals will be insured under state Medicaid programs; and subsidies and cost-sharing credits to make health insurance more affordable for those below certain income levels. Many aspects of health care reform do not go into effect until 2014, although certain provisions currently are effective, such as medical loss ratio requirements for individual and family and small business health insurance, a prohibition against insurance companies using pre-existing health conditions as a reason to deny the application of children for health insurance and a requirement that persons 26 years of age and younger be able to stay on a parent’s health insurance plan. Health care reform legislation requires various departments of the executive branch to adopt regulations implementing its provisions. In addition, state governments have adopted, and will continue to adopt, changes to their existing laws and regulations in light of federal health care reform legislation and regulations. 10 The implementation of health care reform could increase our competition; reduce or eliminate the need for health insurance agents or demand for the health insurance for individuals, families or small businesses that we sell; decrease the number of health insurance plans that we sell as well as the number of health insurance carriers offering them; change the benefits and/or premiums for the plans they sell; cause a substantial reduction in our membership; or cause health insurance carriers to reduce our commissions and other amounts they pay for our services or change our relationship with them in other ways, any of which could materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. For instance, beginning in 2014 health insurance carriers offering coverage in the individual or small group health insurance market must ensure that such coverage meets certain actuarial value standards, includes certain minimum health benefits and is not subject to lifetime or, for most health insurance benefits, annual dollar amount coverage limits. Individuals are required to hold plans providing minimum essential coverage to meet the mandate for health insurance and avoid a tax penalty. It is unclear whether this tax penalty is sufficient enough to drive a substantial number of new entrants into the health insurance market, and if it does not, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. Moreover, many of the individual and small group health insurance plans we have sold do not cover all of the minimum essential benefits or meet other standards under health care reform. We could suffer a substantial reduction in our membership as a result of members on these plans purchasing plans that do meet health care reform requirements if they do not purchase their new plan from us. In addition, the existing plans could be modified with an increase in the cost of the plan or terminated, which also could cause a reduction in our membership and materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Various aspects of health care reform also could cause health insurance carriers to determine to limit the type of health insurance plans we sell and the geographies in which we sell them, to exit the business of selling insurance plans in a particular jurisdiction, to eliminate certain categories of products or attempt to move members into new plans for which we receive lower or no commissions, any of which would materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. As a part of healthcare reform, each state is required to implement a health insurance exchange by October 2013 where individuals and small businesses can purchase health insurance. If a state does not implement a health insurance exchange, the federal government will implement and operate the exchange for that state. Among other things, the exchanges will have websites where individuals and small businesses can shop for and purchase health insurance, and they also will have offline customer support. The exchanges will be a new source of competition for us. In the event our existing members purchase health insurance directly through health insurance exchanges without using our services, we will no longer receive commission revenue as a result of our sale of health insurance to them, and exchanges will compete with us for new members. Competitive pressure from health insurance exchanges may result in our experiencing increased marketing costs, decreased traffic to our website and loss of market share, and may otherwise harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, there have been recent proposals in certain states and by the federal government that health insurance carriers be required to offer agents and brokers the same commission rates for plans the health insurance carrier offers on state’s health insurance exchange and outside of the health insurance exchange. It is unclear what impact adoption of laws and regulations like these will have on our business. However, if they result in a reduction in our commission rates, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. In addition to the expansion of Medicaid eligibility as a part of health care reform, individuals and families whose incomes are between 133% and 400% of the federal poverty level will generally be entitled beginning in 2014 to subsidies in connection with their purchase of health insurance. In order to be eligible for a subsidy, qualified individuals must purchase subsidy qualifying health plans through a health insurance exchange. These qualified health plans are required to be purchased during an initial open enrollment period beginning in October 2013 and running through March 2014, and qualified individuals can thereafter change their qualified health plan only during an annual enrollment period to occur from October 15 through December 7 of each year thereafter, subject to states extending the period and exceptions for special enrollment periods for certain qualifying events. States may also adopt open enrollment periods for the purchase of health insurance outside of government run health insurance exchanges. 11 A federal regulation promulgated under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has been issued that clarifies that states may, but are not required to, allow agents and brokers such as us to market the plans that subsidy-eligible individuals must purchase in order to receive the subsidies. While there are details that need to be clarified by the federal government, states and health insurance carriers, it is clear that, in order to offer subsidy-eligible health insurance plans, agents and brokers must meet certain conditions, such as entering into an agreement with the health insurance exchange, ensuring that the enrollment and subsidy application is completed through the state’s health insurance exchange and complying with privacy, security and conflict of interest standards. In the event Internet-based agents and brokers such as us use the Internet for plan selection purposes, their websites are required to meet certain additional conditions, such as compliance with standards for display of health plan and related information; providing consumers the ability to view all subsidy-eligible plans offered on the state’s exchange; displaying all subsidy-eligible health plan data on the state’s exchange; and providing a mechanism for consumers to withdraw from the application process to the state exchange. A substantial number of our existing members may become eligible for subsidies in connection with their purchase of health insurance. We may also experience difficulty in satisfying the conditions required to offer plans to individuals and families who are entitled to subsidies under health care reform, and even if we are able to satisfy them, we depend upon states to permit us to offer these plans and upon health insurance companies to allow us to sell them and to pay us commissions in connection with their sale. In the event we are not successful in gaining the ability to sell individual and family health insurance products to health care reform subsidy-eligible individuals, or if health insurance carriers pay us no commissions or reduced commissions in connection with the sale of these plans, we could lose a substantial number of existing and potential members and the related commission revenue we receive as a result of the sale of individual and family and small business health insurance products to them, which would materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, even if we are able to sell qualified health plans to subsidy eligible individuals, and particularly if states adopt open enrollment periods outside of state health insurance exchanges, it may be difficult for us to handle as a business the large amount of health insurance transactions occurring in a limited window of time. In the aggregate, a shift to open enrollment periods of limited duration in the individual and family and small business health insurance markets may result in a reduction in our membership and revenue; increase in our expenses, particularly during certain periods of the year; and otherwise may harm our business, operating results and financial condition, particularly given that the open enrollment for qualified health plans and perhaps other health plans overlaps with the annual enrollment period for Medicare plans. The medical loss ratio requirements that are a part of health care reform have harmed and will continue to harm our business. The federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act enacted in March 2010 and related amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 contain provisions requiring health insurance carriers to maintain specified medical loss ratios. The medical loss ratio requirements for both individual and family and small business health insurance are effective for calendar year 2011 and later years and, among other things, require health insurance companies to spend 80% of their premium revenue in each of their individual and small group businesses on reimbursement for clinical services and activities that improve health care quality. The medical loss ratio requirement for Medicare Advantage plans is 85% and goes into effect in 2014. If a health insurance carrier fails to meet medical loss ratio requirements, the health insurance carrier is required to rebate a portion of its premium revenue to its members to make up for the difference. Carrier reaction to the individual and family medical loss ratio requirements has been to significantly reduce the commissions we receive in connection with the sale of these plans. These commission rate reductions have and will continue to significantly impact our business and operating results. Health insurance carriers may determine to reduce or further reduce our individual and family and small group commissions, and may reduce our Medicare Advantage plan commissions for the sale of plans with effective dates in 2014, as a result of the medical loss ratio requirements or other aspects of health care reform, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, if health insurance companies fail to meet medical loss ratio requirements, we may be required to pay back commissions that are related to any premium amounts the carriers 12 are required to rebate policy holders as a result, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. The medical loss ratio requirements also may cause certain health insurance carriers to limit the geographies in which they sell health insurance or exit certain markets altogether, place less reliance on agents to distribute their plans, or limit their health insurance offerings in any number of other ways, each of which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. The implementation of medical loss ratio requirements has caused and could further cause health insurance carriers to reduce the amount they are willing to spend in connection with our sponsorship and advertising and technology licensing businesses, which also could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our business may be harmed if we lose our relationship with health insurance carriers or our relationship with health insurance carriers is modified. We typically enter into contractual agency relationships with health insurance carriers that are non-exclusive and terminable on short notice by either party for any reason. In many cases, health insurance carriers also may amend the terms of our agreements unilaterally on short notice. Carriers may be unwilling to allow us to sell their existing or new health insurance plans, or desire to amend our agreements with them, for a variety of reasons, including for competitive or regulatory reasons, or because they do not want to be associated with our brand. In addition, many aspects of health care reform are scheduled to be implemented in 2014, which may cause carriers to modify their relationship with us given the substantial changes in the industry in which we operate. For instance, in addition to the medical loss ratio requirements, health care reform contains taxes and assessments on health insurance carriers that may make their businesses less profitable. In the future, and as a result of health care reform or for other reasons, an increasing number of health insurance carriers may decide to reduce our commissions, rely on their own internal distribution channels, including traditional in-house agents and carrier websites, to sell their own plans and, in turn, could limit or prohibit us from selling their plans on our ecommerce platform. For instance, carriers may choose to exclude us from their most profitable or popular plans or may determine not to distribute insurance plans in the individual and family and small business markets in certain geographies or altogether. The termination or amendment of our relationship with a carrier could reduce the variety of health insurance plans we offer, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. It also could adversely impact, or cause the termination of, commissions for future sales and for past sales, which would materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our business could also be harmed if in the future we fail to develop new carrier relationships and are unable to offer consumers a variety of health insurance plans in each jurisdiction. The health insurance industry in the United States has experienced a substantial amount of consolidation over the past several years, resulting in a decrease in the number of health insurance carriers. In the future, we may be forced to offer insurance policies from a reduced number of insurance carriers or to derive a greater portion of our revenue from a more concentrated number of carriers as our business and the health insurance industry evolve. We derived 8% and 18% of our total revenue in years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively, from Humana. We derived 11% and 13% of our total revenue in the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 from carriers owned by Wellpoint. We derived 13% and 12% of our total revenue in the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively, from carriers owned by UnitedHealthcare. We have several agreements that govern our sale of health insurance plans with these health insurance carriers. Many of them may be unilaterally amended or terminated by the carrier on short notice and the amendment or termination could adversely impact or cause the termination of the commission payments that we receive from these health insurance carriers, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Notwithstanding our separate agreements with various carriers directly or indirectly owned by the same entity, certain carriers have attempted and may continue to attempt to consolidate our relationship with them, which could increase the impact of carrier concentration on us, decrease the commission rates we receive and adversely affect our financial results, particularly in states where we offer health insurance from a relatively smaller number of carriers or where a small number of carriers dominates the market. The termination, amendment or consolidation of our relationship with these and other health insurance carriers could materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. 13 Our revenues and earnings may decline. In 2011, we experienced a significant reduction in the commission rates that health insurance carriers pay us on the individual and family health insurance plans that we sell, primarily as a result of health care reform. We also have in the past and may in the future continue to make significant expenditures related to the development of our business, including expenditures relating to marketing, website technology development and the development of our business selling Medicare-related health insurance plans. Our ability to grow revenue and earnings will depend on a number of factors, including the success of our Medicare plan marketing and sales business, our ability to attract individuals, families and small businesses to purchase health insurance through our ecommerce platform, our maintaining our relationships with health insurance carriers and the commission rates we receive for our sale of health insurance plans and our ability to maintain our relationship with existing members within historical levels. If we are not successful in these areas, our business, operating results and financial condition will be harmed. Our revenue will be adversely impacted if our membership does not grow. The individual and family commission rates that we receive are typically higher in the first twelve months of a policy. After the first twelve months, they generally decline significantly. The Medicare-related commission rates that we receive may be higher in the first twelve months of a policy if the policy is the first Medicare-related policy issued to the member. Accordingly, to the extent that our net addition of new members slows or we experience a reduction in the number of our members, our revenue would be adversely impacted due to a decline in commissions we receive for members whose policies have been active for more than twelve months in addition to the reduction in revenue growth that would occur solely as a result of a decline in our membership. The commission rates we receive are impacted by a variety of other factors, including the particular health insurance plans chosen by our members, the carriers offering those plans, our members’ states of residence, the laws and regulations in those jurisdictions and health care reform. Our commission rate per member has, and could in the future, decrease as a result of either reductions in contractual commission rates or unfavorable changes in health insurance carrier override commission programs, each of which are beyond our control and may occur on short notice. To the extent these and other factors cause our commission rate per member to decline, our rate of revenue growth may decline and our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. We may not be successful in our efforts to market and sell Medicare-related health insurance plans as a health insurance agent. In 2010 we began to actively market the availability of Medicare-related health insurance plans using our ecommerce platforms, including Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. We refer to these plans as Medicare plans. We market Medicare plans to Medicare-eligible individuals, who are predominately senior citizens over the age of 65. The sale of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans are subject to an annual enrollment period during the fourth quarter of each year, when a substantial percentage of the annual sales of these plans occur. We sell Medicare plans as a health insurance agent using our websites and customer care centers. Our Medicare plan related revenue is concentrated in a small number of health insurance carriers. The success of our entry into the market for Medicare plans as a health insurance agent will depend upon our ability to enter into new and maintain existing relationships with health insurance carriers on favorable economic terms. The limited number of our Medicare plan carrier relationships makes us vulnerable to changes in carrier commission rates and the competitiveness of our carrier partners Medicare products. If our Medicare carrier partners reduce our commission rates or the competitiveness of their products declines compared to original Medicare or the products of Medicare carriers with which we do not have a relationship, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. In addition, we may temporarily or permanently lose the ability to market and sell Medicare plans for our Medicare plan carrier partners. For instance, a carrier may terminate our relationship. Moreover, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, has and will continue to penalize health insurance carriers for certain regulatory violations by not allowing them to market and sell 14 Medicare plans for significant periods of time. Given the small number of our Medicare carrier relationships, if we lose a relationship with a health insurance carrier to market their Medicare plans temporarily or permanently for this or any other reason, our sales as a health insurance agent and Medicare plan related revenue could suffer significantly, and our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. The agreements that we have with health insurance carriers to sell Medicare plans may be unilaterally amended or terminated by the carrier on short notice and the amendment or termination could adversely impact, or cause the termination of, the commission payments that we receive for selling their Medicare plans, which would harm our business operating results and financial condition. CMS must approve our websites and call center scripts for us to be able to generate Medicare plan demand and sell Medicare plans to Medicare-eligible individuals as a health insurance agent. Moreover, we use Medicare plan cost and benefit data collected and made publicly available by CMS. In the event that CMS disapproves, or delays approval, of our websites or call center scripts, or does not timely release Medicare plan cost and benefit data for the following year’s Medicare plans prior to the annual enrollment period, we could lose a significant source of Medicare plan demand and our ability to sell Medicare plans would be adversely impacted, each of which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our success in expanding into the Medicare plan market as a health insurance agent will also depend upon a number of additional factors, including: • • • • • • • our ability to continue to adapt our ecommerce platform to market Medicare plans, including our development or acquisition of marketing tools and features important in the sale of Medicare plans online and the modification of our existing user experience for new plans targeted at a different demographic; our success in marketing our ecommerce platform to Medicare-eligible individuals and in entering into business development relationships to drive Medicare-eligible individuals to our ecommerce platform; our effectiveness in entering into and maintaining relationships with marketing partners, including existing pharmacy chain partners that refer Medicare-eligible individuals to us; our ability to hire and retain additional employees with experience in Medicare, including our ability to timely implement Medicare sales expertise into our customer care centers; our ability to implement and maintain an effective information technology infrastructure for the sale of Medicare plans, including the infrastructure and systems that support our websites, call centers and call recording; our ability to comply with the numerous, complex and changing laws and regulations and CMS guidelines relating to the marketing and sale of Medicare plans, including continuing to conform our online and offline sales processes to those laws and regulations; and the effectiveness with which our competitors market the availability of Medicare plans from sources other than our ecommerce platform. As a result of these factors, we may prove unsuccessful in marketing Medicare plans and acting as a health insurance agent in connection with their sale, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, if our efforts to market Medicare plans during any annual enrollment period were impeded due to lack of health insurance carrier or CMS approval, or for other reasons, the impact on our business, operating results and financial condition would be significantly greater given the seasonality of our Medicare- related revenues, membership acquisition and expenses and the fact that much of the sales of Medicare plans occur during this period. 15 Our ability to sell Medicare-related health insurance plans as a health insurance agent depends on our ability to timely hire, train and retain licensed health insurance agents for our customer care center operations and our ability to maintain information technology systems to facilitate their sale of Medicare plans. In addition to our websites, we rely upon our customer care centers to sell Medicare plans. The success of our customer care center operations is largely dependent on licensed health insurance agents. In order to sell Medicare-related health insurance plans, our health insurance agent employees must first be licensed by the states in which they are selling plans and certified and appointed with the health insurance carrier that offers the plans in each state that the Medicare-related health insurance product is being sold by the agent. Because the majority of Medicare plans are sold in the fourth quarter each year during the Medicare annual enrollment period, we are required to hire and train a significant number of additional employees on a temporary or seasonal basis in a limited period of time. We must also ensure that these employees are timely licensed in a significant number of states and certified and appointed with the health insurance carriers whose products we sell. We depend upon state departments of insurance and health insurance carriers for their licensing, certification and appointment of our health insurance agent employees. We may not be successful in timely hiring a sufficient number of additional licensed agents for the Medicare annual enrollment period, and even if we are successful, these employees may experience delays in obtaining health insurance licenses and certifications and health insurance carrier appointments with our health insurance carrier partners. If we and our health insurance agent employees are not successful in these regards, our ability to sell Medicare-related health insurance plans will be impaired during the annual enrollment period, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. The success of our Medicare plan customer care center operations also is dependent on information technology systems. The vast majority of our Medicare plan members utilize our customer care center in connection with their purchase of a Medicare plan. CMS rules require that our health insurance agent employees utilize CMS-approved scripts in connection with the sale of Medicare plans and that we record and maintain the recording of telephonic interactions relating to the sale of Medicare plans. We rely on telephone, call recording and customer relationship management systems in our Medicare customer care center operations related to these and other functions, and we are dependent on third parties for some of them, including our telephone and call recording systems. The effectiveness and stability of our Medicare customer care center systems are critical to our ability to sell Medicare plans, particularly during the Medicare annual enrollment period, and the failure or interruption of any of these systems and any inability to handle increased volume during the annual enrollment period would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Factors beyond our control may negatively impact our ability to market and sell Medicare plans. We determined to enter into the Medicare plan market because we believe the number of individuals becoming eligible for Medicare is increasing and these individuals are increasingly using the Internet to shop for health insurance plans. We also believe that, on average, member retention rates and the commissions that health insurance carriers pay in connection with the sale of Medicare plans compare favorably to the member retention rates and commissions we receive in connection with our sale of individual and family health insurance. Should we prove to be wrong, or should these circumstances reverse, our success in marketing Medicare plans would be materially and adversely impacted, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. For instance, portions of health care reform impose significant changes to original Medicare and the Medicare Advantage program by, among other things, increasing the benefits original Medicare provides, reducing payments to Medicare Advantage plans and imposing medical loss ratio requirements for Medicare Advantage plans. CMS recently proposed reducing the payments it makes to health insurance carriers in connection with the sale of Medicare Advantage plans, and it may reduce these payments in the future. In the event health care reform, the actions of the federal government or other circumstances decrease the demand for Medicare Advantage plans or other alternatives to original Medicare, or cause changes in our industry that result in a reduction in the amount paid to us in connection with the sale of these plans, our business operating results and financial condition could be harmed. 16 The marketing and sale of Medicare plans are subject to numerous, complex and frequently changing laws and regulations, and any noncompliance with them could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. The marketing and sale of Medicare plans are subject to numerous laws, regulations and guidelines at the federal and state level. The marketing and sale of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans are principally regulated by CMS. The marketing and sale of Medicare Supplement plans are principally regulated on a state-by-state basis by state departments of insurance. The laws and regulations applicable to the marketing and sale of Medicare plans are numerous, ambiguous and complex, and, particularly with respect to regulations and guidance issued by CMS for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, change frequently. As a result of these laws, regulations and guidelines, we have altered, and likely will have to continue to alter, our websites and sales process to comply with several requirements that are not applicable to our sale of non-Medicare-related health insurance plans. For instance, many aspects of our online platforms and our marketing material and processes, as well as changes to these platforms, materials and processes, including call center scripts, must be approved on a regular basis by CMS and by health insurance carriers in light of CMS requirements. In addition, certain aspects of our Medicare plan marketing partner relationships with pharmacy chains have been in the past, and will be in the future, subjected to CMS and health insurance carrier review. Changes to the laws, regulations and guidelines relating to Medicare plans, their interpretation or the manner in which they are enforced could be incompatible with these relationships, our platforms or our sale of Medicare plans. Due to changes in CMS guidance or enforcement or interpretation of existing guidance, or as a result of new laws, regulations and guidelines, CMS, state departments of insurance or health insurance carriers may determine to object to or not to approve aspects of our online platforms or marketing material and processes and may determine that certain existing aspects of our Medicare-related business are not in compliance. As a result, the progress of our Medicare operations could be slowed or we could be prevented from operating aspects of our Medicare revenue generating activities altogether, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition, particularly if it occurred during the Medicare annual enrollment period. It could also result in the write-down of the value of goodwill and intangible assets acquired in our PlanPrescriber acquisition. The impact that health care reform legislation will have on the market for Medicare plans is unclear, but it could change demand for Medicare plans, the way these plans are delivered, the commissions that carriers pay to health insurance agents in connection with their sale or could adversely impact us in other ways. In the event that laws and regulations adversely impact our ability to market the availability of any type of Medicare plan on our ecommerce platform, or the amounts that health insurance agents are paid for selling these plans, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. Our future operating results are likely to fluctuate and could fall short of expectations. Our operating results are likely to fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, including the factors described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful and you should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance, particularly in light of the fact that our business and industry are undergoing substantial change as a result of health care reform. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Our business model is characterized primarily by revenue based on commissions we receive from insurance carriers whose policies are purchased by our members. We receive commissions and record related revenue for an individual and family, small business, ancillary or Medicare Supplement health insurance policy, typically on a monthly basis, until the health insurance policy is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy. For both Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, we record commission revenue on an annual basis but may receive commission payments from insurance carriers on either a monthly or annual basis typically for a period of up to six years, or longer depending on the carrier arrangement, provided that the policy remains active with us and we remain the agent on the policy. 17 A significant component of our marketing and advertising expenses consists of expenses incurred in search engine advertising at the time a consumer clicks on an advertisement and payments owed to our marketing partners in connection with applications submitted on our ecommerce platform by potential members referred to us by our marketing partners. As a result of this timing difference between expense and associated revenue recognition, our operating results and cash flows may be adversely affected in periods where we experience a significant increase in new applicants, which could occur in connection with the implementation of health care reform. The implementation of healthcare reform could cause a substantial number of our existing members to apply for new health insurance products and for us to receive a substantial number of health insurance applications from new members, which could cause us to incur a substantial amount of marketing and advertising expense over a limited period of time and harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, if we incur other unanticipated or one-time expenses in a particular quarter, lose a significant amount of our member base for any reason or our commission rates are reduced, we would likely be unable to offset these expenses by increasing sales within that quarter or to replace lost revenue in the quarter with revenue from new members. As a result, our quarterly results may suffer due to unanticipated expenses, one-time charges or significant member turnover. Current economic conditions and other factors beyond our control may negatively impact our business, operating results and financial condition. Our revenue depends upon demand for health insurance in the individual and family and small business markets, which can be influenced by a variety of factors beyond our control. For instance, an increased number of individuals have become self-employed or unemployed. In addition, as a result of substantial health insurance premium inflation in recent years, we believe that many employers have sought to reduce the costs associated with providing health insurance to their employees, including offering fewer benefits to employees, reducing or eliminating dependent coverage, increasing employee health insurance premium contributions and eliminating health insurance benefits altogether. We have no control over the economic and other factors that influence these trends, and they may reverse, including as a result of health care reform legislation. If economic or other factors beyond our control negatively impact our business, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. We believe that demand for the health insurance and services we offer are impacted by prevailing economic conditions. We cannot be certain of the future impact that the recent recession and other economic conditions will have on our business. A further softening of demand for health insurance and services offered by us, whether caused by changes in customer preferences or a weak U.S. economy, including as a result of disruptions in the global financial markets or a decrease in general consumer confidence, could adversely impact our operating results. Consumers may attempt to reduce expenses by cancelling existing health insurance purchased through us, determine not to purchase new health insurance through us, or purchase health insurance plans with lower premiums for which we receive lower commissions. To the extent the economy or other factors adversely impact our membership retention or the number or type of health insurance applications submitted through us and that are approved by health insurance carriers, our rate of growth will decline and our business and operating results will be harmed. A continuing negative economic environment could also adversely impact the health insurance carriers whose plans are offered on our ecommerce platform, and they may determine to reduce their commission rates, change their underwriting practices so that fewer health insurance applications are approved or take other actions that would negatively impact our sale of health insurance as well as our sponsorship and technology licensing businesses. If we are not successful in cost-effectively converting visitors to our website into members, our business and operating results would be harmed. Our growth depends in large part upon growth in our membership. The rate at which consumers visiting our ecommerce platform and seeking to purchase health insurance are converted into members is a significant factor in the growth of our membership. A number of factors have influenced, and could in the future influence, the conversion rate for any given period, some of which are outside of our control. These factors include: • changes in consumer shopping behavior due to circumstances outside of our control, such as economic conditions, consumers’ ability or willingness to pay for health insurance, availability of unemployment benefits or proposed or enacted legislative or regulatory changes impacting our business; 18 • • • • • • • • the quality of and changes to the consumer experience on our ecommerce platform or with our customer care center; regulatory requirements, including those that make the experience on our online platforms cumbersome or difficult to navigate; the variety, competitiveness and affordability of the health insurance plans that we offer; system failures or interruptions in the operation of our ecommerce platform or call center operations; changes in the mix of consumers who are referred to us through our direct, marketing partner and online advertising member acquisition channels; the health insurance carriers offering the health insurance plans for which consumers have expressed interest, and the degree to which our technology is integrated with those carriers; health insurance carrier underwriting practices and guidelines applicable to applications submitted by consumers and the amount of time a carrier takes to make a decision on that application; and competitive offerings. Our conversion rates can be impacted by changes in the mix of consumers referred to us through our member acquisition channels. For example, our conversion rates have historically been lower with respect to consumers referred to us by Internet lead aggregators and relatively higher with respect to consumers coming to us through our direct member acquisition channel. In addition, we may make changes to our ecommerce platform or undertake other initiatives in an attempt to improve consumer experience or for other reasons. These changes in the past, and may in the future, have the unintended consequence of adversely impacting our conversion rates. A decline in the percentage of consumers who submit health insurance applications on our ecommerce platform and are converted into members could cause an increase in our cost of acquiring members on a per member basis. To the extent the rate at which we convert consumers visiting our ecommerce platform into members suffers, our membership growth rate may decline, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If we are unable to retain our members, our business and operating results would be harmed. We receive revenue from commissions health insurance carriers pay to us for health insurance policies sold through our ecommerce platform. When one of these policies is cancelled, or if we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy, we no longer receive the related commission revenue. Individuals, families and small businesses may choose to discontinue their health insurance policies for a variety of reasons. For example, individuals and families may replace a health insurance policy purchased through us with a health insurance policy provided by a new or existing employer or may determine that they can no longer afford health insurance. In addition, our members may choose to purchase new policies using a different agent if, for example, they are not satisfied with our customer service or the health insurance plans that we offer. Consumers may also purchase health insurance policies from state health insurance exchanges after their implementation as a result of health care reform. Health insurance carriers may also terminate health insurance plans purchased and held by our members. If we are not successful in transferring members covered under a terminated plan to another policy that we offer, we will lose these members and associated commission revenue. Our cost of acquiring a new member is substantially greater than the cost involved in maintaining our relationship with an existing member. If we are not able to successfully retain existing members and limit member turnover, our revenue and operating margins will be adversely impacted and our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. Changes in the quality and affordability of the health insurance plans that carriers offer on our ecommerce platform could harm our business and operating results. The demand for health insurance marketed through our ecommerce platform is impacted by, among other things, the variety, quality and price of the health insurance plans we offer. If health insurance carriers do not continue to allow us to sell a variety of high-quality, affordable health insurance plans in the individual and 19 family, small business, ancillary and Medicare markets, or if their offerings are limited or terminated as a result of consolidation in the health insurance industry, health care reform legislation or otherwise, our sales may decrease and our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. Health insurance carriers could determine to reduce the commissions paid to us or change their underwriting practices in ways that reduce the number of insurance policies sold through our ecommerce platform, which could harm our business and operating results. Our commission rates, and the commission override payments we receive from health insurance carriers for achieving sales volume thresholds or other objectives, are either set by each carrier or negotiated between us and each carrier. Carriers have altered, and may in the future alter, the contractual relationships we have with them on short notice, either by renegotiation or unilateral action. If these contractual changes result in reduced commissions, our business may suffer and our operating results and financial condition would be harmed. In addition, carriers periodically change the criteria they use for determining whether they are willing to insure individuals as well as other underwriting practices. At various times, carriers have applied more stringent underwriting criteria and practices to applications for health insurance. These practices result in a decrease in the rate at which insurance applications submitted through our ecommerce platform are approved. Changes in carrier underwriting criteria or practices could negatively impact sales of insurance policies on our ecommerce platform and could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand, our business and operating results will be harmed. We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand identity is critical to our relationships with existing members, marketing partners and health insurance carriers and to our ability to attract new members, marketing partners and health insurance carriers. The promotion of our brand in these and other ways may require us to make substantial investments and we anticipate that, as our market becomes increasingly competitive, these branding initiatives may become increasingly difficult and expensive. Our brand promotion activities may not be successful or yield increased revenue, and to the extent that these activities yield increased revenue, the increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur and our operating results could be harmed. If we do not successfully maintain and enhance our brand, our business may not grow and we could lose our relationships with health insurance carriers, marketing partners and/or members, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, we have historically received media attention in connection with our public relations efforts. While we cannot be certain of the impact of media coverage on our business, if it were to be reduced, the number of consumers visiting our platform could decrease, and our cost of acquiring members could increase as a result of a reduction in the number of members coming from our direct member acquisition channel, both of which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. System failures or capacity constraints could harm our business and operating results. The performance, reliability and availability of our ecommerce platforms and underlying network infrastructures are critical to our financial results, our brand and our relationship with members, marketing partners and health insurance carriers. Although we regularly attempt to enhance our ecommerce platform and system infrastructure, system failures and interruptions may occur if we are unsuccessful in these efforts, if we are unable to accurately project the rate or timing of increases in our website traffic or for other reasons, some of which are completely outside our control. Although we have experienced only minor system failures and interruptions to date, we could experience significant failures and interruptions in the future, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We rely in part upon third-party vendors, including data center and bandwidth providers, to operate our ecommerce platforms. We cannot predict whether additional network capacity will be available from these 20 vendors as we need it, and our network or our suppliers’ networks might be unable to achieve or maintain a sufficiently high capacity of data transmission to allow us to process health insurance applications in a timely manner or effectively download data, especially if our website traffic increases. Any system failure that causes an interruption in or decreases the responsiveness of our services would impair our revenue-generating capabilities and harm our business and operating results and damage our reputation. In addition, any loss of data could result in loss of customers and subject us to potential liability. Our database and systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, earthquakes, fire, floods, power loss, telecommunications failures, physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, acts of terrorism, other attempts to harm our systems and similar events. In addition, our operations are vulnerable to earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay Area and elsewhere in Northern California. Consumers may access our customer care centers for assistance in connection with submitting health insurance applications. We depend upon third parties, including telephone service providers and third party software providers, to operate our customer care centers. Any failure of the systems that we rely upon in the operation of our customer care center could negatively impact sales as well as our relationship with consumers and members, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If consumers or carriers opt for more traditional or alternative channels for the purchase and sale of health insurance, our business will be harmed. Our success depends in part upon widespread consumer and health insurance carrier acceptance of the Internet as a marketplace for the purchase and sale of health insurance. Consumers and health insurance carriers may choose to depend more on traditional sources, such as individual agents, or alternative sources may develop, including as a result of health care reform legislation. Our future growth, if any, will depend in part upon: • • • • • the growth of the Internet as a commerce medium generally, and as a market for consumer financial plans and services specifically; consumers’ willingness to conduct their own health insurance research; our ability to make the process of purchasing health insurance online an attractive alternative to traditional and new means of purchasing health insurance; our ability to successfully and cost-effectively market our services as superior to traditional or alternative sources for health insurance to a sufficiently large number of consumers; and health insurance carriers’ willingness to use us and the Internet as a distribution channel for health insurance plans. If consumers and health insurance carriers determine that other sources for health insurance and health insurance applications are superior, our business will not grow and our operating results and financial condition would be harmed. We depend upon Internet search engines to attract a significant portion of the consumers who visit our website, and if we are unable to effectively advertise on search engines on a cost-effective basis, our business and operating results would be harmed. We derive a significant portion of our website traffic from consumers who search for health insurance through Internet search engines, such as Google, Bing and Yahoo!. A critical factor in attracting consumers to our website is whether we are prominently displayed in response to an Internet search relating to health insurance. Search engines typically provide two types of search results, algorithmic listings and paid advertisements. We rely on both algorithmic listings and paid advertisements to attract consumers to our websites. Algorithmic search result listings are determined and displayed in accordance with a set of formulas or algorithms developed by the particular Internet search engine. The algorithms determine the order of the listing 21 of results in response to the consumer’s Internet search. From time to time, search engines revise these algorithms. In some instances, these modifications have caused our website to be listed less prominently in algorithmic search results, which has resulted in decreased traffic to our website. We may also be listed less prominently as a result of new websites or changes to existing websites that result in these websites receiving higher algorithmic rankings with the search engine. Our website may become listed less prominently in algorithmic search results for other reasons, such as search engine technical difficulties, search engine technical changes and changes we make to our website. In addition, search engines have deemed the practices of some companies to be inconsistent with search engine guidelines and decided not to list their website in search result listings at all. If we are listed less prominently in, or removed altogether from, search result listings for any reason, the traffic to our websites would decline and we may not be able to replace this traffic, which in turn would harm our operating results. If we decide to attempt to replace this traffic, we may be required to increase our marketing expenditures, which would also increase our cost of member acquisition and harm our operating results. We purchase paid advertisements on search engines in order to attract consumers to our website. We typically pay a search engine for prominent placement of our name and website when particular health insurance- related terms are searched for on the search engine, regardless of the algorithmic search result listings. In some circumstances, the prominence of the placement of our advertisement is determined by a combination of factors, including the amount we are willing to pay and algorithms designed to determine the relevance of our paid advertisement to a particular search term. As with algorithmic search result listings, search engines may revise the algorithms relevant to paid advertisements and websites other than our ecommerce platform may become more optimized for the algorithms. These changes may result in our having to pay increased amounts to maintain our paid advertisement placement in response to a particular search term. We could also have to pay increased amounts should the market share of major search engines continue to become more concentrated with a single search engine. Additionally, we bid against our competitors and others for the display of these paid search engine advertisements. Many of our competitors, including many health insurance carriers, have greater resources with which to bid and better brand recognition than we do. We have experienced increased competition from health insurance carriers and some of our marketing partners for both algorithmic search result listings and for paid advertisements, which has increased our marketing and advertising expenses. If this competition increases further, or if the fees associated with paid search advertisements increase as a result of algorithm changes or other factors, our advertising expenses could rise significantly or we could reduce or discontinue our paid search advertisements, either of which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We rely significantly on marketing partners and our business and operating results would be harmed if we are unable to maintain effective relationships with our existing marketing partners or if we do not establish successful relationships with new marketing partners. In addition to marketing through Internet search engines, we frequently enter into contractual marketing relationships with other online and offline businesses that promote us to their customers. These marketing partners include financial and online service companies, affiliate programs and online advertisers and content providers. We also have relationships with marketing partners, including pharmacy chains, that promote our Medicare platforms to their customers. We compensate many of our marketing partners for their referrals on a submitted health insurance application basis and, if they are licensed to sell health insurance, may share a percentage of the commission we earn from the health insurance carrier for each member referred by the marketing partner. Many factors influence the success of our relationship with our marketing partners, including: • • the continued positive market presence, reputation and growth of the marketing partner; the effectiveness of the marketing partner in marketing our website and services, including whether the marketing partner is successful in maintaining the prominence of its website in algorithmic search result listings and paid Internet advertisements; 22 • • • • • • the compliance of our marketing partners, and of the manner marketing partners refer consumers to our platforms, with applicable laws, regulations and guidelines; the interest of the marketing partner’s customers in the health insurance plans that we offer on our ecommerce platform; the contractual terms we negotiate with the marketing partner, including the marketing fees we agree to pay a marketing partner; the percentage of the marketing partner’s customers that submit applications or purchase health insurance policies through our ecommerce platform; the ability of a marketing partner to maintain efficient and uninterrupted operation of its website; and our ability to work with the marketing partner to implement website changes, launch marketing campaigns and pursue other initiatives necessary to maintain positive consumer experiences and acceptable traffic volumes. For instance, we partner with Internet lead aggregators who refer a significant number of consumers to our online platforms. Major search engines have in the past and may in the future determine not to list lead aggregator websites prominently in search result listings for various reasons, which would cause a significant reduction in the number of consumers referred to us through our marketing partner channel. If we are unable to maintain successful relationships with our existing marketing partners or fail to establish successful relationships with new marketing partners, our business, operating results and financial condition will be harmed. The impact that health care reform will have on our relationships with marketing partners is unclear. To the extent that health care reform makes it less profitable or desirable for marketing partners to promote us to their customers, we may lose relationships with existing marketing partners and may have difficulty entering into relationships with new marketing partners. We may also need to reduce the compensation that we pay to marketing partners to the extent that health care reform has the effect of reducing commissions for individual and family health insurance. There is no guarantee that we will be able to amend our agreements to reduce the compensation that we pay to acceptable levels in light of the commission rates that we receive. If we are not able to do so, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. In addition, the promulgation of laws, regulations or guidelines, or the interpretation of existing laws, regulations and guidelines, by state departments of insurance or by CMS, could cause our relationships with our marketing partners to be in noncompliance with those laws, regulations and guidelines. For instance, as a result of our acquisition of PlanPrescriber, we have marketing partner relationships with pharmacy chains that utilize aspects of our platform and tools. Our relationships with these pharmacy chains result in the referral of a significant number of individuals to us who are interested in purchasing Medicare plans. If CMS or state departments of insurance were to change existing laws, regulations or guidelines, or interpret existing laws, regulations or guidelines, to prohibit these arrangements, we would experience a significant decline in the number of Medicare-eligible individuals who are referred to our platforms and customer care centers, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition and could result in a write-down of the value of intangible assets acquired in our PlanPrescriber acquisition. We rely on health insurance carriers to accurately and regularly prepare commission reports, and if these reports are inaccurate or not sent to us in a timely manner, our business and operating results could be harmed. We also may not recognize trends in our membership as a result of a lack of information from health insurance carriers. For individual and family, small business, ancillary and Medicare Supplement health insurance plans, health insurance carriers typically pay us a specified percentage of the premium amount on a health insurance policy that we have sold during the period that a member maintains coverage under the policy. For both Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug policies, health insurance carriers typically pay us a fixed commission amount during the period the policy remains active, typically for up to six years, or longer 23 depending on carrier the arrangement, provided that the policy remains active with us. We rely on health insurance carriers to timely and accurately report the amount of commissions earned by us, and we calculate our commission revenue, prepare our financial reports, projections and budgets and direct our marketing and other operating efforts based on the reports we receive from health insurance carriers. There have been instances where we have determined that policy cancellation data reported to us by a health insurance carrier has not been completely accurate. Although we recognize commissions reported to us net of estimated cancellations, the extent to which health insurance carriers are inaccurate in their reporting of policy cancellations could cause us to change our cancellation estimates, which could adversely impact our revenues. We apply judgment and make estimates based on historical data and current trends to independently determine whether or not carriers are accurately reporting commissions due to us. To the extent that health insurance carriers understate or fail to accurately report the amount of commissions due to us in a timely manner or at all, we will not recognize revenue to which we are entitled, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We also depend on health insurance carriers and others for data related to our membership. For instance, with respect to health insurance plans other than small business health insurance, health insurance carriers do not directly report member cancellations to us, resulting in the need for us to determine cancellations using payment data that carriers provide. We infer cancellations from this payment data by analyzing whether payments from members have ceased for a period of time, and we may not learn of a cancellation for several months, given that some of our members pay on a schedule less frequently than monthly (e.g., quarterly). With respect to our small business membership, many groups notify the carrier directly with respect to increases or decreases in group size and policy cancellations. Our insurance carrier partners often do not communicate this information to us, and it often takes a significant amount of time for us to learn about small business group cancellations and changes in our membership within the group itself. We often are not made aware of policy cancellations until the time of the group’s annual renewal. The implementation of open enrollment periods under health care reform for the purchase of individual health insurance may present challenges to our ability to enroll a significant number of individuals into health insurance over a limited period of time. Significant increases in enrollment activity over a limited amount of time may also make it difficult for health insurance carriers to timely and accurately report commission information to us. To the extent health insurance carriers have difficulty in reporting timely and accurate commission information to us, it will be difficult or even impossible for us to estimate membership accurately until such time our health insurance carriers are able to resume reporting timely and accurate commission information to us. A substantial number of our existing members may become eligible for subsidies in connection with their purchase of health insurance. We may also experience difficulty in satisfying the conditions required to offer plans to individuals and families who are entitled to subsidies under health care reform, and even if we are able to satisfy them, we depend upon states to permit us to offer these plans and upon health insurance companies to allow us to sell them and to pay us commissions in connection with their sale. In the event we are not successful in gaining the ability to sell individual and family health insurance products to health care reform subsidy- eligible individuals, or if health insurance carriers pay us no commissions or reduced commissions in connection with the sale of these plans, we could lose a substantial number of existing and potential members and the related commission revenue we receive as a result of the sale of individual and family and small business health insurance products to them, which would materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, even if we are able to sell qualified health plans to subsidy eligible individuals, and particularly if states adopt open enrollment periods outside of state health insurance exchanges, it may be difficult for us to handle as a business the large amount of health insurance transactions occurring in a limited window of time. In the aggregate, a shift to open enrollment periods of limited duration in the individual and family and small business health insurance markets may result in a reduction in our membership and revenue; increase in our expenses, particularly during certain periods of the year; and otherwise may harm our business, operating results and financial condition, particularly given that the open enrollment for qualified health plans and perhaps other health plans overlaps with the annual enrollment period for Medicare plans. 24 After we have estimated membership for a period, we may receive information from health insurance carriers that would have impacted the estimate if we had received the information prior to the date of estimation. We may receive commission payments or other information that indicates that a member who was not included in our estimates for a prior period was in fact an active member at that time, or that a member who was included in our estimates was in fact not an active member of ours. We also reconcile information health insurance carriers provide to us and may determine that we were not historically paid commissions owed to us, which would cause us to have underestimated our membership. Additionally, health insurance carriers may require us to return commission payments paid in a prior period due to policy cancellations for members we previously estimated as being active. For these and other reasons, including if current trends in membership cancellation are inconsistent with past cancellation trends that we use to estimate our membership or if carriers subsequently report changes to the commission payments that they previously reported to us, our actual membership could be different from our estimates, perhaps materially. Total revenue per estimated member for the period would also change if our estimated membership changed. Our estimate regarding the average amount of time our members maintain their health insurance plans also could be inaccurate as it depends on the accuracy of our membership estimates. Our operating results fluctuate depending upon health insurance carrier payment practices and the timing of our receipt of commission reports from health insurance carriers. The timing of our revenue depends upon the timing of our receipt of commission reports and associated payments from health insurance carriers. There have been instances where their report of commissions and payment have been delayed, such as during holiday periods. Any delay could materially impact our financial results for a given quarter as we would not be able to recognize the related commission revenue in that quarter. In addition, much of our commission override revenue is not reported and paid to us in accordance with a scheduled pattern, and some is only reported and paid to us once per year. This could result in a large amount of commission revenue from a carrier being recorded in a given quarter that is not indicative of the amount of revenue we may receive from that carrier in subsequent quarters, causing fluctuations in our operating results. We could report revenue below the expectations of our investors or securities analysts in any particular period if a material report or payment from a health insurance carrier were delayed or not received within the time frame required for revenue recognition. The implementation of open enrollment periods under health care reform for the purchase of individual health insurance may present challenges to our ability to enroll a significant number of individuals into health insurance over a limited period of time. Significant increases in enrollment activity over a limited amount of time may also make it difficult for health insurance carriers to timely and accurately report commission information to us. To the extent health insurance carriers have difficulty in reporting timely and accurate commission information to us, we may be unable to recognize revenue in accordance with our revenue recognition policies, which could cause us to defer a substantial amount of revenue until such time our health insurance carriers are able to resume reporting timely and accurate commission information to us. We may be unsuccessful in competing effectively against current and future competitors. The market for selling health insurance plans is highly competitive. We compete with entities and individuals that offer and sell health insurance plans utilizing traditional distribution channels as well as the Internet. Our competitors include local insurance agents across the United States who sell health insurance plans in their communities. There are a number of agents that operate websites and provide an online shopping experience for consumers interested in purchasing health insurance. Some local agents use “lead aggregator” services that use the Internet to find consumers interested in purchasing health insurance and are compensated for referring those consumers to the traditional agent. In addition to health insurance brokers and agents, many health insurance carriers directly market and sell their plans to consumers through call centers and their own websites. Although we offer health insurance plans for many of these carriers, they also compete with us by offering their plans directly to consumers. We will also compete with state and federal health insurance exchanges implemented as a result of health care reform. Health care reform also will result in health insurance plan cost 25 and benefit data being more readily accessible, which could facilitate additional competition. In connection with our marketing of Medicare plans, we also compete with the original Medicare program. In addition, CMS offers plan information, comparison tools, call centers and online enrollment for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. In licensing our health insurance purchasing platform, we compete with companies providing technology that automates premium quoting, research and analysis of health insurance plans, member enrollment and other tools that support online sales efforts by health insurance carriers and their agents and brokers. We may not be able to compete successfully against our current or future competitors. Some of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, larger customer bases, greater brand recognition and significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. As compared to us, our current and future competitors may be able to: • • • undertake more extensive marketing campaigns for their brands and services; devote more resources to website and systems development; negotiate more favorable commission rates and commission override payments; and • make more attractive offers to potential employees, marketing partners and third-party service providers. In addition, CMS has the ability to regulate our marketing and sale of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. Competitive pressures may result in our experiencing increased marketing costs, decreased traffic to our website and loss of market share, or may otherwise harm our business, operating results and financial condition. There are many risks associated with our operations in China. A portion of our operations is conducted in China. Among other things, we use employees in China to maintain and update our ecommerce platform. This and other information is delivered to us through secured communications over the Internet. Our business would be harmed if this connection temporarily failed and we were prevented from promptly updating our software or implementing other changes to our database and systems. Our operations in China also expose us to different and unfamiliar laws, rules and regulations, including different intellectual property laws, which are not as protective of our intellectual property as the laws in the United States, and different labor and tax laws. United States and Chinese trade laws may impose restrictions on the importation of programming or technology to or from the United States. Additionally, we have recently experienced greater competition for qualified personnel in China, which has raised market salaries and increased our compensation costs related to employees in that location. If competition for personnel increases further, our compensation expenses could rise considerably or, if we determine to not increase compensation levels, our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel in China may be impaired, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. These risks could cause us to incur increased expenses and could harm our ability to effectively and successfully manage our operations in China, which in turn could cause our business, operating results and financial condition to suffer. Our subsidiary in China has a subsidiary business insurance agency license in the Fujian province in China pursuant to which we may sell health, accident and life insurance in the Fujian province. Our license is up for renewal at the end of 2014. We have relationships with insurance companies to host on our technology platform certain of those companies’ products that are offered throughout China. Additionally, we have entered, and may in the future continue to enter, into relationships with marketing partners to refer additional consumers to our website. We have limited experience marketing or selling insurance in China or in adapting our business and ecommerce platform to Chinese markets and cultures, legal and regulatory regimes or business customs. For 26 instance, the laws and regulations applicable to our marketing and selling insurance online and assisting others in those efforts in China are unclear, and our operations may be in violation of them. In addition, insurance laws and regulations in China are in a state of development, and the laws and regulations may change to prohibit or restrict our marketing insurance online. The consequences of violating insurance and other applicable laws and regulations in China are unclear, but they could result in the termination of our license and our ability to host insurance products on our technology platform, payment of fines and damages and could harm our business as a whole. For various reasons, we may not expand in China, and even if we do, there can be no assurance that our ecommerce platform in China would ever generate a significant amount of revenue or otherwise be successful. Our success in establishing an insurance- related business in China also depends on many of the factors that influence the success of our business in the United States, including, but not limited to, our receiving regulatory approvals (including the renewal of our license), acceptance of the Internet and our ecommerce platform as a marketplace for the purchase of insurance, our success in marketing our ecommerce platform and in retaining members who purchase insurance through that platform, our ability to enter into and maintain relationships with insurance carriers, commission rates, the affordability of the insurance products offered, insurance carrier business practices, the effectiveness with which we establish a brand identity, performance, reliability and availability of our ecommerce platform, competition, the regulatory environment and the manner in which health care delivery is financed and changes to such environment or manner, our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel and network security. Our participation and success in the insurance market in China may be impacted by additional factors given that outside of Xiamen city, the insurance products offered on our website are offered directly by insurance carriers. As a result, our success in selling insurance outside of Xiamen city depends on many factors, including our dependence on insurance carriers for the products on our website, the insurance carriers’ relationship with consumers, our relationship with the insurance carriers, the insurance carriers’ ability to maintain licenses and regulatory approvals, and the number, quality and attractiveness of the insurance products offered by the insurance carriers through our platform. While there is no certainty that we would be able to expand our presence in the insurance industry in China, we may attempt to do so. If we decide to do so, we will need to receive additional government licenses and approvals or enter into additional relationships and we may face disadvantages in doing so as a result of our subsidiary in China being wholly foreign-owned. Our sponsorship and advertising business may not be successful. We sell advertising space to health insurance carriers on our website through our sponsorship and advertising program. Our sponsorship and advertising program allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website. Health insurance carriers have and may continue to determine to eliminate or reduce spending on our sponsorship and advertising program as a result of various aspects of health care reform, including the medical loss ratio requirements that became effective in 2011. As a result, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. To the extent that economic conditions, health care reform or other factors impact the amount health insurance carriers are willing to pay for advertising on our ecommerce platform, our sponsorship and advertising program will be adversely impacted. The success of our sponsorship and advertising program depends on a number of other factors, including the effectiveness of the sponsorship and advertising program as a cost-effective method for carriers to obtain additional members, consumer and health insurance carrier adoption of the Internet and our ecommerce platform as a medium for the purchase and sale of health insurance, our ability to attract consumers visiting our ecommerce platform and convert those consumers into members, the existence of a relationship between us and a diverse group of carriers that offer a number of health insurance plans in the markets in which we attempt to sell advertising, the cost, benefit and brand recognition of the health insurance plan that is the subject of the advertising, the impact the advertising has on the sale of the health insurance plan that is the subject of the advertising and the effectiveness of the carrier’s other means of advertising. In addition, while our practice of selling advertising is described on our ecommerce platform, it could cause consumers to perceive us as not objective, which could harm our brand and result in a decline in our health insurance sales. It also could adversely impact our relationship with health insurance carriers that do not purchase our advertising. As a result, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. 27 We also develop, host and maintain carrier dedicated Medicare plan websites through our advertising program. Our success in doing so is dependent upon the same factors that could impact our sponsorship program. In addition, since we maintain relationships with a limited number of health insurance carriers to sell their Medicare plans, our Medicare plan-related advertising revenue is concentrated in a small number of health insurance carriers and our ability to generate Medicare plan-related advertising revenue would be harmed by the termination or non-renewal of any of these relationships. Moreover, in light of the regulations applicable to the marketing and sale of Medicare plans, and given that these regulations are often unclear, change frequently and are subject to changing interpretations, we may in the future not be permitted to sell Medicare plan related advertising. If we are not successful in generating Medicare plan related advertising revenue, our business operating results and financial condition could be harmed. We may not be successful in licensing the use of our ecommerce technology to health insurance carriers and other third parties. We license the use of our ecommerce technology to health insurance carriers and agents. Carriers use our platform to offer their own health insurance policies on their websites, and agents use it to power their quoting and online content. If we do not grow our revenue from the license of our technology, or if the rate of growth declines, our business, operating results and financial condition may be harmed. The impact that health care reform may have on our technology licensing business is unclear. Health care reform could reduce health insurance carrier and agent demand for our technology licensing platform as a result of the medical loss ratio requirements that became effective in 2011 or for other reasons, and health insurance carriers who currently use the platform could determine to cease using it, reduce the number and type of plans offered on the platform or renegotiate the fees that they pay, any of which would reduce the revenue we receive from our technology licensing business. The business of licensing the use of our technology to others could facilitate carrier, health insurance agent and other third party competition with us in the sale of health insurance over the Internet and is subject to a number of additional risks and uncertainties, including consumer and health insurance carrier adoption of our ecommerce platform as a medium for the purchase and sale of health insurance, our ability to establish relationships with new health insurance carriers, the reliability and performance of our ecommerce platform and the relative cost of developing competing technology. If we are not able to offer health insurance carriers and other third parties a reliable platform to cost-efficiently offer their plans over the Internet, our technology licensing business will be unsuccessful. We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property, which could harm our business and operating results. We believe that our intellectual property is an essential asset of our business and that our technology infrastructure currently gives us a competitive advantage in the distribution of individual and family and small business health insurance. We rely on a combination of copyright, trademark and trade secret laws as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to establish and protect our intellectual property rights in the United States. Although we have applied for patents in the United States, they may not result in issued patents. We have not filed for protection of our intellectual property in any foreign jurisdiction other than China. We have Chinese-registered computer software copyrights for an internally-developed software system and a project management tool and have certain trademarks in China. We have not filed any patent applications in China. The efforts we have taken to protect our intellectual property may not be sufficient or effective, and our trademarks, copyrights and patents if issued, may be held invalid or unenforceable. Moreover, the law relating to intellectual property is not as developed in China, and our intellectual property rights may not be as respected in China as they are in the United States. Any United States or other patents issued to us may not be sufficiently broad to protect our proprietary technologies, and given the costs of obtaining patent protection, we may choose not to seek patent protection for certain of our proprietary technologies. We may not be effective in policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property, trade secrets and other confidential information, and even if we do 28 detect violations, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights. Any enforcement efforts we undertake, including litigation, could be time-consuming and expensive, could divert our management’s attention and may result in a court determining that our intellectual property or other rights are unenforceable. If we are not successful in cost-effectively protecting our intellectual property rights, trade secrets and confidential information, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. We may in the future be subject to intellectual property rights claims, which are extremely costly to defend, could require us to pay significant damages and could limit our ability to use certain technologies in the future. There are a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets applicable to the internet and technology industries and entities frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. We have received, and may in the future receive, notices that claim we have misappropriated, infringed or misused other parties’ intellectual property rights, and, to the extent we gain greater visibility, we face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims. There may be third-party intellectual property rights, including issued or pending patents that cover significant aspects of our technologies or business methods or that cover third-party technology that we use as a part of our websites. Any intellectual property claim against us, with or without merit, could be time consuming, expensive to settle or litigate and could divert our management’s attention and other resources. These claims also could subject us to significant liability for damages and could result in our having to stop using technology found to be in violation of a third party’s rights. We might be required to seek a license for third-party intellectual property, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all. Even if a license is available, we could be required to pay significant royalties, which would increase our operating expenses. We may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense. If we cannot license or develop technology for any infringing aspect of our business, we would be forced to limit our services and may be unable to compete effectively. Any of these results would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Any legal liability, regulatory penalties, or negative publicity for the information on our website or that we otherwise distribute or provide could harm our business and operating results. We provide information on our website, through our customer care centers and in other ways regarding health insurance in general and the health insurance plans we market and sell, including information relating to insurance premiums, coverage, benefits, provider networks, exclusions, limitations, availability, plan comparisons and insurance company ratings. A significant amount of both automated and manual effort is required to maintain the considerable amount of insurance plan information on our website. Separately, from time to time, we use the information provided on our website and otherwise collected by us to publish reports designed to educate consumers, facilitate public debate, and facilitate reform at the state and federal level relating to the accessibility and affordability of health insurance. We also regularly provide health insurance plan information in our customer care centers. If the information we provide on our website, through our customer care centers or otherwise is not accurate or is construed as misleading, or if we do not properly assist individuals and businesses in purchasing health insurance, members, health insurance carriers and others could attempt to hold us liable for damages, our relationships with health insurance carriers could be terminated and regulators could attempt to subject us to penalties, revoke our licenses to transact health insurance business in a particular jurisdiction, and/or compromise the status of our licenses to transact health insurance business in other jurisdictions, which could result in our loss of our commission revenue. In the ordinary course of operating our business, we have received complaints that the information we provided was not accurate or was misleading. Although in the past we have resolved these complaints without significant financial cost, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so in the future. In addition, these types of claims could be time-consuming and expensive to defend, could divert our management’s attention and other resources, and could cause a loss of confidence in our services. As a result, whether or not we are able to successfully resolve these claims, they could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. 29 In the ordinary course of our business, we have received and may continue to receive inquiries from state regulators relating to various matters. We have become, and may in the future become, involved in litigation in the ordinary course of our business. If we are found to have violated laws or regulations, we could lose our relationship with health insurance carriers and be subject to various fines and penalties, including revocation of our licenses to sell insurance, and our business, operating results and financial condition would be materially harmed. We would also be harmed to the extent that related publicity damages our reputation as a trusted source of information relating to health insurance and its affordability. It could also be costly to defend ourselves regardless of the outcome. Changes in our management and key employees could affect our financial results. Our success is dependent upon the performance of our senior management and key personnel. Our management and employees can terminate their employment at any time. Many of our senior management and key employees have sold shares of our common stock in the open market, and some have sold a significant portion of their vested holdings. These employees may be more likely to leave us given that they have liquidated some or a substantial percentage of their holdings. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or key employees could harm our business. For example, we appoint a single writing agent with each insurance carrier. If we lose the service of our appointed writing agent, the duties of writing agent will need to be transitioned to other company personnel. Due to our national reach and the large number of carrier partners whose policies are purchased by our members, this transition may be difficult and requires a significant period of time to complete. If the transition is not successful or takes too long to complete, our agency relationship with particular insurance carriers may be terminated, our commission payments could be discontinued or delayed and, as a result, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. Our success is also dependent upon our ability to attract additional personnel for all areas of our organization. We may not be successful in attracting and retaining personnel on a timely basis, on competitive terms or at all. If we are unable to attract and retain the necessary personnel, our business would be harmed. In March 2012 we hired a new president and chief operating officer, and in April 2012 the employment of our executive vice president of business and corporate development and the employment of our chief technology officer terminated. We are likely to experience change in our operations as a result. If we are not effective in managing this transition in our leadership and changes in our operations, our business could be adversely impacted and our operating results and financial condition could be harmed. If we fail to manage the expansion of our business, our business and operating results would be harmed. We have expanded our operations significantly and have recently entered into the business of selling Medicare plans. Our entering into this new area of business places increasing and significant demands on our management, our operational and financial systems and infrastructure and our other resources. If we do not effectively manage this expansion, the quality of our services could suffer, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In order to successfully expand our business, we need to hire, integrate and retain highly skilled and motivated employees. We also need to continue to improve our existing systems for operational and financial management, including our reporting systems, procedures and controls. These improvements could require significant capital expenditures and place increasing demands on our management. We may not be successful in managing or expanding our operations or in maintaining adequate financial and operating systems and controls. If we do not successfully implement improvements in these areas, our business, operating results and financial condition will be harmed. Seasonality may cause fluctuations in our financial results. The number of individual and family health insurance applications submitted through our ecommerce platform has generally increased in our first quarter compared to our fourth quarter and in our third quarter compared to our second quarter. Conversely, we have generally experienced a decline or flattening of individual 30 and family submitted applications in our second quarter compared to our first quarter and in our fourth quarter compared to our third quarter. The majority of Medicare plans are sold in our fourth quarter during the Medicare annual enrollment period, when Medicare-eligible individuals are permitted to change their Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug coverage for the following year. As a result, we generate a significant amount of Medicare plan-related revenue in the fourth quarter of the year. Additionally, we recognize a majority of our renewal Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plan commission revenue in the first quarter of each year as the majority of policies sold during the annual enrollment period typically renew on January 1 of each year. Since a significant portion of our marketing and advertising expenses are driven by the number of health insurance applications submitted on our ecommerce platform, those expenses are influenced by these patterns. As a result, marketing and advertising expenses related to individual and family health insurance plans are highest in our first and third quarters, while marketing and advertising expenses related to Medicare plans are highest in our third and fourth quarters. Additionally, in preparation for the Medicare annual enrollment period, we begin ramping up our temporary customer care center staff during our second and third quarters and employ our temporary customer care center staff until the end of the Medicare annual enrollment period in December. Accordingly, our customer care center staffing costs are significantly higher in our third and fourth quarters compared to our first and second quarters. Based on these seasonal trends, our revenue is highest in the fourth quarter of the year and our profitability is relatively higher in the first and fourth quarters and substantially lower in the third quarter of the year. We expect this seasonal trend to occur in future years. Under the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and related amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, subsidy-eligible health insurance plans are required to be purchased by individuals, families and small businesses during an initial open enrollment period beginning in October 2013 and running through March 2014 in order for the individual, family or small business to receive subsidies from the government. Subsidy-eligible individuals, families and small businesses can thereafter change their qualified health plan only during an annual enrollment period scheduled to occur from October 15 through December 7 of each year thereafter, subject to states extending the period and exceptions for special enrollment periods for certain qualifying events. To the extent states allow us to market subsidy-eligible health plans and to the extent states adopt open enrollment periods for the sale of individual and family and small business health insurance in general, we will experience additional seasonality in both our sales volumes and expenses as a result of the enrollment period, which could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Additionally, if states adopt open enrollment periods for the sale of health insurance that is not subsidy-eligible, we may experience additional seasonality. Acquisitions could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and operating results. We may decide to acquire businesses, products and technologies. Our ability as an organization to successfully make and integrate acquisitions is unproven. Acquisitions could require significant capital infusions and could involve many risks, including the following: • • an acquisition may negatively impact our results of operations because it will require us to incur transaction expenses, and after the transaction, may require us to incur charges and substantial debt or liabilities, may require the amortization, write down or impairment of amounts related to deferred compensation, goodwill and other intangible assets, or may cause adverse tax consequences, substantial depreciation or deferred compensation charges; an acquisition undertaken for strategic business purposes may negatively impact our results of operations; • we may encounter difficulties in assimilating and integrating the business, technologies, products, personnel or operations of companies that we acquire, particularly if key personnel of the acquired company decide not to work for us; 31 • an acquisition may disrupt our ongoing business, divert resources, increase our expenses and distract our management; • we may be required to implement or improve internal controls, procedures and policies appropriate for a public company at a business that prior to the acquisition lacked these controls, procedures and policies; • the acquired businesses, products or technologies may not generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition costs or to maintain our financial results; • we may have to issue equity securities to complete an acquisition, which would dilute our stockholders’ ownership and could adversely affect the market price of our common stock; and • acquisitions may involve the entry into geographic or business markets in which we have little or no prior experience. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify or consummate any future acquisition on favorable terms, or at all. If we do pursue an acquisition, it is possible that we may not realize the anticipated benefits from the acquisition or that the financial markets or investors will negatively view the acquisition. Even if we successfully complete an acquisition, it could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements could be impaired, which could adversely affect our operating results, our ability to operate our business and our stock price. We have a complex business organization, and we recently expanded our business operations into the sale of Medicare plans. Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place to help ensure that we can produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time- consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently and is complicated by the expansion of our business operations. Our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, does not expect that our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors or all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. Over time, controls may become inadequate because changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may occur. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost- effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. As a result, we cannot assure that significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, could result in significant deficiencies or material weaknesses, cause us to fail to timely meet our periodic reporting obligations, or result in material misstatements in our financial statements. Any such failure could also adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual auditor attestation reports regarding disclosure controls and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules promulgated thereunder. The existence of a material weakness could result in errors in our financial statements that could result in a restatement of financial statements, cause us to fail to timely meet our reporting obligations and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, leading to a decline in our stock price and potential lawsuits against us. Changes in our provision for income taxes or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our results. Our provision for income taxes is subject to volatility and could be adversely affected by earnings differing materially from our projections, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, expiration of or 32 lapses in the research and development tax credit laws, tax effects of share-based compensation or by changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles, including accounting for uncertain tax positions, or interpretations thereof. For instance, in October 2010, the state of California approved budget legislation which substantially limited the utilization of net operating losses. The new law did not affect the amount of net operating losses and tax credits that we expect to ultimately use to offset future California taxes, but limited the amount we could utilize in 2010 and 2011, resulting in our paying higher cash taxes. To the extent that our provision for income taxes is subject to volatility or adverse outcomes as a result of tax examinations, our operating results could be harmed. Significant judgment is required to determine the recognition and measurement attribute prescribed in U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) relating to accounting for income taxes. In addition, U.S. GAAP applies to all income tax positions, including the potential recovery of previously paid taxes, which if settled unfavorably could adversely impact our provision for income taxes or additional paid-in capital. In addition, we are subject to examinations of our income tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities. We assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. There may be exposure that the outcomes from these examinations will have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. Any expansion of our business into foreign countries involves significant risks. We currently do not sell health insurance or license our technology platform outside the United States other than in China. We may attempt to expand aspects of our business to additional geographic regions. We face significant challenges in connection with expanding our business into any foreign country, since we have no prior experience marketing or selling insurance in any foreign jurisdiction. Additionally, demand for private health insurance is not significant in many foreign countries as a result of government-sponsored health care systems. In addition to facing many of the same challenges we face domestically, we also would have to overcome other obstacles such as: • • • • legal, political or systemic restrictions on the ability of United States companies to market insurance or otherwise do business in foreign countries; varied, unfamiliar and unclear legal and regulatory restrictions; less extensive adoption of the Internet as a commerce medium or information source and increased restriction on the content of websites; and the adaptation of our website and distribution model to fit the particular foreign country. As a result of these obstacles, we may find it impossible or prohibitively expensive to expand our services internationally or we may be unsuccessful should we attempt to do so, either of which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Risks Related to State Insurance Regulation Regulation of the sale of health insurance is subject to change, and future regulations could harm our business and operating results. The laws and regulations governing the offer, sale and purchase of health insurance are subject to change, and future changes may be adverse to our business. For example, a long standing provision in each state’s law that we believe is advantageous to our business is that once health insurance premiums are set by the carrier and approved by state regulators, they are fixed and not generally subject to negotiation or discounting by insurance companies or agents. Additionally, state regulations generally prohibit carriers, agents and brokers from providing financial incentives, such as rebates, to their members in connection with the sale of health insurance. As a result, we do not currently compete with carriers or other agents and brokers on the price of the health 33 insurance plans offered on our website. If these regulations change, we could be forced to reduce prices or provide rebates or other incentives for the health insurance plans sold through our ecommerce platform, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. States have, and will continue, to adopt new laws and regulations in response to health care reform legislation. It is difficult to predict how these new laws and regulations will impact our business, but in some cases such laws and regulations could amplify the adverse impacts of health care reform, or states may adopt new requirements that adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition. We are also subject to additional insurance regulatory risks, because we use the Internet as our distribution platform. In many cases, it is not clear how existing insurance laws and regulations apply to Internet-related health insurance advertisements and transactions. To the extent that new laws or regulations are adopted that conflict with the way we conduct our business, or to the extent that existing laws and regulations are interpreted adversely to us, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. If we fail to comply with the numerous state laws and regulations that are applicable to the sale of health insurance, our business and operating results could be harmed. The sale of health insurance is heavily regulated by each state in the United States. For instance, in addition to the impact and changes in regulations resulting from health care reform, state regulators require us to maintain a valid license in each state in which we transact health insurance business and further require that we adhere to sales, documentation and administration practices specific to that state. In addition, each employee who transacts health insurance business on our behalf must maintain a valid license in one or more states. Because we do business in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, compliance with health insurance-related laws, rules and regulations is difficult and imposes significant costs on our business. Each jurisdiction’s insurance department typically has the power, among other things, to: • • • • • • • • • grant and revoke licenses to transact insurance business; conduct inquiries into the insurance-related activities and conduct of agents and agencies; require and regulate disclosure in connection with the sale and solicitation of health insurance; authorize how, by which personnel and under what circumstances insurance premiums can be quoted and published and an insurance policy sold; approve which entities can be paid commissions from carriers and the circumstances under which they may be paid; regulate the content of insurance-related advertisements, including web pages, and other marketing practices; approve policy forms, require specific benefits and benefit levels and regulate premium rates; impose fines and other penalties; and impose continuing education requirements. Due to the complexity, periodic modification and differing interpretations of insurance laws and regulations, we may not have always been, and we may not always be, in compliance with them. New insurance laws, regulations and guidelines also may not be compatible with the sale of health insurance over the Internet or with various aspects of our platform or manner of marketing or selling health insurance plans. Failure to comply with insurance laws, regulations and guidelines or other laws and regulations applicable to our business could result in significant liability, additional department of insurance licensing requirements, the revocation of licenses in a particular jurisdiction and/or our inability to sell health insurance plans, which could significantly increase our operating expenses, result in the loss of our commission revenue and otherwise harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Moreover, an adverse regulatory action in one jurisdiction could result in 34 penalties and adversely affect our license status or reputation in other jurisdictions due to the requirement that adverse regulatory actions in one jurisdiction be reported to other jurisdictions. Even if the allegations in any regulatory or other action against us are proven false, any surrounding negative publicity could harm consumer, marketing partner or health insurance carrier confidence in us, which could significantly damage our brand. Because some consumers, marketing partners and health insurance carriers may not be comfortable with the concept of purchasing health insurance using the Internet, any negative publicity may affect us more than it would others in the health insurance industry and would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Changes in insurance laws, regulations and guidelines may also be incompatible with various aspects of our business and require that we make significant modifications to our existing technology or practices, which may be costly and time-consuming to implement and could also harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, we have received, and may in the future receive, inquiries from regulators regarding our marketing and business practices. We typically respond by explaining how we believe we are in compliance with relevant regulations or may modify our practices in connection with the inquiry. Any modification of our marketing or business practices in response to future regulatory inquiries could harm our business, operating results or financial condition. Risks Related to the Internet and Electronic Commerce Our business is subject to security risks and, if we are unable to safeguard the security and privacy of confidential data, including personal health information, our business will be harmed. Our services involve the collection and storage of confidential information of consumers and the transmission of this information to their chosen health insurance carriers. For example, we collect names, addresses, Social Security and credit card numbers, and information regarding the medical history of consumers in connection with their applications for health insurance. As a result, we are subject to various federal, state and international laws and regulations regarding the collection, maintenance, protection, use, transmission, disclosure and disposal of sensitive personal information. We cannot guarantee that our facilities and systems, and those of our third party service providers, will be free of security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming and/or human errors or other similar events. Compliance with privacy and security laws, requirements and regulations may result in cost increases due to new constraints on our business, the development of new processes, the effects of potential non-compliance by third party service providers, and enforcement actions. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches. Despite our implementation of security measures, techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently. As a result, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Additionally, although our third party service providers are required to implement appropriate security measures, we have limited control over their actions and practices. Any compromise or perceived compromise of our security could damage our reputation and our relationship with our members, marketing partners and health insurance carriers, could reduce demand for our services and could subject us to significant liability and expense as well as regulatory action and private privacy-related lawsuits, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, in the event that data security laws are implemented, or our health insurance carrier or other partners determine to impose new requirements on us relating to data security, we may not be able to timely comply with such requirements or such requirements may not be compatible with our current processes. Changing our processes could be time consuming and expensive, and failure to timely implement required changes could result in our inability to sell health insurance plans in a particular jurisdiction or for a particular health insurance carrier or subject us to liability for non-compliance, any of which would damage our business, operating results and financial condition. 35 Government regulation of the Internet could adversely affect our business. The laws governing general commerce on the Internet remain unsettled and it may take years to fully determine whether and how existing laws such as those governing intellectual property, privacy and taxation apply to the Internet. In addition, the growth and development of the market for electronic commerce may prompt calls for more stringent consumer protection laws that may impose additional burdens on companies conducting business over the Internet. Any new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations relating to the Internet could harm our business and we could be forced to incur substantial costs in order to comply with them, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our business could be harmed if we are unable to correspond with our consumers or market the availability of our ecommerce platform by email. We use email to market our services to potential members and as the primary means of communicating with our existing members. The laws and regulations governing the use of email for marketing purposes continue to evolve and the growth and development of the market for commerce over the Internet may lead to the adoption of additional legislation. If new laws or regulations are adopted, or existing laws and regulations are interpreted, to impose additional restrictions on our ability to send email to our members or potential members, we may not be able to communicate with them in a cost-effective manner. In addition to legal restrictions on the use of email, Internet service providers, e-mail service providers and others attempt to block the transmission of unsolicited email, commonly known as “spam.” Many Internet and e-mail service providers have relationships with organizations whose purpose it is to detect and notify the Internet and e-mail service providers of entities that the organization believes is sending unsolicited e-mail. If an Internet or e-mail service provider identifies email from us as “spam” as a result of reports from these organizations or otherwise, we can be placed on a restricted list that will block our email to members or potential members. If we are unable to communicate by email with our members and potential members as a result of legislation, blockage or otherwise, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. Consumers depend upon third-party service providers to access our website, and our business and operating results could be harmed as a result of technical difficulties experienced by these service providers. Consumers using our website depend upon Internet, online and other service providers for access to our website. Many of these service providers have experienced significant outages, delays and other difficulties in the past and could experience them in the future. Any significant interruption in access to our website or increase in our website’s response time as a result of these difficulties could damage our relationship with insurance carriers, marketing partners and existing and potential members and could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Common Stock The trading price of our common stock may be subject to significant fluctuations and volatility, and our stockholders may be unable to resell their shares at a profit. The stock markets, in general, and the markets for high technology stocks in particular, have historically experienced high levels of volatility. The market for technology stocks has been extremely volatile and frequently reaches levels that bear no relationship to the past or present operating performance of those companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In addition, the trading price of our common stock has been subject to significant fluctuations and may continue to fluctuate or decline, particularly as a result of developments relating to health care reform legislation. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock include, but are not limited to, the following: • price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time; 36 • • • • • • • • significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of technology companies in general, and companies in our industry; actual or anticipated changes in our results of operations or fluctuations in our operating results; actual or anticipated changes in the expectations of investors or securities analysts, including changes in financial estimates or investment recommendations by securities analysts who follow our business and changes in perceptions relating to the economy; speculation in the press or investment community; technological advances or introduction of new products by us or our competitors; actual or anticipated developments in our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally; litigation involving us, our industry or both; actual or anticipated regulatory developments in the United States or foreign countries, including health care reform legislation in the United States; • major catastrophic events; • • • • announcements or developments relating to the economy; our sale of common stock or other securities in the future; the trading volume of our common stock, as well as sales of large blocks of our stock; or departures of key personnel. These factors, as well as general economic and political conditions and the announcement of proposed and completed acquisitions or other significant transactions, or any difficulties associated with such transactions, by us or our strategic partners, customers or our current competitors, may materially adversely affect the market price of our common stock in the future. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against that company. Such litigation could result in substantial cost and a diversion of management’s attention and resources. In addition, volatility, lack of positive performance in our stock price or changes to our overall compensation program, including our equity incentive program, may adversely affect our ability to retain key employees. A limited number of stockholders have the ability to influence the outcome of director elections and other matters requiring stockholder approval. A small number of greater than 5% stockholders and their affiliated entities beneficially owned more than 50% percent of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2012. These stockholders, if they act together, could exert substantial influence over matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors, the amendment of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and the approval of mergers or other business combination transactions. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their stock as part of a sale of our company and might reduce our stock price. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by other stockholders. Certain provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could discourage takeover attempts and lead to management entrenchment. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control or changes in our management without the consent of our board of directors. These provisions include: • a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which may delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors; 37 • • • • • • cumulative voting in the election of directors is prohibited, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates; the exclusive right of our board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors; the ability of our board of directors to determine to issue shares of preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquiror; a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders; the requirement that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by the chairman of the board of directors, the chief executive officer or the board of directors, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors; and advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquiror from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquiror’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us. We are also subject to certain anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law. Under Delaware law, a corporation may, in general, not engage in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other things, the board of directors has approved the transaction. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. 38 ITEM 2. PROPERTIES The following table sets forth the location, approximate square footage and primary use of each of the principal properties we occupied at December 31, 2012: Location Mountain View, California – East Middlefield Road and North Whisman Road Approximate Square Footage 25,484 Primary Use Corporate headquarters, marketing and advertising, technology and content and general and administrative Gold River, California 38,897 Xiamen, China 48,873 Customer care and enrollment, technology and content and general and administrative Technology and content, customer care and enrollment, marketing and advertising and general and administrative South Jordan, Utah 27,830 Customer care and enrollment We lease all of the principal properties. In addition, we also lease office facilities in San Francisco, California and Maynard, Massachusetts for our customer care and enrollment, marketing and advertising, technology and content, and general and administrative personnel. All of our properties are fully used for current operations. We believe our existing facilities are adequate for our current needs and that suitable additional space will be available in the future to accommodate the expansion of our operations, if necessary. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS In the ordinary course of our business, we have received and may continue to receive inquiries from regulators relating to various matters. We have also become, and may in the future become, involved in litigation in the ordinary course of our business. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 39 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our common stock has been quoted on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “EHTH” since our initial public offering on October 13, 2006. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our stock. As of February 28, 2013, there were 41 stockholders of record of our common stock (which does not include the number of stockholders holding shares of our common stock in “street name”) and the closing price of our common stock was $15.53 per share on February 28, 2013 as reported by The NASDAQ Global Market. The following table sets forth for the indicated period the closing high and low sales prices for our common stock as reported on The NASDAQ Global Market. First Quarter 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First Quarter 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High Low $16.85 $17.72 $18.77 $27.76 $27.76 $14.07 $15.12 $16.12 $19.21 $14.07 High Low $14.40 $13.78 $14.00 $15.35 $15.35 $11.64 $12.43 $11.97 $12.97 $11.64 Dividend Policy We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our common stock. We currently do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities During the quarter ended December 31, 2012, we did not issue or sell any shares of our common stock or other equity securities pursuant to unregistered transactions in reliance upon an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities On July 27, 2010, we announced that our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing us to purchase up to $30 million of our common stock. Purchases under the repurchase program were made in the open market and complied with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In January 2011, we completed this stock repurchase program, having repurchased in the aggregate 2.3 million shares for approximately $30.0 million at an average price of $13.06 per share including commissions. The cost of the repurchased shares was funded from available working capital. On June 14, 2011, we announced that our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing us to purchase up to an additional $30 million of our common stock. Repurchases under this program began in the third quarter of 2011. Purchases under the repurchase program were made in the open market and complied with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In February 2012, we completed this stock repurchase program, having repurchased in aggregate 2.2 million shares for approximately $30.0 million at an average price of $13.78 per share including commissions. The cost of the repurchased shares was funded from available working capital. 40 On September 10, 2012, we announced that our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing us to purchase up to an additional $30 million of our common stock. On March 5, 2013, we announced that our board of directors approved an additional $30 million of stock repurchases, bringing the total approved under this program to $60 million. Purchases under this program may be made in the open market or unsolicited negotiated transactions and are expected to comply with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The timing of the purchases and the exact number of shares to be purchased will depend upon market conditions. The program does not require us to acquire a specific number of shares, and the program may be suspended from time to time or discontinued at any time. The cost of the repurchased shares is being funded from available working capital. For accounting purposes, common stock repurchased under our stock repurchase programs was recorded based upon the settlement date of the applicable trade. Such repurchased shares are held in treasury and are presented using the cost method. Stock repurchase activity under our stock repurchase programs during the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 is summarized as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share (1) Amount of Repurchase Cumulative balance at December 31, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchases of common stock during 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative balance at December 31, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchases of common stock during 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,904,652 1,893,154 5,797,806 599,997 Cumulative balance at December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,397,803 $14.39 $13.39 $14.07 $15.72 $14.22 $56,203 25,354 81,557 9,434 $90,991 (1) Average price paid per share includes commissions In addition to the 6.4 million shares repurchased under our repurchase programs as of December 31, 2012, we have in treasury an additional 0.2 million shares that were surrendered by employees to satisfy tax withholdings due in connection with the vesting of certain restricted stock units. As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, we had a total of 5.9 million shares and 6.6 million shares, respectively, held in treasury. The following table summarizes the stock repurchase activity for the three months ended December 31, 2012 and the approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased pursuant to our stock repurchase program that we announced on September 10, 2012 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share October 1, 2012—October 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1, 2012—November 30, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 1, 2012—December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 45,713 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,713 — $21.72 — $21.72 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program — 45,713 — 45,713 Approximate Dollar Amount of Shares that May Yet Be Repurchased $30,000 $29,007 $29,007 41 STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH The following information relating to the price performance of our common stock shall not be deemed “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission or “soliciting material” under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, or to liabilities under Section 18 of the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically request that such information be treated as soliciting material or to the extent that we specifically incorporate this information by reference. The graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock with the cumulative 5-year total returns on the NASDAQ Composite index and the Research Data Group (“RDG”) Internet Composite index for the five-year period between December 31, 2007 and December 31, 2012, assuming an investment of $100 at the beginning of such period and the reinvestment of any dividends. COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* Among eHealth, Inc, the NASDAQ Composite Index, and the RDG Internet Composite Index $160 $140 $120 $100 $80 $60 $40 $20 $0 1 2 / 0 7 3 / 0 8 6 / 0 8 9 / 0 8 1 2 / 0 8 3 / 0 9 6 / 0 9 9 / 0 9 1 2 / 0 9 3 / 1 0 6 / 1 0 9 / 1 0 1 2 / 1 0 3 / 1 1 6 / 1 1 9 / 1 1 1 2 / 1 1 3 / 1 2 6 / 1 2 9 / 1 2 1 2 / 1 2 eHealth, Inc NASDAQ Composite RDG Internet Composite *$100 invested on 12/31/07 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31. eHealth, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NASDAQ Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RDG Internet Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $100.00 100.00 100.00 $41.36 59.03 56.53 $51.17 82.25 98.33 $ 44.19 97.32 110.81 $ 45.78 98.63 114.60 $ 85.58 110.78 136.20 12/31/07 12/31/08 12/31/09 12/31/10 12/31/11 12/31/12 The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. 42 ITEM 6. SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Year Ended December 31, 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (in thousands, except per share amounts) Consolidated Statements of Income Data: Revenue: Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $100,839 10,872 $119,259 15,631 $135,366 25,038 $120,321 31,327 $130,663 24,810 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating costs and expenses: 111,711 134,890 160,404 151,648 155,473 Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and advertising (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,746 42,161 14,379 14,182 17,983 — 4,581 53,987 14,769 15,685 20,028 — 5,499 60,102 17,810 19,241 24,055 1,138 8,340 56,877 22,898 21,657 26,593 2,046 4,783 57,789 30,282 21,406 26,169 1,615 Total operating costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,451 109,050 127,845 138,411 142,044 Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense), net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,260 3,714 24,974 10,806 25,840 938 26,778 11,431 32,559 9 32,568 15,086 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14,168 $ 15,347 $ 17,482 Net income per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average number of shares used in per share amounts: $ $ 0.57 0.55 $ $ 0.63 0.61 $ $ 0.76 0.73 13,237 (53) 13,184 6,460 6,724 0.32 0.31 13,429 23 13,452 6,370 7,082 0.36 0.34 $ $ $ $ $ $ Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,963 25,954 24,309 25,201 23,118 23,873 20,947 21,703 19,867 20,753 (1) Includes stock-based compensation as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 644 266 898 1,686 $ 803 325 1,194 2,513 $ 808 384 1,622 3,581 $ 962 344 1,669 4,121 $ 1,215 321 1,021 3,065 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,494 $ 4,835 $ 6,395 $ 7,096 $ 5,622 43 As of December 31, 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (in thousands) Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Working capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings (accumulated deficit) . . . . . . . . . . . Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 94,136 56,499 148,946 168,755 628 (17,892) 154,979 $131,339 22,184 148,891 169,708 2,997 (2,545) 151,451 $128,074 — 128,395 185,845 3,451 14,937 162,197 $123,607 — 121,310 177,945 3,920 21,661 155,674 $140,849 — 135,249 196,301 4,625 28,743 170,867 44 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Overview We are the leading online source of health insurance for individuals, families and small businesses. Through our website addresses (www.eHealth.com, www.eHealthInsurance.com, www.eHealthMedicare.com and www.PlanPrescriber.com), consumers can get quotes from leading health insurance carriers, compare plans side- by-side, and apply for and purchase individual and family, Medicare-related, small business and ancillary health insurance plans. Our ecommerce technology also enables us to deliver consumers’ health insurance applications electronically to health insurance carriers. As a result, we simplify and streamline the complex and traditionally paper-intensive health insurance sales and purchasing process. We have invested heavily in technology and content related to our ecommerce platform. We have also invested significant time and resources in obtaining licenses to sell health insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, developing diverse member acquisition programs, obtaining necessary regulatory approvals of our websites and establishing relationships and appointments with over 200 leading insurance carriers, enabling us to offer thousands of health insurance plans online. Our ecommerce platforms can be accessed directly through our website as well as through our network of marketing partners. We generate revenue primarily from commissions we receive from health insurance carriers whose health insurance policies are purchased through our ecommerce platform. Commission revenue represented 84%, 79% and 84% of total revenue in the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. The commission payments we receive for individual and family, small business and ancillary health insurance policies are typically a percentage of the premium on the health insurance policy that we sold and are typically made to us on a monthly basis for as long as the policy remains active with us. We actively market the availability of Medicare-related health insurance plans through our online Medicare plan platforms (www.eHealthMedicare.com and www.PlanPrescriber.com). Our Medicare plan platforms enable consumers to research and compare Medicare-related health insurance plans, including Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. Commission payments we receive for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans sold by us are typically fixed and are earned over a period of up to six years, or longer depending on the carrier arrangement, and are paid to us either monthly or annually. Medicare commissions we receive are included in commission revenue. As a result of our commission structure, much of our revenue for a given financial reporting period relates to health insurance plans that we sold prior to the beginning of the period and is recurring in nature. Additionally, health insurance pricing, which is set by the health insurance carrier and approved by regulators, is not subject to negotiation or discounting by health insurance carriers or our competitors. In March 2010, the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and related amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act were signed into law. These health care reform laws contain provisions that have and will continue to change the health insurance industry in substantial ways. Among several other provisions, they and the regulations implementing them include a mandate requiring individuals to be insured or face tax penalties; a mandate that certain employers offer and contribute to their employees group health insurance coverage or face tax penalties; prohibitions against insurance companies using pre-existing health conditions as a reason to deny an application for health insurance; requirements for minimum individual and small business health insurance benefit levels, including prohibitions on lifetime coverage limits and limitations on annual coverage limits; medical loss ratio requirements that require each health insurance carrier to spend a certain percentage of their premium revenue on reimbursement for clinical services and activities that improve health care quality; establishment of state and/or federal health insurance exchanges to facilitate access to, and the purchase of, health insurance; open enrollment periods for the purchase of individual health insurance during specified times of the year; Medicaid expansion so that a greater number of individuals will be insured 45 under Medicaid programs; and subsidies and cost-sharing credits to make health insurance more affordable for those below certain income levels if they are eligible and purchase individual or small group health insurance through the state or federal health insurance exchange. While many aspects of health care reform do not become effective until 2014, health insurance carriers have been required to maintain medical loss ratios of eighty percent in their individual and family health insurance business since the beginning of 2011. The implementation of the medical loss ratio requirements by insurance carriers has resulted in a reduction in the commission rates that we are paid as a result of our selling individual and family health insurance plans. These commission rate changes began to impact our individual and family health insurance plan commission-based revenue in 2011. The implementation of an eighty-five percent medical loss ratio requirement for Medicare Advantage plans is scheduled to be implemented in 2014, and it is unclear what impact that implementation will have on our commission rates, if any. While aspects of health care reform may positively impact our business, the aggregate future impact of the implementation of health care reform on our business and financial results is uncertain. For instance, it is unclear how our existing members will react to health care reform and whether they will seek or be forced to purchase new health insurance products once health insurance carriers implement new health insurance plans or change existing plans in response to health care reform requirements. Our ability to act as a health insurance agent for these members will be dependent upon a number of factors, including their individual financial circumstances, their existing health insurance plans, the price of health insurance and our ability to expand our offering to include subsidy-eligible health insurance plans. While a large number of consumers may enter the market for individual health insurance in response to health care reform given the requirement that individuals purchase health insurance or face a tax penalty, it is unclear whether the tax penalty will have this intended effect, particularly if health insurance carriers significantly increase the cost of health insurance in response to health care reform. Moreover, we will face new competition in the form of government run health insurance exchanges and our ability to act as a health insurance agent to health care reform subsidy eligible individuals is dependent upon permission from state health insurance exchanges and our ability to meet other significant requirements in a short time frame. The implementation of open enrollment periods for the purchase of individual health insurance also presents challenges to our ability to enroll a significant number of individuals into health insurance over a limited period of time. The impact of health care reform on our health insurance carrier partners and their reaction is also unclear. For instance, health insurance carriers have the ability to unilaterally change their relationship with us, including the commission rates we receive for acting as a health insurance agent and may reduce the amount they pay us, alter the manner and geographic areas in which they permit us to sell their products and change our relationship with them in any number of ways. Given the disruption that the implementation of health care reform may have on the health insurance market, health care reform could in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We derive revenue from our online sponsorship and advertising program that allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website. In return, we are typically paid a monthly fee and a performance-based fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. We also offer Medicare advertising services, which allow Medicare plan carriers to purchase advertising on a separate website developed, hosted and maintained by us. In these instances, we are typically paid a fixed, up- front fee, which we recognize as revenue over the service period. We derive revenue from licensing the use of our health insurance ecommerce technology and typically receive a fixed, up-front fee or performance-based fees, or a combination of both. Our technology platform enables health insurance carriers and agents to market and distribute health insurance plans online. We have licensed our ecommerce technology for use by government agencies. We also derive revenue from referral fees paid to us based on leads generated by our online platforms that are delivered and sold to third parties. In early 2012 we began directly servicing most of the Medicare leads we generated as a health insurance agent, while significantly reducing the number of Medicare leads we sold to third 46 parties. To the extent that we assist in the sale of Medicare-related insurance plans as a health insurance agent, we generate revenue from commissions we receive from health insurance carriers, rather than one-time referral fees we receive for the sale of Medicare leads. Sources of Revenue Commission Revenue We generate revenue primarily from commissions we receive from health insurance carriers whose health insurance policies are purchased through us. Commissions for individual and family, small business and ancillary health insurance policies sold by us generally represent a percentage of the insurance premium and, to a much lesser extent, commission override payments that insurance carriers pay us for achieving sales volume thresholds or other objectives. Commission rates vary by carrier and by the type of plan purchased by a member. Commission rates can vary based upon the amount of time that the policy has been active, with commission rates for individual and family plans typically being higher in the first twelve months of the policy. After the first twelve months, commission rates generally decline significantly. As a result, if we do not add a sufficient number of members on new policies, our revenue growth will be negatively impacted. Individuals, families and small businesses purchasing health insurance through us typically pay their premiums on a monthly basis. Insurance carriers typically pay commissions to us on these policies monthly, after they receive the premium payment from the member. We generally continue to receive the commission payment from the relevant insurance carrier until the health insurance policy is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy. As a result, the majority of our commission revenue is recurring in nature. Major medical individual and family health insurance plans do not include small business or Medicare- related health insurance plan offerings and do not include other ancillary products such as stand-alone dental, life, vision and short-term insurance plan offerings. Our individual and family health insurance plan commission revenue was adversely impacted in 2011 and 2012 due to the reduction in the commission rates that we are paid on new policies sold subsequent to the implementation of the medical loss ratio requirements beginning in 2011 as a result of health care reform legislation. Commission rate changes due to the implementation of the medical loss ratio requirements applied prospectively to applicable commissions earned on or after January 1, 2011 and the majority of the changes applied only to commissions earned on new individual and family plan members approved in 2011 and thereafter. We define a member as an individual covered by an insurance plan, including individual and family, Medicare-related, small business and ancillary plans, for which we are entitled to receive compensation. For the majority of individual and family plan members that were approved prior to the effective date of the commission rate changes, we are being paid commissions at the rates in effect prior to the changes. As a result, the adverse impact to our overall individual and family health insurance commission rate structure is being phased in as the number of members approved after the commission rate changes becomes a greater proportion of our individual and family plan membership. Although we believe our overall individual and family health insurance commission rate structure is currently stabilizing, our actual future individual and family commission rate structure will depend on the total number of our individual and family plan members, the mix between individual and family plan members approved prior to the commission rate changes and those approved after the changes, any future changes to commission rates and the mix of new approved members by state, health insurance carrier and type of health plan, among other factors. Additionally, other programs that health insurance carriers have supported, such as commission overrides and our sponsorship and advertising programs, have also been reduced as carriers look to reduce costs to comply with the new medical loss ratio requirements. We generally recognize individual and family, small business and ancillary health insurance plan revenue when commissions are reported to us by a health insurance carrier, net of an estimate for future forfeiture amounts payable to carriers due to policy cancellations. Commissions are reported to us by a cash payment and commission statement. We generally receive these communications simultaneously. In instances when we receive the cash payment and commission statement separately and in different accounting periods, we recognize revenue in the period that we receive the earliest communication, provided we receive the second corroborating communication shortly after the end of the accounting period. If the second corroborating communication is not 47 received shortly after the end of the accounting period, we recognize revenue in the period the second communication is received. We use the data in the commission statements to help identify the members for which we are receiving a commission payment and the amount received for each member, and to estimate forfeitures payable to carriers. As a result, we recognize the net amount of compensation earned as the agent in the transaction. Commission override revenue, which we recognize on the same basis as premium commissions, is generally reported to us in a more irregular pattern than premium commissions. As a result, our revenue for a particular quarter could be higher or lower than expectations due to the timing of the reporting of commission override revenue to us. Under the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and related amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, subsidy-eligible health insurance plans are required to be purchased by individuals, families and small businesses during an initial open enrollment period beginning in October 2013 and running through March 2014 in order for the individual, family or small business to receive subsidies from the government. Subsidy-eligible individuals, families and small businesses can thereafter change their qualified health plan only during an annual enrollment period scheduled to occur from October 15 through December 7 of each year thereafter, subject to states extending the period and exceptions for special enrollment periods for certain qualifying events. To the extent states allow us to market subsidy-eligible health plans and to the extent states adopt open enrollment periods for the sale of individual and family and small business health insurance in general, we will experience additional seasonality in both our sales volumes and expenses as a result of the enrollment period. Additionally, if states adopt open enrollment periods for the sale of health insurance that is not subsidy-eligible, we may experience additional seasonality. We actively market the availability of Medicare-related insurance plans through our online Medicare plan platforms (www.eHealthMedicare.com and www.PlanPrescriber.com). These platforms enable consumers to research and compare Medicare-related insurance plans, including Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. We offer online application and telephonic enrollment capabilities for certain Medicare plans. To the extent that we assist in the sale of Medicare-related insurance plans as a health insurance agent, through either online applications or telephonically, we generate revenue from commissions we receive from health insurance carriers. The commission payments we receive for Medicare Supplement plans are typically a percentage of the premium on the policy that we sold and are paid to us on a monthly basis for as long as a policy remains active with us. For both Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, we receive a fixed, annual commission from insurance carriers after the policy is approved by the carrier and either a fixed, monthly commission beginning with and subsequent to the second policy year for a Medicare Advantage policy or a fixed, annual commission beginning with and subsequent to the second policy year for a Medicare Part D prescription drug policy. Additionally, these commission rates may be higher in the first twelve months of a policy if the policy is the first Medicare-related policy issued to the member. We may earn commission revenue for both Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans typically for a period of up to six years, or longer depending on the carrier arrangement, provided that the policy remains active with us. We recognize commission revenue for both Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans for the entire policy year once the annual or first monthly commission amount for the policy year is reported to us by the carrier, net of an estimate for future forfeiture amounts due to policy cancellations. For commissions paid to us on a monthly basis, we record a receivable for the commission amounts to be received over the remainder of the policy year, net of an estimate for commission amounts not expected to be collected due to policy cancellations, which is included in Accounts Receivable in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. We continue to receive the commission payments from the relevant insurance carrier until the earlier of our being notified that the health insurance policy has been cancelled, our no longer remaining the agent on the policy, or our commission term with the carrier expires, typically up to six years from the effective date of the policy, or longer depending on the carrier arrangement. We determine that there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement when we have a commission agreement with a health insurance carrier. Our services are complete when a carrier has approved an application in the initial year and when a member has renewed in a renewal year. 48 The seller’s price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured when a carrier has approved an application and the carrier reports to us the annual or first monthly renewal commission amount for each policy year. We expect to recognize a majority of our first year Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plan commission revenue in the fourth quarter of each year as a result of the Medicare annual enrollment period, which occurs in the fourth quarter of each year. Additionally, we recognize a majority of our renewal Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plan commission revenue in the first quarter of each year as the majority of policies sold during the annual enrollment period typically renew on January 1 of each year. Commission revenue attributable to major medical individual and family health insurance plans was 91%, 86% and 75% of commission revenue in the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. The decline in the percentage of commission revenue attributable to major medical individual and family health insurance plans in 2011 compared to 2010 was due primarily to a decrease in individual and family health insurance plans commission revenue as a result of a decrease in commission rates we are paid on those plans, and to a lesser extent, an increase in commission revenue attributable to Medicare-related insurance plans. The decline in the percentage of commission revenue attributable to major medical individual and family health insurance plans in 2012 compared to 2011 was due primarily to an increase in commission revenue attributable to Medicare-related insurance plans. We expect commission revenue to increase in absolute dollars in 2013 compared to 2012, primarily as a result of an increase in Medicare-related commission revenue, and to a lesser extent, increases in both individual and family plan and ancillary plan commission revenues. Other Revenue In addition to the commission revenue we derive from the sale of health insurance plans, we derive other revenue from our online sponsorship and advertising program, from licensing the use of our ecommerce technology and from generating and delivering leads, primarily for Medicare plans. Online Sponsorship and Advertising. We derive revenue from our online sponsorship and advertising program that allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website. In return, we are typically paid a monthly fee and a performance-based fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. We also offer advertising services for our Medicare plan carriers to purchase advertising on a separate website developed, hosted and maintained by us. In these instances, we are typically paid a fixed, up-front fee, which we recognize as revenue over the service period. Technology Licensing. We derive revenue from licensing the use of our health insurance ecommerce technology. Our technology platform enables health insurance carriers and agents to market and distribute health insurance plans online. In our technology licensing business, we are paid implementation fees and performance- based fees that are based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. Typically, we are paid a one-time implementation fee commencing once the technology is available for use by the third party. In addition, we generate revenue based on performance criteria that are either measured based on data tracked by us, or based on data tracked by the third party. In instances where the performance criteria data are tracked by us, we recognize revenue in the period of performance. In instances where the performance criteria data are tracked by the third party, we recognize revenue when the amounts earned are fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured. Typically, this occurs through our receipt of a cash payment from the third party along with a detailed statement containing the data that is tracked by the third party. Medicare Lead Referral. Our online Medicare plan platforms (www.eHealthMedicare.com and www.PlanPrescriber.com) enable consumers to research and compare Medicare-related insurance plans, including Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. The Medicare-related revenue we have generated includes referral fees paid to us based on Medicare leads generated 49 by our online platforms that are delivered and sold to third parties. Prior to 2012, the majority of our lead referral revenue was generated during the Medicare annual enrollment period, which occurs during the fourth quarter of the calendar year. In the second quarter of 2012, we began to perform services for substantially all Medicare leads ourselves as a health insurance agent, for which we are entitled to receive commissions. As a result, our Medicare lead referral revenue declined substantially. In the future, we intend to continue to perform services for substantially all Medicare leads ourselves as a health insurance agent. We expect other revenue to decline in absolute dollars in 2013 compared to 2012 due primarily to a decrease in Medicare lead referral revenue as a result of our strategic decision to directly service most of the Medicare leads we generate as a health insurance agent, while significantly reducing the number of Medicare leads we sell to third parties. As a result of this decision, we expect Medicare-related commission revenue to continue to increase in 2013. We expect the decline in Medicare lead referral revenue to be partially offset by an increase in online sponsorship and advertising revenue. Member Acquisition An important factor in our revenue growth is the growth of our member base. Our marketing initiatives are an important component of our strategy to grow our member base and are focused on three primary member acquisition channels: direct, marketing partners and online advertising. Our marketing initiatives are primarily designed to encourage consumers to complete an application for health insurance. Our marketing channels are as follows: Direct. Our direct member acquisition channel consists of consumers who access our website addresses (www.eHealth.com, www.eHealthInsurance.com, www.eHealthMedicare.com and www.PlanPrescriber.com) either directly or through algorithmic natural search listings on Internet search engines and directories. For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, applications submitted through us for individual and family health insurance from our direct channel constituted 43%, 44% and 47%, respectively, of all individual and family health insurance applications submitted on our website. Marketing Partners. Our marketing partner member acquisition channel consists of consumers who access our websites through a network of affiliate partners and financial services and other companies. Growth in our marketing partner channel depends upon our expanding marketing programs with existing partners and adding new partners to our network. For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, applications submitted through us for individual and family health insurance plans from our marketing partner member acquisition channel constituted approximately 29%, 32% and 32%, respectively, of all individual and family health insurance applications submitted on our website. Online Advertising. Our online advertising member acquisition channel consists of consumers who access our websites through paid keyword search advertising from search engines such as Google, Bing and Yahoo!, as well as various Internet marketing programs such as banner advertising and email marketing. For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, applications submitted through us for individual and family health insurance plans from our online advertising channel constituted approximately 28%, 24% and 21%, respectively, of all individual and family health insurance applications submitted on our website. In addition to our marketing channels, we have acquired Medicare members through transactions with a broker partner. We have entered into several agreements, whereby the partner has transferred certain of its existing Medicare plan members to us as the broker of record on the underlying policies. The first of these transferred books-of-business occurred in November 2010 and the most recent in June 2012. Operating Costs and Expenses Cost of Revenue Included in cost of revenue are payments related to health insurance policies sold to members who were referred to our website by marketing partners with whom we have revenue-sharing arrangements. In order to 50 enter into a revenue-sharing arrangement, marketing partners must be licensed to sell health insurance in the state where the policy is sold. Costs related to revenue-sharing arrangements are expensed as the related revenue is recognized. In the year 2011, cost of revenue also included a significant amount of direct labor and other direct costs incurred in connection with a contract with the federal government, the term of which expired in January 2012. Additionally, cost of revenue includes the amortization of consideration we paid to certain broker partners in connection with the transfer of their health insurance members to us as the new broker of record on the underlying policies. These transfers include primarily Medicare plan members. Total consideration paid in connection with these transfers amounted to $2.6 million, $5.1 million and $6.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Consideration for all book-of-business transfers is being amortized to cost of revenue as we recognize commission revenue related to the transferred members over a period of up to five years for each arrangement. In 2012, cost of revenue also included a $0.4 million asset impairment charge related to an acquired book-of-business. We expect cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars in 2013 compared to 2012 due to an increase in the amortization of consideration we paid to certain broker partners in connection with the transfer of their health insurance members to us as the new broker of record on the underlying policies. Marketing and Advertising Marketing and advertising expenses consist primarily of member acquisition expenses associated with our direct, marketing partner and online advertising member acquisition channels, in addition to compensation and other expenses related to marketing, business development, partner management, public relations and carrier relations personnel who support our offerings. Our direct channel expenses primarily consist of costs for e-mail marketing and may also include costs for television advertising, radio advertising, print advertising, direct mail and email marketing. Our marketing partner channel expenses consist primarily of fees paid to marketing partners with which we have a relationship. We compensate a significant number of our marketing partners by paying a fee each time a consumer referral from a partner results in a submitted health insurance application, regardless of whether the consumer’s application is approved by the health insurance carrier. Many of our marketing partners have tiered arrangements in which the amount of the fee increases as the volume of submitted applications we receive from the marketing partner increases over a particular period. We recognize these expenditures in the period when a marketing partner’s referral results in the submission of a health insurance application. The number of individual and family health insurance applications submitted through our ecommerce platform has generally increased in our first quarter compared to our fourth quarter and in our third quarter compared to our second quarter. Conversely, we have generally experienced a decline or flattening in individual and family submitted applications in our second quarter compared to our first quarter and in our fourth quarter compared to our third quarter. The majority of Medicare plans are sold in our fourth quarter during the Medicare annual enrollment period, when Medicare-eligible individuals are permitted to change their Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug coverage for the following year. Since a significant portion of our marketing and advertising expenses are driven by the number of health insurance applications submitted on our website, those expenses are influenced by these patterns. In addition, because the total volume of submitted applications that we receive from our marketing partners is largely outside of our control, particularly during any short-term period, and because of our tiered marketing partner arrangements, we could incur expenses in excess of, or below, the amounts we had planned in periods of rapid change in the volume of submitted applications from marketing partner referrals. An unanticipated increase in submitted applications resulting from marketing partner referrals could cause our net income to be lower than our expectation, since the revenue to be derived from submitted applications that are approved by health insurance carriers will not be recognized until future periods. 51 Paid keyword search advertising on search engines represents the majority of expenses in our online advertising channel. We incur expenses associated with search engine advertising in the period in which the consumer clicks on the advertisement. Similar to our marketing partner channel, expenses in our online advertising channel will increase or decrease in relation to any increase or decrease in consumers referred to our website as a result of search engine advertising. For example, due to the substantial increase in the number of consumers referred to our website from paid keyword search advertising during the Medicare annual enrollment period in the fourth quarter of 2012, we experienced a significant increase in online advertising expenses during the fourth quarter of 2012 compared to the other quarters of 2012. We also increased our discretionary spending for Medicare plan-related online advertising in the third and fourth quarters of 2012, compared to first and second quarters, in conjunction with the Medicare annual enrollment period in the fourth quarter of 2012. Because the majority of our Medicare plan-related revenue is not generated until the fourth quarter, our discretionary online advertising expenses had a negative impact on our profitability during the third quarter of 2012. These seasonal patterns also occurred in 2011 and we expect them to occur again in 2013. We expect our marketing and advertising expenses to increase in absolute dollars in 2013 compared to 2012 due to an increase in our Medicare-related online marketing and advertising expenditures during 2013, including paid keyword search advertising. Customer Care and Enrollment Customer care and enrollment expenses primarily consist of compensation and benefits costs for personnel engaged in pre-sales assistance to applicants who call our customer care center and for enrollment personnel who assist applicants during the underwriting process. Beginning in the second quarters of 2011 and 2012, we hired, trained and obtained health insurance licenses and health insurance carrier appointments for additional employees in our customer care centers to service the increase in the volume of Medicare leads we received in the fourth quarters of those years as a result of the Medicare annual enrollment period. Many of these additional customer care center employees were temporary and their employment ended at or near the conclusion of the Medicare annual enrollment period in December. As a result of our temporary customer care center staffing requirements, we expect our customer care and enrollment costs to be higher in the third and fourth quarters of each year compared to the first and second quarters. Because the majority of our Medicare plan-related revenue is not generated until the fourth quarter, our temporary customer care center staffing costs incurred in the third quarters of both 2011 and 2012 had a significant negative impact on our profitability during those quarters. We expect these seasonal trends to continue in 2013. We expect customer care and enrollment expenses to increase in absolute dollars in 2013 compared to 2012 as a result of additional personnel we have hired and expect to hire to service the expected increase in the volume of Medicare demand in 2013 and due to an increase in expenditures to further develop our Medicare plan sales capabilities. Technology and Content Technology and content expenses consist primarily of compensation and benefits costs for personnel associated with developing and enhancing our website technology as well as maintaining our website. A majority of our technology and content group is located at our wholly-owned subsidiary in China, where technology development costs are generally lower than in the United States. We expect technology and content expenses to increase in absolute dollars and as a percentage of total revenue in 2013 compared to 2012 as a result of an increase in labor and personnel costs in our product management and engineering departments. 52 General and Administrative General and administrative expenses include compensation and benefits costs for staff working in our executive, finance, corporate development, investor relations, government affairs, legal, human resources, internal audit, facilities and internal information technology departments. These expenses also include fees paid for outside professional services, including audit, tax, legal, government affairs and information technology fees. We expect our general and administrative expenses to decline as a percentage of total revenue in 2013 compared to 2012 as the growth rate in total revenue is expected to be higher than the growth rate in general and administrative expenses. 53 d e d n E s h t n o M e e r h T , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 , 0 3 e n u J 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 , 1 3 h c r a M , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S , 0 3 e n u J 1 1 0 2 , 1 3 h c r a M 1 1 0 2 0 0 6 , 3 1 1 0 0 6 , 3 9 0 0 7 , 6 8 1 0 0 1 , 0 2 1 0 0 5 , 9 9 0 0 5 , 4 7 1 0 0 4 , 3 0 1 0 0 9 , 7 8 0 0 5 , 8 4 1 0 0 4 , 5 1 1 0 0 3 , 0 0 1 0 0 9 , 1 5 1 0 0 2 , 3 0 1 0 0 5 , 5 8 0 0 6 , 9 3 1 0 0 8 , 4 1 1 0 0 4 , 5 9 0 0 3 , 0 4 1 0 0 6 , 1 0 1 0 0 6 , 7 8 0 0 4 , 4 2 1 0 0 0 , 9 1 1 0 0 8 , 1 0 1 0 0 0 , 1 4 1 0 0 0 , 8 3 2 , 5 $ 0 0 0 , 8 2 9 , 6 $ 0 0 0 , 2 3 6 , 7 $ 0 0 0 , 3 9 0 , 5 $ 0 0 0 , 7 3 5 , 2 $ 0 0 0 , 3 1 4 , 5 $ 0 0 0 , 6 1 8 , 7 $ 0 0 0 , 5 7 7 , 6 $ 0 0 0 , 5 0 3 , 7 3 $ 0 0 0 , 1 9 2 , 1 3 $ 0 0 0 , 3 0 6 , 0 3 $ 0 0 0 , 4 6 4 , 1 3 $ 0 0 0 , 6 7 2 , 1 3 $ 0 0 0 , 6 0 2 , 8 2 $ 0 0 0 , 9 7 0 , 0 3 $ 0 0 0 , 0 6 7 , 0 3 $ 7 0 . 9 3 $ 7 . 4 3 $ 7 4 . 5 3 $ 2 8 . 7 3 $ 7 4 . 8 3 $ 4 9 . 4 3 $ 7 4 . 7 3 $ 5 9 . 8 3 $ 0 0 7 , 9 0 7 0 0 6 , 0 7 0 0 6 , 2 0 2 0 0 9 , 2 8 9 0 0 6 , 8 9 6 0 0 4 , 8 4 0 0 6 , 9 7 1 0 0 6 , 6 2 9 0 0 0 , 4 8 6 0 0 9 , 2 4 0 0 0 , 0 5 1 0 0 9 , 6 7 8 0 0 8 , 6 8 6 0 0 2 , 5 3 0 0 6 , 6 2 1 0 0 6 , 8 4 8 0 0 0 , 5 7 6 0 0 3 , 4 2 0 0 2 , 6 1 1 0 0 5 , 5 1 8 0 0 4 , 3 8 6 0 0 4 , 2 1 0 0 6 , 4 1 1 0 0 4 , 0 1 8 0 0 1 , 8 8 6 0 0 4 , 8 0 0 6 , 7 0 1 0 0 1 , 4 0 8 0 0 4 , 3 9 6 0 0 2 , 5 0 0 6 , 2 0 1 0 0 2 , 1 0 8 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 , 0 3 e n u J 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 , 1 3 h c r a M , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S , 0 3 e n u J 1 1 0 2 , 1 3 h c r a M 1 1 0 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 1 ( s w o l f h s a c g n i t a r e p O . . . . . . . ) 3 ( s r e b m e m d e v o r p p a P F I ) 4 ( s r e b m e m d e v o r p p a l a t o T . . . ) 5 ( e u n e v e r n o i s s i m m o C ) 2 ( s n o i t a c i l p p a d e t t i m b u s P F I ) 6 ( d o i r e p e h t r o f r e b m e m d e t a m i t s e r e p e u n e v e r n o i s s i m m o C : s c i r t e M y e K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 7 ( p i h s r e b m e m d e t a m i t s e P F I ) 8 ( p i h s r e b m e m d e t a m i t s e e r a c i d e M . . . . . ) 9 ( p i h s r e b m e m d e t a m i t s e r e h t O ) 0 1 ( p i h s r e b m e m d e t a m i t s e l a t o T : 2 1 0 2 d n a 1 1 0 2 r o f s c i r t e m y l r e t r a u q d e t c e l e s n i a t r e c s w o h s e l b a t g n i w o l l o f e h T s c i r t e M d e t c e l e S f o y r a m m u S % 9 4 % 3 3 % 8 1 % 0 0 1 % 8 4 % 2 3 % 0 2 % 0 0 1 % 7 4 % 1 3 % 2 2 % 0 0 1 % 4 4 % 3 3 % 3 2 % 0 0 1 % 3 4 % 3 3 % 4 2 % 0 0 1 % 4 4 % 3 3 % 3 2 % 0 0 1 % 5 4 % 2 3 % 3 2 % 0 0 1 % 3 4 % 2 3 % 5 2 % 0 0 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) 1 1 ( t c e r i D . . ) 2 1 ( s r e n t r a p g n i t e k r a M ) 3 1 ( g n i s i t r e v d a e n i l n O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l a t o T l a t o t f o e g a t n e c r e p a s a ( s n o i t a c i l p p a d e t t i m b u s P F I f o e c r u o S : ) d o i r e p e h t r o f s n o i t a c i l p p a P F I d e d n E s h t n o M e e r h T , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 , 0 3 e n u J 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 , 1 3 h c r a M , 1 3 r e b m e c e D , 0 3 r e b m e t p e S , 0 3 e n u J 1 1 0 2 , 1 3 h c r a M 1 1 0 2 : s c i r t e M r e h t O 54 Notes: (1) Net cash provided by operating activities for the period from the consolidated statements of cash flows. (2) IFP applications submitted on eHealth’s website during the period. Applications are counted as submitted when the applicant completes the application, provides a method for payment and clicks the submit button on our website and submits the application to us. The applicant generally has additional actions to take before the application will be reviewed by the insurance carrier, such as providing additional information and providing an electronic signature. In addition, an applicant may submit more than one application. We include applications for IFP plans for which we receive commissions as well as other forms of payment. We define our “IFP” offerings as major medical individual and family health insurance plans, which does not include small business, short-term, stand-alone dental, life, student or Medicare-related health insurance plans. (3) New IFP members reported to eHealth as approved during the period. Some members that are approved by a carrier do not accept the approval and therefore do not become paying members. (4) New members for all products reported to eHealth as approved during the period. Some members that are approved by a carrier do not accept the approval and therefore do not become paying members. (5) Commission revenue (from all sources) recognized during the period from the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. (6) Calculated as commission revenue recognized during the period (see note (5) above) divided by average estimated membership for the period (calculated as beginning and ending estimated membership for all plans for the period, divided by two). (7) Estimated number of members active on IFP insurance policies as of the date indicated. (8) Estimated number of members active on Medicare-related insurance policies as of the date indicated. (9) Estimated number of members active on insurance policies other than IFP and Medicare-related policies as of the date indicated. (10) Estimated number of members active on all insurance policies, including Medicare-related policies, as of the date indicated. (11) Percentage of IFP submitted applications from applicants who came directly to the eHealth website through algorithmic search engine results or otherwise. See note (2) above for further information as to what constitutes a submitted application. (12) Percentage of IFP submitted applications from applicants sourced through eHealth’s network of marketing partners. See note (2) above for further information as to what constitutes a submitted application. (13) Percentage of IFP submitted applications from applicants sourced through paid search and other online advertising activities. See note (2) above for further information as to what constitutes a submitted application. Our insurance carrier partners bill and collect insurance premiums paid by our members. Carrier partners do not report to us the number of members that we have as of a given date. The majority of our non-Medicare members who terminate their policies do so by discontinuing their premium payments to the carrier and do not inform us of the cancellation. Also, some of our non-Medicare members pay their premiums less frequently than monthly. Given the number of months required to observe non-payment of commissions in order to confirm cancellations, we estimate the number of members who are active on insurance policies as of a specified date. We estimate the number of continuing members on all policies as of a specific date as follows: • • For individual and family health insurance policies, we take the sum of (i) the number of members for whom we have received or applied a commission payment for the month that is six months prior to the date of estimation (after reducing that number using historical experience for assumed member cancellations over the six-month period); and (ii) the number of approved members over the six-month period prior to the date of estimation (after reducing that number using historical experience for an assumed number of members who do not accept their approved policy and for estimated member cancellations through the date of the estimate). For ancillary insurance policies (such as short-term, dental, vision, accident and student), we take the sum of (i) the number of members for whom we have received or applied a commission payment for 55 the month that is one to three months prior to the date of estimation (after reducing that number using historical experience for assumed member cancellations over the one to three-month period); and (ii) the number of approved members over the one to three-month period prior to the date of estimation (after reducing that number using historical experience for an assumed number of members who do not accept their approved policy and for estimated member cancellations through the date of the estimate). The one to three-month period varies by insurance product and is largely dependent upon the timeliness of commission payment and related reporting from the related carriers. • • For Medicare-related insurance policies, we take the number of members for whom we have received or applied a commission payment prior to the date of estimation (after reducing that number using historical experience for assumed member cancellations, including rapid disenrollment). For small business health insurance policies, we estimate the number of members using the number of initial members at the time the group is approved, and we update this number for changes in membership if such changes are reported to us by the group or carrier in the period it is reported. However, groups generally notify the carrier directly of policy cancellations and increases or decreases in group size without informing us. Additionally, our carrier partners often do not communicate this information to us. We often are made aware of policy cancellations at the time of annual renewal and update our membership statistics accordingly in the period they are reported. As a result, a member who purchases and is active on multiple standalone insurance policies will be counted as a member more than once. For example, a member who is active on both an individual and family health insurance policy and a standalone dental policy will be counted as two continuing members. After we have estimated membership for a period, we may receive information from health insurance carriers that would have impacted the estimate if we had received the information prior to the date of estimation. We may receive commission payments or other information that indicates that a member who was not included in our estimates for a prior period was in fact an active member at that time, or that a member who was included in our estimates was in fact not an active member of ours. For instance, we reconcile information carriers provide to us and may determine that we were not historically paid commissions owed to us, which would cause us to have underestimated our membership. Conversely, carriers may require us to return commission payments paid in a prior period due to policy cancellations for members we previously estimated as being active. We reflect updated information regarding our membership in the membership estimate for the current period that we are estimating, if applicable. As a result of the delay in our receipt of information from insurance carriers, actual trends in our membership are most discernible over periods longer than from one quarter to the next. In addition, and as a result of the delay we experience in receiving information about our membership, it is difficult for us to determine with any certainty the impact of current economic and other conditions on our membership retention. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP, requires us to make judgments, assumptions, and estimates that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are based on current facts, historical experience, and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances to determine reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. To the extent there are material differences between our estimates and the actual results, our future consolidated results of operations may be affected. An accounting policy is considered to be critical if the nature of the estimates or assumptions is material due to the levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or the susceptibility of such matters to change, and the effect of the estimates and assumptions on financial condition or operating 56 performance. The accounting policies we believe to reflect our more significant estimates, judgments and assumptions and are most critical to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results are as follows: • Revenue Recognition; • Stock-Based Compensation; • Realizability of Long-Lived Assets; and • Accounting for Income Taxes. During the year ended December 31, 2012, there were no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates. Revenue Recognition Commission Revenue We recognize revenue for our services when each of the following four criteria is met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; the seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable; and collectability is reasonably assured. Our revenue is primarily comprised of compensation paid to us by health insurance carriers related to insurance policies that have been purchased by a member who used our service. We define a member as an individual currently covered by an insurance plan, including individual and family, Medicare-related, small business and ancillary plans, for which we are entitled to receive compensation from an insurance carrier. Commission Revenue—For individual and family, Medicare Supplement, small business and ancillary plans, our compensation generally represents a percentage of the premium amount collected by the carrier during the period that a member maintains coverage under a policy (commissions) and, to a much lesser extent, override commissions that health insurance carriers pay us for achieving certain objectives. Premium-based commissions are reported to us after the premiums are collected by the carrier, generally on a monthly basis. We generally continue to receive the commission payment from the relevant insurance carrier until the health insurance policy is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy. We recognize commission revenue for individual and family, Medicare Supplement, small business and ancillary plans as the commissions are reported to us by the carrier, net of an estimate for future forfeiture amounts due to policy cancellations. We determine that there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement when we have a commission agreement with a health insurance carrier, a carrier reports to us that it has approved an application submitted through our ecommerce platform and the applicant starts making payments on the policy. Our services are complete when a carrier has approved an application. The seller’s price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured when commission amounts have been reported to us by a carrier. We recognize individual and family, small business and ancillary commission override revenue when reported to us by a carrier based on the actual attainment of predetermined target sales levels or other objectives as determined by the carrier. Commission override revenue, which we recognize on the same basis as individual and family, small business and ancillary commissions, is generally reported to us in a more irregular pattern than such commissions. For both Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, we receive a fixed, annual commission payment from insurance carriers once the policy is approved by the carrier and either a fixed, monthly commission payment beginning with and subsequent to the second policy year for a Medicare Advantage policy or a fixed, annual commission payment beginning with and subsequent to the second policy year for a Medicare Part D prescription drug policy. Additionally, these commission rates may be higher in the first twelve months of a policy if the policy is the first Medicare-related policy issued to the member. We recognize commission revenue for both Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans for the 57 entire policy year once the annual or first monthly commission amount for the policy year is reported to us by the carrier, net of an estimate for future forfeiture amounts due to policy cancellations. For commissions paid to us on a monthly basis, we record a receivable for the commission amounts to be received over the remainder of the policy year, net of an estimate for commission amounts not expected to be collected due to policy cancellations, which is included in Accounts Receivable in the consolidated balance sheets. We continue to receive the commission payments from the relevant insurance carrier until the earlier of our being notified that the health insurance policy has been cancelled, our no longer remaining the agent on the policy, or our commission term with the carrier expires, typically up to six years from the effective date of the policy, or longer depending on the carrier arrangement. We determine that there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement when we have a commission agreement with a health insurance carrier. Our services are complete when a carrier has approved an application in the initial year and when a member has renewed in a renewal year. The seller’s price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured when a carrier has approved an application and the carrier reports to us the annual or first monthly renewal commission amount for each policy year. Commissions for all health insurance plans we sell are reported to us by a cash payment and commission statement. We generally receive these communications simultaneously. In instances when we receive the cash payment and commission statement separately and in different accounting periods, we recognize revenue in the period that we receive the earliest communication, provided we receive the second corroborating communication shortly following the end of the accounting period. If the second corroborating communication is not received shortly following the end of the accounting period, we recognize revenue in the period the second communication is received. We use the data in the commission statements to help identify the members for which we are receiving a commission payment and the amount received for each member, and to estimate future forfeiture amounts due to policy cancellations. As a result, we recognize the net amount of compensation earned as the agent in the transaction. Certain commission amounts are subject to forfeiture when the policy is subsequently cancelled and either the carrier takes back all or a portion of the commission they have paid to us or we will no longer receive monthly commission payments for the remainder of the policy year. We record an estimate for these forfeitures based on our historical cancellation experience using data provided on commission statements. Policy cancellations and the commission amounts, if any, to be taken back by the carrier are typically reported to us by health insurance carriers several months after the policy’s cancellation date. Our estimate for forfeitures payable to a carrier, which is included in Other Current Liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, includes an estimate of both the reporting time lag and the forfeiture amount, based on our historical experience by policy type. Similarly, our estimate for commission amounts not expected to be collected due to policy cancellations, which is recorded as a reduction of Accounts Receivable in the consolidated balance sheets, includes an estimate of the annual policy cancellation rate, based on our historical experience by policy type. Changes in our historical trends would result in changes to our estimated forfeitures in future periods. There were no changes in our average forfeiture rates or reporting time lag during the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 which had a material impact on our estimate for forfeitures. We do not expect our estimated forfeiture rates to materially change in 2013 compared to 2012. We rely on health insurance carriers to report accurately and in a timely manner the amount of commissions earned by us, and we calculate our commission revenues, prepare our financial reports, projections and budgets, and direct our marketing and other operating efforts based on the reports we receive from them. Each month we analyze the reports we receive from health insurance carriers by comparing such data to the database we maintain on our members. It is often difficult for us to independently determine whether or not carriers are reporting all commissions due to us, primarily because members on individual, family and small business policies typically terminate their policies by discontinuing their premium payments to the carrier instead of by informing us of the cancellation. Also, some of our individual, family and small business members pay their premiums less frequently than monthly. This results in our having to identify underpayment or non-payment of commissions on a policy and follow up with a carrier to obtain an explanation and/or request correction of the amount of commissions paid to us. 58 Other Revenue Online Sponsorship and Advertising—Our sponsorship and advertising program allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website. In return, we are typically paid a monthly fee, which is recognized over the period that advertising is displayed, and often a performance fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. We also offer Medicare sponsorship services, which include website development, hosting and maintenance. In these instances, we are typically paid a fixed, up-front fee, which we recognize as revenue over the service period. Technology Licensing Revenue—Our commercial technology licensing business allows carriers the use of our ecommerce platform to offer their own health insurance policies on their websites and agents to utilize our technology to power their online quoting, content and application submission processes. Typically, we are paid a one-time implementation fee, which we recognize on a straight-line basis over the estimated term of the customer relationship (generally the initial term of the agreement), commencing once the technology is available for use by the third party, and a performance fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. The metrics used to calculate performance fees for both sponsorship and advertising and technology licensing are based on performance criteria that are either measured based on data tracked by us, or based on data tracked by the third party. In instances where the performance criteria data is tracked by us, we recognize revenue in the period of performance. In instances where the performance criteria data is tracked by the third party, we recognize revenue when the amounts earned are either fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured. Typically, this occurs through our receipt of a cash payment from the third party along with a detailed statement containing the data that is tracked by the third party. Medicare Lead Referral Revenue—The Medicare-related revenue we have generated includes referral fees paid to us based on Medicare leads generated by our online platforms that are delivered and sold to third parties. We sell our leads to a limited number of purchasers, and until May 2012 the majority of our lead referral revenue was generated during the Medicare annual enrollment period, which occurs during the fourth quarter of the calendar year. We recognize lead referral revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of a lead has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Delivery is deemed to have occurred at the time a lead is delivered to the customer. Multiple-element Arrangements—We allocate revenue to all units of accounting within an arrangement with multiple deliverables at the inception of the arrangement using the relative selling price method. The relative selling price method allocates any discount in an arrangement proportionally to each deliverable on the basis of each deliverable’s relative selling price. The relative selling price established for each deliverable is based on vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value (“VSOE”) if available, third-party evidence of selling price if VSOE is not available, or best estimate of selling price if neither VSOE nor third-party evidence is available. When used, the best estimate of selling price reflects our best estimates of what the selling prices of certain deliverables would be if they were sold regularly on a stand-alone basis. Our process for determining best estimate of selling price for deliverables without VSOE or third-party evidence of selling price considers multiple factors that may vary depending upon the unique facts and circumstances related to each deliverable. Key factors considered by us in developing the relative selling prices for our technology licensing fees include prices charged by us for similar offerings and our historical pricing practices. We may also consider additional factors as appropriate, including competition. Deferred Revenue—Deferred revenue includes deferred technology licensing implementation fees and amounts billed for deliverables in multiple element arrangements that do not have stand-alone value from other, undelivered elements as well as amounts billed or collected from sponsorship or technology licensing customers in advance of our performing our service for such customers. It also includes the amount by which both unbilled and billed services provided under our technology licensing arrangements exceed the straight-line revenue recognized to date. We defer commission amounts that have been paid to us related to transactions where our services are complete, but where we cannot currently estimate future forfeitures related to those amounts. 59 A deliverable constitutes a separate unit of accounting when it has stand-alone value and there are no customer-negotiated right of refunds for the delivered elements. If the arrangement includes a customer- negotiated right of refund relative to the delivered item, and the delivery and performance of the undelivered item is considered probable and substantially in our control, the delivered element constitutes a separate unit of accounting. In circumstances when the aforementioned criteria are not met, the deliverable is combined with the undelivered elements, and the allocation of the arrangement consideration and revenue recognition is determined for the combined unit as a single unit. Allocation of the consideration is determined at the inception of the arrangement on the basis of each unit’s relative selling price. After the arrangement consideration has been allocated to each unit of accounting based on their relative selling prices, we apply revenue recognition criteria separately to each respective unit of accounting in the arrangement in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Stock-Based Compensation We recognize stock-based compensation expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income based on the fair value of our stock-based awards over their respective vesting periods, which is generally four years. The estimated grant date fair value of our stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes-Merton pricing model and a single option award approach. The weighted-average expected term for stock options granted is calculated using historical option exercise behavior. Prior to 2011, the weighted- average expected term for stock options granted was calculated using the simplified method, as we did not have sufficient historical option exercise behavior on which to estimate expected terms. The simplified method defines the expected term as the average of the contractual term and the vesting period of the stock option. We estimate our expected volatility using a combination of our weighted-average implied volatility and our historical volatility. Prior to 2011, we estimated the volatility used as an input to the model based on an analysis of our stock price since our initial public offering in October 2006, as well as an analysis of similar public companies for which we have data. The dividend yield is determined by dividing the expected per share dividend during the coming year by the grant date stock price. Through December 31, 2012, we had not declared or paid any cash dividends, and we do not expect to pay any in the foreseeable future. We base the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term of our stock options. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based payment awards represent our best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. We will continue to use judgment in evaluating the expected term and volatility related to our own stock-based awards on a prospective basis, and incorporating these factors into the model. Changes in key assumptions could significantly impact the valuation of such instruments. Future stock-based compensation expense is dependent upon the fair value of each option at the date each option is granted and the number of awards issued and outstanding during each period. We expect stock-based compensation expense will increase in the future to the extent the number of equity awards issued and outstanding increases. Realizability of Long-Lived Assets We assess the realizability of our long-lived assets, including intangible assets and goodwill, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Factors that we consider in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant negative industry or economic trends or significant changes or planned changes in our use of the assets. Additionally, we test goodwill and intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis on or about November 30 of each year. When performing the annual goodwill impairment test we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is “more likely than not” that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. For long lived assets other than goodwill, including intangible assets with finite useful lives, which include purchased technology, pharmacy and customer relationships, trade names, trademarks and website addresses, we 60 measure the recoverability of assets that will continue to be used in our operations by comparing the carrying value of the asset grouping to our estimate of the related total future undiscounted net cash flows. For assets related to our book-of-business transfers, we compare the carrying amount of each asset to the commission revenue expected to be generated by the policies included in each respective book-of-business. Our estimates of commission revenue expected to be generated by each book-of-business include subjective judgments regarding expected policy cancellations. If an asset grouping’s carrying value is not recoverable through the related undiscounted cash flows, the asset grouping is considered to be impaired. The impairment charge is calculated as the amount by which the asset grouping’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, which is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. During the fourth quarter of 2012 we recorded an impairment charge of $0.4 million related to one of our acquired books-of-business. We utilized an income approach, under which the fair value of the book of business was determined based on the present value of the estimated future cash flows using the expected present value technique, to calculate the fair value of the impaired book-of-business. Under the expected present value technique possible cash flows are probability-weighted to determine an expected cash flow. The discount rate used was adjusted from a risk free rate to reflect a market risk premium. The unobservable inputs used to calculate the fair value of the book-of-business included the projected cash flows and the market risk premium added to the discount rate. We determined that the fair value of the impaired book-of-business asset was $1.3 million as of December 31, 2012. We must make subjective judgments in determining the independent cash flows that can be related to specific asset groupings. In addition, we must make subjective judgments regarding the remaining useful lives of assets with finite useful lives. When we determine that the useful life of an asset is shorter than we had originally estimated, we accelerate the rate of amortization over the new remaining useful life of the asset. Accounting for Income Taxes We account for income taxes using the liability method. Deferred income taxes are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted statutory tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Since tax laws and financial accounting standards differ in their recognition and measurement of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, expenses, gains and losses, differences arise between the amount of taxable income and pretax financial income for a year and between the tax bases of assets or liabilities and their reported amounts in our financial statements. Because we assume that the reported amounts of assets and liabilities will be recovered and settled, respectively, a difference between the tax basis of an asset or a liability and its reported amount in the balance sheet will result in a taxable or a deductible amount in some future years when the related liabilities are settled or the reported amounts of the assets are recovered, which gives rise to a deferred tax asset or liability. We must then assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and to the extent we believe that recovery does not meet the more likely than not criteria, we must establish a valuation allowance. Management judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets. As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our income taxes. This process involves estimating our actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences that may result in deferred tax assets, as well as discrete tax items during the period, such as excess tax benefits related to share-based payments. Assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets is dependent upon several factors, including the likelihood and amount, if any, of future taxable income in relevant jurisdictions during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. We forecast taxable income by considering all available positive and 61 negative evidence, including our history of operating income and losses and our financial plans and estimates that we use to manage the business. These assumptions require significant judgment about future taxable income. As a result, the amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if estimates of future taxable income change. Future changes in various factors, such as the amount of stock-based compensation we record during the period and the related tax benefit we realize upon the exercise of employee stock options, potential limitations on the use of our federal and state net operating loss credit carry forwards, pending or future tax law changes including rate changes and the tax benefit from or limitations on our ability to utilize research and development credits, the amount of non-deductible lobbying and acquisition-related costs, changes in our valuation allowance and state and foreign taxes, would impact our estimates, and as a result, could affect our effective tax rate and the amount of income tax expense we record, and pay, in future periods. Results of Operations The following table sets forth our operating results and related percentage of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2010 2011 2012 Revenue: Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $135,366 25,038 84% $120,321 31,327 16 79% $130,663 24,810 21 84% 16 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating costs and expenses: 160,404 100 151,648 100 155,473 100 Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,499 60,102 17,810 19,241 24,055 1,138 Total operating costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,845 Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense), net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,559 9 32,568 15,086 3 37 11 12 15 1 80 20 0 20 9 8,340 56,877 22,898 21,657 26,593 2,046 138,411 13,237 (53) 13,184 6,460 5 38 15 14 18 1 91 9 (0) 9 4 4,783 57,789 30,282 21,406 26,169 1,615 142,044 13,429 23 13,452 6,370 3 37 19 14 17 1 91 9 0 9 4 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 17,482 11% $ 6,724 4% $ 7,082 5% Operating costs and expenses include the following amounts of stock-based compensation expense (in thousands): Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 808 384 1,622 3,581 $ 962 344 1,669 4,121 $1,215 321 1,021 3,065 $6,395 $7,096 $5,622 Year Ended December 31, 2010 2011 2012 62 Years Ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 Revenue The following table presents our commission, other revenue and total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 and the dollar and percentage changes from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2010 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2011 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2012 Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $135,366 $(15,045) (11)% $120,321 $10,342 9% $130,663 84% 79% 84% 25,038 6,289 25% 31,327 (6,517) (21)% 24,810 16% 21% 16% $160,404 $ (8,756) (5)% $151,648 $ 3,825 3% $155,473 2012 compared to 2011—Commission revenue increased $10.3 million, or 9%, in the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, due primarily to a $12.6 million increase in Medicare-related commission revenue. Partially offsetting this increase was a $2.2 million decrease in non- Medicare commission revenue, primarily individual and family health insurance commission revenue, due to a reduction in the commission rates we are paid on individual and family health insurance policies as a result of the implementation of the medical loss ratio requirements by insurance carriers beginning in 2011. Other revenue decreased $6.5 million, or 21%, in the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, due primarily to a $10.8 million decrease in Medicare lead referral revenue and a $5.9 million decrease in revenue related to our government systems business. The decrease in lead referral revenue was the result of our strategic decision to reduce the number of Medicare leads sold to third parties and to instead act as a health insurance agent to those leads. Our government systems business revenue was adversely impacted by the expiration of our technology licensing contract with the federal government in January 2012. These decreases in other revenue were partially offset by a $10.3 million increase in online sponsorship and advertising revenue, primarily related to Medicare plan carriers. 2011 compared to 2010—Commission revenue decreased $15.0 million, or 11%, in 2011 compared to 2010, due primarily to a reduction in the commission rates we are paid on individual and family health insurance policies as a result of the implementation of the medical loss ratio requirements by insurance carriers beginning in 2011 as a result of healthcare reform legislation. Additionally, commission revenue in 2010 was positively impacted by a one-time commission payment of $6.0 million, which we received from one of our health insurance carrier partners on a number of existing policies, for which we had provided all services. Partially offsetting the decrease in individual and family plan commission revenue was a $5.4 million increase in Medicare-related commission revenue. Other revenue increased $6.3 million, or 25%, in 2011 compared to 2010, due primarily to a $3.1 million increase in Medicare lead referral revenue and a $4.4 million increase in revenue we received related to our government systems business, which was partially offset by a $0.8 million decline in online sponsorship and advertising revenue and a $0.5 million decline in technology licensing revenue. 63 Operating Costs and Expenses Cost of Revenue The following table presents our cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 and the dollar and percentage changes from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2010 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2011 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2012 Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . . $5,499 $2,841 52% $8,340 $(3,557) (43)% $4,783 3% 5% 3% 2012 compared to 2011—Cost of revenue decreased $3.6 million, or 43%, in the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, due primarily to a decrease of $4.9 million in costs related to our technology licensing contract with the federal government, which expired in January 2012, and a $0.5 million decrease in revenue-sharing expenses with partners. Partially offsetting these decreases was an increase of $1.4 million in amortization expense associated with the consideration we paid to a broker partner in connection with the transfer of several Medicare plan books-of-business to us whereby we became the broker of record on the underlying policies, and an asset impairment charge of $0.4 million related to one of the transferred Medicare plan books-of-business. 2011 compared to 2010—Cost of revenue increased $2.8 million, or 52%, in 2011 compared to 2010, due primarily to an increase of $3.1 million in costs related to a technology licensing contract with the federal government, which began in the second half of 2010, and an increase of $0.7 million in amortization expense associated with the consideration paid in connection with several transactions in which we acquired broker of record status on a number of Medicare health insurance policies. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $1.0 million in revenue-sharing expenses with partners. Marketing and Advertising The following table presents our marketing and advertising expenses for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 and the dollar and percentage changes from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2010 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2011 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2012 Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . $60,102 $(3,225) (5)% $56,877 $912 2% $57,789 37% 38% 37% 2012 compared to 2011—Marketing and advertising expenses increased $0.9 million, or 2%, in the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, due to an increase of $1.0 million in compensation, benefits, stock-based compensation and other personnel costs associated with an increase in employee headcount, and a $1.3 million increase in fees we paid to marketing partners for referrals that result in the submission of a health insurance application on our website. Partially offsetting these increases was a decrease in online advertising costs of $1.3 million as we directed a portion of our online advertising spending to performance partners while decreasing our overall level of online spending. 2011 compared to 2010—Marketing and advertising expenses decreased $3.2 million, or 5%, in 2011 compared to 2010 due to a decrease of $4.9 million in total online and other advertising expenses. We reduced our discretionary online and other advertising expenses in 2011 compared to 2010 in response to the reduction in individual and family health insurance plan commission rates. Additionally, fees we paid to marketing partners for referrals that result in the submission of a health insurance application on our website increased $0.7 million and compensation, benefits, stock-based compensation and other personnel costs increased $0.6 million associated with an overall increase in employee headcount. 64 Customer Care and Enrollment The following table presents our customer care and enrollment expenses for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 and the dollar and percentage changes from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . $17,810 $5,088 29% $22,898 $7,384 32% $30,282 11% 15% 19% Year Ended December 31, 2010 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2011 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2012 2012 compared to 2011—Customer care and enrollment expenses increased $7.4 million, or 32%, in the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, due primarily to additional customer care center personnel hired to service the increase in volume of Medicare leads serviced directly by us as a health insurance agent. As a result, compensation, benefits, stock-based compensation and other personnel costs increased $5.8 million and insurance licensing costs increased $0.8 million. Additionally, costs related to customer call center telephonic equipment, as well as telephone expense, increased $0.7 million. 2011 compared to 2010—Customer care and enrollment expenses increased $5.1 million, or 29%, in 2011 compared to 2010, due primarily to a full year of incremental costs associated with our customer care center established in South Jordan, Utah in the second half of 2010, and to additional customer care center personnel hired in the second half of 2011 to service the increase in volume of Medicare leads serviced directly by us as a health insurance agent during the Medicare annual enrollment period in the fourth quarter of 2011. As a result, compensation, benefits, stock-based compensation and other personnel costs increased $4.1 million, insurance licensing costs increased $0.3 million and facility costs increased $0.4 million in 2011. Technology and Content The following table presents our technology and content expenses for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 and the dollar and percentage changes from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . $19,241 $2,416 13% $21,657 $(251) (1)% $21,406 12% 14% 14% Year Ended December 31, 2010 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2011 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2012 2012 compared to 2011—Technology and content expenses decreased $0.3 million, or 1%, in the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, due primarily to a decrease of $0.9 million in compensation, benefits, stock-based compensation and other personnel costs. Partially offsetting this decrease was a $0.5 million increase in internet and data center infrastructure costs associated with an increase in employee headcount. 2011 compared to 2010—Technology and content expenses increased $2.4 million, or 13%, in 2011 compared to 2010, due primarily to an increase of $2.0 million in compensation, benefits, stock-based compensation and other personnel costs primarily as a result of the inclusion of a full year of technology and content costs associated with an increase in employee headcount as a result of our acquisition of PlanPrescriber during the second quarter of 2010. Additionally, facility and operating costs increased $0.4 million as a result of increases in rent and co-location services. 65 General and Administrative The following table presents our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 and the dollar and percentage changes from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2010 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2011 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2012 General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . . $24,055 $2,538 11% $26,593 $(424) (2)% $26,169 15% 18% 17% 2012 compared to 2011—General and administrative expenses decreased $0.4 million, or 2%, in the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011, due primarily to a decrease of $0.2 million in compensation, benefits, stock-based compensation and other personnel costs in 2012 and a decrease of $0.5 million in lobbying fees. Partially offsetting these decreases was an increase of $0.3 million in rent expense and equipment costs. 2011 compared to 2010—General and administrative expenses increased $2.5 million, or 11%, in 2011 compared to 2010, due primarily to a $1.8 million increase in compensation, benefits, stock-based compensation and other personnel costs, primarily as a result of the inclusion of a full year of general and administrative costs associated with an increase in employee headcount as a result of our acquisition of PlanPrescriber in April 2010. Additionally, lobbying expenses increased $1.2 million and stock-based compensation expense increased $0.5 million related to additional equity grants to general and administrative personnel and to members of our board of directors. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $1.2 million in consulting fees. Amortization of Intangible Assets The following table presents our intangible asset amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 and the dollar change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2010 Change $ Year Ended December 31, 2011 Change $ Year Ended December 31, 2012 Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,138 $908 $2,046 $(431) $1,615 1% 1% 1% 2012 compared to 2011—Amortization expense related to intangible assets purchased through our acquisition of PlanPrescriber decreased for the year ended December 31, 2012 compared to the year ended December 31, 2011 due to certain acquired intangible assets becoming fully amortized in May 2012. 2011 compared to 2010—Amortization expense related to intangible assets purchased through our acquisition of PlanPrescriber in April 2010 increased from $1.1 million to $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2011, respectively, due to the recognition of a full year of intangible asset amortization expense in 2011 compared to eight months in 2010. As a result of the streamlining of a legacy software product, we assessed intangible assets for impairment in the fourth quarter of 2011 and recorded an impairment charge of $0.3 million related to certain acquired intangible assets. Other Income (Expense), Net The following table presents our other income (expense), net for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 and the dollar change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2010 Other income (expense), net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9 0% 66 Change $ $(62) Year Ended December 31, 2011 $(53) (0)% Change $ $76 Year Ended December 31, 2012 $23 0% Other income (expense), net, in 2010, 2011 and 2012 primarily consisted of interest income earned on our invested cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balances, offset by administrative bank fees, investment management fees and interest expense on capital lease obligations. 2012 compared to 2011 and 2011 compared to 2010—Other income (expense), net increased in 2012 compared to 2011 due primarily to a decrease in investment management fees, which we negotiated lower as a result of a decline in the average yield we earn on our invested cash. Other income (expense), net decreased in 2011 compared to 2010 due primarily to a decrease in interest income as a result of a decline in the average yield we earned on our invested cash. Administrative bank fees, investment management fees and interest expense on capital lease obligations more than offset the interest earned on our invested cash for the year 2011. Provision for Income Taxes The following table presents our provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 and the dollar change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,086 $(8,626) $6,460 $(90) $6,370 9% 4% 4% Year Ended December 31, 2010 Change $ Year Ended December 31, 2011 Change $ Year Ended December 31, 2012 2012 compared to 2011—In 2012, we recorded a provision for income taxes of $6.4 million, representing an effective tax rate of 47.4%. Our effective tax rate in 2012 was less than our effective tax rate in 2011 of 49.0%, due primarily to a decrease in non-deductible lobbying expenses, partially offset by an increase in tax shortfalls related to share-based payments. Tax shortfalls in 2012 were primarily a result of certain options expiring unexercised. 2011 compared to 2010—In 2011, we recorded a provision for income taxes of $6.5 million, representing an effective tax rate of 49.0%. Our effective tax rate in 2011 was higher than our effective tax rate in 2010 of 46.3%, due primarily to an increase in non-deductible lobbying expenses. Our effective tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 were higher than statutory federal and state tax rates due primarily due to non-deductible lobbying expenses and tax shortfalls related to share-based payments. Liquidity and Capital Resources At December 31, 2012, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $140.8 million. Cash equivalents, which are comprised of financial instruments with an original maturity of 90 days or less from the date of purchase, primarily consist of money market funds. At December 31, 2011, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $123.6 million. On September 10, 2012, we announced that our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing us to purchase up to an additional $30.0 million of our common stock. Purchases under this program may be made in the open market or unsolicited negotiated transactions and are expected to comply with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The timing of the purchases and the exact number of shares to be purchased will depend upon market conditions. The program does not require us to acquire a specific number of shares, and the program may be suspended from time to time or discontinued at any time. The cost of the repurchased shares is being funded from available working capital. As of December 31, 2012, we had repurchased approximately 46 thousand shares for approximately $1.0 million at an average price of $21.72 per share, including commissions. 67 For accounting purposes, common stock repurchased under our stock repurchase programs is recorded based upon the settlement date of the applicable trade. Such repurchased shares are held in treasury and are presented using the cost method. Stock repurchase activity under our stock repurchase programs during 2012 is summarized as follows (dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share (2) Amount of Repurchase Cumulative balance at December 31, 2011 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchases of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,797,806 599,997 Cumulative balance at December 31, 2012 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,397,803 $14.07 $15.72 $14.22 $81,557 9,434 $90,991 (1) Cumulative balances at December 31, 2011 and 2012 consist of shares repurchased in connection with our stock repurchase programs announced on July 27, 2010, June 14, 2011 and September 10, 2012, as well as a previous stock repurchase plan announced in 2008. (2) Average price paid per share includes commissions. In addition to the 6.4 million shares repurchased under our repurchase programs as of December 31, 2012, we have in treasury 0.2 million shares that were surrendered by employees to satisfy tax withholdings due in connection with the vesting of certain restricted stock units. As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, we had a total of 5.9 million shares and 6.6 million shares, respectively, held in treasury. The following table presents a summary of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2010 2011 2012 Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 24,891 $ 22,541 $ 20,509 $(10,601) $ (6,597) $(10,096) $(13,166) $(20,381) $ 2,440 Operating Activities Cash provided by operating activities primarily consists of net income, adjusted for certain non-cash items including deferred income taxes, depreciation and amortization, including amortization of intangible assets, stock-based compensation expense and the effect of changes in working capital and other activities. The timing of the recognition of our commission revenue depends upon the timing of our receipt of commission reports and associated commission payments from health insurance carriers. If we were to experience a delay in receiving a commission payment from a health insurance carrier at the end of a quarter, our operating cash flows for that quarter could be adversely impacted. Additionally, commission override payments are reported to us in a more irregular pattern than premium commissions. For example, a carrier may make a commission override payment to us on an annual basis, which would positively impact our cash flows in the quarter the payment is received. The majority of our annual commission override payments are typically received during the first quarter of the year. Historically, we have experienced a reduction in operating cash flows during the first quarter of the year compared to the other quarters due to the payment of annual performance bonuses to employees in the first quarter of the year. In the first quarter of 2012, we collected a substantial amount of lead referral payments related to Medicare leads sold during the annual enrollment period in the fourth quarter of 2011. The seasonal impact of Medicare lead referral collections is expected to be minimal in 2013 as we have transitioned away from 68 lead referral transactions. A significant portion of our marketing and advertising expenses are driven by the number of health insurance applications submitted on our ecommerce platform. Since our marketing and advertising costs are expensed as incurred and the revenue from approved applications is recognized as commissions are subsequently reported to us, our operating cash flows could be adversely impacted by a substantial increase in the volume of applications submitted during a quarter or positively impacted by a substantial decline in the volume of applications submitted during a quarter. 2012—Our operating activities generated cash of $24.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2012 and consisted of net income of $7.1 million, increased by non-cash items of $13.6 million and cash provided by working capital and other activities of $4.2 million. Adjustments for non-cash items primarily consisted of $1.1 million of deferred income taxes, $5.6 million of stock-based compensation expense, $2.4 million of depreciation and amortization, $2.7 million of amortization of book-of-business consideration and $1.6 million of amortization of intangible assets. Amortization of book-of-business consideration includes a $0.4 million asset impairment charge to the carrying value of an acquired Medicare book-of-business. Cash provided by working capital and other activities primarily consisted of a decrease of $3.6 million in accounts receivable, an increase of $3.7 million in accounts payable, an increase of $1.0 million in deferred revenue and an increase of $0.3 million in accrued compensation and benefits, partially offset by a decrease of $2.3 million in accrued marketing expenses and an increase of $1.1 million in prepaid expenses and other assets. Accounts payable increased due primarily to the timing of payments to our vendors, accrued compensation and benefits decreased primarily due to the payment of performance bonuses to employees that were earned during 2011 and accounts receivable decreased due to collections. 2011—Our operating activities generated cash of $22.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2011 and consisted of net income of $6.7 million, increased by non-cash items of $13.3 million and cash provided by working capital and other activities of $2.5 million. Adjustments for non-cash items primarily consisted of $0.9 million of deferred income taxes, $7.1 million of stock-based compensation expense, $2.4 million of depreciation and amortization, $0.8 million of amortization of book-of-business consideration and $2.0 million of amortization of intangible assets. Amortization of intangible assets includes a $0.3 million intangible asset impairment charge. Cash provided by working capital and other activities primarily consisted of a decrease of $3.4 million in accounts receivable, an increase of $2.6 million in accrued marketing expenses and a decrease of $1.8 million in prepaid expenses and other assets, partially offset by a decrease of $2.5 million in deferred revenue, a decrease of $1.9 million in accounts payable and a decrease of $1.1 million in other current liabilities. 2010—Our operating activities generated cash of $20.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2010 and consisted of net income of $17.5 million, increased by non-cash items of $11.6 million and partially offset by cash used for working capital and other activities of $8.6 million. Adjustments for non-cash items primarily consisted of $1.4 million of deferred income taxes, $6.4 million of stock-based compensation expense, $2.2 million of depreciation and amortization and $1.1 million of amortization of intangible assets. Cash used for working capital and other activities primarily consisted of an increase of $8.1 million in accounts receivable primarily due to the seasonality of our Medicare lead revenue, a decrease of $3.0 million in other current liabilities, an increase of $1.4 million in prepaid expenses and other assets and a decrease of $0.5 million in accounts payable, partially offset by an increase of $2.4 million in deferred revenue and an increase of $2.3 million in accrued compensation and benefits. Investing Activities Our investing activities primarily consist of purchases of computer hardware and software to enhance our website and customer care operations, and to support our growth and include consideration paid to a partner in connection with the transfer to us of certain Medicare plan members for whom we expect to earn future commissions. 69 2012—Net cash used in investing activities of $10.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2012 was attributable to consideration of $6.2 million paid to a partner related to the transfer of two books-of-business, whereby we became the broker of record on the underlying policies for certain Medicare insurance members that were transferred to us, and capital expenditures of $3.9 million. 2011—Net cash used in investing activities of $6.6 million during 2011 was attributable to net cash paid of $4.2 million to a partner for transferring certain of its existing Medicare plan members to us as the broker of record on the underlying policies, and capital expenditures of $2.4 million. 2010—Net cash used in investing activities of $10.6 million during 2010 was attributable to net cash paid of $27.2 million in connection with the acquisition of PlanPrescriber, capital expenditures of $2.9 million and consideration of $2.5 million paid to a partner for transferring certain of its existing Medicare plan members to us as the broker of record on the underlying policies, partially offset by maturities of marketable securities of $22.1 million. Financing Activities 2012—Net cash provided by financing activities of $2.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2012 was due to $9.4 million used to repurchase 0.6 million shares of our common stock and $1.0 million used to net- share settle the tax obligation related to vesting equity awards, partially offset by $8.4 million of net proceeds from the exercise of common stock options and $4.5 million of excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation. 2011—Net cash used in financing activities of $20.4 million during 2011 was due to $25.4 million used to repurchase 1.9 million shares of our common stock and $0.6 million used to net share settle equity awards, partially offset by $4.7 million of excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and $0.9 million of proceeds received from the issuance of common stock pursuant to stock option exercises. 2010—Net cash used in financing activities of $13.2 million during 2010 was due to $26.2 million used to repurchase 2.0 million shares of our common stock and $0.6 million used to net share settle equity awards, partially offset by $12.8 million of excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and $0.8 million of proceeds received from the issuance of common stock pursuant to stock option exercises. Future Needs We believe that cash generated from operations and our current cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our level of investment in technology and advertising initiatives. We currently do not have any bank debt, line of credit facilities or other borrowing arrangements. To the extent that available funds are insufficient to fund our future activities, we may need to raise additional capital through public or private equity or debt financing to the extent such funding sources are available. Contractual Obligations and Commitments Operating Lease Obligations We lease certain of our office, operating facilities, equipment and furniture and fixtures under various operating leases, the latest of which expires in August 2018. Certain of these leases have free or escalating rent payment provisions. We recognize rent expense on our operating leases on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases, although actual cash payment obligations under certain of these agreements fluctuate over the terms of the agreements. In March 2012, we entered into an agreement to lease a building to be constructed in Mountain View, California, adjacent to our headquarters office. The term of the operating lease is ten years from the date the 70 building is delivered to us and the base rent is approximately $0.6 million for the first year of the lease. The base rent increases annually by 3%. Future minimum payments related to this operating lease are estimated to total $6.8 million over the ten-year term of the lease plus our proportionate share of certain operating expenses, insurance costs and taxes for each calendar year during the lease, but may differ depending on actual rentable square footage. Lease payments are expected to begin in the third quarter of 2013, although the actual commencement of lease payments will depend upon the date of completion and delivery of the newly constructed building. Upon signing the Mountain View, California lease agreement, we entered into a financial guarantee consisting of a standby letter of credit for $0.6 million, which may be reduced in increments of 25% of the original amount thereof on the first, second and third anniversaries of the commencement date, subject to our compliance with the applicable conditions to such reductions set forth in the lease. In May 2012, we entered into an agreement to lease office space in South Jordan, Utah. The term of the operating lease is 65 months and commenced in August 2012. The lease significantly increased our office space for our customer care and enrollment activities and replaced an expiring operating lease for office space at another location in South Jordan, Utah. Rent payments began in January 2013 and total approximately $0.5 million per year through December 2017. In August 2012, we extended our existing lease for office space in Gold River, California, for an additional two years expiring on December 31, 2014. Rent payments will total $0.9 million in both 2013 and 2014. Service and Licensing Obligations We have entered into service and licensing agreements with third party vendors to provide various services, including network access, equipment maintenance and software licensing. The terms of these services and licensing agreements are generally up to three years. We record the related service and licensing expenses on a straight-line basis, although actual cash payment obligations under certain of these agreements fluctuate over the terms of the agreements. In March 2012, we entered into a service agreement with a vendor to support our customer care center telephonic system and equipment. Service obligations related to this agreement total $0.7 million over the three- year term of the agreement. The following table presents a summary of our future minimum payments under non-cancellable operating lease agreements and certain contractual service and licensing obligations as of December 31, 2012 (in thousands): Years Ending December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sub-Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New building—Mountain View, California Operating Lease Obligations Service and Licensing Obligations $ 2,753 2,347 1,215 1,226 1,260 481 $ 9,282 $1,118 986 138 — — — $2,242 Total Obligations $ 3,871 3,333 1,353 1,226 1,260 481 $11,524 (estimated commitment) (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,833 — 6,833 Total (estimate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,115 $2,242 $18,357 71 (1) Future minimum payments related to the new Mountain View, California operating lease are estimated to total $6.8 million over the ten-year term of the lease, but may differ depending on actual rentable square footage. Lease payments are expected to begin in the third quarter of 2013, although the actual commencement of lease payments will depend upon the date of completion and delivery of the newly constructed building. This lease is generally non-cancellable, except in the case of non-delivery of the newly constructed building. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, investments in special purpose entities or undisclosed borrowings or debt. Additionally, we are not a party to any derivative contracts or synthetic leases. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for recently issued accounting standards that could have an effect on us. 72 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk principally consist of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, our cash and cash equivalents were invested as follows (in thousands): Cash (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market funds (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 17,256 106,351 Total cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $123,607 $ 27,484 113,365 $140,849 December 31, 2011 December 31, 2012 (1) We deposit our cash and cash equivalents in accounts with major banks and financial institutions and such deposits are in excess of federally insured limits. We also have deposits with major banks in China that are denominated in both U.S. dollars and Chinese Renminbi and are not insured by the U.S. federal government. (2) At December 31, 2011 and 2012 money market funds consisted of U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds and discount notes, U.S. government treasury bills and notes and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government obligations. We do not require collateral or other security for our accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2011, one customer represented 73% of our $8.1 million outstanding accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2012, four customers represented 25%, 22%, 14% and 11%, respectively, for a combined total of 72% of our $4.5 million outstanding accounts receivable balance. No other customers represented 10% or more of our total accounts receivable at December 31, 2011 and December 31, 2012. We believe the potential for collection issues with any of our customers is minimal as of December 31, 2012. Accordingly, our estimate for uncollectible amounts at December 31, 2012 was not material. Significant Customers Substantially all revenue for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 was generated from customers located in the United States. Carriers representing 10% or more of our total revenue in the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 are presented in the table below: Year Ended December 31, 2010 2011 2012 Humana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WellPoint (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UnitedHealthcare (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4% 12% 14% 8% 11% 13% 18% 13% 12% (1) Wellpoint also includes other carriers owned by Wellpoint. (2) UnitedHealthcare also includes other carriers owned by UnitedHealthcare. Foreign Currency Exchange Risk To date, substantially all of our revenue has been derived from transactions denominated in United States Dollars. We have exposure to adverse changes in exchange rates associated with operating expenses of our foreign operations, which are denominated in Chinese Renminbi. Foreign currency fluctuations have not had a material impact historically on our results of operations; however, there can be no assurance that future fluctuations will not have material adverse effects on our results of operations. We have not engaged in any foreign currency hedging or other derivative transactions to date. 73 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 76 77 78 79 80 The supplementary financial information required by this Item 8 is included in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements under the caption “Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited).” 74 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The Board of Directors and Stockholders of eHealth, Inc. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of eHealth, Inc. as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2012. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of eHealth, Inc. at December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2012, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), eHealth, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 13, 2013 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP San Jose, California March 13, 2013 75 EHEALTH, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands, except share and per share information) December 31, 2011 December 31, 2012 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill $123,607 8,055 4,622 3,377 139,661 4,631 3,390 5,641 10,526 14,096 $140,849 4,468 4,098 6,643 156,058 6,185 2,928 8,123 8,911 14,096 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $177,945 $196,301 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued marketing expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments and contingencies (see Note 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock: $0.001 par value; Authorized shares: 10,000,000; Issued $ 2,391 7,904 6,195 314 1,547 18,351 3,920 — $ 6,123 8,244 3,941 926 1,575 20,809 4,625 — and outstanding shares: none . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Common stock: $0.001 par value; Authorized shares: 100,000,000; Issued shares 25,776,663 and 27,006,144 at December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively; Outstanding shares: 19,882,832 and 20,449,841 at December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital Treasury stock, at cost: 5,893,831 and 6,556,303 shares at December 31, 2011 and 2012, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 215,364 27 232,903 (81,557) 21,661 180 (90,991) 28,743 185 Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,674 170,867 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $177,945 $196,301 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 76 EHEALTH, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (In thousands, except per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2011 2010 2012 Revenue: Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $135,366 25,038 $120,321 31,327 $130,663 24,810 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,404 151,648 155,473 Operating costs and expenses: Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,499 60,102 17,810 19,241 24,055 1,138 8,340 56,877 22,898 21,657 26,593 2,046 4,783 57,789 30,282 21,406 26,169 1,615 Total operating costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,845 138,411 142,044 Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense), net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,559 9 32,568 15,086 13,237 (53) 13,184 6,460 13,429 23 13,452 6,370 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 17,482 $ 6,724 $ 7,082 Net income per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.76 0.73 $ $ 0.32 0.31 $ $ 0.36 0.34 Weighted-average number of shares used in per share amounts: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,118 23,873 20,947 21,703 19,867 20,753 Comprehensive income: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in unrealized gain on marketable securities, net of taxes . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 17,482 (20) 2 $ $ 6,724 — (25) 7,082 — 5 Comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 17,464 $ 6,699 $ 7,087 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 77 ’ s r e d l o h k c o t S e v i s n e h e r p m o C d e t a l u m u c c A ( l a t o T d e t a l u m u c c A r e h t O d e n i a t e R s g n i n r a E k c o t S y r u s a e r T ) t i c i f e D t n u o m A s e r a h S l a n o i t i d d A n i - d i a P l a t i p a C k c o t S n o m m o C t n u o m A s e r a h S . C N I , H T L A E H E Y T I U Q E ’ S R E D L O H K C O T S F O S T N E M E T A T S D E T A D I L O S N O C ) s d n a s u o h t n I ( 7 6 8 , 0 7 1 $ 5 8 1 $ 3 4 7 , 8 2 $ ) 1 9 9 , 0 9 ( $ ) 6 5 5 , 6 ( 3 0 9 , 2 3 2 $ 7 2 $ 6 0 0 , 7 2 . s t n e m e t a t s l a i c n a n i f d e t a d i l o s n o c e s e h t f o t r a p l a r g e t n i n a e r a s e t o n g n i y n a p m o c c a e h T y t i u q E 1 5 4 , 1 5 1 $ e m o c n I 3 2 2 $ 7 3 2 5 9 3 , 6 3 5 8 , 2 1 2 ) 0 2 ( ) 3 0 2 , 6 2 ( 2 8 4 , 7 1 7 9 1 , 2 6 1 7 4 3 6 9 0 , 7 0 9 6 , 4 ) 5 2 ( 4 2 7 , 6 ) 5 5 3 , 5 2 ( 4 7 6 , 5 5 1 5 2 5 4 , 7 2 2 6 , 5 6 6 4 , 4 ) 4 3 4 , 9 ( 2 8 0 , 7 — — — 2 ) 0 2 ( — — 5 0 2 — — — ) 5 2 ( — — 0 8 1 — — — 5 — — ) 5 4 5 , 2 ( $ ) 9 9 9 , 9 2 ( $ ) 4 9 8 , 1 ( 7 4 7 , 3 8 1 $ 5 2 $ 1 1 3 , 5 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D t a e c n a l a B — — — — — — 2 8 4 , 7 1 7 3 9 , 4 1 — — — — — 4 2 7 , 6 1 6 6 , 1 2 — — — — — 2 8 0 , 7 — — — — — — — — — — ) 3 0 2 , 6 2 ( ) 2 6 0 , 2 ( — — 6 3 2 5 9 3 , 6 3 5 8 , 2 1 — — — — 1 — — — — — — 0 2 2 — — — — — — ) 2 0 2 , 6 5 ( ) 6 5 9 , 3 ( 1 3 2 , 3 0 2 6 2 1 3 5 , 5 2 — — — — — — — — ) 5 5 3 , 5 2 ( ) 8 3 9 , 1 ( — — 7 4 3 6 9 0 , 7 0 9 6 , 4 — — — — — — — — — 6 4 2 — — — — — ) 7 5 5 , 1 8 ( ) 4 9 8 , 5 ( 4 6 3 , 5 1 2 6 2 7 7 7 , 5 2 — — — — ) 4 3 4 , 9 ( — ) 2 6 ( — — — ) 0 0 6 ( — 1 5 4 , 7 2 2 6 , 5 6 6 4 , 4 — — — 1 9 2 2 , 1 — — — — — — — — — — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k c o t s d e t c i r t s e r d e t s e v f o e s a e l e r d n a s n o i t p o k c o t s n o m m o c f o e s i c r e x e h t i w n o i t c e n n o c n i k c o t s n o m m o c f o e c n a u s s I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s d r a w a y t i u q e e l t t e s t e n o t d e s u h s a c f o t e n , s t i n u . . . . . . . . . . . . . e s n e p x e n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t S n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s m o r f s t i f e n e b x a t s s e c x E f o t e n , s e i t i r u c e s e l b a t e k r a m n o n i a g d e z i l a e r n u n i e g n a h C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s e x a t s e x a t f o t e n , t n e m t s u j d a n o i t a l s n a r t y c n e r r u c n g i e r o F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k c o t s n o m m o c f o s e s a h c r u p e R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e m o c n i t e N 0 1 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D t a e c n a l a B 78 k c o t s d e t c i r t s e r d e t s e v f o e s a e l e r d n a s n o i t p o k c o t s n o m m o c f o e s i c r e x e h t i w n o i t c e n n o c n i k c o t s n o m m o c f o e c n a u s s I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s d r a w a y t i u q e e l t t e s t e n o t d e s u h s a c f o t e n , s t i n u . . . . . . . . . . . . . e s n e p x e n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t S n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s m o r f s t i f e n e b x a t s s e c x E s e x a t f o t e n , t n e m t s u j d a n o i t a l s n a r t y c n e r r u c n g i e r o F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k c o t s n o m m o c f o s e s a h c r u p e R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e m o c n i t e N 1 1 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D t a e c n a l a B k c o t s d e t c i r t s e r d e t s e v f o e s a e l e r d n a s n o i t p o k c o t s n o m m o c f o e s i c r e x e h t i w n o i t c e n n o c n i k c o t s n o m m o c f o e c n a u s s I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s d r a w a y t i u q e e l t t e s t e n o t d e s u h s a c f o t e n , s t i n u . . . . . . . . . . . . . e s n e p x e n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t S n o i t a s n e p m o c d e s a b - k c o t s m o r f s t i f e n e b x a t s s e c x E s e x a t f o t e n , t n e m t s u j d a n o i t a l s n a r t y c n e r r u c n g i e r o F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k c o t s n o m m o c f o s e s a h c r u p e R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e m o c n i t e N 2 1 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D t a e c n a l a B EHEALTH, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands) Operating activities Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of book-of-business consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization and accretion on marketable securities, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss on disposal of fixed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued marketing expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investing activities Purchases of property and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of PlanPrescriber, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consideration paid in connection with book-of-business transfers . . . . . . . . . . Maturities of marketable securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing activities Net proceeds from exercise of common stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash used to net-share settle equity awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchases of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal payments in connection with capital leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2010 2011 2012 $ 17,482 $ 6,724 $ 7,082 1,421 2,209 367 1,138 50 6,395 (11) 9 (8,146) (1,386) (459) 2,311 (235) 2,356 (2,992) 20,509 (2,948) (27,203) (2,550) 22,100 (10,601) 914 2,358 843 2,046 — 7,096 (3) 38 3,383 1,769 (1,948) 363 2,551 (2,471) (1,122) 22,541 (2,407) — (4,190) — (6,597) 1,071 2,411 2,724 1,615 — 5,622 175 1 3,587 (1,097) 3,732 336 (2,254) 979 (1,093) 24,891 (3,853) — (6,243) — (10,096) 814 (586) 12,853 (26,203) (44) (13,166) (7) (3,265) 131,339 $128,074 899 (552) 4,690 (25,355) (63) (20,381) (30) (4,467) 128,074 $123,607 8,445 (994) 4,466 (9,434) (43) 2,440 7 17,242 123,607 $140,849 Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities Non-cash consideration paid for book-of-business transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ Capital lease obligations incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ 902 71 Supplemental disclosure of cash flows Cash paid for interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 15 2,577 $ $ 16 1,718 $ $ $ $ 53 135 23 1,879 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 79 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1—Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business—eHealth, Inc. (the “Company,” “eHealth,” “we” or “us”) is the leading online source of health insurance for individuals, families and small businesses in the United States. Through our website addresses (www.eHealth.com, www.eHealthInsurance.com, www.eHealthMedicare.com and www.PlanPrescriber.com), consumers can get quotes from leading health insurance carriers, compare plans side- by-side, and apply for and purchase individual and family, Medicare-related, small business and ancillary health insurance plans. We actively market the availability of Medicare-related insurance plans and offer Medicare plan comparison tools and educational materials for Medicare-related insurance plans, including Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. Our ecommerce technology also enables us to deliver consumers’ health insurance applications electronically to health insurance carriers. As a result, we simplify and streamline the complex and traditionally paper-intensive health insurance sales and purchasing process. We are licensed to market and sell health insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Principles of Consolidation—The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of eHealth, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Reclassifications—Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year financial statements to conform to the current year presentation. Specifically, excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation of $12.9 million and $4.7 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2010 and 2011, respectively, were previously included on a separate line item in our consolidated statements of cash flows and are now combined with the changes in our deferred income tax accounts in the Operating activities section. Consistent with prior years the impact of excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation is disclosed on a separate line item within the Financing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows. Operating Segment—We operate in one business segment. See Note 8—Operating Segments, Geographic Information and Significant Customers for additional information regarding our business segment. Use of Estimates—The preparation of consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to, but not limited to, the useful lives of intangible assets, fair value of investments, fair value of our Medicare and individual and family plan books-of-business, fair value of intangible assets, estimates for commission forfeitures, valuation allowance for deferred income taxes, provision for income taxes, our assessment whether internal use software and website development costs will result in additional functionality and the assumptions used in determining stock-based compensation. We base our estimates of the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Cash Equivalents—We consider all investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at fair value. 80 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Property and Equipment—Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Capital lease amortization expenses are included in depreciation expense in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Depreciation and amortization is computed using the straight-line method based on estimated useful lives as follows: Computer equipment and software Office equipment and furniture Leasehold improvements 3 to 5 years 5 years Lesser of useful life (typically 5 to 7 years) or related lease term Maintenance and minor replacements are expensed as incurred. See Note 2—Balance Sheet Accounts for additional information regarding our property and equipment. Goodwill and Intangible Assets—Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration paid over the estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business acquisition. We do not amortize goodwill but test for impairment on an annual basis on or about November 30 of each year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate a reduction in its fair value below its carrying amount. Intangible assets with finite useful lives, which include purchased technology, pharmacy and customer relationships, trade names, trademarks and website addresses, are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are reviewed for impairment annually on or about November 30 of each year or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate a reduction in their fair values below their respective carrying amounts. Factors that we consider in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant negative industry or economic trends or significant changes or planned changes in our use of the intangible assets. We measure the recoverability of assets that will continue to be used in our operations by comparing the carrying value of the asset grouping to our estimate of the related total future undiscounted net cash flows. If an asset grouping’s carrying value is not recoverable through the related undiscounted cash flows, the asset grouping is considered to be impaired. The impairment is measured by comparing the difference between the asset grouping’s carrying value and its fair value. Fair value is the price that would be received from selling an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Goodwill and intangible assets are considered non-financial assets, and are recorded at fair value, subsequent to initial recognition, only when an impairment charge is recognized. We must make subjective judgments in determining the independent cash flows that can be related to specific asset groupings. In addition, we must make subjective judgments regarding the remaining useful lives of assets with finite useful lives. When we determine that the useful life of an asset is shorter than we had originally estimated, we accelerate the rate of amortization over the assets’ new, remaining useful life. We evaluated the remaining useful lives of our intangible assets with finite lives in the fourth quarter of 2012 and determined no adjustments to the remaining lives were required. Book-of-Business Transfers—We have entered into several agreements with a broker partner, whereby the partner has transferred certain of its existing Medicare plan members to us as the broker of record on the underlying policies. The first of these book-of-business transfers occurred in November 2010 and the most recent in June 2012. Total consideration for these books-of-business amounted to $13.9 million, of which $6.3 million is related to transfers during 2012. Consideration for these books-of-business is included in Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets and in Other Assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The consideration, 81 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. which was based on the discounted commissions expected to be received over the remaining life of each transferred Medicare plan member, is being amortized to Cost of Revenue in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and is presented as Amortization of Book-of-Business Consideration in the consolidated statements of cash flows as we recognize commission revenue related to the transferred Medicare plan members, over a period of up to five years. The amount of consideration we amortize to cost of revenue each quarter is proportional to the amount of commission revenue we recognize on the underlying policies each quarter. Amortization expense recorded to cost of revenue for these books-of-business for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 totaled $0.4 million, $0.8 million and $2.7 million, respectively. Cash consideration paid in connection with the book-of-business transfers are presented under Investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. In both 2011 and 2012, we offset a portion of the total consideration against outstanding accounts receivable from the partner. In the fourth quarter of 2012, we determined that the carrying value of one of our acquired books-of-business was higher than its fair value and recorded an impairment charge of $0.4 million, which is included in Cost of Revenue in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for 2012 and Amortization of Book-of-Business Consideration in the consolidated statements of cash flows for 2012. No indicators of impairment were identified related to any of the subsequent transfers. Other Long-Lived Assets—We evaluate other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue for our services when each of the following four criteria is met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; the seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable; and collectability is reasonably assured. Our revenue is primarily comprised of compensation paid to us by health insurance carriers related to insurance policies that have been purchased by a member who used our service. We define a member as an individual currently covered by an insurance plan, including individual and family, Medicare-related, small business and ancillary plans, for which we are entitled to receive compensation from an insurance carrier. Commission Revenue—For individual and family, Medicare Supplement, small business and ancillary plans, our compensation generally represents a percentage of the premium amount collected by the carrier during the period that a member maintains coverage under a policy (commissions) and, to a much lesser extent, override commissions that health insurance carriers pay us for achieving certain objectives. Premium-based commissions are reported to us after the premiums are collected by the carrier, generally on a monthly basis. We generally continue to receive the commission payment from the relevant insurance carrier until the health insurance policy is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy. We recognize commission revenue for individual and family, Medicare Supplement, small business and ancillary plans as the commissions are reported to us by the carrier, net of an estimate for future forfeiture amounts due to policy cancellations. We determine that there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement when we have a commission agreement with a health insurance carrier, a carrier reports to us that it has approved an application submitted through our ecommerce platform and the applicant starts making payments on the policy. Our services are complete when a carrier has approved an application. The seller’s price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured when commission amounts have been reported to us by a carrier. We recognize individual and family, small business and ancillary commission override revenue when reported to us by a carrier based on the actual attainment of predetermined target sales levels or other objectives 82 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. as determined by the carrier. Commission override revenue, which we recognize on the same basis as individual and family, small business and ancillary commissions, is generally reported to us in a more irregular pattern than such commissions. For both Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, we receive a fixed, annual commission payment from insurance carriers once the policy is approved by the carrier and either a fixed, monthly commission payment beginning with and subsequent to the second policy year for a Medicare Advantage policy or a fixed, annual commission payment beginning with and subsequent to the second policy year for a Medicare Part D prescription drug policy. We recognize commission revenue for both Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans for the entire policy year once the annual or first monthly commission amount for the policy year is reported to us by the carrier, net of an estimate for future forfeiture amounts due to policy cancellations. For commissions paid to us on a monthly basis, we record a receivable for the commission amounts to be received over the remainder of the policy year, net of an estimate for commission amounts not expected to be collected due to policy cancellations, which is included in Accounts Receivable in the accompanying balance sheets. We continue to receive the commission payments from the relevant insurance carrier until the earlier of our being notified that the health insurance policy has been cancelled, our no longer remaining the agent on the policy, or when our commission term with the carrier expires, typically up to six years from the effective date of the policy, or longer depending on the carrier arrangement. We determine that there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement when we have a commission agreement with a health insurance carrier. Our services are complete when a carrier has approved an application in the initial year and when a member has renewed in a renewal year. The seller’s price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured when a carrier has approved an application and the carrier reports to us the annual or first monthly renewal commission amount for each policy year. Commissions for all health insurance plans we sell are reported to us by a cash payment and commission statement. We generally receive these communications simultaneously. In instances when we receive the cash payment and commission statement separately and in different accounting periods, we recognize revenue in the period that we receive the earliest communication, provided we receive the second corroborating communication shortly following the end of the accounting period. If the second corroborating communication is not received shortly following the end of the accounting period, we recognize revenue in the period the second communication is received. We use the data in the commission statements to help identify the members for which we are receiving a commission payment and the amount received for each member, and to estimate future forfeiture amounts due to policy cancellations. As a result, we recognize the net amount of compensation earned as the agent in the transaction. Certain commission amounts are subject to forfeiture when the policy is subsequently cancelled and either the carrier takes back all or a portion of the commission they have paid to us or we will no longer receive monthly commission payments for the remainder of the policy year. We record an estimate for these forfeitures based on our historical cancellation experience using data provided on commission statements. Policy cancellations and the commission amounts, if any, to be taken back by the carrier are typically reported to us by health insurance carriers several months after the policy’s cancellation date. Our estimate for forfeitures payable to a carrier, which is included in Other Current Liabilities in the accompanying balance sheets, includes an estimate of both the reporting time lag and the forfeiture amount, based on our historical experience by policy type. Similarly, our estimate for commission amounts not expected to be collected due to policy cancellations, which is recorded as a reduction of Accounts Receivable in the accompanying balance sheets, includes an estimate of the annual policy cancellation rate, based on our historical experience by policy type. 83 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Other Revenue Online Sponsorship and Advertising—Our sponsorship and advertising program allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website. In return, we are typically paid a monthly fee, which is recognized over the period that advertising is displayed, and often a performance fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. We also offer Medicare sponsorship services, which include website development, hosting and maintenance. In these instances, we are typically paid a fixed, up-front fee, which we recognize as revenue over the service period. Technology Licensing Revenue—Our technology licensing business allows carriers the use of our ecommerce platform to offer their own health insurance policies on their websites and agents to utilize our technology to power their online quoting, content and application submission processes. Typically, we are paid a one-time implementation fee, which we recognize on a straight-line basis over the estimated term of the customer relationship (generally the initial term of the agreement), commencing once the technology is available for use by the third party, and a performance fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. The metrics used to calculate performance fees for both sponsorship and advertising and technology licensing are based on performance criteria that are either measured based on data tracked by us, or based on data tracked by the third party. In instances where the performance criteria data is tracked by us, we recognize revenue in the period of performance. In instances where the performance criteria data is tracked by the third party, we recognize revenue when the amounts earned are both fixed and determinable and collection is reasonably assured. Typically, this occurs through our receipt of a cash payment from the third party along with a detailed statement containing the data that is tracked by the third party. Medicare Lead Referral Revenue—The Medicare-related revenue we have generated includes referral fees paid to us based on Medicare leads generated by our online platforms that are delivered and sold to third parties. We sell our leads to a limited number of purchasers, and the majority of our lead referral revenue is generated during the Medicare annual enrollment period, which occurs during the fourth quarter of the calendar year. We recognize lead referral revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of a lead has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Delivery is deemed to have occurred at the time a lead is delivered to the customer. During the second quarter of 2012 we transitioned away from selling Medicare leads and began servicing the majority of Medicare leads we generate as a health insurance agent. Multiple-element Arrangements—We allocate revenue to all units of accounting within an arrangement with multiple deliverables at the inception of the arrangement using the relative selling price method. The relative selling price method allocates any discount in an arrangement proportionally to each deliverable on the basis of each deliverable’s relative selling price. The relative selling price established for each deliverable is based on vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value (“VSOE”) if available, third-party evidence of selling price if VSOE is not available, or best estimate of selling price if neither VSOE nor third-party evidence is available. When used, the best estimate of selling price reflects our best estimates of what the selling prices of certain deliverables would be if they were sold regularly on a stand-alone basis. Our process for determining best estimate of selling price for deliverables without VSOE or third-party evidence of selling price considers multiple factors that may vary depending upon the unique facts and circumstances related to each deliverable. Key factors considered by us in developing the relative selling prices for our technology licensing fees include prices charged by us for similar offerings and our historical pricing practices. We may also consider additional factors as appropriate, including competition. A deliverable constitutes a separate unit of accounting when it has stand-alone value and there are no customer-negotiated right of refunds for the delivered elements. If the arrangement includes a customer- negotiated right of refund relative to the delivered item, and the delivery and performance of the undelivered item 84 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. is considered probable and substantially in our control, the delivered element constitutes a separate unit of accounting. In circumstances when the aforementioned criteria are not met, the deliverable is combined with the undelivered elements, and the allocation of the arrangement consideration and revenue recognition is determined for the combined unit as a single unit. Allocation of the consideration is determined at the inception of the arrangement on the basis of each unit’s relative selling price. After the arrangement consideration has been allocated to each unit of accounting based on their relative selling prices, we apply revenue recognition criteria separately to each respective unit of accounting in the arrangement in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Deferred Revenue—Deferred revenue includes deferred technology licensing implementation fees and amounts billed for deliverables, including professional services, in multiple element arrangements that do not have stand-alone value from other, undelivered elements as well as amounts billed or collected from sponsorship or technology licensing customers in advance of our performing our service for such customers. It also includes the amount by which both unbilled and billed services provided under our technology licensing arrangements exceed the straight-line revenue recognized to date. We defer commission amounts that have been paid to us related to transactions where our services are complete, but where we cannot currently estimate future forfeitures related to those amounts. Cost of Revenue—Included in Cost of Revenue are payments related to health insurance policies sold to members who were referred to our website by marketing partners with whom we have revenue-sharing arrangements. In order to enter into a revenue-sharing arrangement, marketing partners must be licensed to sell health insurance in the state where the policy is sold. Costs related to revenue-sharing arrangements are expensed as the related revenue is recognized. In 2011, cost of revenue also included a significant amount of direct labor and other direct costs incurred in connection with a contract with the federal government, the term of which expired in January 2012. Additionally, cost of revenue includes the amortization of consideration we paid to a broker partner in connection with the transfer of their Medicare-related health insurance members to us as the new broker of record on the underlying policies. Deferred Costs—Deferred costs primarily represent direct costs related to professional services provided in connection with technology licensing arrangements that are accounted for as a single unit of accounting. The direct professional services costs are deferred up until the commencement of revenue recognition of the single unit and then recognized as cost of revenue ratably over the same period as the related revenue. Marketing and Advertising Expenses—Marketing and advertising expenses consist primarily of member acquisition expenses associated with our direct, marketing partner and online advertising member acquisition channels, in addition to compensation and other expenses related to marketing, business development, partner management, public relations and carrier relations personnel who support our offerings. We report advertising costs in the period in which costs are incurred. Advertising costs incurred in the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 totaled $53.9 million, $49.2 million and $50.3 million, respectively. Our direct channel expenses primarily consist of costs for e-mail marketing and may also include costs for television advertising, radio advertising, print advertising and direct mail marketing. Our marketing partner channel expenses primarily consist of fees paid to marketing partners with which we have a relationship. Our online advertising channel expenses primarily consist of paid keyword search advertising on search engines. 85 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Research and Development Expenses—Research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation and related expenses incurred for enhancements to the functionality of our website. Research and development costs, which totaled $6.4 million, $7.3 million and $8.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively, are included in technology and content expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Internal-Use Software and Website Development Costs—We capitalize costs of materials, consultants and compensation and benefits costs of employees who devote time to the development of internal-use software; however, we usually expense as incurred website development costs for new features and functionalities because it is not probable that they will result in additional functionality until they are both developed and tested with confirmation that they are more effective than the current set of features and functionalities on our website. Our judgment is required in determining the point at which various projects enter the phases at which costs may be capitalized, in assessing the ongoing value of the capitalized costs and in determining the estimated useful lives over which the costs are amortized, which is generally three years. To the extent that we change the manner in which we develop and test new features and functionalities related to our website, assess the ongoing value of capitalized assets or determine the estimated useful lives over which the costs are amortized, the amount of website development costs we capitalize and amortize in future periods would be impacted. Through December 31, 2012, the majority of our internal-use software and website development costs have been expensed as incurred. Stock-Based Compensation—We recognize stock-based compensation expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income based on the fair value of our stock-based awards over their respective vesting periods, which is generally four years. The estimated grant date fair value of our stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes-Merton pricing model and a single option award approach. The weighted- average expected term for stock options granted is calculated using historical option exercise behavior. Prior to 2011, the weighted-average expected term for stock options granted was calculated using the simplified method, as we did not have sufficient historical option exercise behavior on which to estimate expected terms. The simplified method defines the expected term as the average of the contractual term and the vesting period of the stock option. We estimate our expected volatility using a combination of our weighted-average implied volatility and our historical volatility. Prior to 2011, we estimated the volatility used as an input to the model based on an analysis of our stock price since our initial public offering in October 2006, as well as an analysis of similar public companies for which we have data. The dividend yield is determined by dividing the expected per share dividend during the coming year by the grant date stock price. Through December 31, 2012, we had not declared or paid any cash dividends, and we do not expect to pay any in the foreseeable future. We base the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term of our stock options. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based payment awards represent our best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. We will continue to use judgment in evaluating the expected volatility related to our own stock-based awards on a prospective basis, and incorporating these factors into the model. Changes in key assumptions could significantly impact the valuation of such instruments. 401(k) Plan—In September 1998, our board of directors adopted a defined contribution retirement plan (401(k) Plan), which qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Participation in the 401(k) Plan is available to substantially all employees in the United States. Employees can contribute up to 25% of their salary, up to the federal maximum allowable limit, on a before-tax basis to the 401(k) Plan. Employee contributions are fully vested when contributed. Company contributions to the 401(k) Plan are discretionary and are expensed when incurred. In April 2006, we began matching employee contributions to our 401(k) Plan at 25% of an employee’s contribution each pay period, up to a maximum of 1% of the employee’s salary during 86 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. such pay period. Our matching contributions are expensed as incurred and vest one-third for each of the first three years of the recipient’s service. The recipient is fully vested in all 401(k) Plan matching contributions after three years of service. Income Taxes—We account for income taxes using the liability method. Deferred income taxes are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted statutory tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We consider stock option deduction benefits in excess of book compensation charges realized when we obtain an incremental benefit determined by the “With and Without” calculation method. Under the “With and Without” approach, excess tax benefits related to share-based payments are not deemed to be realized until after the utilization of all other tax benefits available to us. For example, net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards from prior years are used to reduce taxes currently payable prior to deductions from stock option exercises for purposes of financial reporting, while for tax return purposes, current year stock compensation deductions are generally used before net operating loss carry forwards. Indirect effects of excess tax benefits, such as the effect on research and development tax credits, are not considered. We utilize a two-step approach for evaluating uncertain tax positions. Step one, Recognition, requires a company to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. Step two, Measurement, is based on the largest amount of benefit, which is more likely than not to be realized on ultimate settlement. We record interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as income tax expense in the consolidated financial statements. Seasonality—The number of individual and family health insurance applications submitted through our ecommerce platform has generally increased in our first quarter compared to our fourth quarter and in our third quarter compared to our second quarter. Conversely, we have generally experienced a decline or flattening of individual and family submitted applications in our second quarter compared to our first quarter and in our fourth quarter compared to our third quarter. The majority of Medicare plans are sold in our fourth quarter during the Medicare annual enrollment period, when Medicare-eligible individuals are permitted to change their Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug coverage for the following year. As a result, we generate a significant amount of Medicare plan-related revenue in the fourth quarter of the year. Additionally, we recognize a majority of our renewal Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plan commission revenue in the first quarter of each year as the majority of policies sold during the annual enrollment period typically renew on January 1 of each year. Since a significant portion of our marketing and advertising expenses are driven by the number of health insurance applications submitted on our ecommerce platform, those expenses are influenced by these patterns. As a result, marketing and advertising expenses related to individual and family health insurance plans are highest in our first and third quarters, while marketing and advertising expenses related to Medicare plans are highest in our third and fourth quarters. Additionally, in preparation for the Medicare annual enrollment period, we begin ramping up our temporary customer care center staff during our second and third quarters and employ our temporary customer care center staff until the end of the Medicare annual enrollment period in December. Accordingly, our customer care center staffing costs are significantly higher in our third and fourth quarters compared to our first and second quarters. Based on these seasonal trends, our revenue is highest in the fourth quarter of the year and our profitability is relatively higher in the first and fourth quarters and substantially lower in the third quarter of the year. 87 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Recent Accounting Pronouncements—In December 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued authoritative guidance to amend the requirement for an entity to disclose information about offsetting and related arrangements to enable users of its financial statements to understand the effect of those arrangements on its financial position. An entity should provide the disclosures required by those amendments retrospectively for all comparative periods presented. This guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2013, and interim periods within those annual periods. We will adopt the guidance beginning in the first quarter of 2013 and we do not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In June 2011, the FASB issued authoritative guidance related to the presentation of comprehensive income. The guidance requires that all non-owner changes in stockholders’ equity be presented in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. The guidance does not change the items that must be reported in other comprehensive income or when an item of other comprehensive income must be reclassified to net income. This guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2011. The new guidance is to be applied retrospectively. We adopted the guidance beginning in the first quarter of 2012 using two consecutive statements for all periods presented and the adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial results. In July 2012, the FASB updated the accounting guidance related to testing indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment. This update permits an entity to first make a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative impairment test. An entity is not required to calculate the fair value of an indefinite- lived intangible asset and perform the quantitative impairment test unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired. The more-likely-than-not threshold is defined as having a likelihood of more than 50%. This update is effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed in fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2012 (our fiscal year 2013); however, early adoption is permitted, provided that the entity has not yet performed its annual impairment test or issued its financial statements. We adopted this guidance in the fourth quarter of 2012 and the adoption of this accounting guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial results. Note 2—Balance Sheet Accounts Cash and Cash Equivalents—As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, our cash equivalents consisted of money market accounts that invested in U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds and discount notes, U.S. government treasury bills and notes and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government obligations. At December 31, 2011 and 2012, our cash equivalents carried no unrealized gains or losses and we did not realize any significant gains or losses on sales of cash equivalents during the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012. As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, our cash and cash equivalent balances were invested as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2011 December 31, 2012 Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 17,256 106,351 $123,607 $ 27,484 113,365 $140,849 We used observable prices in active markets in determining the classification of our money market funds as Level 1 as of December 31, 2011 and 2012. Concentration of Credit Risk—Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk principally consist of cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable. We invest our cash and cash equivalents 88 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. with major banks and financial institutions and, at times, such investments are in excess of federally insured limits. We also have deposits with major banks in China that are denominated in both U.S. dollars and Chinese Renminbi and are not insured by the U.S. federal government. Accounts Receivable—We do not require collateral or other security for our accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2011, one customer represented 73% of our $8.1 million outstanding accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2012, four customers represented 25%, 22%, 14% and 11%, respectively, for a combined total of 72% of our $4.5 million outstanding accounts receivable balance. No other customers represented 10% or more of our total accounts receivable at December 31, 2011 and December 31, 2012. We believe the potential for collection issues with any of our customers was minimal as of December 31, 2012. Accordingly, our estimate for uncollectible amounts at December 31, 2012 was not material. As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, our accounts receivable consisted of the following (in thousands): Accounts receivable—for other revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commissions receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2011 December 31, 2012 $7,702 353 $8,055 $3,319 1,149 $4,468 Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets—Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands): Book-of-business transfers, net (current) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid maintenance contracts (current) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets (current) As of December 31, 2011 2012 $1,659 124 495 372 221 506 $3,219 1,133 1,027 404 269 591 Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,377 $6,643 Property and Equipment—Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2011 2012 Computer equipment and software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office equipment and furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,465 1,606 880 $ 13,393 2,272 1,084 Property and equipment, gross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less accumulated depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,951 (9,320) 16,749 (10,564) Property and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,631 $ 6,185 Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment totaled $2.2 million, $2.4 million and $2.4 million in the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. 89 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Other Assets—Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands): Book-of-business transfers, net (non-current) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capitalized project costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid maintenance contracts (non-current) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,258 252 14 117 $7,313 506 153 151 Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5,641 $8,123 As of December 31, 2011 2012 Goodwill and Intangible Assets—As a result of the streamlining of a legacy software product, we assessed intangible assets for impairment in the fourth quarter of 2011 and recorded an impairment charge of $0.3 million related to certain acquired intangible assets. The impairment charge is included in Amortization of Intangible Assets on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and reduced the intangible assets, net carrying balance on the consolidated balance sheets. The carrying amounts, accumulated amortization, net carrying value and weighted average remaining life of our definite-lived amortizable intangible assets, as well as our indefinite-lived non-amortizable intangible trademarks, are presented in the tables below for (dollars in thousands, weighted-average useful life is as of December 31, 2012): December 31, 2011 December 31, 2012 Weighted Average Useful Life Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount December 31, 2012 $ 1,752 $ (588) $ 1,164 $ 1,752 $ (933) $ 819 2.4 years 10,410 (2,108) 8,302 10,410 (3,287) 7,123 7.3 years 907 (154) 753 907 (245) 662 7.3 years $13,069 $(2,850) 10,219 $13,069 $(4,465) 8,604 307 $10,526 307 Indefinite $8,911 Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pharmacy and customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . Trade names, trademarks and website addresses . . . . . . . Total intangible assets subject to amortization . . . . . . . . . Indefinite-lived trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . During the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, amortization expense related to intangible assets totaled $1.1 million, $2.0 million and $1.6 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2011 includes an impairment charge of $0.3 million related to certain acquired intangible assets. 90 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. As of December 31, 2011, expected amortization expense in future periods is as follows (in thousands): Years Ending December 31, Technology Pharmacy and Customer Relationships Trade Names, Trademarks and Website Addresses 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $345 345 118 5 5 1 $819 $ 979 979 979 979 979 2,228 $7,123 $ 91 91 91 91 91 207 $662 Total $1,415 1,415 1,188 1,075 1,075 2,436 $8,604 Other Current Liabilities—Other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands): Payable to carriers—estimate for forfeitures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 927 324 296 $1,245 154 176 Total other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,547 $1,575 As of December 31, 2011 2012 Note 3—Fair Value Measurements We define fair value as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques we use to measure fair value maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. We classify the inputs used to measure fair value into the following hierarchy: Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities Level 2 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, or Unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability Level 3 Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, our cash equivalents were invested in money market funds and were classified as Level 1. We endeavor to utilize the best available information in measuring fair value. We used observable prices in active markets in determining the classification of our money market funds as Level 1. The determination of fair value of the acquired book-of-business for which a $0.4 million impairment charge was recorded during 2012 is classified as a Level 3 fair value assessment because of the use of unobservable inputs in the calculation. We utilized an income approach, under which the fair value of the book of business was determined based on the present value of the estimated future cash flows using the expected present value technique. Under the expected present value technique possible cash flows are probability-weighted to 91 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. determine an expected cash flow. The discount rate used was adjusted from a risk-free rate to reflect a market risk premium. The unobservable inputs used to calculate the fair value of the book-of-business included the projected cash flows and the market risk premium added to the discount rate. We determined that the fair value of the impaired Medicare book-of-business asset was $1.3 million as of December 31, 2012. Note 4—Stockholders’ Equity Preferred Stock—Our board of directors has the authority, without any further action by our stockholders, to issue up to 110,000,000 shares, par value $0.001 per share, of which 10,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock. As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, there were no shares of preferred stock outstanding. Common Stock—On all matters submitted to our stockholders for vote, our common stockholders are entitled to one vote per share, voting together as a single class, and do not have cumulative voting rights. Accordingly, the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors can elect all of the directors standing for election, if they so choose. Subject to preferences that may apply to any shares of preferred stock outstanding, the holders of common stock are entitled to share equally in any dividends, when and if declared by our board of directors. Upon the occurrence of a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of common stock are entitled to share equally in all assets remaining after the payment of any liabilities and the liquidation preferences on any outstanding preferred stock. Holders of common stock have no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights and there are no redemption or sinking funds provisions applicable to the common stock. Shares Reserved—We issue common stock upon the exercise of stock options, the vesting of restricted stock units and upon granting of restricted common stock awards. Shares of authorized but unissued common stock reserved for future issuance were as follows (in thousands): Common stock: Stock options issued and outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units issued and outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares available for grant Total shares reserved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of December 31, 2011 2012 3,412 474 3,870 7,756 2,956 381 3,982 7,319 Stock Plans—Our 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan”) became effective in October 2006. In general, if options or shares awarded under the 2006 Plan are forfeited or repurchased, those options or shares will again become available for grant under the 2006 Plan. In addition, on January 1 of each year, the number of shares available for future grant under the 2006 Plan will automatically increase by the lowest of (a) 1,500,000 shares, (b) 4% of the total number of shares of our common stock then outstanding or (c) a lower number determined by our board of directors or its compensation committee. Employees, non-employee members of our board of directors and consultants of our company are eligible to participate in our 2006 Plan. The 2006 Plan requires that the exercise price of stock options and stock appreciation rights awarded shall in no event be less than 100% of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date of grant. We also maintain the 1998 Stock Plan and the 2005 Stock Plan, under which we previously granted options to purchase shares of our common stock and restricted common stock. The 1998 and 2005 Stock Plans were terminated with respect to the grant of additional awards upon the effective date of the registration statement 92 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. related to our initial public offering in October 2006, although we will continue to issue new shares of common stock upon the exercise of stock options previously granted under the 1998 and 2005 Stock Plans. Our stock options and restricted stock awards granted under the 2006 Plan and the 1998 and 2005 Stock Plans (collectively, the “Stock Plans”) generally vest over four years at a rate of 25% after one year and 1/48th per month thereafter. Our stock options granted prior to December 31, 2007 generally expire after ten years from the date of grant. Stock options granted subsequent to December 31, 2007 generally expire after seven years from the date of grant. As of December 31, 2012, no shares were subject to repurchase. Our restricted stock unit awards granted under the 2006 Plan generally vest over four years at a rate of 25% after one year and 25% annually thereafter. In both 2011 and 2012, we issued restricted stock units with both service and performance-based vesting criteria to our executive officers. The performance-based contingency period for our restricted stock units with both service and performance-based vesting criteria is the fiscal year in which the grant is awarded ending on December 31, and the measurement of achievement is based on our revenue, non-GAAP operating earnings and EBITDA results for the fiscal year. Our performance-based restricted stock units are granted pursuant to the terms of our 2006 Plan. Shares earned and eligible to vest will vest one-third annually following the performance-based contingency period. The following table summarizes activity under our Stock Plans (in thousands): Stock Plan Activity Shares available for grant December 31, 2009 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduction in number of authorized shares (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional shares authorized (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares available for grant December 31, 2010 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduction in number of authorized shares (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional shares authorized (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units granted (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units cancelled (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares available for grant December 31, 2011 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reduction in number of authorized shares (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional shares authorized (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units granted (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units cancelled (5) Options cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares available for grant December 31, 2012 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (shares) 3,164 (19) 937 (132) (836) 30 139 3,283 (5) 863 (323) (278) 79 251 3,870 (2) 795 (265) (846) 121 309 3,982 (1) Shares available for grant do not include treasury stock shares that could be granted if we determined to do so. 93 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. (2) The 1998 and 2005 Stock Plans were terminated with respect to the grant of additional shares upon the effective date of the registration statement related to our initial public offering in October 2006, resulting in reductions in the total number of shares authorized for issuance. (3) On January 1, 2010, 2011 and 2012, the number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan was automatically increased pursuant to the terms of the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan. (4) 2011 and 2012 include grants of restricted stock units with both service and performance-based vesting criteria to our executive officers. (5) 2011 and 2012 include cancelled restricted stock units with both service and performance-based vesting criteria. The following table summarizes stock option activity under the Stock Plans (in thousands, except weighted- average exercise price and weighted-average remaining contractual life data): Number of Stock Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) Balance outstanding at December 31, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance outstanding at December 31, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance outstanding at December 31, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,899 836 (105) (139) 3,491 278 (106) (251) 3,412 846 (993) (309) Balance outstanding at December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,956 Vested and expected to vest after December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercisable after December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,862 1,833 $10.56 $15.47 $ 7.76 $15.60 $11.62 $12.93 $ 8.50 $17.93 $11.36 $17.76 $ 8.51 $18.39 $13.41 $13.29 $11.31 5.16 $20,895 4.69 $16,349 3.80 $17,078 3.91 3.83 2.66 $41,642 $40,672 $29,684 (1) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between eHealth’s closing stock price as of December 31 of each year presented and the exercise price of in-the-money options as of those dates. The total fair value of stock options vested during the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 was $3.4 million, $4.6 million and $2.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2012, there was $6.6 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over the next 3.2 years. 94 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity under the Stock Plans (in thousands, except weighted-average grant date fair value and weighted-average remaining contractual life data): Number of Restricted Stock Units (1) Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Balance outstanding at December 31, 2009 . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance outstanding at December 31, 2010 . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance outstanding at December 31, 2011 . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance outstanding at December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . 383 132 (115) (30) 370 323 (140) (79) 474 265 (237) (121) 381 $17.87 $17.47 $18.54 $14.51 $17.80 $12.55 $17.59 $16.06 $14.72 $17.61 $15.49 $14.04 $16.21 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) 1.47 Aggregate Intrinsic Value (2) $ 6,289 2.22 $ 4,816 1.92 $ 6,958 2.22 $10,464 (1) Includes restricted stock units with both service and performance-based vesting criteria granted to our executive officers. (2) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as eHealth’s closing stock price as of December 31 multiplied by the number of restricted stock units outstanding. The fair value of the restricted stock units is based on eHealth’s stock price on the date of grant, and compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The total grant date fair value of restricted stock units vested during the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 was $1.9 million, $1.8 million and $3.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2012, there was $4.2 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units, which is expected to be recognized over the next 2.2 years. Stock Repurchase Programs—On July 27, 2010, we announced that our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing us to purchase up to $30 million of our common stock. Purchases under the repurchase program were made in the open market and complied with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In January 2011, we completed this stock repurchase program, having repurchased in the aggregate 2.3 million shares for approximately $30 million at an average price of $13.06 per share including commissions. The cost of the repurchased shares was funded from available working capital. On June 14, 2011, we announced that our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing us to purchase up to an additional $30 million of our common stock. Repurchases under this program began in the third quarter of 2011. Purchases under the repurchase program were made in the open market and complied with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In February 2012, we completed this stock repurchase program, having repurchased in aggregate 2.2 million shares for approximately $30 million at an average price of $13.78 per share including commissions. The cost of the repurchased shares was funded from available working capital. 95 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. On September 10, 2012, we announced that our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing us to purchase up to an additional $30 million of our common stock. On March 5, 2013, we announced that our board of directors approved an additional $30 million of stock repurchases, bringing the total approved under this program to $60 million. Purchases under this program may be made in the open market or unsolicited negotiated transactions and are expected to comply with Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The timing of the purchases and the exact number of shares to be purchased will depend upon market conditions. The program does not require us to acquire a specific number of shares, and the program may be suspended from time to time or discontinued at any time. The cost of the repurchased shares is being funded from available working capital. For accounting purposes, common stock repurchased under our stock repurchase programs is recorded based upon the settlement date of the applicable trade. Such repurchased shares are held in treasury and are presented using the cost method. Stock repurchase activity under our stock repurchase programs during the year ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 is summarized as follows (dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts): Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share (1) Amount of Repurchase Cumulative balance at December 31, 2009 . . . . . . . . Repurchases of common stock during 2010 . . . . . . . Cumulative balance at December 31, 2010 . . . . . . . . Repurchases of common stock during 2011 . . . . . . . Cumulative balance at December 31, 2011 . . . . . . . . Repurchases of common stock during 2012 . . . . . . . 1,877,850 2,026,802 3,904,652 1,893,154 5,797,806 599,997 Cumulative balance at December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . 6,397,803 $15.97 $12.93 $14.39 $13.39 $14.07 $15.72 $14.22 $29,999 26,204 56,203 25,354 81,557 9,434 $90,991 (1) Average price paid per share includes commissions. In addition to the shares repurchased under our repurchase programs as of December 31, 2012, we have in treasury an additional 158,500 shares that were previously surrendered by employees to satisfy tax withholdings due in connection with the vesting of certain restricted stock units. As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, we had a total of 5,893,831 shares and 6,556,303 shares, respectively, held in treasury. Stock-Based Compensation—The fair value of stock options granted to employees for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 was estimated using the following weighted average assumptions: Expected term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average grant date fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6years 4.6 years 4.6 years 52.5% 0% 2.25% 7.09 $ 49.3% 0% 1.74% 5.51 $ 43.9% 0% 0.85% 6.65 $ Year Ended December 31, 2010 2011 2012 96 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense recorded during the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 (in thousands): Common stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2010 2011 2012 $3,936 2,459 $6,395 $3,712 3,384 $7,096 $2,787 2,835 $5,622 The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense by operating function for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 (in thousands): Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2010 2011 2012 $ 808 384 1,622 3,581 $6,395 $ 962 344 1,669 4,121 $7,096 $1,215 321 1,021 3,065 $5,622 Note 5—Income Taxes The components of our income (loss) before provision for income taxes were as follows (in thousands): United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $33,226 (658) $13,327 (143) $13,475 (23) Income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32,568 $13,184 $13,452 Year Ended December 31, 2010 2011 2012 The provision (benefit) for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2010 2011 2012 Current: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,529 3,259 2 Total current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,790 $5,179 828 — 6,007 Deferred: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,917) 213 (1,704) 620 (167) 453 $5,009 373 — 5,382 819 169 988 Provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,086 $6,460 $6,370 97 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. The following table provides a reconciliation of the federal statutory income tax rate to our effective tax rate: Federal statutory rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-qualified stock option shortfalls, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lobbying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . California apportionment change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign income and withholding taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development tax credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effective tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2010 35.0% 5.7 0.7 1.1 2.0 0.7 (0.1) 0.6 0.6 46.3% 2011 35.0% 3.0 3.7 7.0 — 0.4 (0.5) 0.7 (0.3) 49.0% 2012 35.0% 3.5 6.5 4.7 — (0.2) — 0.4 (2.5) 47.4% Our effective tax rates in 2010, 2011 and 2012 were higher than statutory federal and state tax rates primarily due to non-deductible lobbying expenses and tax shortfalls related to share-based payments. Additionally our effective tax rate in 2010 was affected by non-deductible acquisition-related costs incurred as a result of the purchase of PlanPrescriber and additional state tax expense resulting from an increase in valuation allowance against state deferred tax assets resulting from a reduction in California apportionment. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, together with net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Significant components of our deferred tax assets were as follows (in thousands): Deferred tax assets: Federal, state and foreign net operating loss carry forwards . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal and state tax credit carry forwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accruals and reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities—intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities—fixed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of December 31, 2011 2012 $ 4,234 440 4,795 2,176 493 967 13,105 (651) 12,454 (3,733) (709) $ 2,995 507 3,963 2,293 1,175 831 11,764 (612) 11,152 (3,125) (1,001) Total net deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,012 $ 7,026 Net deferred tax assets—current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net deferred tax assets—non-current $ 4,622 3,390 $ 4,098 2,928 Total net deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,012 $ 7,026 98 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets is dependent upon several factors, including the likelihood and amount, if any, of future taxable income in relevant jurisdictions during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. We forecast taxable income by considering all available positive and negative evidence, including our history of operating income and losses and our financial plans and estimates that we use to manage the business. These assumptions require significant judgment about future taxable income. As a result, the amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if estimates of future taxable income change. The net valuation allowance decreased $0.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2010, related to net operating carry loss forwards in China. The changes in our net valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 were not material. For tax return purposes, we had net operating loss carry forwards at December 31, 2012 of approximately $5.3 million and $72.1 million for federal income tax and state income tax purposes, respectively. Included in the state net operating loss carry forward are unrealized state net operating loss deductions resulting from stock option exercises of approximately $56.6 million. The benefit of these unrealized stock option-related deductions has not been included in the deferred tax assets table above and will be recognized as a credit to additional paid- in capital when realized. Federal and state net operating loss carry forwards begin expiring in 2023 and 2016, respectively. The federal net operating loss carry forward is subject to an annual limitation of approximately $2.5 million due to section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Approximately $1.9 million of the state net operating loss carry forward is subject to an annual limitation of approximately $0.1 million due to section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. In September 2008, the state of California approved its budget for fiscal year ending June 30, 2009, which contained changes to the California tax law which substantially limited our ability to utilize available state net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards to reduce our state income taxes payable. In October 2010, the state of California approved its budget for fiscal year ending June 30, 2011, which again contained changes to the California tax law which substantially limited our ability to utilize available state net operating loss carry forwards to reduce our state income taxes payable. The changes in the California tax law did not impact our effective tax rates for 2010, 2011 and 2012, nor will they affect the amount of net operating loss or tax credit carry forwards that we expect to ultimately use to offset future California taxes, but the changes did limit the amount of net operating loss carry forwards we were able to utilize to reduce our taxes payable during 2010 and 2011. As a result, we experienced an increase in cash taxes payable to the state of California during the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2011. During the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 we utilized excess tax benefits related to share- based payments, which resulted in a decrease in cash generated from operating activities and a corresponding increase in cash generated from financing activities of $12.8 million, $4.7 million and $4.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. At December 31, 2012, we had tax credit carry forwards of approximately $0.3 million and $0.2 million for federal income tax and state income tax purposes, respectively. Federal tax credit carry forwards begin expiring in 2020 and state tax credits carry forward indefinitely. 99 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of our unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decreases based on tax positions related to the prior year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions based on tax positions related to the current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases based on tax positions related to the prior year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions based on tax positions related to the current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decreases based on tax positions related to the prior year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions based on tax positions related to the current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized Tax Benefits $3,010 (6) 283 — 3,287 23 989 — 4,299 (45) 296 — Balance at December 31, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,550 As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, there were $3.5 million and $3.7 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits, that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. All tax years after 1998 are open to examination and adjustment due to our net operating losses. We utilize a two-step approach for evaluating uncertain tax positions. Step one, Recognition, requires a company to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. Step two, Measurement, is based on the largest amount of benefit, which is more likely than not to be realized on ultimate settlement. We record interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as income tax expense in the consolidated financial statements. Interest and penalties included in our provision for income taxes were not material for all periods presented. Note 6—Net Income Per Share Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period (excluding shares subject to repurchase). Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing the net income for the period by the weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock, including options, restricted stock and restricted stock units. The dilutive effect of outstanding awards is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. 100 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share (in thousands, except per share amounts): Year Ended December 31, 2010 2011 2012 Basic: Numerator: Net income allocated to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $17,482 $ 6,724 $ 7,082 Denominator: Weighted average number of common stock shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average number of common stock shares held in treasury . . . . 23,525 (407) 21,673 (726) 20,451 (584) Net weighted average number of common stock shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,118 20,947 19,867 Net income per share—basic: Diluted: Numerator: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.76 $ 0.32 $ 0.36 Net income allocated to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $17,482 $ 6,724 $ 7,082 Denominator: Net weighted average number of common stock shares outstanding . . . . Weighted average number of options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average number of restricted stock units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total common stock shares used in per share calculation . . . . . . . . . 23,118 733 22 23,873 20,947 693 63 21,703 19,867 774 112 20,753 Net income per share—diluted: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.73 $ 0.31 $ 0.34 For each of the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, we had securities outstanding that could potentially dilute earnings per share, but the shares from the assumed conversion or exercise of these securities were excluded in the computation of diluted net income per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. The number of outstanding weighted average anti-dilutive shares that were excluded from the computation of diluted net income per share consisted of the following (in thousands): Common stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2010 1,602 186 1,788 2011 1,833 85 1,918 2012 1,276 4 1,280 Note 7—Commitments and Contingencies Operating Lease Obligations We lease certain of our office, operating facilities, equipment and furniture and fixtures under various operating leases, the latest of which expires in August 2018. Certain of these leases have free or escalating rent payment provisions. We recognize rent expense on our operating leases on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases, although actual cash payment obligations under certain of these agreements fluctuate over the terms of the agreements. 101 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. In March 2012, we entered into an agreement to lease a building to be constructed in Mountain View, California, adjacent to our headquarters office. The term of the operating lease is ten years from the date the building is delivered to us and the base rent is approximately $0.6 million for the first year of the lease. The base rent increases annually by 3%. Future minimum payments related to this operating lease are estimated to total $6.8 million over the ten-year term of the lease plus our proportionate share of certain operating expenses, insurance costs and taxes for each calendar year during the lease, but may differ depending on actual rentable square footage. Lease payments are expected to begin in the third quarter of 2013, although the actual commencement of lease payments will depend upon the date of completion and delivery of the newly constructed building. Upon signing the Mountain View, California lease agreement, we entered into a financial guarantee consisting of a standby letter of credit for $0.6 million, which may be reduced in increments of 25% of the original amount thereof on the first, second and third anniversaries of the commencement date, subject to our compliance with the applicable conditions to such reductions set forth in the lease. In May 2012, we entered into an agreement to lease office space in South Jordan, Utah. The term of the operating lease is 65 months and commences in August 2012. The lease significantly increases our office space for our customer care and enrollment activities and replaces an expiring operating lease for office space at another location in South Jordan, Utah. Rent payments begin in January 2013 and total approximately $0.5 million per year through December 2017. In August 2012, we extended our existing lease for office space in Gold River, California, for an additional two years expiring on December 31, 2014. Rent payments for this lease extension will total $0.9 million in both 2013 and 2014. Total rent expense under all operating leases was approximately $3.5 million, $4.0 million and $4.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Service and Licensing Obligations We have entered into service and licensing agreements with third party vendors to provide various services, including network access, equipment maintenance and software licensing. The terms of these services and licensing agreements are generally up to three years. We record the related service and licensing expenses on a straight-line basis, although actual cash payment obligations under certain of these agreements fluctuate over the terms of the agreements. In March 2012, we entered into a service agreement with a vendor to support our customer care center telephonic system and equipment. Service obligations related to this agreement total $0.7 million over the three- year term of the agreement. 102 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. The following table presents a summary of our future minimum payments under non-cancellable operating lease agreements and certain contractual service and licensing obligations as of December 31, 2012 (in thousands): Years Ending December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sub-Total New building—Mountain View, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Obligations Service and Licensing Obligations Total Obligations $ 2,753 2,347 1,215 1,226 1,260 481 $ 9,282 $1,118 986 138 — — — $2,242 $ 3,871 3,333 1,353 1,226 1,260 481 $11,524 (estimated commitment) (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,833 — 6,833 Total (estimate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,115 $2,242 $18,357 (1) Future minimum payments related to the new Mountain View, California operating lease are estimated to total $6.8 million over the ten-year term of the lease, but may differ depending on actual rentable square footage. Lease payments are expected to begin in the third quarter of 2013, although the actual commencement of lease payments will depend upon the date of completion and delivery of the newly constructed building. This lease is generally non-cancellable, except in the case of non-delivery of the newly constructed building. Legal Proceedings—In the ordinary course of our business, we have received and may continue to receive inquiries from state regulators relating to various matters. We have become, and may in the future become, involved in litigation in the ordinary course of our business. If we are found to have violated laws or regulations in any of the states, we could be subject to various fines and penalties, including revocation of our license to sell insurance in those states, and our business and financial results would be harmed. We would also be harmed to the extent that related publicity damages our reputation as a trusted source of objective information relating to health insurance and its affordability. It could also be costly to defend ourselves regardless of the outcome. At December 31, 2011 and 2012, we were not involved in any claims against us that were material and, accordingly, did not record any related liabilities as of December 31, 2011 and 2012. Guarantees and Indemnifications—We have agreed to indemnify members of our board of directors and our executive officers for fees, expenses, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred in any action or proceeding, including actions or proceedings by or in the right of the Company, to which any of them is, or is threatened to be, made a party by reason of their service as a director or officer of the Company or service provided to another company or enterprise at our request. The term of the director and officer indemnification is perpetual as to events or occurrences that take place while the director or officer is, or was, serving at our request. As such, the maximum potential amount of future payment we could be required to make under these indemnification arrangements is unlimited. We, however, maintain directors and officers insurance coverage that limits our exposure under certain circumstances and that may allow us to recover a portion of future amounts paid. Accordingly, we have not recorded any liabilities for these agreements as of December 31, 2011 or 2012. While we have made various guarantees included in contracts in the normal course of business, primarily in the form of indemnity obligations under certain circumstances, these guarantees do not represent significant commitments or contingent liabilities of the indebtedness of others. Accordingly, we have not recorded a liability related to these indemnification provisions. 103 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. Note 8—Operating Segments, Geographic Information and Significant Customers Operating Segments—Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance of the Company. We operate in one segment and accordingly we have provided only enterprise-wide disclosures. Our chief executive officer, who is our chief operating decision maker, reviews our financial information in a similar manner. Geographic Information—As of December 31, 2011 and 2012, our long-lived assets consisted primarily of property and equipment, goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets and finite-lived intangible assets. Our long-lived assets are attributed to the geographic location in which they are located. Long-lived assets by geographical area were as follows (in thousands): United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $34,469 425 $34,894 $37,037 278 $37,315 December 31, 2011 December 31, 2012 Significant Customers—Substantially all revenue for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 was generated from customers located in the United States. Carriers representing 10% or more of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012 are presented in the table below: Year Ended December 31, 2010 2011 2012 Humana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WellPoint (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UnitedHealthcare (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4% 12% 14% 8% 11% 13% 18% 13% 12% (1) Wellpoint also includes other carriers owned by Wellpoint. (2) UnitedHealthcare also includes other carriers owned by UnitedHealthcare. Commission revenue attributable to major medical individual and family health insurance plans was approximately 91%, 86% and 75% of our total commission revenue in the years ended December 31, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. We define our individual and family plan offerings as major medical individual and family health insurance plans, which do not include Medicare-related health insurance plan offerings, small business or other ancillary products such as short-term, stand-alone dental, life, accident, vision, travel and student insurance plan offerings. Note 9—Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) Selected summarized quarterly financial information for 2012 and 2011 is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts): 2012 Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income per share: 1st Quarter 2ND Quarter 3RD Quarter 4TH Quarter Year $37,075 3,909 2,125 $35,507 4,135 2,305 $37,586 1,075 205 $45,305 4,310 2,447 $155,473 13,429 7,082 Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.11 0.10 $ $ 0.12 0.11 $ $ 0.01 0.01 $ $ 0.12 0.11 $ $ 0.36 0.34 104 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued) EHEALTH, INC. 2011 1st Quarter 2ND Quarter 3RD Quarter 4TH Quarter Year Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) per share: $37,555 3,967 1,981 $36,186 4,850 2,732 $34,787 43 (249) $43,120 4,377 2,260 $151,648 13,237 6,724 Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.09 0.09 $ $ 0.13 0.12 $ (0.01) $ (0.01) $ $ 0.11 0.11 $ $ 0.32 0.31 Note 10—Subsequent Event On March 5, 2013, our board of directors authorized a $30 million increase to its existing $30 million share repurchase program that was previously announced in September 2012. The board of directors’ current authorization increases the total aggregate amount that may be repurchased under this program to $60 million of common stock. As of March 11, 2013, we had repurchased a total of 0.8 million shares for a total cost of $13.0 million under this program. 105 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Our Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on management’s evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report which is included in Item 9A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012 based on the guidelines established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Our internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Based on the results of our evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2012. We reviewed the results of management’s assessment with our Audit Committee. Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued a report on internal control over financial reporting, which is presented below. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2012 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls Our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, do not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control 106 system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. 107 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders of eHealth, Inc. We have audited eHealth, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO criteria). eHealth, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, eHealth, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of eHealth, Inc. as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2012 of eHealth, Inc. and our report dated March 13, 2013 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /S/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP San Jose, California March 13, 2013 108 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 109 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information concerning our directors, executive officers, compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and corporate governance required by this Item 10 of Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2012. We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to all employees, including our principal executive officer, Gary Lauer, principal financial and accounting officer, Stuart Huizinga, and all other executive officers. The code of ethics is available on the about us/investor relations/corporate governance page of our website at www.eHealth.com. A copy may also be obtained without charge by contacting investor relations, attention Director of Investor Relations, 440 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View, CA 94043 or by calling (650) 210-3111. We plan to post on our website at the address described above any future amendments or waivers of our Code of Conduct. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by Item 11 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2012. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS As of December 31, 2011, two of our executive officers are parties to individual Rule 10b5-1 trading plans pursuant to which shares of our common stock will be sold for their account from time to time in accordance with the provisions of the plans without any further action or involvement by the officers. Additional information required by Item 12 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2012. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by Item 13 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2012. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information required by Item 14 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2012. 110 PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) We have filed the following documents as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: 1. Consolidated Financial Statements Information in response to this Item is included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 2. Financial Statement Schedules None. 3. Exhibits See Item 15(b) below. (b) Exhibits—We have filed, or incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference, the exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (c) Financial Statement Schedule—See Item 15(a) above. 111 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES March 13, 2013 eHealth, Inc. /S/ GARY L. LAUER Gary L. Lauer Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors /S/ STUART M. HUIZINGA Stuart M. Huizinga Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on the 13th day of March, 2013. Signature /S/ SCOTT N. FLANDERS Scott N. Flanders /S/ MICHAEL D. GOLDBERG Michael D. Goldberg /S/ LAWRENCE M. HIGBY Lawrence M. Higby /S/ RANDALL S. LIVINGSTON Randall S. Livingston /S/ JACK L. OLIVER III Jack L. Oliver III /S/ ELLEN O. TAUSCHER Ellen O. Tauscher /S/ WILLIAM T. SHAUGHNESSY William T. Shaughnessy Title Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 112 EXHIBIT INDEX Incorporation by Reference Herein Exhibit Number 3.1 3.2 4.1 10.1 Description of Exhibit Form Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) Date April 25, 2006 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) November 17, 2008 Form of the Registrant’s Common Stock Certificate Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) June 28, 2006 Form of Indemnification Agreement entered into between the Registrant and its directors and officers Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 10.2* 1998 Stock Plan of the Registrant 10.3 2004 Stock Plan for eHealth China 10.4* 2005 Stock Plan of the Registrant 10.5* 10.5.1* 10.5.2* 10.5.3* 10.5.4* 10.5.5* 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant, as amended and restated June 15, 2010 Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement (Initial Director Grant) under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement (Annual Director Grant) under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Unit Grant and Stock Unit Agreement under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Initial Outside Director Stock Unit Grant Under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) April 25, 2006 April 25, 2006 April 25, 2006 June 21, 2010 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 21, 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 21, 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 21, 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 21, 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 13, 2009 113 Exhibit Number 10.5.6* 10.5.7* 10.5.8* 10.9* 10.9.1* 10.9.2* 10.9.3* 10.10* 10.11* 10.11.1* 10.12* Incorporation by Reference Herein Description of Exhibit Form Form of Notice of Annual Outside Director Stock Unit Grant Under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) Form of Outside Director Stock Unit Agreement Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) Date March 13, 2009 March 13, 2009 May 6, 2011 Form of Notice of Stock Unit Grant and Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Employment Agreement, dated November 30, 1999, between Gary Lauer and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Letter Amendment, dated November 2007, amending Offer Letter dated November 30, 1999, between Gary Lauer and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Second Amendment to Offer Letter, dated December 27, 2008, amending Offer Letter dated November 30, 1999, as amended, between Gary Lauer and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Management Retention Agreement, effective as of March 4, 2010, between eHealth, Inc. and Gary L. Lauer Employment Agreement, dated May 4, 2000, between Stuart Huizinga and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc., as amended on August 22, 2000 Supplemental Employment Agreement, dated August 24, 2000, between Sheldon Wang and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Management Retention Agreement, dated January 14, 2010, between Sheldon Wang and eHealth, Inc. Supplemental Employment Agreement, dated August 7, 2000, between Bruce Telkamp and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) November 14, 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 13, 2009 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) May 10, 2010 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 5, 2010 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 114 Exhibit Number 10.12.1* 10.12.2* 10.12.3* 10.13* 10.14 10.14.1 10.14.2 10.14.3 10.15 Description of Exhibit Form Date Incorporation by Reference Herein Letter Amendment, dated September 2007, amending Offer Letter dated April 6, 2000 and Offer Letter Supplement dated August 7, 2000, between Bruce Telkamp and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Second Amendment to Offer Letter and Offer Letter Supplement, effective December 29, 2008, amending Offer Letter dated April 6, 2000, as amended, between Bruce Telkamp and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Management Retention Agreement, dated January 14, 2010, between Bruce Telkamp and eHealth, Inc. Letter Agreement, dated November 17, 2005, between Jack L. Oliver III and the Registrant Lease Agreement, dated May 2004, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Brian Avery, Trustee of the 1983 Avery Investments Trust, as amended First Amendment to Lease Agreement, effective as of May 15, 2009, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Brian Avery, Trustee of the 1983 Avery Investments Trust Second Amendment to Lease Agreement, effective as of August 5, 2010 between eHealth Insurance Services, Inc. and Brian Avery, Trustee of the 1983 Avery Investments Trust Third Amendment to Lease Agreement, effective as of July 8, 2011, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Brian Avery, Trustee of the 1983 Avery Generations Trust Standard Lease Agreement, dated June 10, 2004, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Gold Pointe E LLC, as amended Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) November 14, 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 13, 2009 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 5, 2010 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) May 21, 2009 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) August 18, 2010 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) July 12, 2011 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 115 Exhibit Number 10.15.1 10.15.2 10.16 10.16.1 10.16.2 10.16.3 Description of Exhibit Form Date Incorporation by Reference Herein Fourth Amendment to Standard Lease Agreement (Office), effective as of November 6, 2007, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Carlsen Investments, LLC Sixth Amendment to Lease and Acknowledgment to Standard Lease Agreement, dated August 29, 2012, between Carlsen Investments, LLC and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Office Lease Contract, dated March 31, 2006, among Xiamen Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Finance Services Center, Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd.; Appendix 1 to Office Lease Contract; and Property Management Service Contract, dated April 4, 2006, between Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Appendix 3 to Office Lease Contract, dated November 25, 2007, among Xiamen Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Finance Services Center, Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Amendment Two to Property Management Service Contract, effective January 16, 2008, between Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Appendix 4 to Office Lease Contract, dated March 27, 2008, among Xiamen Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Finance Services Center, Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) November 7, 2007 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) August 31, 2012 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 17, 2008 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 17, 2008 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) May 12, 2008 116 Exhibit Number 10.16.4 10.16.5 10.16.6 10.18* 10.19 10.20* 10.21 21.1 23.1 31.1 Incorporation by Reference Herein Description of Exhibit Form Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) Date May 21, 2009 Appendix 5 to Office Lease Contract, dated May 19, 2009, among Xiamen Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Finance Services Center, Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Office Lease Contract, dated September 23, 2009, among Xiamen Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Finance Services Center, Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Property Management Service Contract, effective September 24, 2009, between Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) November 9, 2009 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) November 9, 2009 10.17* Executive Bonus Plan 2011 10.17.1* Executive Bonus Plan 2012 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) eHealth, Inc. Performance Bonus Plan Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-33071) May 6, 2011 May 8, 2012 April 21, 2009 March 27, 2012 Lease Agreement, dated March 23, 2012, between 340 Middlefield, LLC and eHealth, Inc. Employment Agreement, dated March 9, 2012, between eHealth, Inc. and William Shaughnessy. Office Lease, dated May 7, 2012, between Lake Pointe Three, LC, and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. † List of Subsidiaries † Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm † Certification of Gary L. Lauer, Chief Executive Officer of eHealth, Inc., pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) August 9, 2012 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) August 9, 2012 117 Exhibit Number 31.2 32.1 32.2 Description of Exhibit Form Date Incorporation by Reference Herein † Certification of Stuart M. Huizinga, Chief Financial Officer of eHealth, Inc., pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ‡ Certification of Gary L. Lauer, Chief Executive Officer of eHealth, Inc., pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ‡ Certification of Stuart M. Huizinga, Chief Financial Officer of eHealth, Inc., pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 † ‡ * Filed herewith. Furnished herewith. Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. 118 Corporate Information Corporate Headquarters eHealth, Inc. 440 East Middlefield Road Mountain View, CA 94043 Phone: 650-584-2700 Fax: 650-961-2110 Website: www.ehealth.com Annual Meeting eHealth’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders will be held at 8:30 a.m. PDT, Thursday, June 13, 2013, at the Garden Court Hotel, 520 Cowper Street, Palo Alto, CA 94301 Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Ernst & Young LLP Palo Alto, CA Outside Counsel Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati PC Palo Alto, CA Transfer Agent Computershare Investor Services P.O. Box 43078 Providence, RI 02940-3078 Stockholder Inquiries Phone: 877-373-6374 Website: www.computershare.com/investor eHealth Stock Since its initial public offering in October 2006, eHealth’s common stock Executive Officers Gary L. Lauer Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer William T. Shaughnessy Director, President and Chief Operating Officer Stuart M. Huizinga Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Robert S. Hurley Senior Vice President of Operations and Sales Board of Directors Gary L. Lauer Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer William T. Shaughnessy Director, President and Chief Operating Officer Scott N. Flanders Chief Executive Officer and Member of the Board of Directors, Playboy Enterprises, Inc. Michael D. Goldberg Former Partner, Mohr Davidow Ventures Lawrence M. Higby Former President and Chief Executive Officer, Apria Healthcare Group Inc. Randall S. Livingston Chief Financial Officer and Vice President for Business Affairs, Stanford University has been listed on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol EHTH. Jack L. Oliver III Senior Advisor, Bryan Cave, LLP and Senior Advisor, Barclay’s PLC Ellen O. Tauscher Senior Public Policy Advisor, Baker, Donelsen, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz, P.C. Investor Relations For further information about eHealth, Inc., additional copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, or other financial information, please contact: Investor Relations Kate Sidorovich 440 East Middlefield Road Mountain View, CA 94043 Phone: 650-210-3111 eHealth, eHealthInsurance, eHealthSystems and Online Anytime are registered trademarks of eHealth, Inc. in the United States. PlanPrescriber is a registered trademark of PlanPrescriber, Inc. Additional information is available on eHealth’s website: www.ehealth.com m o c . s r o n n o c - n a r r u c . w w w / . c n I , s r o n n o C & n a r r u C y b n g i s e D t r o p e R l a u n n A e H e a l t h , I n c . 2 0 1 2 A n n u a l R e p o r t 440 E. Middlefield Road Mountain View, CA 94043 www.ehealth.com 

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