eHealth
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

Exceeding Expectations We set ambitious goals for 2018 and hit them out of the park. ANNUAL REPORT 2018 We are a leading private health insurance exchange. STRONG REVENUE GROWTH Total Revenue ($mm) 8 h 7 — ‘ 1 o w t r g ‘ 1 32% $251 $193 $191 Medicare Revenue ($mm) 8 h 7 — ‘ 1 o w t r g ‘ 1 48% $211 $142 $122 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 PIVOT TO MEDICARE INCREASED PROFITABILITY Revenue Mix Medicare % of total revenue Adjusted EBITDA* ($mm) 63% 75% 84% $34 $14 $5 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 Medicare Revenue Non Medicare Revenue eHealth, Inc. (NASDAQ: EHTH) operates eHealth.com, a leading private health insurance exchange where individuals, families and small businesses can compare health insurance products from leading insurers side by side and purchase and enroll in coverage online. eHealth offers thousands of individual, family and small business health plans underwritten by many of the nation’s leading health insurance companies. eHealth (through its subsidiaries) is licensed to sell health insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. eHealth also offers educational resources and powerful online and pharmacy-based tools to help Medicare beneficiaries navigate Medicare health insurance options, choose the right plan and enroll in select plans online through PlanPrescriber.com (www.planprescriber.com), eHealthMedicare.com (www.eHealthMedicare.com), Medicare.com (www.Medicare.com) and GoMedigap.com (www.GoMedigap.com). Dear Fellow Stockholders: 2018 was a defining year for eHealth in validating our vision and growth strategy for the Medicare market. In 2018 we delivered the strongest Medicare Annual Enrollment Period in the company’s history, achieved a number of important executional milestones and reported financial results that significantly exceeded expectations. I am proud of these accomplishments. SCOTT N. FLANDERS Chief Executive Officer and Board Member Our 2018 revenue of $251.4 million grew 32% year-over-year, 2018 Adjusted EBITDA of $33.7 million grew 610% year-over-year and 2018 net income was $0.2 million*. Our 2018 performance capped over two years of work to position eHealth for strong and sustainable growth in the Medicare market on a foundation that provides for scalability and margin expansion. During this time period, we made significant changes across the company’s operations, including an overhaul of our marketing organization and enhanced scale and effectiveness of our sales organization. The 2018 Medicare Annual Enrollment Period – a high-volume enrollment season which usually takes place in the fourth quarter – was an important test of our vision and strength of execution. Our new Medicare enrollments as measured by the number of submitted applications grew 39% for the full year and 64% in the fourth quarter of 2018. Importantly, we were able to achieve this strong enrollment growth while also expanding our operating margins, resulting in 175% growth in our Medicare segment profit for the full year 2018 compared to a year ago – a significant upside to our expectations. Despite these accomplishments, I believe that we are still in the very early stages of capturing a significant expansion opportunity in the Medicare market. Our overall addressable market is growing driven by favorable demographic trends and an increasing popularity of private Medicare plans. Most importantly, we see eHealth * 2018 GAAP Net Income includes a non-cash charge of $12.3 million related to an increase in fair value of the earnout liability assumed in connection with eHealth’s acquisition of GoMedigap. The increase was driven primarily by eHealth’s share price appreciation since the transaction closed in January of 2018. The share price appreciation has increased the value of the equity-based portion of the earnout consideration owed to the former holders of GoMedigap equity interests. Adjusted EBITDA is calculated by adding stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization expense, acquisition costs related to our recently completed acquisition of GoMedigap, restructuring charge, amortization of intangible assets, change in fair value of earnout liability, other income (expense), net and provision (benefit) of income taxes to GAAP income. A reconciliation between Adjusted EBITDA and GAAP net income is included in Appendix A to our 2019 proxy statement. eHealth ANNUAL REPORT 2018 1 as uniquely positioned to take advantage of an ongoing shift towards the Internet as a preferred channel for seniors to research and enroll into Medicare plans. This represents an attractive opportunity for us given our strong technology capabilities and limited direct online competition. eHealth currently represents just 1% of total Medicare enrollments based on the number of our estimated Medicare members as of the end of 2018 – a share that we plan to expand as we execute on our growth plan. Building on the momentum of our successful execution in 2018 and to help us pursue the tremendous opportunity we see in the Medicare market, we raised over $126 million in an equity offering in January 2019. We plan to deploy this capital primarily to help finance our organic growth plans in the Medicare market. As of March 31, 2019 we had $135 million in cash and no debt on our balance sheet. 2018 Execution Update Medicare Segment: Our Medicare business performed strongly in 2018 with broad-based enrollment growth across all product categories and multiple customer acquisition channels. Medicare Advantage applications grew 27%, Medicare Supplement applications by 88% and Prescription Drug Plan applications by 52% compared to 2017. Medicare revenue grew 48% year-over-year, driven by strong enrollments as well as an increase in non-commission revenue. Our Medicare segment represented 84% of our total 2018 revenue, reflecting our successful pivot towards this important market. 2018 Milestones 39% growth in submitted Medicare applications 123% growth in Medicare Advantage & Medicare Supplement applications submitted online 26% growth in estimated Medicare members TARGET 2 eHealth ANNUAL REPORT 2018 We make it simple for seniors to access, compare and enroll into Medicare plans. > > Driving online enrollment is a critical element of our Medicare growth strategy. In 2018 16% of our Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement plan applications were submitted online – a 64% increase compared to 2017. During the fourth quarter, when the Annual Enrollment Period takes place, online applications reached 22% of our Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement applications. Our back office integrations with leading Medicare carriers and ability to offer consumers a start to finish online enrollment experience provides for meaningful competitive differentiation. Driving more enrollments online also allows us to significantly reduce our total acquisition costs per member. Finally, online enrollment makes our business model much more scalable, allowing us to grow enrollments without a linear increase in agent headcount. Over the past 12 months, we also made significant progress in developing our direct- to-consumer marketing capabilities, bringing the majority of our customer acquisition programs in-house and reducing reliance on agencies, lead aggregators and other third party sources. The percentage of our submitted applications for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement plans generated from direct channels, such as direct response television, paid search, organic search and direct mail has increased from 32% in the fourth quarter of 2016 to 71% in the fourth quarter of 2018. eHealth ANNUAL REPORT 2018 3 Finally, the flexible call center model that we deployed at scale for the first time during the 2018 Annual Enrollment Period performed well. The Medicare market is highly seasonal with a large share of annual enrollments condensed into the eight weeks of the Annual Enrollment Period and further characterized by uneven demand levels with large spikes occurring periodically. Our flexible call center model combined with a higher degree of coordination between our marketing and customer care organizations increased our effectiveness in fulfilling peak demand, enhanced customer experience by reducing wait times and was an important contributor to our strong enrollment growth. Individual, Family and Small Business Segment: While Medicare is at the center of our growth strategy, we see a benefit in maintaining a diversified portfolio of products. In addition to group plans targeting the small business market and major medical individual and family plans, we offer a variety of ancillary products, including dental, vision, accident insurance and short-term plans. A more diverse product portfolio allows us to provide a broader range of coverage to our customers, leverage our technology platform and brand and have access to new areas of growth and expansion in the continuously evolving competitive and regulatory environment. 2018 revenue in our Individual, Family and Small Business segment was down 15% compared to 2017, representing a continuing decline in new individual and family plan enrollments and related sales of ancillary products offset by growth in our Small Business and non-commission revenue. The segment continued to be profitable for the full year 2018. We see eHealth as uniquely positioned to take advantage of an ongoing shift towards the Internet as a preferred channel for seniors to research and enroll into Medicare plans. 4 eHealth ANNUAL REPORT 2018 We believe the small group market and, especially the micro-group segment of businesses with under 20 employees, is vastly underserved by traditional brokers. The enrollment process industry wide is paper-based and labor intensive, and there is a significant opportunity to leverage eHealth’s technology and carrier integrations to disrupt this market. In 2018 we grew the number of approved small business members 28% and delivered another significant improvement in demand conversion rates. We also successfully pursued additional carrier integrations and ended 2018 with four major carriers supported through our online application process – a capability that provides us with meaningful competitive differentiation. eHealth’s individual and family plan comparison platform was originally launched in the Individual market, revolutionizing the way consumers shopped for health insurance. Despite the negative impact of the Affordable Care Act implementation in recent years and related decline in our individual and family plan enrollments, this business remains profitable with multiple operating levers at our disposal to maintain profitability even if enrollment declines persist in the near term. We maintain our individual and family plan business as an option on a potential rebound in the individual market whether as a result of constructive regulatory changes or changes to the Affordable Care Act itself. eHealth ANNUAL REPORT 2018 5 Conclusion At eHealth we are excited about the year ahead. We have had a strong start to 2019 in terms of Medicare enrollment growth and expect to maintain this momentum throughout the year. Our growth expectations in Medicare are broad-based, driven by a combination of our marketing efforts across multiple customer acquisition channels and enhanced scalability by completing more enrollments online. Despite our strong 2018 performance, we believe that multiple opportunities remain to scale our Medicare business and grow our share of this important market. We now have the right executive team in place to execute on our growth strategy and, with a successful completion of an equity offering in January 2019, also have access to significant financial resources to power our growth plans. Finally, I want to thank all of our employees for their contribution to our strong financial and operating results in 2018 and our stockholders for their continuing support. We are committed to delivering another year of strong execution in 2019. SCOTT N. 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(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:16)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:17) UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K È ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the year ended December 31, 2018 OR ‘ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to 001-33071 (Commission File Number) EHEALTH, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 56-2357876 (I.R.S Employer Identification No) 2625 AUGUSTINE DRIVE, SECOND FLOOR SANTA CLARA, CALIFORNIA, 95054 (Address of principal executive offices) (650) 584-2700 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (NASDAQ Global Select Market) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES È NO ‘ Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES ‘ NO È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES È NO ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulations S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES È NO ‘ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. È Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer ‘ Accelerated filer È Non-accelerated filer ‘ Smaller reporting company ‘ Emerging growth Company ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ‘ NO È Based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock on the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, which was June 30, 2018, the aggregate market value of its shares (based on a closing price of $22.10 per share) held by non-affiliates was $185,966,815. Shares of the registrant’s common stock held by each executive officer and director and by each entity or person that owned five percent or more of the registrant’s outstanding common stock were excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding as of February 28, 2019 was 22,545,779 shares. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. EHEALTH, INC. FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. Item 3. Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 6. Selected Consolidated Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal Accountant Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 14. Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Form 10-K Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 16. Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exhibit Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAGE 1 12 45 45 46 46 47 49 51 80 82 127 127 131 132 132 132 132 132 133 133 134 135 ITEM 1. BUSINESS In addition to historical information, this Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements include, among other things, statements regarding our expectations relating to submitted and approved health insurance applications, membership and lifetime value of commissions; our expectations relating to revenue, sources of revenue, cost of revenue, the collectability of our accounts receivable and commissions receivable, operating expenses and profitability; our expectations regarding our strategy and investments, including our acquisition of GoMedigap, and impact to our operating results; growth opportunities in our business; our expectations regarding the impact of future and existing healthcare laws and regulations on our business; our ability to enroll and plans relating to the enrollment of individuals and families into qualified health plans through government health insurance exchanges; our belief that the Internet will be a frequently utilized channel for researching and enrolling in health insurance plans; the anticipated trends and market opportunity for Medicare and health insurance plans; our execution during the Medicare annual enrollment period; the scalability of our Medicare business; our expectations regarding commission rates, payment rates, conversion rates, membership retention rates and membership acquisition costs; our estimates regarding the constrained lifetime value of commissions per approved member; our expectations regarding the supply and demand of individual and family health insurance, including short-term health insurance; our expectations relating to the seasonality of our business; our expectations relating to marketing and advertising expense and expected contributions from our marketing partner channel; the timing of our receipt of commission and other payments; our critical accounting policies and related estimates; our estimates relating to fair value of earnout liability; our belief that cash generated from operations and our current cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund operations for the next twelve months; our use of proceeds from our equity offering; future capital requirements; expected competition from government-run health insurance exchanges and other sources; political, legislative, regulatory and legal challenges; the merits or potential impact of any lawsuits filed against us; as well as other statements regarding our future operations, financial condition, prospects and business strategies. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those risks associated with the impact of healthcare reform; our ability to retain existing members and enroll a large number of new members during the annual healthcare open enrollment period and Medicare annual enrollment period; the impact of annual enrollment period for the purchase of individual and family health insurance and its timing on our recognition of revenue; changes in laws and regulations, including in connection with healthcare reform and/or with respect to the marketing and sale of Medicare plans; the success of our sale of short-term health insurance; our ability to comply with CMS guidance and impact on conversion rates as a result of the federal exchange changes to enrollment; competition, including competition from government-run health insurance exchanges; seasonality of our business and the fluctuation of our operating results; our ability to retain existing members and limit member turnover; changes in consumer behaviors and their selection of individual and family health insurance products, including the selection of products for which we receive lower commissions; product offerings among carriers and the resulting impact on our commission revenue; carriers exiting the market of selling individual and family health insurance and the resulting impact on our supply and commission revenue; our ability to execute on our growth strategy in the Medicare and small business health insurance markets; exposure to security risks and our ability to safeguard the security and privacy of confidential data; the impact of increased health insurance costs on demand; our ability to timely receive and accurately predict the amount of commission payments from health insurance carriers; medical loss ratio requirements; changes in member conversion rates; our ability to accurately estimate membership and lifetime value of commissions; our relationships with health insurance carriers; customer concentration and consolidation of the health insurance industry; our success in marketing and selling health insurance plans and our unit cost of acquisition; our ability to hire, train and retain licensed health insurance agents and other employees; the need for health insurance carrier and regulatory approvals in connection with the marketing of Medicare-related insurance products; costs of acquiring new members; scalability of the Medicare business; lack of membership growth and retention rates; consumer satisfaction of our service; our ability to attract and to convert online visitors into paying members; changes in products 1 offered on our ecommerce platform; changes in commission rates; our ability to sell qualified health insurance plans to subsidy-eligible individuals and to enroll subsidy eligible individuals through government-run health insurance exchanges; our ability to maintain and enhance our brand identity; our ability to derive desired benefits from investments in our business, including membership growth initiatives; dependence on acceptance of the Internet as a marketplace for the purchase and sale of health insurance; reliance on marketing partners; the impact of our direct-to-consumer email, telephone and television marketing efforts; timing of receipt and accuracy of commission reports; payment practices of health insurance carriers; our ability to successfully make and integrate acquisitions; dependence on our operations in China; the restrictions in our debt obligations; compliance with insurance and other laws and regulations; and the performance, reliability and availability of our ecommerce platform and underlying network infrastructure. Other risks include the risks discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item A of this report and those discussed in our other Securities and Exchange Commission filings. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes contained therein that appear elsewhere in this report. We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. General We are a leading health insurance marketplace with a technology and service platform that provides consumer engagement, education and enrollment solutions. Our platform integrates proprietary and third-party developed educational content regarding health insurance plans with decision support tools to aid consumers in what has traditionally been a confusing and opaque purchasing process and to help them obtain the health insurance product that meets their individual health and economic needs. Our omni-channel consumer engagement platform enables consumers to use our services online, through interactive chat, or by telephone with a licensed insurance agent. We have created a marketplace that offers consumers a broad choice of insurance products that includes thousands of Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement, Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, individual and family health insurance, small business insurance and other ancillary health insurance products from over 170 health insurance carriers. We strive to be a trusted partner to the consumer and are licensed to sell health insurance products in all fifty states and the District of Columbia. Over the last three years, we have increasingly shifted our focus towards Medicare products and deemphasized individual and family health insurance products. This shift has enabled us to capitalize on (1) the strong demographic trends, with 10,000 people on average turning 65 every day over the next 11 years, driving a large and growing segment of the population eligible for Medicare across the United States, (2) the increasing proportion of the Medicare eligible population that is choosing commercial insurance solutions, and (3) the growing consumer demand for online tools to compare and enroll in Medicare insurance plans. Our shift towards Medicare has enabled us to mitigate the impact of the Affordable Care Act on our business, which established competing government exchanges that offer certain non-Medicare, Affordable Care Act-compliant individual and family health insurance plans. We operate our business in two segments: (1) Medicare, and (2) Individual, Family and Small Business. Our Medicare segment represents the majority of our business and constituted approximately 84% of our revenue in 2018. We derive the majority of our revenues from commission payments paid to us by health insurance carriers related to insurance plans that have been purchased by members who used our services. Our platform and services are free to the consumer, and we are not responsible for the payment of consumer health insurance claims. On January 22, 2018, we completed our acquisition of Wealth, Health and Life Advisors, LLC, more commonly known as GoMedigap, a technology-enabled provider of Medicare Supplement enrollment services. GoMedigap has built a leading consumer acquisition and engagement platform focused on meeting the Medicare Supplement insurance needs of its individual customers with a technology-enabled, consumer-centric approach that aligns with our mission and operations. This strategic acquisition significantly enhanced our growing 2 presence in the Medicare Supplement market, put us in a stronger position with carriers and strategic partners and has helped us to us to accelerate our projected Medicare plan enrollment growth. On January 23, 2019, we entered into an underwriting agreement with RBC Capital Markets, LLC and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC as representatives of the several underwriters to issue and sell 2,400,000 shares of the our common stock par value $0.001 per share in a public offering, and also granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 360,000 shares of common stock, which they exercised, for a total of 2,760,000 shares of common stock. The offering closed on January 28, 2019, at a price of $48.50 per share, for total net proceeds of $126.2 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. We intend to use the net proceeds of the offering for general corporate purposes, including working capital. We were incorporated in Delaware in November 1997. We make our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, available free of charge on the Investor Relations page of our web site (www.ehealth.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after we file these reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The information that can be accessed on or through our websites is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Further, a copy of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is located at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding our filings at http://www.sec.gov. Our Business Model Our business is comprised of two operating segments: • Medicare and • Individual, Family and Small Business These segments reflect the way our management evaluates our business performance and manages our operations. Medicare Through a combination of demand generation strategies, we actively market, a large selection of Medicare- related health insurance plans, and to a lesser extent, ancillary products such as dental and vision insurance, to our Medicare-eligible customers. Our Medicare ecommerce platforms (www.eHealthMedicare.com, www.Medicare.com, www.PlanPrescriber.com and www.GoMedigap.com) and telephonic enrollment capabilities enable consumers to research, compare and purchase Medicare-related health insurance plans, including Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. To the extent that we assist in the sale of Medicare-related insurance plans as a health insurance agent, either online or telephonically, we generate revenue as a result of commissions we receive from health insurance carriers. In the first effective plan year of a Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plan, after the health insurance carrier approves the application, we are paid a fixed commission that is prorated for the number of months remaining in the calendar year. Additionally, if the plan is the first Medicare Advantage or Medicare Part D prescription drug plan issued to the member, we may receive a higher commission rate that covers a full twelve-month period, regardless of the month the plan was effective. Beginning with and subsequent to the second plan year, we typically receive fixed, monthly commissions for Medicare Advantage plans and fixed, annual commissions for Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. We are paid commissions for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans for which we are the broker of record, typically until either the plan is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the plan. Commission payments we receive for Medicare Supplement plans sold by us typically are a percentage of the premium on the plan and are paid to us until either the plan is 3 cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the plan. Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plan pricing is approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and is not subject to negotiation or discounting by health insurance carriers or our competitors. Similarly, Medicare Supplement plan pricing is set by the health insurance carrier and approved by state regulators and is not subject to negotiation or discounting by health insurance carriers or our competitors. Individual, Family and Small Business We actively market individual and family health insurance and small business health insurance plans through our ecommerce platforms (www.eHealth.com and www.eHealthInsurance.com), and generate revenue as a result of commissions we receive from health insurance carriers whose health insurance plans are purchased through us, as well as commission override payments we receive for achieving sales volume thresholds or other objectives. In addition, we market a variety of ancillary products, including but not limited to, short-term limited duration, dental, vision, and life insurance plans. These ancillary products are offered to our individual and family and small business customers and are also sold on a standalone basis. The commission payments we receive for individual and family, small business and ancillary health insurance plans are either a percentage of the premium our customers pay for those plans or a flat amount per member per month, and vary depending on the carrier that is offering the plan, the state where the plan was sold and the size of the small business. Commission payments are typically made to us on a monthly basis until either the policy is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy. Health insurance pricing, which is set by the health insurance carrier and approved by state regulators, is not subject to negotiation or discounting by health insurance carriers or our competitors. Non-Commission Revenue Sources Within our two operating segments, we earn commission revenue, as well as non-commission revenue, or other revenue, which includes online sponsorship and advertising, technology licensing and lead referral revenues. Online Sponsorship and Advertising. We generate revenue from our sponsorship and advertising program that allows carriers to purchase advertising space for non-Medicare products on our website and Medicare plan related advertising on a separate website that we develop, host and maintain. In return, we typically are paid either a flat fee, a monthly fee, or a performance-based fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. Technology Licensing. We generate revenue from licensing the use of our health insurance ecommerce technology. Our technology platform enables health insurance carriers to market and distribute health insurance plans online. Health insurance carriers that license our technology typically pay us implementation fees and performance-based fees that are based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. Lead Referrals. We generate revenue from the sale of Medicare-related and individual and family health insurance leads generated by our ecommerce platforms and our marketing activities. Additional financial information about our company is included in Part II, Item 7, Management Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Industry Background The purchase and sale of health insurance has historically been a complex, time-consuming and paper- intensive process. This complexity can make it difficult to make informed health insurance decisions. In addition, 4 the human error that arises from traditional paper-intensive distribution has historically resulted in a high number of incomplete and inaccurate applications being submitted to health insurance carriers. Incomplete and inaccurate paper applications often result in back-and-forth communications, delay and additional cost. The Internet’s convenient, information-rich and interactive nature offers the opportunity to provide consumers with more organized information, a broader choice of plans and a more efficient process than have typically been available from traditional health insurance distribution channels. We believe that over time the Internet will become an increasingly important channel for researching and enrolling into health insurance coverage, similar to other consumer-focused industries such as travel, financial services and shopping. Medicare is a federal program that provides persons sixty-five years of age and over, and some persons under the age of sixty-five who meet certain conditions, with hospital and medical insurance benefits. Medicare beneficiaries choose between Medicare Fee-For-Service and Medicare Advantage plans. Medicare Fee-For-Service is a government plan where the consumer is responsible for select health care related payments with no limit on out-of-pocket expenses. To increase coverage, Medicare Fee-For-Service beneficiaries can purchase commercially offered Medicare Supplement plans. Medicare Advantage is an alternative to Medicare Fee-For-Service. CMS contracts with private health insurance carriers under Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. Under these programs, the government pays insurers a fixed amount of money each year per enrollee to cover health care expenses rather than making payments directly to providers under Medicare Fee-For-Service. Medicare Advantage plans are required to cover the same services as Medicare Fee-For-Service and usually cover a variety of other health care services and include a cap on out-of-pocket spending for the consumer. Individual and family products are typically purchased by consumers under 65 years of age that do not have coverage through their employer. Small business group health insurance addresses the health insurance needs of businesses with 100 or fewer employees, although we have chosen to focus on employer groups of 20 or fewer employees. Individual, family and small business health insurance has historically been sold by independent insurance agents and, to a lesser degree, directly by insurance companies. Many of these agents are self- employed or part of small agencies, and they typically service only their local communities. In addition, many of these agents sell health insurance from a limited number of insurance carriers (in some cases only one), resulting in a reduced selection of plans for the consumer. Health Care Reform In March 2010, the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and related amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act were signed into law. The Affordable Care Act has primarily impacted our business of selling individual, family, and small business insurance plans. These health care reform laws contain provisions that have changed and will continue to change the health insurance industry in substantial ways. Among several other provisions, these laws and the regulations implementing them include a mandate requiring individuals to maintain health insurance or face tax penalties, which has been repealed effective in 2019; a mandate that certain employers offer and contribute to their employees group health insurance coverage or face tax penalties if they do not do so; prohibitions against insurance companies using pre-existing health conditions as a reason to deny an application for health insurance; requirements for minimum individual and small business health insurance benefit levels, including prohibitions on lifetime coverage limits and limitations on annual coverage limits; medical loss ratio requirements that require each health insurance carrier to spend a certain percentage of their premium revenue on reimbursement for clinical services and activities that improve health care quality; establishment of state and/or federal health insurance exchanges to facilitate access to, and the purchase of, health insurance; Medicaid expansion so that a greater number of individuals will be insured under Medicaid programs; and subsidies and cost-sharing credits to make health insurance more affordable for those below certain income levels. Health care reform established annual open enrollment periods for the purchase of individual and family health insurance. Individuals and families generally are not able to purchase individual and family health 5 insurance outside of the annual enrollment periods, unless they qualify for a special enrollment period as a result of certain qualifying events, such as losing employer-sponsored health insurance or moving to another state. Moreover, in order to be eligible for a subsidy, qualified individuals must purchase subsidy-qualifying health plans, known as qualified health plans, through a government-run health insurance exchange during the open enrollment period or a special enrollment period. While they are not required to do so, government-run exchanges are permitted to allow agents and brokers to enroll individuals and families into qualified health plans through them. The Federally Facilitated Marketplace, or FFM, run by CMS operated some part of the health insurance exchange in 36 states during the last health care open enrollment period. Our enrollment of individuals and families into qualified health plans to date has generally occurred through the FFM. Health care reform has adversely impacted our individual and family health insurance plan business and resulted in our shifting our primary focus to the sale of Medicare related health insurance. Our Growth Strategy We believe our consumer engagement platform and approach to bringing value to consumers is unique in the health insurance market and creates significant opportunities for growth in our core Medicare business and in other areas of the health insurance market. We intend to pursue the following strategies to further advance our business. Increase Medicare Membership and Commissions We intend to enroll additional Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement, and Medicare Part D prescription drug plan members for our commercial carrier partners. In addition to capitalizing on the existing market opportunity, there is a significant unmet need represented by consumers that have insufficient coverage and a suboptimal plan. We believe that our platform of proprietary content, decision support tools and enrollment solutions and go-to-market strategies in direct-to-consumer and partner channels, can allow us to reach a large proportion of this underserved market and grow our membership and revenues more rapidly than the overall Medicare market. Expand Consumer Relationship and Increase Member Retention We continually invest in our consumer engagement platform to add products and services that enhance user experience and build lasting relationships with our members. We believe adding products and services improves consumer engagement and increases our revenue opportunity. We also believe that increased consumer engagement will increase customer retention, our revenue and our cash flow. Increase Online Enrollment to Improve Margins and Enhance Operating Leverage We view our consumer engagement platform as unique in the Medicare market and as attractive to the growing number of Medicare beneficiaries who prefer to research, compare and purchase health insurance online. The percentage of members who submit applications for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement products online through our platform has substantially increased from 10% in 2017 to 16% in 2018. Applications submitted online include applications submitted with no assistance or some assistance from call center agents prior to the final application submission. We are able to scale growth more rapidly and at an incrementally lower cost basis though our online platform, which significantly reduces our reliance on and financial and managerial resources associated with our contact center operations. We have successfully reduced our variable marketing cost per approved Medicare member year-over-year by 12% and 9% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Expand Our Strategic Relationships The value of our consumer engagement and enrollment solution platform allows us to work closely with strategic partners in the health care market to leverage their relationships with consumers. In 2018, we had 6 strategic relationships with major retail pharmacies in the United States, with leading hospital systems in the United States and with select financial and affinity marketing organizations to expand the availability of our platform to more consumers. Through greater data integration, co-branding and further investments to improve the customer experience with our platform, we believe that we can create significant value for each of our partners and further expand each of our partner relationships. Selectively Grow our Consumer Engagement Platform Outside of the Medicare Market Our current focus is to operate our individual and family plan business profitably and grow the small business portion of our business. We believe that our engagement, education and enrollment platform provides high-value solutions for consumers in these markets. To capitalize on our small business opportunity, we established a dedicated small business unit in 2016. Acquire Capabilities that Leverage our Consumer Engagement Platform We intend to pursue strategic relationships or acquisitions that expand our platform, provide additional capabilities or enable us to access adjacent markets within the broader health insurance and related customer facing segments of the healthcare industry. We acquired GoMedigap in January 2018 to help us expand our presence and engagement capabilities in the Medicare Supplement market. Our Platforms and Technology Our ecommerce platforms and consumer engagement solutions are built to provide market leading information, decision support and transactional services to health insurance customers across the country. Our ecommerce platforms organize and present voluminous and complex health insurance information in an objective format that empowers individuals, families and small businesses to research, analyze, compare and purchase a wide variety of health insurance plans. Elements of our platforms include: Plan Comparisons and Recommendations. We offer online comparison and recommendation tools that process and simplify voluminous health insurance information according to each customer’s specific insurance need. Our ecommerce platform enables consumers to compare and personalize health insurance options based on plan characteristics such as price, plan type, coverage limits, deductible amount, co-payment amount, in-network and out-of-network benefits. After entering relevant information on our website, our platforms allow consumers to instantly receive a list of applicable health insurance plans and rate and benefit information in an easy-to-understand format. Online Application and Enrollment Forms. Health insurance applications vary widely by carrier and state. Our proprietary Application Tool allows us to capture each insurance application’s unique business rules and build a corresponding online application in a XML format. Our online application process offers our consumers significant improvements over the traditional, paper-intensive application process. It employs dynamic business logic to help individuals and families complete the application and enrollment forms correctly in real-time. This reduces delay resulting from application rework, a significant problem with traditional health insurance distribution, where incomplete applications are mailed back and forth between the consumer, the traditional agent and the carrier. We further simplify the enrollment process by accepting electronic signature and electronic payment from our consumers. Customer and Carrier Data Interchange. Our digital data interface technology integrates our online application process with health insurance carriers’ technology systems, enabling us to electronically deliver our consumers’ applications to health insurance carriers. This expedites the loading of insurance product inventory in to our various shopping experiences and accelerates the application process by eliminating manual delivery. We 7 also receive alerts and data from carriers, such as notification of approval or a request from a carrier for a consumer’s medical records for underwriting purposes, which we then relay electronically to the consumer. These features of our service help prevent applications from becoming delayed or rejected through inactivity of the consumer or the carrier. Call Center Technology Systems. Our proprietary agent-assist management systems enable us to provide a full range of customer service tasks in an efficient and personalized manner while complying with Medicare and health insurance regulatory requirements. Call center agents have script-on-screen tools that align to health insurance needs and leverage a common back office platform that powers our direct-to-consumer shopping experience. These systems also have customer relationship management tools that can track each consumer throughout the application process, obtain real-time updates from the carrier, generate automated emails specific to each consumer and access a cross-sell engine and dashboard to identify and track cross-sell opportunities. Our auto-email system is feature-rich with HTML capability, customizable merge tags, granular segmentation and tracking capability. Customer Data Platform. We have developed proprietary recommendation algorithms that are carrier agnostic and are designed based on the several million customer assistance encounters we have facilitated. Carrier Relationships We have developed strategic relationships with leading health insurance carriers in the United States, enabling us to offer thousands of health insurance plans online. We have relationships with a large number of Medicare-related, individual and family, small business and ancillary health insurance plan carriers, including large national carriers and well-established regional carriers. Many of these major carriers have been selling their products through us for over ten years. In many cases, we have back-office integration with major carriers allowing us to submit customer applications efficiently and cost-effectively, which is an area of competitive differentiation for our business. We typically enter into contractual agency relationships with health insurance carriers that are non-exclusive and terminable on short notice by either party for any reason. Health insurance carriers often have the ability to terminate or amend our agreements unilaterally on short notice, including provisions in our agreements relating to our commission rates. Revenue derived from Humana represented approximately 22%, 20% and 22% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Revenue derived from carriers owned by UnitedHealthcare represented approximately 19%, 23% and 19% of our total revenue in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Revenue derived from carriers owned by Aetna represented approximately 14%, 10% and 11% of our total revenue in each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Marketing We focus on building brand awareness, increasing individual, family and small business customer visits to our websites, increasing Medicare customer visits to our website and telephonic sales centers and converting these visitors into members. Our marketing initiatives are varied and numerous. They include: Direct Marketing. Our direct member acquisition channel consists of consumers who access our website addresses (www.eHealth.com, www.eHealthInsurance.com, www.Medicare.com, www.eHealthMedicare.com, www.PlanPrescriber.com and www.GoMedigap.com) either directly or through algorithmic search listings on Internet search engines and directories. Our direct marketing programs include direct mail, email marketing, search engine optimization, and television, radio and print advertising. We recognize expenses in our direct member acquisition channel in the period in which they are incurred. Online Advertising. Our online advertising member acquisition channel consists of consumers who access our website or call centers through paid keyword search advertising from search engines such as Google, Bing 8 and Yahoo!, paid social platforms like Facebook, as well as various Internet marketing programs such as display advertising and retargeting campaigns. Our online advertising programs are delivered across all Internet-enabled devices, including desktop computers, tablet computers and smart phones. We recognize expenses associated with search advertising in the period in which the consumer clicks on the advertisement. Marketing Partners. Our marketing partner member acquisition channel consists of consumers who access our website and call centers through a network comprised of hundreds of partners that drive consumers to our ecommerce platform and call centers. These partners include health care industry participants, such as pharmacies, hospital networks and insurance carriers; financial and online services partners in industries such as banking, insurance and mortgage; affiliate organizations; online advertisers and content providers that are specialists in paid and unpaid (algorithmic) search, as well as specialists in other types of Internet marketing; and off-line lead generators who specialize in traditional direct marketing channels, such as direct mail and television advertising. We generally compensate our marketing partners for referrals based on the consumer submitting a health insurance application on our platform, regardless of whether the consumer’s application is approved by the health insurance carrier, or for the referral of a Medicare-related lead to us by the marketing partner. Some of our partners such as pharmacies and hospital networks are not compensated for referrals to us as a result of legal requirements. These organizations have relationships with us to provide their customers and patients with our consumer experience and to help them find the plan that best meets their needs. Some of our marketing partners have tiered arrangements where the amount we pay the marketing partner per submitted application increases as the volume of submitted applications we receive from the marketing partner increases. We recognize these expenditures in the period when a marketing partner’s referral results in the submission of a health insurance application. Alternatively, if a marketing partner is licensed to sell health insurance, we may share a percentage of the commission revenue we earn from the health insurance carrier for each member referred by that partner. In our Medicare business, our current emphasis is on reducing the contribution from the lead aggregator marketing channel that is characterized by high acquisition costs and emphasizing strategic partnerships including relationships with health care industry participants, such as pharmacies and hospital networks, and with affiliate organizations where our acquisition costs may be significantly lower. Because the total volume of submitted applications that we receive from our marketing partners is largely outside of our control, particularly during any short-term period, and because of our tiered marketing partner arrangements, we could incur expenses in excess of, or below, the amounts we had planned in periods of rapid change in the volume of submitted applications from marketing partner referrals. Similar to our marketing partner channel, expenses in our online advertising channel will increase or decrease in relation to any increase or decrease in consumers referred to our website as a result of search engine advertising or retargeting campaigns. Increases in submitted applications resulting from marketing partner referrals or visitors to our website from our online advertising channel has in the past, and could in the future, result in marketing and advertising expenses significantly higher than our expectations. Technology and Content We have a technology and content team that is responsible for ongoing enhancements to the features and functionality of our ecommerce platform, which we believe are critical to maintaining our technology leadership position in the industry. A large number of our technology and content employees are located in our subsidiary in Xiamen, China. There are many risks associated with having an operation and doing business in China. Information regarding risks involving our operations in China is included in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Government Regulation and Compliance We distribute health insurance plans in all 50 states and in the District of Columbia. The health insurance industry is heavily regulated. In addition to the Affordable Care Act, each of these jurisdictions has its own rules 9 and regulations relating to the offer and sale of health insurance plans, typically administered by a department of insurance. State insurance departments have administrative powers relating to, among other things: regulating premium prices; granting and revoking licenses to transact insurance business; approving individuals and entities to which, and circumstances under which, commissions can be paid; regulating advertising, marketing and trade practices; monitoring broker and agent conduct; and imposing continuing education requirements. We are required to maintain valid life and/or health agency and/or agent licenses in each jurisdiction in which we transact health insurance business. In addition to state regulations, we also are subject to regulations and guidelines issued by CMS that place a number of requirements on health insurance carriers and agents and brokers in connection with the marketing and sale of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. We are subject to similar requirements of state insurance departments with respect to our marketing and sale of Medicare Supplement plans. CMS and state insurance department regulations and guidelines include a number of prohibitions regarding the ability to contact Medicare-eligible individuals and place many restrictions on the marketing of Medicare-related plans. For example, our health insurance carrier partners are required to file with CMS and state departments of insurance certain of our platforms, our call center scripts and other marketing materials we use to market Medicare-related plans. In some instances, CMS or state departments of insurance must approve the material before we use it. In addition, the laws and regulations applicable to the marketing and sale of Medicare-related plans are ambiguous, complex and, particularly with respect to regulations and guidance issued by CMS for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, change frequently. We are subject to various federal and state privacy and security laws, regulations and requirements. These laws govern our collection, use, disclosure, protection and maintenance of the individually-identifiable information that we collect from consumers. For example, we are subject to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA. HIPAA and regulations adopted pursuant to HIPPA require us to maintain the privacy of individually-identifiable health information that we collect on behalf of health insurance carriers, implement measures to safeguard such information and provide notification in the event of a breach in the privacy or confidentiality of such information. In addition, we have entered into contracts with health insurance carriers and others regarding the collection, maintenance, protection, use, transmission, disclosure or disposal of sensitive personal information. The use and disclosure of certain data that we collect from consumers is also regulated in some instances by other federal laws, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, or GLBA, and state statutes implementing GLBA, which generally require brokers to provide customers with notice regarding how their non-public personal health and financial information is used and the opportunity to “opt out” of certain disclosures before sharing such information with a third party, and which generally require safeguards for the protection of personal information. We regularly assess our compliance with privacy and security requirements. These requirements are evolving, and states are beginning to adopt additional requirements. In addition to government action, health insurance carrier expectations relating to privacy and security protections are increasing and evolving. We have incurred significant costs to develop new processes and procedures and to adopt new technology in an effort to comply with privacy and security laws and regulations and carrier expectations and to protect against cybersecurity risks and security breaches. We expect to continue to do so in the future. Violations of federal and state privacy and security laws and other contractual requirements may result in significant liability and expense, damage to our reputation or termination of relationship with government-run health insurance exchanges and our members, marketing partners and health insurance carriers. Intellectual Property We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions, to protect our proprietary technology and our brand. We also have filed patent applications that relate to certain of our technology and business processes. 10 Competition The market for selling health insurance plans is highly competitive. Our competitors include government entities, including government-run health insurance exchanges established as a result of health care reform; health insurance carriers; other health insurance agents and brokers; and companies that use the Internet and other means to attract individuals interested in purchasing health insurance and generate revenue by referring these individuals to us or one of our competitors. Government. In connection with our marketing of Medicare related health insurance plans, we compete with the federal government’s original Medicare program. CMS also offers Medicare plan online enrollment, information and comparison tools and has established call centers for the sale of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. CMS has regulatory authority over the Medicare Advantage program and can influence the competitiveness of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans compared to the original Medicare program, as well as the compensation that health insurance carriers are allowed to pay us. Insurance carriers. Many health insurance carriers directly market and sell their plans to consumers through call centers and their own websites. Although we offer health insurance plans for many of these carriers, they also compete with us by offering their plans directly to consumers and, to a much lesser extent, to small businesses. Health insurance carriers have become more experienced in marketing their products directly to consumers, both over the Internet and through more traditional channels, which has resulted in increased competition. Other agents and brokers. We compete with agents and brokers who offer and sell health insurance plans utilizing traditional offline distribution channels as well as the Internet. Our current competitors include the tens of thousands of local insurance agents across the United States who sell health insurance plans in their communities. A number of these agents operate websites and provide an online shopping experience for consumers interested in purchasing health insurance. In addition, a number of online health insurance agents like us generate demand over the Internet and sell health insurance to individuals over the Internet and using call centers. Some of these online agents have agreements with CMS, similar to us, that allow them to enroll subsidy- eligible individuals in qualified health insurance plans over the Internet in the states where the federal government is operating the health insurance exchange. As a result, we compete with these companies for consumers eligible for health care reform subsidies as well as for consumers who are not subsidy-eligible. Internet marketers. There are many internet marketing companies that use the Internet to find consumers interested in purchasing health insurance and are compensated for referring those consumers to agents and health insurance carriers. We compete with internet marketing companies for individuals who are looking to purchase health insurance. Seasonality The majority of our commissions revenue is recognized in the fourth quarter of each calendar year as a result of our adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), which we adopted using the full retrospective transition method on January 1, 2018 and which is further discussed in Note 1-Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We have historically sold a significant portion of the Medicare plans that we sell during the year in the fourth quarter during the Medicare annual enrollment period, when Medicare-eligible individuals are permitted to change their Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug coverage for the following year. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, 61%, 52% and 49%, respectively, of our Medicare plan-related applications were submitted during the fourth quarter. As a result, we generate a significant portion of our commission revenues related to new Medicare plan-related enrollments in the fourth quarter. 11 The annual open enrollment period for individual and family health insurance also takes place in the fourth quarter of the calendar year, resulting in seasonality of individual and family plan submitted applications volume. During 2018, 2017 and 2016, 64%, 52% and 33%, respectively, of our individual and family plan-related applications were submitted during the fourth quarter. As a result, we generate a significant portion of our commission revenues related to individual and family plan-related enrollments in the fourth quarter. Our marketing and advertising expenses are typically lower in each of our first through third quarters compared to the fourth quarter. We incur a significant portion of our marketing and advertising expenses in the fourth quarter as a result of the Medicare annual enrollment period and the open enrollment period under the Affordable Care Act. Our marketing and advertising increases in the fourth quarter as a result of increased amounts owed to our marketing partners in connection with lead referral arrangements as well as an increase in the number of health insurance applications submitted on our ecommerce platforms referred to us by our marketing partners. We also typically incur an increase in other marketing and advertising related expenses in the fourth quarter. We expect this seasonal trend in marketing and advertising expenses to continue in 2019. In preparation for the Medicare annual enrollment period during 2018, 2017 and 2016, and to a lesser extent the open enrollment period for individual and family health insurance plans during the same periods, we began ramping up our customer care center staff during the third and fourth quarters to handle the anticipated increased volume of health insurance transactions, which resulted in higher customer care and enrollment expenses in the third and fourth quarters. We expect this seasonal trend in customer care and enrollment expenses to continue in 2019. Employees As of December 31, 2018, we had 1,079 full-time employees, of which 59 were in marketing and advertising, 569 were in customer care and enrollment, 289 were in technology and content and 162 were in general and administrative. None of our U.S. employees are represented by a labor union. As required under Chinese law, the employees in our Xiamen, China office established a labor union in January 2014. We have not experienced any work stoppages and consider our employee relations to be good. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Risk Factors In addition to other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in other filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the following risk factors should be carefully considered in evaluating our business as they may have a significant impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Because of the following factors, as well as other variables affecting our operating results, past financial performance should not be considered as a reliable indicator of future performance and investors should not use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods. Risks Related to Our Business The marketing and sale of Medicare plans are subject to numerous, complex and frequently changing laws and regulations, and non-compliance or changes in laws and regulations could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. The marketing and sale of Medicare plans are subject to numerous laws, regulations and guidelines at the federal and state level. The marketing and sale of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans are principally regulated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS. The marketing and sale of Medicare Supplement plans are principally regulated on a state-by-state basis by state departments of 12 insurance. The laws and regulations applicable to the marketing and sale of Medicare plans are numerous, ambiguous and complex, and, particularly with respect to regulations and guidance issued by CMS for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, change frequently. The telephone calls on which we enroll individuals into Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans are required to be recorded. Health insurance carriers audit these recordings for compliance and listen to them in connection with their investigation of complaints. In addition, Medicare eligible individuals may receive a special election period and the ability to change Medicare Advantage and Part D prescription drug plans outside the Medicare annual enrollment period in the event the sale of the plan was not in accordance with CMS rules and guidelines. Given CMS’s scrutiny of Medicare product health insurance carriers and the responsibility of the health insurance carriers for actions that we take, health insurance carriers may terminate our relationship with them or take other corrective action if our Medicare product sales, marketing and operations are not in compliance or give rise to too many complaints. The termination of our relationship with health insurance carriers for this reason would reduce the products we are able to offer, could result in the loss of commissions for past and future sales and would otherwise harm our business, operating results and financial condition. As a result of the laws, regulations and guidelines relating to the sale of Medicare plans, we have altered, and likely will have to continue to alter, our websites and sales process to comply with several requirements that are not applicable to our sale of non-Medicare-related health insurance plans. For instance, many aspects of our online platforms and our marketing material and processes, as well as changes to these platforms, materials and processes, including call center scripts, must be filed on a regular basis with CMS and reviewed and approved by health insurance carriers in light of CMS requirements. In addition, certain aspects of our Medicare plan marketing partner relationships have been in the past, and will be in the future, subjected to CMS and health insurance carrier review. Changes to the laws, regulations and guidelines relating to Medicare plans, their interpretation or the manner in which they are enforced could be incompatible with these relationships, our platforms or our sale of Medicare plans, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Due to changes in CMS guidance or enforcement or interpretation of existing guidance applicable to our marketing and sale of Medicare products, or as a result of new laws, regulations and guidelines, CMS, state departments of insurance or health insurance carriers may determine to object to or not to approve aspects of our online platforms or marketing material and processes and may determine that certain existing aspects of our Medicare-related business are not in compliance. As a result, the progress of our Medicare operations could be slowed or we could be prevented from operating aspects of our Medicare revenue generating activities altogether, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition, particularly if it occurred during the Medicare annual enrollment period. If our ability to enroll individuals during enrollment periods is impeded, our business will be harmed. It is difficult for the health insurance agents we employ and our systems and processes to handle the increased volume of health insurance transactions that occur in a short period of time during the health care reform annual open enrollment period and the Medicare annual enrollment period. We contract with outsourced call centers and hire additional employees on a temporary or seasonal basis in a limited period of time to address the expected increase in the volume of health insurance transactions during the Medicare annual enrollment period. We must ensure that our employee health insurance agents and the health insurance agent employees of outsourced call centers are timely licensed, trained and certified and have the appropriate authority to sell health insurance in a number of states and for a number of different health insurance carriers. We depend upon our own employees, state departments of insurance, government exchanges and health insurance carriers for licensing, certification and appointment. If our ability to market and sell Medicare-related health insurance and individual and family health insurance is constrained during an enrollment period for any reason, such as technology failures, reduced allocation of resources, any inability to timely employ, license, train, certify and retain our employees and our contractors and their health insurance agents to sell health insurance, interruptions in the operation of our website or systems, or issues with government-run health insurance exchanges, we could acquire fewer members, suffer a reduction in our membership and our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. 13 If investments we make in enrollment periods do not result in a significant number of approved and paying members, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. In an attempt to attract and enroll a large number of individuals during the Medicare annual enrollment period and the health care reform open enrollment period, we may invest in areas of our business, including technology and content, customer care and enrollment, and marketing and advertising. We have in the past made investments in areas of our business in advance of enrollment periods that have not yielded the results we expected when making those investments. Any investment we make in either the Medicare annual enrollment period or the health care reform open enrollment period may not result in a significant number of approved and paying members. If it does not, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. If we do not successfully compete with government-run health insurance exchanges, our business may be harmed. We compete with government-run health insurance exchanges, among others, with respect to our sale of Medicare-related and individual and family health insurance. The federal government operates a website where Medicare beneficiaries can shop for and purchase Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D Prescription Drug plans. CMS has begun making improvements to the consumer experience on this website and proposals exist for it to continue to do so. Medicare beneficiaries can also obtain plan selection assistance from the federal government in connection with their purchase of a Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D Prescription Drug plan. The exchanges in the individual and family health insurance market created by the Affordable Care Act may elect whether or not we are able to enroll subsidy-eligible individuals in qualified health plans through them, and determine the manner in which we may do so. The Affordable Care Act exchanges have websites where individuals and small businesses can shop for and purchase health insurance, and they also have offline customer support and enrollment capabilities. Individuals who are eligible for government subsidies in the form of premium tax credits and cost sharing reductions must apply for their subsidy and purchase qualified health plans through a government exchange to receive their subsidy. In the aggregate, government exchanges have greater resources and greater public outreach capability than we do and they or the government agencies that run them may in the future impact the process we use to enroll individuals and families in a manner that results in a reduction in our membership. In addition, individuals who utilize our platform and services to apply for subsidies and health insurance through Affordable Care Act exchanges receive marketing and communications from the exchanges after they do so. In the event our existing members purchase health insurance directly through health insurance exchanges without using us as their health insurance agent, as a result of their being eligible for a subsidy or otherwise, we will no longer receive commission payments as a result of our sale of health insurance to them. Under regulations adopted as a part of health care reform under the Affordable Care Act, government-run health insurance exchanges are required to automatically re-enroll individuals and families into a qualified health insurance plan purchased through the exchange if the individuals or families do not take affirmative action, which may contribute to a reduction in our membership. Competitive pressure from government-run health insurance exchanges has resulted, and may in the future result, in our experiencing increased marketing costs, decreased traffic to our website, a reduction in our membership and revenue and may otherwise harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our operating results will be impacted by factors that impact our estimate of the constrained lifetime value of commissions per approved member. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) using the full retrospective method, which required us to revise our historical financial information to be consistent with the new standard. The adoption had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. The most significant impact of the standard was on our commission revenue. We now recognize revenue for Medicare-related, individual and family and ancillary health insurance plan approved members based upon the total expected commissions we expect to receive over the life of the underlying polices, net of a constraint. We now recognize small business health insurance plan commission revenue at the time the 14 application for the plan is approved by the carrier and when it renews each year thereafter, equal to the estimated commissions we expect to collect over the following 12-months. The constrained lifetime value for each product line is an estimate and is based on a number of assumptions, which include, but are not limited to, estimates of the conversion rates of approved members into paying members, forecasted member churn and forecasted commission amounts we expect to receive per approved member. These assumptions are based on historical trends and incorporate management’s judgment. Changes in our historical trends will result in changes to our constrained lifetime value estimates in future periods and therefore could adversely affect our revenue and financial results in those future periods. As a result, negative changes in the factors upon which we estimate constrained lifetime values, such as reduced conversion of approved members to paying members, increased member churn or a reduction in the lifetime commission amounts we expect to receive for selling the plan to a member or other changes outside our control, would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, if we ultimately receive commission payments that are less than the amount we estimated when we recognized commission revenue, we would need to write-off of the remaining commission receivable balance, which would harm our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition. The rate at which approved members become paying members is a significant factor in our estimation of constrained lifetime values. For example, during the first open enrollment period under the Affordable Care Act, we experienced a decline in the rate at which members approved for individual and family health insurance turned into paying members, which harmed our operating results. To the extent we experience a similar decline in the rate at which approved members turn into our paying members, our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition would be harmed. We receive commissions from health insurance carriers for health insurance plans sold through us. When one of these plans is canceled, or if we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy, we no longer receive the related commission payment. Our estimate of constrained lifetime value is net of an estimated annual health insurance plan cancellation rate based on our historical experience by plan type. As a result, an increase in our annual health insurance plan cancellation rate would harm our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition. Commission rates are a significant factor in our estimation of constrained lifetime values. The commission rates we receive are impacted by a variety of factors, including the particular health insurance plans chosen by our members, the carriers offering those plans, our members’ states of residence, the laws and regulations in those jurisdictions, the average premiums of plans purchased through us and health care reform. Our commission revenue per member has in the past decreased, and could in the future decrease, as a result of reductions in contractual commission rates, a change in the mix of carriers whose products we sell during a given period, and increased member churn, all of which are beyond our control and may occur on short notice. To the extent these and other factors cause our commission revenue per member to decline, our revenue may decline and our business, operating results cash flows and financial condition would be harmed. Given that Medicare-related and individual and family health insurance purchasing is concentrated during enrollment periods, we may experience a shift in the mix of Medicare-related and individual and family health insurance products selected by our members over a short period of time. Any reduction in our average commission revenue per member during the open enrollment period caused by such a shift or otherwise would harm our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition. Our business may be harmed if we lose our relationship with health insurance carriers or our relationship with health insurance carriers is modified. We typically enter into contractual relationships with health insurance carriers that are non-exclusive and terminable on short notice by either party for any reason. In many cases, health insurance carriers also may amend the terms of our agreements unilaterally on short notice. Carriers may be unwilling to allow us to sell their existing or new health insurance plans, or desire to amend our agreements with them for a variety of reasons, including for competitive or regulatory reasons, dissatisfaction with the economics of the members that we place with them or because they do not want to be associated with our brand. We may also terminate our relationship 15 with health insurance carriers. In addition, many aspects of health care reform have caused, and may in the future cause, carriers to modify their relationship with us given the substantial changes in the industry in which we operate. Carriers may choose to exclude us from their most profitable or popular plans or may determine not to distribute health insurance plans in the Medicare, individual and family and small business markets in certain geographies or altogether. They may also determine not to offer their plans on our platform given that we also offer plans of their competitors. In the event we are not successful in gaining or maintaining the ability to sell Medicare, individual and family and qualified health insurance plans, if health insurance carriers pay us no commissions or reduced commissions in connection with the sale of these plans or if health insurance carriers change our relationship with them in other ways, we could lose a substantial number of existing and potential members and commissions, which would materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. The termination of our relationship with a health insurance carrier by us or the health insurance carrier or the amendment of or change in our relationship with a carrier could reduce the variety of health insurance plans we offer, cause a loss of commission payments, cause a reduction in constrained lifetime values and adversely impact our ability to recognize revenue or have other adverse impacts, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. It also could adversely impact, or cause the termination of, commissions for past and future sales, which would materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our business could also be harmed if in the future we fail to develop new carrier relationships and are unable to offer consumers a variety of health insurance plans in each jurisdiction. Health insurance carriers can unilaterally amend the commission rates that they pay to us. Given the significant losses that carriers have sustained in connection with their sale of individual and family health insurance as a result of health care reform, many health insurance carriers with which we have a relationship, including large national health insurance carriers, reduced or eliminated our commissions for selling individual and family health insurance, and in a limited number of cases, our renewal commissions. As a result, we experienced a meaningful reduction in our average commission rates for our aggregate individual and family health insurance plan membership. In addition, the reduction in contractual commission rates and these carriers’ desire to not sell individual and family health insurance has reduced the number of plans that we are able to offer on our websites, which has resulted in less consumer demand for the individual and family health insurance that we sell and a reduction in our membership. In the future and as a result of health care reform or for other reasons, an increasing number of health insurance carriers may decide to reduce our commissions, rely on their own internal distribution channels to sell their own plans, determine not to sell their plans or otherwise limit or prohibit us from selling their plans on our ecommerce platforms. In addition to reducing commission rates, health insurance carriers may determine to exit certain states or increase premiums to a significant degree, which could cause our members’ health insurance to be terminated or our members to purchase new health insurance or determine not to pay for health insurance at all. If we lose these members, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. Changes in our management and key employees could affect our business and financial results. Our success is dependent upon our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel for all areas of our organization. We may not be successful in attracting and retaining personnel on a timely basis, on competitive terms or at all. If we are unable to attract and retain the necessary personnel, our business would be harmed. Our executive officers and employees can terminate their employment at any time. We have recently experienced significant changes in our senior management. David Francis, our former chief financial officer appointed in July 2016, most recently became our chief operating officer in January 2018. In June 2018, Derek Yung became our chief financial officer, allowing Mr. Francis to focus on his responsibilities as chief operating officer. In addition to these changes, other senior executive officers have left us, and we have hired additional senior executives, including Tim Hannan, chief marketing officer, Ian Kalin, chief technology officer, and David Nicklaus, senior vice president, sales and operations. The change in leadership we have experienced has been significant and has occurred over a short period of time. The transition and the departure of members of our senior management could result in further attrition in our senior management and key personnel and the significant change in leadership over a short period of time could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. 16 The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or key employees could harm our business. For example, we appoint a single designated writing agent with each insurance carrier. A small number of our employees act as writing agent and each employee that acts as writing agent does so for a number of carriers. Robert Hurley, our president, carrier and business development, is the writing agent in a large number of our carrier relationships. If we lose the service of our appointed writing agent, the duties of writing agent will need to be transitioned to other company personnel. Due to our national reach and the large number of carrier partners whose policies are purchased by our members, this transition may be difficult and requires a significant period of time to complete, particularly in the case of Mr. Hurley. If the transition is not successful or takes too long to complete, our agency relationship with particular insurance carriers may be terminated, our commission payments could be discontinued or delayed and, as a result, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. Our business may be harmed if we are not successful in executing on our strategic investments and initiatives. In 2016 we conducted a strategic review of our business operations and examined potential areas of investment and strategic emphasis. As part of our strategy, we have determined to invest in initiatives to accelerate growth in our Medicare product sales, including Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement plans. We also plan to invest resources in efforts to grow our small business group insurance business and pursue cross- selling and adjacent revenue opportunities in our Medicare and small business group businesses. Further, we intend to invest in the sale of short-term health insurance. Pursuing and investing in these initiatives will require significant investments in marketing and advertising, technology and product offerings, and customer care and enrollment, among others, and involves risks and uncertainties described elsewhere in this Risk Factors section, including the initiatives resulting in insufficient revenue to offset any expenses associated with these new investments, inadequate return of capital on our investments, legal and regulatory compliance risks, potential changes in laws and regulations and other issues that could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of our investments and incur unanticipated liabilities. Our pursuit of these strategic initiatives may not be successful. Our cash flow from operations was negative in each of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. As a result, our investment in these initiatives could result in our needing to raise addition capital. If we are not successful in executing on our business strategy, our future profitability and cash flow would be negatively impacted and our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. Significant consolidation in the health insurance industry could alter our relationships with carriers and harm our business and financial results. The health insurance industry in the United States has experienced a substantial amount of consolidation, resulting in a decrease in the number of health insurance carriers. Consolidation in the health insurance industry could cause a loss of or changes in our relationship with carriers and reduction in our commission or other revenue, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In the future, we may be forced to offer health insurance from a reduced number of insurance carriers or to derive a greater portion of our revenue from a more concentrated number of carriers as our business and the health insurance industry evolve. Revenue derived from Humana represented approximately 22%, 20% and 22% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Revenue derived from carriers owned by UnitedHealthcare represented approximately 19%, 23% and 19% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Revenue derived from Aetna represented approximately 14%, 10% and 11% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We have several agreements that govern our sale of health insurance plans with these health insurance carriers. They may be unilaterally amended or terminated by the carrier on short notice and the amendment or termination could adversely impact or cause the termination of the commission payments that we receive from these health insurance carriers, including commissions on plans that we have already sold, which could materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our revenue could be adversely impacted if we are unable to maintain currently-existing levels of business with any of our significant health insurance carriers if we are 17 unable to offset any loss of business with alternative health insurance carriers. We expect that a small number of health insurance carriers will account for a significant portion of our revenue for the foreseeable future and any impairment of our relationship with, or the material financial impairment of, these health insurance carriers could adversely affect our business. Seasonality may cause fluctuations in our financial results. The Medicare annual enrollment period occurs from October 15 to December 7 each year, and we experience an increase in the number of submitted Medicare-related applications during the fourth quarter and an increase in Medicare plan related expense during the third and fourth quarters. Beginning the fourth quarter of 2017, the individual and family health insurance open enrollment period was changed to run from November 1 through December 15 of each year, which changed the seasonality of our individual and family business. We expect the number of approved members for individual and family health insurance to be higher in the fourth quarter compared to other quarters of the year as a result. A significant portion of our marketing and advertising expenses is driven by the number of health insurance applications submitted through us. Since our marketing and advertising costs are expensed and generally paid as incurred and commissions from approved members are paid to us over time, our operating cash flows could be adversely impacted by a substantial increase in marketing expense as a result of a higher volume of applications submitted during a quarter or positively impacted by a substantial decline in marketing expense as a result of lower volume of applications submitted during a quarter. The seasonality of our business could change in the future due to other factors, including as a result of changes in timing of the Medicare or individual and family health plan annual open enrollment periods and changes in the laws and regulations that govern the sale of health insurance. We may not be able to timely adjust to changes in the seasonality of our business. If the timing of the open enrollment periods for Medicare-related health insurance or individual and family health insurance changes, we may not be able to timely adapt to changes in customer demand. If we are not successful in responding to changes in the seasonality of our business, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. Our financial results will be adversely impacted if our membership does not grow or if we are unable to retain our existing members. We receive commissions from health insurance carriers for health insurance plans sold through us. When one of these plans is canceled, or if we otherwise do not remain the agent on the plan, we no longer receive the related commission payment. Our members may choose to discontinue their health insurance plans for a variety of reasons. Consumers may also purchase individual and family and Medicare-related health insurance plans directly from other sources, such as government-run health insurance exchanges, and we would not remain the agent on the policy and receive the related commission. Beginning January 1, 2019, Medicare Advantage plan enrollees may enroll in another Medicare Advantage plan or disenroll from their Medicare Advantage plan and return to original Medicare during the new Medicare Advantage open enrollment period that is scheduled to occur between January 1st and March 31st of each year. If the new members that we enroll during this Medicare Advantage open enrollment period do not offset any loss of existing Medicare Advantage members or if investments we make during this new Medicare Advantage open enrollment period do not result in a significant number of approved and paying Medicare Advantage members, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. In addition, health insurance carriers have in the past and may in the future terminate health insurance plans purchased and held by our members. Any decrease in the amount of time we retain our members could adversely impact the lifetime value we use for purposes of recognizing revenue, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Moreover, if we are not able to successfully retain existing members and limit member turnover, our cash flows from operations will be adversely impacted and our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. In addition, the Medicare-related commission rates that we receive may be higher in the first calendar year of a plan if the plan is the first Medicare-related plan issued to the member. The individual and family commission rates that we receive are typically higher in the first twelve months of a policy. After the first twelve months, they generally decline 18 significantly. As a result, if we do not add a sufficient number of members to new plans, our cash flows will also be negatively impacted. If we experience higher member turnover than we estimated when we recognized commission revenue, we may not collect all of the related commission receivable, resulting in a write-off of the remaining commission receivable balance, which would harm our business, operating results, cash flows and financial condition. Our business may be harmed if we lose our relationship with health insurance carriers whose Medicare- related health insurance products we sell or if our relationship with those carriers changes. Our Medicare plan-related revenue is concentrated in a small number of health insurance carriers. The success of our Medicare-related health insurance business depends upon our ability to enter into new and maintain existing relationships with health insurance carriers on favorable economic terms. The concentration of our Medicare plan sales in a limited number of health insurance carriers makes us vulnerable to changes in carrier commission rates and changes in the competitiveness of our carriers’ Medicare products. If our Medicare carriers reduce our commission rates, reduce the amount they pay us for advertising services, or the competitiveness of their products declines compared to original Medicare or the products of Medicare carriers with which we do not have a relationship, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. We also may temporarily or permanently lose the ability to market and sell Medicare plans for our Medicare plan carriers. The regulations for selling health insurance is complex and frequently changes. We or the health insurance agents we employ have in the past, and may in the future, violate one or more of the many requirements imposed by CMS or state laws and regulations. A carrier may terminate our relationship for that or other reasons, or CMS may penalize health insurance carriers for certain regulatory violations by suspending or terminating the carrier’s ability to market and sell Medicare plans for significant periods of time. CMS also may require the carrier to terminate its membership and allow its members to move to other plans. Given the concentration of our Medicare plan sales in a small number of carriers, if we lose a relationship with a health insurance carrier to market their Medicare plans temporarily or permanently or if the health insurance carrier loses its Medicare product membership, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. The agreements that we have with health insurance carriers to sell Medicare plans may be unilaterally amended or terminated by the carrier on short notice and the amendment or termination could adversely impact, or cause the termination of, the commission payments that we receive for selling their Medicare plans, including commissions on plans that we have already sold, which could materially harm our business operating results and financial condition. Our business may be harmed if we do not market Medicare plans effectively or if our websites and marketing materials are not timely approved or do not comply with legal requirements. Health insurance carriers whose Medicare plans we sell approve our websites, much of our marketing material and our call center scripts. We must receive these approvals in order for us to be able to generate Medicare plan demand and sell Medicare plans to Medicare-eligible individuals as a health insurance agent. Many of these materials also must be filed with CMS. In the event that CMS or a health insurance carrier requires change to, disapproves, or delays approval of our websites, our marketing material or call center scripts, we could lose a significant source of Medicare plan demand and our ability to sell Medicare plans would be adversely impacted, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. The rules and regulations relating to the approval and submission of marketing material are ambiguous and complex and state department of insurance or CMS may determine that certain aspects of our marketing material and processes are not in compliance with legal requirements. The CMS rules and regulations also apply to marketing material of our marketing partners. If we are not successful in timely submitting these marketing materials to health insurance carriers for approval, in gaining that approval and in filing all required marketing material with CMS, we could be prevented from implementing our Medicare marketing initiatives and our Medicare plan marketing could become less effective, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition, 19 particularly if the delay or non-compliance occurred during the Medicare annual enrollment period. If a marketing partner of ours does not consent to having its website or other marketing material filed with CMS, does not make changes required by carriers or CMS or does not comply with the CMS marketing guidelines or other Medicare program related laws, rules and regulations, we may lose the ability to receive referrals of individuals interested in purchasing Medicare plans from that marketing partner or our ability to receive referrals could be delayed and our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. If we or our marketing partners substantively change our websites or call center scripts after they are filed with CMS, we may need to resubmit them to health insurance carriers and have them re-filed with CMS. We are not permitted to make CMS filings ourselves. Given the review cycles our scripts, websites and other marketing material undergo, it is very difficult and time consuming to make changes to them, and our inability to timely make changes to these marketing materials, whether to comply with new rules and regulations or otherwise, could adversely impact our ability to sell Medicare plans, which could adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, if a change to scripts or websites is required by CMS or health insurance carriers, we may be prevented from using the marketing material until the change is made and approved, which would harm our business, operating results, and financial condition, particularly if it occurred during the annual enrollment period. Our ability to sell Medicare-related health insurance plans as a health insurance agent depends upon our ability to timely hire, train and retain licensed health insurance agents for our customer care center. In addition to our websites, we rely upon our customer care centers and, during the Medicare annual enrollment period, outsourced call centers to sell Medicare plans. The success of our customer care center operations is largely dependent on licensed health insurance agents and other employees. In order to sell Medicare-related health insurance plans, our health insurance agent employees and employees of third-party call centers must be licensed by the states in which they are selling plans and certified and appointed with the health insurance carrier that offers the plans in each applicable state. Because a significant number of Medicare plans are sold in the fourth quarter each year during the Medicare annual enrollment period, we retain and train a significant number of additional employees and employees of third-party call centers on a temporary or seasonal basis in a limited period of time. We must also ensure that our health insurance agents are timely licensed in a significant number of states and certified and appointed with the health insurance carriers whose products we sell. We depend upon our employees, state departments of insurance and health insurance carriers for the licensing, certification and appointment of our health insurance agents. We may not be successful in timely hiring a sufficient number of additional licensed agents or other employees for the Medicare annual enrollment period. We also may not be successful in engaging outsourced call centers, and the outsourced call centers may not be successful in engaging a sufficient number of licensed health insurance agents. Even if we and our outsourced call centers are successful, these health insurance agents may experience delays in obtaining health insurance licenses and certifications and health insurance carrier appointments. Temporary or seasonal health insurance agents also may also not perform to the standard we expect of them, which could result in lower than expected conversion rates and revenue and higher costs of acquisition per member. If we and our outsourced call centers are not successful in these regards, our ability to sell Medicare-related health insurance plans will be impaired during the annual enrollment period, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our ability to sell Medicare-related health insurance plans as a health insurance agent depends upon maintenance of functioning information technology systems. The success of our Medicare plan customer care center operations is dependent upon information technology systems. The vast majority of our Medicare plan members utilize our customer care center in connection with their purchase of a Medicare plan. CMS rules require that our health insurance agent employees utilize CMS-approved scripts in connection with the sale of Medicare plans and that we record and maintain the recording of telephonic interactions relating to the sale of Medicare plans. We rely on telephone, call recording, 20 customer relationship management and other systems and technology in our Medicare customer care center operations, and we are dependent upon third parties for some of them, including our telephone and call recording systems. These systems have failed temporarily in the past. The effectiveness and stability of our Medicare customer care center systems and technology are critical to our ability to sell Medicare plans, particularly during the Medicare annual enrollment period, and the failure or interruption of any of these systems and technology or any inability to handle increased volume during the annual enrollment period would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our success in selling Medicare-related health insurance will depend upon a number of factors some of which are outside of our control. Our success in selling Medicare-related health insurance is dependent in part on the actions of federal and state governments. The adoption of laws, regulations or policies by federal and state governments has in the past and could in the future adversely impact our Medicare business. For example, CMS has in the past determined to reduce the payments it makes to health insurance carriers in connection with the sale of Medicare Advantage plans. Any similar reduction in the future could cause the cost of Medicare Advantage plans to increase or the benefits under Medicare Advantage plans to decrease, either of which would impair our ability to sell Medicare Advantage plans. CMS also has in the past adopted rules relating to the timing and nature of the compensation of agents in connection with the sale of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. The effect of these rules was to reduce our compensation as a health insurance agent in connection with the sale of these plans or had other adverse consequences. In addition, under the Affordable Care Act, health insurance carriers are required to pay a fee or tax on net premium revenue for certain types of health insurance. The health insurance tax applies to Medicare Advantage, Part D prescription drug, individual and family, and small group health insurance plans. This health insurance tax was suspended by the federal government in 2017 and 2019 and is scheduled to go back into effect in 2020. As a result of the health insurance tax, consumers could experience higher premiums, higher out of pocket costs and/or reduced benefits as health insurance carriers may pass the cost of the health insurance tax to the consumers. Further, the Trump administration has proposed regulations that would narrow the type of prescription drug rebates that are allowed to be paid by manufacturers to pharmacy benefit managers and prescription drug plans and instead require rebates to be passed on directly to consumers. If the proposed regulations are adopted, health insurance companies may raise insurance premiums or reduce Part D prescription drug plan benefits. In the event the actions of the federal government, state governments or other circumstances decrease the demand for the Medicare related health insurance that we sell, or result in a reduction in the amount paid to us or have other adverse impacts, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. Our success in the Medicare plan market as a health insurance agent will also depend upon a number of additional factors, including: • • • • • our ability to continue to adapt our ecommerce platforms to market Medicare plans, including our development or acquisition of marketing tools and features important in the sale of Medicare plans online and the effective modification of our user experience; our success in marketing to Medicare-eligible individuals, including television advertising and direct mail marketing, and in entering into marketing partner relationships to drive Medicare-eligible individuals to our ecommerce platforms on a cost-effective basis; our effectiveness in entering into and maintaining relationships with marketing partners that refer Medicare-eligible individuals to us; our ability to hire and retain additional employees with experience in Medicare, including our ability to timely implement Medicare sales expertise into our customer care centers; our ability to implement and maintain an effective information technology infrastructure for the sale of Medicare plans, including the infrastructure and systems that support our websites, call centers and call recording; 21 • • • our ability to leverage technology in order to sell, and otherwise become more efficient at selling, Medicare-related plans over the telephone; our ability to comply with the numerous, complex and changing laws and regulations and CMS guidelines relating to the marketing and sale of Medicare plans, including continuing to conform our online and offline sales processes to those laws and regulations; and the effectiveness with which our competitors market the availability of Medicare plans from sources other than our ecommerce platforms. As a result of these factors, we may prove unsuccessful in marketing Medicare plans and acting as a health insurance agent in connection with their sale, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, if our efforts to market Medicare plans during any annual enrollment period were impeded due to lack of health insurance carrier or CMS approval, or for other reasons, the impact on our business, operating results and financial condition would be significantly greater given the seasonality of our Medicare- related revenues, membership acquisition and expenses and the fact that much of the sales of Medicare plans occur during this period. We may be unsuccessful in competing effectively against current and future competitors. The market for selling health insurance plans is highly competitive. We compete with entities and individuals that offer and sell health insurance plans utilizing traditional distribution channels as well as the Internet. Our competitors include local insurance agents across the United States who sell health insurance plans in their communities. There also are a number of companies that operate websites, provide an online shopping experience for consumers interested in purchasing health insurance and act as a health insurance agent in connection with that purchase. Some local agents also use Internet advertising and “lead aggregator” services that use the Internet to find consumers interested in purchasing health insurance and are compensated for referring those consumers to health insurance agents or carriers. Many health insurance carriers also directly market and sell their plans to consumers through call centers, Internet advertising and their own websites. Although we offer health insurance plans for many of these carriers, they also compete with us by offering their plans directly to consumers. In connection with our marketing of Medicare plans, we compete with the original Medicare program. CMS also offers plan information, comparison tools, call centers and online enrollment for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. We compete with the Federally Facilitated Marketplace, or FFM, and state health insurance exchanges implemented as a result of health care reform in marketing individual and family health insurance products. Health care reform also has resulted in health insurance plan cost and benefit data being more readily accessible, which has facilitated additional competition. To remain competitive against our current and future competitors, we will need to market our services effectively and continue to improve the online shopping experience and functionalities of our website and other platforms that our current and future customers may access to purchase health insurance products from us. If we cannot predict, develop and deliver the right shopping experience and functionality in a timely and cost-effective manner, or if we are not effective in cost-effectively driving a substantial number of consumers interested in purchasing health insurance to our website and customer care centers, we may not be able to compete successfully against our current or future competitors and our business, operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected. Some of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, larger customer bases, greater brand recognition and significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. As compared to us, our current and future competitors may be able to: • • undertake more extensive marketing campaigns for their brands and services; devote more resources to website and systems development and other aspects of their operations to comply with applicable laws, regulations and rules; 22 • negotiate more favorable commission rates and commission override payments; and • make more attractive offers to potential employees, marketing partners and third-party service providers. In addition, CMS has the ability to regulate our marketing and sale of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, and government-run health insurance exchanges, including CMS with respect to the FFM, have the ability to regulate our marketing and sale of qualified health plans under health care reform. CMS and the exchanges could impact the commissions we receive in connection with the sale of these plans and impose other restrictions and limitations that make it difficult for us to sell them. Competitive pressures may result in our experiencing increased marketing costs, decreased traffic to our website and loss of market share, or may otherwise harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Changes and developments in the health insurance industry or in the health insurance system in the United States as a result of health care reform could harm our business. Our business depends upon the private sector of the United States health insurance system, its relative role in financing health care delivery and health insurance carriers’ use of, and payment of commissions to, agents and brokers to market health insurance plans. In March 2010, the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and related amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act were signed into law. These health care reform laws contain provisions that have and will continue to change the industry in which we operate in substantial ways. Among several other provisions, health care reform includes a mandate that individuals have qualifying health insurance or face a tax penalty, although the tax penalty is set at zero beginning in 2019; a mandate that certain employers offer their employees group health insurance coverage or face tax penalties; requirements relating to employer contribution to employee health coverage; prohibitions against insurance companies using pre-existing health conditions as a reason to deny an application for health insurance; prohibitions on rescission of health insurance; prohibitions on lifetime coverage limits; requirements for guaranteed renewability of health insurance plans; health insurance premium setting guidelines; limitations on deductibles and cost-sharing; medical loss ratio requirements that require each health insurance carrier to spend a certain percentage of their premium revenue on reimbursement for clinical services and activities that improve health care quality and, if they do not, to provide rebates to policyholders; minimum benefit levels for health insurance plans, including actuarial value standards and limitations on annual coverage limits; taxes and assessments on health insurance carriers; establishment of state and/or federal health insurance exchanges to facilitate access to, and the purchase of, health insurance; open enrollment periods for the purchase of individual and family health insurance; and subsidies and cost-sharing credits to make health insurance more affordable for those below certain income levels. The implementation of health care reform has increased, and could further increase, our competition in the individual and family health insurance market and reduce or eliminate the need for health insurance agents or demand for the health insurance for individuals and families that we sell; further decrease the number of health insurance plans that we sell as well as the number of health insurance carriers offering them; cause a further reduction in our membership and revenue; cause us to incur increased expense across our business and cause health insurance carriers to further reduce our commissions and other amounts they pay for our services or change our relationship with them in other ways, any of which could materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. These and other impacts of health care reform caused a significant decline in our individual and family plan membership and other changes in the future could have similar impact on our Medicare related health insurance business. In addition, various aspects of health care reform have caused and could continue to cause health insurance carriers to limit the type of health insurance plans we sell and the geographies in which we sell them, to reduce or eliminate the commissions we receive from them as a result of our sale of health insurance plans, to exit the business of selling individual and family and small business health insurance plans in particular jurisdictions or altogether, to eliminate certain categories of products or attempt to move members into new plans for which we receive lower or no commissions, any of which could materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. 23 Under the Affordable Care Act, health insurance carriers offering coverage in the individual or small business health insurance market must ensure that such coverage meets certain actuarial value standards, includes certain minimum health benefits and is not subject to lifetime or, for most health insurance benefits, annual dollar amount coverage limits. Moreover, health insurance carriers cannot deny individuals health insurance for health reasons. For these and other reasons, the cost of individual and family health insurance has generally increased and many health insurance carriers suffered financial losses in their individual and family health insurance businesses. As a result, many health insurance carriers exited the individual and family health insurance business in part or altogether. The number of individual and family health insurance plans offered on our website has been reduced, including states and many zip codes where we have no individual and family health insurance plans to offer. If these conditions persist, we anticipate that they will continue to decrease demand for the individual and family health insurance that we sell and harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, if carriers determine to exit the individual and family health insurance market in a jurisdiction, our members on the plans offered by that carrier will lose their health insurance plans and will need to shop for and purchase individual and family health insurance from another health insurance carrier if they desire to maintain individual and family health insurance. These circumstances have resulted and could in the future result in decreased retention rates in our membership, a reduction in our commission revenue and otherwise harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Many health insurance carriers have increased premiums on the individual and family health insurance that they sell as a result of health care reform. As a result of premium inflation, we have experienced and could in the future experience decreased retention of our members and a reduction in demand for the individual and family health insurance that we sell, which could cause us to suffer a substantial reduction in our membership, and materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Moreover, compared to the increased cost of individual and family health insurance plans, government subsidies to purchase health insurance may not be sufficient enough to encourage individuals and families to purchase individual and family health insurance or incentivize our existing members to maintain their individual and family health insurance plans, which could contribute to a decline in our membership and materially harm our business, operating results and financial condition. The Trump administration and Republican leadership in Congress have attempted on several occasions to repeal or amend the Affordable Care Act, but their efforts at doing so have largely failed. The Affordable Care Act contains a mandate requiring individuals to maintain health insurance plans that comply with the Affordable Care Act or face a tax penalty. As a part of the tax reform law that came into effect in December 2017, the tax penalty for violating the mandate was set at zero effective in 2019, essentially repealing it. The essential repeal of the individual mandate could cause individuals to determine not to purchase or maintain individual and family health insurance and could cause carriers to increase premiums, reduce commissions or exit the business of selling individual and family health insurance, any of which would adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition to eliminating the penalty for violating the individual mandate, the Trump administration issued an executive order in October 2017 that directed the executive branch of the government to consider proposing regulations and revising guidance to expand access to association health plans, expand the availability of short- term health insurance and increase the usability of health reimbursement arrangements. As a result of the executive order, new regulations were adopted in July and August 2018, respectively, that would facilitate association-based health insurance plans and promote the sale of more short-term health insurance. The regulations relating to short-term health insurance plans extend the initial duration of short-term health insurance from three months to less than one year and allow for short-term health insurance plans to be renewed as long as the total duration of the plan does not exceed thirty-six months. However, states have authority to impose their own laws and regulations over short-term health insurance plans sold in their markets and certain states have adopted or are contemplating laws and regulations that would ban the sale of short-term health insurance, limit their duration and renewability, apply certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act to short-term health insurance or impose stronger disclosure requirements than the federal regulation. The expansion of the availability of short- term health insurance in many states may cause individuals and families to purchase short-term health insurance instead of individual and family health insurance, which could adversely impact our business, operating results 24 and financial condition if any reduction in our sales of individual and family health insurance is not offset by increased revenue from sales of short-term health insurance. The regulations relating to association health plans allow small businesses, including sole proprietors and other self-employed individuals, to join industry or geographically-based associations and collectively purchase large group health insurance plans. Large group health insurance is not subject to many of the provisions of the Affordable Care Act, including the requirement that health insurance plans cover all of the essential health benefits defined under the Affordable Care Act. The goal of the new regulation is to create a new health insurance option for small businesses, sole proprietors and other self-employed individuals and to reduce the cost of insurance for these purchasers if they are association members. While the regulation could present new business opportunities for us, it also may reduce the size of the individual, family and small business health insurance markets that we are able to address, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In light of the current state of the individual and family health insurance market, it appears likely that the Trump administration will continue to attempt to make changes to the Affordable Care Act and its implementing regulations. If the changes do not stabilize the individual and family health insurance market and encourage health insurance carriers to sell affordable individual and family health insurance, our individual and family health insurance business will continue to be adversely impacted. In December 2018, a federal district court in Texas in Texas v. United States of America et al., determined that the individual mandate in the Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional, because it was not within Congress’s tax power or interstate commerce power. It also determined that the remaining provisions of the Affordable Care Act were inseverable and therefore invalid. The court, however, did not rule that the operation of the Affordable Care Act be enjoined, so the law continues to operate until determined otherwise by the court or an appellate court. If the Affordable Care Act were finally determined to be unconstitutional and no longer operated, it is unclear what impact it or its replacement would have on our business. However, it or its replacement could adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition. Our business may be harmed if we do not enroll subsidy-eligible individuals through government-run health insurance exchanges efficiently. In order to offer the qualified health plans that individuals and families must purchase to receive Affordable Care Act subsidies, agents and brokers must meet certain conditions, such as receiving permission to do so from the applicable government health insurance exchange, entering into an agreement with the health insurance exchange, ensuring that the enrollment and subsidy application is completed through the health insurance exchange and complying with privacy, security and other standards, some of which contain requirements that are new to us. In the event Internet-based agents and brokers such as us use the Internet for completion of qualified health plan selection purposes, their websites are required to meet certain additional requirements. To the extent we enroll individuals and families into qualified health plans, we do so through the Federally Facilitated Marketplace, or FFM, which runs all or part of the health insurance exchange in 36 states. We may experience difficulty in satisfying the conditions and requirements to offer qualified health plans to our existing members and new potential members, and in getting them enrolled through the FFM. If we are not able to satisfy these conditions and requirements, or if we are not able to successfully adopt and maintain solutions that allow us to enroll large numbers of individuals and families in qualified plans over the Internet both during and outside of open enrollment periods, we will lose existing members and new members, and may incur additional expense, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, if we are not able to adopt or contract with and maintain solutions to integrate with government-run health insurance exchanges or if the health insurance exchange websites and other processes are unstable or not consumer friendly, efficient and compatible with the process we have adopted for enrolling individuals and families into qualified health plans through the exchanges, we would not be successful in retaining and acquiring members, and our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. The FFM may at any time cease allowing us to enroll individuals in qualified health plans or change the requirements for doing so. If it does so or if the FFM platform does not function properly, our ability to retain existing members and add new members could be negatively impacted, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. 25 CMS has broad authority over the requirements that must be met in order to enroll individuals into qualified health plans through the FFM. CMS directed us to alter our method of enrolling subsidy-eligible individuals into qualified health insurance plans beginning in February 2016. The change required us to cease using the online process we developed for enrolling individuals into qualified health plans through the FFM and use a prescribed FFM “double redirect” process that required that our customers visit the FFM website in the middle of purchasing health insurance to receive a subsidy eligibility determination. The FFM process resulted in a reduction in the rate at which individuals and families starting the application process for qualified health plans and subsidies became members and a reduction in our membership. If we are forced to continue to use this process, we could continue to experience loss of existing members and new potential members and a reduction in our individual and family health insurance plan membership and commission revenue, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We have entered into agreements with CMS relating to our ability to enroll individuals in qualified health plans through the FFM. The agreements contain comprehensive privacy and security and other requirements. In order to be able to enroll individuals into qualified health plans, we also must satisfy several other regulatory requirements and comply with additional laws and regulations. In order to enroll individuals into qualified health plans online through the FFM, we must among other things, maintain our agreements with the FFM which need to be renewed every year; satisfy the requirements contained in the relevant agreements as well as applicable laws and regulations; maintain a compliant Internet platform incorporating those requirements; maintain qualified health plan information from health insurance carriers and CMS and incorporate it into our web platform; maintain a privacy and security program to conform to the privacy and security requirements of our agreement with CMS as well as applicable laws and regulations; and adopt and maintain solutions that integrate with the FFM (or contract with others that do so) so that information may be passed to and from us relating to enrollment in qualified health plans and subsidy eligibility. If we do not comply with applicable laws, regulations and requirements, our ability to enroll individuals into qualified health plans through the FFM could be terminated, and we may be required to pay significant monetary penalties, either of which would harm our business operating results and financial condition. CMS issued guidance in May 2017 that made it possible for us to implement a process for subsidy-eligible individuals to enroll into qualified health insurance plans and apply for advanced payment of premium tax credits through the FFM without leaving our website. CMS abandoned the improved process for the qualified health plan open enrollment period that occurred in 2018 for 2019 coverage in favor of another process that allows qualified entities to access the database of information relating to health plans and subsidy eligibility through an application programming interface. CMS indicated that entities must satisfy numerous additional privacy and security requirements to be able to use the new process. We entered into an agreement to outsource certain aspects of the qualified health plan online enrollment process to a third party in light of the expense and burden associated with the additional requirements, and the entity was not successful in passing the required audit to use this new process. As a result, we were required to use the “double redirect” process to enroll individuals and families into qualified health plans during the recently completed open enrollment period. If we do not satisfy the requirements to use the improved qualified health plan enrollment process in the future, or we are unsuccessful in entering into a relationship with a third party who is approved to use the process, we could be required to continue to use the “double redirect” process for qualified health plan enrollment, which would result in our experiencing reduced individual and family health insurance plan membership and revenue and harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, if any third party we contract with to perform certain aspects of the qualified health plan selection and enrollment process has a poor consumer experience or otherwise experiences technical or other difficulties, we could experience a reduction in our individual and family health insurance plan membership and revenue and our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. 26 The medical loss ratio requirements that are a part of health care reform may harm our business. The Affordable Care Act contains provisions requiring health insurance carriers to maintain specified medical loss ratios. The medical loss ratio requirements for both individual and family and small business health insurance require health insurance companies to spend 80% of their premium revenue in each of their individual and small group health insurance businesses on reimbursement for clinical services and activities that improve health care quality. The medical loss ratio requirement for Medicare Advantage plans is 85%. If a health insurance carrier fails to meet medical loss ratio requirements, the health insurance carrier is required to rebate a portion of its premium revenue to its members to make up for the difference. Health insurance carriers may determine to reduce our Medicare Advantage plan, individual and family, or small group commissions as a result of the medical loss ratio requirements, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If we are not successful in cost-effectively converting visitors to our website and customer call centers into members for which we receive commissions, our business and operating results would be harmed. Our growth depends in large part upon growth in approved members in a given period. The rate at which consumers visiting our ecommerce platform and customer care centers seeking to purchase health insurance are converted into approved members directly impacts our revenue. In addition, the rate at which consumers who are approved become paying members impacts the lifetime value of our approved members, which impacts the revenue that we are able to recognize. A number of factors have influenced, and could in the future influence, these conversion rates for any given period, some of which are outside of our control. These factors include: • • • • • • • • • • changes in consumer shopping behavior due to circumstances outside of our control, such as economic conditions, consumers’ ability or willingness to pay for health insurance, availability of unemployment benefits or proposed or enacted legislative or regulatory changes impacting our business, including health care reform; the quality of and changes to the consumer experience on our ecommerce platform or with our customer care center; the effectiveness of our investments in online marketing and technology and content intended to increase visitor conversion rates; regulatory requirements, including those that make the experience on our online platforms cumbersome or difficult to navigate; the variety, competitiveness and affordability of the health insurance plans that we offer; system failures or interruptions in the operation of our ecommerce platform or call center operations; changes in the mix of consumers who are referred to us through our direct, marketing partner and online advertising member acquisition channels; health insurance carriers offering the health insurance plans for which consumers have expressed interest, and the degree to which our technology is integrated with those carriers; health insurance carrier guidelines applicable to applications submitted by consumers, the amount of time a carrier takes to make a decision on that application and the percentage of submitted applications approved by health insurance carriers; and our ability to enroll subsidy-eligible individuals in qualified health plans through government-run health insurance exchanges and the efficacy of the process we are required to use to do so. Our conversion rates can be impacted by changes in the mix of consumers referred to us through our member acquisition channels. We may make changes to our ecommerce platforms in response to regulatory requirements or undertake other initiatives in an attempt to improve consumer experience or for other reasons. 27 These changes have in the past, and may in the future have the unintended consequence of adversely impacting our conversion rates. A decline in the percentage of consumers who submit health insurance applications on our ecommerce platforms or telephonically via our customer care centers and are converted into approved and paying members could cause an increase in our cost of acquiring members on a per member basis and impact our revenue in any given period. To the extent the rate at which we convert consumers visiting our ecommerce platforms or telephonically via our customer care centers into members suffers, our membership may decline, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Changes in the health insurance market or in the variety, quality and affordability of the health insurance plans that carriers offer on our ecommerce platforms could harm our business and operating results. The market for private health insurance in the United States is evolving and our future financial performance will depend in part on growth in this market. Changes and developments in the health insurance system in the United States could reduce demand for our products and harm our business. For example, there has been an ongoing national debate relating to the health care reimbursement system in the United States. Some members of Congress have introduced proposals to expand the Medicare program, ranging from proposals that would create a new single payor national health insurance program for all United States residents, replacing virtually all other sources of public and private insurance, to more incremental approaches such as lowering the age of eligibility for the Medicare program or creating a new public health insurance plan option as a supplement to private sources of coverage. In the event that laws, regulations or rules that eliminate or reduce private sources of health insurance are adopted, the demand for our products could be adversely impacted and our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. The demand for health insurance marketed through our ecommerce platforms is impacted by, among other things, the variety, quality and price of the health insurance plans we offer. If our ability to sell a variety of high- quality, affordable health insurance plans in the Medicare, individual and family, small business and ancillary product markets is impaired, or our health insurance plan offerings are limited or terminated as a result of consolidation in the health insurance industry, health care reform or otherwise, our sales or average commission rate per member may decrease and our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. In addition, the cost of health insurance has increased substantially in many states as a result of health care reform implementation, which has reduced demand for individual and family health insurance. To the extent these conditions persist or worsen or the cost of other types of plans we sell increases, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. If we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand, our business and operating results will be harmed. We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand identity is critical to our relationships with existing members, marketing partners and health insurance carriers and to our ability to attract new members, marketing partners and health insurance carriers. The promotion of our brand in these and other ways may require us to make substantial investments and we anticipate that, as our market becomes increasingly competitive, these branding initiatives may become increasingly difficult and expensive. Our brand promotion activities may not be successful or yield increased revenue, and to the extent that these activities yield increased revenue, the increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur and our operating results could be harmed. If we do not successfully maintain and enhance our brand, our business may not grow and we could lose our relationships with health insurance carriers, marketing partners and/or members, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, we have historically received media attention in connection with our public relations efforts. While we cannot be certain of the impact of media coverage on our business, if it were to be reduced or if we were to receive negative publicity, the number of consumers visiting our platforms or customer call centers could 28 decrease, and our cost of acquiring members could increase as a result of a reduction in the number of members coming from our direct member acquisition channel, both of which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our future operating results are likely to fluctuate and could fall short of expectations. Our operating results are likely to fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, including the factors described elsewhere in this Risk Factors section, many of which are outside of our control. Among these factors, the assumptions underlying our estimates of commission revenue as required by Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), may vary over time. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful and you should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance, particularly in light of the fact that our business and industry are undergoing substantial change as a result of health care reform and initiatives we determined to pursue. If our revenue or operating results differ from our guidance or fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. In the past, when our revenue and operating results differed from our guidance and the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock was impacted. System failures or capacity constraints could harm our business and operating results. The performance, reliability and availability of our ecommerce platforms and underlying network infrastructures are critical to our financial results, our brand and our relationship with members, marketing partners and health insurance carriers. Although we regularly attempt to enhance our ecommerce platform and system infrastructure, system failures and interruptions may occur if we are unsuccessful in these efforts, if we are unable to accurately project the rate or timing of increases in our website traffic or for other reasons, some of which are completely outside our control. Although we have experienced only minor system failures and interruptions to date, we could experience significant failures and interruptions in the future, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If these failures or interruptions occurred during the Medicare annual enrollment period or during the open enrollment period under health care reform, the negative impact on us would be particularly pronounced. We rely in part upon third-party vendors, including data center and bandwidth providers, to operate our ecommerce platforms. We cannot predict whether additional network capacity will be available from these vendors as we need it, and our network or our suppliers’ networks might be unable to achieve or maintain a sufficiently high capacity of data transmission to allow us to process health insurance applications in a timely manner or effectively download data, especially if our website traffic increases. Any system failure that causes an interruption in or decreases the responsiveness of our services would impair our revenue-generating capabilities and harm our business and operating results and damage our reputation. In addition, any loss of data could result in loss of customers and subject us to potential liability. Our database and systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, fire, floods, power loss, telecommunications failures, physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, acts of terrorism, other attempts to harm our systems and similar events. In addition, our operations are vulnerable to earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay Area and elsewhere in Northern California. Consumers may access our customer care centers for assistance in connection with submitting health insurance applications. We depend upon third parties, including telephone service providers and third party software providers, to operate our customer care centers. Any failure of the systems that we rely upon in the operation of our customer care centers could negatively impact sales as well as our relationship with consumers and members, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. 29 We depend upon Internet search engines to attract a significant portion of the consumers who visit our website, and if we are unable to effectively advertise on search engines on a cost-effective basis, our business and operating results would be harmed. We derive a significant portion of our website traffic from consumers who search for health insurance through Internet search engines, such as Google, Bing and Yahoo!. A critical factor in attracting consumers to our website is whether we are prominently displayed in response to an Internet search relating to health insurance. Search engines typically provide two types of search results, algorithmic listings and paid advertisements. We rely on both to attract consumers to our websites. Algorithmic search result listings are determined and displayed in accordance with a set of formulas or algorithms developed by the particular Internet search engine. The algorithms determine the order of the listing of results in response to the consumer’s Internet search. From time to time, search engines revise these algorithms. In some instances, these modifications have caused our website to be listed less prominently in algorithmic search results, which has resulted in decreased traffic to our website. We may also be listed less prominently as a result of new websites or changes to existing websites that result in these websites receiving higher algorithmic rankings with the search engine. For example, government health insurance exchange websites appear prominently in algorithmic search results. Our website may become listed less prominently in algorithmic search results for other reasons, such as search engine technical difficulties, search engine technical changes and changes we make to our website. In addition, search engines have deemed the practices of some companies to be inconsistent with search engine guidelines and decided not to list their website in search result listings at all. If we are listed less prominently in, or removed altogether from, search result listings for any reason, the traffic to our websites would decline and we may not be able to replace this traffic, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If we decide to attempt to replace this traffic, we may be required to increase our marketing expenditures, which would also increase our cost of member acquisition and harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We purchase paid advertisements on search engines in order to attract consumers to our website. We typically pay a search engine for prominent placement of our website when particular health insurance-related terms are searched for on the search engine, regardless of the algorithmic search result listings. The prominence of the placement of our advertisement is determined by a combination of factors, including the amount we are willing to pay and algorithms designed to determine the relevance of our paid advertisement to a particular search term. As with algorithmic search result listings, search engines may revise the algorithms relevant to paid advertisements and websites other than our ecommerce platform may become more optimized for the algorithms. These changes may result in our having to pay increased amounts to maintain our paid advertisement placement in response to a particular search term. We could also have to pay increased amounts should the market share of major search engines continue to become more concentrated with a single search engine. Additionally, we bid against our competitors and others for the display of these paid search engine advertisements. Many of our competitors, including many health insurance carriers and government-run health insurance exchanges, have greater resources with which to bid and better brand recognition than we do. We have experienced increased competition from health insurance carriers, government health insurance exchanges and some of our marketing partners for both algorithmic search result listings and for paid advertisements. The competition has increased the cost of paid internet search advertising and has increased our marketing and advertising expenses. The competition increases substantially during the enrollment periods for Medicare related health insurance and for individual and family health insurance. If paid search advertising costs increase or become cost prohibitive, whether as a results of competition, algorithm changes or otherwise our advertising expenses could rise significantly or we could reduce or discontinue our paid search advertisements, either of which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. 30 We rely significantly on marketing partners and our business and operating results would be harmed if we are unable to maintain effective relationships with our existing marketing partners or if we do not establish successful relationships with new marketing partners. In addition to marketing through Internet search engines, we frequently enter into contractual marketing relationships with other online and offline businesses that promote us. These marketing partners include financial and online service companies, affiliate programs and online advertisers and content providers. We also have relationships with marketing partners, including hospitals and pharmacy chains that promote our Medicare platforms to their customers. We compensate many of our marketing partners for their referrals on a submitted health insurance application basis and, if they are licensed to sell health insurance, may share a percentage of the commission we earn from the health insurance carrier for each member referred by the marketing partner. Many factors influence the success of our relationship with our marketing partners, including: • • • • • • • • the continued positive market presence, reputation and growth of the marketing partner; the effectiveness of the marketing partner in marketing our website and services, including whether the marketing partner is successful in maintaining the prominence of its website in algorithmic search result listings and paid Internet advertisements; the compliance of our marketing partners, and of the manner marketing partners refer consumers to our platforms, with applicable laws, regulations and guidelines; the interest of the marketing partner’s customers in the health insurance plans that we offer on our ecommerce platform; the contractual terms we negotiate with the marketing partner, including the marketing fees we agree to pay a marketing partner; the percentage of the marketing partner’s customers that submit applications or purchase health insurance policies through our ecommerce platform; the ability of a marketing partner to maintain efficient and uninterrupted operation of its website; and our ability to work with the marketing partner to implement website changes, launch marketing campaigns and pursue other initiatives necessary to maintain positive consumer experiences and acceptable traffic volumes. For instance, we partner with Internet lead aggregators who refer a significant number of consumers to our online platforms. Major search engines have in the past and may in the future determine not to list lead aggregator websites prominently in search result listings for various reasons, which would cause a significant reduction in the number of consumers referred to us through our marketing partner channel. While we have relationships with a large number of marketing partners, we depend upon referrals from a limited number of marketing partners for a significant portion of the submitted applications we receive from our marketing partner customer acquisition channel. Given our reliance on our marketing partners, our business operating results and financial condition would be harmed if any of the following were to occur: • • • • if we are unable to maintain successful relationships with our existing marketing partners, particularly marketing partners responsible for a significant number of our submitted applications; if we fail to establish successful relationships with new marketing partners; if we experience competition in our receipt of referrals from our high volume marketing partners; and if we are required to pay increased amounts to our marketing partners. 31 To the extent that health care reform makes it less profitable or desirable for marketing partners to promote us to their customers, we may lose relationships with existing marketing partners or those marketing partners may refer fewer individuals to us. We may also have difficulty entering into relationships with new marketing partners. Competition for referrals from our marketing partners has increased particularly during the open enrollment periods for Medicare-related health insurance and individual and family health insurance. We may lose marketing partner referrals if our competitors pay marketing partners more than we do or be forced to pay increased fees to our marketing partners, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If we lose marketing partner referrals during the Medicare or individual and family health insurance annual open enrollment periods, the adverse impact on our business would be particularly pronounced. In addition, the promulgation of laws, regulations or guidelines, or the interpretation of existing laws, regulations and guidelines, by state departments of insurance or by CMS, could cause our relationships with our marketing partners to be in non-compliance with those laws, regulations and guidelines. In addition, we have relationships with hospitals and pharmacy chains that utilize aspects of our platform and tools. Our relationships with these hospitals and pharmacy chains result in the referral of a significant number of individuals to us who are interested in purchasing Medicare-related health insurance plans. If CMS or state departments of insurance were to change existing laws, regulations or guidelines, or interpret existing laws, regulations or guidelines, to prohibit these arrangements, or if hospitals or pharmacy partners otherwise decided to no longer utilize aspects of our platform and tools, we could experience a significant decline in the number of Medicare-eligible individuals who are referred to our platforms and customer care centers, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If commission reports we receive from carriers are inaccurate or not sent to us in a timely manner, our business and operating results could be harmed and we may not recognize trends in our membership. We rely on health insurance carriers to timely and accurately report the amount of commissions earned by us, and we calculate our commission rates per member, prepare our financial reports, projections and budgets and direct our marketing and other operating efforts based on the reports we receive from health insurance carriers. There have been instances where we have determined that policy cancellation data reported to us by a health insurance carrier has not been accurate. The extent to which health insurance carriers are inaccurate in their reporting of policy cancellations could cause us to change our cancellation estimates, which could adversely impact our revenues. We apply judgment and make estimates based on historical data and current trends to independently determine whether or not carriers are accurately reporting commissions due to us. Our revenue recognition policy changed in the first quarter of 2018 as a result of our adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), as discussed in Note 1-Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Prospectively, to the extent that health insurance carriers understate or fail to accurately report the amount of commissions due to us in a timely manner or at all, our estimates of constrained lifetime value may be adversely impacted, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, any inaccuracies in the reports would adversely impact our commission revenue for future periods which is based on historical trends of factors including the trends in contracted commission rates and expected member churn. We depend on health insurance carriers and others for data related to our membership. For instance, with respect to health insurance plans other than small business health insurance, health insurance carriers do not directly report member cancellations to us, resulting in the need for us to determine cancellations using payment data that carriers provide. We infer cancellations from this payment data by analyzing whether payments from members have ceased for a period of time, and we may not learn of a cancellation for several months. With respect to our small business membership, many groups notify the carrier directly with respect to increases or decreases in group size and policy cancellations. Our insurance carrier partners often do not communicate this information to us, and it often takes a significant amount of time for us to learn about small business group cancellations and changes in our membership within the group itself. We often are not made aware of policy cancellations until the time of the group’s annual renewal. 32 After we have estimated membership for a period, we may receive information from health insurance carriers that would have impacted the estimate if we had received the information prior to the date of estimation. We may receive commission payments or other information that indicates that a member who was not included in our estimates for a prior period was in fact an active member at that time, or that a member who was included in our estimates was in fact not an active member of ours. We also reconcile information health insurance carriers provide to us and may determine that we were not historically paid commissions owed to us, which would cause us to have underestimated our membership. As a result of open enrollment periods, we may not receive information from our carriers on as timely a basis due to the significant increase in health insurance transaction volume, which could impair the accuracy of our membership estimates. Additionally, health insurance carriers may require us to return commission payments paid in a prior period due to policy cancellations for members we previously estimated as being active. For these and other reasons, including if current trends in membership cancellation are inconsistent with past cancellation trends that we use to estimate our membership or if carriers subsequently report changes to the commission payments that they previously reported to us, our actual membership could be different from our estimates, perhaps materially. If our actual membership is different from our estimates, the lifetime value component of our revenue recognition could also be inaccurate, including as a result of an inaccurate estimate of the average amount of time our members maintain their health insurance plans. Our business is subject to security risks and, if we are subject to cyber-attacks, security breaches or otherwise unable to safeguard the security and privacy of confidential data, including personal health information, our business will be harmed. Our services involve the collection and storage of confidential and personally identifiable information of consumers and the transmission of this information to their chosen health insurance carriers and to government. For example, we collect names, addresses, Social Security and credit card numbers and protected health information such as information regarding the medical history of consumers. As a result, we are subject to various laws and regulations and contractual requirements regarding the collection, maintenance, protection, use, transmission, disclosure and disposal of sensitive personal information. We also hold a significant amount of information relating to our current and former employees. We cannot guarantee that our facilities and systems, and those of our third party service providers, will be free of security breaches, cyber-attacks, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, malware, misplaced or lost data, programming and/or human errors or other similar events. Compliance with privacy and security laws, requirements and regulations may result in cost increases due to new constraints on our business, the development of new processes, the effects of potential non-compliance by us or third party service providers, and enforcement actions. We may be required to expend significant amounts and other resources to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches. Despite our implementation of security measures, techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently. As a result, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Additionally, our third party service providers may cause security breaches for which we are responsible. Any compromise or perceived compromise of our security by us or by one of our vendors could damage our reputation, cause the termination of relationships with government-run health insurance exchanges and our members, marketing partners and health insurance carriers, reduce demand for our services and subject us to significant liability and expense as well as regulatory action and lawsuits, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, in the event that additional data security laws are implemented, or our health insurance carrier or other partners determine to impose requirements on us relating to data security, we may not be able to timely comply with such requirements or such requirements may not be compatible with our current processes. Changing our processes could be time consuming and expensive, and failure to timely implement required changes could result in our inability to sell health insurance plans in a particular jurisdiction or for a particular health insurance carrier or subject us to liability for non-compliance, any of which would damage our business, operating results and financial condition. For instance, health insurance carriers may require us to be compliant with Payment Card Industry, or PCI, security standards in order to accept 33 credit card information from consumers or require us to comply with privacy and security standards to do business with us at all. PCI compliance and compliance with other privacy and security standards are regularly assessed, and we may not always be compliant with the standards. If we are not in compliance, we may not be able to accept credit card information from consumers or conduct health insurance business, and our relationship with health insurance carriers could be adversely impacted or terminated, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. There are many risks associated with our operations in China. A portion of our operations is conducted by our subsidiary in China. Among other things, we use employees in China to maintain and update our ecommerce platform and perform certain tasks within our finance and customer care and enrollment functions. We rely on the Internet to communicate with our subsidiary in China. Our business would be harmed if our ability to communicate over the Internet with these employees failed, and we were prevented from promptly updating our software or implementing other changes to our database and systems, among other things. From time-to-time we receive inquiries from health insurance carriers relating to our operations in China and the security measures we have implemented to protect data that our employees in China may be able to access. As a part of these inquiries, we have implemented additional security measures relating to our operations in China. We may be required to implement further security measures to continue aspects of our operations in China or health insurance carriers may require us to bring aspects of our operations in China back to the United States, which could be time consuming and expensive and harm our operating results and financial condition. Health insurance carriers may also terminate our relationship due to concerns surrounding protection of data, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our operations in China also expose us to different and unfamiliar laws, rules and regulations, including different intellectual property laws, which are not as protective of our intellectual property as the laws in the United States. United States and Chinese trade laws may also impose restrictions on the importation of programming or technology to or from the United States. We are also subject to anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws, labor laws, tax laws, foreign exchange controls and cash repatriation restrictions in China. Although we have implemented policies and procedures to comply with these laws and regulations, violations of them could adversely affect our brand and could result in the imposition of civil or criminal penalties and fines. In addition, our business may be adversely impacted by changes in China’s economic or political condition. We have recently experienced greater competition for qualified personnel in China, which has raised market salaries and increased our compensation costs related to employees in China. If competition for personnel increases further, our compensation expenses could rise considerably or, if we determine to not increase compensation levels, our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel in China may be impaired, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. These risks could cause us to incur increased expenses and could harm our ability to effectively and successfully manage our operations in China. Moreover, any significant or prolonged deterioration in the relationship between United States and China could adversely affect our operations in China. Certain risks and uncertainties of doing business in China are solely within the control of the Chinese government, and Chinese law regulates the scope of our foreign investments and business conducted within China. The escalation of trade tensions initiated by the current administration has increased the risk associated with our operations in China. Either the United States or the Chinese government may sever our ability to communicate with our China operations or may take actions that force us to close our operations in China. We employ a large number of our technology and content employees in China, and we have other employees that support our business. Any sudden disruption of our operations in China would adversely impact our business. If we are required to move aspects of our operations from China to our offices in the United States as a result of political instability, changes in laws, inquiries from health insurance carriers or for other reasons, we could incur increased expenses, and our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. 34 Our sponsorship and advertising business may not be successful. We sell advertising space to health insurance carriers on our website through our sponsorship and advertising program. Our sponsorship and advertising program allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website. Health insurance carriers have generally determined not to spend on individual and family health insurance advertising through our sponsorship and advertising program as a result of the impact of health care reform on the profitability of their individual and family health insurance businesses. To the extent that economic conditions, health care reform or other factors impact the amount health insurance carriers are willing to pay for advertising on our ecommerce platform, our sponsorship and advertising program will be adversely impacted. Since much of our sponsorship revenue depends upon the number of applications we submit to health insurance carriers, a reduction in demand for the carrier’s product (such as outside open enrollment periods) would reduce our sponsorship revenue and our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. The success of our sponsorship and advertising program depends on a number of other factors, including the effectiveness of the sponsorship and advertising program as a cost- effective method for carriers to obtain additional members, consumer and health insurance carrier adoption of the Internet and our ecommerce platform as a medium for the purchase and sale of health insurance, our ability to attract consumers visiting our ecommerce platform and convert those consumers into members, the existence of a relationship between us and a diverse group of carriers that offer a number of health insurance plans in the markets in which we attempt to sell advertising, the cost, benefit and brand recognition of the health insurance plan that is the subject of the advertising, the impact the advertising has on the sale of the health insurance plan that is the subject of the advertising and the effectiveness of the carrier’s other means of advertising. In addition, while our practice of selling advertising is described on our ecommerce platform, it could cause consumers to perceive us as not objective, which could harm our brand and result in a decline in our health insurance sales. It also could adversely impact our relationship with health insurance carriers that do not purchase our advertising or otherwise result in accusations that we are favoring certain plans over others. As a result, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. We also develop, host and maintain carrier dedicated Medicare plan websites through our advertising program. Our success in doing so is dependent upon the same factors that could impact our sponsorship program. In addition, since we maintain relationships with a limited number of health insurance carriers to sell their Medicare plans, our Medicare plan-related advertising revenue is concentrated in a small number of health insurance carriers and our ability to generate Medicare plan-related advertising revenue would be harmed by the termination or non-renewal of any of these relationships as well as by a reduction in the amount a health insurance carrier is willing to pay for these services. Moreover, in light of the regulations applicable to the marketing and sale of Medicare plans, and given that these regulations are often unclear, change frequently and are subject to changing interpretations, we may in the future not be permitted to sell Medicare plan-related advertising. If we are not successful in generating Medicare plan-related advertising revenue, our business operating results and financial condition could be harmed. We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property, which could harm our business and operating results. We believe that our intellectual property is an essential asset of our business and that our technology currently gives us a competitive advantage in the distribution of Medicare-related, individual and family and small business health insurance. We rely on a combination of copyright, trademark and trade secret laws as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to establish and protect our intellectual property rights in the United States. The efforts we have taken to protect our intellectual property may not be sufficient or effective, and our trademarks may be held invalid or unenforceable. Moreover, the law relating to intellectual property is not as developed in China, and our intellectual property rights may not be as respected in China as they are in the United States. We may not be effective in policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property, trade secrets and other confidential information, and even if we do detect violations, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights. Any enforcement efforts we undertake, including litigation, could be time-consuming 35 and expensive, could divert our management’s attention and may result in a court determining that our intellectual property or other rights are unenforceable. If we are not successful in cost-effectively protecting our intellectual property rights, trade secrets and confidential information, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. We may in the future be subject to intellectual property rights claims, which are extremely costly to defend, could require us to pay significant damages and could limit our ability to use certain technologies in the future. There are a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets applicable to the internet and technology industries and entities frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. We have received, and may in the future receive, notices that claim we have misappropriated, infringed or misused other parties’ intellectual property rights, and, to the extent we gain greater visibility, we face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims. There may be third-party intellectual property rights, including issued or pending patents that cover significant aspects of our technologies or business methods or that cover third-party technology that we use as a part of our websites. Any intellectual property claim against us, with or without merit, could be time consuming, expensive to settle or litigate and could divert our management’s attention and other resources. These claims also could subject us to significant liability for damages and could result in our having to stop using technology found to be in violation of a third party’s rights. We might be required to seek a license for third-party intellectual property, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all. Even if a license is available, we could be required to pay significant royalties, which would increase our operating expenses. We may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense. If we cannot license or develop technology for any infringing aspect of our business, we would be forced to limit our services and may be unable to compete effectively. Any of these results would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Any legal liability, regulatory penalties, or negative publicity for the information on our website or that we otherwise provide could harm our business and operating results. We provide information on our website, through our customer care centers and in other ways regarding health insurance in general and the health insurance plans we market and sell, including information relating to insurance premiums, coverage, benefits, provider networks, exclusions, limitations, availability, plan comparisons and insurance company ratings. A significant amount of both automated and manual effort is required to maintain the considerable amount of insurance plan information on our website. Separately, from time to time, we use the information provided on our website and otherwise collected by us to publish reports designed to educate consumers, facilitate public debate, and facilitate reform at the state and federal level. If the information we provide on our website, through our customer care centers or otherwise is not accurate or is construed as misleading, or if we do not properly assist individuals and businesses in purchasing health insurance, members, health insurance carriers and others could attempt to hold us liable for damages, our relationships with health insurance carriers could be terminated or impaired and regulators could attempt to subject us to penalties, revoke our licenses to transact health insurance business in a particular jurisdiction, and/or compromise the status of our licenses to transact health insurance business in other jurisdictions, which could result in our loss of our commission revenue. In the ordinary course of operating our business, we have received complaints that the information we provided was not accurate or was misleading. Although in the past we have resolved these complaints without significant financial cost or impact to our brand or reputation, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so in the future. Our recent focus in selling short-term health insurance that does not have the same benefits as major medical health insurance may increase our risks of receiving complaints regarding our marketing and business practice due to the potential for consumer confusion between short-term health insurance and major medical health insurance. In addition, these types of claims could be time-consuming and expensive to defend, could divert our management’s attention and other resources, and could cause a loss of confidence in our services. As a result, whether or not we are able to successfully resolve these claims, they could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. 36 In the ordinary course of our business, we have received and may continue to receive inquiries from state regulators relating to various matters. We also have become, and may in the future become, involved in litigation or claims in the ordinary course of our business, including with respect to employment-related claims such as workplace discrimination or harassment. We also have, and may in the future, face claims of violations of other local, state, and federal labor or employment laws, laws and regulations relating to marketing and laws and regulations relating to the sale of insurance. If we are found to have violated laws or regulations, we could lose our relationship with health insurance carriers and be subject to various fines and penalties, including revocation of our licenses to sell insurance which would cause us to lose our commission revenue, and our business, operating results and financial condition would be materially harmed. In addition, if regulators believe our websites or marketing material are not compliant with applicable laws or regulations, we could be forced to stop using our websites, marketing material or certain aspects of them until the issue is resolved, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Acquisitions could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and operating results. We recently acquired Wealth, Health and Life Advisors, LLC, more commonly known as GoMedigap, in January 2018 and in the future may decide to acquire other businesses, products and technologies. Our ability as an organization to successfully make and integrate acquisitions is unproven. Acquisitions could require significant capital infusions and could involve many risks, including the following: • • an acquisition may negatively impact our results of operations because it will require us to incur transaction expenses, and after the transaction, may require us to incur charges and substantial debt or liabilities, may require the amortization, write down or impairment of amounts related to deferred compensation, goodwill and other intangible assets, or may cause adverse tax consequences, substantial depreciation or deferred compensation charges; an acquisition undertaken for strategic business purposes may negatively impact our results of operations; • we may encounter difficulties in assimilating and integrating the business, technologies, products, personnel or operations of companies that we acquire, particularly if key personnel of the acquired company decide not to work for us; • an acquisition may disrupt our ongoing business, divert resources, increase our expenses and distract our management; • we may be required to implement or improve internal controls, procedures and policies appropriate for a public company at a business that prior to the acquisition lacked these controls, procedures and policies; • the acquired businesses, products or technologies may not generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition costs or to maintain our financial results; • we may have to issue equity securities to complete an acquisition, which would dilute our stockholders’ ownership and could adversely affect the market price of our common stock; and • acquisitions may involve the entry into geographic or business markets in which we have little or no prior experience. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify or consummate any future acquisition on favorable terms, or at all. If we do pursue an acquisition, it is possible that we may not realize the anticipated benefits from the acquisition or that the financial markets or investors will negatively view the acquisition. Even if we successfully complete an acquisition, it could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. As part of our initiative to expand our presence in the Medicare supplement market, we acquired GoMedigap in January 2018. We may not be able to realize anticipated synergies and opportunities as a result of 37 the acquisition, and the business may not perform as planned as a result of many of the risks and uncertainties that apply to the rest of our business. We may also encounter difficulties in integrating GoMedigap into our existing business. If anticipated synergies and opportunities are not realized, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. Our debt obligations contain restrictions that impact our business and expose us to risks that could materially adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition. In September 2018, we entered into a credit agreement with Royal Bank of Canada, as administrative agent and collateral agent. This credit agreement imposes certain covenants and restrictions on our business and our ability to obtain additional financing. As of December 31, 2018, we had $5.0 million outstanding principal amount under our revolving credit facility, which was repaid in full in January 2019. Among other things, the credit agreement requires the lender’s consent, under certain circumstances, to: • merge or consolidate; • sell or transfer assets outside the ordinary course of business; • make certain types of investments and restricted payments; • • • • incur additional indebtedness or guarantee indebtedness of others; pay dividends on our capital stock; enter into transactions with affiliates; and grant liens on our assets, subject to certain exceptions. Our credit agreement also contains customary affirmative covenants, including covenants regarding the payment of taxes and other obligations, maintenance of insurance, reporting requirements and compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Further, the credit agreement contains a financial covenant requiring the Company to maintain a minimum level of excess availability at any time. The facility contains events of default, including, among others, non-payment defaults, inaccuracy of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, cross-defaults to other indebtedness, judgment defaults, collateral defaults, bankruptcy and insolvency defaults and a change of control default. If we experience a decline in cash flow due to any of the factors described in this “Risk Factors” section or otherwise, we could have difficulty paying interest and principal amounts due on our indebtedness and meeting the financial covenants set forth in our loan facility. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow or otherwise obtain the funds necessary to make required payments under the credit facility, or if we fail to comply with the requirements of our indebtedness, we could default under our credit facility. Any default that is not cured or waived could result in the acceleration of the obligations under the credit facility, an increase in the applicable interest rate under the credit facility, and would permit our lender to exercise rights and remedies with respect to all of the collateral that is securing the credit facility, which includes substantially all of our assets. Any such default could materially adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition. Even if we comply with all of the applicable covenants, the restrictions on the conduct of our business could materially adversely affect our business by, among other things, limiting our ability to take advantage of financings, mergers, acquisitions and other corporate opportunities that may be beneficial to the business. Even if the credit facility were terminated, additional debt we could incur in the future may subject us to similar or additional covenants, which could place restrictions on the operation of our business. 38 If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements could be impaired, which could adversely affect our operating results, our ability to operate our business and our stock price. We have a complex business organization. Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place to help ensure that we can produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently and is complicated by the expansion of our business operations and changing accounting requirements. Our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, does not expect that our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors or all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. Over time, controls may become inadequate because changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may occur. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. We cannot assure that significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, could result in significant deficiencies or material weaknesses, cause us to fail to timely meet our periodic reporting obligations, or result in material misstatements in our financial statements. Any such failure could also adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual auditor attestation reports regarding disclosure controls and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules promulgated thereunder. The existence of a material weakness could result in errors in our financial statements that could result in a restatement of financial statements, cause us to fail to timely meet our reporting obligations and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, leading to a decline in our stock price and potential lawsuits against us. Changes in our provision for income taxes or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns or changes in tax legislation could adversely affect our results. Our provision for income taxes is subject to volatility and could be adversely affected by earnings differing materially from our projections, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, lapses in the research and development tax credit laws, tax effects of share-based compensation, outcomes as a result of tax examinations or by changes in tax laws, regulations, accounting principles, including accounting for uncertain tax positions, or interpretations thereof. To the extent that our provision for income taxes is subject to volatility or adverse outcomes as a result of tax examinations, our operating results could be harmed. Significant judgment is required to determine the recognition and measurement attribute prescribed in U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, relating to accounting for income taxes. In addition, GAAP applies to all income tax positions, including the potential recovery of previously paid taxes, which if settled unfavorably could adversely impact our provision for income taxes. In addition, we are subject to examinations of our income tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, and other tax authorities. We assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. There may be exposure that the outcomes from these examinations will have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. 39 Regulation of the sale of health insurance is subject to change, and future regulations could harm our business and operating results. The laws and regulations governing the offer, sale and purchase of health insurance are subject to change, and future changes may be adverse to our business. For example, a long standing provision in each state’s law that we believe is advantageous to our business is that once health insurance premiums are set by the carrier and approved by state regulators, they are fixed and not generally subject to negotiation or discounting by insurance companies or agents. Additionally, state regulations generally prohibit carriers, agents and brokers from providing financial incentives, such as rebates, to their members in connection with the sale of health insurance. As a result, we do not currently compete with carriers or other agents and brokers on the price of the health insurance plans offered on our website. If these regulations change, we could be forced to reduce prices or provide rebates or other incentives for the health insurance plans sold through our ecommerce platform, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. States have adopted and will continue to adopt new laws and regulations in response to health care reform legislation. It is difficult to predict how these new laws and regulations will impact our business, but in some cases such laws and regulations could amplify the adverse impacts of health care reform, or states may adopt new requirements that adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition. For example, certain states have adopted or are contemplating rules and regulations that would either ban the sale of short-term health insurance, limit its duration and renewability, or apply certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act to short-term health insurance, such as the essential health benefits or requiring that short-term health insurance cover pre-existing conditions. Rules and regulations such as these could adversely impact our sale of short-term health insurance for several reasons, including because carriers may exit the market of selling short-term health insurance due to regulatory concerns, determine it is not profitable to sell the plans or increase plan premiums to a degree that reduces consumer demand for them. States may also require stronger disclosure and marketing rules governing the sale of short-term health insurance which may impact our conversion rates on the sale of short- term health insurance. Moreover, our sales outside of the health care reform open enrollment period could decline, because many individuals and families choose to purchase short-term health insurance outside of the open enrollment period given the unavailability of major medical individual and family health insurance to them. Additionally, states and the federal government may adopt laws and regulations that further impact the types of health insurance coverage available to consumers, the product features and benefits, and the role and compensation of agents and brokers in the sale of health insurance. We are also subject to additional insurance regulatory risks because we use the Internet as a distribution platform. In many cases, it is not clear how existing insurance laws and regulations apply to Internet-related health insurance advertisements and transactions. To the extent that new laws or regulations are adopted that conflict with the way we conduct our business, or to the extent that existing laws and regulations are interpreted adversely to us, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. If we fail to comply with the numerous state laws and regulations that are applicable to the sale of health insurance, our business and operating results could be harmed. The sale of health insurance is heavily regulated by each state in the United States. For instance, in addition to the impact and changes in regulations resulting from health care reform, state regulators require us to maintain a valid license in each state in which we transact health insurance business and further require that we adhere to sales, documentation and administration practices specific to that state. We must maintain our health insurance licenses to continue selling plans and to continue to receive commissions from health insurance carriers. In addition, each employee who transacts health insurance business on our behalf must maintain a valid license in one or more states. Because we do business in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, compliance with health insurance-related laws, rules and regulations is difficult and imposes significant costs on our business. Each jurisdiction’s insurance department typically has the power, among other things, to: • • grant and revoke licenses to transact insurance business; conduct inquiries into the insurance-related activities and conduct of agents and agencies; 40 • • • • • • • require and regulate disclosure in connection with the sale and solicitation of health insurance; authorize how, by which personnel and under what circumstances insurance premiums can be quoted and published and an insurance policy sold; approve which entities can be paid commissions from carriers and the circumstances under which they may be paid; regulate the content of insurance-related advertisements, including web pages, and other marketing practices; approve policy forms, require specific benefits and benefit levels and regulate premium rates; impose fines and other penalties; and impose continuing education requirements. Due to the complexity, periodic modification and differing interpretations of insurance laws and regulations, we may not have always been, and we may not always be, in compliance with them. New insurance laws, regulations and guidelines also may not be compatible with the sale of health insurance over the Internet or with various aspects of our platform or manner of marketing or selling health insurance plans. Failure to comply with insurance laws, regulations and guidelines or other laws and regulations applicable to our business could result in significant liability, additional department of insurance licensing requirements, required modification of our advertising and business practices, the revocation of our licenses in a particular jurisdiction, termination of our relationship with health insurance carriers, loss of commissions and/or our inability to sell health insurance plans, which could significantly increase our operating expenses, result in the loss of carrier relationships and our commission revenue and otherwise harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Moreover, an adverse regulatory action in one jurisdiction could result in penalties and adversely affect our license status, business or reputation in other jurisdictions due to the requirement that adverse regulatory actions in one jurisdiction be reported to other jurisdictions. Even if the allegations in any regulatory or other action against us are proven false, any surrounding negative publicity could harm consumer, marketing partner or health insurance carrier confidence in us, which could significantly damage our brand. Changes in insurance laws, regulations and guidelines may also be incompatible with various aspects of our business and require that we make significant modifications to our existing technology or practices, which may be costly and time-consuming to implement and could also harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We have received, and may in the future receive, inquiries from regulators regarding our marketing and business practices and compliance with laws and regulations. We typically respond to these inquiries by explaining how we believe we are in compliance with relevant regulations, or may modify our practices in connection with the inquiry. CMS and certain state regulators notified us in advance of and during the most recently completed Medicare annual enrollment period that certain marketing material that we were using relating to one of our websites was misleading and did not follow certain legal and regulatory requirements. We are in the process of working through the matter with the relevant regulators. We also recently received a letter from the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the United States House of Representatives in March 2019 requesting information relating to our sale of short-term health insurance. The letter indicates that the committee is conducting oversight of short term health insurance and companies that assist consumers enroll in short term health insurance plans in light of committee concerns, including its concern relating to the understanding of consumers who purchase short term health insurance coverage. Inquiries and proceedings initiated by the government could adversely impact our health insurance licenses, require us to pay fines, require us to modify marketing and business practices, result in litigation and otherwise harm our business, operating results or financial condition. 41 Government regulation of the Internet could adversely affect our business. The laws governing general commerce on the Internet remain unsettled and it may take years to fully determine whether and how existing laws such as those governing intellectual property, privacy and taxation apply to the Internet. In addition, the growth and development of the market for electronic commerce may prompt calls for more stringent consumer protection laws that may impose additional burdens on companies conducting business over the Internet. Any new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations relating to the Internet could harm our business and we could be forced to incur substantial costs in order to comply with them, which would harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Our business could be harmed if we are unable to contact our consumers or market the availability of our products through specific channels. We use email and telephone, among other channels, to market our services to potential members and as the primary means of communicating with our existing members. The laws and regulations governing the use of emails and telephone calls for marketing purposes continue to evolve, and changes in technology, the marketplace or consumer preferences may lead to the adoption of additional laws or regulations or changes in interpretation of existing laws or regulations. If new laws or regulations are adopted, or existing laws and regulations are interpreted or enforced, to impose additional restrictions on our ability to send email or telephone messages to our members or potential members, we may not be able to communicate with them in a cost- effective manner. In addition to legal restrictions on the use of email, Internet service providers, e-mail service providers and others attempt to block the transmission of unsolicited email, commonly known as “spam.” Many Internet and e-mail service providers have relationships with organizations whose purpose it is to detect and notify the Internet and e-mail service providers of entities that the organization believes is sending unsolicited e-mail. If an Internet or e-mail service provider identifies email from us as “spam” as a result of reports from these organizations or otherwise, we can be placed on a restricted list that will block our email to members or potential members. We use telephones to communicate with customers and prospective customers and some of these communications may be subject to the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, or TCPA, and other telemarketing laws. The TCPA and other laws, including state laws, relating to telemarketing restrict our ability to market using the telephone in certain respects. For instance, the TCPA prohibits us from using an automatic telephone dialing system to make certain telephone calls to consumers without prior express consent. We have policies in place to comply with the TCPA and other telemarketing laws. However, despite our legal compliance, we have in the past and may in the future become subject to claims that we have violated the TCPA. The TCPA provides for statutory damages of $500 for each violation and $1,500 for each willful violation. In the event that we were found to have violated the TCPA, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. In addition, telephone carriers may block or put consumer warnings on calls originating from call centers. Consumers increasingly screen their incoming emails and telephone calls, including by using screening tools and warnings, and therefore our members or potential members may not reliably receive our emails or telephone messages. If we are unable to communicate effectively by email or telephone with our members and potential members as a result of legislation, blockage, screening technologies or otherwise, our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. Consumers depend upon third-party service providers to access our website, and our business and operating results could be harmed as a result of technical difficulties experienced by these service providers. Consumers using our website depend upon Internet, online and other service providers for access to our website. Many of these service providers have experienced significant outages, delays and other difficulties in the past and could experience them in the future. Any significant interruption in access to our website or increase in our website’s response time as a result of these difficulties could damage our relationship with insurance carriers, marketing partners and existing and potential members and could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. 42 Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock Our actual operating results may differ significantly from our guidance. From time to time, we have released, and may continue to release guidance in earnings conference calls, earnings releases, or otherwise, regarding our future performance that represents our management’s estimates as of the date of release. This guidance, which includes forward-looking statements, has been and will be based on projections prepared by our management. These projections are not prepared with a view toward compliance with published guidelines of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and neither our registered public accountants nor any other independent expert or outside party compiles or examines the projections. Accordingly, no such person expresses any opinion or any other form of assurance with respect to the projections. Projections are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control and are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. Among these factors, the assumptions underlying our estimates of commission revenue as required by Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), may vary over time. We may state possible outcomes as high and low ranges. Any range we provide is not intended to imply that actual results could not fall outside of the suggested ranges. The principal reason that we release guidance is to provide a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook with analysts and investors and we may decide to suspend guidance at any time. We do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by any such third parties. Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions underlying the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. Accordingly, our guidance is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date of release. Our actual results have, and may in the future, vary from our guidance and the variations may be material. In light of the foregoing, investors are urged not to rely upon our guidance in making an investment decision regarding our common stock. Any failure to successfully implement our operating strategy or the occurrence of any of the events or circumstances set forth in this “Risk Factors” section could result in the actual operating results being different from our guidance, and the differences may be adverse and material. The price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile, and the value of your investment could decline. The trading price of our common stock has been volatile and is likely to continue to fluctuate substantially. For the quarter ended December 31, 2018, the trading price of our common stock fluctuated from a low of $27.15 per share to a high of $40.71 per share. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the trading price of our common stock fluctuated from a low of $13.61 per share to a high of $40.71 per share. The trading price of our common stock depends on a number of factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our common stock since you might be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock include the following: • • price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time; volatility in the market prices and trading volumes of our competitors’ shares, including high technology stocks, which have historically experienced high levels of volatility; 43 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business, including developments relating to the health care industry, particularly health care reform legislation and the implementation of health care reform; actual or anticipated changes in our operating results or fluctuations in our operating results; changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, and of our competitors; failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors; sales of shares of our common stock by us or our stockholders; announcements by us or our competitors of new products or services; the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements, and filings with the SEC; rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry; actual or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors’ businesses, or the competitive landscape generally; our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses; litigation involving us, our industry or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors; developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights; announced or completed acquisitions of businesses or technologies by us or our competitors; changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations, or principles; any significant change in our management; and general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of our markets. The effect of such factors on the trading market for our stock may be enhanced by the lack of a large and established trading market for our stock. In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors may seriously affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. Additionally, as a public company, we face the risk of shareholder lawsuits, particularly if we experience declines in the price of our common stock. In the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market prices of a particular company’s securities, securities class action lawsuits have often been instituted against affected companies. We have been, and may in the future be, subject to such legal actions. Anti-takeover provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt. Our certificate of incorporation, bylaws, and Delaware law contain provisions which could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Our corporate governance documents include provisions: • • • creating a classified board of directors whose members serve staggered three-year terms; authorizing undesignated preferred stock, which could be issued by our board of directors without stockholder approval and may contain voting, liquidation, dividend, and other rights superior to our common stock; limiting the liability of, and providing indemnification to, our directors and officers; 44 • • • • limiting the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings; requiring advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors; controlling the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of board of directors and stockholder meetings; and providing our board of directors with the express power to postpone previously scheduled annual meetings and to cancel previously scheduled special meetings. These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management. As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation law, which prevents some stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations without approval of the holders of substantially all of our outstanding common stock. Any provision of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock. We do not expect to declare any dividends in the foreseeable future. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund our growth, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Additionally, the terms of our current debt instruments restrict our ability to pay cash dividends on our common stock. Any future determination to declare cash dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws and provisions of our debt instruments and organizational documents, after taking into account our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES The following table sets forth the location, approximate square footage and primary use of each of the principal properties we occupied at December 31, 2018: Location Approximate Square Footage Primary Use Santa Clara, California 32,492 Gold River, California 44,738 Corporate headquarters, marketing and advertising, technology and content and general and administrative Customer care and enrollment, technology and content and general and administrative South Jordan, Utah Xiamen, China Austin, Texas 28,915 52,930 26,878 Customer care and enrollment Technology and content, customer care and enrollment, marketing and advertising and general and administrative Technology and content, customer care and enrollment, marketing and advertising and general and administrative 45 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS On April 6, 2018, a former California employee filed a complaint against us in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Sacramento. The plaintiff’s complaint was filed pursuant to the California Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004, purportedly on behalf of all current and former hourly-paid or non-exempt employees who work or have worked for us in California. The complaint alleges that we violated a number of wage and hour laws with respect to these non-exempt employees, including, among other things, the failure to comply with California law as to (i) the payment of overtime wages; (ii) the payment of minimum wages; (iii) providing uninterrupted meal and rest periods, (iv) the payment of wages earned during employment and owed upon the termination of employment; (v) providing complete and accurate wage statements, (vi) keeping of accurate payroll records; and (vii) the proper reimbursement for necessary business-related expenses and costs. The complaint seeks allegedly unpaid wages, civil penalties and costs, expenses and attorneys’ fees. Discovery has only recently commenced, and as a result we cannot estimate the likelihood of liability or the amount of potential damages. On May 8, 2018, an individual filed a putative class action complaint against us. The complaint alleges that we violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, 47 U.S.C. § 227(c) and certain provisions of 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200 promulgated thereunder by initiating or causing to be initiated telephone solicitations to telephone subscribers who registered their respective telephone numbers on the National Do Not Call Registry. The complaint alleged, among other things, that we (i) made more than one unsolicited telephone call to Plaintiff and putative class members within a 12-month period without express consent to place such calls in violation of 47 U.S.C. § 227(c)(5); and (ii) initiated calls for telemarketing purposes without instituting procedures that comply with regulatory minimum standards for implementing Do Not Call in violation of 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(d). The complaint sought (i) an order certifying a class of individuals in the United States who (A) received more than one telephone call made by or on behalf of eHealth within a 12-month period; and (B) to a telephone number that had been registered with the National Do Not Call Registry for at least 30 days; (ii) an award of actual and statutory damages for each negligent violation to each member of the class pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3)(B); (iii) an award of actual and statutory damages for each knowing and/or willful violation to each member of the class pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3)(A); (iv) an injunction requiring us and our agents to cease all unsolicited telephone activities and otherwise protecting the interest of the class pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3)(A); and (v) pre-judgment and post-judgment interest on monetary relief. A first amended complaint was filed in the action in September 2018 to add an additional plaintiff, and we answered the first amended complaint in October 2018. In October 2018, we also entered into a settlement agreement with the original plaintiff that included a release of the original plaintiff’s individual claims. The second plaintiff dismissed the first amended complaint without prejudice in November 2018. In the ordinary course of our business, we have received and may continue to receive inquiries from state and federal regulators relating to various matters. We have become, and may in the future become, involved in litigation in the ordinary course of our business. If we are found to have violated laws or regulations in any jurisdiction, we could be subject to various fines and penalties, including revocation of our license to sell insurance in those states, and our business, operating results and financial condition would be harmed. Revocation of any of our licenses or penalties in one jurisdiction could cause our license to be revoked or for us to face penalties in other jurisdictions. In addition, without a health insurance license in a jurisdiction, carriers would not pay us commissions for the products we sold in that jurisdiction, and we would not be able to sell new health insurance products in that jurisdiction. We could also be harmed to the extent that related publicity damages our reputation as a trusted source of objective information relating to health insurance and its affordability. It could also be costly to defend ourselves regardless of the outcome. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 46 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our common stock has been quoted on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “EHTH” since our initial public offering on October 13, 2006. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our stock. As of February 28, 2019, there were 29 stockholders of record of our common stock (which does not include the number of stockholders holding shares of our common stock in “street name”) and the closing price of our common stock was $53.41 per share on February 28, 2019 as reported by The NASDAQ Global Market. Dividend Policy We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our common stock. We currently do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities During the year ended December 31, 2018, we issued 294,637 shares of our common stock as consideration for our acquisition of GoMedigap in January 2018 as described in Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 2 Acquisition of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The shares were issued in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 as a transaction not involving any public offering. Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans See Item 12, “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” for information regarding securities authorized for issuance. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities We did not repurchase any of our common stock during the year ended December 31, 2018. STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH The following information relating to the price performance of our common stock shall not be deemed “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission or “soliciting material” under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, or to liabilities under Section 18 of the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically request that such information be treated as soliciting material or to the extent that we specifically incorporate this information by reference. 47 The graph below matches our cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock with the cumulative 5-year total returns on the NASDAQ Composite index and the Research Data Group, or RDG Internet Composite index. The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from December 31, 2013 to December 31, 2018. COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* Among eHealth, Inc, the NASDAQ Composite Index and the RDG Internet Composite Index $300 $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 12/13 3/14 6/14 9/14 12/14 3/15 6/15 9/15 12/15 3/16 6/16 9/16 12/16 3/17 6/17 9/17 12/17 3/18 6/18 9/18 12/18 eHealth, Inc NASDAQ Composite RDG Internet Composite eHealth, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NASDAQ Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RDG Internet Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $100.00 $100.00 $100.00 $ 53.60 $114.62 $ 96.39 $ 21.47 $122.81 $133.20 $ 22.91 $133.19 $140.23 $ 37.36 $172.11 $202.15 $ 82.64 $165.84 $201.16 12/31/2013 12/31/2014 12/31/2015 12/31/2016 12/31/2017 12/31/2018 48 ITEM 6. SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Consolidated Statements of Operations Data (in thousands, except per share amounts): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (1) 2016 (1) 2015 (1) 2014 (2) Revenue: Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $227,211 24,184 $176,883 13,823 $177,234 16,090 $184,933 18,414 $158,626 21,051 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating costs and expenses: 251,395 190,706 193,324 203,347 179,677 Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and advertising (3) Customer care and enrollment (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value of earnout liability . . . . . . . Restructuring (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,228 82,939 70,547 31,970 45,828 76 12,300 1,865 2,091 582 65,874 59,183 32,889 39,969 621 — — 1,040 862 72,213 48,718 32,749 35,216 — — (297) 1,040 1,947 75,571 43,159 36,351 30,239 — — 4,541 1,153 4,494 69,732 42,745 40,390 27,549 — — — 1,529 Total operating costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248,844 200,158 190,501 192,961 186,439 Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense), net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,551 755 (9,452) 1,182 Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average number of shares used in per share amounts: 3,306 3,065 (8,270) (33,696) 241 $ 25,426 0.01 0.01 $ $ 1.37 1.33 $ $ $ 2,823 1,149 3,972 3,668 304 0.02 0.02 $ $ $ $ $ $ 10,386 1,285 (6,762) (98) 11,671 7,707 (6,860) 9,345 3,964 $ (16,205) 0.22 0.22 $ $ (0.88) (0.88) Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,294 20,409 18,512 19,047 18,272 18,314 18,008 18,086 18,367 18,367 (1) Financial data for 2017, 2016 and 2015 have been adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 606. (2) Financial data for 2014 has not been adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 606. (3) Includes stock-based compensation as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (1) 2016 (1) 2015 (1) 2014 (2) Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,974 816 1,675 7,824 251 $1,033 418 1,410 6,833 — $1,237 497 1,836 3,696 — $1,950 477 1,728 2,734 113 $1,692 386 1,611 2,188 — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,540 $9,694 $7,266 $7,002 $5,877 49 (1) Financial data for 2017, 2016 and 2015 have been adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 606. (2) Financial data for 2014 has not been adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 606. As of December 31, 2018 2017 (1) 2016 (1) 2015 (1) 2014 (2) Consolidated Balance Sheet Data (in thousands): Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Working capital Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnout liability—non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other non-current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 13,089 95,549 439,278 5,000 19,270 47,901 3,339 204,965 $303,149 $ 40,293 130,294 359,118 — — 45,089 1,920 204,724 $286,664 $ 61,781 146,794 357,674 — — 75,403 4,253 179,298 $252,280 $ 62,710 148,509 353,545 — — 80,491 6,257 169,252 $236,178 $ 51,415 39,738 106,664 — — — 6,449 14,261 $ 73,478 (1) Financial data for 2017, 2016 and 2015 have been adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 606. (2) Financial data for 2014 has not been adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 606. Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (1) 2016 (1) Revenue By Segment Data (in thousands) Commission revenue Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Individual, Family and Small Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $192,259 34,952 $135,010 41,873 $116,226 61,008 Total commission revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,211 176,883 177,234 Other revenue Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Individual, Family and Small Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total other revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,312 5,872 24,184 7,438 6,385 13,823 5,930 10,160 16,090 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $251,395 $190,706 $193,324 (1) Financial data for 2017 and 2016 have been adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 606. 50 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Overview We are a leading private health insurance exchange for individuals, families and small businesses. Through our website addresses (www.eHealth.com, www.eHealthInsurance.com, www.eHealthMedicare.com, www.Medicare.com, www.PlanPrescriber.com and www.GoMedigap.com), consumers can get quotes from leading health insurance carriers, compare plans side-by-side, and apply for and purchase Medicare-related, individual and family, small business and ancillary health insurance plans. Our ecommerce technology also enables us to deliver consumers’ health insurance applications electronically to health insurance carriers. As a result, we simplify and streamline the complex and traditionally paper-intensive health insurance sales and purchasing process. On January 22, 2018, we completed our acquisition of Wealth, Health and Life Advisors, LLC, more commonly known as GoMedigap, a technology-enabled provider of Medicare Supplement enrollment services. GoMedigap has built a leading consumer acquisition and engagement platform focused on meeting the Medicare Supplement insurance needs of its individual customers with a technology-enabled, consumer-centric approach that aligns with our mission and operations. This strategic acquisition significantly enhances our growing presence in the Medicare Supplement market, puts us in a stronger position with carriers and strategic partners and allowed us to accelerate our projected Medicare plan enrollment growth in 2018 and beyond. For more information on our acquisition of GoMedigap, see Note 2—Acquisition in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K. We have invested heavily in technology and content related to our ecommerce platforms. We have also invested significant time and resources in obtaining licenses to sell health insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, developing member acquisition programs, obtaining necessary regulatory approvals of our websites and establishing relationships and appointments with leading health insurance carriers, enabling us to offer thousands of health insurance plans online. Our ecommerce platforms can be accessed directly through our websites as well as through our network of marketing partners. We operate as two distinct reporting segments: • Medicare and • Individual, Family and Small Business. For more information on segment and geographic information, see Note 1-Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies and Note 9-Operating Segments, Geographic Information and Significant Customers in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K. Adoption of Accounting Standard Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606). The standard is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model requiring an entity to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606 using the full retrospective method, which required us to revise our historical financial information to be consistent with the new standard. The adoption had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. The most significant impact of the standard was on our commission revenue. We now recognize revenue based on an estimate of the lifetime value of commissions we expect to collect from Medicare-related, individual and family and ancillary health insurance plans at the time the carrier approves the plans, and for small business health insurance plans, the estimated commissions we expect to collect from the plan over the following 12 months. For additional information on the change in our revenue recognition policy and the related impact to our previously reported results, see Note 1—Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K. 51 Health Care Reform In March 2010, the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and related amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act were signed into law. These health care reform laws contain provisions that changed and will continue to change the health insurance industry in substantial ways. We have described various aspects of health care reform in Part I, Item 1, Business—Health Care Reform and Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business of this Form 10-K. The implementation of health care reform has significantly reduced our individual and family health insurance membership and commission revenue. The Trump administration and Republican leadership have repeatedly communicated their intention to alter or repeal the Affordable Care Act, but their efforts to do so have so far been unsuccessful. As a part of the tax reform law that came into effect in December 2017, the tax penalty for violating the individual mandate to have qualifying health insurance was reduced to zero effective in 2019, essentially repealing it. The essential repeal of the individual mandate could have a further adverse impact on the individual and family health insurance market. In addition to the repeal of the mandate, the Trump administration issued an executive order in October 2017 that directed the executive branch of the government to consider proposing regulations and revising guidance to expand access to association health plans, expand the availability of short term health insurance and increase the usability of health reimbursement arrangements. As a result of the executive order, new regulations have been adopted that would facilitate association-based health insurance plans and promote the sale of more short term health insurance. The regulations relating to association health plans would allow small businesses to join industry or geographically-based associations and collectively purchase large group health insurance plans. Unlike small group health insurance, large group health insurance is not subject to many of the provisions of the Affordable Care Act, including the requirement that health insurance plans cover all of the essential health benefits defined under the Affordable Care Act. The goal of the regulation is to reduce the cost of insurance for individuals who receive their health insurance under associations. The regulations relating to short-term health insurance plans extend the initial duration of short-term health insurance from three months to less than one year and allow for short-term health insurance plans to be renewed as long as the total duration of the plan does not exceed thirty-six months. However, states have authority to impose their own regulations over short-term health insurance plans sold in their markets and certain states have adopted or are contemplating laws and regulations that could ban the sale of short-term health insurance, limit their durations and renewability, apply certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act to short-term health insurance or impose stronger disclosure requirements than the federal regulation. The expansion of the use of short-term health insurance in many states may cause individuals and families to purchase short-term insurance instead of individual and family health insurance. The regulations relating to association-based health insurance and short-term health insurance could present new business opportunities for us, but also may reduce the size of the individual, family and small business health insurance markets that we address or otherwise adversely impact our business and operating results. Summary of Selected Metrics In addition to traditional financial metrics, we rely upon certain metrics to estimate and recognize commission revenue, evaluate our business performance and facilitate strategic planning. Our commission revenue is influenced by a number of factors including: • • the number of individuals on applications for Medicare-related, individual and family, small business and ancillary health insurance plans we submit to and are approved by the relevant health insurance carriers, and the constrained lifetime value of approved members for Medicare-related, individual and family and ancillary health insurance plans we sell as well as the estimated annual value of approved members for small business plans we sell. 52 Submitted Applications Applications are counted as submitted when the applicant completes the application and either clicks the submit button on our website or provides verbal authorization to submit the application. The applicant may have additional actions to take before the application will be reviewed by the insurance carrier, such as providing additional information. In addition, an applicant may submit more than one application. The following table shows submitted applications by product for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: Medicare (1) Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Medicare Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicare Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicare Part D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,753 40,252 64,898 125,989 21,401 42,805 121,101 17,976 33,913 Total Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,903 190,195 172,990 Individual and Family (2) Non-Qualified Health Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qualified Health Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,580 11,118 40,274 27,154 78,822 59,265 Total Individual and Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,698 67,428 138,087 Ancillary (3) Short-term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,608 46,073 22,399 42,415 93,445 70,452 29,468 34,788 121,109 98,338 35,759 15,443 Total Ancillary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213,495 228,153 270,649 Small Business (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,693 6,458 5,908 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516,789 492,234 587,634 (1) Medicare-related health insurance applications submitted on our website or through our customer care center during the period, including Medicare Advantage, Medicare Part D prescription drug and Medicare Supplement plans. (2) Major medical Individual and Family plan (“IFP”) health insurance applications submitted on our website during the period. An applicant may submit more than one application. We define our IFP offerings as major medical individual and family health insurance plans, which does not include Medicare-related, small business or ancillary plans. (3) Ancillary Plans consists primarily of short-term, dental and vision insurance plans submitted on our website during the period. (4) Applications for small business health insurance applications are counted as submitted when the applicant completes the application, the employees complete their applications, the applicant submits the application to us and we submit the application to the carrier. 2018 compared to 2017—Medicare submitted applications grew 39% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to direct-to consumer marketing initiatives, our flexible call center capabilities, an improved online experience and our acquisition of GoMedigap. Individual and family plan submitted applications declined 56% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, due to the continuing turmoil in the individual and family plan market as a result of the Affordable Care Act and our continued focus on the Medicare market in 2018. 16% of all Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement applications were submitted online for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to 10% for the year ended December 31, 2017. 53 The decline in individual and family plan submitted applications has also limited our ability to cross-sell ancillary plans, resulting in a decline of 6% in submitted applications for all ancillary products combined for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Small business submitted applications grew 35% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, due to progress in implementing a focused marketing strategy for this market, technology enhancements and an increased conversion rate. 2017 compared to 2016—Medicare submitted applications grew 10% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. a deceleration from prior years’ growth, driven primarily by the change in our marketing strategy as we de-emphasized less profitable customer acquisition channels and worked on building out the more efficient direct and strategic partner channels. As a result of this strategy, we experienced an improvement in conversion of leads to applications and lower cost of acquisition in the second half of 2017 compared to the first half of 2017 and the same period a year ago, and anticipate that we will see higher growth in Medicare submitted applications in 2018. Individual and family plan submitted applications declined 51% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, due to a continuing challenging environment in this market, as well as our reduction in marketing spend. The decline in individual and family plan submitted applications has also limited our ability to cross-sell ancillary plans, resulting in a decline of 16% in submitted applications for all ancillary products combined for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Small business submitted applications grew 9% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, due to progress in implementing a focused marketing strategy for this market, technology enhancements and an increased conversion rate. Approved Members Approved Members represents the number of individuals on submitted applications that were approved by the relevant insurance carrier for the identified product during the current period. The applications may be submitted in either the current period or prior periods. Approved members may not pay for their plan and become paying members. The following table shows approved members by product for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: Medicare: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Medicare Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicare Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicare Part D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,478 29,837 61,373 118,055 15,992 41,618 116,681 12,314 32,968 Total Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,688 175,665 161,963 Individual and Family: Non-Qualified Health Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qualified Health Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Individual and Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,075 19,575 42,650 50,111 28,442 97,983 77,865 78,553 175,848 Ancillary: Short-term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,846 47,343 24,638 33,500 85,106 67,924 31,360 26,485 100,319 95,137 38,942 15,422 Total Ancillary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213,327 210,875 249,820 Small Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,550 15,302 8,744 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515,215 480,395 596,375 54 2018 compared to 2017—Medicare approved members grew 36% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily due to 39% growth in Medicare submitted applications mainly driven by our investment in Medicare-related marketing initiatives, call center capabilities and an improved online experience and our acquisition of GoMedigap. Individual and Family Plan approved members declined 46% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, due to the state of the individual and family health insurance plan market. Approved members for all ancillary products combined for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased 1% compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, despite a decrease in submitted applications of 6%, due to improved conversion rates year-over-year. Small business approved members grew 28% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, due to improved focus on key partnerships, technology enhancements and increased conversion rates. 2017 compared to 2016—Medicare approved members grew 8% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase was primarily due to 10% growth in Medicare submitted applications mainly driven by our investment in Medicare platforms and call center capabilities. Individual and Family Plan approved members declined 55% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, due to the state of the individual and family health insurance plan market. The decline in Individual and Family Plan approved members has also limited our ability to cross-sell ancillary plans, resulting in a decline of 16% in approved members for all ancillary products combined for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Small business approved members grew 75% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, due to improved focus on key partnerships, technology enhancements and an increased conversion rate. Constrained Lifetime Value of Commissions Per Approved Member The following table shows our estimated constrained lifetime value of commissions per approved member by product for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Medicare Medicare Advantage (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicare Supplement (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicare Part D (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 964 $1,047 $ 243 $903 $965 $266 $829 $939 $268 Individual and Family Non-Qualified Health Plans (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qualified Health Plans (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 151 $ 141 $136 $131 $134 $134 Ancillary Short-term (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dental (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vision (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ 56 77 55 $ 65 $ 68 $ 51 $ 73 $ 70 $ 52 Small Business (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 168 $169 $159 (1) Constrained lifetime value of commissions per approved member represents commissions estimated to be collected over the estimated life of an approved member’s policy after applying constraints in accordance with our revenue recognition policy. The estimate is driven by multiple factors, including but not limited to, contracted commission rates, carrier mix, expected policy churn and applied constraints. These factors may result in varying values from period to period. For additional information on constraints see Note 1— Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 55 (2) For small business the amount represents the estimated commissions we expect to collect from the plan over the following 12-months. The estimate is driven by multiple factors, including but not limited to, contracted commission rates, carrier mix, expected policy churn and applied constraints. These factors may result in varying values from period to period. 2018 compared to 2017—The constrained lifetime value of commissions per approved member improved 7% and 8% for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. The improvement in constrained lifetime value per approved member for Medicare Advantage was driven by higher commission rates and customer retention, and the improvement in constrained lifetime value for Medicare Supplement was driven by an improvement in commission rates and our acquisition of GoMedigap in January 2018. The constrained lifetime value of commissions per approved member for Non-Qualified Health Plans and Qualified Health Plans increased 11% and 8%, respectively, mostly driven by improved churn, for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, while the constrained lifetime value of commissions per approved member for Medicare Part D, Short Term and Small Business plans decreased 9%, 14% and 1%, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease in Medicare Part D was due to higher churn year-over-year. The decrease in Short Term constrained lifetime value was mainly driven by a regulatory change issued in April 2017 that reduced the maximum length of a short-term policy from one year to 90 days. The change year-over-year in Small Business was not material. 2017 compared to 2016—The constrained lifetime value of commissions per approved member improved 9% and 3% for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The improvement in constrained lifetime value per approved member for Medicare Advantage was driven by higher commission rates and customer retention, and the improvement in constrained lifetime value for Medicare Supplement was driven by an improvement in commission rates. The constrained lifetime value of commissions per approved member for Medicare Part D, Non-Qualified and Qualified Health Plans, Dental and Vision remained relatively unchanged for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The constrained lifetime value of commissions per approved member decreased 11% for Short-term for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly driven by a regulatory change that reduced the maximum length of a short-term policy from one year to 90 days. The constrained lifetime value of commissions per approved member improved 6% for Small Business for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 due to improved customer retention and higher commission rates. Estimated Membership Estimated membership represents the estimated number of members active as of the date indicated based on the number of members for whom we have received or applied a commission payment during the month of estimation. 56 The following table shows estimated membership by product as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: As of December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Medicare (1) Medicare Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicare Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicare Part D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276,357 70,426 139,907 236,857 33,635 114,362 191,904 23,356 89,597 Total Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486,690 384,854 304,857 Individual and Family (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ancillary (3) 151,904 224,396 360,634 Short-term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,192 138,916 73,987 38,136 16,771 170,078 80,738 28,356 27,703 184,073 85,126 23,271 Total Ancillary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275,231 295,943 320,173 Small Business (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,101 31,702 29,542 Total Estimated Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952,926 936,895 1,015,206 (1) For Medicare-related health insurance plans, we take the sum of (i) the number of members for whom we have received or applied a commission payment for a month that is up to two months prior to the date of estimation (after reducing that number using historical experience for assumed member cancellations over the period being estimated); and (ii) the number of approved members over that period (after reducing that number using historical experience for an assumed number of members who do not accept their approved policy from the same month of the previous year and for estimated member cancellations through the date of the estimate). To the extent we determine we have received substantially all of the commission payments related to a given month during the period being estimated, we will take the number of members for whom we have received or applied a commission payment during the month of estimation. Estimated number of members active on Medicare-related health insurance as of the date indicated based on the number of members for whom we have received or applied a commission payment during the month of estimation. (2) To estimate the number of members on Individual and Family health insurance plans (“IFP”), we take the sum of (i) the number of IFP members for whom we have received or applied a commission payment for a month that is up to six months prior to the date of estimation after reducing that number using historical experience for assumed member cancellations over the period being estimated; and (ii) the number of approved members over that period (after reducing that number by the percentage of members who do not accept their approved policy from the same month of the previous year for estimated member cancellations through the date of the estimate). To the extent we determine we have received substantially all of the commission payments related to a given month during the period being estimated, we will take the number of members for whom we have received or applied a commission payment during the month of estimation. For IFP health insurance plans, a member who purchases and is active on multiple standalone insurance plans will be counted as a member more than once. For example, a member who is active on both an individual and family health insurance plan and a standalone dental plan will be counted as two continuing members. (3) For ancillary health insurance plans (such as short-term, dental and vision insurance), we take the sum of (i) the number of members for whom we have received or applied a commission payment for a month that is up to three months prior to the date of estimation (after reducing that number using historical experience for assumed member cancellations over the period being estimated); and (ii) the number of approved members over that period (after reducing that number using historical experience for an assumed number of members who do not accept their approved policy from the same month of the previous year and for estimated 57 member cancellations through the date of the estimate). To the extent we determine we have received substantially all of the commission payments related to a given month during the period being estimated, we will take the number of members for whom we have received or applied a commission payment during the month of estimation. The one to three-month period varies by insurance product and is largely dependent upon the timeliness of commission payment and related reporting from the related carriers. (4) For small business health insurance plans, we estimate the number of members using the number of initial members at the time the group is approved, and we update this number for changes in membership if such changes are reported to us by the group or carrier in the period it is reported. However, groups generally notify the carrier directly of policy cancellations and increases or decreases in group size without informing us. Health insurance carriers often do not communicate policy cancellation information or group size changes to us. We often are made aware of policy cancellations and group size changes at the time of annual renewal and update our membership statistics accordingly in the period they are reported. Health insurance carriers bill and collect insurance premiums paid by our members. The carriers do not report to us the number of members that we have as of a given date. The majority of our members who terminate their policies do so by discontinuing their premium payments to the carrier and do not inform us of the cancellation. Also, some of our members pay their premiums less frequently than monthly. Given the number of months required to observe non-payment of commissions in order to confirm cancellations, we estimate the number of members who are active on insurance policies as of a specified date. After we have estimated membership for a period, we may receive information from health insurance carriers that would have impacted the estimate if we had received the information prior to the date of estimation. We may receive commission payments or other information that indicates that a member who was not included in our estimates for a prior period was in fact an active member at that time, or that a member who was included in our estimates was in fact not an active member of ours. For instance, we reconcile information carriers provide to us and may determine that we were not historically paid commissions owed to us, which would cause us to have underestimated membership. Conversely, carriers may require us to return commission payments paid in a prior period due to policy cancellations for members we previously estimated as being active. We do not update our estimated membership numbers reported in previous periods. Instead, we reflect updated information regarding our historical membership in the membership estimate for the current period. As a result of the delay in our receipt of information from insurance carriers, actual trends in our membership are most discernible over periods longer than from one quarter to the next. As a result of the delay we experience in receiving information about our membership, it is difficult for us to determine with any certainty the impact of current conditions on our membership retention. Health care reform and its impacts as well as other factors could cause the assumptions and estimates that we make in connection with estimating our membership to be inaccurate, which would cause our membership estimates to be inaccurate. 2018 compared to 2017—Medicare estimated membership grew 26% as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 primarily due to our continued investment in Medicare-related marketing activities, call center capabilities and an improved online experience and our acquisition of GoMedigap. Individual and Family Plan estimated membership declined 32% as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 due to the state of the Individual and Family Plan market as a result of health care reform and our continued shift in focus on the Medicare market. Ancillary plan estimated membership declined 7% as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 as a result of the decline in our ability to cross-sell dental and vision plans as a result of the decline in Individual and Family Plan membership. Small Business estimated membership grew 23% as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 due to improved focus on technology enhancements and an increased conversion rate. 2017 compared to 2016—Medicare estimated membership grew 26% as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016 primarily due to our continued investment in the Medicare market. Individual and Family Plan estimated membership declined 38% as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016 due to the state of the Individual and Family Plan market as a result of health care reform. Ancillary plan estimated 58 membership declined 8% as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016 as a result of the decline in our ability to cross-sell dental and vision plans as a result of the decline in Individual and Family Plan membership. Small Business estimated membership grew 7% as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016 due to improved focus on technology enhancements and an increased conversion rate. Member Acquisition Marketing initiatives are an important component of our strategy to increase revenue. Our marketing initiatives are focused on three primary member acquisition channels: direct, marketing partners and online advertising and are primarily designed to encourage consumers to complete an application for health insurance. In addition, we incur customer care and enrollment expenses in assisting applicants during the enrollment process. As part of our adoption of ASC 606—Revenue from Contracts with Customers, we record the lifetime value of each policy for which we earn the right to commission payments at the time of approval, net of an estimated constraint. Refer to Note 1—Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion. The following table shows the variable marketing cost per approved member and the customer care and enrollment expense per approved member metrics for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Variable marketing cost per approved member Medicare variable marketing cost per approved Medicare Advantage (“MA”)- equivalent member (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $297 $337 $372 Individual and Family Plan (“IFP”) variable marketing cost per approved IFP-equivalent member (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 59 $ 50 $ 55 Customer care and enrollment (“CC&E”) expense per approved member Medicare CC&E expense per approved MA-equivalent member (3) IFP CC&E expense per approved IFP-equivalent member (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $315 $ 61 $330 $ 74 $288 $ 32 (1) Variable marketing cost per approved MA-equivalent member represents direct costs incurred in member acquisition for Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement and Medicare Part D plans from our direct, marketing partners and online advertising channels divided by MA-equivalent approved members in a given period. MA-equivalent members is a derived metric and is equal to the sum of (i) the number of Medicare Part D approved members divided by 4, (ii) the number of Medicare Advantage approved members and (iii) the number of Medicare Supplement approved members in the given period. (2) Variable marketing cost per approved IFP-equivalent member represents direct costs incurred in member acquisition for IFP plans from our direct, marketing partners and online advertising channels divided by IFP-equivalent approved members in a given period. IFP-equivalent approved members is a derived metric and is equal to the sum of (i) the number of short-term approved members divided by 3 and (ii) the IFP approved members in the given period. (3) Medicare CC&E expense per approved MA-equivalent member is equal to the CC&E expense of our Medicare business included in our operating costs and reported in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income divided by MA-equivalent approved members in a given period. MA-equivalent approved members is a derived metric and is equal to the sum of (i) the number of Medicare Part D approved members divided by 4, (ii) the number of Medicare Advantage approved members and (iii) the number of Medicare Supplement approved members in the given period. IFP CC&E expense per approved IFP-equivalent member is equal to the CC&E expense of our IFP business included in our operating costs and reported in our consolidated statement of comprehensive income divided by IFP-equivalent approved members in a given period. IFP-equivalent approved members is a derived metric and is equal to the sum of (i) the number of short-term approved members divided by 3 and (ii) the IFP approved members in the given period. (4) 59 2018 compared to 2017—Medicare CC&E expense per approved MA-equivalent member decreased 5% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 due to the scalability of a flexible agent staffing model. Variable marketing cost per approved MA-equivalent member decreased 12% for the year ended December 31, 2018 due to an increase in demand generated from direct channels, including direct mail, television, search engine optimization, and paid search advertising, while reducing the purchases of customer leads from third-party lead generation sources. Variable marketing cost per approved IFP-equivalent member increased 18% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 due to higher marketing spend. IFP CC&E expense per approved IFP-equivalent member decreased 18% for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 due to cost saving efforts. 2017 compared to 2016—Medicare CC&E expense per approved MA-equivalent member increased 15% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 due to increased sales agent and training costs. Variable marketing cost per approved MA-equivalent member decreased 9% for the year ended December 31, 2017 due to our focus on marketing optimization efforts to enhance the quality of demand we generate and enhance conversions through our direct and paid search advertising channels while reducing marketing spend with certain marketing partners. Variable marketing cost per approved IFP-equivalent member decreased 9% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 due to lower marketing spend. IFP CC&E expense per approved IFP-equivalent member increased 131% for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 due to continuing adverse market conditions in the Individual and Family Plan market. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP, requires us to make judgments, assumptions, and estimates that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are based on current facts, historical experience, and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances to determine reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. To the extent there are material differences between our estimates and the actual results, our future consolidated results of comprehensive income may be affected. An accounting policy is considered to be critical if the nature of the estimates or assumptions is material due to the levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or the susceptibility of such matters to change, and the effect of the estimates and assumptions on financial condition or operating performance. The accounting policies we believe to reflect our more significant estimates, judgments and assumptions and are most critical to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results are as follows: • Revenue recognition; • Stock-based compensation; • Business combinations; • Realizability of long-lived assets; and • Accounting for income taxes. During the year ended December 31, 2018, there were no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates other than the adoption of ASC 606—Revenue from Contracts with Customers, using the full retrospective transition method. Revenue Recognition We are compensated by the receipt of commission payments from health insurance carriers whose health insurance policies are purchased through our ecommerce platforms or our customer care centers. We may also 60 receive commission bonuses based on our attaining predetermined target sales levels for Medicare, individual and family, small business and ancillary health insurance products, or other objectives, as determined by the health insurance carrier, which we recognize as commission revenue when we achieve the predetermined target sales levels or other objectives. In addition, we also generate revenue from non-commission revenue sources, which include online sponsorship and advertising, technology licensing and lead referrals. The core principle of ASC 606 is to recognize revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Accordingly, we recognize revenue for our services in accordance with the following five steps outlined in ASC 606: • • Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer. A contract with a customer exists when (i) we enter into an enforceable contract with a customer that defines each party’s rights regarding the goods or services to be transferred and identifies the payment terms related to these goods or services, (ii) the contract has commercial substance and, (iii) we determine that collection of substantially all consideration for goods or services that are transferred is probable based on the customer’s intent and ability to pay the promised consideration. Identification of the performance obligations in the contract. Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the goods or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from us, and are distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the goods or services is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. • Determination of the transaction price. The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which we will be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to the customer. • Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract. If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price, or SSP, basis. • Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation. We satisfy performance obligations either over time or at a point in time, as discussed in further detail below. Revenue is recognized at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied by transferring the promised good or service to the customer. Commission Revenue—Our commission revenue is primarily comprised of commissions paid to us by health insurance carriers related to insurance plans that have been purchased by a member through our health insurance exchange service. We define a member as an individual currently covered by an insurance plan, which include Medicare-related, individual and family, small business and ancillary plans. We are compensated by the health insurance carrier, which we define as our customer. We typically enter into contractual agency relationships with health insurance carriers that are non-exclusive and terminable on short notice by either party for any reason. In addition, health insurance carriers often have the ability to terminate or amend our agreements unilaterally on short notice, including provisions in our agreements relating to the commission rates paid to us by the health insurance carriers. The amendment or termination of an agreement we have with a health insurance carrier may adversely impact the commissions we are paid on health insurance plans purchased from the carrier by means of our health insurance exchange services. For both Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, we receive a fixed, annual commission payment from insurance carriers once the plan is approved by the carrier and either a fixed, monthly 61 or annual commission payment beginning with and subsequent to the second plan year. Additionally, commission rates may be higher in the first twelve months of the plan if the plan is the first Medicare Advantage or Medicare Part D prescription drug plan issued to the member. In the first plan year of a Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plan, after the health insurance carrier approves the application but during the effective year of the plan, we are paid a fixed commission that is prorated for the number of months remaining in the calendar year. Additionally, if the plan is the first Medicare Advantage or Medicare Part D plan issued to the member, we may receive a higher commission rate that covers a full twelve-month period, regardless of the month the plan was effective. We earn commission revenue for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans for which we are the broker of record, typically until either the policy is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy. For individual and family, Medicare Supplement, small business and ancillary plans, our commissions generally represent a flat amount per member per month or a percentage of the premium amount collected by the carrier during the period that a member maintains coverage under a plan. Premium-based commissions are reported to us after the premiums are collected by the carrier, generally on a monthly basis. We generally continue to receive the commission payment from the relevant insurance carrier until the health insurance plan is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy. We utilize a practical expedient to estimate commission revenue for each insurance product by applying the use of a portfolio approach to group approved members by the effective month of the relevant policy (referred to as a cohort). This allows us to estimate the commissions we expect to collect for each approved member cohort by evaluating various factors, including but not limited to, contracted commission rates, carrier mix and expected member churn. For Medicare-related, individual and family and ancillary health insurance plans, our services are complete once a submitted application is approved by the relevant health insurance carrier. Accordingly, we recognize commission revenue based upon the total estimated lifetime commissions we expect to receive for selling the plan after the carrier approves an application, net of a constraint. We refer to these estimated and constrained lifetime values as the constrained LTV for the plan. We provide annual services in selling and renewing small business health insurance plans; therefore, we recognize small business health insurance plan commission revenue at the time the plan is approved by the carrier, and when it renews each year thereafter, equal to the estimated commissions we expect to collect from the plan over the following 12 months. Our estimate of commission revenue for each product line is based on a number of assumptions, which include, but are not limited to, estimating conversion of an approved member to a paying member, forecasting member churn and forecasting the commission amounts likely to be received per member. These assumptions are based on historical trends and incorporate management’s judgment in interpreting those trends and in applying constraints discussed below. To the extent we make changes to the assumptions, we will recognize any material impact of the changes to commission revenue in the reporting period in which the change is made, including revisions of estimated lifetime commissions either below or in excess of previously estimated constrained LTV recognized as revenue. For Medicare-related, individual and family and ancillary health insurance plans, we apply constraints to determine the amount of commission revenue to recognize per approved member. The constraints are applied to help ensure that the total estimated lifetime commissions expected to be collected for an approved member’s plan are recognized as revenue only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with future commissions receivable from the plan is subsequently resolved. We evaluate the appropriateness of these constraints on at least an annual basis, including assessing factors affecting our estimate of the estimated lifetime value of commissions per approved member based on current trends impacting our business and assessing whether any adjustment to those constraints should be made. We update the assumptions when we observe a sufficient level of evidence that would suggest that the long term expectation of the assumption has changed. 62 Other Revenue Our sponsorship and advertising program allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website. In return, we are typically paid a monthly fee, which is recognized over the period that advertising is displayed, and often a performance fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications, which is recognized when control has been transferred. We also offer Medicare advertising services, which include website development, hosting and maintenance. In these instances, we are typically paid a fixed, up-front fee, which we recognize as revenue as control is transferred ratably over the service period. Our commercial technology licensing business allows carriers the use of our ecommerce platform to offer their own health insurance policies on their websites and agents to utilize our technology to power their online quoting, content and application submission processes. Typically, we are paid a one-time implementation fee, which we recognize as control is transferred on a straight-line basis over the estimated term of the customer relationship (generally the initial term of the agreement), commencing once the technology is available for use by the third party, and a performance fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. The metrics used to calculate performance fees for both sponsorship and advertising and technology licensing are based on performance criteria that are either measured based on data tracked by us, or based on data tracked by the third party. In instances where the performance criteria data is tracked by us, we recognize revenue in the period of performance and when all other revenue recognition criteria has been met. In instances where the performance criteria data is tracked by the third party, we recognize revenue when reversal of such amounts is not likely to occur. Typically, this occurs through our receipt of a cash payment from the third party along with a detailed statement containing the data that is tracked by the third party. Deferred Revenue Deferred revenue includes deferred technology licensing implementation fees and amounts billed for performance obligations, including professional services, undelivered performance obligations, as well as amounts billed or collected from sponsorship or technology licensing customers in advance of our performing our service for such customers. It also includes the amount by which both unbilled and billed services provided under our technology licensing arrangements exceed the revenue recognized to date. Stock-Based Compensation We recognize stock-based compensation expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income based on the fair value of our stock-based awards over their respective vesting periods, which is generally four years. The estimated grant date fair value of our stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes-Merton pricing model and a single option award approach. The weighted-average expected term for stock options granted is calculated using historical option exercise behavior. The dividend yield is determined by dividing the expected per share dividend during the coming year by the grant date stock price. Through December 31, 2018, we had not declared or paid any cash dividends, and we do not expect to pay any in the foreseeable future. We base the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term of our stock options. Expected volatility is determined using a combination of the implied volatility of publicly traded options in our stock and historical volatility of our stock price. The estimated attainment of performance-based awards and related expense is based on the expectations of revenue and earnings target achievement. The estimated fair value of performance awards with market conditions is determined using the Monte-Carlo simulation model. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based payment awards and expected attainment of performance-based awards represent our best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. We will continue to use judgment in evaluating the expected term and volatility related to our own stock-based awards on a prospective basis, and incorporating these factors into the model. Changes in key assumptions could significantly impact the valuation of such instruments. 63 Business Combinations We include the results of operations of acquired businesses prospectively from the acquisition date. We allocate the fair value of the purchase consideration of our acquired businesses to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we make significant estimates and assumptions. When provisional amounts are recorded in the reporting period in which a business combination occurs, adjustments to the provisional amounts may be subsequently recognized to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that would have affected the measurement of the amounts recognized at the acquisition date. Adjustments to the provisional amounts identified during the measurement period, which is a period not to exceed one year from the acquisition date, are reported in the period the adjustment is identified by means of an adjustment to goodwill, with the effect on earnings measured as if the provisional amounts had been completed at the acquisition date. Adjustments to amounts recognized in a business combination that occur after the end of the measurement period are recognized in current period operations. Realizability of Long-Lived Assets We assess the realizability of our long-lived assets, including intangible assets and goodwill, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Factors that we consider in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant negative industry or economic trends or significant changes or planned changes in our use of the assets. Additionally, we test goodwill and our other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis on or about November 30 of each year. When performing the annual goodwill impairment test we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is “more likely than not” that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. When performing the annual impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is “more likely than not” that the indefinite-lived intangible is impaired. If events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable, for long lived assets other than goodwill, including intangible assets with finite useful lives, which include purchased technology, pharmacy relationships, trade names, and trademarks, we measure the recoverability of assets that will continue to be used in our operations by comparing the carrying value of the asset grouping to our estimate of the related total future undiscounted net cash flows. If an asset grouping’s carrying value is not recoverable through the related undiscounted cash flows, the asset grouping is considered to be impaired. The impairment charge is calculated as the amount by which the asset grouping’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, which is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We must make subjective judgments in determining the independent cash flows that can be related to specific asset groupings. In addition, we must make subjective judgments regarding the remaining useful lives of assets with finite useful lives. When we determine that the useful life of an asset is shorter than we had originally estimated, we accelerate the rate of amortization over the new remaining useful life of the asset. Accounting for Income Taxes We account for income taxes using the liability method. Deferred income taxes are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted statutory tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. 64 Since tax laws and financial accounting standards differ in their recognition and measurement of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, expenses, gains and losses, differences arise between the amount of taxable income and pretax financial income for a year and between the tax bases of assets or liabilities and their reported amounts in our financial statements. Because we assume that the reported amounts of assets and liabilities will be recovered and settled, respectively, a difference between the tax basis of an asset or a liability and its reported amount in the balance sheet will result in a taxable or a deductible amount in some future years when the related liabilities are settled or the reported amounts of the assets are recovered, which gives rise to a deferred tax asset or liability. We must then assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and to the extent we believe that recovery does not meet the more likely than not criteria, we must establish a valuation allowance. Management judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets. As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our income taxes. This process involves estimating our actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences that may result in deferred tax assets. Assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets is dependent upon several factors, including the likelihood and amount, if any, of future taxable income in relevant jurisdictions during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. We forecast taxable income by considering all available positive and negative evidence, including our history of operating income and losses and our financial plans and estimates that we use to manage the business. These assumptions require significant judgment about future taxable income. As a result, the amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if estimates of future taxable income change. On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or the Jobs Act, was signed into law resulting in significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code. The Jobs Act reduces the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, changes U.S international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system, and implements a one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we made reasonable estimates of the effects of the Jobs Act and recorded provisional amounts. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we finalized the accounting for the enactment of the Jobs Act, without any material adjustments to our previous estimates. Future changes in various factors, such as the amount of stock-based compensation we record during the period and the related tax benefit we realize upon the exercise of employee stock options, potential limitations on the use of our federal and state net operating loss credit carry forwards, pending or future tax law changes including rate changes and the tax benefit from or limitations on our ability to utilize research and development credits, the amount of non-deductible lobbying and acquisition-related costs, changes in our valuation allowance and state and foreign taxes, would impact our estimates, and as a result, could affect our effective tax rate and the amount of income tax expense we record, and pay, in future periods. 65 Results of Operations The following table sets forth our operating results and related percentage of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (1) 2016 (1) Revenue Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $227,211 24,184 90% $176,883 13,823 10% 93% $177,234 16,090 7% 92% 8% Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating costs and expenses: 251,395 100% 190,706 100% 193,324 100% Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value of earnout liability . . . . . Restructuring charge (benefit) . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . 1,228 —% 33% 82,939 28% 70,547 13% 31,970 18% 45,828 76 —% 5% 1% 1% 12,300 1,865 2,091 65,874 59,183 32,889 39,969 582 —% 35% 31% 17% 21% 621 —% —% — —% — 1% 1,040 862 —% 37% 72,213 25% 48,718 17% 32,749 18% 35,216 —% — — —% (297) —% 1% 1,040 Total operating costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . 248,844 99% 200,158 105% 190,501 99% Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,551 1% 755 —% (9,452) 1,182 (5)% 1% Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . 3,306 3,065 1% 1% (8,270) (33,696) (4)% (18)% 2,823 1,149 3,972 3,668 1% 1% 2% 2% Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 241 —% $ 25,426 13% $ 304 —% (1) Financial data for 2017 and 2016 have been adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 606. Operating costs and expenses include the following amounts of stock-based compensation expense (in thousands): Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,974 816 1,675 7,824 251 $1,033 418 1,410 6,833 — $1,237 497 1,836 3,696 — $12,540 $9,694 $7,266 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 66 Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Revenue The following table presents our commission revenue, other revenue and total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and the dollar and percentage changes from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2017 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2016 Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . $227,211 $50,328 28% $176,883 $ (351) —% $177,234 90% 93% 92% 24,184 10,361 75% 13,823 (2,267) (14)% 16,090 10% 7% 8% Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $251,395 $60,689 32% $190,706 (2,618) (1)% $193,324 2018 compared to 2017—Commission revenue increased $50.3 million, or 28%, in 2018, due to an increase of $57.2 million, or 42%, in Medicare commission revenue, partially offset by a $5.0 million decrease in Individual, Family and Small Business commission revenue. The increase in Medicare commission revenue was due to an increase in approved members of 36%, as well as increases in the lifetime value of commissions per Medicare Supplement and Medicare Advantage approved members for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017. The decrease in Individual, Family and Small Business commission revenue was primarily due to a 46% decline in individual and family health insurance approved members as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 due to the state of the individual and family health insurance plan market as a result of health care reform. Commission revenue was higher in the fourth quarter for both of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 due to the seasonality of enrollments. Other revenue increased $10.4 million, or 75% in 2018 due primarily to increases of $7.7 million in sponsorship and advertising revenue and $4.6 million in lead generation revenue, offset partially by a decrease of $1.9 million in licensing revenue. 2017 compared to 2016—Commission revenue decreased $0.4 million, or 0.2%, in 2017, due to a $19.1 million, or 31%, decrease in Individual, Family and Small Business commission revenue, partially offset by an $18.7 million, or 16% increase in Medicare commission revenue. The decrease in Individual, Family and Small Business commission revenue was primarily due to a 55% decline in individual and family health insurance approved members as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016 due to the state of the individual and family health insurance plan market as a result of health care reform. The increase in Medicare commission revenue was primarily attributable to the increase in lifetime value of commissions per Medicare Supplement and Medicare Advantage approved members and an 8% increase in Medicare approved members as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016, in part due to growth in our sale of Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement plans. Commission revenue was higher in the fourth quarter for both of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 due to the seasonality of enrollments. Other revenue decreased $2.3 million, or 14%, in 2017 due primarily to decreases of $1.5 million in online sponsorship and advertising revenue, $0.5 million in lead generation revenue and $0.3 million in licensing revenue. Cost of Revenue Included in cost of revenue are payments related to health insurance plans sold to members who were referred to our website by marketing partners with whom we have revenue-sharing arrangements. In order to enter into a revenue-sharing arrangement, marketing partners must be licensed to sell health insurance in the state where the policy is sold. Costs related to revenue-sharing arrangements are expensed as the related revenue is recognized. 67 Additionally, cost of revenue includes the amortization of consideration we paid to certain broker partners in connection with the transfer of their health insurance members to us as the new broker of record on the underlying plans. These transfers include primarily Medicare plan members. Consideration for all book-of-business transfers is being amortized to cost of revenue as we recognize commission revenue related to the transferred members. The following table presents our cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and the dollar and percentage changes from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2017 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2016 Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . . $1,228 $646 111% $582 $(280) (32)% 862 —% —% —% 2018 compared to 2017—Cost of revenue increased $0.6 million in 2018 compared to 2017, due primarily to an increased volume of Medicare submitted applications related to marketing partners with whom we have revenue sharing arrangements. 2017 compared to 2016—Cost of revenue decreased $0.3 million in 2017 compared to 2016, due primarily to a decrease in payments to marketing partners with whom we have revenue sharing arrangements. Marketing and Advertising Marketing and advertising expenses consist primarily of member acquisition expenses associated with our direct, marketing partner and online advertising member acquisition channels, in addition to compensation and other expenses related to marketing, business development, partner management, public relations and carrier relations personnel who support our offerings. The following table presents our marketing and advertising expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and the dollar and percentage changes from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2017 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2016 Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . $82,939 $17,065 26% $65,874 $(6,339) (9)% $72,213 33% 35% 37% 2018 compared 2017—Marketing and advertising expenses increased $17.1 million, or 26%, in 2018, primarily due to our investment in Medicare-related marketing initiatives partially offset by a decline in IFP-related marketing costs. In 2018 we saw increases of $9.5 million in variable advertising costs, $5.7 million in personnel costs due to additional headcount, and $1.2 million in stock-based compensation expenses. Marketing expenses were higher in the fourth quarter for both of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 due to the seasonality of enrollments. 2017 compared 2016—Marketing and advertising expenses decreased $6.3 million, or 9%, in 2017, primarily due to decreases of $7.8 million in variable advertising costs and $0.3 million in stock-based compensation, partially offset by increases of $1.2 million in personnel costs due to additional headcount and $0.6 million in consulting expenses. The decrease in variable advertising costs was largely attributable to decreases of $13.3 million in online advertising costs and $9.2 million in marketing partner channel costs, partially offset by a $14.7 million increase in direct marketing costs and was driven primarily by our strategy to shift our demand generation in the Medicare market to more cost-effective channels, as well as the lower volume of submitted individual and family applications compared to 2016. Marketing expenses were higher in the fourth quarter for both of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 due to the seasonality of enrollments. 68 Customer Care and Enrollment Customer care and enrollment expenses primarily consist of compensation and benefits costs for personnel engaged in assistance to applicants who call our customer care center and for enrollment personnel who assist applicants during the enrollment process. The following table presents our customer care and enrollment expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and the dollar and percentage changes from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2017 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2016 Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . $70,547 $11,364 19% $59,183 $10,465 21% $48,718 28% 31% 25% 2018 compared to 2017—Customer care and enrollment expenses increased $11.4 million, or 19%, in 2018 compared to 2017, primarily due to growth in our Medicare and small group businesses, which resulted in increases of $6.3 million in personnel costs, $4.3 million in consulting costs, and $0.4 million in stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by a decrease of $0.4 million in facilities and other operating costs. 2017 compared to 2016—Customer care and enrollment expenses increased $10.5 million, or 21%, in 2017 compared to 2016, primarily due to growth in our Medicare and small group businesses, which resulted in increases of $6.3 million in personnel costs, $2.1 million in external call center costs, $1.2 million in licensing costs and $0.8 million in facilities and other operating costs. Technology and Content Technology and content expenses consist primarily of compensation and benefits costs for personnel associated with developing and enhancing our website technology as well as maintaining our website. A portion of our technology and content group is located at our wholly-owned subsidiary in China, where technology development costs are generally lower than in the United States. The following table presents our technology and content expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and the dollar and percentage changes from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2017 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2016 Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . $31,970 $(919) (3)% $32,889 $140 —% $32,749 13% 17% 17% 2018 compared 2017—Technology and content expenses decreased $0.9 million, or 3%, in 2018 as a result of a $2.8 million decrease in personnel costs, $0.4 million in depreciation and amortization expense, and $0.1 million in other professional fees, partially offset by increases of $1.0 million in consulting expenses, $0.4 million in facilities and other operating costs, and $0.3 million in stock-based compensation expense. 2017 compared 2016—Technology and content expenses remained relatively flat in 2017 as a result of a $1.2 million increase in personnel costs, offset by decreases of $0.7 million in facilities and other operating costs and $0.4 million in stock-based compensation expense. 69 General and Administrative General and administrative expenses include compensation and benefits costs for staff working in our executive, finance, investor relations, government affairs, legal, human resources, internal audit, facilities and internal information technology departments. These expenses also include fees paid for outside professional services, including audit, tax, legal, government affairs and information technology fees. The following table presents our general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018 2017 and 2016 and the dollar and percentage changes from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2017 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2016 General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . $45,828 $5,859 15% $39,969 $4,753 13% $35,216 18% 21% 18% 2018 compared to 2017—General and administrative expenses increased $5.9 million, or 15%, in 2018, primarily due to increases of $3.2 million in personnel costs, $1.0 million in stock-based compensation expense, $1.1 million in legal and other professional fees, and $0.5 million in facilities and other operating costs. 2017 compared to 2016—General and administrative expenses increased $4.8 million, or 13%, in 2017, primarily due to increases of $3.2 million in stock-based compensation expense, $1.9 million in personnel costs largely due to higher headcount, $0.7 million in lobbying fees, and $0.4 million in facilities and other operating costs, partially offset by decreases of $1.2 million in legal fees and $0.4 million in consulting expenses. Acquisition Costs During 2017, we incurred $0.6 million of costs associated with our acquisition of Wealth, Health and Life Advisors, LLC, which was completed on January 22, 2018. Acquisition costs incurred in the year ended December 31, 2018 were immaterial. Change in Fair Value of Earnout Liability During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded $12.3 million of additional earnout consideration expense due to an adjustment in the estimated fair value of the earnout liability related to the acquisition of GoMedigap, which was completed on January 22, 2018. The increase in the fair value of the earnout liability was primarily related to an increase in the value of our common stock. Restructuring Charge (Benefit) In February 2018, our Board of Directors approved a plan to close our sales call center in Massachusetts and to terminate the employment of certain employees in certain other locations. As part of the plan, we eliminated approximately 110 full-time positions in the United States, representing approximately 10% of our workforce primarily in our customer care and enrollment groups, and to a lesser extent, in our marketing and advertising and general and administrative groups. We incurred $1.9 million for employee termination benefits and related costs in the year ended December 31, 2018. The restructuring activities comprising the plan were completed during the year ended December 31, 2018. The following table presents our restructuring charge (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and the dollar change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Restructuring charge (benefit) . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2018 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2017 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2016 $1,865 $1,865 100% 1% 70 $— —% $297 (100)% $(297) — % Amortization of Intangible Assets The following table presents our intangible asset amortization expense for the years December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and the dollar change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,091 $1,051 $1,040 1% 1% Year Ended December 31, 2018 Change $ Year Ended December 31, 2017 Change $ $— Year Ended December 31, 2016 $1,040 1% 2018 compared to 2017—Amortization expense was driven by intangible assets purchased through our acquisitions of PlanPrescriber and GoMedigap. Amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 increased year over year due to the amortization of intangible assets from the GoMedigap acquisition, which was completed on January 22, 2018. 2017 compared to 2016—Amortization expense related to intangible assets purchased through our acquisition of PlanPrescriber was flat in 2017 compared to 2016. Other Income, Net The following table presents our other income, net for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and the dollar change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Other income, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $755 —% $(427) $1,182 1% Year Ended December 31, 2018 Change $ Year Ended December 31, 2017 Change $ $33 Year Ended December 31, 2016 $1,149 1% Other income, net, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 primarily consisted of margin earned on commissions received from Medicare plan members transferred to us in 2010 through 2012 by a broker partner, whereby we became the broker of record on the underlying policies. In addition, other income, net included interest income earned on our invested cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities balances, offset by administrative bank fees, investment management fees and interest expense on capital lease obligations and our debt facility. 2018 compared to 2017—Other income, net, decreased by $427,000 in 2018, primarily due to an increase in interest expense as a result of a new debt facility entered into in the year ended December 31, 2018 and realized losses. 2017 compared to 2016—Other income, net, increased $33,000 in 2017, primarily due to an increase in interest income. Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes The following table presents our provision (benefit) for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and the dollar change from the prior year (dollars in thousands): Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . Effective tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,065 $36,761 $(33,696) $(37,364) $3,668 92.7% 407.6% 92.2% Year Ended December 31, 2018 Change $ Year Ended December 31, 2017 Change $ Year Ended December 31, 2016 71 2018 compared to 2017—For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded a provision for income taxes of $3.1 million, representing an effective tax rate of 92.7%, which was higher than the statutory federal rate due primarily to a one-time increase of $2.4 million in the valuation allowance related to deferred tax assets related to state net operating loss carryforwards that are expected to expire unutilized. The remaining $0.7 million of provision for income taxes was impacted by lobbying and other non-deductible expenses, partially offset by research and development tax credits and stock-based compensation windfalls. 2017 compared to 2016—For the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a benefit from income taxes of $33.7 million, representing an effective tax rate of 407.6%, which was higher than the statutory federal rate due primarily to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or the Jobs Act, which was signed into law on December 22, 2017 resulting in significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code. The Jobs Act reduces the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective for tax periods beginning after December 31, 2017; changes U.S international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system; and imposes a one-time transition tax on untaxed cumulative foreign earnings and profits as of December 31, 2017. We calculated our best estimate of the impact of the Jobs Act in our 2017 year end income tax provision in accordance with our understanding of the Jobs Act as of the filing date of the 2017 10-K. The 2017 benefit from income taxes was largely due to the remeasurement of the net U.S. deferred tax liability based on the rate at which it is expected to reverse in the future, which resulted in a one-time benefit of $29.4 million. The 2017 benefit also includes a $1.7 million decrease in our liability for unrecognized tax benefits due to the expiration of the related statute of limitations. The remaining benefit of $2.6 million was impacted by research and development credits and stock-based compensation windfalls, partially offset by lobbying and other non-deductible expenses. Segment Information We report segment information based on how our chief executive officer, who is our chief operating decision maker, or CODM, regularly reviews our operating results, allocates resources, and makes decisions regarding our business operations. The performance measures of our operating segments include revenues and profit and loss. Our business structure is comprised of two operating segments: • Medicare; and • Individual, Family and Small Business. Our CODM does not separately evaluate assets by segment, and therefore assets by segment are not presented. The Medicare segment consists primarily of commissions earned from our sale of Medicare-related health insurance plans, including Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, and to a lesser extent, ancillary products sold to our Medicare-eligible customers, including but not limited to, dental and vision insurance, as well as our advertising program that allows Medicare-related carriers to purchase advertising on a separate website developed, hosted and maintained by us and our delivery and sale to third parties of Medicare-related health insurance leads generated by our ecommerce platforms and our marketing activities. The Individual, Family and Small Business segment consists primarily of commissions earned from our sale of individual and family and small business health insurance plans and ancillary products sold to our non-Medicare-eligible customers, including but not limited to, dental, vision, life, short term disability and long term disability insurance. To a lesser extent, the Individual, Family and Small Business segment consists of amounts earned from our online sponsorship program that allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website, our licensing to third parties the use of our health insurance ecommerce technology and our delivery and sale to third parties of individual and family health insurance leads generated by our ecommerce platforms and our marketing activities. 72 Marketing and advertising, customer care and enrollment, technology and content and general and administrative operating expenses that are directly attributable to a segment are reported within the applicable segment. Indirect marketing and advertising, customer care and enrollment and technology and content operating expenses are allocated to each segment based on usage. Other indirect general and administrative operating expenses are managed in a corporate shared services environment and, since they are not the responsibility of segment operating management, are not allocated to the operating segments and instead reported within Corporate. Segment profit is calculated as total revenue for the applicable segment less direct and allocated marketing and advertising, customer care and enrollment, technology and content and general and administrative operating expenses, excluding stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization expense and amortization of intangible assets. The following table presents summary results of our operating segments for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2017 (1) Change $ % Year Ended December 31, 2016 (1) Revenue Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Individual, Family and Small Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $210,570 $ 68,122 48% $142,448 $ 20,292 17% $122,156 40,825 $ (7,433) (15)% 48,258 $(22,910) (32)% 71,168 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $251,395 $ 60,689 32% $190,706 $ (2,618) (1)% $193,324 Segment profit Medicare segment profit . . . Individual, Family and Small Business segment profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total segment profit . . . Corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation $ 60,844 $ 38,707 175% $ 22,137 $ 11,743 113% $ 10,394 5,803 $ (3,770) (39)% 9,573 $(23,477) (71)% 33,050 66,647 (32,996) 34,937 $ (6,026) 110% 22% 31,710 (26,970) (11,734) $ 2,103 (27)% 43,444 (7)% (29,073) expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12,289) $ (2,595) 27% (9,694) $ (2,428) 33% (7,266) Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . (2,479) $ 358 (13)% (2,837) $ 702 (20)% (3,539) Change in fair value of earnout liability . . . . . . . . (12,300) $(12,300) 100% — $ — —% Restructuring (charge) benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income, net . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) before provision (1,865) (76) $ (1,865) 545 $ 100% (88)% — $ $ (621) (297) (621) (100)% 100% (2,091) 755 $ (1,051) (427) $ 101% (36)% (1,040) 1,182 $ — 33 $ —% 3% (1,040) 1,149 — 297 — (benefit) for income taxes . . . . $ 3,306 $ 11,576 (140)% $ (8,270) $(12,242) (308)% $ 3,972 (1) As adjusted for the adoption of ASC 606 using the full retrospective method 73 2018 compared to 2017 Revenue Revenue from our Medicare segment increased $68.1 million, or 48%, in 2018 largely due to a $57.3 million increase in commission revenue and a $10.9 million increase in other revenue. The increase in Medicare commission revenue was primarily attributable to a 36% increase in Medicare approved members as of December 31, 2018 and an increase in lifetime value of commissions per Medicare Supplement and Medicare Advantage approved members due primarily to higher application submissions and improved conversion rates. The increase in other Medicare revenue was driven primarily by carrier sponsorship programs and sale of Medicare leads. Revenue from our Individual, Family and Small Business segment decreased $7.4 million, or 15%, in 2018, primarily attributable to a $6.9 million decrease in commission revenue and a $0.5 million decrease in other revenue. The decrease in Individual, Family and Small Business commission revenue was primarily due to a 46% decline in individual and family health insurance approved members in 2018 primarily attributable to lower application submission and a decrease in the membership retention rate. The decrease in other revenue also resulted from the decrease in individual and family health insurance applications submitted during 2018. Segment Profit Profit from our Medicare segment was $60.8 million in 2018, a $38.7 million, or 175%, improvement compared to profit of $22.1 million in 2017. The improvement in profit from the Medicare segment in 2018 was primarily due to a $68.1 million increase in revenue, of which $57.3 million related to Medicare commission revenue and $10.9 million related to other revenue, partially offset by a $29.4 million increase in operating expenses excluding stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization expenses and amortization of intangible assets. The increase in revenue from 2017 to 2018 was mostly due to an increase in approved members. The increase in operating expenses was primarily attributable to an increase in personnel costs associated with higher headcount, an increase in variable advertising expense associated with the increase in applications and an increase in the number of licensed sales agents. Profit from our Individual, Family and Small Business segment was $5.8 million in 2018, a $3.8 million, or 39%, decrease compared to profit of $9.6 million from the Individual, Family and Small Business segment in 2017. The decrease in profit from the Individual, Family and Small Business segment in 2018 was primarily due to a $7.4 million decrease in revenue, of which $5.0 million related to a decrease in individual and family health plan revenue and $3.5 million related to ancillary revenue, partially offset by a $1.1 million increase in Small Business revenue. The decrease in Individual, Family and Small Business segment revenue from 2017 to 2018 was mainly due to the decline in individual and family health insurance approved members as well as the number of ancillary products which are often cross-sold with our IFP policies. 2017 compared to 2016 Revenue Revenue from our Medicare segment increased $20.3 million, or 17%, in 2017 largely due to an $18.8 million increase in commission revenue and a $1.5 million increase in other revenue. The increase in Medicare commission revenue was primarily attributable to an 8% increase in Medicare approved members as of December 31, 2017 and the increase in lifetime value of commissions per Medicare Supplement and Medicare Advantage approved members was primarily due to higher application submissions and improved conversion rates. Revenue from our Individual, Family and Small Business segment decreased $22.9 million, or 32%, in 2017, primarily attributable to a $19.1 million decrease in commission revenue and a $3.8 million decrease in 74 other revenue. The decrease in Individual, Family and Small Business commission revenue was primarily due to a 55% decline in individual and family health insurance approved members in 2017 primarily attributable to lower application submission and a decrease in the membership retention rate. The decrease in other revenue also resulted from the decrease in individual and family health insurance applications submitted during 2017. Segment Profit Profit from our Medicare segment was $22.1 million in 2017, an $11.7 million, or 113%, improvement compared to profit of $10.4 million in 2016. The improvement in profit from the Medicare segment in 2017 was primarily due to a $20.3 million increase in revenue, of which $18.3 million related to Medicare commissions revenue and $1.5 million related to other revenue, partially offset by an $8.5 million increase in operating expenses excluding stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization expenses and amortization of intangible assets. The increase in revenue from 2016 to 2017 was mostly due to an increase in approved members. The increase in operating expenses was primarily attributable to an increase in personnel costs associated with higher headcount, an increase in variable advertising expense associated with the increase in applications and an increase in the number of licensed sales agents. Profit from our Individual, Family and Small Business segment was $9.6 million in 2017, a $23.5 million, or 71%, decrease compared to profit of $33.1 million from the Individual, Family and Small Business segment in 2016. The decrease in profit from the Individual, Family and Small Business segment in 2017 was primarily due to a $22.9 million decrease in revenue, of which $24.3 million related to a decrease in individual and family health plan revenue offset by a $1.4 million increase in Small Business revenue. The decrease in Individual, Family and Small Business segment revenue from 2016 to 2017 was mainly due to the decline in individual and family health insurance approved members. Liquidity and Capital Resources At December 31, 2018, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $13.1 million. Cash equivalents, which are comprised of financial instruments with an original maturity of 90 days or less from the date of purchase, primarily consist of money market funds. At December 31, 2017, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $40.3 million. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents reflects $3.2 million used in operating activities, $25.8 million used in investing activities and $1.9 million provided by financing activities. As of December 31, 2018, we had in treasury 762,404 shares that were previously surrendered by employees to satisfy tax withholdings in connection with the vesting of certain restricted stock units. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had a total of 11,426,292 shares and 11,237,995 shares, respectively, held in treasury. The following table presents a summary of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (3,230) $(15,541) $ 4,083 $(25,757) $ (5,078) $(3,726) (870) $(1,269) $ 1,860 $ Operating Activities Cash provided by operating activities primarily consists of net income, adjusted for certain non-cash items including depreciation and amortization; amortization of intangible assets and internally developed software; stock-based compensation expense and the effect of changes in working capital and other activities. 75 Collection of commissions receivable depends upon the timing of our receipt of commission payments and associated commission reports from health insurance carriers. If we were to experience a delay in receiving a commission payment from a health insurance carrier within a quarter, our operating cash flows for that quarter could be adversely impacted. A significant portion of our marketing and advertising expenses is driven by the number of health insurance applications submitted on our ecommerce platform. Since our marketing and advertising costs are expensed and generally paid as incurred and since commission revenue is recognized upon approval of a member but commission payments are paid to us over time, our operating cash flows could be adversely impacted by a substantial decrease in the volume of applications submitted during a quarter or negatively impacted by a substantial increase in attrition during a quarter. During the Medicare annual enrollment period, we experience an increase in the number of submitted Medicare-related health insurance applications and marketing and advertising expenses compared to outside of Medicare annual enrollment periods. Similarly, during open enrollment periods for individual and family health insurance plans, we experience an increase in the number of submitted individual and family plan health insurance applications and marketing and advertising expenses compared to outside of open enrollment periods. The timing of open enrollment periods for individual and family health insurance and the Medicare annual enrollment period for Medicare-related health insurance affect the positive or negative impacts of our cash flows during each quarter. Year Ended December 31, 2018—Cash used in operating activities was $3.2 million during 2018, consisting of net income of $0.2 million, offset by cash used in operating assets and liabilities and other activities of $38.6 million and adjustments for non-cash items of $35.1 million. Adjustments for non-cash items primarily consisted of $12.5 million of stock-based compensation expense, $2.1 million of amortization of intangible assets and internally-developed software and $2.5 million of depreciation and amortization, $2.8 million decrease in deferred income taxes, and $12.3 million change in fair value of earnout liability. The cash decrease resulting from changes in net operating assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily consisted of an increase of $51.0 million in commissions receivable and a $2.1 million increase in trade receivables, partially offset by increases of $6.3 million in accrued marketing expenses, $5.1 million in accrued compensation and benefits, $1.4 million in accounts payable, $0.9 million in other current liabilities, $0.5 million in deferred revenue, and $0.2 million in prepaid expenses. Year Ended December 31, 2017—Cash used in operating activities was $15.5 million during 2017, consisting of a net income of $25.4 million, offset by cash used in operating assets and liabilities and other activities of $25.6 million and adjustments for non-cash items of $15.4 million. Adjustments for non-cash items primarily consisted of $9.7 million of stock-based compensation expense, $2.5 million of amortization of intangible assets and internally-developed software and $2.8 million of depreciation and amortization and $30.3 million decrease in deferred income taxes. The cash decrease resulting from changes in net operating assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily consisted of decreases of $1.3 million in other liabilities, $3.4 million in accrued marketing expenses, $1.9 million in accounts payable and $0.5 million in deferred revenue and increases of $21.6 million in commissions receivable and $1.9 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets, partially offset by a $4.6 million increase in accrued compensation and benefits and a $0.5 million decrease in accounts receivable. Year Ended December 31, 2016—Our operating activities generated cash of $4.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 and consisted of net income of $0.3 million and adjustments for non-cash items of $17.3 million, offset by cash used in operating assets and liabilities and other activities of $13.5 million. Adjustments for non-cash items primarily consisted of $7.3 million of stock-based compensation expense, $2.0 million of amortization of internally-developed software and intangible assets and $3.5 million of depreciation and amortization and $4.7 million increase in deferred income taxes. The cash decrease resulting from changes in net operating assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily consisted of decreases of $3.9 million in accrued marketing expenses, $3.5 million in accrued compensation and benefits, $2.0 million in accrued expense and other liabilities and increases of $8.0 million in commissions receivable and $0.5 million in 76 prepaid expenses and other current assets. These decreases were partially offset by increases of $2.2 million in accounts payable and $0.6 million in deferred revenue and a $1.6 million decrease in accounts receivable. Investing Activities Our investing activities primarily consist of purchases of computer hardware and software to enhance our website and customer care operations, leasehold improvements related to facilities expansion, internal-use software and the purchase of certain intangible assets. Year Ended December 31, 2018—Net cash used in investing activities of $25.8 million during 2018 was due to $14.9 million of net cash used to acquire GoMedigap, $6.3 million in capitalized internal-use software and website development costs, and $4.5 million used to purchase property and equipment and other assets. Year Ended December 31, 2017—Net cash used in investing activities of $5.1 million during 2017 was due to $3.2 million in capitalized internal-use software and website development costs and $1.9 million used to purchase property and equipment and other assets. Year Ended December 31, 2016—Net cash used in investing activities of $3.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 was due to $1.8 million in capitalized internal-use software and website development costs and $1.9 million used to purchase property and equipment and other assets. Financing Activities Year Ended December 31, 2018—Net cash provided by financing activities of $1.9 million during 2018 was primarily due to $5.0 million proceeds from drawing on our line of credit, $2.7 million net proceeds from exercises of common stock options, partially offset by $4.5 million used to net-share settle the tax obligation related to vesting equity awards, $1.2 million of debt issuance costs, and $0.1 million for principal payments in connection with capital leases. Year Ended December 31, 2017—Net cash used in financing activities of $0.9 million during 2017 was primarily due to $1.0 million proceeds from the exercise of stock options and $1.8 million used to net-share settle the tax obligation related to vesting equity awards. Year Ended December 31, 2016—Net cash used in financing activities of $1.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily due to $1.2 million used to net-share settle the tax obligation related to vesting equity awards. Future Needs On January 22, 2018, we completed our acquisition of Wealth, Health and Life Advisors, LLC, more commonly known as GoMedigap, a technology-enabled provider of Medicare Supplement enrollment services. This strategic acquisition significantly enhances our growing presence in the Medicare Supplement market, puts us in a stronger position with carriers and strategic partners and allows us to accelerate our projected Medicare plan enrollment growth in 2018 and beyond. The acquisition price paid at closing of the transaction consisted of cash of $15.0 million, less $0.1 million cash acquired, and approximately 294,637 shares of our common stock. In addition, we are obligated to pay an additional $20 million in cash and 589,275 shares of our common stock, subject to the terms of the acquisition agreement and upon final determination of the achievement of certain milestones in 2018 and 2019. As discussed in Note 10—Debt of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K, on September 17, 2018, we entered into a Credit Agreement with Royal Bank of Canada, or RBC, as 77 administrative agent and collateral agent, or the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement provides for a $40 million secured asset-backed revolving credit facility with a $5 million letter of credit subfacility. The commitments under the Credit Agreement expire on September 17, 2021. The borrowing base under the Credit Agreement is comprised of an amount equal to (a) the lesser of (i) eighty percent (80%) of Eligible Commissions Receivables (as defined in the Credit Agreement) we actually collected by during the immediately preceding period of three months or (ii) eighty percent (80%) of our Eligible Commission Receivables for the immediately succeeding period of three months, plus (b) fifty percent (50%) of our Eligible Commission Receivables for the immediately succeeding period of six months (excluding the immediately succeeding period of three months), in each case subject to reserves established by RBC, or the Borrowing Base. The proceeds of the loans under the Credit Agreement may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. The Borrowers have the right to prepay the loans under the Credit Agreement in whole or in part at any time without penalty. Subject to availability under the Borrowing Base, amounts repaid may be reborrowed. Amounts not borrowed under the Credit Agreement will be subject to a commitment fee of 0.5% per annum on the daily unused portion of the credit facility, to be paid in arrears on the first business day of each calendar quarter. At closing, the Company paid a one-time facility fee of 1.75% of the total commitments under the Credit Agreement. The Company is also obligated to pay other customary administration fees for a credit facility of this size and type. Availability under the credit facility is up to the lesser of $40 million or the Borrowing Base, which may be reduced from time to time pursuant to the Credit Agreement. In addition, the Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant requiring that we maintain Excess Availability (as defined in the Credit Agreement) at or above $6 million at any time. As of December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with all debt covenants. We incurred $1.2 million of issuance costs in connection with the Credit Agreement, which were capitalized as part of Other assets on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, we had $5.0 million outstanding principal amount under our revolving credit facility, which was repaid in full in January 2019. As discussed in Note 13—Subsequent Event of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K, we entered into an underwriting agreement to issue 2,760,000 shares of common stock, which includes the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option to purchase 360,000 additional shares of common stock, at a price to the public of $48.50 per share. Net proceeds from the offering were approximately $126.2 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and the estimated expenses of the offering. We intend to use the net proceeds of the offering for general corporate purposes, including working capital. We believe that cash generated from operations and our current cash and cash equivalents and credit facility will be sufficient to fund our operations, including the additional amounts we are obligated to pay subject to the terms of the acquisition agreement with GoMedigap, for at least twelve months after the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our expected membership and retention rates, our level of investment in technology, marketing and advertising and our customer care initiatives. In addition, our cash position could be impacted by further acquisitions and investments we make to pursue our growth strategy. To the extent that available funds are insufficient to fund our future activities, we plan to raise additional capital through bank debt, or public or private equity or debt financing to the extent such funding sources are available. 78 Contractual Obligations and Commitments The following table presents a summary of our future minimum payments under non-cancellable operating lease agreements and contractual service and licensing obligations as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands): Years Ending December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Obligations $ 4,804 5,209 3,766 3,878 3,100 10,863 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $31,620 Service and Licensing Obligations $3,844 2,222 568 18 — — $6,652 Total Obligations $ 8,648 7,431 4,334 3,896 3,100 10,863 $38,272 Operating Lease Obligations We lease our operating facilities and certain of our equipment and furniture and fixtures under various operating leases, the latest of which expires in February 2029. Certain of these leases have free or escalating rent payment provisions. We recognize rent expense on our operating leases on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases, although actual cash payment obligations under certain of these agreements fluctuate over the terms of the agreements. In March 2018, we entered into an agreement to lease 26,878 square feet of office space in Austin, Texas. The term of this lease agreement is 90 months, commencing in September 2018 and ending in May 2026. As of December 31, 2018, future minimum payments are expected to be $4.4 million over the remaining term of the lease plus our proportionate share of certain operating expenses, insurance costs and taxes for each calendar year during the lease. On April 25, 2018, we entered into a lease agreement to lease approximately 32,492 square feet of office space located in Santa Clara, California. We entered into this lease agreement as a result of the expiration of one of our leases in Mountain View, California on December 31, 2018. The term of the lease is approximately one hundred twenty-three months, commencing on October 1, 2018 and ending on an estimated date of February 28, 2029. As of December 31, 2018, future minimum payments are expected to be $17.2 million over the remaining term of the lease plus our proportionate share of certain operating expenses, insurance costs and taxes for each calendar year during the lease. In connection with the Santa Clara, California lease agreement, we entered into a financial guarantee consisting of a standby letter of credit for $1.5 million, which may be reduced in increments of 20% of the original amount thereof on the second, third, fourth and fifth anniversaries of the commencement date, and may be reduced by an additional 8% of the original amount on the sixth anniversary of the commencement date, subject to our compliance with the applicable conditions to such reductions set forth in the lease. In March 2012, we entered into an agreement to lease a building in Mountain View, California, adjacent to our former headquarters office. The term of the operating lease is ten years from the date the building was delivered to us in August 2013. The base rent increases annually by 3%. We entered into a sublease agreement related to this lease on November 2, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, future minimum payments related to this operating lease total $3.5 million, net of sublease income over the remaining term of the lease plus our proportionate share of certain operating expenses, insurance costs and taxes for each calendar year during the lease. 79 In April 2013, we entered into an agreement to lease approximately 20,000 square feet of office space in Westford, Massachusetts. The lease commenced in July 2013 and is for a term of 5 years and 3 months. In May 2018, we closed this facility. In August 2014, we renewed our agreement to lease and expanded to approximately 44,738 square feet of office space in Gold River, California. The lease commenced in August 2014 and is for a term of 4 years and 5 months. In 2015, we vacated approximately 11,200 square feet of this leased office space as a result of a workforce reduction. We reoccupied approximately 5,400 square feet of this previously vacated office space in 2016. As of December 31, 2018, future minimum payments related to this operating lease totaled approximately $2.3 million for the remaining term of the lease. In August 2017, we entered into an agreement to amend our lease of approximately 28,000 square feet of office space in South Jordan, Utah. This amendment extends the term of this facility lease by 5 years and 3 months from January 2018 to March 2023. As of December 31, 2018, future minimum payments related to this operating lease totaled approximately $2.9 million for the remaining term of the lease. Service and Licensing Obligations We have entered into service and licensing agreements with third party vendors to provide various services, including network access, equipment maintenance and software licensing. The terms of these services and licensing agreements are generally up to three years. We record the related service and licensing expenses on a straight-line basis, although actual cash payment obligations under certain of these agreements fluctuate over the terms of the agreements. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, investments in special purpose entities or undisclosed borrowings or debt. Additionally, we are not a party to any derivative contracts or synthetic leases. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for recently issued accounting standards that could have an effect on us. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk principally consist of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 our cash and cash equivalents were invested as follows (in thousands): Cash (1) Money market funds (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $12,766 323 $13,089 $ 5,098 35,195 $40,293 (1) We deposit our cash and cash equivalents in accounts with major banks and financial institutions and such deposits are in excess of federally insured limits. We also have deposits with major banks in China that are denominated in both U.S. dollars and Chinese Yuan Renminbi and are not insured by the U.S. federal government. (2) At December 31, 2018 and 2017 money market funds consisted of investments in U.S. government- sponsored enterprise bonds and discount notes, U.S. government treasury bills and notes and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government obligations. 80 We do not require collateral or other security for our total accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2018, three customers represented 19%, 19% and 19%, respectively, for a combined total of 57% of our $349.5 million total outstanding accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2017, three customers represented 19%, 18% and 18%, respectively, or a combined total of 55%, of our $280.9 million total outstanding accounts receivable balance. No other customers represented 10% or more of our total accounts receivable at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. We believe the potential for collection issues with any of our customers was minimal as of December 31, 2018. Accordingly, our estimate for uncollectible amounts at December 31, 2018 was immaterial. Significant Customers Substantially all revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was generated from customers located in the United States. Carriers representing 10% or more of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 are presented in the table below: Humana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UnitedHealthcare (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aetna (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22% 19% 14% 20% 23% 10% 22% 19% 11% Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 (1) UnitedHealthcare also includes other carriers owned by UnitedHealthcare. (2) Aetna also includes other carriers owned by Aetna. Foreign Currency Exchange Risk To date, substantially all of our revenue has been derived from transactions denominated in United States Dollars. We have exposure to adverse changes in exchange rates associated with operating expenses of our foreign operations, which are denominated in Chinese Yuan Renminbi. Foreign currency fluctuations have not had a material impact historically on our results of operations; however, there can be no assurance that future fluctuations will not have material adverse effects on our results of operations. We have not engaged in any foreign currency hedging or other derivative transactions to date. 81 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 84 85 86 87 88 The supplementary financial information required by this Item 8 is included in Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements under the caption “Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited).” 82 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of eHealth, Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of eHealth, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 13, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Adoption of New Accounting Standard As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for revenue as a result of the full retrospective adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” as amended. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2000. Redwood City, California March 13, 2019 83 EHEALTH, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands, except share and per share information) December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 (1) Current assets: Assets Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commissions receivable—current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 13,089 3,601 134,190 5,288 $ 40,293 1,475 109,666 4,305 Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commissions receivable—non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill 156,168 211,668 7,684 11,276 12,249 40,233 155,739 169,751 4,705 7,287 7,540 14,096 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 439,278 $ 359,118 Current liabilities: Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued marketing expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnout liability—current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Earnout liability—non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other non-current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock: $0.001 par value; Authorized shares: 10,000,000; Issued and 5,688 20,763 11,013 20,730 2,425 60,619 5,000 19,270 47,901 3,339 $ 3,246 15,498 4,693 — 2,008 25,445 — — 45,089 1,920 outstanding shares: none . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Common stock: $0.001 par value; Authorized shares: 100,000,000; Issued shares: 30,863,365 and 29,879,952 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively; Outstanding shares: 19,437,073 and 18,641,957 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital Treasury stock, at cost: 11,426,292 and 11,237,995 shares at December 31, 31 298,024 30 281,706 2018 and 2017, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (199,998) 204,965 127 (199,998) 204,724 202 Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303,149 286,664 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 439,278 $ 359,118 (1) As adjusted for the adoption of ASC 606 using the full retrospective method. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 84 EHEALTH, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (In thousands, except per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (1) 2016 (1) Revenue Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $227,211 24,184 $176,883 13,823 $177,234 16,090 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating costs and expenses: 251,395 190,706 193,324 Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value of earnout liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring charge (benefit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,228 82,939 70,547 31,970 45,828 76 12,300 1,865 2,091 582 65,874 59,183 32,889 39,969 621 — — 1,040 862 72,213 48,718 32,749 35,216 — — (297) 1,040 Total operating costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248,844 200,158 190,501 Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,551 755 3,306 3,065 (9,452) 1,182 (8,270) (33,696) 2,823 1,149 3,972 3,668 Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 241 $ 25,426 $ 304 Net income per share: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.01 0.01 $ $ 1.37 1.33 $ $ 0.02 0.02 Weighted-average number of shares used in per share amounts: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,294 20,409 18,512 19,047 18,272 18,314 Comprehensive income: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 241 (75) $ 25,426 29 166 $ 25,455 $ $ 304 (23) 281 (1) As adjusted for the adoption of ASC 606 using the full retrospective method. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 85 EHEALTH, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (In thousands) Common Stock Shares Amount Additional Paid-in Capital Treasury Stock Shares Amount Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Total Stockholders’ Equity (1) Balance at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . 29,171 Issuance of common stock in connection $ 29 $266,699 (11,026) $(199,998) $169,252 $196 $236,178 with exercise of common stock options and release of vested restricted stock units, net of cash used to net settle equity awards . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2016-09 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 — — — — — — — — — (1,187) 7,266 (110) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 9,742 304 Balance at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . 29,492 Issuance of common stock in connection 29 272,778 (11,136) (199,998) 179,298 with exercise of common stock options and release of vested restricted stock units, net of cash used to net settle equity awards . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 — — — 1 — — — (766) 9,694 (102) — — — — — — — — — — — — 25,426 Balance at December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . 29,880 Issuance of common stock in connection 30 281,706 (11,238) (199,998) 204,724 with exercise of common stock options and release of vested restricted stock units, net of cash used to net settle equity awards . . . . . . . . . . Common stock traded for employee tax obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock issued for GMG acquisition . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 — 295 — — — 1 (1,817) — — — — — — — 5,595 12,540 — — (188) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 241 — — (23) — — 173 — — 29 — 202 — — — — (75) — (1,187) 7,266 (23) 9,742 304 252,280 (765) 9,694 29 25,426 286,664 (1,816) — 5,595 12,540 (75) 241 Balance at December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . 30,863 $ 31 $298,024 (11,426) $(199,998) $204,965 $127 $303,149 (1) Balances and the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 have been adjusted for the adoption of ASC 606 using the full retrospective method. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 86 EHEALTH, INC. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands) Operating activities Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of internally developed software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value of earnout liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other non-cash items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commissions receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued marketing expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued restructuring charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investing activities Capitalized internal-use software and website development costs . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of property and equipment and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing activities Net proceeds from exercise of common stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash used to net-share settle equity awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from line of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Principal payments in connection with capital leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities Capital lease obligations incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplemental disclosure of cash flows Cash paid for interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (1) 2016 (1) $ 241 $ 25,426 $ 304 2,479 2,201 2,091 12,540 2,812 12,300 675 (2,127) (50,967) 232 1,414 5,133 6,320 491 — 935 (3,230) (6,294) (4,534) (14,929) (25,757) 2,837 1,464 1,040 9,694 (30,341) — (101) 473 (21,640) (1,933) (1,866) 4,578 (3,365) (466) — (1,341) (15,541) (3,210) (1,868) — (5,078) 3,539 936 1,040 7,266 4,652 — (143) 1,563 (8,032) (486) 2,227 (3,466) (3,906) 587 (433) (1,565) 4,083 (1,837) (1,889) — (3,726) 2,688 (4,504) 5,000 (1,221) (103) 1,860 (77) (27,204) 40,293 $ 13,089 1,037 (1,802) — — (105) (870) 1 (21,488) 61,781 $ 40,293 62 (1,248) — — (83) (1,269) (17) (929) 62,710 $61,781 $ $ $ 112 44 139 $ $ $ 76 20 219 $ $ $ 51 14 628 (1) As adjusted for the adoption of ASC 606 using the full retrospective method. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 87 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1—Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies Description of Business—eHealth, Inc. (the “Company,” “eHealth,” “we” or “us”) is a leading private health insurance exchange for individuals, families and small businesses in the United States. Through our website addresses (www.eHealth.com, www.eHealthInsurance.com, www.eHealthMedicare.com, www.Medicare.com, www.PlanPrescriber.com and www.GoMedigap.com), consumers can get quotes from leading health insurance carriers, compare plans side-by-side, and apply for and purchase Medicare-related, individual and family, small business and ancillary health insurance plans. We actively market the availability of Medicare-related insurance plans and offer Medicare plan comparison tools and educational materials for Medicare-related insurance plans, including Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans. Our ecommerce technology also enables us to deliver consumers’ health insurance applications electronically to health insurance carriers. We are licensed to market and sell health insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Adoption of New Accounting Standard—Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the requirements of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), as discussed in detail below under Adoption of New Accounting Standards using the full retrospective method, which requires adjusting prior periods as if ASC 606 had been in effect as of the beginning of the earliest period presented. Thus, the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 as well as the accompanying statements of comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 have been adjusted to reflect the adoption of ASC 606 as have all related disclosures, including segment information. See “Revenue Recognition” below for additional information on ASC 606 and Note 14—Adoption Impact of New Revenue Standard for further discussion of the adoption and the impact on our previously reported historical results. Principles of Consolidation—The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of eHealth, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Operating Segments—We report segment information based on how our chief executive officer, who is our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), regularly reviews our operating results, allocates resources and makes decisions regarding our business operations. The performance measures of our segments include total revenue and profit (loss). Our business structure is comprised of two operating segments: • Medicare; and • Individual, Family and Small Business The Medicare segment consists primarily of commissions earned from our sale of Medicare-related health insurance plans, including Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, and to a lesser extent, ancillary products sold to our Medicare-eligible customers, including but not limited to, dental and vision insurance, as well as our advertising program that allows Medicare-related carriers to purchase advertising on a separate website developed, hosted and maintained by us and our delivery and sale to third parties of Medicare-related health insurance leads generated by our ecommerce platforms and our marketing activities. The Individual, Family and Small Business segment consists primarily of commissions earned from our sale of individual and family and small business health insurance plans and ancillary products sold to our non-Medicare-eligible customers, including but not limited to, dental, vision, life, short term disability and long 88 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS term disability insurance. To a lesser extent, the Individual, Family and Small Business segment consists of amounts earned from our online sponsorship program that allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website, our licensing to third parties the use of our health insurance ecommerce technology and our delivery and sale to third parties of individual and family health insurance leads generated by our ecommerce platforms and our marketing activities. Marketing and advertising, customer care and enrollment, technology and content and general and administrative operating expenses that are directly attributable to a segment are reported within the applicable segment. Indirect marketing and advertising, customer care and enrollment and technology and content operating expenses are allocated to each segment based on usage. Other indirect general and administrative operating expenses are managed in a corporate shared services environment and, since they are not the responsibility of segment operating management, are not allocated to the two operating segments and are presented as a reconciling item to our consolidated financial results. Segment profit (loss) is calculated as total revenue for the applicable segment less direct and allocated marketing and advertising, customer care and enrollment, technology and content and general and administrative operating expenses, excluding stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization expense and amortization of intangible assets. Use of Estimates—The preparation of consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to, but not limited to, the useful lives of intangible assets, fair value of investments, recoverability of intangible assets, the commissions we expect to collect for each approved member cohort, valuation allowance for deferred income taxes, provision for income taxes and the assumptions used in determining stock-based compensation. We base our estimates of the carrying value of certain assets and liabilities on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Reclassifications—For presentation purposes, certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the reporting in the current period financial statements. Specifically, for the year ended December 31, 2016, we reclassified $0.8 million of operating expenses related to our licensing department, which were previously reported as general and administrative expenses, to customer care and enrollment expenses due to a realignment of our departmental structures. This reclassification did not affect previously reported operating results, cash flows or stockholders’ equity. Cash Equivalents—We consider all investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at fair value. Property and Equipment—Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Capital lease amortization expenses are included in depreciation expense in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Depreciation and amortization is computed using the straight-line method based on estimated useful lives as follows: Computer equipment and software Office equipment and furniture Leasehold improvements 3 to 5 years 5 years Lesser of useful life (typically 5 to 10 years) or related lease term 89 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Maintenance and minor replacements are expensed as incurred. See Note 3—Balance Sheet Accounts of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our property and equipment. Business Combinations—We allocate the fair value of the purchase consideration of our acquired businesses to the tangible assets, liabilities and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Acquisition-related costs are recognized separately from the business combination and are expensed as incurred. Goodwill and Intangible Assets—Goodwill represents the excess of the consideration paid over the estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. In the event that we realign our reporting units, we allocate our goodwill to the new reporting units using the relative fair value approach. We test our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter of each year or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. Factors that we consider in deciding when to perform an impairment test include significant negative industry or economic trends or significant changes or planned changes in our use of the intangible assets. We realigned our reporting units into two operating segments during the year ended December 31, 2016, at which time we allocated $3.7 million and $10.4 million of the carrying value of the goodwill to the Medicare and Individual, Family and Small Business segments, respectively, based on the relative fair value of the operating segments. We continued to report the same two segments during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, and no goodwill impairment has been identified in any of the years presented. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate a potential reduction in their fair values below their respective carrying amounts. Intangible assets with finite useful lives, which include purchased technology, pharmacy and customer relationships, trade names, and certain trademarks, are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Goodwill and intangible assets are considered non-financial assets and therefore, subsequent to their initial recognition are not revalued at fair value each reporting period unless an impairment charge is recognized. We must make subjective judgments in determining the independent cash flows that can be related to specific asset groupings. In addition, we must make subjective judgments regarding the remaining useful lives of assets with finite useful lives. When we determine that the useful life of an asset is shorter than we had originally estimated, we accelerate the rate of amortization over the assets’ new, remaining useful life. We evaluated the remaining useful lives of our intangible assets with finite lives and determined no material adjustments to the remaining lives were required. Other Long-Lived Assets—We evaluate other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. Revenue Recognition—In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), requiring an entity to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity 90 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. As noted above, we adopted ASC 606 using the full retrospective method and, accordingly, our historical financial statements and related disclosures have been restated herein to reflect the adoption of ASC 606 for all periods presented. We are compensated by the receipt of commission payments from health insurance carriers whose health insurance policies are purchased through our ecommerce platforms or our customer care centers. We may also receive commission bonuses based on our attaining predetermined target sales levels for Medicare, individual and family, small business and ancillary health insurance products, or other objectives, as determined by the health insurance carrier, which we recognize as commission revenue when we achieve the predetermined target sales levels or other objectives. In addition, we also generate revenue from non-commission revenue sources, which include online sponsorship and advertising, technology licensing and lead referrals. Payment is typically received within 60 days of approval. The core principle of ASC 606 is to recognize revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Accordingly, we recognize revenue for our services in accordance with the following five steps outlined in ASC 606: • • Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer. A contract with a customer exists when (i) we enter into an enforceable contract with a customer that defines each party’s rights regarding the goods or services to be transferred and identifies the payment terms related to these goods or services, (ii) the contract has commercial substance and, (iii) we determine that collection of substantially all consideration for goods or services that are transferred is probable based on the customer’s intent and ability to pay the promised consideration. Identification of the performance obligations in the contract. Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the goods or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from us, and are distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the goods or services is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. • Determination of the transaction price. The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which we will be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to the customer. • Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract. If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price (“SSP”) basis. • Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation. We satisfy performance obligations either over time or at a point in time, as discussed in further detail below. Revenue is recognized at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied by transferring the promised good or service to the customer. Commission Revenue—Our commission revenue is primarily comprised of commissions paid to us by health insurance carriers related to insurance plans that have been purchased by a member through our health insurance exchange service. We define a member as an individual currently covered by an insurance plan, which include Medicare-related, individual and family, small business and ancillary plans. We are compensated by the health insurance carrier, which we define as our customer. 91 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS We typically enter into contractual agency relationships with health insurance carriers that are non-exclusive and terminable on short notice by either party for any reason. In addition, health insurance carriers often have the ability to terminate or amend our agreements unilaterally on short notice, including provisions in our agreements relating to the commission rates paid to us by the health insurance carriers. The amendment or termination of an agreement we have with a health insurance carrier may adversely impact the commissions we are paid on health insurance plans purchased from the carrier by means of our health insurance exchange services. For both Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans, we receive a fixed, annual commission payment from insurance carriers once the plan is approved by the carrier and either a fixed, monthly or annual commission payment beginning with and subsequent to the second plan year. In the first plan year of a Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plan, after the health insurance carrier approves the application but during the effective year of the plan, we are paid a fixed commission that is prorated for the number of months remaining in the calendar year. Additionally, if the plan is the first Medicare Advantage or Medicare Part D plan issued to the member, we may receive a higher commission rate that covers a full twelve- month period, regardless of the month the plan was effective. We earn commission revenue for Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug plans for which we are the broker of record, typically until either the policy is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy. For individual and family, Medicare Supplement, small business and ancillary plans, our commissions generally represent a flat amount per member per month or a percentage of the premium amount collected by the carrier during the period that a member maintains coverage under a plan. Premium-based commissions are reported to us after the premiums are collected by the carrier, generally on a monthly basis. We generally continue to receive the commission payment from the relevant insurance carrier until the health insurance plan is cancelled or we otherwise do not remain the agent on the policy. We utilize a practical expedient to estimate commission revenue for each insurance product by applying the use of a portfolio approach to group approved members by the effective month of the relevant policy (referred to as a “cohort”). This allows us to estimate the commissions we expect to collect for each approved member cohort by evaluating various factors, including but not limited to, contracted commission rates, carrier mix and expected member churn. For Medicare-related, individual and family and ancillary health insurance plans, our services are complete once a submitted application is approved by the relevant health insurance carrier. Accordingly, we recognize commission revenue based upon the total estimated lifetime commissions we expect to receive for selling the plan after the carrier approves an application, net of an estimated constraint. We refer to these estimated and constrained lifetime values as the “constrained LTV” for the plan. We provide annual services in selling and renewing small business health insurance plans; therefore, we recognize small business health insurance plan commission revenue at the time the plan is approved by the carrier, and when it renews each year thereafter, equal to the estimated commissions we expect to collect from the plan over the following 12-months. Our estimate of commission revenue for each product line is based on a number of assumptions, which include, but are not limited to, estimating conversion of an approved member to a paying member, forecasting member churn and forecasting the commission amounts likely to be received per member. These assumptions are based on historical trends and incorporate management’s judgment in interpreting those trends and in applying constraints discussed below. To the extent we make changes to the assumptions, we will recognize any material impact of the changes to commission revenue in the reporting period in which the change is made, including revisions of estimated lifetime commissions either below or in excess of previously estimated constrained LTV recognized as revenue. 92 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS For Medicare-related, individual and family and ancillary health insurance plans, we apply constraints to determine the amount of commission revenue to recognize per approved member. The constraints are applied to help ensure that the total estimated lifetime commissions expected to be collected for an approved member’s plan are recognized as revenue only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with future commissions receivable from the plan is subsequently resolved. We evaluate the appropriateness of these constraints on at least an annual basis, including assessing factors affecting our estimate of the estimated lifetime value of commissions per approved member based on current trends impacting our business and assessing whether any adjustment to those constraints should be made. We update the assumptions when we observe a sufficient level of evidence that would suggest that the long term expectation of the assumption has changed. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the constraints applied to the total estimated lifetime commissions we expect to receive for selling the plan after the carrier approves an application in order to derive the constrained lifetime value of commissions per approved member are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Medicare Medicare Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicare Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicare Part D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7% 7% 7% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% Individual and Family 15% 15% 15% Non-Qualified Health Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20% 20% 20% Qualified Health Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10% 10% 10% Ancillary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Small Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . —% —% —% See Note 14—Adoption Impact of New Revenue Standard for discussion of our adoption of ASC 606. Other Revenue—Our sponsorship and advertising program allows carriers to purchase advertising space in specific markets in a sponsorship area on our website. In return, we are typically paid a monthly fee, which is recognized over the period that advertising is displayed, and often a performance fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications, which is recognized when control has been transferred. We also offer Medicare advertising services, which include website development, hosting and maintenance. In these instances, we are typically paid a fixed, up-front fee, which we recognize as revenue as control is transferred ratably over the service period. Our commercial technology licensing business allows carriers the use of our ecommerce platform to offer their own health insurance policies on their websites and agents to utilize our technology to power their online quoting, content and application submission processes. Typically, we are paid a one-time implementation fee, which we recognize as control is transferred on a straight-line basis over the estimated term of the customer relationship (generally the initial term of the agreement), commencing once the technology is available for use by the third party, and a performance fee based on metrics such as submitted health insurance applications. The metrics used to calculate performance fees for both sponsorship and advertising and technology licensing are based on performance criteria that are either measured based on data tracked by us, or based on data tracked by the third party. In instances where the performance criteria data is tracked by us, we recognize revenue in the period of performance and when all other revenue recognition criteria has been met. In instances where the 93 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS performance criteria data is tracked by the third party, we recognize revenue as control is transferred at amounts where reversal of such amounts is not likely to occur. Typically, this occurs through our receipt of a cash payment from the third party along with a detailed statement containing the data that is tracked by the third party. Deferred Revenue—Deferred revenue includes deferred technology licensing implementation fees and amounts billed for amounts billed or collected from sponsorship or technology licensing customers in advance of our performing our service for such customers. It also includes the amount by which both unbilled and billed services provided under our technology licensing arrangements exceed the straight-line revenue recognized to date. Disaggregation of Revenue—The table below depicts the disaggregation of revenue by product for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, and is consistent with how we evaluate our financial performance (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 (1) 2016 (1) Medicare Medicare Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicare Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Medicare Part D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $143,445 31,166 14,609 $107,567 15,436 11,085 $ 95,736 11,561 8,800 Total Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,220 134,088 116,097 Individual and Family Non-Qualified Health Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qualified Health Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,470 5,789 Total Individual and Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,259 Ancillary Short-term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,583 2,717 1,467 4,941 10,024 7,055 17,079 5,503 5,062 1,607 3,877 18,852 14,365 33,217 7,276 6,968 2,013 2,189 Total Ancillary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,708 16,049 18,446 Small Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commission Bonus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,595 2,429 7,501 2,166 6,133 3,341 Total Commission Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,211 176,883 177,234 Other Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,184 13,823 16,090 Total Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $251,395 $190,706 $193,324 (1) As adjusted for the adoption of ASC 606 using the full retrospective method Book-of-Business Transfers—We entered into several agreements with a broker partner, whereby the partner transferred certain of its existing Medicare plan members to us as the broker of record on the underlying policies. The first of these book-of-business transfers occurred in November 2010 and the most recent in June 2012. Total consideration paid by us for these books-of-business amounted to $13.9 million. The consideration we paid to the broker partner was based on the discounted commissions expected to be received over the remaining life of each transferred Medicare plan member. As we receive commission payments from health 94 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS insurance carriers for these plan members, we record the margin earned to other income (expense), net in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The margin earned and recorded to other income, net for these books-of-business for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 totaled $0.8 million, $0.9 million, and $1.0 million respectively. Incremental Costs to Obtain a Contract—We reviewed our sales compensation plans, which are directed at converting leads into approved members, and concluded that they are fulfillment costs and not costs to obtain a contract with a health insurance carrier, which we define as our customer. Additionally, we reviewed compensation plans related to personnel responsible for identifying new health insurance carriers and entering into contracts with new health insurance carriers and concluded that no incremental costs are incurred to obtain such contracts. Cost of Revenue—Included in cost of revenue are payments related to health insurance policies sold to members who were referred to our website by marketing partners with whom we have revenue-sharing arrangements. In order to enter into a revenue-sharing arrangement, marketing partners must be licensed to sell health insurance in the state where the policy is sold. Costs related to revenue-sharing arrangements are expensed as the related revenue is recognized. Marketing and Advertising Expenses—Marketing and advertising expenses consist primarily of member acquisition expenses associated with our direct, marketing partner and online advertising member acquisition channels, in addition to compensation and other expenses related to marketing, business development, partner management, public relations and carrier relations personnel who support our offerings. Advertising costs incurred in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 totaled $64.4 million, $56.0 million and $64.8 million, respectively. Our direct channel expenses primarily consist of costs for direct mail, email marketing and television and radio advertising. Advertising costs for our direct channel are expensed the first time the related advertising takes place. Our marketing partner channel expenses primarily consist of fees paid to marketing partners with which we have a relationship. Our online advertising channel expenses primarily consist of paid keyword search advertising on search engines and retargeting campaigns. Advertising costs for our marketing partner channel and our online advertising channel are expensed as incurred. Research and Development Expenses—Research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation and related expenses incurred for employees on our engineering and technical teams. Research and development costs, which totaled $6.9 million, $7.6 million and $8.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, are included in technology and content expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Deferred Contract Costs—Deferred contract costs primarily represent direct costs related to professional services provided in connection with technology licensing arrangements that are accounted for as a single unit of accounting. The direct professional services costs are deferred up until the commencement of revenue recognition of the single unit and then recognized as cost of revenue ratably over the same period as the related revenue. Internal-Use Software and Website Development Costs—We capitalize costs of materials, consultants and compensation and benefits costs of employees who devote time to the development of internal-use software 95 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS during the application development stage. Our judgment is required in determining the point at which various projects enter the phases at which costs may be capitalized, in assessing the ongoing value of the capitalized costs and in determining the estimated useful lives over which the costs are amortized, which is generally three years. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we capitalized internal-use software and website development costs of $6.3 million, $3.2 million and $1.8 million respectively, and recorded amortization expense of $2.2 million, $1.5 million, and $0.9 million respectively. Stock-Based Compensation—We recognize stock-based compensation expense in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income based on the fair value of our stock-based awards over their respective vesting periods, which is generally four years. The estimated grant date fair value of our stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes-Merton pricing model and a single option award approach. The weighted- average expected term for stock options granted is calculated using historical option exercise behavior. The dividend yield is determined by dividing the expected per share dividend during the coming year by the grant date stock price. Through December 31, 2018, we had not declared or paid any cash dividends, and we do not expect to pay any in the foreseeable future. We base the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term of our stock options. Expected volatility is determined using a combination of the implied volatility of publicly traded options in our stock and historical volatility of our stock price. The estimated attainment of performance-based awards and related expense is based on the expectations of revenue and earnings target achievement. The estimated fair value of performance awards with market conditions is determined using the Monte-Carlo simulation model. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based payment awards and expected attainment of performance-based awards represent our best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. We will continue to use judgment in evaluating the expected term and volatility related to our own stock-based awards on a prospective basis, and incorporating these factors into the model. Changes in key assumptions could significantly impact the valuation of such instruments. 401(k) Plan—In September 1998, our board of directors adopted a defined contribution retirement plan (“401(k) Plan”), which qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Participation in the 401(k) Plan is available to substantially all employees in the United States. Employees can contribute up to 25% of their salary, up to the federal maximum allowable limit, on a before-tax basis to the 401(k) Plan. Employee contributions are fully vested when contributed. Our contributions to the 401(k) Plan are discretionary and are expensed when incurred. We also match employee contributions to our 401(k) Plan at 25% of an employee’s contribution each pay period, up to a maximum of 2% of the employee’s salary during such pay period for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to a maximum of 1% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. Our matching contributions are expensed as incurred and vest one-third for each of the first three years of the recipient’s service. The recipient is fully vested in all 401(k) Plan matching contributions after three years of service. We recognized expense of $1.0 million, $0.4 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, related to 401(k) matching contributions. Income Taxes—We account for income taxes using the liability method. Deferred income taxes are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted statutory tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We utilize a two-step approach for evaluating uncertain tax positions. Step one, Recognition, requires a company to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. Step two, 96 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Measurement, is based on the largest amount of benefit, which is more likely than not to be realized on ultimate settlement. We record interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as income tax expense in the consolidated financial statements. Seasonality—A greater number of our Medicare-related health insurance plans are sold in our fourth quarter during the Medicare annual enrollment period when Medicare-eligible individuals are permitted to change their Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D prescription drug coverage for the following year. As a result, our Medicare plan-related commission revenue is highest in our fourth quarter. The majority of our individual and family health insurance plans are sold in the fourth quarter during the annual open enrollment period as defined under the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and related amendments in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act. Individuals and families generally are not able to purchase individual and family health insurance outside of these open enrollment periods, unless they qualify for a special enrollment period as a result of certain qualifying events, such as losing employer-sponsored health insurance or moving to another state. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718)—In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No 2017-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, which provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. ASU 2017-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. ASU 2017-09 is to be applied on a prospective basis to an award modified on or after the adoption date. We adopted ASU 2017-09 in the first quarter of 2018 and the adoption of this new standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Topic 350-40)—In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Agreement That is a Service Contract, which provides guidance for accounting for implementation costs incurred in internal-use cloud computing agreements. We early adopted ASU 2018-15 in the third quarter of fiscal 2018 prospectively. It did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. Goodwill Impairment (Topic 350)—In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (Topic 350). Under the new standard, goodwill impairment would be measured as the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying value of goodwill. This ASU eliminates existing guidance that requires an entity to determine goodwill impairment by calculating the implied fair value of goodwill by hypothetically assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities as if that reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination. The new standard is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted for annual goodwill impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. The standard must be applied prospectively. We early adopted ASU 2017-04 in the first quarter of 2018 and perform our annual impairment test in the fourth fiscal quarter of each year. The adoption of this new standard did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements. Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)—In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, which clarifies guidance on the classification and presentation of restricted cash in the statement of cash flows. Under the ASU, changes in restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents would 97 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS be included along with those of cash and cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. As a result, entities would no longer present transfers between cash/equivalents and restricted cash/equivalents in the statement of cash flows. In addition, a reconciliation between the balance sheet and the statement of cash flows would be disclosed when the balance sheet includes more than one line item for cash/equivalents and restricted cash/equivalents. ASU 2016-18 was effective for us beginning on January 1, 2018 and was applied on a retrospective basis. The adoption of this new standard did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. ASU 2016-15 provides guidance on how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted ASU 2016-15 in the first quarter of 2018 and the adoption of this new standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Leases (Topic 842)—In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for all leases with terms of more than 12 months. Recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses will depend on classification as a finance or operating lease; for lessors, the guidance modifies the classification criteria and the accounting for sales-type and direct finance leases. The guidance also eliminates existing real estate-specific provisions for all entities. The new standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period. We plan to adopt the standard using the modified retrospective method, and we are substantially complete with our implementation efforts. We estimate the total right-of-use asset and lease liability to be approximately $23 million to $26 million. Note 2—Acquisition On January 22, 2018, we completed our acquisition of all outstanding membership interests of Wealth, Health and Life Advisors, LLC, more commonly known as GoMedigap, a technology-enabled provider of Medicare Supplement enrollment services. The acquisition consideration consisted of cash of $15.0 million, less $0.1 million of cash acquired, and 294,637 shares of our common stock. In addition, the members of GoMedigap are entitled to receive earnout payments (“Earnout Consideration”) consisting of up to $20 million in cash and 589,275 shares of our common stock. The Earnout Consideration will become payable, subject to the terms and conditions of the purchase agreement relating to the acquisition, upon the final determination of the achievement of certain milestones in 2018 and 2019. 98 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The GoMedigap acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting under ASC 805, Business Combinations. The acquisition method of accounting requires, among other things, that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at their fair values as of the acquisition date. The major classes of assets and liabilities to which we have allocated the acquisition consideration were as follows (in thousands): Acquisition Consideration Cash paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of equity awards issued to GoMedigap members (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated fair value of earnout liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allocation Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commission receivable—current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commission receivable—non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net tangible assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,000 5,595 27,700 $48,295 $ 71 4,371 11 11,103 174 (110) (132) (130) 15,358 6,800 26,137 Total intangible assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,937 Total net assets acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $48,295 (1) The fair value of equity awards issued was determined based on the January 22, 2018 closing price of our common stock of $18.99 per share. Goodwill and Intangible Assets—Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of the acquired business over the acquisition date fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is primarily attributable to the assembled workforce, new product development capabilities and anticipated synergies and economies of scale expected from the operations of the combined company. The goodwill was assigned to our Medicare segment. Goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis in the fourth quarter of each year or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. Factors that we consider in deciding when to perform an impairment test include significant negative industry or economic trends or significant changes or planned changes in our use of the intangible assets. Goodwill will be deductible for tax purposes over 15 years. Earnout liability—The earnout liability represents the fair value of the earnout consideration payable and will be adjusted to fair value at each reporting date until settled. Changes in fair value will be recognized in income (loss) from operations. The earnout liability will be adjusted to the extent the enrollment targets in the acquisition agreement are not achieved. The first earnout liability payment was made in February 2019. The second payment is expected to be made in the first quarter of 2020. Fair Value Measurements—The assets acquired and liabilities assumed of GoMedigap have been recognized at fair value in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. ASC 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction 99 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS between market participants at the measurement date. ASC 820 requires three levels of hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy level assigned to each asset and liability is based on the assessment of the transparency and reliability of inputs used in the valuation of such items based on the lowest level of input that is significant to fair value measurement. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). Assets acquired and liabilities assumed measured and reported at fair value are classified in one of the following categories based on inputs: Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; or unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability. Level 3 Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. The fair value of prepaid expenses and other current assets, property and equipment, net, accounts payable, accrued compensation and benefits and other current liabilities approximated their carrying value at the date of acquisition. The fair value of commissions receivable was determined using a discounted rate of interest, which is a Level 2 input. Intangible assets and the earnout liability were valued using Level 3 inputs. The fair values of the acquired intangible assets were determined using the profit allocation method, which is based on determining the estimated royalties we are relieved from paying because we own the assets. The fair value of the earnout consideration payable was measured using probability-weighted analysis and is discounted using a rate that appropriately captures the risk associated with the obligation. Key assumptions included new enrollments and volatility for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the year ending December 31, 2019, as well as eHealth’s simulated stock price at the time of payment. The earnout consideration payable was part of the acquisition consideration and will be adjusted to fair value at each reporting date until settled. The fair value adjustments to the earnout liability during the year ended December 31, 2018 totaled $12.3 million. We will continue to update the key assumptions each period and record any fair value adjustments, as necessary. Following are the details of the acquisition consideration allocated to the intangible assets acquired (in thousands): Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade names, trademarks and website addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,000 4,800 Total intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,800 We are amortizing the existing technology, trade names, trademarks, and website addresses using the straight-line method over an estimated life of 3 and 10 years, respectively. The estimated useful lives are based on the time periods during which the intangibles are expected to result in incremental cash flows. We incurred $0.1 million of acquisition-related costs during the year ended December 31, 2018, which were expensed as incurred. 100 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Prior to the acquisition date, GoMedigap recognized revenue and expenses on the cash basis of accounting. GoMedigap’s historical books and records did not contain the information required to recognize revenue or prepare financial statements on a basis that would be comparable to us. Thus, the required pro-forma financial disclosures are not presented herein. GoMedigap generated revenue of $15.2 million for the period from the acquisition date of January 22, 2018 through December 31, 2018. Note 3—Balance Sheet Accounts Cash and Cash Equivalents—As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our cash equivalents consisted of money market accounts that invested in U.S. government-sponsored enterprise bonds and discount notes, U.S. government treasury bills and notes and repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government obligations. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our cash equivalents carried no unrealized gains or losses and we did not realize any significant gains or losses on sales of cash equivalents during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our cash and cash equivalent balances were invested as follows (in thousands): Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $12,766 323 $13,089 $ 5,098 35,195 $40,293 Concentration of Credit Risk—Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk principally consist of cash, cash equivalents and total accounts receivable (which includes commissions receivable). We invest our cash and cash equivalents with major banks and financial institutions and, at times, such investments are in excess of federally insured limits. We also have deposits with major banks in China that are denominated in both U.S. dollars and Chinese Yuan Renminbi and are not insured by the U.S. federal government. We do not require collateral or other security for our total accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2018, three customers represented 19%, 19% and 19%, respectively, for a combined total of 57% of our $349.5 million total outstanding accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2017, three customers represented 19%, 18% and 18%, respectively, or a combined total of 55%, of our $280.9 million total outstanding accounts receivable balance. No other customers represented 10% or more of our total accounts receivable at either December 31, 2018 or 2017. We believe the potential for collection issues with any of our customers was minimal as of December 31, 2018. Accordingly, our estimate for uncollectible amounts at December 31, 2018 was immaterial. Accounts Receivable—As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our total accounts receivable consisted of the following (in thousands): Commissions receivable—current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commissions receivable—non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $134,190 211,668 3,601 Total accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $349,459 $109,666 169,751 1,475 $280,892 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 101 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The commissions receivable balance as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, primarily relates to Medicare Advantage and Medicare Part D plans sold during the fourth quarters of 2018 and 2017 with effective dates in 2019 and 2018, respectively. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets—As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Prepaid maintenance contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity issuance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid rent Income tax receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,937 294 161 324 1,108 1,464 $5,288 $1,944 — 490 311 195 1,365 $4,305 Property and Equipment—As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands): Computer equipment and software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office equipment and furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property and equipment, gross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less accumulated depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ 17,246 3,319 6,345 26,910 (19,226) $ 17,112 3,583 3,156 23,851 (19,146) Property and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,684 $ 4,705 Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment totaled $2.5 million, $2.8 million, and $3.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Other Assets—As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, other assets consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Capitalized software project costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt issuance costs—non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,308 483 1,099 232 913 241 $11,276 $4,481 545 — 232 1,826 203 $7,287 102 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Intangible Assets—The carrying amounts, accumulated amortization, net carrying value and weighted average remaining life of our definite-lived amortizable intangible assets, as well as our indefinite-lived intangible trademarks, are presented in the tables below (dollars in thousands, weighted-average useful life is as of December 31, 2018): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Weighted- average remaining useful life Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount $ 2,000 $ (611) $ 1,389 2.1 $ 1,700 $ (1,700) $ — Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pharmacy and customer relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,500 (8,234) 1,266 1.3 10,100 (7,884) 2,216 Trade names, trademarks and website addresses . . . . . . . . . 5,700 (1,220) 4,480 8.9 907 (697) 210 Total intangible assets subject to amortization . . . . . . . . . . . $17,200 $(10,065) 7,135 $12,707 $(10,281) $2,426 Indefinite-lived trademarks and domain names . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . 5,114 Indefinite $12,249 5,114 $7,540 During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, amortization expense related to intangible assets totaled $2.1 million, $1.0 million, and $1.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, expected amortization expense in future periods is as follows (in thousands): Years Ending December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology $ 667 667 55 — — — Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,389 Pharmacy and Customer Relationships Trade Names, Trademarks and Website Addresses $ 950 316 — — — — $1,266 $ 570 510 480 480 480 1,960 $4,480 Total $2,187 1,493 535 480 480 1,960 $7,135 Other Current Liabilities—As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taxes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Professional fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payable to carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 876 224 537 418 370 $2,425 $ 385 169 1,012 — 442 $2,008 103 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Non-current Liabilities—As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, non-current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Deferred rent—non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued affiliate commissions—non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sublease security deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other non-current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total non-current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,081 1,268 820 170 $3,339 $ 724 1,092 — 104 $1,920 Note 4—Fair Value Measurements We define fair value as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques we use to measure fair value maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. We classify the inputs used to measure fair value into the following hierarchy: Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability. Level 3 Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. The following table is a summary of financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and their classification within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands). December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Carrying Value Level 1 Level 3 Total Carrying Value Level 1 Total Assets Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets measured and recorded at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ Liability 323 $323 $ — $ 323 $35,195 $35,195 $35,195 323 $323 $ — $ 323 $35,195 $35,195 $35,195 Earnout liability—current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earnout liability—non-current $20,730 $— $20,730 19,270 — $19,270 $20,730 $19,270 Total liabilities measured and $ — $ — $ — — — — recorded at fair value . . . . . . . . . . $40,000 $— $40,000 $40,000 $ — $ — $ — Our cash equivalents were invested in money market funds and were classified as Level 1. We endeavor to utilize the best available information in measuring fair value. We used observable prices in active markets in determining the classification of our money market funds as Level 1. 104 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS We measure the earnout liability using internally developed assumptions, therefore it is classified as Level 3. The fair value of the earnout liability was measured using probability-weighted analysis and is discounted using a rate that appropriately captures the risk associated with the obligation. Key assumptions included new enrollments and volatility for the year ended December 31, 2018 and the year ending December 31, 2019 and our simulated stock price at the time of payment. Earnout liability activity during the year ended December 31, 2018 was as follows (in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — Recognition of earnout liability upon acquisition of GoMedigap on January 22, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,700 12,300 Balance at December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $40,000 Note 5—Stockholder’s Equity Preferred Stock—Our board of directors has the authority, without any further action by our stockholders, to issue up to 110,000,000 shares, par value $0.001 per share, of which 10,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were no shares of preferred stock outstanding. Common Stock—On all matters submitted to our stockholders for vote, our common stockholders are entitled to one vote per share, voting together as a single class, and do not have cumulative voting rights. Accordingly, the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors can elect all of the directors standing for election, if they so choose. Subject to preferences that may apply to any shares of preferred stock outstanding, the holders of common stock are entitled to share equally in any dividends, when and if declared by our board of directors. Upon the occurrence of a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of common stock are entitled to share equally in all assets remaining after the payment of any liabilities and the liquidation preferences on any outstanding preferred stock. Holders of common stock have no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights and there are no redemption or sinking funds provisions applicable to the common stock. Shares Reserved—We generally issue previously unissued common stock upon the exercise of stock options, the vesting of restricted stock units and upon granting of restricted common stock awards; however we may reissue previously acquired treasury shares to satisfy these future issuances. Shares of authorized but unissued common stock reserved for future issuance were as follows (in thousands): Common stock: Stock options issued and outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units issued and outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares available for grant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total shares reserved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 1,005 1,869 512 3,386 Stock Plans—On June 12, 2014, upon approval at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, we adopted the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”). The 2014 Plan replaced the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan and 4,500,000 shares were authorized for issuance under the 2014 Plan. The 2014 Plan does not include an evergreen 105 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS provision to automatically increase the number of shares available under it and increases in the number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2014 Plan require stockholder approval. Also, under the 2014 Plan the following shares are not recycled for future grant under the 2014 Plan: (i) shares used in connection with the exercise of an option and/or stock appreciation right to pay the exercise price or purchase price of such award or satisfy applicable tax withholding obligations; and (ii) the gross number of shares subject to stock appreciation rights that are exercised. Furthermore, the 2014 Plan included a provision that prohibits repricing of outstanding stock options or stock appreciation rights and formalized and updated procedures to qualify awards as “performance-based” compensation under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code in order to preserve full tax deductibility of such awards. We previously granted options to purchase shares of our common stock and restricted stock units under our 2006 Equity Incentive Plan and 2005 Stock Plan. The 2006 Equity Incentive Plan was terminated with respect to the grant of additional awards on June 12, 2014, upon adoption of our 2014 Plan. The 2005 Stock Plan was terminated with respect to the grant of additional awards upon the effectiveness of the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan. Our stock options granted under the 2014 Plan generally vest over four years at a rate of 25% after one year and 1/48th per month thereafter. Stock options granted under the 2014 Plan generally expire after seven years from the date of grant. On December 31, 2018, no shares were subject to repurchase. Our restricted stock unit awards granted under the 2014 Plan, 2006 Plan and 2005 Stock Plan generally vest over four years at a rate of 25% after one year and 25% annually thereafter. We have granted market-based restricted stock units to our executive officers and certain members of our senior management team. Each market-based stock unit represents a contingent right to receive certain shares of our common stock upon the attainment of certain stock prices over a four-year performance period. Once a stock price threshold is achieved, the portion of the award related to that threshold will vest on the one-year anniversary of the date of achievement, subject to the employee’s continued service through each vesting date. Compensation expense related to these awards is recognized on an accelerated basis over the requisite service period. The following table summarizes activity under our 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”) for the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands): Shares Available for Grant (1) Shares available for grant December 31, 2017 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units granted (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options granted (3) Restricted stock units cancelled (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares available for grant December 31, 2018 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,409 (827) (317) 198 49 512 (1) Shares available for grant do not include treasury stock shares that could be granted if we determined to do so. Includes grants of restricted stock units with service, performance-based or market-based vesting criteria. Includes grants of stock options with service, performance-based or market-based vesting criteria. Includes cancelled restricted stock units with service, performance-based or market-based vesting criteria. (2) (3) (4) 106 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The following table summarizes stock option activity under the Stock Plans (in thousands, except weighted- average exercise price and weighted-average remaining contractual life data): Number of Stock Options (1) Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) Balance outstanding at December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983 317 (165) (130) Balance outstanding at December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,005 Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercisable at December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953 451 $17.38 $23.42 $16.69 $24.37 $18.34 $18.13 $16.40 4.6 5.0 4.9 3.9 Aggregate Intrinsic Value (2) $ 2,522 $20,226 $19,390 $ 9,987 Includes certain stock options with service, performance-based or market-based vesting criteria. (1) (2) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the product between eHealth’s closing stock price as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 at the exercise price of in-the-money options as of those dates. The following table provides information pertaining to our stock options for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands, except weighted-average fair values): Weighted average fair value of options granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fair value of options vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intrinsic value of options exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12.78 $2,263 $1,461 $9.03 $ 799 $ 430 $ 4.46 $1,243 4 $ The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity under the Stock Plans (in thousands, except weighted-average grant date fair value and weighted-average remaining contractual life data): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Number of Restricted Stock Units 1 Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value Weighted- Average Remaining Service Period Aggregate Intrinsic Value (2) Unvested as of December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,745 846 (524) (198) Unvested as of December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,869 $14.24 $21.14 $14.26 $16.08 $16.95 2.3 $30,313 4.8 $71,816 Includes certain restricted stock units with service, performance-based or market-based vesting criteria. (1) (2) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference of our closing stock price as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 multiplied by the number of restricted stock units outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. 107 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Stock Repurchase Programs—We had no stock repurchase activity during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 or 2016. In addition to 10,663,888 shares repurchased under our past repurchase programs as of December 31, 2018, we had in treasury 762,404 shares that were previously surrendered by employees to satisfy tax withholdings due in connection with the vesting of certain restricted stock units. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had a total of 11,426,292 shares and 11,237,995, respectively, held in treasury. For accounting purposes, common stock repurchased under our stock repurchase programs is recorded based upon the settlement date of the applicable trade. Such repurchased shares are held in treasury and are presented using the cost method. Stock-Based Compensation Expense—The fair value of stock options granted to employees for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was estimated using the following weighted average assumptions: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Expected term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.3 4.3 68.3% 69.8% 65.4% —% —% —% 2.7% 1.8% 1.1% The weighted-average fair value of the market-based options and restricted stock units was determined using the Monte Carlo simulation model using the following weighted average assumptions: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Expected term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted-average grant date fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 1.6 1.6 69.8% 70.9% 67.9% —% —% —% 1.1% 1.7% 2.5% $13.48 $9.42 $9.64 The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense recorded during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): Common stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,991 10,549 $1,863 7,831 $1,015 6,251 Total stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,540 $9,694 $7,266 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 108 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense by operating function for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,974 816 1,675 7,824 251 $1,033 418 1,410 6,833 — $1,237 497 1,836 3,696 — Total stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $12,540 $9,694 $7,266 As of December 31, 2018, there were $4.8 million of total unamortized compensation costs, net of estimated forfeitures, related to stock options, and these costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.8 years. As of December 31, 2018, there were $21.9 million of total unamortized compensation costs, net of estimated forfeitures, related to restricted stock units, and these costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.8 years. During the year ended December 31, 2018, due to changes in our senior management, we accelerated the vesting dates of certain stock options and restricted stock units granted to two former employees. We recorded a $0.5 million incremental stock-based compensation expense in connection with this modification. During the year ended December 31, 2016, due to changes in our senior management, we accelerated the vesting dates of certain stock options and restricted stock units granted to three former employees. We recorded a $0.5 million incremental stock-based compensation expense in connection with this modification. Note 6—Income Taxes The components of our income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes were as follows (in thousands): United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,458 848 $(9,242) 972 $3,087 885 Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . $3,306 $(8,270) $3,972 Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 109 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The federal and state income tax provision (benefit) is summarized as follows (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Current: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5 48 213 266 $ (275) (1,433) 179 (1,529) $ (948) (214) 178 (984) Deferred: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 2,648 (14) 2,799 (28,161) (3,992) (14) 4,306 361 (15) (32,167) 4,652 Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,065 $(33,696) $3,668 In 2018, we had worldwide consolidated income before tax of $3.3 million, and tax expense of $3.1 million, with an annual effective tax rate of 92.7%. Our 2018 effective income tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to a $2.4 million valuation allowance related to state net operating loss carryforwards that are expected to expire unutilized. The effective tax rate of our provision (benefit) for income taxes differs from the federal statutory rate as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Statutory rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State income taxes, net of federal benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-qualified stock option shortfalls (windfalls), net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lobbying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax reform—tax rate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign income tax and income inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-deductible parking expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other permanent differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 23.0 18.3 8.9 (20.4) 21.0% 35.0% 35.0% 31.7 (7.2) 1.9 (29.4) (9.7) 21.6 (9.1) 15.2 (17.1) (1.5) 72.8 — 6.8 3.1 5.9 355.9 2.7 — 0.7 — 10.9 — 2.4 Effective tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.7% 407.6% 92.2% The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Jobs Act”) was passed on December 22, 2017, which has various impacts on our income tax provision. The main impact of the Jobs Act on our provision (benefit) for income taxes is the decrease in our statutory federal income tax rate from 35% to 21%. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we made reasonable estimates of the effects of the Jobs Act and recorded provisional amounts. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we finalized the accounting for the enactment of the Jobs Act, without any material adjustments to our previous estimates. In addition, our tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2018 has been adjusted for other impacts of the Jobs Act including, among other things, certain limitations on deductions, taxes on Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) earned by our China subsidiary and changes to the 110 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Section 162(m) limitation rules for executive compensation. An accounting policy election is allowed to either treat taxes due to GILTI inclusions as a current period expense or account for GILTI in the measurement of deferred tax assets. We have elected to treat GILTI as a current period expense. As such, we have not recognized any deferred taxes related to GILTI. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, together with operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. The tax effects of significant items comprising our deferred taxes as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows (in thousands): Deferred tax assets: Accruals and reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net operating losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Total deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax assets net of valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities: Intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commissions receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fixed assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ 6,349 2,388 61 22,181 4,508 250 35,737 (2,407) 33,330 (710) (80,289) — $ 2,499 2,443 448 12,055 3,569 178 21,192 — 21,192 (1,083) (64,911) (55) Total deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(80,999) $(66,049) Net deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(47,669) $(44,857) As a result of our adoption of ASC 606 using the full retrospective method, we recognized a significant deferred tax liability in our recasted opening balance sheet due to the resulting acceleration of revenue recognition while revenue for tax purposes will continue to be recognized as we collect cash. This deferred tax liability is a source of income that can be used to support the realizability of our deferred tax assets. As a result of the significantly increased deferred tax liability, we reversed the valuation allowance recorded against our U.S. deferred tax assets as of January 1, 2015, the earliest period to which the retrospective adoption of ASC 606 was applied. We continue to recognize all our deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2018, as we believe it is more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets will be fully realized, other than $2.4 million of deferred tax assets related to California net operating losses that is not expected to be realized prior to expiration. Assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets is dependent upon several factors, including the likelihood and amount, if any, of future taxable income in relevant jurisdictions during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. We forecast taxable income by considering all available positive and negative evidence, including our history of operating income and losses and our financial plans and estimates that we use to manage the business. These assumptions require significant judgment about future taxable income. As a result, the amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if 111 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS estimates of future taxable income change. As of December 31, 2018, a partial valuation allowance of $2.4 million is recorded against California net operating losses. The valuation allowance was recorded as a result of increased uncertainty regarding our future taxable income and a lack of sources of other taxable income to realize those net operating losses. We had net operating loss carryforwards at December 31, 2018 of approximately $81.0 million and $82.6 million for federal income tax and state income tax purposes, respectively. Federal and state net operating loss carry forwards begin expiring in 2034 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2018, we had tax credit carry forwards of approximately $3.9 million and $4.9 million for federal income tax and state income tax purposes, respectively. The federal tax credit carryforwards begin expiring in 2021. The state tax credits carry forward indefinitely. Utilization of the net operating loss carryforwards and credits may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership changes that may have occurred or that could occur in the future, as required by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and similar state provisions. These ownership change limitations may limit the amount of net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. In general, an “ownership change” as defined by Section 382 of the Code results from a transaction or series of transactions over a three- year period resulting in an ownership change of more than 50 percentage points (by value) of the outstanding stock of a company by certain stockholders. Our ability to use the remaining net operating loss carryforwards may be further limited if we experience a Section 382 ownership change as a result of future changes in our stock ownership. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of our unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands): Balance at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lapse of statute of limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions based on tax positions related to the current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease based on tax positions related to the prior year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lapse of statute of limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions based on tax positions related to the current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase based on tax positions related to the prior year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lapse of statute of limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions based on tax positions related to the current year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrecognized Tax Benefits $ 6,184 (1,236) 305 5,253 (862) (1,637) 342 3,096 579 (5) 70 Balance at December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,740 Tax positions are evaluated in a two-step process. We first determine whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination. If a tax position meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold it is then measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. 112 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS As of December 31, 2018, the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits was $3.7 million, of which $3.3 million, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2017, the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits was $3.1 million, of which $2.7 million, if recognized, would affect our effective tax rate. We record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2018, the amount accrued for estimated interest related to uncertain tax positions was immaterial. We did not record an accrual for penalties. Included in the balance of income tax liabilities and accrued interest at December 31, 2018 is an immaterial amount related to tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that the statute of limitations will expire in various jurisdictions and income tax exams will close within the next twelve months. We are subject to taxation in various jurisdictions, including federal, state and foreign. Our federal and state income tax returns are generally not subject to examination by taxing authorities for fiscal years before 2007 due to our net operating losses. The examination of our 2009 and 2010 California income tax returns by the California Franchise Tax Board was completed in the first quarter of 2017. We assessed the impact on our unrecognized tax benefits for all open years and recorded any necessary adjustments in the first quarter of 2017. Note 7—Net Income Per Share Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing the net income for the period by the weighted average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalent shares, including options and restricted stock units. The dilutive effect of outstanding awards is reflected in diluted net income per share by application of the treasury stock method. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income per share (in thousands, except per share amounts): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Basic: Numerator: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 241 $25,426 $ 304 Denominator: Net weighted-average number of common stock shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income per share—basic: 19,294 0.01 $ 18,512 1.37 $ 18,272 0.02 $ Diluted: Numerator: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 241 $25,426 $ 304 Denominator: Net weighted average number of common stock shares outstanding . . . . . . . Dilutive effect of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,294 1,115 18,512 535 18,272 42 Total common stock shares used in per share calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income per share—diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,409 0.01 $ 19,047 1.33 $ 18,314 0.02 $ 113 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS For each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we had securities outstanding that could potentially dilute net income per share, but the shares from the assumed conversion or exercise of these securities were excluded in the computation of diluted net income per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. The number of outstanding anti-dilutive shares that were excluded from the computation of diluted net income per share consisted of the following (in thousands): Common stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted stock units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 291 13 304 908 1,296 1,222 768 2,204 1,990 Note 8—Commitments and Contingencies Contingencies From time to time, we receive inquiries from governmental bodies and also may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. We assess contingencies to determine the degree of probability and range of possible loss for potential accrual in our consolidated financial statements. An estimated loss contingency is accrued in the consolidated financial statements if it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal proceedings or other contingencies could result in material costs, even if we ultimately prevail. Legal Proceedings On April 6, 2018, a former California employee filed a complaint against us in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Sacramento. The plaintiff’s complaint was filed pursuant to the California Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004, purportedly on behalf of all current and former hourly-paid or non-exempt employees who work or have worked for us in California. The complaint alleges that we violated a number of wage and hour laws with respect to these non-exempt employees, including, among other things, the failure to comply with California law as to (i) the payment of overtime wages; (ii) the payment of minimum wages; (iii) providing uninterrupted meal and rest periods, (iv) the payment of wages earned during employment and owed upon the termination of employment; (v) providing complete and accurate wage statements, (vi) keeping of accurate payroll records; and (vii) the proper reimbursement for necessary business-related expenses and costs. The complaint seeks allegedly unpaid wages, civil penalties and costs, expenses and attorneys’ fees. Discovery has only recently commenced, and as a result we cannot estimate the likelihood of liability or the amount of potential damages. On May 8, 2018, an individual filed a putative class action complaint against us. The complaint alleges that we violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, 47 U.S.C. § 227(c) and certain provisions of 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200 promulgated thereunder by initiating or causing to be initiated telephone solicitations to telephone subscribers who registered their respective telephone numbers on the National Do Not Call Registry. The complaint alleged, among other things, that we (i) made more than one unsolicited telephone call to Plaintiff and putative class members within a 12-month period without express consent to place such calls in violation of 47 U.S.C. § 227(c)(5); and (ii) initiated calls for telemarketing purposes without instituting procedures that comply with regulatory minimum standards for implementing Do Not Call in violation of 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(d). The complaint sought (i) an order certifying a class of individuals in the United States who (A) received more than one telephone call made by or on behalf of eHealth within a 12-month period; and (B) to a telephone number that 114 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS had been registered with the National Do Not Call Registry for at least 30 days; (ii) an award of actual and statutory damages for each negligent violation to each member of the class pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3)(B); (iii) an award of actual and statutory damages for each knowing and/or willful violation to each member of the class pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3)(A); (iv) an injunction requiring us and our agents to cease all unsolicited telephone activities and otherwise protecting the interest of the class pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3)(A); and (v) pre-judgment and post-judgment interest on monetary relief. A first amended complaint was filed in the action in September 2018 to add an additional plaintiff, and we answered the first amended complaint in October 2018. In October 2018, we also entered into a settlement agreement with the original plaintiff that included a release of the original plaintiff’s individual claims. The second plaintiff dismissed the first amended complaint without prejudice in November 2018. This did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. Operating Lease Obligations We lease our operating facilities and certain of our equipment and furniture and fixtures under various operating leases, the latest of which expires in February 2029. Certain of these leases have free or escalating rent payment provisions. We recognize rent expense on our operating leases on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases, although actual cash payment obligations under certain of these agreements fluctuate over the terms of the agreements. On April 25, 2018, we entered into a lease agreement to lease approximately 32,492 square feet of office space located in Santa Clara, California. We entered into this lease agreement as a result of the upcoming expiration of one of our leases in Mountain View, California on December 31, 2018. The term of the lease is approximately one hundred twenty-three months, commencing on October 1, 2018 and ending on an estimated date of February 28, 2029. As of December 31, 2018, future minimum payments are expected to be $17.2 million over the remaining term of the lease plus our proportionate share of certain operating expenses, insurance costs and taxes for each calendar year during the lease. In connection with the Santa Clara, California lease agreement, we entered into a financial guarantee consisting of a standby letter of credit for $1.5 million, which may be reduced in increments of 20% of the original amount thereof on the second, third, fourth and fifth anniversaries of the commencement date, and may be reduced by an additional 8% of the original amount on the sixth anniversary of the commencement date, subject to our compliance with the applicable conditions to such reductions set forth in the lease. In March 2018, we entered into an agreement to lease 26,878 square feet of office space in Austin, Texas. The term of this lease agreement is 90 months, commencing in September 2018 and ending in May 2026. As of December 31, 2018, future minimum payments are expected to be $4.4 million over the remaining term of the lease plus our proportionate share of certain operating expenses, insurance costs and taxes for each calendar year during the lease. In connection with the Austin, Texas office lease agreement, we entered into a financial guarantee consisting of a standby letter of credit for $0.6 million, which may be reduced on the third and subsequent anniversaries of the commencement date, subject to our compliance with the applicable conditions to such reductions set forth in the lease. In connection with our Mountain View, California lease agreement in March 2012, we entered into a financial guarantee consisting of a standby letter of credit for $0.6 million, which may be reduced in increments of 25% of the original amount thereof on the first, second and third anniversaries of the commencement date, subject to our compliance with the applicable conditions to such reductions set forth in the lease. The remaining balance on the financial guarantee is $0.1 million as of December 31, 2018. 115 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Total rent expense under all operating leases was approximately $5.3 million, $4.6 million and $4.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Service and Licensing Obligations We have entered into service and licensing agreements with third party vendors to provide various services, including network access, equipment maintenance and software licensing. The terms of these services and licensing agreements are generally up to three years. As the benefits of these agreements are experienced uniformly over the applicable contractual periods, we record the related service and licensing expenses on a straight-line basis, although actual cash payment obligations under certain of these agreements fluctuate over the terms of the agreements. The following table presents a summary of our future minimum payments under non-cancellable operating lease agreements and contractual service and licensing obligations as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands): For the Years Ending December 31, Operating Lease Obligations Service and Licensing Obligations Total Obligations 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,804 5,209 3,766 3,878 3,100 10,863 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $31,620 $3,844 2,222 568 18 — — $6,652 $ 8,648 7,431 4,334 3,896 3,100 10,863 $38,272 116 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 9—Operating Segments, Geographic Information and Significant Customers Operating Segments The following table presents summary results of our operating segments for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Revenue Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Individual, Family and Small Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $210,570 40,825 $142,448 48,258 $122,156 71,168 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $251,395 $190,706 $193,324 Segment profit Medicare segment profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Individual, Family and Small Business segment profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 60,844 5,803 $ 22,137 9,573 $ 10,394 33,050 Total segment profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in fair value of earnout liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring (charge) benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense), net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,647 (32,996) (12,289) (2,479) (12,300) (1,865) (76) (2,091) 755 31,710 (26,970) (9,694) (2,837) — — (621) (1,040) 1,182 43,444 (29,073) (7,266) (3,539) — 297 — (1,040) 1,149 $ Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,306 $ (8,270) $ 3,972 There are no internal revenue transactions between our operating segments. Our CODM does not separately evaluate assets by segment, and therefore assets by segment are not presented. Geographic Information Our long-lived assets consist primarily of property and equipment, internally-developed software, goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets and finite-lived intangible assets. All of our intangible assets are located in the United States. Our long-lived assets are attributed to the geographic location in which they are located. Long-lived assets by geographical area as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows (in thousands): United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $70,710 499 $71,209 $32,876 550 $33,426 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 117 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Significant Customers Substantially all revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was generated from customers located in the United States. Carriers representing 10% or more of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are presented in the table below: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Humana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UnitedHealthcare (1) Aetna (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22% 19% 14% 20% 23% 10% 22% 19% 11% (1) UnitedHealthcare also includes other carriers owned by UnitedHealthcare. (2) Aetna includes other carriers owned by Aetna. Note 10—Debt On September 17, 2018, we entered into a Credit Agreement with Royal Bank of Canada (“RBC”), as administrative agent and collateral agent (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for a $40 million secured asset-backed revolving credit facility with a $5 million letter of credit subfacility. The commitments under the Credit Agreement expire on September 17, 2021, at which time any amounts drawn under facility are contractually due. The borrowing base under the Credit Agreement is comprised of an amount equal to (a) the lesser of (i) eighty percent (80%) of Eligible Commissions Receivables (as defined in the Credit Agreement) we actually collected by during the immediately preceding period of three months or (ii) eighty percent (80%) of our Eligible Commission Receivables for the immediately succeeding period of three months, plus (b) fifty percent (50%) of our Eligible Commission Receivables for the immediately succeeding period of six months (excluding the immediately succeeding period of three months), in each case subject to reserves established by RBC (the “Borrowing Base”). The proceeds of the loans under the Credit Agreement may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. The Borrowers have the right to prepay the loans under the Credit Agreement in whole or in part at any time without penalty. Subject to availability under the Borrowing Base, amounts repaid may be reborrowed. Amounts not borrowed under the Credit Agreement will be subject to a commitment fee of 0.5% per annum on the daily unused portion of the credit facility, to be paid in arrears on the first business day of each calendar quarter. At closing, the Company paid a one-time facility fee of 1.75% of the total commitments under the Credit Agreement. The Company is also obligated to pay other customary administration fees for a credit facility of this size and type. Availability under the credit facility is up to the lesser of $40 million or the Borrowing Base, which may be reduced from time to time pursuant to the Credit Agreement. In addition, the Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant requiring that we maintain Excess Availability (as defined in the Credit Agreement) at or above $6 million at any time. As of December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with all debt covenants. We incurred $1.2 million of issuance costs in connection with the Credit Agreement, which were capitalized as part of Other assets on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, we had $5.0 million outstanding principal amount under our revolving credit facility, which was repaid in full in January 2019. 118 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 11—Restructuring Charges In February 2018, our Board of Directors approved a plan to close our sales call center in Massachusetts and to terminate the employment of other employees in certain other locations. As part of this plan, we eliminated approximately 110 full-time positions, representing approximately 10% of our workforce, primarily within customer care and enrollment, and to a lesser extent, in our marketing and advertising and general and administrative groups. We recognized $1.9 million in pre-tax restructuring charges, which included approximately $1.6 million for employee termination benefits and $0.3 million in non-cash accelerated stock-based compensation in the year ended December 31, 2018. The restructuring activities comprising the plan were completed during the three months ended June 30, 2018. The following table summarizes the total cash and non-cash restructuring charges recognized during the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands): Employee termination costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-cash employee termination costs—stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other restructuring related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,605 251 9 Total restructuring charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,865 The following table summarizes the accrued restructuring charges activity during the year ended December 31, 2018 (in thousands): Employee termination costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued restructuring charges—current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2018 Beginning balance Charges Payments Ending balance $— $— $1,605 $(1,605) $1,605 $(1,605) $— $— 119 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 12—Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) Selected summarized quarterly financial information for 2018 and 2017 is as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts): For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) per share: First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Year $43,070 (6,720) (4,845) $ 32,657 (16,920) (12,014) $ 40,751 (15,454) (8,972) $134,917 41,645 26,072 $251,395 2,551 241 Basic (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (0.26) $ (0.26) $ $ (0.63) $ (0.63) $ (0.47) $ (0.47) $ 1.32 1.25 $ $ 0.01 0.01 For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) per share: First Quarter (1) Second Quarter (1) Third Quarter (1) Fourth Quarter (1) Year (1) $41,556 (4,113) 1,080 $ 34,566 (10,468) (1,506) $ 31,466 (15,673) (2,176) $ 83,118 20,802 28,028 $190,706 (9,452) 25,426 Basic (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.06 0.06 $ $ (0.08) $ (0.08) $ (0.12) $ (0.12) $ 1.50 1.47 $ $ 1.37 1.33 (1) As adjusted for the adoption of ASC 606 using the full retrospective method (2) Computed using weighted-average share amounts outstanding for the respective periods presented Note 13—Subsequent Event Public offering of common stock Pursuant to the effective registration statement which was filed on December 17, 2018, and amended on January 22, 2019, we entered into an underwriting agreement to issue 2,400,000 shares of common stock, which included the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option to purchase 360,000 additional shares of common stock, at a price to the public of $48.50 per share in January 2019, for a total of 2,760,000 shares issued in connection with the offering. Net proceeds from the offering were approximately $126.2 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and estimated expenses of the offering. We intend to use the net proceeds of the offering for general corporate purposes, including working capital. Note 14—Adoption Impact of New Revenue Standard As discussed in Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09 in 2014, which, as amended, created ASC 606. The core principle of ASC 606 is that an entity shall recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The standard also contains significant new disclosure requirements regarding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. We adopted ASC 606 effective January 1, 2018, on a retrospective basis. We have applied the standard to all contracts. We reviewed our sales compensation plans, which are directed at converting leads into approved members, and concluded that they are fulfillment costs and not costs to obtain a contract with a health insurance carrier, 120 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS which we define as our customer. Additionally, we reviewed compensation plans related to personnel responsible for identifying new health insurance carriers and entering into contracts with new health insurance carriers and concluded that no incremental costs are incurred to obtain such contracts. The following tables present the impact of the adoption of ASC 606 on our previously reported historical results for the periods presented (in thousands): 2017 Balance Sheet Impact December 31, 2017 As Reported ASC 606 Adoption Adjustment As Adjusted Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commissions receivable—current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 40,293 9,894 — 4,845 $ — $ 40,293 1,475 109,666 4,305 (8,419) 109,666 (540) Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commissions receivable—non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible assets, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,032 — 4,705 7,317 7,540 14,096 100,707 169,751 — (30) — — 155,739 169,751 4,705 7,287 7,540 14,096 Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 88,690 $270,428 $ 359,118 Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued marketing expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes—non-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other non-current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholders’ equity: 3,246 15,498 4,088 3,815 26,647 — 900 $ — $ — 605 (1,807) (1,202) 45,089 1,020 3,246 15,498 4,693 2,008 25,445 45,089 1,920 Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in-capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock, at cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 281,706 (199,998) (20,796) 201 — — — 225,520 1 30 281,706 (199,998) 204,724 202 Total stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,143 225,521 286,664 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 88,690 $270,428 $ 359,118 121 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2017 Income Statement Impact Statement of Operations Revenue: Year Ended December 31, 2017 ASC 606 Adoption Adjustment As Reported As Adjusted Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $158,424 13,931 $ 18,459 (108) $176,883 13,823 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating costs and expenses: 172,355 18,351 190,706 Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income, net Income (loss) before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit from income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,273 65,874 59,183 32,889 39,969 621 1,040 201,849 (29,494) 327 (29,167) (3,755) (1,691) — — — — — — (1,691) 20,042 855 20,897 (29,941) 582 65,874 59,183 32,889 39,969 621 1,040 200,158 (9,452) 1,182 (8,270) (33,696) Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (25,412) $ 50,838 $ 25,426 Net income (loss) per basic share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) per diluted share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ (1.37) (1.37) $ $ 2.74 2.70 $ $ 1.37 1.33 122 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2016 Income Statement Impact Statement of Operations Revenue: Year Ended December 31, 2016 ASC 606 Adoption Adjustment As Reported As Adjusted Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $170,850 16,110 $ 6,384 (20) $177,234 16,090 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating costs and expenses: 186,960 6,364 193,324 Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Customer care and enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technology and content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring charges (benefit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total operating costs and expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income, net Income (loss) before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,176 72,213 48,718 32,749 35,216 (297) 1,040 192,815 (5,855) 102 (5,753) (871) (2,314) — — — — — — (2,314) 8,678 1,047 9,725 4,539 Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (4,882) $ 5,186 Net income (loss) per basic share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) per diluted share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ (0.27) (0.27) $ 0.29 $ 0.29 862 72,213 48,718 32,749 35,216 (297) 1,040 190,501 2,823 1,149 3,972 3,668 304 0.02 0.02 $ $ $ 123 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2017 Operating Segment Impact Year Ended December 31, 2017 As Reported ASC 606 Adoption Adjustment As Adjusted Revenue Medicare segment revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Individual, Family and Small Business segment revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . $102,584 69,771 $ 39,864 (21,513) $142,448 48,258 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $172,355 $ 18,351 $190,706 Segment profit (loss) Medicare segment profit (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Individual, Family and Small Business segment profit $ (18,760) $ 40,897 (20,854) 30,427 $ 22,137 9,573 Total segment profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income, net 11,667 (26,969) (9,694) (2,837) (621) (1,040) 327 20,043 (1) — — — 855 31,710 (26,970) (9,694) (2,837) (621) (1,040) 1,182 Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (29,167) $ 20,897 $ (8,270) 2016 Operating Segment Impact Year Ended December 31, 2016 As Reported ASC 606 Adoption Adjustment As Adjusted Revenue Medicare segment revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Individual, Family and Small Business segment revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 80,269 106,691 $ 41,887 (35,523) $122,156 71,168 Total revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $186,960 $ 6,364 $193,324 Segment profit (loss) Medicare segment profit (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Individual, Family and Small Business segment profit $ (33,141) $ 43,535 (34,855) 67,905 $ 10,394 33,050 Total segment profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restructuring (charge) benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income, net 34,764 (29,071) (7,266) (3,539) 297 (1,040) 102 8,680 (2) — — — — 1,047 43,444 (29,073) (7,266) (3,539) 297 (1,040) 1,149 Income (loss) before provision (benefit) for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (5,753) $ 9,725 $ 3,972 124 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2017 Cash Flow Impact—Operating Activities Operating activities Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities: Year Ended December 31, 2017 As Reported ASC 606 Adoption Adjustment As Adjusted $(25,412) $ 50,838 $ 25,426 Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of internally developed software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of book-of-business consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other non-cash items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commissions receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued marketing expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued restructuring charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,837 1,464 1,167 1,040 9,694 (401) (101) (681) — (1,933) (1,866) 4,578 (3,070) (574) — (2,283) — — (1,167) — — (29,940) — 1,154 (21,640) — — — (295) 108 — 942 2,837 1,464 — 1,040 9,694 (30,341) (101) 473 (21,640) (1,933) (1,866) 4,578 (3,365) (466) — (1,341) Net cash used in operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(15,541) $ — $(15,541) 125 EHEALTH, INC. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2016 Cash Flow Impact—Operating Activities Operating activities Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Year Ended December 31, 2016 As Reported ASC 606 Adoption Adjustment As Adjusted $(4,882) $ 5,186 $ 304 Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of internally developed software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of book-of-business consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other non-cash items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in operating assets and liabilities: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commissions receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued marketing expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued restructuring charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,539 936 1,649 1,040 7,266 114 (233) 434 — (486) 2,227 (3,466) (3,540) 567 (433) (649) — — (1,649) — — 4,538 90 1,129 (8,032) — — — (366) 20 — (916) 3,539 936 — 1,040 7,266 4,652 (143) 1,563 (8,032) (486) 2,227 (3,466) (3,906) 587 (433) (1,565) Net cash provided by operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,083 $ — $ 4,083 126 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Our Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on management’s evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 based on the guidelines established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Our internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Based on the results of our evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. We reviewed the results of management’s assessment with our Audit Committee. Ernst & Young LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued a report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, which is presented below. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls Our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, believes that our disclosure controls and our internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and are effective at the reasonable assurance level. However, our management does not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not 127 absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. 128 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of eHealth, Inc. Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited eHealth, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, eHealth, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the 2018 consolidated financial statements of the Company and our report dated March 13, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. 129 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Redwood City, California March 13, 2019 130 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 131 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information concerning our directors, executive officers, compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and corporate governance required by this Item 10 of Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to all employees, including our principal executive officer, Scott Flanders, principal financial officer, Derek Yung, and all other executive officers. The code of ethics is available on the about us/investor relations/corporate governance page of our website at www.eHealth.com. A copy may also be obtained without charge by contacting investor relations, attention Vice President of Investor Relations, 2625 Augustine Drive, Second Floor, Santa Clara, CA, 95054 or by calling (650) 584-2700. We plan to post on our website at the address described above any future amendments or waivers of our Code of Conduct. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by Item 11 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by Item 12 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information required by Item 13 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information required by Item 14 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the information contained in the Definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is expected to be filed within 120 days after our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018. 132 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) We have filed the following documents as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: PART IV 1. Consolidated Financial Statements Information in response to this Item is included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 2. Financial Statement Schedules All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, not required or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto. 3. Exhibits See Item 15(b) below. (b) Exhibits—We have filed, or incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference, the exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (c) Financial Statement Schedule—See Item 15(a) above. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY None. 133 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES March 13, 2019 eHealth, Inc. /S/ SCOTT N. FLANDERS Scott N. Flanders Chief Executive Officer /S/ DEREK N. YUNG Derek N. Yung Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on March 13, 2019. Signature Title /S/ SCOTT N. FLANDERS Scott N. Flanders /S/ DEREK N. YUNG Derek N. Yung Ellen O. Tauscher /S/ MICHAEL D. GOLDBERG Michael D. Goldberg /S/ RANDALL S. LIVINGSTON Randall S. Livingston /S/ JACK L. OLIVER III Jack L. Oliver III /S/ ANDREA BRIMMER Andrea Brimmer Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Chairperson of the Board of Directors Director Director Director Director 134 Exhibit Number 2.1 3.1 3.2 4.1 10.1* 10.2* 10.3* 10.4* 10.5* 10.6* 10.7 EXHIBIT INDEX Incorporation by Reference Herein Description of Exhibit Form Date Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) January 16, 2018 Purchase Agreement dated January 16, 2018 by and among eHealth, Inc., Wealth, Health and Life Advisors, LLC (d/b/a GoMedigap), WHL Advisors, Inc., Qavah Ventures, LLC, Richard Cantu, Kevin Walbrick, and Kevin Walbrick as the exclusive member representative thereunder Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) November 17, 2008 Form of the Registrant’s Common Stock Certificate Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) June 28, 2006 Form of Indemnification Agreement entered into between the Registrant and its directors and officers Employment Agreement, dated May 31, 2016, between Scott N. Flanders and eHealth, Inc. Employment Agreement, dated July 11, 2016, between David Francis and eHealth, Inc. Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) August 8, 2016 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) August 8, 2016 Form of Severance Letter with Robert Hurley Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) August 8, 2016 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) August 7, 2018 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) September 19, 2018 Letter Agreement, dated November 17, 2005, between Jack L. Oliver III and the Registrant Employment Agreement, dated June 4, 2018, between Derek Yung and eHealth, Inc. Credit Agreement, dated September 17, 2018, by and among eHealth, Inc., eHealthInsurance Services, Inc., Wealth, Health and Life Advisors, LLC, PlanPrescriber, Inc., Royal Bank of Canada and other lenders identified therein 135 Exhibit Number 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.12.1 10.12.2 10.12.3 10.12.4 Description of Exhibit Form Date Incorporation by Reference Herein Security Agreement, dated September 17, 2018, by and among eHealth, Inc., eHealthInsurance Services, Inc., PlanPrescriber, Inc., Wealth, Health and Life Advisors, LLC, and Royal Bank of Canada Guaranty, dated September 17, 2018, by and between PlanPrescriber, Inc. and Royal Bank of Canada Lease Agreement, dated March 29, 2018, between Ascentris-116b, LLC and eHealth, Inc. Lease Agreement, dated April 25, 2018, between Augustine Bowers LLC and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Lease Agreement, dated May 2004, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Brian Avery, Trustee of the 1983 Avery Investments Trust, as amended First Amendment to Lease Agreement, effective as of May 15, 2009, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Brian Avery, Trustee of the 1983 Avery Investments Trust Second Amendment to Lease Agreement, effective as of August 5, 2010 between eHealth Insurance Services, Inc. and Brian Avery, Trustee of the 1983 Avery Investments Trust Third Amendment to Lease Agreement, effective as of July 8, 2011, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Brian Avery, Trustee of the 1983 Avery Generations Trust Fourth Amendment to Lease Agreement, effective as of July 13, 2018, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Brian Avery, Trustee of the 1983 Avery Investments Trust Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) September 19, 2018 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) September 19, 2018 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) April 2, 2018 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) April 30, 2018 Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) April 25, 2006 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) May 21, 2009 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) August 18, 2010 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) July 12, 2011 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) November 6, 2018 136 Incorporation by Reference Herein Description of Exhibit Form Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) Date April 25, 2006 Exhibit Number 10.13 10.13.1 10.13.2 10.13.3 10.13.4 10.13.5 Standard Lease Agreement, dated June 10, 2004, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Gold Pointe E LLC, as amended Fourth Amendment to Standard Lease Agreement (Office), effective as of November 6, 2007, between eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. and Carlsen Investments, LLC Sixth Amendment to Lease and Acknowledgment to Standard Lease Agreement, dated August 29, 2012, between Carlsen Investments, LLC and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Seventh Amendment to Lease and Acknowledgment to Standard Lease Agreement, dated August 6, 2014, between Carlsen Investments, LLC and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Eighth Amendment to Standard Lease Agreement (Officer) and Partial Termination of Lease dated June 23, 2016 between Carlsen Investments, LLC and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Ninth Amendment to Lease and Acknowledgment to Standard Lease Agreement (Office) dated August 17, 2016 between Carlsen Investments, LLC and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) November 7, 2007 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) August 31, 2012 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) August 8, 2014 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) June 28, 2016 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) August 22, 2016 137 Incorporation by Reference Herein Description of Exhibit Form Registration Statement on Form S-l, as amended (File No. 333-133526) Date April 25, 2006 Exhibit Number 10.14 10.14.1 10.14.2 10.14.3 Office Lease Contract, dated March 31, 2006, among Xiamen Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Finance Services Center, Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd.; Appendix 1 to Office Lease Contract; and Property Management Service Contract, dated April 4, 2006, between Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Appendix 3 to Office Lease Contract, dated November 25, 2007, among Xiamen Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Finance Services Center, Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Amendment Two to Property Management Service Contract, effective January 16, 2008, between Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Appendix 4 to Office Lease Contract, dated March 27, 2008, among Xiamen Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Finance Services Center, Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 17, 2008 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 17, 2008 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) May 12, 2008 138 Incorporation by Reference Herein Description of Exhibit Form Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) Date May 21, 2009 Exhibit Number 10.14.4 10.14.5 10.14.6 10.14.7 10.14.8 10.14.9 Appendix 5 to Office Lease Contract, dated May 19, 2009, among Xiamen Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Finance Services Center, Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Office Lease Contract, dated September 23, 2009, among Xiamen Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Finance Services Center, Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Property Management Service Contract, effective September 24, 2009, between Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. and eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. Supplemental Agreement, effective as of April 1, 2013, between eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. and Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. Supplemental Agreement, effective as of September 9, 2013, between eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. and Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. Supplemental Agreement, effective as of September 1, 2014, between eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. and Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) November 9, 2009 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) November 9, 2009 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) May 15, 2013 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) August 8, 2014 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) September 22, 2014 139 Exhibit Number 10.14.10 10.14.11 10.15 10.15.1 10.15.2 10.15.3 10.16 10.16.1 10.16.2 10.16.3 Description of Exhibit Form Date Incorporation by Reference Herein Supplemental Agreement, effective as of September 15, 2014, between eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. and Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. Supplemental Agreement, effective as of September 1, 2015, between eHealth China (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd. and Xiamen Software Industry Investment & Development Co., Ltd. Lease Agreement, dated March 23, 2012, between 340 Middlefield, LLC and eHealth, Inc. First Amendment to Lease Agreement, effective as of May 28, 2013, between 340 Middlefield, LLC and eHealth, Inc. Sublease, dated November 2, 2018, between JJ Lake Corporation and eHealth, Inc. Consent to Sublease, dated November 27, 2018, by and among 340 Middlefield, LLC, JJ Lake Corporation and eHealth, Inc. Office Lease, dated May 7, 2012, between Lake Pointe Three, LC, and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Subordination, Non-Disturbance and Attornment Agreement dated as September 14, 2016 by and among Deutsche Bank, AG, SLC Lake Pointe Equities LLC and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Amendment No. 1 to Lease, dated August 17, 2017, between SLC Lake Pointe SPE LLC and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Amendment No. 2 to Lease, dated December 12, 2017, between SLC Lake Pointe SPE LLC and eHealthInsurance Services, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) September 22, 2014 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) August 7, 2015 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) March 27, 2012 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) May 29, 2013 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) November 30, 2018 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) November 30, 2018 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) August 9, 2012 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) November 8, 2016 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) August 22, 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 19, 2018 140 Exhibit Number 10.17* 10.18* 10.19* 10.19.1* 10.19.2* 10.19.3* 10.19.4* 10.19.5* 10.19.6* 10.19.7* 10.19.8* Incorporation by Reference Herein Description of Exhibit Form Date Executive Bonus Plan Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) November 7, 2017 eHealth, Inc. Performance Bonus Plan Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-33071) April 28, 2014 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant, as amended and restated June 15, 2010 Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement (Initial Director Grant) under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement (Annual Director Grant) under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Unit Grant and Stock Unit Agreement under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Initial Outside Director Stock Unit Grant Under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Annual Outside Director Stock Unit Grant Under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) June 21, 2010 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 21, 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 21, 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 21, 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 21, 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 13, 2009 Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 13, 2009 Form of Outside Director Stock Unit Agreement Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) Form of Notice of Stock Unit Grant and Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) March 13, 2009 May 6, 2011 141 Exhibit Number 10.19.9* 10.20* 10.20.1* 10.20.2* 10.20.3* 10.20.4* 10.20.5 10.20.6 10.20.7* Incorporation by Reference Herein Description of Exhibit Form Form of Notice of Stock Unit Grant and Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) Date May 7, 2013 2014 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-33071) April 28, 2014 Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Unit Grant and Stock Unit Agreement under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Unit Grant and Stock Unit Agreement (Initial Director Grant) under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Unit Grant and Stock Unit Agreement (Annual Director Grant) under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement (People’s Republic of China) under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Unit Grant and Stock Unit Agreement (People’s Republic of China) under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registrant Form of Notice of Stock Unit Grant and Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan of the Registration Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-196675) June 11, 2014 Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-196675) June 11, 2014 Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-196675) June 11, 2014 Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-196675) June 11, 2014 Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-196675) June 11, 2014 Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-196675) June 11, 2014 Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-33071) March 23, 2015 142 Incorporation by Reference Herein Description of Exhibit Form Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) Date August 8, 2016 Exhibit Number 10.20.8* 10.20.9* 10.20.10* 10.20.11* 10.21* 10.21.1* Form of Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan of eHealth, Inc. Form of Notice of Stock Unit Grant and Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan of eHealth, Inc. Notice of Stock Option Grant and Stock Option Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) granted to Scott N. Flanders on June 3, 2016 Notice of Stock Unit Grant and Stock Unit Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) granted to Scott N. Flanders on June 3, 2016 Form of Deferral Election Form for Newly Eligible Individual with Existing Awards Form of Deferral Election Form for Eligible Individual for Award to be Granted in the Next Calendar Year Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) August 8, 2016 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) August 8, 2016 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) August 8, 2016 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) November 6, 2015 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-33071) November 6, 2015 21.1 List of Subsidiaries Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-33071) March 19, 2018 23.1 † 31.1 † 31.2 † Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Certification of Scott N. Flanders, Chief Executive Officer of eHealth, Inc., pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Derek N. Yung, Chief Financial Officer of eHealth, Inc., pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a —14(a) and 15d —14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 143 Exhibit Number 32.1‡ 32.2‡ Description of Exhibit Form Date Incorporation by Reference Herein Certification of Scott N. Flanders, Chief Executive Officer of eHealth, Inc., pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Derek N. Yung, Chief Financial Officer of eHealth, Inc., pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002 † ‡ * Filed herewith. Furnished herewith. Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. 144 CORPORATE INFORMATION Corporate Headquarters eHealth, Inc. 2625 Augustine Drive, Second Floor Santa Clara, CA 95054 Phone: 650-584-2700 Fax: 650-961-2110 Website: www.ehealth.com Annual Meeting eHealth’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders is scheduled to be held at 8:30 a.m. PDT, Tuesday, June 11, 2019, at the Garden Court Hotel, 520 Cowper Street, Palo Alto, CA 94301 Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Ernst & Young LLP Redwood City, CA Outside Counsel Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati PC Palo Alto, CA Transfer Agent Computershare Investor Services Louisville, KY Stockholder Inquiries Phone: 877-373-6374 Website: www.computershare.com/investor eHealth Stock Since its initial public offering in October 2006, eHealth’s common stock has been listed on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol EHTH. Investor Relations For further information about eHealth, Inc., additional copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, or other financial information, please contact: t e n . t o v i p g b w w w . i / s r e n t r a P t o v i P g B y b n g i s e D i t r o p e R l a u n n A Kate Sidorovich 2625 Augustine Drive, Second Floor Santa Clara, CA 95054 Phone: 650-210-3111 eHealth and eHealthInsurance are registered trademarks of eHealth, Inc. in the United States. Additional information is available on eHealth’s website: www.ehealth.com Executive Officers Scott N. Flanders Chief Executive Officer and Director David K. Francis Chief Operating Officer Timothy C. Hannan Chief Marketing Officer Robert S. Hurley President, Carrier and Business Development Derek N. Yung Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer Ian J. Kalin Chief Technology Officer Board of Directors Ellen O. Tauscher Chairperson of the Board of Directors Regent, University of California and former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California’s 10th Congressional District and Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs Andrea C. Brimmer Enterprise Chief Marketing and Public Relations Officer, Ally Financial Inc. Scott N. Flanders Chief Executive Officer and Director Michael D. Goldberg Executive Chairman, DNAnexus, Inc. Randall S. Livingston Chief Financial Officer and Vice President for Business Affairs, Stanford University Jack L. Oliver III Senior Advisor, Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner LLP and Managing Partner, Dock Square Capital LLC 2625 Augustine Drive, 2nd Floor Santa Clara, CA 95054 www.ehealth.com 

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