Elbit Systems Ltd.
Annual Report 2023

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F (Mark One) □ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 Commission File No. 0-28998 OR ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR ☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Not Applicable (Translation of Registrant’s name into English) Israel (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) Advanced Technology Center, Haifa 3100401, Israel (Address of principal executive offices) Dr. Yaacov Kagan, E-mail: kobi.kagan@elbitsystems.com, Tel. 972-77-294-6663, Fax:972-4-8316659 Advanced Technology Center, P.O. Box 539 , Haifa 3100401, Israel Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act. (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person) Title of each class Ordinary Shares, nominal value 1.0 New Israeli Shekel per share Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered ESLT The NASDAQ Global Select Market Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act. Not Applicable (Title of Class) Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act. Not Applicable (Title of Class) Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report. 44,453,850 Ordinary Shares. Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☒ Yes □ No Note - Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. □ Yes ☒ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes □ No ☒ Yes □ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☒ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer Emerging growth company ☐ ☐ If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. † The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ Yes     □ No If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: U.S. GAAP ☒ International Financial Reporting ☐ Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board Other ☐ If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. □ Item 17 □ Item 18 If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No Table of Contents Item Description General Disclosure Standards Cautionary Statement with Respect to Forward-Looking Statements Item 1. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 4A. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 8. Item 9. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Item 15. Item 16A. Item 16B. Item 16C. Item 16D. Item 16E. Item 16F. Item 16G. Item 16H. Item 17. Item 18. Item 19. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable Key Information Information on the Company Unresolved Staff Comments Operating and Financial Review and Prospects Directors, Senior Management and Employees Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions Financial Information. The Offer and Listing Additional Information Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds. Controls and Procedures Audit Committee Financial Expert Code of Ethics Principal Accountant Fees and Services Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant Corporate Governance Mine Safety Disclosure Financial Statements Financial Statements Exhibits Page 1 1 2 2 3 17 36 37 60 79 80 81 81 97 99 99 99 100 101 101 101 102 102 102 102 103 106 106 107 PART I General Disclosure Standards The consolidated financial statements of Elbit Systems Ltd. (Elbit Systems) included in this annual report on Form 20-F are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). Unless otherwise indicated, all financial information contained in this annual report is presented in U.S. dollars. References in this annual report to the “Company”, “we”, “our”, “us” and terms of similar meaning refer to Elbit Systems and our subsidiaries unless the context requires otherwise. The name “ELBIT SYSTEMS”, and our logo, brand, product, service and process names appearing in this document, are the trademarks of the Company or our affiliated companies. All other brand, product, service and process names appearing in this document are the trademarks of their respective holders and appear for informational purposes only. Reference to or use of any third-party mark, product, service or process name herein does not imply any recommendation, approval, affiliation or sponsorship of that or any other mark, product, service or process name. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel or otherwise any license or right under any patent, copyright, trademark or other intellectual property right of the Company or any of our affiliated companies. Cautionary Statement with Respect to Forward-Looking Statements This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act), Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), and the Israeli Securities Law, 1968, as amended (the Israeli Securities Law). These statements relate to our current plans, estimates, strategies, goals, beliefs, intents, expectations, assumptions and projections about future events and as such do not relate to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. Forward-looking statements contained herein generally are identified by the words “anticipate”, “intend”, “believe”, “estimate”, “project”, “expect”, “will likely result”, “strategy”, “plan”, “may”, “should”, “will”, “would”, “will be”, “will continue” and similar expressions, and the negatives thereof. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks and uncertainties, the outcomes of which cannot be predicted. Therefore, actual future results, performance and trends may differ materially from these forward-looking statements due to a variety of factors, including, without limitation: • • • • • • • • governmental regulations and approvals; changes in governmental priorities (including budgeting) or policies; general market, political and economic conditions in the countries in which we operate or sell, including Israel and the United States, among others, or which may affect the global economy, including worldwide conflicts such as the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine; implications of conflicts in the Middle East, including the “Swords of Iron” war and any future developments related thereto; global or national health considerations, including the outbreak of a pandemic or contagious disease; the development and launch of our products, or their market acceptance; our projected expenses and capital expenditures; differences in anticipated and actual program performance, including the ability to perform under long-term fixed- price contracts; 1 • • • • • • • • • • • fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; the scope and length of customer contracts; our ability to achieve strategic goals from acquisitions of businesses and the risks associated with the integration of such businesses; our ability to protect our proprietary information; our ability to avoid, withstand and/or recover from cyber-attacks on our systems; the effect of competitive products, technology and pricing; our ability to attract, incentivize and retain key employees; changes in applicable tax rates; changes in interest rates; inventory write-downs and possible liabilities to customers from program cancellations, including due to political relations between Israel and countries where our customers may be located; and the outcome of legal and/or regulatory proceedings and changes in legislation. The factors listed above are not all-inclusive, and further information about risks and other factors that may affect our future performance is contained in this annual report on Form 20-F. All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this annual report, unless otherwise indicated. Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements contained in this annual report are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. We expressly disclaim any obligation to update or review any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required by applicable law. Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers. Information not required in annual report on Form 20-F. Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable. Information not required in annual report on Form 20-F. 2 Item 3. Key Information. 3A. [Reserved] 3B. Capitalization and Indebtedness Information not required in annual report on Form 20-F. 3C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds Information not required in annual report on Form 20-F. Risk Factors We attempt to identify, manage and mitigate risks to our business. However, some of these risks are not within our control, and risks and uncertainty cannot be fully eliminated or predicted. Prior to investing in our ordinary shares you should carefully consider the following risk factors as well as other information contained in this annual report. The risk factors presented below may not necessarily be in order of importance or probability of occurrence. Risks Related to Our Operations A cyber or security attack or other similar incident resulting in a breach, disruption or failure in our or our supply chain's digital environment could adversely affect us. Our operations depend heavily on the continued and secure functioning of our varied digital environment software and hardware that stores, processes and transmits data within the Company and from and to us and our business partners. This digital environment is subject to breach, damage, destruction, disruption, malfunction or failure from, among other things, cyber-attacks and other unauthorized intrusions, power losses, telecommunications failures, earthquakes, fires and other natural disasters. We are continuously subjected to attempted cyber-attacks, ranging from standard phishing mails to sophisticated campaigns. Our computer and communications systems, databases and users face ongoing threats of malicious software (malware), social engineering, distributed denial of service (DDoS), malicious code, zero-day vulnerabilities and other security threats and system disruptions carried out by different threat actors. For example, in June 2022, our monitoring and protection systems detected a cyber-incident at our U.S. subsidiary involving unauthorized access by a ransomware group to our subsidiary's network that resulted in disclosure of certain personal data and a minimal amount of non-critical business data. The incident was contained through the implementation of various measures, including the immediate shut-down of the network, which was gradually restored. Relevant authorities were notified by our subsidiary. We believe this incident did not have a material impact on the Company. In particular, we are targeted by experienced and skilled computer programmers and hackers, including those sponsored by or acting for foreign governments or terrorist organizations. Such programmers and hackers attempt to penetrate or circumvent our cyber security defenses, obtain data and damage or disrupt our digital environment in order to, among other things, misappropriate or compromise our intellectual property or other proprietary or protected information or that of our employees, customers and other business partners, prevent us from being able to use such information in our operations or demand that we pay ransom. Our suppliers are also sometimes subject to cyber-attacks, which pose a risk to those of our systems and operations that are dependent on such suppliers. Governmental and other end users and customers are increasingly requiring us and our supply chain to meet specific computer system cyber protection and information assurance requirements and standards as a pre-condition to receive customer program- related information and enter into business contracts. We devote significant resources to configure, operate, maintain, monitor, upgrade and improve the security of our systems and databases and to meet applicable customer requirements regarding their protection. However, despite our efforts to secure our systems and databases and meet cyber protection and information assurance requirements, such as by adding data security obligations and data breach notification requirements in our agreements with certain third-party service providers, due to the complex and evolving nature of the cyber security risk landscape, we and our suppliers may still face system failures, data breaches, loss of intellectual property and interruptions in our operations, or fail to meet customer requirements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. For information about our cybersecurity risk management, strategy and governance, see Item 16K. Cybersecurity. 3 We may experience production delays, discontinuation of supply or liability if suppliers fail to make compliant or timely deliveries. The manufacturing process for some of our products largely consists of the assembly, integration and testing of purchased components. Some components are available from a small number of suppliers, and in a few cases a single source (sometimes due to limitations we, the Israeli government, the U.S government or others apply with respect to purchase from certain sources). Limited sources of supply, as well as any discontinuation of supply, could result in added costs and manufacturing delays. Moreover, if our subcontractors fail to meet their design, delivery schedule, information assurance, regulatory compliance or other obligations, we could be held liable by our customers, and we may be unable to obtain full or partial recovery from our subcontractors for those liabilities. Similar implications can result from disruptions in transportation and shipping of supplies which could cause delays and increase costs. Worldwide geopolitical conditions, such as the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the related sanctions have resulted in a general increase in these risks. These conditions have also resulted in worldwide shortages and supply chain disruption, thereby causing additional procurement costs to the Company and delays in our production. Furthermore, the “Swords of Iron” war and increased tensions in the Middle East have also caused supply chain disruptions due to limitations on export to Israel as well as limited transportation by air and sea and subsequent increase in costs of purchasing and shipping materials. We are working to mitigate these risks, including by increasing our inventories, however we cannot eliminate all potential impacts to our business. The foregoing disruptions could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. We could be adversely affected if we are unable to recruit and retain key employees and corresponding knowledge. Our success depends on key management, engineering, scientific and technical personnel and our continuing ability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Over the past few years, we have witnessed growing competition for the services of such personnel and an increase in the costs required for the recruitment and retention of qualified personnel, particularly in certain engineering areas. We face risks related to business operations, research and development, as well as risks of losing knowledge and expertise through the loss of key employees, including due to geopolitical considerations. Moreover, our competitors may hire and gain access to the expertise of our former employees. The loss of key employees and the failure to attract highly qualified personnel in the future, as well as the failure to maintain and continue to develop knowledge relevant to technological innovation, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. We face execution risks. In recent years, the Company has experienced a considerable increase in demand for its products resulting in strong order growth. This growth may continue if global demand for the Company's products and solutions is sustained. To address the strong demand for its products and solutions, Elbit has decided to invest additional resources in its manufacturing facilities, recruit additional employees and make additional adjustments such as updating working procedures and processes and information technology systems. If the Company fails to adequately plan for or continuously address the increased demand for its products and solutions due to, for example, insufficient levels of work force, materials or components and/or lacking the required infrastructure, it may not be able to fulfill its existing contracts on schedule or may not be able to enter into new contracts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. We face acquisition and integration risks. From time to time we make equity or asset acquisitions and investments in companies and technology ventures. Such acquisitions generally are intended to achieve various strategic initiatives including the expansion of our product or service offerings, technical capabilities or customer base. See Item 4. Information on the Company – Mergers, Acquisitions and Divestitures. These acquisitions involve risks and uncertainties such as: • • • • our pre-acquisition due diligence may fail to identify material risks or we may fail to accurately estimate the commercial and technical value of the acquired assets; significant acquisitions may negatively impact our financial results, including cash flow and financial liquidity; significant goodwill assets recorded on our consolidated balance sheet from prior acquisitions are subject to impairment testing, and unfavorable changes in circumstances could result in impairment to those assets; acquisitions may result in significant additional unanticipated costs associated with unforeseen risks, price adjustments or write-downs; • we may not integrate newly-acquired businesses and operations in an efficient and cost-effective manner; • relocation, combination or upgrade of facilities of acquired businesses may be more costly or time consuming than planned; 4 • we may fail to achieve the strategic objectives, synergies, cost savings, financial and other benefits expected from acquisitions; • the technologies acquired may not prove to be those needed to be successful in our markets, may be less mature or less relevant than anticipated, may not have adequate intellectual property rights protection or may infringe proprietary rights of others; • we may assume significant liabilities and exposures that exceed the enforceability or other limitations of applicable indemnification provisions, if any, or the financial resources of any indemnifying parties, including indemnity for intellectual property (IP), tax or regulatory compliance issues, such as anti-corruption and environmental compliance, that may result in us incurring successor liability; • we may fail in identifying or transferring some of the assets that are required for the operation of the acquired businesses or fail to retain key employees of the acquired businesses; • the attention of senior management may be diverted from our existing operations, or we may spend significant financial and management resources on potential acquisitions that do not materialize; • we may be exposed to potential shareholder claims or conflicts if we acquire an interest in a publicly traded company or become a shareholder with partial holdings in a private company; • certain of our newly acquired operating subsidiaries in various countries could be subject to more restrictive regulations by the local authorities after our acquisition, including regulations relating to foreign ownership of, and export authorizations for, local companies (which have become more stringent in recent years), which could adversely impact the acquisition's value; and • we may lose expertise and knowledge if key employees are not retained for a sufficient period of time. We cannot ensure that these risks or other unforeseen factors will not offset the intended benefits of the acquisitions, and such risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Our operations may be negatively impacted by international health pandemics. In recent years, the Covid-19 pandemic has adversely impacted the global economy, the markets in which we operate and our operations, including a slow-down in our commercial aviation business. The pandemic's macro-economic implications included disrupted transportation networks and global supply chains and shortages of components, which have caused us increased costs and extended lead times, and also prompted us to increase our inventories. The emergence of new variants or other pandemics, as well as possible governmental responsive actions, such as quarantines, lockdowns, restrictions on holding large-sale events and travel restrictions, could create business disruptions for us and our customers, supply chain and other business partners, potentially resulting in cessation, reduction or delay of business and an increase of our costs and may also impact government priorities and budgets and the demand for our products. These could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. We may be affected by failures of our prime contractors. We often act as a subcontractor, and a failure of a prime contractor to meet its obligations may affect our ability to receive payments under our subcontract. Undetected problems in our products or manufacturing processes and misuse of our products could impair our financial results and give rise to potential product liability, breach of contract or other claims. We offer a wide portfolio of products and solutions, which is routinely being updated and adjusted. From time to time, we encounter unintentional defects or malfunctions in our products and solutions, or deficiencies in the manufacturing processes of such products and solutions. In addition, we often rely on subcontractors to design and manufacture some components that are embedded in our systems. In the event of defects in the design, production or testing of our or our subcontractors’ products and systems, including our products and solutions sold for safety purposes in the homeland security and commercial aviation areas, or if the cyber protection measures included in our products and solutions do not operate as intended, we could face substantial repair, replacement, delays or service costs, potential liability and damage to our reputation. Similar issues could arise if we fail to timely implement and maintain our manufacturing processes or if a defected part affects our development, production and operation infrastructures. In addition, we must comply with regulations and practices to prevent the use of parts and components that are considered as counterfeit or that violate third-party intellectual property rights. Our efforts to implement appropriate design, manufacturing and testing processes for our products or systems may not be sufficient to prevent such occurrences. We could also be subject to claims if our products are intentionally or unintentionally misused. We may not be able to obtain product liability or other insurance to fully cover such risks in a cost-effective manner, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. 5 We may face labor relations disputes or not be able to amend collective bargaining agreements in a timely manner. We are party to collective bargaining agreements that cover a substantial number of our employees, a number which could increase, for example, as a result of future acquisitions of companies. We have faced and may in the future face attempts to unionize additional parts of our organization. Disputes with trade unions or other labor relations difficulties, as well as failure to timely amend or extend collective bargaining agreements, could lead to labor disputes, slow downs, strikes and other measures, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. For further information, see Item 6. – Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Employees – Collective Bargaining Agreements. Our business could be adversely affected by climate change, regulatory requirements and market responses thereto. Global climate change could increase the risks of natural disasters and hazards, such as earthquakes, flooding, fires, rising temperatures and sea levels. The impacts of such events could affect our operations and facilities, as well as those of our suppliers and customers, and increase our operational costs. Current or future insurance arrangements may not provide protection for costs that may arise from such events, particularly if such events are catastrophic in nature. In addition, increased focus on climate change in recent years has led to emerging regulation and new policy requirements by various authorities around the world, including with respect to greenhouse gas emissions. New and evolving laws and regulations such as recently adopted SEC rules on climate-related disclosures, could mandate different or more restrictive standards than those currently in effect, could require us to change our methods of operation and make additional capital investments, or could result in legal and regulatory proceedings against us. We are currently evaluating the impact of these new rules and regulations on our Company. See also “Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Requirements – Our operations may expose us to liabilities under various environmental protection, health and safety laws and regulations” below. Climate change, as well as Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) in general, has also become the focus of investors, advisory service providers, financial institutions, some of our business partners and other market participants, including some of our customers, and those groups are increasingly evaluating our environmental, social and governance practices, disclosures and performance before making investments and other business decisions. The effects and costs of climate change, or any failure to meet related requirements and evolving stakeholder expectations in connection with ESG, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Risks Related to Our Markets and Industry Our future success in a competitive industry depends on our ability to develop new offerings and technologies. The markets we serve are highly competitive and characterized by rapid changes in technologies and evolving industry standards. In addition, some of our systems and products are installed on platforms that may have a limited life or become obsolete. Unless we develop new offerings or enhance our existing offerings, we may be susceptible to loss of market share resulting from the introduction of new or enhanced offerings by our competitors. We compete with many large and mid-tier defense, homeland security and commercial aviation contractors on the basis of system performance, cost, overall value, delivery and reputation. Many of these competitors are larger and have greater resources than us, and therefore may be better positioned to take advantage of economies of scale and develop new technologies. Some of these competitors are also our suppliers in some programs. Accordingly, our future success will require that we: • • • • • • • identify emerging technological trends; identify additional uses for our existing technology to address customer requirements; develop, upgrade and maintain competitive products and services; add innovative solutions that differentiate our offerings from those of our competitors; bring solutions to the market quickly at cost-effective prices; develop working prototypes as a condition to receiving contract awards; and structure our business, through joint ventures, teaming agreements and other forms of alliances, to reflect the competitive environment. 6 We need to continually invest significant human capital and financial resources to pursue these goals, and there can be no assurance that adequate resources will continue to be available to us or be prioritized for these purposes. We may experience difficulties that delay or prevent our development, introduction and marketing of new or enhanced offerings, and such new or enhanced offerings may not achieve adequate market acceptance. Moreover, new technologies or changes in industry standards or customer requirements could render our offerings obsolete or unmarketable. Any new offerings and technologies are likely to involve costs and risks relating to design changes, the need for additional capital and new production tools, satisfaction of customer specifications, adherence to delivery schedules, specific contract requirements, supplier performance, customer performance and our ability to predict program costs. New products sometimes lack sufficient demand or experience technological problems or production delays. Our customers frequently require demonstrations of working prototypes prior to awarding contracts for new programs or require short delivery schedules which sometimes causes us to purchase long-lead items or materials in advance of the contract award, without any certainty of receiving the award. Moreover, due to the design complexity of our products, we sometimes experience delays in developing and introducing new products. Such delays sometimes result in increased costs and development efforts, deflect resources from other projects or increase the risk that our competitors may develop competing technologies that gain market acceptance in advance of our products. If we fail in our new product development efforts, or our products or services fail to achieve market acceptance more rapidly than the products or services of our competitors, our ability to obtain new contracts could be negatively impacted. Any of the foregoing costs and risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Our revenues depend on a continued level of government business. We derive most of our revenues directly or indirectly from government agencies, mainly the Israeli Ministry of Defense (IMOD), the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and other military or governmental authorities of various countries, pursuant to contracts awarded to us under defense and homeland security-related programs. The funding of these programs could be reduced or eliminated due to numerous factors, including geopolitical events and macro-economic conditions, as well as changes in policies or priorities of a specific government or security pacts between several governments. As a result, our current orders from such governmental customers may be subject to modifications and terminations, and our future orders may be reduced, due to factors over which we have no or little control. In some cases, such developments, as well as other changes relating to specific markets or customers, may lead to our exit from certain business operations, which could also result in asset impairment. On March 5, 2024, the Company reported an expected write-off in the fourth quarter of 2023 of approximately $18 million related to the restructuring and closing of an underperforming subsidiary with limited synergies to the Company. A reduction or elimination of government spending under current contracts with us and changes in future spending priorities, and our discontinuation of certain business operations, could cause a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. We face risks in our international operations. We derive a significant portion of our revenues from international sales. Entry into new markets as well as changes in international, political, economic or geographic conditions could cause significant reductions in our revenues. In addition to the other risks from international operations set forth elsewhere in these risk factors, some of the risks of doing business internationally include international trade sanctions, imposition of tariffs and other trade barriers and restrictions. Imposition of import restrictions or tariffs by any government could lead to retaliatory actions by other countries with broad effects in many industries and economies internationally. Broad-based international trade conflicts, as well as conflicts involving the State of Israel, such as the “Swords of Iron” war, could have negative consequences on the demand for our products and services outside Israel as well as on exports from other countries to Israel (including by our suppliers) (see “Conditions in Israel and the Middle East may affect our operations” below). Some of our global subsidiaries and their employees and business partners are also subject from time to time to protests and vandalism that are aimed against Israel, Elbit and Israeli defense contractors. Other risks of doing business internationally include political and economic instability in the countries of our customers and suppliers, changes in diplomatic and trade relationships, increasing instances of terrorism worldwide and armed conflicts, some of which may be affected by Israel’s overall political situation (see “Risks Related to Our Israeli Operations and Environment” below). Although we generally do not conduct business in Russia and Ukraine, an escalation or expansion of this conflict could continue to affect additional regions and increase the volatility of global economic conditions. In addition, sanctions by the Israeli government, the U.S. government or by other governments or international organizations that apply with respect to our counterparties to certain contracts may make it difficult or impossible to complete these or other related contracts. Trade restrictions applied by the Israeli government with respect to certain countries sometimes also limit our sales to other governments that did not apply the same restrictions. All of these could, in turn, affect our business. As of the date of this annual report we are unable to predict the full impact of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine nor the “Swords of Iron” war on the economy or on our business and operations. Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. 7 We face increasing requirements for industrial participation and localization by many of our customers. In recent years, there has been a growing trend in numerous countries to encourage work with local industries, including through various incentives and budgetary allocations. Examples include a preference for purchasing from domestic suppliers and requirements for cooperation with local entities, including transfer of technologies and production lines. Adhering to such a trend often involves complex operational issues and investments in facilities and subsidiaries in the local country. In addition, a number of our international programs require us to meet “Industrial Participation” or offset obligations, which involve additional costs. See Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Off-Balance Sheet Transactions. If we fail to successfully collaborate with our business partners to meet requirements for cooperation with local entities, or to meet our Industrial Participation or offset obligations, we could be subject to contractual penalties or termination and our ability to obtain new business could be negatively impacted. This could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Due to consolidation in our industry, we are likely to compete with certain potential customers. As the number of companies in the defense industry has decreased in recent years, the market share of some prime contractors has increased. Some of these companies are vertically integrated with in-house capabilities similar to ours in certain areas. Thus, at times we could be seeking business from certain of these prime contractors, while at other times we could be competing with some of them. Decisions to consolidate business by these major contractors or our failure to maintain good business relations with them could negatively impact our business. Certain of our contracts may be terminated by our customers. Our contracts with customers may be terminated, amended or delayed by our customers for various reasons, including for their convenience. Such terminations, amendments or delays which the Company from time to time faces, may be due to factors over which we have little or no control (see also “Our revenues depend on a continued level of government business” above). In some cases, termination would eliminate our right to payment under the contract and could also cause additional expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. On March 5, 2024, the Company reported an expected write-off in the fourth quarter of 2023 of approximately $34 million related to a discontinued project. We are subject to risks associated with artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. We currently incorporate AI capabilities into some of our products and solutions and in our business operations, and we may do so more in the future. The rapid pace and complexity of AI development may require the investment of resources for us to remain competitive, and we may not receive sufficient returns if we are not successful in achieving the outcomes we expect. In addition, our competitors may incorporate AI into their products more quickly or more successfully than us, which could impair our ability to compete effectively (see also “Our future success in a competitive industry depends on our ability to develop new offerings and technologies” above). Because AI is a developing technology, with a developing legal framework, use of AI may expose us to additional liability as well as technological, operational, legal, regulatory and other risks, particularly if the AI we adopt produces errors, causes infringement or otherwise does not function as intended. All of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Financial-Related Risks We face currency exchange risks. We generate a substantial amount of our revenues in currencies other than the U.S. dollar (our financial reporting currency), mainly New Israeli Shekels (NIS), Great Britain Pounds (GBP), Euro, Brazilian reals and Australian dollars, and we incur a substantial amount of our expenses (primarily human resources, operational and supply chain expenses) in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, mainly NIS. To the extent we derive our revenues or incur our expenses in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, we are subject to exchange rate fluctuations between the U.S. dollar and such other currencies. For example, we are sometimes negatively affected by exchange rate changes during the period from the date we submit a price proposal until the date of contract award or until the date(s) of payment. Certain currency derivatives we use to hedge against exchange rate fluctuations may not fully protect against sharp exchange rate fluctuations, and in some cases we are not be able to adequately and cost-effectively hedge against all exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, our international operations expose us to the risks of price controls, restrictions on the conversion or repatriation of currencies, or even devaluations or hyperinflation in the case of currencies issued by countries with unstable economies. All of these currency-related risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. See below “Risks Related to Our Israeli Operations and Environment – We may be affected by changes in Israel’s economy” and Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Impact of Inflation and Exchange Rates. We may be adversely affected by increased levels of inflation and interest rates. Disruptions and volatility in the global economy and financial markets in recent years have put upward pressure on prices, causing widespread inflation. In response to rising inflation, central banks in the markets in which we operate, including the Bank of Israel and the United States Federal Reserve, have raised interest rates and tightened their monetary policies. Both domestic and international markets experienced significant inflationary pressures and rising interest rates during financial year 2022. Despite a degree of moderation in 2023, the levels of inflation and interest rates remained high. In addition, the Company's debt level increased in 2023. As a result, the Company's borrowing costs have significantly increased. 8 Even if the moderation continues, the decrease in inflation and interest rates may not be rapid and thus inflation and interest rates may remain at a relatively high level for a period, causing the Company additional considerable costs, such as costs of supplies and human resources, mainly under long-term fixed-price contracts. High interest rates could also cause an additional significant increase in our borrowing costs on existing debt subject to variable interest rates and new debt that we may issue, could affect the fair value of our investments and may further expose us to currency exchange risks. See also “We face currency exchange risks” above and “We face risks relating to financing for our operations and issuing guarantees” below. A global environment of high levels of inflation and interest rates and concurrent increased costs may also continue to impact our customers’ purchasing power, budgets, priorities and our industry overall. Interest rate increases or other government actions taken to reduce inflation could also slow borrowing and spending, thereby placing economic markets at risk of recession, which could also affect the performance of our business partners under our joint projects. All of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. We face risks of cost overruns in fixed-price contracts. Most of our contracts are fixed-price contracts, under which we generally assume the risk that increased or unexpected costs may reduce profits or generate a loss. The risk of adverse effects on our financial performance from such increased or unexpected costs can be particularly significant under fixed-price contracts for which changes in estimated gross profit/loss are recorded on a “cumulative catch-up basis”. See Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – General – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Revenue Recognition and Item 18. Financial Statements - Note 2S. The costs which typically fluctuate under our fixed-price contracts relate to internal design and engineering efforts, system or product certification processes and purchase of materials and components. In some cases we underestimate the costs to be incurred in a fixed-price contract, and experience a loss on the contract. Losses due to increased or unexpected costs in fixed-price contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. We have risks relating to pre-contract costs. We sometimes participate in “risk-sharing” contracts, or incur pre-contract costs relating to specific anticipated contracts or delivery orders, in which our non-recurring costs or other costs that are pre-contract costs, are only recoverable if the contract or order is actually awarded or if there is a sufficient level of sales for the applicable product, which typically is not guaranteed. In some cases the anticipated contract is not awarded or sales do not occur at the level anticipated, and as a result, we are not able to recover our non-recurring or pre-contract costs. Such pre-contract costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. We face fluctuations in revenues and profit margins. Our revenues may fluctuate between periods due to changes in pricing, sales volume or project mix. Moreover, because certain of our project revenues are recognized upon achievement of performance milestones, such as units-of-delivery/point-in-time revenue recognition, we sometimes experience fluctuations in year-to-year and quarter- to-quarter financial results, which may be significant. Similarly, our profit margin may vary significantly during the course of a project as a result of changes in estimated project gross profits that are recorded in results of operations on a cumulative catch-up basis pursuant to the percentage-of-completion accounting method due to judgment and estimates that are complex and are subject to a number of variables (such as the complexity of the required work, length of performance, labor productivity, availability of materials, execution by our suppliers, and payments by our customers). See Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – General – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Revenue Recognition and Item 18. Financial Statements – Note 2S. As a result, our financial results for prior periods may not provide a reliable indicator of our future results. In addition, because of the significance of management’s judgments and estimation processes mentioned above, it is likely that materially different amounts could be recorded if we used different assumptions or if the underlying circumstances were to change. Changes in underlying assumptions, circumstances or estimates may adversely affect our future results of operations and financial condition. Our backlog of projects under contract is subject to unexpected adjustments, delays in payments and cancellations. Our backlog includes revenue we expect to record in the future from signed contracts and certain other commitments. Many projects may remain in our backlog for an extended period of time due to the size or long-term nature of the contract. In addition, from time to time, for reasons beyond our control (including economic conditions, exchange rate fluctuations or customer needs), projects are delayed, scaled back, stopped or cancelled, or customers delay making payments, which may adversely affect the revenue, profit and cash flow that we ultimately receive from contracts reflected in our backlog. We have risks related to our debt obligations. In connection with our bank credits and loans, our notes listed on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange and the Commercial Paper we issued in Israel, we are subject to certain restrictions and are obligated to meet certain covenants. These restrictions affect, and may limit or eliminate, our ability to plan for or react to market conditions, meet capital needs or otherwise carry out our activities or business plans. Our ability to comply with the terms of our financing arrangements can be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial market and industry conditions, and we cannot assure that we will be able to comply when required. These terms could limit our ability to take advantage of financing, mergers and acquisitions or other opportunities. A breach of any restrictive covenants in our financing agreements, as well as our failure to repay our debts or maintain our rating, could result in an event of default 9 under those agreements, which could in turn lead to acceleration of the debts, cross-defaults, and other penalties. These could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. For additional information on our debt see Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Financial Resources; Israeli Series B, C and D Notes and – Israeli Commercial Paper. We have risks related to the inherent limitations of internal control systems. We are subject to a range of requirements relating to internal control over financial reporting. Despite our internal control measures, we may still be subject to financial reporting errors or even fraud, which we may not detect. A control system, which is increasingly based on computerized processes, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives are met. In addition, the benefit of each control must be considered relative to its cost, and the design of a control system must reflect such reasonable resource constraints. Implementation of changes or updates to our control systems, including implementation of our enterprise resource planning (ERP) system at additional sites worldwide, may encounter unexpected difficulties and delays. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Further, controls can be circumvented by individual acts, by collusion of two or more persons or by management overriding the controls. Over time, a control may be inadequate because of changes in conditions or the degree of compliance with applicable policies or procedures may deteriorate. See Item 15. Controls and Procedures. Failure to maintain effective internal controls, and possible investigations or sanctions by regulatory authorities, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. We face risks relating to financing for our operations and issuing guarantees. A number of our major projects require us to arrange, or to provide, guarantees in connection with a customer’s financing of a specific project. These include commitments by us as well as guarantees provided by financial institutions relating to advance payments received from customers. Customers typically have the right to draw down against advance payment guarantees in the event of a default claim under the applicable contract. In addition, some customers require that contract payment periods be extended for a number of years, sometimes beyond the period of contract performance. We may face difficulties in issuing guarantees or providing financing for our programs, including in cases where a customer encounters impaired ability to continue to comply with extended payment terms. Moreover, our balance sheet could reflect increased leverage if we were required to provide significant financing for our programs. See Item 4. Information on the Company – Financing Terms. In some of our projects, we are exposed to the credit risks of our customers (see Item 4. Information on the Company – Financing Terms). We sometimes seek to protect all or part of our financial exposure by various measures such as insurance, however, such measures may not always be available in a cost-effective manner, may not fully cover our risks and may not be maintained through the entire program term. In addition, we sometimes assist our customers with obtaining financing from third parties. Such financing is normally insured but when insurance does not cover our full exposure, a customer's failure to pay us may result in a write-off and additional costs to the Company. In an inflationary climate, we are also required to enter loan commitments with higher interest rates than comparable loan commitments in the past (see above – “We may be adversely affected by increased levels of inflation and interest rates”). Our borrowings under variable interest rate instruments expose us to interest rate risk. As interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on our variable rate indebtedness will increase even though the amount borrowed remains the same, and our net income and cash flows, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, will correspondingly decrease. Difficulties in obtaining financing at attractive rates could impact our ability to adequately meet our business needs or execute our growth strategy. Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse affect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. 10 Our effective tax rate may be subject to fluctuations. Our worldwide effective tax rate could fluctuate as a result of several factors, many of which are outside of our control, including: (i) changes in the mix of revenues and income we derive from the jurisdictions where we operate that have different statutory tax rates; (ii) amendments to tax laws and regulations and changes in interpretations in the jurisdictions where we operate; and (iii) tax assessments, including any related tax interest or penalties, which could significantly affect our income tax expense for the period in which the assessments take place. In addition, our tax returns are periodically audited or subject to review by tax authorities in the various jurisdictions in which we operate around the world. Moreover, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has introduced the base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) project. Increases in our effective tax rates from the above factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Changes to tax laws or classifications in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate could materially affect us and our shareholders. Tax laws, including tax rates, in the jurisdictions in which we operate are often unsettled and may be subject to significant changes. For example, the U.S. tax reform enacted in 2022 (informally titled the Inflation Reduction Act) introduced a number of significant changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules. The OECD’s BEPS project has resulted in wide-ranging and continuous changes in the principles of international taxation and the tax laws in individual countries, including the new Global Minimum Tax rules (GLOBE) introduced in 2021 (referred to as “Pillar 2”). Pillar 2 rules contemplate changes to numerous international tax principles and national tax incentives and enforce other arrangements such as a minimum effective tax liability. Governments have been translating the Pillar 2 rules into specific national tax laws, as previously done with respect to BEPS, and Pillar 2 is effective as of financial year 2024, in certain countries, but not including Israel. These changes, when adopted by individual countries, could adversely affect our financial position, including our provision for income taxes. At this stage we cannot assess the impact of the new rules on our financial results. In February 2022, the Council of the European Union updated its grey list, which includes countries that do not yet comply with all international tax standards but have committed to implementing reforms, to add Israel and nine other countries. In February 2024, the grey list was updated and Israel was removed therefrom, and stated to be cooperating with the EU and having no pending commitments. In order to be considered as cooperative for tax purposes, jurisdictions are required to meet the following criteria: tax transparency, fair taxation, and anti-BEPS measures. European entities engaging with countries listed on the grey or black lists may be subject to certain restrictions. Changes in tax laws, policies, treaties or regulations, and their interpretation or enforcement, are unpredictable. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. In addition, changes to tax laws, their interpretation or our classification under them can result in adverse consequences to our shareholders. For example, in case Elbit Systems is treated as a Passive Foreign Investment Company (a PFIC), during any taxable year during which a U.S. Shareholder (as defined in Item 10. Additional Information – Taxation – United States Federal Income Tax Considerations) holds our ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences and additional reporting requirements could apply to that U.S. Shareholder. Based on our audited financial statements and relevant market and shareholder data, we do not believe we were treated as a PFIC with respect to our 2023 or 2022 taxable year and do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year or in the reasonably foreseeable future. However, whether we are a PFIC is a factual determination that must be made at the close of each year and is based on factors that may be outside of our control, including, among other things, the valuation of our ordinary shares and assets, which will likely change from time to time. See Item 10. Additional Information – Taxation – United States Federal Income Tax Considerations. Funding obligations to our pension plans could reduce our liquidity. Funding obligations for certain of our pension plans are impacted by the performance of the financial markets and interest rates. When interest rates are low, or if the financial markets do not provide expected returns, we are required to make additional contributions to these pension plans. Volatility in the equity markets or actuarial changes in mortality tables can change our estimate of future pension plan contribution requirements. See Item 18. Financial Statements – Notes 2R and 17. Our business involves risks that may not be adequately covered by insurance. Our business involves the development and production of products and systems for customers around the world. These products and systems can involve new technologies that are not yet fully tested. In addition, in some cases our insurance policies contain exclusions from coverage such as war and terror and cybersecurity incidents. We may not be able to obtain product liability or other insurance to fully cover our risks in a cost-effective manner, and the monetary amount of our insurance coverage may not fully cover the liabilities we may incur from our activities, which could be substantial and could harm our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. In addition, conditions in the global insurance market may make it more costly to obtain adequate insurance coverage in areas such as directors and officers (D&O) liability insurance. 11 Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Requirements We are subject to government procurement and anti-bribery/corruption rules and regulations. We are required to comply with government contracting rules and regulations relating to, among other things, cost accounting, sales of various types of munitions, anti-bribery and procurement integrity, which increase our performance and compliance costs. See Item 4. Information on the Company – Governmental Regulation. Our supply chain is also required to comply with many of these regulations. We engage in certain markets considered to have high bribery and corruption risks. Investigations by government agencies have become more frequent in a number of countries, including Israel and the U.S. Failure to remain up to date with applicable regulatory changes around the world or to fully comply with these rules and regulations (as well as applicable sanctions regulations, such as those relating to Russia), whether directly or indirectly, could result in the modification, termination or reduction of the value of our contracts, additional costs, the assessment of penalties and fines against us, our suspension or debarment from government contracting or subcontracting for a period of time or criminal sanctions against us or our office holders, employees, supply chain or customers, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. We depend on governmental approvals for international sales, procurement and acquisitions. Our international sales, as well as our international procurement of skilled human resources, technology, software and hardware, depend largely on export authorizations and other approvals from the governments of Israel, the U.S. and other countries. See Item 4. Information on the Company – Governmental Regulation. In some cases, we are unable to obtain certain approvals and approvals granted to us may expire or be revoked. If we, our customers or our suppliers fail to obtain or comply with certain approvals in the future, or if certain approvals previously obtained are revoked or expire and are not renewed due to factors such as changes in political conditions, increasing stringency of international export control requirements or imposition of sanctions, our ability to sell our products and services to overseas customers and our ability to obtain goods and services essential to our business could be interrupted, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. In addition, most countries require local governmental approval for acquisitions of domestic defense and homeland security- related businesses, which may be denied, or subject to unfavorable conditions or to conditions that could increase ongoing expenses, if the local government determines that the acquisition is not in its national interest. Such regulations are becoming more stringent in a number of countries. We may also be unable to obtain antitrust approvals for certain acquisitions as our operations expand. Failure to obtain such governmental approvals could negatively impact our future business and prospects. Our operations may expose us to liabilities under various environmental protection, health and safety laws and regulations. Our operations are affected by environmental protection, health and safety requirements. Recent years have been characterized by a substantial increase in the stringency and enforcement of legal provisions and regulatory requirements in these areas and the cost of compliance with such regulatory changes. Changes in laws and regulations around the world may limit or otherwise affect the use of our products or impact our manufacturing processes, due to environmental protection, health, safety, or other considerations. These include, among other things, regulations regarding the storage and handling of hazardous materials, including munitions, used in our operations. See Item 4 – Information on the Company – Governmental Regulation – Environmental, Health and Safety Regulations. Standards adopted in the future, such as those related to greenhouse gas emissions, may require us to modify our methods of operation, which may necessitate additional resources. Failure to meet such standards may also affect our position in obtaining new business or investments (see also “Risks Related to Our Operations – Our business could be adversely affected by climate change, regulatory requirements and market responses thereto” above). Some of our operations involve inherent risks of physical injury, such as manufacturing and testing of our systems and platforms, as well as handling of hazardous materials including munitions and explosives. Despite our implementation of prevention measures and other efforts to protect the safety of our employees, we sometimes face accidents, resulting in physical injuries and damage to equipment, facilities and the environment. We are also sometimes required or otherwise choose to implement remediation measures to comply with environmental protection and health and safety requirements. Furthermore, some of our business licenses are for fixed periods and must be renewed from time to time. Renewal of such permits is not certain and is sometimes made contingent on additional environmental, health and safety conditions and costs. In connection with some of our operations, we are sometimes subject to certain procedures and orders under environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. In case of violation or liability under such laws and regulations, including with respect to any contamination or our storage, manufacture, testing or handling of munitions and explosives, as a result of our inability to obtain permits, or due to human error, accident, equipment failure or other causes, we could be subject to fines, costs, civil or criminal sanctions, face property damage or personal injury claims or be required to incur substantial investigation or remediation costs. These factors could cause disruptions in our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. 12 Our business depends on proprietary technology that may be infringed or disclosed without our authorization. Many of our systems and products depend on our proprietary technology for their success. Like other technology-oriented companies, we rely on a combination of IP, some of which is not formally protected. Our formally protected IP includes patents, trade secrets, copyrights and trademarks. We also utilize non-disclosure agreements, confidentiality provisions in sales, procurement, employment and other agreements and technical measures to establish and protect proprietary rights in our products. Our ability to successfully protect our IP may be limited because: • • • • • • IP laws in certain jurisdictions may be relatively ineffective; detecting infringements and enforcing proprietary rights may be difficult due to unavailability of details of competitors' technology and may divert management’s attention and company resources; contractual measures such as non-disclosure agreements and confidentiality provisions may afford only limited protection; our patents may expire, thus providing competitors access to the applicable technology; competitors may independently develop products that are substantially equivalent or superior to our products or circumvent our IP rights; and IP not formally protected may be misappropriated or leaked to our competitors. In addition, sometimes third parties register patents in technologies relevant to our business areas and assert infringement claims against us. The cost of defending against infringement claims could be significant, regardless of whether the claims are valid. If we are not successful in defending such claims, we may be prevented from using or selling certain products of ours, be liable for damages and required to make adjustments to our software, technology or products, or to obtain licenses, which may not be available on reasonable terms, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. We are subject to laws and contractual obligations regarding data protection. Certain information we receive and maintain regarding our employees and third parties is subject to various local and national laws regarding privacy and data protection. Many of these laws are rapidly evolving and increasingly rigorous. In addition, we are frequently subject to contractual obligations requiring us to protect the confidential information of customers. A failure or perceived failure by us to comply with laws, industry standards or contractual obligations regarding the protection of data could subject us to enforcement actions and other litigation by customers and governmental authorities, fines, damages and negative publicity. These could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Other Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares Our share price may be volatile and may decline. Numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control and unrelated to our operating performance or prospects, may cause the market price of our ordinary shares to fluctuate significantly. Factors affecting market price include, but are not limited to: (i) variations in our operating results and ability to achieve our key business targets; (ii) sales or purchases of large blocks of stock; (iii) changes in securities analysts’ earnings estimates or recommendations; (iv) differences between reported results and those expected by investors and securities analysts; and (v) changes in our business including announcements of new contracts or other major events by us or by our competitors. In addition, we could be subject to securities class action litigation following periods of volatility in the market price of our ordinary shares. Other general factors and market conditions that could affect our stock price include but are not limited to changes in: (i) the market’s perception of our business; (ii) the businesses, earnings estimates or market perceptions of our competitors or customers; (iii) the outlook for the defense, homeland security and commercial aviation industries; (iv) general market, economic or health (including pandemics) conditions unrelated to our performance; (v) the legislative or regulatory environment; (vi) government defense spending or appropriations; (vii) military or defense activities and conflicts locally and worldwide; (viii) the level of national or international hostilities; and (ix) the general geopolitical environment. A significant increase in our share price can also increase our payment obligations under our stock price-linked employee compensation plans (as occurred in 2022 in respect of our 2018 Phantom Plan). 13 We have a major shareholder with significant influence over certain matters requiring shareholder approval. As of March 15, 2024, Federmann Enterprises Ltd. (FEL) owns approximately 44.03% of our ordinary shares, directly and indirectly. Therefore, subject to shareholder approval special majority requirements under the Israeli Companies Law - 1999, as amended (the Companies Law) and our articles of association, FEL may have significant influence over the outcome of matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors. Michael Federmann, who serves as a member of our board of directors, is (through entities under his control) the controlling shareholder of FEL, and he is also the chair of the board and the chief executive officer of FEL. Therefore, Mr. Federmann controls, directly and indirectly, the vote of our ordinary shares owned by FEL. See below – Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Board Practices – Appointment of Directors and – External Directors, Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions – Major Shareholders and Item 10. Additional Information – Approval of Certain Transactions and – Provisions Relating to Major Shareholders. Risks Related to Our Israeli Operations and Environment Conditions in Israel and the Middle East may affect our operations. Political, economic and military conditions in Israel and the Middle East directly affect our operations. Since the establishment of the State of Israel, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and some of its Arab neighbors. Although the recent Abraham Accords have enhanced Israel's relations with certain countries in the Middle East, an ongoing state of hostility, varying in degree and intensity, has caused security and economic problems for Israel, and for Israeli businesses and employees. Political, economic and military conditions in Israel and the Middle East could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. On October 7, 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of brutal attacks on civilian and military targets. Hamas also launched extensive rocket attacks on the Israeli population and industrial centers located along Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip and in many other parts of Israel. Israel has also been attacked by other terrorist organizations on different fronts, including from Lebanon, which have prompted military responses from Israel. Following the attacks, the State of Israel declared a state of war, which is ongoing. See Item 4. Information on the Company – Conditions in Israel – “Swords of Iron” War. While Elbit has experienced a material increase in orders from the IMOD since the start of the “Swords of Iron” war, at the same time the war has caused operational disruptions due to mobilization of personnel for reserve duty (also see below – “Many of our employees and some of our officers are obligated to perform military reserve duty in Israel”), evacuation of facilities for security and safety reasons and supply chain disruptions. As a result, we have relocated certain production lines from areas of the country that were evacuated, recruited additional employees, increased monitoring of our global supply chain to identify delays, shortages and bottlenecks, increased inventories and rescheduled deliveries to certain of our customers as necessary. The macro-economic effects of the war also include shortages of certain materials, limitations on transportation, and resulting increases in costs. The war may also have adverse effects on our reputation, cause delays in performance of orders, cause damages to our facilities and restrict our business activities with third parties. If the war is prolonged or escalates further, for example by expanding to additional fronts or becoming a broader regional conflict, the negative effects on our business may increase. The full extent of the effects of the war on the Company's performance will depend on future developments that are difficult to predict at this time and the risks related to the war could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Many of our employees and some of our officers are obligated to perform military reserve duty in Israel. Generally, Israeli citizens and permanent residents are obligated to perform ongoing military reserve duty up to a specified age. Reserve soldiers may also be called to active military duty at any time under emergency circumstances, for extended periods. During the “Swords of Iron” war, a considerable number of our employees were called for reserves duty – as of December 31, 2023, approximately 15% of our work force in Israel had been mobilized. Since December the number of employees mobilized has decreased to approximately 7% as of March 15, 2024, and could fluctuate depending on future developments. In accordance with Israeli law, effective as of March 15, 2024, employees on reserve duty continue to be fully paid by the Company, while the National Insurance Institute refunds the Company for their salaries, up to a certain statutory ceiling (which is sometimes lower than the salaries we pay to such employees) with no refund provided for additional employment costs. As a result, the Company has incurred, and will likely continue to incur, costs in respect of its employees who are called to reserve duty for which it is not fully indemnified by the government. For further details see below Item 4. Information on the Company – Conditions in Israel – National Insurance Institute. Although the Company has recruited additional employees to limit the effect of reserve call-ups on its business operations, the absence of our employees, as well as those of certain of our suppliers, for extended periods could cause delays in our programs and operations, and this, as well as the costs incurred by the Company, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. 14 Political relations could limit our ability to sell or buy internationally. We could be adversely affected by the interruption or reduction of trade between Israel and its trading partners. Some countries, companies and organizations continue to participate in a boycott of Israeli firms, other firms doing business with Israel and Israeli-owned companies operating in other countries. These actions have increased since the commencement of the “Swords of Iron” war. In addition, foreign government defense export policies towards Israel could also make it more difficult for us to obtain the export authorizations necessary for our activities. See above “Risks Related to Our Markets and Industry”. Restrictive laws, policies or practices directed towards Israel or Israeli businesses or a decision to reduce trade with Israeli businesses could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Reduction in Israeli government spending or changes in priorities for defense products may adversely affect our earnings. The Israeli government may reduce its expenditures for defense items or change its defense or other priorities in the coming years. In addition, the Israeli defense budget may be adversely affected if there is a reduction in U.S. foreign military assistance. See above “Risks Related to Our Markets and Industry”. Any of the foregoing circumstances could have an adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operation and cash flow. Extended periods without a stable coalition government could adversely affect the Israeli defense budget. Between 2019 and 2023, Israel has undergone five elections, with the most recent election held in November 2022. This has led to frequent changes in the composition of the government and delays in adopting budgets. This also has negatively impacted the ability of the IMOD to adopt a new budget, enter into new programs and make timely payments to its suppliers. Should such extended periods of instability reoccur, it could negatively affect our operations in Israel and have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. We may be affected by changes in Israel’s economy. From time to time Israel’s economy may experience inflation or deflation, low foreign exchange reserves, fluctuations in world commodity prices, and impact of military conflicts, civil and political unrest, budgetary constraints and other macro-economic changes. For example, it is widely believed that the ongoing “Swords of Iron” war has had and is anticipated to continue having adverse effects on the Israeli economy. Israel's economy may also be affected by occurrences experienced and fiscal policies employed by other international economies, such as those in the U.S. and Europe. For these and other reasons, in the past the government of Israel has intervened in the economy, employing various fiscal and monetary policies, import duties, foreign currency restrictions, controls of wages, prices and foreign currency exchange rates and regulations regarding the lending limits of Israeli banks to companies considered to be in an affiliated group. The Israeli government has periodically changed its policies in these areas. In the beginning of 2023, the Israeli government began a process to implement changes in the Israeli judicial system. Various financial, legal and commercial organizations and entities have claimed that such changes would weaken the Israeli judicial system and, as a result, could negatively impact the economic and financial conditions in Israel. At this stage, we cannot assess the likelihood of these changes being fully implemented or any potential impact on our business. Changes in the Israeli economy, as well as various policies implemented by the Israeli government, could make it more difficult for us to operate our business and could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Israeli government programs and tax benefits may be terminated or reduced in the future. We participate in programs of the Israel Innovation Authority and the Israel Investment Center, for which we receive tax and other benefits as well as funding for the development of technologies and products. See Item 4. Information on the Company – Conditions in Israel – Israel Innovation Authority and Investment Center Funding. If we fail to comply with the conditions applicable to these programs, we may be required to pay additional taxes and penalties or make refunds and may be denied future benefits. From time to time, the Israeli government has discussed reducing or eliminating the benefits available under these programs, and therefore these benefits may not be available in the future at their current levels or at all. Israeli law may delay, prevent or impact acquisition of our controlling interest. The Israeli Defense Entities Law (Protection of Defense Interests), 5766 – 2006 (the Israeli Defense Entities Law) requires Israeli government approval of an acquisition of “means of control” in Israeli defense companies such as Elbit Systems or Israeli defense companies we own or may acquire, in case a relevant order is issued by the Israeli government. Such an order may also contain additional conditions relating to the purchase or transfer of “means of control”. As of the date of this annual report, an order relating to us has yet to be issued. However, the IMOD initiated a process under which it intends for the Israeli government to finalize and issue an order that would designate Elbit Systems and most of our Israeli subsidiaries as “defense entities” under the Israeli Defense Entities Law. Since then, discussions have taken place between Elbit Systems and the IMOD about the terms and contents of the order. Such discussions have reached an advanced stage but have not yet been finalized. The issuance of such order could limit the ability of a potential purchaser to acquire a significant interest in our shares without the approval of the Israeli government. See also Item 4. Information on the Company – Governmental Regulation – Regulation of Israeli Defense Entities. In addition, the Companies Law regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions. These provisions could delay, prevent or impede an acquisition of a significant portion of our shares, even if such an acquisition would be considered beneficial by some of our shareholders. 15 Being a foreign private issuer exempts us from certain SEC requirements. As a foreign private issuer within the meaning of rules promulgated under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain Exchange Act rules and requirements that apply to U.S. public companies, including: (i) the requirement to file with the SEC quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K; (ii) rules regulating the solicitation of proxies in connection with shareholder meetings; (iii) Regulation FD prohibiting selective disclosures of material information; and (iv) rules requiring insiders to disclose stock ownership and trading activities and establishing liability for profits realized from “short-swing” trading transactions (i.e., a purchase and sale, or sale and purchase, of the issuer’s equity securities within less than six months). Because of the foregoing, our shareholders may receive less information about our company and trading of our ordinary shares by our affiliates than would be provided to shareholders of a domestic U.S. company, and our shareholders may be afforded less protection under the U.S. federal securities laws than would be afforded to shareholders of a domestic U.S. company. We may rely on certain Israel “home country” corporate governance practices which may not afford shareholders the same protection afforded to shareholders of U.S. companies. As a foreign private issuer Elbit Systems is permitted to follow, and in certain instances has followed, home country corporate governance practices instead of certain practices otherwise required under the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market (Nasdaq Listing Rules) for domestic U.S. issuers. As described in Item 16G. Corporate Governance, we have previously informed Nasdaq that we elected to follow certain procedures permitted under the Companies Law instead of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, which require a listed company to obtain shareholder approval for the establishment or material amendment of an equity-based compensation plan. Under this “home country practice” exception provided in the Nasdaq Listing Rules for foreign private issuers, we could in the future elect to follow home country practices in Israel with regard to a broad range of other corporate governance matters. Following our home country governance practices, as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a United States company listed on Nasdaq, may afford less protection than is afforded to investors under the Nasdaq Listing Rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers. See Item 16G. Corporate Governance. It may be difficult to enforce a non-Israeli judgment against us, our officers and directors. We are incorporated in Israel. Our executive officers and directors and our external auditors are not residents of the United States, and a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. Therefore, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to enforce against us or any of those persons in an Israeli court a U.S. court judgment based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. It may also be difficult to effect service of process on these persons in the United States. Also, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to enforce civil liabilities under U.S. federal securities laws in original actions filed in Israel. See below – Item 4. Information on the Company – Conditions in Israel – Enforcement of Judgments. 16 Item 4. Information on the Company. Company History Elbit Systems Ltd. is a corporation domiciled and incorporated in Israel where we operate in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law. Our predecessor Elbit Ltd. was incorporated in Israel in 1966 as Elbit Computers Ltd. Elbit Systems was formed in 1996, as part of the Elbit Ltd. corporate demerger, under which Elbit Ltd.’s defense-related assets and business were spun-off to us. Trading Symbols, Address and Website Our shares are traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (Nasdaq), under the symbol “ESLT”, and on the TASE. Our main offices are in the Advanced Technology Center, Haifa 3100401, Israel, and our main telephone number at that address is (972)-77-2940000. Our principal offices in the United States are the headquarters of Elbit Systems of America, LLC (Elbit Systems of America) at 4700 Marine Creek Parkway, Fort Worth, Texas 76179-6969, and the main telephone number at that address is 817-234-6600. Our website home page is www.elbitsystems.com. We make our website content available for informational purposes only. It should not be relied upon for investment purposes, nor is any information on it incorporated by reference in this annual report. The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC. The address of this website is http://www.sec.gov/, and is not incorporated by reference into this annual report. Business Overview Major Activities We are an international high technology company engaged in a wide range of programs throughout the world, primarily in the defense and homeland security arenas. We develop and supply a broad portfolio of airborne, land and naval systems and products for defense, homeland security and commercial applications. Our systems and products are installed on new platforms, and we also perform comprehensive platform modernization programs. In addition, we provide a range of training and support services. Our major activities include: military aircraft and helicopter systems; commercial aviation systems and aerostructures; unmanned aircraft systems (UAS); flight academy solutions, electro-optic, night vision, high power energy solutions and countermeasures systems; naval systems; land vehicle systems; munitions; command, control, communications, computer, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) and cyber systems; electronic warfare and signal intelligence systems; and other commercial activities. Many of these major activities have a number of common and related elements, including common technologies and products, types of programs and customer interface. Therefore, certain of our subsidiaries, divisions or other operating units often jointly conduct marketing, research and development, manufacturing, performance of programs, sales and after sales support among these major activities. 17 Principal Market Environment The nature of military and homeland security requirements has evolved in recent years following the conflicts in Eastern Europe and the Middle East and the growing geopolitical instability in the Asia Pacific region. Governments around the world have announced plans to increase defense spending and demand for a range of advanced capabilities to better prepare for near peer high intensity conflicts. This global trend has increased demand in the areas of C4ISR systems, cyber-defense systems, network centric information and operational systems, intelligence gathering systems, border and perimeter security systems, unmanned aircraft systems, unmanned surface vessels, remote controlled systems, precision munitions, tank, artillery and mortar munitions, vehicle survivability and force protection systems, signal intelligence (SIGINT) and electronic warfare (EW) systems, space and satellite-based defense capabilities and homeland security solutions. The technological advances in commercial technologies have led to increasing demand for technological solutions that incorporate digital transformation, including artificial intelligence, big data analytics, robotics, automation and information assurance by military forces. Moreover, there is a continuing demand for cost-effective logistic support and training and simulation services. We believe our synergistic approach of finding solutions that combine elements of our various activities positions us to meet evolving customer requirements in many of these areas. We tailor and adapt our technologies, integration skills, market knowledge and operationally-proven systems to our customer's requirements in both existing and new platforms. By upgrading existing platforms with advanced technologies, we provide customers with cost-effective solutions, and our customers are able to improve their technological and operational capabilities within limited budgets. Our experience in providing “systems of systems” enables us to provide overall solutions in a range of areas to meet our customers’ comprehensive defense, homeland security and safety needs. Following recent conflicts, governments around the world are striving to achieve independent capabilities, through focusing on the utilization of local defense industries. We believe our global footprint and local operating subsidiaries worldwide well position us to address this approach. Segments The Company reports segment information in five segments beginning with the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company’s segments are organized based on a combination of the nature of products and services offered, together with a geographic segment. The Company’s five reportable segments are: – Aerospace – mainly provides products and systems for airborne platforms, unmanned aerial solutions, precision guided munition (PGM) sensors, aerostructures, training and simulator systems, flight academy solutions, as well as commercial aviation systems. – C4I and Cyber – mainly provides C4ISR systems, data links and radio communication systems and equipment, cyber intelligence solutions, autonomous solutions and homeland security solutions. – – – Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) and Electronic Warfare (EW) – mainly provides a wide range of electro-optic and laser systems and products and also provides a wide range of EW systems and SIGINT systems. Land – mainly provides land-based systems and products for armored and other military vehicles, artillery and mortar systems, munitions for land, air and sea applications including PGM, armored vehicle and other platforms’ survivability and protection systems. Elbit Systems of America (ESA) – mainly provides products and systems solutions principally to U.S. military, foreign military sales (FMS/FMF), homeland security (HLS), medical instrumentation and commercial aviation customers. Many of the Company's projects and programs are performed across these segments and employees and managers are encouraged to cooperate on such common projects. It is common for the reportable segments to provide their products to the same customers either through joint projects or by marketing and offering combined and integrated solutions containing a variety of capabilities, products, and technologies of the Company’s portfolio from various businesses or subsidiaries, all tailored to satisfy the customer’s or project’s specific requirements. Management also remains focused on the consolidated results as an important measure of performance, particularly given the high level of cooperation among the segments. 18 The following is additional information on each of our segments. Additional financial information on the segments is provided in Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects and in Item 18. Financial Statements – Notes 1, 2AC and 23. Aerospace. Elbit Systems Aerospace offers a range of solutions including unmanned systems, training solutions, head mounted displays, avionics, PGM sensors, aerostructures and next generation aerial C4I and intelligence-gathering products and systems that are at the core of network-centric and multi-domain operations. The Aerospace segment portfolio includes the following main capabilities: Military Aircraft and Helicopter Systems We offer a range of airborne systems and products that enhance operational capabilities and extend aircraft life cycles, ranging from a single sensor to an entire cockpit avionics suite. Our systems are integrated on fixed and rotary-wing, eastern and western, new and mature aircraft. We design and supply advanced helmet-mounted systems, including helmet-mounted displays (HMD) for fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. Under our fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter upgrade programs, we integrate advanced electronic, communication, navigation, electro-optic and EW systems, such as integrated flight deck systems, mission management computers, displays, digital maps and digital recorders, head-up displays, airborne intelligence-gathering systems, PGM sensors, aircraft structural components and a range of aircraft tactical, virtual, appended and embedded trainers and simulators. Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Our portfolio of UAS includes integrated UAS (sometimes referred to as remote piloted vehicles, or RPVs) in various categories and for a range of applications as well as UAS training systems. The systems include airborne platforms, ground control stations, communication systems and various payloads, including stabilized electro-optic, electronic intelligence (ELINT) and communications intelligence (COMINT) payloads that can be adapted for various types of UAS. Training Solutions and Support Our training solutions include simulators with embedded virtual training capabilities for air, land, and naval operations and joint multi-domain training. We establish training centers worldwide and offer comprehensive flight academy solutions and services. We also supply logistic support services for airborne platforms, including repair and maintenance centers. Commercial Aviation Systems and Aerostructures Our portfolio of commercial aviation systems includes a range of systems and products for the commercial and business aviation market that are employed on fixed-wing aircraft and commercial helicopters. Our commercial aviation systems in the business aviation, commercial helicopter and air transport areas include full avionic suites, enhanced flight vision products and various other avionics products such as display, communication and flight management systems. We also provide aerostructure products such as pressurized and non-pressurized doors, composite beams and winglets. C4I and Cyber. Elbit Systems C4I and Cyber offers a range of C4I, communication, autonomous systems and digital intelligence and cyber capabilities providing digital networked warfare solutions to military forces, intelligence agencies, homeland security forces, law enforcement agencies and first responders. The C4I and Cyber segment portfolio includes the following main capabilities: Communications The Communications portfolio includes secured and resilient tactical software defined radios (SDR), HF, VHF and UHF radio and communication systems and products, from single-soldier radios to full-scale militaries, supporting multi-domain operations. Our satellite-on-the-move solutions enable users to share voice, video and data beyond line of sight while on the move. Our solutions support robotic autonomous systems and manned unmanned teaming (MUM-T) operations. Our communication network solution enables over-the-air control, monitoring and configuring of military wide networks and integrated Radio over IP (ROIP). 19 Network Combat Systems (C4I) Elbit Systems C4I and Cyber supports the digitization and modernization of Defense and HLS capabilities enhancing operational effectiveness. Our system engineering and integration capabilities are underpinned by our C4I, sensor and effector expertise combined with a broad portfolio of military grade tactical hardware for dismounted, mounted and fixed applications. Our solutions incorporate a cloud enabled, open standard architecture framework enabling seamless connectivity and interoperability across a multi- domain environment while maintaining an evergreen upgradable approach to enable upgrades to address future battlefield requirements. Intelligence and Cyber Our Intelligence & Cyber portfolio includes big data and analysis solutions that provide intelligence, military and law enforcement agencies with timely and actionable intelligence on a range of threats. Our solutions are designed to integrate secure cloud- based and defense driven generative AI products. Our end-to-end solutions aggregate and fuse large volumes of data from a wide spectrum of intelligence sources, including HUMINT, COMINT, WEBINT, OSINT and, IMINT and apply advanced information technologies, including big data, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, to analyze the data. We also provide advanced cyber protection tools to protect network endpoints. Robotics and Autonomy Systems & Sensing (RAS-S) We design, integrate and deploy a range of robotic and autonomy systems (RAS). We also develop and produce sensors using a variety of technologies such as light detection and ranging (LIDAR), ultra wide band (UWB) and physical intelligence (PhysInt), for specific tactical mission requirements. We provide comprehensive, multi-layered solutions for one-to-many autonomous swarms and platforms capable of performing tactical operational missions or human-machine teaming by unmanned ground platforms and military- grade tactical drones. Our open architecture modular approach enables integration of robotic systems, sensors and effectors tailored to the operational requirements of the customer. ISTAR and EW. Elbit Systems ISTAR and EW designs, manufactures and supports a diverse range of systems and sensors that leverage our advanced technological capabilities across electro-optics (EO), lasers and the electromagnetic spectrum. These systems and sensors are incorporated into comprehensive solutions for aerospace, ground and maritime applications. Our systems, sensors and applications can be provided standalone to defense customers or integrated into a solution provided by the Company's other segments and by other defense prime contractors. The ISTAR and EW segments portfolio includes the following main capabilities: Optronics and Laser Systems The Optronics and Laser Systems portfolio includes self-protection suites, electronic countermeasure systems and sensors, surveillance and intelligence sensors for airborne, ground and naval platforms and payloads for unmanned platforms. Our portfolio of EO systems and solutions includes integrated vision and targeting solutions, laser range-finders and laser designators, stabilized payloads, electro-optic intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) systems, Directional Infrared Countermeasure (DIRCM) systems as well as multiple vision-enhancing solutions for military forces and multi-spectral payloads and telescopes for space applications. We are a leading supplier of laser technology for military applications including high-power laser technology and solutions. Electronic Warfare (EW), Signal Intelligence (SIGINT) and Radar Systems Our EW and SIGINT portfolio includes intelligence, defensive and offensive solutions for a range of military applications. We provide EW self-protection suites, including radar warning receivers and laser warning systems, for airborne and maritime platform types. We also provide Infra-Red missile warning systems for combat aircraft, as well as for other fixed-wing and rotary-wing platforms, and electronic support solutions for threat identification. We provide SIGINT systems for tactical and strategic intelligence-gathering including electronic intelligence (ELINT) and electronic countermeasures for naval, ground and airborne applications, communication intelligence (COMINT) and communication jamming systems, counter-improvised explosive devices (CIED) jamming systems for ground forces, counter unmanned aircraft system (CUAS) and cyber protection capabilities. We also supply command and control systems and simulators for anti-ballistic missiles programs. 20 Naval Combat Management and Sonar Systems We provide unmanned surface vessels (USV) for mine counter-measure (MCM) and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) missions, equipped with an array of sonars and underwater acoustic payloads. Land. Elbit Systems Land segment provides products and systems for ground forces including military vehicle systems, artillery and mortar systems, rocket artillery systems, active protection systems for vehicles, and a range of air and ground launched precision guided munitions and ammunition. Elbit Systems Land provides solutions for a wide range of threats and operational scenarios for the land, air, and naval arenas. The activities of IMI Systems Ltd., acquired in 2018, were integrated into Elbit Systems Land. The Land segment portfolio includes the following main capabilities: Indirect Fire Systems We provide a range of self-propelled automatic and semi-automatic 155mm howitzers that are designed to be adaptable and mounted on a broad range of truck chassis. We also provide fully automatic rocket-launchers that can launch a broad variety of precision- guided and free-flying rockets with various effective ranges. We also provide comprehensive mortar and tactical precision firepower solutions. These include mortar systems integrated on a variety of platforms and a range of 120mm mortar ammunition. Turrets and Weapons Systems We design, develop, manufacture and integrate turrets and weapon systems for ground combat vehicles including main battle tanks, armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles. Our portfolio includes remote-controlled weapon systems, manned and unmanned turrets, tanks and combat vehicle upgrade and modernization solutions, situational awareness systems and other combat vehicle systems. Ammunition and Munition Systems Elbit Systems Land develops and manufactures a comprehensive array of precision munitions, precision-guided rockets and missiles, artillery ammunition, tank munitions, explosives, air-to-ground precision strike systems as well as aircraft protection systems including expendable countermeasures. Our small caliber ammunition facility manufactures a complete range of small arms ammunition, ranging from 5.56 mm to 0.50 (12.7mm) calibers. Active Protection Systems We provide advanced survivability solutions for combat vehicles. For example, our Iron Fist Active Protection System (APS) provides a multi-layer active armor protection solution and we also supply soft-kill systems. Our advanced combat vehicle systems provide full 360-degree situational awareness in an open architecture as well as integrating the APS. Our solutions are offered as standalone to combat vehicle manufacturers or as part of combat systems provided by Elbit Systems. Elbit Systems of America (ESA). Elbit Systems of America mainly provides products, system solutions, and support services focused on the defense, homeland security, law enforcement, commercial aviation, and medical instrumentation markets. Most of ESA's revenues are derived from the U.S. government, its allies, or large prime U.S. defense contractors. ESA provides a range of capabilities from advanced electro-optics to maintenance and repair of complex military hardware and systems, commercial aviation and medical instrumentation. These capabilities are used on land, in the sea, and in the air. In addition to developing and manufacturing advanced solutions, we maintain the systems and components we create, and we frequently maintain systems originally manufactured by other contractors. ESA frequently acts as a prime contractor in the U.S. for the products and services of the Company's other segments, leveraging the Company's wide technologies and capabilities. The ESA portfolio includes various capabilities based on the technologies and solutions of the Company's other segments, as well as U.S originated capabilities. 21 The ESA portfolio includes the following main capabilities: – Airborne holistic situational awareness and decision-making through helmet mounted displays, head-down displays, head-up displays, and mission computers; – Maritime solutions, networks, and communications through sonobuoys and undersea systems produced by ESA's Florida- based subsidiary, Sparton Corporation; – Next-generation warfighter information systems through advanced night vision, hand-held targeting systems, soldier systems, tactical radios, networking, and command & control; – Electronic warfare solutions, electro-optical infrared systems, and airborne assets & payloads deployed through unmanned aerial systems; – Ground combat vehicle systems such as turrets, vehicle protection systems, 360-degree situational awareness solutions, and vehicular components; – Next-generation precision fire support, including multi-modal seekers, mortar weapon systems and munitions; – Expeditionary and survivable command, control, communication and computing solutions (C4) to enable networked C4 Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance and Joint All-Domain Command and Control solutions for mounted and dismounted warfighters; - Border security and force protection solutions that can be fixed, mobile, and supplied in expeditionary configurations; - Commercial aviation portfolio including a line of air data products, cockpit instrumentation and vision systems; - ESA’s subsidiary KMC Systems develops advanced clinical and operational solutions for life science customers in the intelligent lab and fluidic automation space. Revenues The following table provides our consolidated revenues by geographic region, expressed as a percentage of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023: Israel North America Europe Asia-Pacific Latin America Others 2021 21% 30% 17% 27% 2% 2% 2022 19% 27% 23% 26% 2% 3% 2023 19% 24% 30% 21% 2% 4% 22 The table below shows our consolidated revenues by reported segments for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023: (U.S. dollars in millions) Aerospace External customers Intersegment revenue C4I and Cyber External customers Intersegment revenue ISTAR and EW External customers Intersegment revenue Land External customers Intersegment revenue ESA External customers Intersegment revenue Year Ended December 31, 2021 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2023 $ 1,281.4 $ 301.9 1,583.3 1,471.1 $ 262.1 1,733.2 1,613.2 260.1 1,873.3 590.1 34.6 624.7 888.2 138.1 1,026.3 1,028.1 88.8 1,116.9 1,490.7 2.1 1,492.8 631.3 47.1 678.4 882.2 163.4 1,045.6 1,075.8 92.7 1,168.5 1,451.1 5.6 1,456.7 668.4 52.7 721.1 996.9 182.5 1,179.4 1,241.0 65.2 1,306.2 1,455.2 9.7 1,464.9 6,544.9 (570.2) 5,974.7 Revenues Total revenues (external customers and intersegment) for reportable segments Less - Intersegment revenue Total consolidated revenues 5,844.0 (565.5) 5,278.5 $ 6,082.4 (570.9) 5,511.5 $ $ 23 Subsidiary Organizational Structure Our beneficial ownership interest in our major subsidiaries is set forth in Exhibit 8 to this annual report. Our equity and voting interests in these entities are the same as our beneficial ownership interests. Below is a general description of our major subsidiaries, each of which is wholly-owned. We also have other smaller subsidiaries and investments in companies in Israel, Europe, North America, South America and Asia-Pacific that conduct marketing, engineering, manufacturing, logistic support and other activities, principally in the subsidiary’s local market. Our subsidiaries generally operate across our segments, often in collaboration with us and with other subsidiaries. Elbit Systems of America Elbit Systems of America, a Delaware limited liability company, and its subsidiaries, provide products and systems solutions focusing on U.S. military, homeland security, medical instrumentation and commercial aviation customers. Elbit Systems of America and its subsidiaries have operational facilities in Fort Worth, Texas, Merrimack, New Hampshire, Charleston, South Carolina, Talladega, Alabama, Roanoke, Virginia, Fairfax, Virginia, Boca Raton, Florida and DeLeon Springs, Florida. Elbit Systems of America also has a 50% interest in a joint venture with Collins Aerospace, a unit of Raytheon Technologies Corp., which is engaged in the area of helmet- mounted display systems for fixed-wing military and para-military aircraft. Elbit Systems of America acts as a contractor for U.S. Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and Foreign Military Sales (FMS) programs. See below “Governmental Regulations – Foreign Military Financing (FMF)”. Each of Elbit Systems of America’s operational facilities has engineering and manufacturing capabilities. Elbit Systems of America’s manufacturing facilities in Alabama, Texas, New Hampshire, Virginia and Florida also have significant maintenance and repair capabilities. See below “Manufacturing” and “Customer Satisfaction and Quality Assurance”. Elbit Systems of America, Elbit Systems and intermediate Delaware holding company subsidiaries are parties to a Special Security Agreement (SSA) with the United States Department of Defense (DoD). The SSA provides the framework for controls and procedures to protect classified information, controlled unclassified information and export-controlled data. The SSA allows the Elbit Systems of America companies to participate in classified U.S. government programs even though, due to their ownership by Elbit Systems, the Elbit Systems of America companies are considered to be under the control of a non-U.S. interest. Under the SSA, a Government Security Committee of Elbit Systems of America’s board of directors was permanently established to supervise and monitor compliance with Elbit Systems of America’s export control and national security requirements. The SSA also requires Elbit Systems of America’s board of directors to include outside directors who have no other affiliation with the Company. Elbit Systems of America’s board of directors also includes an officer of Elbit Systems of America and up to two inside directors, who have other affiliations with the Company. The SSA requires outside directors and officers of the Elbit Systems of America companies who are directors, and certain other senior officers, to be U.S. resident citizens and eligible for DoD personnel security clearances. Sparton DeLeon Springs, LLC (Sparton DeLeon Springs), a subsidiary of Elbit Systems of America and Sparton Corporation (Sparton), which was acquired by Elbit Systems of America in 2021, is a party to and operates under a Proxy Agreement to which Elbit Systems of America, Elbit Systems and the DoD are also parties. The Proxy Agreement is necessary because Sparton DeLeon Springs performs more sensitive programs in support of the U.S. Navy’s anti-submarine warfare efforts that require additional protection from a U.S. national security perspective. Under the Proxy Agreement, three independent proxy holders, who have no prior affiliation with Sparton DeLeon Springs, Elbit Systems or Elbit Systems of America, govern the affairs of Sparton DeLeon Springs and monitor compliance with the U.S. government’s export control and national security requirements. The Proxy Holders and certain senior officers of Sparton De Leon Springs must be resident U.S citizens and eligible for DoD personnel security clearances. C4I and Cyber. Headquartered in Netanya, Israel, Elbit Systems C4I and Cyber Ltd. (C4I and Cyber) is engaged in the worldwide market for C4ISR systems, data links and radio communication systems and equipment, cyber intelligence solutions, autonomous solutions and homeland security solutions. Elisra. Based in Holon, Israel, Elbit Systems EW and SIGINT – Elisra Ltd. (Elisra) provides a wide range of electronic warfare (EW) systems, signal intelligence (SIGINT) systems and C4ISR technological solutions for the worldwide market. Elop. Based in Rehovot, Israel, Elbit Systems Electro-optics Elop Ltd. (Elop) designs, engineers, manufactures and supports a wide range of electro-optic and laser systems and products mainly for defense, space and homeland security applications for customers worldwide. 24 ELS. Headquartered in Ramat HaSharon, Israel, Elbit Systems Land Ltd. (ELS) is engaged in the design and manufacture of land-based systems and products for armored and other military vehicles, artillery and mortar systems. IMI. Headquartered in Ramat HaSharon, Israel, IMI Systems Ltd. (IMI) is engaged in the design and manufacture of a wide range of precision munitions for land, air and sea applications and guided rocket systems, as well as armored vehicle and other platforms survivability and protection systems for defense and homeland security applications. Mergers, Acquisitions and Divestitures Part of our growth strategy includes our continued activity in mergers and acquisitions and joint ventures with respect to businesses, assets and complementary technologies both in Israel and internationally. The Company’s structure often enables us to benefit from the synergy of our overall capabilities while at the same time allowing us to focus on local requirements. During 2023 and the beginning of 2024, we continued to invest resources in pursuing acquisition and investment opportunities that meet our strategic goals and acquisition criteria in key markets. In addition, we continue to evaluate our holdings and from time to time pursue divestiture of businesses that are not considered to be core to our strategy. Property, Plant and Equipment Facilities Owned or Leased by the Company (square feet) Owned Leased (1) (2) (3) (1) Israel 2,066,738 7,035,265 (2) U.S. 894,735 861,043 (3) Other Countries 1,039,287 635,479 Includes offices, development and engineering facilities, manufacturing facilities, maintenance facilities, hangar facilities and landing strips in various locations in Israel. Includes mainly offices, development and engineering facilities, manufacturing facilities and maintenance facilities of Elbit Systems of America, primarily in Texas, New Hampshire, South Carolina Florida, Alabama and Virginia. The facilities in New Hampshire, Florida and Alabama are located on owned land totaling approximately 109 acres. Universal Avionics Systems Corporation's facilities are located in Arizona, Washington and Georgia, of which 166,000 square feet are owned and 83,000 square feet are leased. Includes offices, design and engineering facilities and manufacturing facilities in Europe, Latin America, Canada and Asia- Pacific. Recent Investment in Facilities. Over the last two years the average annual net investment in our facilities, including land and buildings, equipment, machinery and vehicles, amounted to approximately $196 million. We believe that our current facilities are adequate for our operations as now conducted. 25 Governmental Regulation Government Contracting Regulations. We operate under laws, regulations, administrative rules and other legal requirements governing defense and other government contracts, mainly in Israel and the United States. Some of these legal requirements carry major penalty provisions for non-compliance, including disqualification from participating in future contracts. In addition, our participation in governmental procurement processes in Israel, the United States and other countries is subject to specific regulations governing the conduct of the process of procuring defense and homeland security contracts, including increasing requirements in the area of cyber production, information assurance and supply chain assurance. Israeli Export Regulations. Israel’s defense export policy regulates the sale of a number of our systems and products, as well as certain technologies and services. Current Israeli policy encourages exports to approved customers of defense systems and products such as ours, as long as the export is consistent with Israeli government policy. Subject to certain exemptions, a license is required to initiate marketing activities. We also must receive a specific export license for defense-related hardware, software and technology exported from Israel. Israeli law also regulates export of “dual use” items (items that are typically sold in the commercial market but that also may be used in the defense market). In 2023, more than 50% of our revenue was derived from exports subject to Israeli export regulations. U.S. and Other Export Regulations. Elbit Systems of America’s export of defense and dual use products, as well as defense- related technical data and defense services to Israel and other countries, is subject to applicable authorizations of the U.S. government, typically under the U.S. International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and the U.S. Export Administration Regulations (EAR). Such authorizations may be in the form of export and import licenses, as well as technical assistance agreements (TAAs) or manufacturing license agreements (MLAs) for transfers of technical data and performance of defense services. This also applies to any other U.S. entities who export defense products or defense-related services and technology to our Israeli and other non-U.S. entities, in order to perform work for U.S. programs or to work with U.S. contractors in third countries. Employment by our U.S. affiliated companies of Israeli nationals assigned to work in defense-related technical areas is also subject to licensing requirements. Applications for export authorizations require disclosure of information regarding the intended sales and users of the applicable hardware, software or technology. The U.S. government may deny an export authorization if it determines that a transaction is counter to U.S. policy or national security. Our business is also affected by other governments’ export regulations, including with respect to end user restrictions of our suppliers’ governments. Regulation of Israeli Defense Entities. The Israeli Defense Entities Law establishes conditions for the approval of an acquisition or transfer of “means of control” of an entity that is determined to be an Israeli “defense entity” under the terms of the law. Designation as a “defense entity” occurs through an order to be issued jointly by the Israeli Prime Minister, Defense Minister and Minister of Economy. No such order for Elbit Systems has been issued as of the date of this annual report. However, in 2021, the IMOD initiated a process under which it intends for the Israeli government to finalize and issue an order that would designate Elbit Systems and most of our Israeli subsidiaries as “defense entities” under the Israeli Defense Entities Law. Orders to be issued under the Israeli Defense Entities Law may establish various conditions and restrictions. It is anticipated that Israeli government approval will be required for acquisition of a specific percentage of shares or voting rights in Elbit Systems that would constitute “means of control” under the law. “Means of control” for this purpose could include, for example, the right to vote a specified percentage of shares at a shareholders’ meeting or to appoint a director. Orders relating to “defense entities” are also anticipated to, among other matters: (1) impose restrictions on the ability of non-Israeli resident citizens to hold means of control or to be able to “substantially influence” “defense entities”; (2) require that senior officers of “defense entities” have appropriate Israeli security clearances; (3) require that a defense entity’s headquarters be in Israel; (4) subject a defense entity’s entering into certain joint ventures and mergers and transferring certain technology or means of manufacturing, to the approval of the IMOD; and (5) require “defense entities” to maintain certain essential production lines and development capacities in Israel. As a condition to our acquisition of IMI in 2018, the Israeli government issued an order that requires Israeli government approval in the event of a sale of a controlling interest in IMI. Under separate regulations, Elbit Systems and our major Israeli subsidiaries have been designated as “defense companies” by the Defense Minister with respect to Israeli law governing various other aspects of defense security arrangements. Since the IMOD initiated the process mentioned above, discussions have taken place between Elbit Systems and the IMOD regarding the terms, scope and contents of the order, which have reached an advanced stage but have not yet been finalized. 26 Approval of U.S. and Other Defense Acquisitions. Many countries in addition to Israel require governmental approval of acquisitions of local defense companies or assets by foreign entities. Mergers and acquisitions of defense-related and other potentially sensitive businesses in the U.S. are subject to the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act of 2018 (FIRRMA). Under FIRRMA, our acquisitions of defense-related and other potentially sensitive businesses in the U.S. require review, and in some cases approval, by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). CFIUS has the authority to impose additional restrictions through National Security Agreements (NSA) as part of its review and approval of the acquisitions. Elbit Systems of America is subject to several NSAs. “Buy American” Laws. The U.S. “Buy American” laws impose price differentials or prohibitions on procurement of products purchased under U.S. government programs. The price differentials or prohibitions apply to products that are not made in the United States or that do not contain U.S. components making up at least 60% of the total cost of all components in the product. However, a Memorandum of Agreement between the United States and Israeli governments qualifies Israeli products as “U.S. content” for the purposes of the Buy American laws for specified products, including most of the products currently sold in the United States by Elbit Systems and our Israeli subsidiaries. Foreign Military Financing (FMF). Elbit Systems of America participates in United States FMF programs. These programs require countries, including Israel, receiving military aid from the United States to use the funds to purchase products containing mainly U.S. origin components. In most cases, subcontracting under FMF contracts to non-U.S. entities is not permitted. As a consequence, Elbit Systems of America generally either performs FMF contracts itself or subcontracts with U.S. suppliers. The U.S. government may authorize the IMOD to utilize a portion of the FMF budget under the United States Subcontracting Procurement (USSP) channel. In such cases, companies such as Elbit Systems or our Israeli subsidiaries, who are acting as the Israeli prime contractor to the IMOD under the NIS-funded portion of an IMOD program, are authorized to negotiate and enter into a subcontract directly with a U.S. supplier. However, payment of the funds under a USSP channel subcontract is administered by the IMOD Purchasing Mission to the U.S. The scope of such USSP channel authorization has increasingly required that the funds be used in U.S. dollars. We believe our U.S. subsidiaries, which are U.S. operating companies, are well positioned to engage in U.S. dollar-funded FMF programs. Elbit Systems of America also participates in U.S. Foreign Military Sales (FMS) programs. Procurement Regulations. Solicitations for procurement by governmental purchasing agencies in Israel, the United States and other countries are governed by laws, regulations and procedures such as those relating to procurement integrity, including due diligence, avoiding conflicts of interest and corruption, and meeting information assurance and cyber-security requirements. Such regulations also include provisions relating to the avoidance of human trafficking and counterfeit parts in the supply chain. In view of the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, various countries and organizations have adopted specific sanctions and regulations to restrict, among other things, the use of certain goods and technologies originating from Russia. Similarly, the United Stated has adopted specific regulations to restrict, among other things, the procurement of goods or services from specific Chinese entities. Such regulations may apply to us, as well as our supply chain. Anti-Bribery/Corruption Regulations. We conduct operations in a number of markets that are considered high risk from an anti-bribery/anti-corruption compliance perspective. Laws and regulations such as the Israel Penal Code, the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and corresponding legislation in other countries, prohibit providing personal benefits or bribes to government officials in connection with the governmental procurement process. Israeli defense exporters, such as Elbit Systems, are required to maintain and follow an anti-bribery/corruption compliance program. Cybersecurity and Data Privacy Regulations. Certain data relating to our employees, customers and supply chain that we receive and maintain is subject to data privacy regulations, including those of the European General Data Privacy Regulation and corresponding Israeli legislation. There has also been an increased focus on cybersecurity, as global privacy, cybersecurity and data protection-related laws and regulations are evolving, extensive, and complex. We are also required to comply with expanding and increasingly complex cybersecurity regulations and guidelines in the United States, Israel and elsewhere with respect to reporting adverse events and additional requirements for avoiding or responding to an adverse event. Audit Regulations. The IMOD audits our books and records relating to its contracts with us. Our books and records and other aspects of projects related to U.S. defense contracts are subject to audit by U.S. government audit agencies. Such audits review compliance with government contracting cost accounting and other applicable standards. If discrepancies are found this could result in a downward adjustment of the applicable contract’s price as well as potential penalties. Some other customers have similar rights under specific regulations or contract provisions. 27 Competition Laws. Competition laws and regulations in Israel, the United States and other countries often require governmental approvals for transactions that are considered to limit competition. Such transactions may include the formation of joint venture entities, cooperative agreements for specific programs or areas, as well as mergers and acquisitions. Munitions Regulations. Sales of certain types of munitions we produce are subject to various domestic laws and international conventions. Civil Aviation Regulations. Several of the products sold by Company entities for commercial aviation applications are subject to flight safety and airworthiness standards of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and similar civil aviation authorities in Israel, Europe and other countries. Food and Drug Administration Regulations. Medical products designed and manufactured by Elbit Systems of America’s Medical Instruments – KMC Systems business unit are subject to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. Environmental, Health and Safety Regulations. We are subject to a variety of environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we have operations. This includes regulations relating to air, water and ground contamination, hazardous waste disposal and other areas with a potential environmental, health or safety impact. Increased public concern may result in more international, U.S. federal, and/or regional requirements to reduce or mitigate the effects of climate change, such as regulating greenhouse gas emissions, policies mandating or promoting the use of renewable or zero- carbon energy and sustainability initiatives, and additional taxes on fuel and energy. Legislation or regulations may be enacted or promulgated in any jurisdiction in which we do business that impose more stringent restrictions and requirements than our current legal or regulatory obligations. In January 2023, the European Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) came into force, which requires in-scope companies, among other things, to make sustainability reports including certain mandatory disclosures and other voluntary disclosures on impacts, risks, and opportunities in relation to sustainability matters identified as material by the relevant entity. On March 6, 2024, new SEC rules on climate-related disclosure were adopted which will subject us to burdensome and potentially costly emissions and other data gathering and reporting requirements. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact of the CSRD and SEC rules. Industrial Participation/Offset As part of their standard contractual requirements for defense programs, several of our customers include “Industrial Participation” or “offset” provisions. These provisions are typically obligations to make, or to facilitate third parties to make, various specified transactions in the customer’s country, such as procurement of defense and commercial products, investment in the local economy, collaborations with academic institutions and transfer of know-how. For further information about Industrial Participation/ offset obligations, see Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Off-Balance Sheet Transactions. Financing Terms Types of Financing. There are several types of financing terms applicable to our contracts. In some cases, we receive progress payments related to our progress in performing the contract. Sometimes we receive advances from the customer at the beginning, or during the course, of the project, and sometimes we also receive milestone payments for achieving specific milestones. In some programs we extend credit to the customer, sometimes based on receipt of guarantees or other security. In other situations work is performed before receipt of the payment, which means that we finance all or part of the project’s costs for various periods of time. In some cases, we enter into arrangements in which we sell our rights under certain accounts receivables from our contracts with customers, on a non-recourse basis, to advance payments on their account. See Item 18. Financial Statements – Notes 2AA and 2AD(3). Financing arrangements may extend beyond the term of the contract’s performance. When we believe it is necessary, we seek to protect all or part of our financial exposure by letters of credit, insurance or other measures, although in some cases such measures may not be readily available or may not fully cover our risk. In some cases, third parties, such as banks that provide financing to our customers in connection with our programs, have certain types of recourse to us in the event of a default in payment by our customers under their obligations to the financing banks. 28 Advance Payment Guarantees. When we receive advances prior to incurring contract costs or making deliveries, the customer frequently requires guarantees against advances paid. These guarantees are issued either by financial institutions or by us. We have received substantial advances from customers under some of our contracts. In certain circumstances, such as if a contract is canceled for default and there has been an advance or progress payment, we may be required to return payments to the customer as provided in the specific guarantee. As part of the guarantees we provide to receive progress payments or advance payments, some of our customers require us to transfer to them title in inventory acquired with such payments. See Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – General – Long-Term Arrangements and Commitments – Bank and Other Financial Institution Guarantees. Performance Guarantees. A number of projects require us to provide performance or product (warranty) guarantees in an amount equal to a percentage of the contract price. In certain cases we also provide guarantees related to the performance of Industrial Participation/ offset obligations. Some of our contracts contain clauses that impose penalties or reduce the amount payable to us if there is a delay or failure in performing in accordance with the contract or the completion of a phase of work, including in some cases during the warranty period. These types of guarantees may remain in effect for a period of time after completion of deliveries under the contract. Such guarantees are customary in defense transactions, and we provide them in the normal course of our business. See Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – General – Long-Term Arrangements and Commitments – Bank and Other Financial Institution Guarantees. Intellectual Property Patents, Trademarks and Trade Secrets. We own hundreds of active patent families including patents and applications registered or filed in Israel, the United States, the European Patent Office and other jurisdictions. We also hold dozens of living trademark families relating to specific products. A significant part of our intellectual property assets relates to unique applications of advanced software-based technologies. Some of these applications are protected by patents, and others are considered as our trade secrets and proprietary information. We take a number of measures to safeguard our intellectual property against infringement as well as to avoid infringement of other parties’ intellectual property. For risks related to our intellectual property see Item 3. Key Information – Risk Factors – Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Requirements. Governmental Customers’ Rights in Data. The IMOD usually retains specific rights to technologies and inventions resulting from our performance under contracts for end use by the IMOD or the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). This generally includes the right to disclose the information to third parties, including other defense contractors that may be our competitors. When the IMOD funds research and development, it usually acquires rights in the data developed under such funding. We often may retain a non-exclusive license for such inventions. The Israeli government usually is entitled to receive royalties on export sales in relation to sales resulting from government financed development. However, if only the product is purchased without development effort, we normally retain the principal rights to the technology. Sales of our products to the U.S. government and some other customers are subject to similar conditions. Subject to applicable law, regulations and contract requirements, we attempt to maintain our intellectual property rights and provide customers with the right to use the technology only for the specific project under contract. Licensing. There are relatively few cases where we manufacture under license. Such licenses typically apply to the use of technologies that are the result of collaboration with academic institutions or where we are manufacturing another company’s product in accordance with that company’s specifications. In such cases, the licensor typically is entitled to royalties or other types of compensation. In some cases where we have acquired business lines we obtain a royalty-free license to use the applicable technology for specified applications. We also obtain licenses to use software tools in our engineering and development activities and utilize open source software licenses in projects where such use is appropriate. Occasionally, we license parts of our intellectual property to customers or business partners as part of the requirements of a particular contract. We also sometimes license technology to other companies for specific purposes or markets, such as the right to manufacture certain components of our products or the right to use certain of our intellectual property relating to operation and adaptation of our training and simulation systems. Due to the growing trend of a number of governments requiring us to work with their local industries, such licensing has become more prevalent. Research and Development We invest in research and development (R&D) according to a long-term plan based on estimated market needs. Our R&D efforts focus on anticipating operational needs of our customers, achieving reduced time to market and increasing affordability. We emphasize improving existing systems and products and developing new ones using emerging or existing technologies, including an increasing use of open source software. 29 Our R&D projects relate to defense, homeland security and commercial applications. We perform R&D projects to produce new systems for the IMOD and other customers, sometimes in collaboration with our business partners. These projects give us the opportunity to develop and test emerging technologies. We develop tools for fast prototyping for both the design and development process. Fast prototyping permits the operational team members to effectively specify requirements and to automatically transfer them into software code. We also are engaged in long-term investments in science and technology infrastructure and building blocks, often in collaboration with academic bodies. We employ thousands of software, hardware and systems engineers. In addition, most of our program and business line managers have engineering backgrounds. About half of our total workforce is engaged in technology-related functions, including research, development and engineering. Our companies in Israel have collectively been awarded the Israel Defense Prize 32 times, recognizing extraordinary contributions to defense technological innovations. Our customers, the Israel Innovation Authority in the Ministry of Economy and Industry (formerly the Office of Chief Scientist) and other R&D granting authorities sometimes participate in our R&D funding for our Israeli-based companies. Some of our subsidiaries outside of Israel receive funding of certain of their R&D activities from their respective governments or customers. We also invest our own funds in research and development activities. This investment is in accordance with our strategy and plan of operations. The table below shows amounts we invested in R&D activities for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023. (U.S. dollars in millions) Total Investment Less Participation* Net Investment 2021 2022 2023 $ $ 447.9 $ (52.8) 395.1 $ 501.8 $ (66.1) 435.7 $ 502.6 (78.2) 424.4 *See above “Intellectual Property - Governmental Customers' Rights in Data” and see below – “Conditions in Israel – Israel Innovation Authority and Investment Center Funding”. Manufacturing We manufacture and assemble our systems and products at our operational facilities in Israel, the U.S., Europe, Brazil and Australia and at the facilities of certain of our subsidiaries in other countries. These facilities contain warehouses, electronic manufacturing areas, mechanical workshops, final assembly and test stations with test equipment. We also have supporting infrastructure including fully automated surface mount technology lines and clean rooms for electro-optic components, solid state components integration, environmental testing and final testing, including space simulation and thermal chambers. We also have computerized logistics systems for managing manufacturing and material supply. We are in an advanced stage of integrating new manufacturing execution systems across our manufacturing plants, to enhance optimization, controlled decision making and Industrial Internet of Things implementation. A number of our manufacturing activities are provided on a shared services basis by several of our in-house centers of excellence. As part of our global Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) strategy, we conduct environmentally friendly manufacturing activities and ongoing measurements to reduce electricity, water and fuel consumption. We invest in technological solutions in our manufacturing processes that support environmental protection, such as the type of energy utilization and choice of components and materials. We also manufacture and assemble composite materials, metal parts and machinery. One of our Israeli subsidiaries has a high technology semiconductor manufacturing facility where it performs electronic integration and assembly of thermal imaging detectors and laser diodes. We also manufacture and repair test equipment. We manufacture commercial avionics and aircraft components, as well as perform maintenance, repair and overhaul at our U.S. FAA-registered facilities in the U.S., Europe and Israel. We also manufacture medical equipment at U.S. FDA-registered facilities in the U.S. As part of our efforts to protect our employees while maintaining business continuity during the “Swords of Iron” war, we have relocated some of our production lines from facilities in areas of the country that have been evacuated to other facilities. 30 Seasonality Although revenues may sometimes increase towards the end of a fiscal year, no material portion of the Company’s business is considered to be seasonal. The timing of revenue recognition is based on several factors. See Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – General – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates – Revenue Recognition. Supply Chain We conduct supply chain activities that consist of procurement, logistics and planning at most of our operational facilities. On a global company level, we use a “hybrid” operating model that combines global procurement management, logistics and planning. By using this model, we strive to leverage economies of scale, develop centers of excellence and reduce supply chain cycle times and risks. The raw materials we use are generally available from a range of suppliers internationally. We generally do not depend on single sources of supply, however, in some projects, specific subcontractors are designated by the customer (sometimes with specific requirements for localization). In some cases our sources of supply are limited due to restrictions that we, the Israeli government, the U.S government or others impose. We use supplier performance and risk management tools and other methodologies to monitor suppliers’ on-time delivery and quality and encourage them to continuously improve their performance and reduce supply chain risks. We require our suppliers to adhere to our Supplier Code of Conduct and to comply with a range of procurement compliance standards, including those relating to the avoidance of human trafficking, counterfeit parts and conflict minerals. Our production strategy is usually “Make To Order” (MTO), where materials and products are purchased and manufactured following receipt of a customer purchase order. As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the increased tension in the Middle East related to the “Swords of Iron” war there has been greater market volatility than in the past, with respect to the costs of transportation, the availability of which has become limited, and the costs of some of the raw materials and components that we utilize, as well as certain market shortages and limitations and delays in supply. In some cases, we have increased our inventories in order to partially offset these supply chain disruptions, support the production to answer the growing demand of the IMOD and maintain deliveries to our customers. Customer Satisfaction and Quality Assurance We invest in continuous improvement of processes, with emphasis on deficiency mitigation, aiming to achieve customer satisfaction throughout all stages of our operations. This includes development, design, integration, manufacturing and services for software and hardware, for the range of our systems and products. We measure our customers’ satisfaction and feedback annually, using unified questionnaires. Our quality teams are involved in assuring compliance with processes and administrating quality plans. These activities begin at the pre-contract stage and continue through the customer’s acceptance of the product or services. We also use project management methods such as Kaizen and Lean. We evaluate such processes on a regular basis. Our processes are based on various engineering planning and developing tools. This infrastructure, together with recognized management methodologies and applications, assists us in our efforts to provide high quality and on-time implementation of projects. We are advancing in the process of implementing an ERP system, with the goal of consolidating uniform best practices for quality and operations across the organization. As part of the ERP ecosystem, we are in the process of adapting and implementing a new Manufacturing Operations Management (MOM) system, an advanced Manufacturing Execution System (MES), aiming to enhance our production efficiency and “Industry 4.0” readiness. In this framework, we are also working to implement digital transformation processes and integrate advanced analytics in our production lines. We also maintain applicable certifications for our information technology systems. All Israeli operational sites are certified for one or more of the following: ISO-9001, ISO-90003 for software, AS9100 (certified for revision D and compliant to AQAP requirements), AS9115 for software, ISO-14001, ISO-45001, FAA Part 145 and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Part 145 for maintaining civil products, Part 21 G for production of civil products and EMAR NLD- MAR-21 for production of military aviation products. All of our operational sites in Israel are also certified for ISO-27001 (Information Security Management System), ISO-27032 and ISO-27035 for cyber security, ISO/IEC 27018:2019 (Information technology Security techniques Code of practice for protection of personally identifiable information (PII) in public clouds acting as PII processors) and ISO/IEC 27017:2015 (Information technology Security techniques Code of practice for information security controls based on ISO/IEC 27002 for cloud services). Representatives of our customers generally test our products before acceptance. A number of our customers have authorized us to conduct acceptance testing of our products on their behalf. 31 Quality certifications applicable to defense products of Elbit Systems of America’s operating units include certifications for CMMI Level 3 of the SEI, ISO-9001, AS9100 (certified for revision D) and compliance with NATO AQAP requirements. In the area of commercial aviation Elbit Systems of America’s operating units hold AS9110 (certified to rev. C) for Aviation Maintenance Organizations and NLD-MAR-145, EASA-145 certification as well as a variety of FAA Supplemental Type Certifications (STCs) including FAA Part 145 approved repair stations. In the medical equipment area, Elbit Systems of America is certified for ISO-13485:2016, is registered with the FDA as a GMP manufacturer and is FDA-compliant with Quality Systems Regulations 21 CFR Parts 820, 803 and 806. Service and Warranty We instruct our customers on the proper maintenance of our systems and products. In addition, we often offer training and provide equipment to assist our customers in performing their own maintenance. When required, support may be provided by a local support team or by specialists sent from our facilities. We also provide performance-based logistics services and operation of flight school fleets. We generally offer a warranty of up to two years for our systems and products following delivery to, or installation by, the customer. In some cases we offer longer warranty periods. We accrue warranty obligations specifically determined for each project based on our experience and engineering estimates. These accruals are intended to cover post-delivery functionality and operating issues for which we are responsible under the applicable contract. Marketing and Sales We actively take the initiative in identifying the individual needs of our customers throughout the world. We then focus our research and development activities on systems designed to provide tailored solutions to those needs. We often provide demonstrations of prototypes and existing systems to potential customers. We market our systems and products either as a prime contractor or as a subcontractor to various governments and companies worldwide. In Israel, we sell our military systems and products mainly to the IMOD. A number of marketing related support services are provided on a central shared services basis to various units in the Company. The marketing of our systems, products and services in other parts of the world is supported by subsidiaries, joint ventures and representatives. In the U.S., generally Elbit Systems of America leads our sales and marketing activities from its facilities throughout the U.S. Elbit Systems of America operates under a Special Security Agreement, and a subsidiary of Elbit Systems of America (Sparton DeLeon Springs) operates under a Proxy Agreement, both of which allow Elbit Systems of America and its subsidiaries to work on certain classified U.S. government programs. See above “Subsidiary Organizational Structure – Elbit Systems of America.” Our subsidiaries in other countries typically lead the marketing activities in their home countries, often assisted by marketing and business development personnel based in Israel. Over the past several years, we have entered into cooperation agreements with defense contractors, platform manufacturers and other companies in Israel, the United States, Europe, Latin America, Asia-Pacific and certain other markets. These agreements provide for joint participation in marketing and performance of a range of projects around the world. In other situations, we actively pursue business opportunities as either a prime contractor or a subcontractor, usually together with local companies. We often enter into cooperation agreements with other companies for such opportunities. Competition We operate in a competitive environment for most of our projects, systems and products. Competition is based on product and program performance, price, reputation, reliability, life cycle costs, overall value to the customer, responsiveness to customer requirements and the ability to respond to rapid changes in technology. In addition, our competitive position sometimes is affected by specific requirements in particular markets. Continuing consolidation in the defense industry has affected competition. In addition, many major prime contractors are increasing their in-house capabilities. These factors have decreased the number but increased the relative size and resources of our competitors. We adapt to market conditions by adjusting our business strategy to changing market conditions. 32 Competitors in the sale of some of our products to the government of Israel include Israel Aerospace Industries and Rafael Advanced Defense Systems among others. Outside of Israel, we compete in a number of areas with major international defense and homeland security contractors principally from the United States, Europe and Israel. Our main competitors include divisions and subsidiaries of Northrop Grumman, Raytheon, General Dynamics, BAE Systems, L3Harris, Thales, Airbus, Leonardo, Saab, Textron, Teledyne Technologies, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, AeroVironment, Rohde & Schwarz, Rheinmetall, Kongsberg, Safran, Hensoldt, CMC, CAE, Aselsan, Bharat Electronics, Cubic, Cognyte, Baykar, Turkish Aircraft Industries, Hanwha, LIG Next1 and Poongsan. Many of these competitors have greater financial, marketing and other resources than we do. We also compete in the worldwide defense and homeland security markets with numerous smaller companies. In certain cases, we also engage in strategic cooperative activities and in specific projects with some of our competitors, such as original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the U.S. and Europe. Overall, we believe we are able to compete on the basis of our systems development and technological expertise, our systems’ operationally-proven performance and our policy of offering customers overall solutions to technological, operational and financial needs. Major Customers Sometimes, our revenues from an individual customer account for more than 10% of our revenues in a specific year. Our only such customers during the last three years were the IMOD, which accounted for 18% in 2021, 17% in 2022 and 16% in 2023, and the U.S. government, which accounted for 21% in 2021, 19% in 2022 and 17% in 2023. Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Practices Policy. We place importance on our ESG practices, including environmental, health and safety (EHS); corporate governance, ethics and anti-corruption; fair labor practices and human rights; supply chain compliance; and social responsibility to the communities in which we live and work. This is consistent with our policy of emphasizing responsible and ethical business practices. Our ESG policies are overseen by our board of directors (Board) and managed by our senior management. We establish multi-year ESG-related goals. Our ESG activities support our involvement as active members in leading sustainability and ethics organizations. We published an ESG Highlights Report for years 2021-2022, available on our website, detailing our main ESG-related activities, including our progress towards achieving ESG-related goals. Environmental, Health and Safety Compliance. As part of our overall ESG policies, we are committed to leading environmental, health and safety standards in all aspects of our operations. This includes all regulatory requirements as well as compliance with ISO-14001 and ISO-45001 standards. We also conduct a number of measures on an ongoing basis to promote environmentally friendly operational practices and address climate change goals, including measures to reduce electricity, fuel and water consumption, to increase recycling and to incorporate environmental protection measures in our manufacturing processes (see “Manufacturing” above).We are also engaged in various business and operational activities related to the environment. For example, in 2023 one of our subsidiaries, Opgal Optronic Industries Ltd., added a production line for its methane leaks detection camera, which enables monitoring and treatment of greenhouse gas emissions that are harmful to the environment. We utilize a global EHS management system and internal audits and surveys to address risk analysis, regulatory compliance and policy updates. EHS risks are an integral part of our risk management processes. We periodically review and assess our compliance with applicable EHS regulations and our internal policies, address gaps and establish corresponding action plans. In 2023, we participated in the Carbon Disclosure Project for the fourth time and published for the fourth time an EHS report summarizing key elements of our compliance activities, which is available on our website. There are no material environmental issues that prevent the Company from using our facilities or materially affect our ongoing activities. Corporate Governance, Ethics and Anti-Corruption. We conduct our business activities and develop Company policies based on a firm commitment to ethical practices and corporate governance best practices. Our Board complies with leading corporate governance practices as set forth in Board committee charters published on our website. We also promote gender diversity among our Board members and have adopted a policy of having at least 25% gender-diverse members on our Board. We also have a dedicated process for risk management that is coordinated with our Board. 33 In addition to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (Ethics Code) (see Item 16B. – Code of Ethics) and compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we have an active Company-wide ethics compliance program, incorporating a range of policies and procedures. This includes the anti-bribery/corruption area where we have a policy of zero tolerance for corruption. Our anti- bribery/corruption compliance program also includes a number of elements such as whistleblower and investigation processes, contractual requirements, due diligence, ongoing organization-wide as well as function-focused training, record keeping and enforcement. We also expect our supply chain and Industrial Participation/ offset transactions to follow ethical practices (see “Supply Chain Compliance” below). Our Ethics Code, Whistleblower and Investigations Procedure, Anti-Bribery and Corruption Compliance Policy, Procedure on Anti-Bribery and Corruption Due Diligence, Business Entertainment and Gifts Policy and Supplier Code of Conduct are published on our website. We are also active in a number of international organizations relating to ethics and compliance. Fair Labor Practices and Human Rights. Our ESG policies address fairness and transparency in our workforce, and we promote and implement fair labor practices and employees’ human rights throughout our organization. Our Human Rights Statement, which was adopted by our Board, is published on our website. We respect data privacy relating to our employees. We act to prevent sexual harassment and workplace bullying. We also implement non-discriminatory hiring and promotion practices and actively pursue gender diversity in our workforce. In addition, we promote transparency with our employees regarding our labor and management practices. As part of the implementation of the Equal Pay for Female and Male Employees Law in Israel, we conduct an evaluation regarding possible gender pay gaps among our employees according to the criteria provided by the law, and publish the results on our website. We also provide certain information to our employees, as required under the law. Compliance with the Convention on Cluster Munitions. All of our activities in the area of munitions, including those of IMI, are in compliance with the international Convention on Cluster Munitions that entered into force in August 2010. Supply Chain Compliance. Our policy is to follow leading ESG practices in relation to our supply chain. Our suppliers are required to commit to our Supplier Code of Conduct, which is published on our website, that addresses supply chain compliance issues such as fair labor practices, combating human trafficking, ethics and anti-corruption, avoidance of conflicts of interests, restrictions on the use of conflict minerals, cyber security and prevention of counterfeit parts. Our Supplier Code of Conduct also provides a whistleblower mechanism for current and potential members of our supply chain. Our Industrial Participation/ offset activities also are conducted in accordance with our supply chain compliance policies and procedures. Community-Related Activities. Our ESG policy encourages the voluntary efforts of our Company entities and employees, who donate their time and efforts in the support of members of our communities who are in need. In this regard, we strive to give priority to initiatives that promote educational advancement in less developed communities, particularly in the technology sectors. We also focus on initiatives that encourage greater numbers of women to engage in engineering-related careers. We promote numerous other community support activities, including involvement on a national level in major charitable organizations in Israel and the U.S. Conditions in Israel “Swords of Iron” War. On October 7, 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of brutal attacks on civilian and military targets. Hamas also launched extensive rocket attacks on the Israeli population and industrial centers located along Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip and in many other parts of Israel. Israel has also been attacked by other terrorist organizations on different fronts, including from Lebanon, which have prompted military responses from Israel. Following the attacks, the State of Israel declared a state of war, which is ongoing. Since the commencement of hostilities, Elbit Systems has experienced a material increased demand for our products and solutions from the IMOD compared to the demand levels prior to the war. We have also increased our support to the IMOD, mainly through deliveries of our systems and the dedicated efforts of our employees. At the same time, the Company continues to support its international customers. Since the beginning of the “Swords of Iron” war, the Company has been awarded various contracts by the IMOD in an aggregate amount of over $2 billion, as of March 15, 2024. Out of such amount, approximately $900 million is included in the Company’s backlog of orders as of December 31, 2023. Subject to further developments, which are difficult to predict, the IMOD’s increased demand for the Company’s products and solutions may continue and could generate material additional orders to the Company. While the vast majority of our facilities in Israel continue to operate uninterrupted, some of our operations have experienced disruptions due to supply chain and operational constraints, the relocation of certain production lines, evacuation of employees and mobilization of our employees for reserve duty. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 15% of our work force in Israel had been mobilized. As of March 15, 2024, the number of employees mobilized has decreased to approximately 7% and could fluctuate depending on future developments. 34 Elbit Systems has taken a number of steps to protect the safety and security of our employees, support our increased production, mitigate potential supply chain disruptions and maintain business continuity, among them relocation of production lines from facilities in areas of the country that have been evacuated to other facilities; recruitment of additional employees; increased monitoring of our global supply chain to identify delays, shortages and bottlenecks; rescheduling deliveries to certain of our customers as necessary; and increasing inventories. The extent of the effects of the war on the Company's performance will depend on the future developments of the war that are difficult to predict at this time, including its duration and scope. We continue to monitor the situation closely. Trade Agreements. Israel is a member of the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Finance Corporation. Israel is also a party to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which provides for reciprocal lowering of trade barriers among its members. In addition, Israel has been granted preferences under the Generalized System of Preferences from several countries. These preferences allow Israel to export products covered by such programs either duty-free or at reduced tariffs. Israel Innovation Authority and Investment Center Funding. The government of Israel, through the Israel Innovation Authority (IIA) in the Ministry of Economy (formerly the Office of the Chief Scientist) and the Israel Investment Center (the Investment Center), encourages research and development projects oriented towards export products and participates in the funding of such projects as well as company investments in manufacturing infrastructures. Our Israeli companies receive IIA funding through various channels, such as transfer of knowledge from an academic institution for a product, bi-lateral product development and innovative product development. Our companies participating in such development of products usually pay the Israeli government a royalty at various rates, and such funding is typically subject to a number of conditions. See Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – General – Long-Term Arrangements and Commitments – Government Funding of Development. Separate Israeli government consent is required to transfer to third parties technologies developed through projects in which the government participates in the funding of the development effort. The Investment Center promotes Israeli export products and increased industrialization of peripheral areas through investment in industrial infrastructure. The Investment Center either provides grants for qualified projects or provides tax benefits for qualified industrial investments by Israeli companies. Israeli Labor Laws. Our employees in Israel are subject to Israeli labor laws. Some employees are also affected by provisions of collective bargaining agreements. These labor laws and collective bargaining agreements concern, inter alia, employment terms (such as working hours, minimum wages, pension and social rights, annual leave, sick leave, parental rights, work related accidents), procedures and conditions for dismissal, employment of temporary or external workforce and other conditions of employment. Severance Pay. Under Israeli law, our Israeli companies are required to make severance payments to terminated Israeli employees. The severance reserve is calculated based on the employee’s last salary and period of employment. A portion of the severance pay and pension obligation is covered by payment of monthly premiums to insurance companies/ policies under approved plans and to pension funds. The deposits presented in the balance sheet include profits accumulated to the balance sheet date. However, Elbit Systems and our Israeli subsidiaries have entered into agreements with some of our employees implementing Section 14 of the Severance Payment Law, relating to the treatment of severance pay. See Item 18. Financial Statements – Note 2Q and 17. National Insurance Institute. Israeli employees and employers are required to pay predetermined sums to the National Insurance Institute, which is similar to the U.S. Social Security Administration. These amounts also include payments for national health insurance. As of December 31, 2023, the payments to the National Insurance Institute were equal to approximately 19.6% of wages, subject to a cap if an employee’s monthly wages exceed a specified amount. The employee contributes approximately 61.2%, and the employer contributes approximately 38.8%. During the “Swords of Iron” war, some of our employees were mobilized for reserve duty (see above “Swords of Iron” War”). In accordance with the Israeli law in effect as of March 15, 2024, employees on reserve duty continue to be fully paid by the Company, while the National Insurance Institute refunds the Company for their salaries, up to a certain statutory ceiling (which is sometimes lower than the salaries we pay to such employees) with no refund provided for additional employment costs. As a result, the Company has incurred, and will likely continue to incur, costs in respect of its employees who are called to reserve duty for which it is not fully indemnified by the government. The relevant authorities in the Israeli government have initiated certain processes to promote an arrangement, according to which in some cases and subject to certain conditions, employers will be indemnified by the government, up to a certain statutory ceiling, for certain additional employment costs related to social benefits of its employees that were called for reserve duty in a state of emergency, as defined by law. There is no certainty that such arrangement will be approved. 35 Enforcement of Judgments Israeli courts may enforce U.S. and other foreign jurisdiction final executory judgments for liquidated amounts in civil matters, obtained after due process before a court of competent jurisdiction, provided that, among other things: • • • • • • the prevailing law of the foreign state in which the judgment is rendered allows for the enforcement of judgments of Israeli courts; adequate service of process has been made and the defendant has had a reasonable opportunity to be heard; the judgment and its enforcement are not contrary to the law, public policy, security or sovereignty of the State of Israel; the judgment was not obtained by fraud and does not conflict with any other valid judgment in the same matter between the same parties; an action between the same parties in the same matter is not pending in any Israeli court at the time the lawsuit is instituted in the foreign court; and the judgment is no longer subject to a right of appeal. Foreign judgments enforced by Israeli courts generally will be payable in Israeli currency. Under existing Israeli law, a foreign judgment payable in foreign currency may be paid in Israeli currency at the foreign currency’s exchange rate on the payment date or in foreign currency. Until collection, an Israeli court judgment stated in Israeli currency will ordinarily be linked to the Israeli Consumer Price Index (CPI) plus interest at the annual rate (set by Israeli regulations) in effect at that time. Judgment creditors must bear the risk of unfavorable exchange rates. This summary is not intended to be, and should not be regarded as, legal advice. Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. 36 Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects. The following discussion and analysis should be read together with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes appearing in Item 18 below. General Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our significant accounting policies are described in Item 18. Financial Statements – Note 2. Our results of operations and financial condition are based on our consolidated financial statements, which are presented in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to select accounting policies, and to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that involve the accounting policies described below that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. Significant changes in assumptions and/or conditions and changes in our critical accounting policies could materially impact our operating results and financial condition. We believe our most critical accounting policies relate to: • • • • • • • Revenue Recognition; Business Combinations; Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Goodwill; Useful Lives of Long-Lived Assets; Income Taxes; Stock-Based Compensation Expense; and Post-employment Benefits Liabilities. Revenue Recognition We generate revenues primarily from fixed-price long-term contracts involving the design, development, manufacture and integration of defense systems and products. In addition, to a lesser extent, we provide non-defense systems and products as well as support and services for our systems and products. Revenues from our contracts are principally recognized using the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606. We assess contractual arrangements at inception according to the five-step model of ASC 606. We recognize revenues for each of the identified performance obligations when our customer obtains control of the products or services. The assessment of when the customer obtains control involves significant judgments, including, inter alia, whether there is an alternative use for a product, the contract terms, assessment of the enforceable rights for payments, and technical or contractual constraints. As a practical expedient we may occasionally account for group of performance obligations or contracts collectively, as opposed to individually by using the “portfolio approach” or the “series of distinct goods and services” method. Under the “portfolio approach” practical expedient, the Company may combine individual performance obligations, if the goods or services of the individual performance obligations have similar characteristics and the Company reasonably expects that the effect on the financial statements of applying this guidance would not defer materially from applying the guidance to the individual contracts or performance obligations within that portfolio. In addition, as a practical expedient, the Company does not assess the existence of a significant financing component when the difference between payment and transfer of control is less than one year. 37 For most of our long-term contracts, where our performance does not create an asset with an alternative use, we recognize revenue over time as we perform because of continuous transfer of control to the customer. This continuous transfer of control to the customer is supported by the governing law or clauses in the contract that typically allow the customer control in the work-in-process as evidenced either by contractual termination clauses or by our rights to payment for work performed to date plus a reasonable profit for products or services that do not have an alternative use to the Company. For these performance obligations that are satisfied over time, we generally recognize revenue using an input method with revenue amounts being recognized proportionately as costs are incurred relative to the total expected costs to satisfy the performance obligation. Revenue for performance obligations that are not recognized over time are recognized at the point in time when control transfers to the customer (which is generally when the customer can direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the products, generally when the customer obtains control after delivery). Service revenues include contracts primarily for the provision of supplies and services other than those associated with activities related to the design, development or manufacturing or delivery of products. It may be a standalone service contract or a service performance obligation, which is distinct from a design, development or products delivery contract. Our service contracts include contracts in which the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided as the contract is performed. Our service contracts primarily include operation-type contracts, outsourcing-type arrangements, “stand ready” type maintenance contracts, training and similar activities. Revenues from service contracts or performance obligations were less than 10% of total revenues in each of the fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021. For additional information see Item 18. Financial Statements – Note 2S. Business Combinations In accordance with ASC 805, “Business Combinations”, we allocate the purchase price (including estimated fair value of contingent consideration at the date of acquisition) of acquired businesses and companies to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, as well as to in-process research & development (IPR&D) and non-controlling interest, based on their estimated fair values. Determining such values requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. See Item 18. Financial Statements –Note 2E for additional information. We usually engage third-party appraisal firms to assist management in determining the fair values of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Determining the fair values of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires judgment and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, mainly with respect to intangible assets. Management makes estimates of fair value based upon market participants’ assumptions believed to be reasonable. These estimates are based on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies, and although such estimates are deemed to be consistent with market participants’ highest and best use of the assets in the principal or most advantageous market, they are inherently uncertain. While there are a number of different methods for estimating the value of intangible assets acquired, the primary method used is the discounted cash flow approach. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in the discounted cash flow approach include projected future cash flows, including their timing, a discount rate reflecting the risk inherent in the future cash flows and a terminal growth rate. We also estimate the expected useful lives of the intangible assets, which requires judgment and can impact our results of operations. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results. To the extent intangible assets are assigned longer useful lives, there may be less amortization expense recorded in a given period. Because we operate in industries which are extremely competitive, the value of our intangible assets and their respective useful lives are exposed to future adverse changes, which can result in an impairment charge to our results of operations. 38 Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Goodwill Our long-lived assets, including identifiable property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC 360-10-35, “Property, Plant and Equipment Subsequent Measurement”, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If an asset is determined to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. Fair value of non-financial assets is determined based on market participant assumptions. During the years ended December 31, 2021, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023, no material impairment of long-lived assets was identified. See Item 18. Financial Statements – Notes 2I and 2P for additional information. Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of acquired businesses over the fair values of the assets acquired net of liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized, but is instead tested for impairment at least annually (or more frequently if impairment indicators arise). We review goodwill for impairment on an annual basis and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable. Such events or circumstances could include significant changes in the business climate of our industry, operating performance indicators, competition or sale or disposal of a portion of a reporting unit. The assessment is performed at the reporting unit level. Our annual testing date for all reporting units is December 31. Performing the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including how we define reporting units and determine their fair value. We consider a component of our business to be a reporting unit if it constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available and management regularly reviews the operating results of that component. We estimate the fair value of each reporting unit using a discounted cash flow methodology that requires significant judgment. Forecasts of future cash flows are based on our best estimate of future sales and operating costs, based primarily on existing backlog, expected future contracts, contracts with suppliers, labor agreements and general market conditions. We prepare cash flow projections for each reporting unit using a five-year forecast of cash flows and a terminal value based on the Perpetuity Growth Model. The five-year forecast and related assumptions are derived from the most recent annual financial forecast for which the planning process commenced in our fourth quarter. The discount rate applied to our forecasts of future cash flows is based on our estimated weighted average cost of capital and includes factors such as the risk-free rate of return and the return an outside investor would expect to earn based on the overall level of inherent risk. The determination of expected returns includes consideration of the beta (a measure of risk) of traded securities of comparable companies. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and/or goodwill impairment for each reporting unit. We evaluate goodwill for impairment by comparing the estimated fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value, we measure impairment by comparing the derived fair value of goodwill to its carrying value, and any impairment determined is recorded in the current period. For each of the three years ended December 31, 2023, no material impairment of goodwill was identified. See Item 18. Financial Statements - Note 2P for additional information. Useful Lives of Long-Lived Assets Identifiable intangible assets and property, plant and equipment are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Determining the useful lives of such assets involves the use of estimates and judgments. In determining the useful lives we take into account various factors such as the expected use of the assets, effects of obsolescence, including technological developments, competition, demand and changes in business, acquisitions and other economic factors. If we experience changes and the useful lives of such assets increase or decrease, it will affect our results of operations. See above “Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Goodwill” for further discussion of the effects of changes in useful lives. 39 Income Taxes We record income taxes using the asset and liability approach, whereby deferred tax assets and liability account balances are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and of operating losses and credit carry- forwards, and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. We record a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts that are more likely than not to be realized. We have considered future taxable income on a jurisdiction by jurisdiction basis and used prudent and feasible tax planning strategies and other available evidence in determining the need for a valuation allowance. In the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize these deferred income tax assets in the future, we would adjust the valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes. We establish reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. These reserves are established when we believe that certain positions might be challenged despite our belief that our tax return positions are in accordance with applicable tax laws. As part of the determination of our tax liability, management exercises considerable judgment in evaluating tax positions taken by us in determining the income tax provision and establishes reserves for tax contingencies in accordance with ASC 740 “Income Taxes” guidelines. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, new tax legislation or the change of an estimate based on new information. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. During 2021, 2022 and 2023, certain of our subsidiaries settled certain income tax matters pertaining to multiple years in Israel and Europe. Elbit Systems and certain of our Israeli subsidiaries are undergoing tax audits by the Israeli Tax Authority. As of December 31, 2023, the provision for income taxes includes the effect of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate, as well as the related interest and penalties. Management’s judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. The provision for income tax is calculated based on our assumptions as to our entitlement to various benefits under the applicable tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate. The entitlement to such benefits depends upon our compliance with the terms and conditions set out in these laws. Although we believe that our estimates are reasonable and that we have considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax strategies in estimating our tax outcome, there is no assurance that the final tax outcomes will not be different than those which are reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. Such differences could have a material effect on our income tax provision, net income and cash balances in the period in which such determination is made. See Item 18. Financial Statements - Notes 2V and 18. Stock-Based Compensation Expense We account for equity-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718 “Compensation - Stock Compensation” (ASC 718), which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to our employees and directors, including employee stock options and cash-based awards linked to the share price such as our 2018 Phantom Bonus Retention Plan, based on estimated fair values. See Item 18. Financial Statements - Notes 2Y and 22. As of the date of this annual report our directors have not received any equity-based compensation. Post-employment Benefits Liabilities We have several post-employment benefit plans. The plans are funded partly by deposits with insurance companies, financial institutions or funds managed by a trustee. The plans are classified as defined contribution plans and as defined benefit plans. Some current and former employees of the Company's subsidiaries, located mainly in Israel and in the U.S., have defined benefit pension plans for their retirement, which are maintained by the Company. Generally, according to the terms of the plans, as stated, the employees are entitled to receive pension payments based on, among other things, their number of years of service (in certain cases up to 70% of their last base salary) or computed, in certain cases, based on a fixed salary. In addition, some employees of a subsidiary in Israel are entitled to early retirement if they meet certain conditions, including certain age and seniority levels at the time of retirement. 40 We recognize on a plan-by-plan basis the net funded status of our post-retirement benefit plans under U.S. GAAP as either an asset or a liability on our consolidated balance sheets. The funded status represents the difference between the fair value of each plan’s assets and the benefit obligation of the plan. The benefit obligation represents the present value of the estimated future benefits we currently expect to pay to plan participants based on past service. The plan assets and benefit obligations are measured at the end of each year or more frequently, upon the occurrence of certain events such as a significant plan amendment, settlement or curtailment. The amounts we record are measured using actuarial valuations (based on independent actuarial advice) which are dependent upon key assumptions such as: discount rates, the expected long- term rate of return on plan assets (determined by considering the expected return available on assets underlying the current investment policy), participant longevity, employee turnover, inflation rates, future payroll increases and the health care cost trend rates for our retiree medical plans. The assumptions we make affect both the calculation of the benefit obligations as of the measurement date and the calculation of net periodic benefit cost in subsequent periods. When reassessing these assumptions, we consider past and current market conditions and make judgments about future market trends. We also consider factors such as the timing and amounts of expected contributions to the plans and benefit payments to plan participants. Any changes in these assumptions will impact (either increase or decrease) the carrying amount of our post-employment benefit obligations and plan assets. See Item 18. Financial Statements – Notes 2R and 17. Governmental Policies Governmental policies and regulations applicable to defense contractors, such as cost accounting and audit, export control, procurement solicitation and anti-bribery rules and regulations, could have a material impact on our operations. See Item 3. Key Information – Risk Factors – Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Requirements and Item 4. Information on the Company – Governmental Regulation. According to Section 404 of the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we are required to include in our annual report on Form 20-F an assessment, as of the end of the fiscal year, of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. See Item 15. Controls and Procedures – Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Item 18. Financial Statements – Note 2AE. Long-Term Arrangements and Commitments Government Funding of Development. Elbit Systems and certain Israeli subsidiaries partially finance our research and development expenditures under programs sponsored by the Israel Innovation Authority (IIA) in the Ministry of Economy (formerly the Office of the Chief Scientist) for the support of research and development activities conducted in Israel. At the time the funds are received, successful development of the funded projects is not assured. In exchange for the funds, Elbit Systems and the subsidiaries pay 2% to 5% of total sales of the products developed under these programs. The obligation to pay these royalties is contingent on actual future sales of the products. Elbit Systems and some of our subsidiaries may also be obligated to pay certain amounts to the IMOD and others on certain sales including sales resulting from the development of some of the technologies developed with such respective entity’s funds. See Item 4. Information on the Company – Conditions in Israel – Israel Innovation Authority and Investment Center Funding and Item 18. Financial Statements – Note 2U and Note 21A. Lease Commitments. The future minimum lease commitments of the Company under various non-cancelable operating lease agreements for property, motor vehicles and office equipment, excluding imputed interest, as of December 31, 2023 were as follows: $82.1 million for 2024, $70.0 million for 2025, $55.9 million for 2026, $42.1 million for 2027, $36.2 million for 2028 and $251.5 million for 2029 and thereafter. See Item 18. Financial Statements – Note 9. Bank and Notes Covenants. In connection with our Series B, C and D Notes, bank credits and loans, including performance guarantees issued by banks and bank guarantees in order to secure certain advances from customers, Elbit Systems and certain subsidiaries are obligated to meet certain financial covenants. See below “Financial Resources”. Such covenants include, inter alia, requirements for shareholders’ equity, current ratio, operating profit margin, tangible net worth, EBITDA, interest coverage ratio, total leverage, equity and net financial debt. See Item 18. Financial Statements – Note 21E. In respect of each of the 12 month periods ending December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Company was in material compliance with its loan obligations. 41 Commercial Paper. In August 2023, Elbit Systems completed an issuance in Israel of U.S. Dollar denominated commercial paper in an amount of approximately $300 million par value, followed by an additional amount of approximately $14 million par value in September 2023, bearing an annual interest of the three-months SOFR interest rate and an additional 1%. The commercial paper is for a term of 90 days, which may be extended by additional periods of 90 days each, up to a maximum period of five years, and is also subject to early repayment at the request of an investor with a seven business days notice, or at the Company's discretion, with a twenty-one days prior notice. The commercial paper is not listed on any stock exchange. Bank and Other Financial Institution Guarantees. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, guarantees in the aggregate amount of approximately $4,358 million and $3,858 million, respectively, were issued by banks and other financial institutions on behalf of several Company entities primarily in order to secure certain advances from customers and performance bonds. Purchase Commitments. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 we had purchase commitments of approximately $3,856 million and $3,029 million, respectively. These purchase orders and subcontracts are typically in standard formats proposed by us. These subcontracts and purchase orders also reflect provisions from the applicable prime contract that apply to subcontractors and vendors. The terms typically included in these purchase orders and subcontracts are consistent with Uniform Commercial Code provisions in the United States for sales of goods, as well as with specific terms requested by our customers in international contracts. These terms include our right to terminate the purchase order or subcontract in the event of the vendor’s or subcontractor’s default, and frequently also include our right to terminate the order or subcontract for our convenience (or if our prime contractor has so terminated the prime contract). Such purchase orders and subcontracts typically are not subject to variable price provisions. Acquisitions During 2023 See Item 4. Information on the Company – Mergers, Acquisitions and Divestitures and Item 18. Financial Statements – Note 1D. Backlog of Orders Our backlog includes firm commitments received from customers for systems, products, services and projects that have yet to be delivered or completed, as applicable. Our policy is to include orders in our backlog only when specific conditions are met. Examples of these conditions may include, among others, receipt of a binding letter of commitment or contract, program funding, advances, letters of credit, guarantees and/or other commitments from customers. As a result, from time to time we could have unrecorded orders not included in our reported backlog. We reduce backlog when revenues for a specific contract are recognized, such as when delivery or acceptance occurs or when contract milestones or engineering progress under long-term contracts are recognized as achieved, or when revenues are recognized based on costs incurred. In the unusual event of a contract cancellation, we reduce our backlog accordingly. The method of backlog recognition used may differ depending on the particular contract. Orders in currencies other than U.S. dollars are translated periodically into U.S. dollars and recorded accordingly. Our backlog of orders as of December 31, 2023 was $17,756 million, of which 72% was for orders outside Israel. Our backlog of orders as of December 31, 2022 was $15,118 million, of which 75% was for orders outside Israel. Approximately 60% our backlog as of December 31, 2023 is scheduled to be performed during 2024 and 2025. The rest of the 40% balance is scheduled to be performed in 2026, 2027 and thereafter. Backlog information and any comparison of backlog as of different dates may not necessarily represent an indication of future sales. Trends The “Swords of Iron” war, as well as the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine that escalated with the Russian invasion in 2022, have elevated geopolitical tensions throughout the world. These conflicts have also changed military and homeland security requirements, that until recently were focused on low intensity conflicts and defense against terrorism and cyber-attacks. Governments around the world have announced plans to increase defense spending and procure a range of advanced capabilities to better prepare for high intensity “near peer” conflicts. 42 The deployment of large armored formations and the increased tempo and intensity of the conflicts have led to a change in defense procurement priorities and increased demand for capabilities that enable the fielding of large mechanized military formations capable of performing multi-domain operations and at the same time, addressing the risks presented by innovative technological capabilities deployed extensively in modern battlefields, such as remotely piloted aircraft and advanced munitions. This global trend has increased demand in the areas of C4ISR systems, cyber-defense systems, network centric information and operational systems, intelligence gathering systems, border and perimeter security systems, unmanned aircraft systems, unmanned surface vessels, remote controlled systems, precision munitions, tank, artillery and mortar munitions, vehicle survivability and force protection systems, signal intelligence (SIGINT) and electronic warfare (EW) systems, space and satellite-based defense capabilities and homeland security solutions. The technological advances in commercial technologies have led to increasing demand for technological solutions that incorporate digital transformation, including artificial intelligence, big data analytics, robotics, automation and information assurance by military forces. Moreover, there is a continuing demand for cost-effective logistic support and training and simulation services. One result of these conflicts has been plans announced by numerous European countries to significantly increase defense spending and strengthen their armed forces, which will likely take time to fully implement. This development has created various opportunities for Elbit Systems and its European subsidiaries and we believe that our core technologies and abilities will enable us to take advantage of many of these trends. At the same time, the conflicts have resulted in supply chain disruptions, market volatility and global sanctions (see Item 3. Risk Factors – Risks Related to our Operations). Since the beginning of the “Swords of Iron” war the IMOD's demand for our products and solutions has materially increased. The war has also affected our operations, human resources and other aspects of our business. For additional information see Item 4. Information on the Company – Conditions in Israel – “Swords of Iron” war, and Item 3. Key Information – Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Israeli Operations and Environment – Conditions in Israel and the Middle East may affect our operations. Currently, we cannot assess the full impact of the “Swords of Iron” war nor of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine on our business. 43 Summary of Operating Results The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations for each of the three years ended December 31, 2023. Revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Research and development (R&D) expenses Less – participation R&D expenses, net Marketing and selling expenses General and administrative expenses Other operating income, net Operating income Financial expenses, net Other income (expenses), net Income before taxes on income Taxes on income Equity in net earnings of affiliated companies and partnerships Net income Less – net income attributable to non- controlling interests Net income attributable to the Company’s shareholders Diluted net earnings per share: $ $ $ (in thousands of U.S. dollars except per share data) Year Ended December 31, 2023 5,974,744 4,491,790 1,482,954 $ % 100.0 75.2 24.8 Year Ended December 31, 2022 5,511,549 4,138,266 1,373,283 $ % 100.0 75.1 24.9 Year Ended December 31, 2021 5,278,521 3,920,473 1,358,048 $ 501,777 (66,127) 435,650 326,020 313,047 (68,918) 1,005,799 367,484 (51,364) (23,562) 292,558 (24,131) 268,427 7,042 275,469 (21) 275,448 6.18 $ $ $ 9.1 (1.2) 7.9 5.9 5.7 (1.3) 18.2 6.7 (0.9) (0.4) 5.4 (0.4) 5.0 0.1 5.1 — 5.1 447,852 (52,765) 395,087 291,751 267,362 (14,660) 939,540 418,508 (40,393) 5,336 383,451 (131,387) 252,064 22,599 274,663 (313) 274,350 6.20 $ $ $ 502,654 (78,234) 424,420 359,141 330,285 — 1,113,846 369,108 (137,827) (4,787) 226,494 (22,913) 203,581 12,275 215,856 (725) 215,131 4.82 8.4 (1.3) 7.1 6.0 5.5 — 18.6 6.2 (2.3) (0.1) 3.8 (0.4) 3.4 0.2 3.6 — 3.6 44 % 100.0 74.3 25.7 8.5 (1.0) 7.5 5.5 5.1 (0.3) 17.8 7.9 (0.8) 0.1 7.3 (2.5) 4.8 0.4 5.2 — 5.2 2023 Compared to 2022 The following is an overview for 2023 compared to 2022. A discussion of our results of operations for 2022 compared to 2021 may be found on pages 43-50 of our annual report on Form 20-F filed May 1, 2023 on the EDGAR database of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Revenues Our sales are primarily to governmental entities and prime contractors under government defense and homeland security programs. Accordingly, the level of our revenues is subject to governmental budgetary constraints. Our consolidated revenues in 2023 were $5,974.7 million, as compared to $5,511.5 million in 2022. Aerospace revenues increased by 8% in 2023, as compared to 2022, mainly due to the increase in training and simulation projects in Europe, UAS projects in Asia Pacific and Europe and offset by the lower level of PGM deliveries in Asia Pacific. C4I and Cyber revenues increased by 6% year-over-year mainly due to C4I projects in Asia Pacific. ISTAR and EW revenues increased by 13% in 2023, as compared to 2022, mainly due to EW and EO projects in Europe, and increase in Countermeasure Systems deliveries, mainly in Asia. Land revenues increased by 12% in 2023, as compared to 2022, mainly due to the increase in artillery and weapon station sales in Europe, ammunition in Israel and Artillery Systems for customers in the other territory. Elbit Systems of America revenues were similar year-over-year. The following table sets forth our distribution of revenues by geographical regions ($ millions): Israel North America Europe Asia-Pacific Latin America Other Total revenues Year Ended December 31, 2023 1,167.2 1,417.7 1,776.4 1,263.8 120.7 228.9 5,974.7 Year Ended December 31, 2022 1,071.9 1,489.7 1,243.6 1,405.5 119.9 180.9 5,511.5 % 19.5 23.7 29.7 21.2 2.0 3.9 100.0 % 19.4 27.0 22.6 25.5 2.2 3.3 100.0 45 Cost of Revenues and Gross Profit Cost of revenues in 2023 was $4,491.8 million (75.2% of revenues), as compared to $4,138.3 million (75.1% of revenues) in 2022. Our major components of cost of revenues are (i) wages and related benefits costs, (ii) subcontractors and material consumed and (iii) manufacturing and other expenses. The amounts and percentages of those components in 2023 and 2022 were as follows: Wages and related benefits costs in 2023 constituted approximately 36% of cost of revenues, as compared to 39% in 2022. The total cost of wages and related benefits in 2023 was approximately $1,671 million, as compared to $1,598 million in 2022. The increase in wages and related benefit costs was mainly a result of exchange rate changes during 2023 in the value of the NIS relative to the U.S. dollar, as well as the growth of our workforce by permanent employees, to support the increase in the Company's activity, and by temporary employees to temporarily replace our employees that were mobilized during the “Swords of Iron” war. Subcontractors and material consumed costs in 2023 constituted approximately 52% of cost of revenues, as compared to 54% in 2022. The total amount of subcontractors and material consumed costs in 2023 was approximately $2,389 million, as compared to approximately $2,252 million in 2022. Manufacturing and other expenses were similar year-over-year. The total cost of manufacturing and other expenses in 2023 was approximately $425 million, as compared to approximately $367 million in 2022. In 2023, our cost of revenues included an increase in inventories of approximately $140 million in work-in-progress and finished goods inventories, as compared to an increase of approximately $26 million in work-in-progress and finished goods inventories in 2022. Cost of revenues in 2023 include expenses of approximately $18 million of inventory write-off related to discontinuing activities of a subsidiary. Cost of revenues in 2022 included expenses of approximately $35 million related to the effect of the significant increase in the Company’s share price on employees’ stock price linked compensation. Changes from 2022 to 2023 in our cost of revenues and cost of revenues components, were not material. We did not identify any developing trends in cost of revenues that we believe are likely to have a material impact on our future operations other than the continued changes in the NIS against the U.S. dollar, which could have an impact mainly on our labor costs,the impact of “Swords of Iron” war, including disrupted transportation networks and global supply chains, increased costs and extension of lead times. Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $1,483.0 million (24.8% of revenues), as compared to $1,373.3 million (24.9% of revenues) in the year ended December 31, 2022. Research and Development (R&D) Expenses We continually invest in R&D in order to maintain and further advance our technologies, in accordance with our long-term plans, based on our estimate of future market needs. Our R&D costs, net of participation grants, include costs incurred for independent research and development and bid and proposal efforts and are expensed as incurred. Gross R&D expenses in 2023 totaled $502.6 million (8.4% of revenues), as compared to $501.8 million (9.1% of revenues) in 2022. Net R&D expenses (after deduction of third party participation) in 2023 totaled $424.4 million (7.1% of revenues), as compared to $435.7 million (7.9% of revenues) in 2022. Marketing and Selling Expenses We are active in developing new markets and pursue at any given time various business opportunities according to our plans. Marketing and selling expenses in 2023 were $359.1 million (6.0% of revenues), as compared to $326.0 million (5.9% of revenues) in 2022. 46 General and Administration (G&A) Expenses G&A expenses in 2023 were $330.3 million (5.5% of revenues), as compared to $313.0 million (5.7% of revenues) in 2022. G&A expenses in 2023 include $34 million expenses related to a write-off of an uncollectible balance of contract assets under a discontinued project. Other Operating Income, Net Other operating income, net in 2022 amounted to $68.9 million resulted mainly from capital gains related to the sale of buildings and investments by subsidiaries in Israel and in the United Kingdom and a grant received by a subsidiary in Israel. Operating Income Our operating income in 2023 was $369.1 million (6.2% of revenues), as compared to $367.5 million (6.7% of revenues) in 2022. Financial Expense, Net Net financing expenses in 2023 were $137.8 million, as compared to $51.4 million in 2022. The financial expenses in 2023 were higher mainly as a result of the significant increase in interest rates. Other Expenses, Net Other expenses, net were $4.8 million in 2023, as compared to $23.6 million in 2022. Other expenses, net in 2023 resulted mainly from revaluation of holdings in affiliated companies and expenses related to non-service costs of pension plans. Taxes on Income Our effective tax rate represents a weighted average of the tax rates to which our various entities are subject. Taxes on income in 2023 were $22.9 million (effective tax rate of 10.1%), as compared to $24.1 million (effective tax rate of 8.2%) in 2022. The tax expenses in 2022 and 2023 were affected by tax benefits related to adjustments for prior years following tax settlements in some of the Company's subsidiaries in Israel with Israeli tax authorities in 2022 and 2023. Company’s Share in Earnings of Affiliated Entities The entities, in which we hold 50% or less in shares or voting rights (affiliates) and are therefore not consolidated in our financial statements, operate in complementary areas to our core business activities, including electro-optics and airborne systems. In 2023, we had income of $12.3 million from our share in earnings of affiliates, as compared to $7.0 million in 2022. Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests Net income attributable to non-controlling interests in 2023 was $0.7 million, as compared to $0.0 million in 2022. Net Income and Earnings Per Share (EPS) As a result of the above, net income in 2023 was $215.1 million (3.6% of revenues), as compared to net income of $275.4 million (5.1% of revenues) in 2022. The diluted EPS was $4.82 in 2023, as compared to $6.18 in 2022. Diluted net earnings per share in 2023 were reduced by approximately $0.90 as a result of the expenses (net of tax) related to the write-off of inventory and contract assets. The number of shares used for computation of diluted EPS in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were 44,592,000 and 44,581,000 shares, respectively. 47 Segment Reporting Revenues The Company has five reportable segments: Aerospace, C4I and Cyber, ISTAR and EW, Land and ESA (see Item 4. Information on the Company – Business Overview - Segments above, “Segment Disclosure” below and Item 18. Financial Statements - Notes 1, 2AC and 23). The following table presents information about the Company’s reported segments revenues for the periods indicated: Aerospace External customers Intersegment revenue C4I and Cyber External customers Intersegment revenue ISTAR and EW External customers Intersegment revenue Land External customers Intersegment revenue ESA External customers Intersegment revenue Revenues Total revenues (external customers and intersegment) for reportable segments Less - Intersegment revenue Total Year Ended December 31, 2023 $ $ $ 1,613.2 260.1 1,873.3 668.4 52.7 721.1 996.9 182.5 1,179.4 1,241.0 65.2 1,306.2 1,455.2 9.7 1,464.9 6,544.9 (570.2) 5,974.7 Year Ended December 31, 2021 % 1,281.4 301.9 1,583.3 590.1 34.6 624.7 888.2 138.1 1,026.3 1,028.1 88.8 1,116.9 1,490.7 2.1 1,492.8 5,844.0 (565.5) 5,278.5 24.3 27.1 11.2 10.7 16.8 17.6 19.5 19.1 28.2 25.5 100.0 % 26.7 $ 28.5 11.5 11.2 16.0 17.2 19.5 19.2 26.3 23.9 $ 100.0 $ Year Ended December 31, 2022 1,471.1 262.1 1,733.2 631.3 47.1 678.4 882.2 163.4 1,045.6 1,075.8 92.7 1,168.5 1,451.1 5.6 1,456.7 6,082.4 (570.9) 5,511.5 % 27.0 $ 28.6 11.2 11.0 16.7 18.0 20.8 20.0 24.4 22.4 $ 100.0 $ 48 2023 Compared to 2022 Our consolidated revenues increased by 8% to $5,974.7 million in 2023 from $5,511.5 million in 2022. Revenue by Segments. Aerospace revenues increased by 8% in 2023 as compared to 2022, mainly due to training and simulation revenues in Europe and UAS revenues in Asia Pacific and Europe, partially offset by lower PGM sales. C4I and Cyber revenues increased by 6% year-over-year mainly due to C4I revenues in Asia Pacific. ISTAR and EW revenues increased by 13% in 2023, as compared to 2022, mainly due to sales of Electronic Warfare and Electro-Optic systems in Europe, and countermeasure systems sales. Land revenues increased by 12% in 2023 as compared to 2022, mainly due to the increase in artillery and weapon station sales in Europe and ammunition and munitions sales in Israel. ESA revenues were similar year-over-year. 2022 Compared to 2021 Our consolidated revenues increased by 4% to $5,512 million in 2022 from $5,279 million in 2021 Revenue by Segments. Aerospace revenues increased by 9%, to $1,733 million in 2022 from $1,583 million in 2021, mainly due to Training and Simulation and UAS sales. C4I and Cyber revenues increased by 9%, to $678 million in 2022 from $625 million in 2021, mainly due to growth in radio and naval command & control systems sales. ISTAR and EW revenues increased by 2%, to $1,046 million in 2022 from $1,026 million in 2021, mainly due to armored vehicle systems, night vision and target acquisition systems sales. Land revenues increased 5%, to $1,169 million in 2022 from $1,117 million in 2021, mainly due to airborne precision munitions sales. ESA revenues decreased by 2%, to $1,456 million in 2022 from $1,493 million in 2021, mainly due to lower medical instrumentation and military avionics' sales partially offset by growth of night vision sales and one quarter of Sparton sales. 49 Operating Income The following tables present information about the Company’s reported segments operating income for the periods indicated: Aerospace C4I and Cyber ISTAR and EW Land ESA Segment operating income Unallocated corporate income (expense) Other operating income Operating income 2023 Compared to 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ 125.4 $ 50.7 134.9 80.6 (4.7) 386.9 (17.8) — 369.1 $ 106.8 $ 49.0 49.1 28.6 75.0 308.5 (9.9) 68.9 367.5 $ 129.2 44.4 66.0 35.6 124.3 399.5 4.3 14.7 418.5 Aerospace operating income in 2023 was $125.4 million and 6.7% of Aerospace segment revenues, compared to $106.8 million and 6.2% of segment revenues in 2022. The $18.6 million increase in operating income was mainly due to increased revenues and positive program mix. C4I and Cyber operating income in 2023 was $50.7 million and 7.0% of C4I and Cyber segment revenues, compared to $49.0 million and 7.2% of segment revenues in 2022. ISTAR and EW operating income in 2023 was $134.9 million and 11.4% of ISTAR and EW segment revenues, compared to $49.1 million and 4.7% of segment revenues in 2022. The $85.8 million increase in operating income was mainly due to increased revenues and positive program mix. Land operating income in 2023 was $80.6 million and 6.2% of Land segment revenues, compared to $28.6 million and 2.4% of segment revenues in 2022. The $52.0 million increase in operating income was mainly due to increased revenues, positive program mix and progress in the operational transformation of IMI. ESA operating loss in 2023 was $4.7 million and 0.3% of ESA segment revenues, compared to $75.0 million and 5.1% of segment revenues in 2022. The $79.7 million decrease in operating income was mainly due to the write-off of $52 million non-cash expenses related to the closing of an underperforming subsidiary with limited synergies and to contract assets related to a discontinued project managed under the subsidiary, as well as negative program mix. 2022 Compared to 2021 Aerospace operating income in 2022 was $106.8 million and 6.2% of Aerospace segment revenues, compared to $129.2 million and 8.2% of segment revenues in 2021. The $22.4 million decrease in operating income was mainly due to increased employee compensation expenses and negative program mix. C4I and Cyber operating income in 2022 was $49.0 million and 7.2% of C4I and Cyber segment revenues, compared to $ 44.4 million and 7.1% of segment revenues in 2021. The $4.6 million increase in operating income was mainly due to the increase in revenues partially offset by increased employee compensation expenses. ISTAR and EW operating income in 2022 was $49.1 million and 4.7% of ISTAR and EW segment revenues, compared to $66.0 million and 6.4% of segment revenues in 2021. The $16.9 million decrease in operating income was mainly due to increased employee compensation expenses and negative program mix. Land operating income in 2022 was $28.6 million and 2.4% of Land segment revenues, compared to $35.6 million and 3.2% of segment revenues in 2021. The $7.0 million decrease in operating income was mainly due to increased employee compensation expenses. 50 ESA operating income in 2022 was $75.0 million and 5.1% of ESA segment revenues, compared to $124.3 million and 8.3% of segment revenues in 2021. The $49.3 million decrease in operating income was mainly due to the decrease in Covid-19 medical instrumentation sales that peaked in 2021, supply chain disruptions and negative program mix. Other operating income was $ 68.9 million 2022 compared to $14.7 million in 2021 and included capital gains related to the sales of buildings and investments by subsidiaries in Israel and the UK as well as a facility evacuation grant received by a subsidiary in Israel. Other operating income in 2021 resulted mainly from a capital gain related to the sale of a building by a subsidiary in Israel. Cash Flow Our operating cash flow is affected by the cumulative cash flow generated from our various projects in the reported periods. Project cash flows are affected by the timing of the receipt of advances and the collection of accounts receivable from customers, as well as the timing of payments made by us in connection with the performance of the project. The receipt of payments usually relates to specific events during the project, while expenses are ongoing. As a result, our cash flow may vary from one period to another. Our policy is to invest our cash surplus mainly in interest bearing deposits, in accordance with our projected needs. In general, subsidiaries are able to transfer cash dividends, loans or advances to Elbit Systems and among themselves, subject to corporate policy and tax considerations in their applicable jurisdiction and subject to management commitment not to distribute tax exempt earnings. Such tax considerations have not had in the past, and are not anticipated to have, a material impact on our ability to meet our obligations. 2023 Our net cash flow provided by operating activities in 2023 was approximately $114 million, resulting mainly from an increase in trade and other payables of approximately $175 million, and the increase in non cash operating items of $178 million. Offset by the increase in inventories of approximately $352 million and an increase in trade receivables and contract assets of approximately $97 million. Net cash flow used in investing activities in 2023 was approximately $211 million, which was used mainly for the purchase of property, plant and equipment in the amount of $187 million and acquisitions of subsidiaries in the amount of $10 million. Net cash flow provided by financing activities in 2023 was approximately $83 million, which was provided mainly from the issuance of Commercial paper in the amount of $314 million and short-term credit and loans in the amount of $147 million, offset by repayment of long-term loans in the amount of $246 million, payment of dividends in the amount of $89 million, and repayment of Series B, C and D Notes in the amount of $62 million. 2022 Our net cash flow provided by operating activities in 2022 was approximately $240 million, resulting mainly from an increase in advances received from customers of approximately $192 million, a decrease of approximately $97 million in trade and other receivables and an increase in non-cash operating items of $104 million, offset by a decrease in trade and other payables of approximately $123 million and an increase in inventories of approximately $305 million. Net cash flow used in investing activities in 2022 was approximately $152 million, which was used mainly for the purchase of property, plant and equipment in the amount of $205 million, and acquisitions of subsidiaries in the amount of $63 million, offset by proceeds from the sale of a subsidiary and an investment of approximately $93 million and proceeds from the sale of fixed assets of $25 million. Net cash flow provided by financing activities in 2022 was approximately $136 million, which was used for repayment of long-term loans in the amount of $122 million, payment of dividends in the amount of $87 million, and repayment Series B, C, and D Notes, in an amount of approximately $65 million, offset by new long and short term loan of approximately $139 million. 51 2021 Our net cash flow provided by operating activities in 2021 was approximately $417 million, resulting mainly from an increase in advances received from customers of approximately $618 million, an increase of approximately $105 million in trade and other payables and an increase in non-cash operating items of $183 million, offset by an increase in short and long-term trade receivables of approximately $430 million and an increase in inventories of approximately $336 million. Net cash flow used in investing activities in 2021 was approximately $588 million, which was used mainly for the purchase of property, plant and equipment in the amount of $189 million and acquisitions of subsidiaries in the amount of $446 million, offset by proceeds from the sale of an investment of approximately $16 million and proceeds from the sale of fixed assets of $26 million. Net cash flow provided by financing activities in 2021 was approximately $151 million, which was provided mainly by proceeds from issuance of Series B, C and D Notes, in an amount of approximately $575 million, and proceeds of long-term loans of approximately $476 million, offset by repayment of long-term loans in the amount of $536 million, repayment of short-term bank credit and loans in the amount of $285 million and payment of dividends in the amount of $79 million. Financial Resources The financial resources available to us include profits, collection of accounts receivable, proceeds from the issuance of external indebtedness, advances from customers and the government of Israel and other third parties’ programs such as the Israel Innovation Authority and development grants. In addition, we have access to bank credit lines and financing in Israel and abroad based on our capital, assets and activities. Elbit Systems and some subsidiaries are obligated to meet various financial covenants set forth in our respective loans, Series B, C and D Notes, Israeli Commercial Paper and credit agreements. Such covenants include inter alia, requirements for shareholders’ equity, current ratio, operating profit margin, tangible net worth, EBITDA, interest coverage ratio, total leverage, equity and net financial debt. In respect of each of the 12 month periods ending December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Company was in material compliance with its loan obligations. On December 31, 2023, we had total borrowings from banks in the amount of approximately $316 million in short and long- term loans, commercial paper in the amount of approximately $314 million and approximately $407 million in Series B, C and D Notes intended for general corporate purposes. On December 31, 2023, we also had $4,358 million in guarantees issued on our behalf by banks and other financial institutions, mainly in respect of advance payment and performance guarantees provided in the regular course of business. On December 31, 2023, we had a cash balance amounting to $197 million ans short-term bank deposits of approximately $11 million. We believe that we also have the ability to raise additional funds in the capital market and through expansion of our credit lines. In September 2023, we filed a shelf prospectus with the Israeli Security Authority and the TASE (the Shelf Prospectus). The Shelf Prospectus provides a framework for us to raise funds from time to time in Israel through the offering and sale of various debt and equity securities. The shelf prospectus would typically be effective for two years, unless extended with the consent of the Israeli Securities Authority. As of December 31, 2023, we had working capital of $684 million and a current ratio of 1.14. We believe that our current cash balances, cash generated from operations, lines of credit and financing arrangements will provide sufficient resources to meet our operational needs for at least the next fiscal year. However, our ability to borrow funds from the banking system may be impacted by the global financial and liquidity situation. See Item 3. Risk Factors – Financial-Related Risks. For further information on the level, maturity and terms of our borrowings, see Item 18. Financial Statements – Notes 12, 15 and 16. We believe our cash balance, amounts available under lines of credits, cash flows from operating activities and our ability to access external capital resources is sufficient to satisfy existing short-term and long-term commitments and plans as well as provide adequate financial flexibility to take advantage of potential strategic business opportunities should they arise within the next year. 52 Pensions and Other Post-Retirement Benefits. We account for pensions and other post-employment arrangements in accordance with ASC 715 “Compensation – Retirement Benefits”. Accounting for pensions and other post-retirement benefits involves judgment about uncertain events, including estimated retirement dates, salary levels at retirement, mortality rates, rates of return on plan assets, determination of discount rates for measuring plan obligations, healthcare cost trend rates and rates of utilization of healthcare services by retirees. These assumptions are based on the economic environment in each country. For our pension and other post-retirement benefit assumptions at December 31, 2023 and 2022, see Item 18. Financial Statements – Note 17. On December 31, 2023, our employee benefit liabilities were $510 million, of which we had severance funds of $207 million set aside to satisfy potential obligations. Material Commitments for Capital Expenditures. We believe that we have adequate sources of funds to meet our material commitments for capital expenditures for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023 and the subsequent fiscal year (see above “Financial Resources”). Our anticipated capital expenditures (which include mainly the purchase of equipment, buildings and enhancements to our ERP system) as of December 31, 2023 are somewhat higher than those as of December 31, 2022, due to an anticipated increase in expenditures for buildings and certain other expenses. We plan to pay for such anticipated capital expenditures using cash from operations. See also Item 18. Financial Statements – Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and Note 10. Israeli Series B, C and D Notes In July 2021, Elbit Systems completed a public notes offering on the TASE of NIS 1.9 billion (equal to approximately $575 million at the time of the offering) Series B, C and D Notes. The Notes were offered and sold pursuant to the Shelf Prospectus filed in 2020 with the Israeli Securities Authority. Details of the Notes are as follows: Tranche Face Value (NIS) Maturity Annual Interest Rate (%) Adjustments Series B 1,500,000,000 June 30, 2029 Series C 200,000,000 June 30, 2029 1.08 2.12 Series D 200,000,000 June 30, 2035 2.67 None Changes in the New Israeli Shekel / U.S. dollar ex rate Changes in the New Israeli Shekel / U.S. dollar ex rate The Series B, C and D Notes are unsecured and non-convertible. The offering was made exclusively in Israel to residents of Israel only. The proceeds of the offering are intended for general corporate purposes, which may include, among others, financing of the Company’s operating and investment activities, mergers and acquisitions and payments of outstanding debt under its credit facilities. Following the completion of the Notes offering, we entered into cross-currency interest rate swap transactions in order to effectively hedge the effect of interest and exchange rate differences resulting from the Series B Notes that are not adjusted in accordance with changes in the NIS/ U.S dollar exchange rate. Under the cross-currency interest rate swaps, the Series B Notes were adjusted to the changes of the NIS to the U.S. dollar and paid a fixed U.S. dollar interest rate of 1.92% per annum. During 2023 and 2022 the company paid installments of Notes B,C and D in the amount of approximately $65 million per year. 53 Israeli Commercial Paper In August 2023, Elbit Systems completed an issuance in Israel of U.S. Dollar denominated commercial paper in an amount of approximately $300 million par value, followed by an additional amount of approximately $15 million par value in September 2023, bearing an annual interest of the three-months SOFR interest rate and an additional 1% (the Issuance). The commercial paper is for a term of 90 days, which may be extended by additional periods of 90 days, up to a maximum period of five years, and is also subject to early repayment at the request of an investor with seven business days' notice, or at the Company's discretion, with a twenty-one days prior notice. The commercial paper is not listed on any stock exchange. The proceeds of the Issuance are intended for diversification of the Company's financing sources and for its ongoing operations. Impact of Inflation and Exchange Rates Functional Currency. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, which is also the functional currency for most of our consolidated operations. A majority of our sales are made outside of Israel in non-Israeli currency, mainly U.S. dollars, as well as a majority of our purchases of materials and components. A significant portion of our expenses, mainly labor costs, are in NIS. Some of our subsidiaries have functional currencies in Euro, GBP, Brazilian reals, Australian dollars and other currencies. Transactions and balances originally denominated in U.S. dollars are presented in their original amounts. Transactions and balances in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are remeasured in U.S. dollars according to the principles set forth in ASC 830 “Foreign Currency Matters”. Exchange gains and losses arising from remeasurement are reflected in financial expenses, net, in the consolidated statements of income. Market Risks and Variable Interest Rates Market risks relating to our operations result mainly from changes in interest rates and exchange rates. We use derivative instruments to limit exposure to changes in exchange rates in certain cases. We also typically enter into forward contracts in connection with transactions where long-term contracts have been signed and that are denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars or NIS. We also enter from time to time into forward contracts and other hedging instruments related to NIS based on market conditions. We use financial instruments and derivatives in order to limit our exposure to risks arising from changes in exchange rates and to mitigate our exposure to effects of changes in foreign currency rates and interest rates. The use of such instruments does not expose us to additional exchange rate risks since the derivatives are held against an asset (for example, excess assets in Euros). Our policy in utilizing these financial instruments is to protect the dollar value of our cash and cash equivalent assets rather than to serve as a source of income. In the context of our overall treasury policy, specific objectives apply to the management of financial risks. These objectives are disclosed under the headings below “NIS/U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates”, “Inflation and Currency Exchange Rates” and “Foreign Currency, Derivatives and Hedging”. On December 31, 2023, our liquid assets were comprised of bank deposits and short and long-term investments. Our deposits and investments earn interest based on variable interest rates, and their value as of December 31, 2023 was therefore exposed to changes in interest rates. Should interest rates either increase or decrease, such change may affect our results of operations due to changes in the cost of the liabilities and the return on the assets that are based on variable rates. NIS/U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates. We attempt to manage our financial activities in order to reduce material financial losses in U.S. dollars resulting from the impact of inflation and exchange rate fluctuations on our non-U.S. dollar assets and liabilities. Our income and expenses in NIS are translated into U.S. dollars at the prevailing exchange rates as of the date of the transaction. Consequently, we are affected by changes in the NIS/U.S. dollar exchange rates. We entered into other derivative instruments to limit our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations, related mainly to payroll expenses incurred in NIS. See Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk. The amount of our exposure to the changes in the NIS/U.S. dollar exchange rate may vary from time to time. See Item 3. Key Information – Risk Factors – Financial-Related Risks. 54 Inflation and Currency Exchange Rates The U.S. dollar cost of our operations in Israel is influenced by any increase in the rate of inflation in Israel that is not fully offset by the devaluation of the NIS in relation to the U.S. dollar. Unless inflation in Israel is offset by a devaluation of the NIS, such inflation may have a negative effect on the profitability of contracts where Elbit Systems or any of our Israeli subsidiaries receives payment in U.S. dollars, NIS linked to U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies, but incurs expenses in NIS linked to the CPI. Inflation in Israel and currency fluctuations may also have a negative effect on the profitability of fixed-price contracts where we receive payments in NIS. In the past, our profitability was negatively affected when inflation in Israel (measured by the change in the CPI from the beginning to the end of the calendar year) exceeded the devaluation of the NIS against the U.S. dollar and at the same time we experienced corresponding increases in the U.S. dollar cost of our operations in Israel. In 2023, the inflation rate was approximately a positive 3%, and the NIS weakened against the U.S. dollar by approximately 3.1%. In 2022, the inflation rate was approximately a positive 5.3%, and the NIS weakened against the U.S. dollar by approximately 13.2%. There can be no assurance that we will not be materially adversely affected in the future if inflation in Israel exceeds the devaluation of the NIS against the U.S. dollar or if the timing of such devaluation lags behind increases in inflation in Israel. A devaluation of the NIS in relation to the U.S. dollar also has the effect of decreasing the dollar value of any of our assets that consist of NIS or accounts receivable denominated in NIS, unless such assets or accounts receivable are linked to the U.S. dollar. Such a devaluation also has the effect of reducing the U.S. dollar amount of any of our liabilities that are payable in NIS, unless such payables are linked to the U.S. dollar. On the other hand, any increase in the value of the NIS in relation to the U.S. dollar will have the effect of increasing the U.S. dollar value of any unlinked NIS assets as well as the U.S. dollar amount of any unlinked NIS liabilities and expenses. Foreign Currency, Derivatives and Hedging While our functional currency is the U.S. dollar, we also have some non-U.S. dollar or non-U.S. dollar linked exposure to currencies other than NIS. These are mainly non-U.S. dollar customer debts, payments to suppliers and subcontractors as well as obligations in other currencies, assets or undertakings. Some subcontractors are paid in local currency under prime contracts where we are paid in U.S. dollars. The exposure on these transactions has not been in amounts that are material to us. However, when we view it economically advantageous, due to anticipated uncertainty in the applicable foreign exchange rates, we seek to minimize our foreign currency exposure by entering into hedging arrangements, obtaining periodic payments upon the completion of milestones, obtaining guarantees and security from customers and sharing currency risks with subcontractors. A significant part of our future cash flows that will be denominated in currencies other than the NIS and the U.S. dollar were covered as of December 31, 2023 by forward contracts. On December 31, 2023, we had forward contracts for the sale and purchase of Euro, GBP and various other currencies totaling approximately $2,233 million ($1,808 million in Euro, $133 million in GBP and $292 million in other currencies). See also Item 18. Financial Statements – Consolidated Statements Note 19D. As of December 31, 2023, an unrealized net loss of approximately $51.6 million was included in accumulated other comprehensive income. As of December 31, 2023, all of the forward contracts are expected to mature during the years 2024 – 2028. 55 The table below presents the balance of the derivative instruments held in order to limit the exposure to exchange rate fluctuations as of December 31, 2023 and is presented in millions of U.S. dollar equivalent terms: Forward Buy US$ and Sell: Euro GBP Other various currencies Forward Sell US$ and Buy: Euro GBP NIS Other various currencies *Notional amount information is based on the foreign exchange rate at year end. 56 Notional Amount* Unrealized Gain (Loss) 1,400.1 81.1 285.5 (3.0) 1.9 (8.5) Notional Amount* Unrealized Gain (Loss) 407.8 52.3 1,783.0 6.2 (19.4) (0.1) (1.7) — Off-Balance Sheet Transactions Offset / Industrial Participation In connection with projects in certain countries, Elbit Systems and some of our subsidiaries have entered and may enter in the future into “Industrial Participation” or “offset” agreements, required by a number of our customers as a condition to our obtaining orders for our products and services, or as an important consideration for award. These agreements are customary in our industry and are designed to facilitate economic flow back (buy-back) and/or technology transfer to businesses or government agencies in the applicable country. As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and other geopolitical events, a number of countries are increasing such activities in order to enhance local industry involvement and independence in defense procurement and to have a positive impact on the local economy. These commitments may be satisfied by our placement of direct work or vendor orders for supplies and/or services, transfer of technology, investments or other forms of assistance in the applicable country. We attempt to leverage economies of scale by managing our Industrial Participation activities from an overall corporate perspective. The Industrial Participation rules and regulations, as well as the underlying contracts, may differ from one country to another. The ability to fulfill the Industrial Participation obligations may depend, among other things, on the availability of local suppliers with sufficient capability to meet our requirements and which are competitive in cost, quality and schedule. In certain cases, our commitments may also be satisfied through transactions conducted by other parties, including but not limited to our suppliers, or through “swap” transaction among various countries’ Industrial Participation authorities. Our Industrial Participation activities are conducted in accordance with our anti-bribery and corruption compliance policies. We do not commit to Industrial Participation agreements until orders for our products or services are definitive, but in some cases the orders for our products or services may become effective only after our corresponding Industrial Participation commitments become effective. Industrial Participation programs generally extend at least over the relevant commercial contract period and may provide for penalties in the event we fail to perform in accordance with Industrial Participation requirements. In some cases we provide guarantees in connection with the performance of our Industrial Participation obligations. We have developed dedicated Industrial Participation management tools and procedures and work to continuously improve our infrastructure in order to efficiently meet our obligations. However, should we be unable to meet such obligations we may be subject to contractual penalties, our guarantees may be drawn upon and our chances of receiving additional business from the applicable customers could be reduced or, in certain cases, eliminated. See Item 3. Key Information – Risk Factors – Financial-Related Risks. As of December 31, 2023, we had outstanding Industrial Participation obligations totaling approximately $2.50 billion that extend through 2033. See Item 18. - Financial Statements - Note 21B. 57 Non-GAAP Financial Data The following non-GAAP financial data, including Adjusted gross profit, Adjusted operating income, Adjusted net income, and Adjusted diluted earnings per share, is presented to enable investors to have additional information on our business performance as well as a further basis for periodical comparisons and trends relating to our financial results. We believe such data provides useful information to investors and analysts by facilitating more meaningful comparisons of our financial results over time. The non-GAAP adjustments exclude amortization expenses of intangible assets related to acquisitions that occurred mainly in prior periods, capital gains related primarily to the sale of investments, restructuring activities, uncompensated costs related to the “Swords of Iron” war, non-cash stock based compensation expenses, re-evaluations of investments in affiliated companies, non-operating foreign exchange gains or losses, one-time tax expenses, and the effect of tax on each of these items. We present these non-GAAP financial measures because management believes they supplement and/or enhance management’s, analysts’ and investors’ overall understanding of the Company’s underlying financial performance and trends and facilitate comparisons among current, past, and future periods. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we revised our non-GAAP measures to remove "COVID-19 related expenses and write- offs". We have also included adjustments related to restructuring activities of a subsidiary, uncompensated costs relating to the "Swords of Iron" war and stock-based compensation exemptions. Restructuring of a subsidiary's activities are non-recurring expenses related to the write-off of inventory due to the closing of an underperforming subsidiary with limited synergies to the Company. Uncompensated labor costs are certain employment-related expenses incurred by the Company, in respect of its employees that were mobilized for reserve duty in "Swords of Iron" war, which were above the statutory ceiling for refund. Specifically, management uses Adjusted gross profit, Adjusted operating income, and Adjusted net income attributable to the Company’s shareholders to measure the ongoing gross profit, operating profit and net income performance of the Company because the measure adjusts for more significant non-recurring items, amortization expenses of intangible assets relating to prior acquisitions, and non- cash expense which can fluctuate year to year. We believe Adjusted gross profit, Adjusted operating income, and Adjusted net income attributable to the Company’s shareholders are useful to existing shareholders, potential shareholders and other users of our financial information because they provide measures of the Company’s ongoing performance that enable these users to perform trend analysis using comparable data. Management uses Adjusted diluted earnings per share to evaluate further adjusted net income attributable to the Company’s shareholders while considering changes in the number of diluted shares over comparable periods. We believe adjusted diluted earnings per share is useful to existing shareholders, potential shareholders and other users of our financial information because it also enables these users to evaluate adjusted net income attributable to Company’s shareholders on a per- share basis. The non-GAAP measures used by the Company are not based on any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles. We believe that non-GAAP measures have limitations in that they do not reflect all of the amounts associated with our results of operations, as determined in accordance with GAAP, and that these measures should only be used to evaluate our results of operations in conjunction with the corresponding GAAP measures. Investors are cautioned that, unlike financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP, non-GAAP measures may not be comparable with the calculation of similar measures for other companies. They should consider non-GAAP financial measures in addition to, and not as replacements for or superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. 58 Reconciliation of GAAP (Audited) to Non-GAAP (Unaudited) Supplemental Financial Data (U.S. dollars in millions, except for per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 GAAP gross profit Adjustments: Amortization of purchased intangible assets Restructuring of a subsidiary's activities Uncompensated labor costs related to "Iron Swords" war Stock based compensation (*) Non-GAAP gross profit Percent of revenues GAAP operating income Adjustments: Amortization of purchased intangible assets Restructuring of a subsidiary's activities Stock based compensation Capital gain Non-recurring gain related to grants Uncompensated labor costs related to " Swords of Iron" war (*) Non-GAAP operating income Percent of revenues (*) GAAP net income attributable to Elbit Systems’ shareholders Adjustments: Amortization of purchased intangible assets Restructuring of a subsidiary's activities Stock based compensation Capital gain Revaluation of investment measured under fair value option Non-recurring gain related to grants Non-operating foreign exchange losses Uncompensated labor costs related to "Iron Swords" war Tax effect and other tax items (**) Non-GAAP net income attributable to Elbit Systems’ shareholders Percent of revenues GAAP diluted net EPS Adjustments, net Non-GAAP diluted net EPS 1,483.0 27.3 17.5 4.3 1.8 1,533.9 25.7 % 369.1 43.9 17.5 12.1 — — 6.1 448.7 7.5 % 215.1 43.9 17.5 12.1 — 3.0 — 12.0 6.1 (10.9) 298.8 5.0 % 4.82 1.88 6.70 1,373.3 31.7 — — 1.6 1,406.6 25.5 % 367.5 49.2 — 10.5 (31.5) (28.6) — 367.1 6.7 % 275.4 49.2 — 10.5 (20.5) 10.2 (28.6) (10.5) — (6.3) 279.4 5.1 % 6.18 0.09 6.27 1,358.0 26.7 — — 0.8 1,385.5 26.2 % 418.5 47.0 — 5.3 (14.7) — — 456.1 8.6 % 274.4 47.0 — 5.3 (24.9) (17.3) — 10.6 — 77.7 372.8 7.1 % 6.20 2.22 8.42 (*) While amortization of acquired intangible assets is excluded from the measures, the revenue of the acquired companies is reflected in the measures and the acquired assets contribute to revenue generation. (**) Stock based compensation is excluded from the measures since the expense is non cash. The Company has adjusted its stock based compensation expenses for previous periods as well. 59 Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees. Directors and Executive Officers Board of Directors Our directors as of March 15, 2024 are as follows: Name David Federmann (Chair) Ehud (Udi) Adam Noaz Bar Nir (External Director) Rina Baum Michael Federmann Tzipi Livni Dov Ninveh Professor Ehood (Udi) Nisan Bilha (Billy) Shapira (External Director) __________________ * was not a member of the Board from April to October 2013 Age 49 66 59 78 80 65 76 56 71 Director Since 2007 2023 2020 2001 2000 2023 2000* 2016 2019 The term of office of each director, other than the External Directors, expires at the conclusion of the annual general shareholders meeting to be held during 2024, unless any director’s office is vacated earlier in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law and the Company’s Articles of Association. The second three-year term of office for Bilha (Billy) Shapira as an External Director expires in November 2025, and the second three-year term of office for Noaz Bar Nir as an External Director expires in August 2026. David Federmann. David Federmann has served as chair of the Board since August 2023, after serving as vice chair of the Board since 2015. He has served in various management capacities at Federmann Enterprises Ltd. (FEL), a privately-owned Israeli company, since 2000. FEL, directly and through subsidiaries, holds a diversified portfolio of investments, including ownership of approximately 44.03% of the Company’s outstanding shares. FEL also has ownership interests in Dan Hotels Ltd. (Dan Hotels), an Israeli hotel chain, Freiberger Compound Materials GmbH (Freiberger), a German company engaged in the supply of materials for the semi- conductor industry, and several financial, real estate and venture capital investments. David Federmann currently serves as chair of the board of Freiberger and as a member of the boards of directors of Dan Hotels, BGN Technologies Ltd. (the technology transfer company of Ben-Gurion University), and several other private companies. David Federmann is the son of Michael Federmann, who may be considered our controlling shareholder. Mr. Federmann holds a bachelor’s degree in mathematics and philosophy from New York University. Ehud (Udi) Adam. Ehud (Udi) Adam has served as a strategic consultant to various public and private companies in the technology sector since June 2020. From 2016 until May 2020, Mr. Adam served as director general of the Israeli Ministry of Defense. Since 2020, Mr. Adam has served as a director of Arma Ferrea Ltd., a company that develops and manufactures reactive armor systems, and as a director of Arma Kinetica Ltd., a company in the field of kinetic energy solutions. Since 2020, he has also served as chair of the board of Armalux Ltd., a company that engages in the field of laser systems and, since 2022, as chair of the board of Ecology for Protected Community Ltd., a company that employs people with special needs to collect electronic waste. Since 2021, Mr. Adam has served as the chair of a public committee of the Geophysical Institute of Israel and, since 2011, as president of “Midor Ledor”, a non-profit community association. In 2016, Mr. Adam served as chair of the board of IMI Systems Ltd., formerly an Israeli government owned defense company later acquired by the Company. Mr. Adam served in the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) for 31 years, where he holds the rank of major general (reserves), and served as head of the Technological and Logistics Directorate and as head of the Northern Command. Mr. Adam holds a bachelor of arts degree in political science and government from Bar-Ilan University in Ramat Gan, Israel and a master’s degrees in military and strategic leadership from Ecole de Guerre Paris. Mr. Adam serves as chair of the Company’s Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee and as a member of the Company's Compensation Committee and the Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee. 60 Noaz Bar Nir. (External Director). Mr. Bar Nir has served as a business consultant for various private and public entities in the areas of medicine and tourism since 2019 and is a lecturer on health systems management in the Netanya Academic College. Noaz Bar Nir has served since 2022 as a director of Yad Ben-Zvi, a research institute established to promote Zionist educational and cultural activities. He also served as a director of Remedor Biomed Ltd., a company specializing in advanced treatment of wounds, from 2016 to 2017 and from 2018 to 2023, and of Radio Ashams FM Ltd., a regional radio station located in northern Israel, since 2019. From 2018 until the end of 2022, he served as a director of Genefron Ltd., a company in the field of genomic-based personal medicine. From 2017 to 2018, Mr. Bar Nir served as CEO of Clalit Health Services Ltd. (Clalit), Israel’s largest health organization, and as chair of the boards of Clalit’s subsidiaries S.L.H Medical Services Ltd., Mor – The Institution of Medical Information Ltd. and Clalit - Medical Engineering Ltd. From 2009 to 2017, he served in various senior executive positions and as chair of several companies in the fields of health and tourism, including as chief executive officer of the Israel Hotel Association from 2015 to 2017, as CEO of Harokeah Ltd., a network of pharmacies from 2014 to 2015, as chair of the board of Shfayim Hotel Ltd. and Shfayim Park Ltd. from 2013 to 2015 and as director general of the Israeli Ministry of Tourism from 2009 to 2013. Prior to that, Mr. Bar Nir held various financial positions, including as chief financial officer of Clalit from 2002 to 2008, and as head of the budgets, economics and cost accounting department of Clalit from 1996 to 2002. From 1991 to 1995, he held several positions in the Israeli Ministry of Finance. From 2005 to 2007 he served as a member of the investments committee of Clal Pension and Gemel Ltd. In addition, from 1993 to 2017, he served as a director in several entities, including among others Dikla Insurance Company Ltd. Mr. Bar Nir holds a bachelor’s degree in economics and an MBA, with proficiencies in financing, information systems and accounting, from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. Mr. Bar Nir serves as chair of the Company's Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee and as a member of the Company's Compensation Committee and the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. He is considered by the Board to have accounting and financial expertise under the Companies Law and is designated as an audit committee financial expert in accordance with SEC rules. Rina Baum. Rina Baum is vice president of FEL and has served as a director and CEO of Uni-bit Insurance Agency (1983) Ltd. since 1990. She currently serves as a director of Dan Hotels and as chairman and director of Etanit Building Products Ltd. (Etanit). She also holds other managerial positions with investee companies of FEL. Mrs. Baum holds a law degree (LL.B) from the Hebrew University. Michael Federmann. Michael Federmann served as chair of the Board between 2000 and August 2023. Since 2002 he has served as chair and CEO of FEL, where he held managerial positions since 1969. Mr. Federmann also serves as a director of Dan Hotels and of Freiberger. He serves as the president of the Germany - Israel Chamber of Industry and Commerce, was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany and is an Honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). Michael Federmann may be considered our controlling shareholder and is the father of David Federmann, the chair of the Board. Mr. Federmann holds a bachelor’s degree in economics and political science from the Hebrew University, which has also awarded him an honorary doctorate in philosophy. Tzipi Livni. Tzipi Livni has served as an external director of Bezeq the Israeli Telecommunication Corp. Ltd., the largest telecommunications company in Israel, and as a director of its subsidiaries – Bezeq International Ltd., Yes TV and Communications Services Ltd. and Pelephone Communications Ltd., each since April 2021. Mrs. Livni has also served as a director of the Institute for National Security Studies, a research institution affiliated with Tel Aviv University, since June 2021, and has been a member of the advisory board of Seevix Material Sciences Ltd., a biotechnology company, since October 2021. Since March 2023, Mrs. Livni has served as a member of the board of trustees of Nizami Ganjavi International Center, a non-profit organization that promotes collaboration among different cultures and civilizations and, since 2018, she has served as a member of the board of trustees of the International Crisis Group. Mrs. Livni is a member of the Aspen Cybersecurity Group and previously served as a member of the Multinational Cyber Action Committee. Mrs. Livni also serves as a member of the global steering committee of Campaign for Nature and the Aspen Ministers Forum. Mrs. Livni is also an international speaker and strategic advisor and was a fellow at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in Boston in 2019. Between 1999 and 2019, Mrs. Livni held various political and ministerial positions in Israel, including the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Vice Prime Minister, Minister of Justice, Minister of Regional Cooperation, Minister of Immigrants Absorption, Minister of Housing and Construction and Minister of Agriculture, and was a member of the Security Cabinet and leader of the opposition in the Israeli Knesset. Prior to this time, she was Head of the Government Companies Authority and practiced law. Tzipi Livni holds a law degree (LL.B.) from Bar-Ilan University. Mrs. Livni serves as a member of the Company's Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee. Dov Ninveh. Dov Ninveh served as chief financial officer and a manager of FEL from 1994 until 2020 and as the general manager of Heris Aktiengesellschaft from 2012 until 2021. He currently serves as a member of the board of directors of Freiberger. Mr. Ninveh served as a director of Dan Hotels from 2003 until 2022 and as a member of the board of directors of Etanit from 1994 until 2023. From 1996 until 2000 he served as director of Elop Electro-Optic Industries Ltd. (Elop) and from 1989 to 1994, he served as deputy general manager of Etanit. Mr. Ninveh holds a bachelor of science degree in economics and management from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (the Technion) in Haifa, Israel. 61 Professor Ehood (Udi) Nisan. Prof. Ehood (Udi) Nisan is a professor in the School of Public Policy and Government of the Hebrew University. He is an External Director of Harel Insurance Finance Services Ltd. and Rekah Pharmaceutical Industry Ltd. He is also a member of the board of Bezalel Academy of Art and chair of its finance committee and a member of the audit committee of Azrieli College of Engineering Jerusalem. Since 2023, Prof. Nisan has served as the chairman of the Hebrew University Assets Company Ltd. From 2014 until 2021, he served as a member of the board of the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo. From 2013 to 2016, he was the chair of the board of directors of Delek, The Israel Fuel Corporation Ltd. From 2009 to 2011, Prof. Nisan was the director of the national budget department of the Israeli Ministry of Finance, and from 2007 to 2009, he served as the director of the Government Companies Authority. Prior to that, he served in various executive positions in the Israeli Ministry of Finance and served as a member and chair of several government and public committees, including as the CEO of the Jerusalem Development Authority. Prof. Nisan holds bachelor’s and master’s degrees in economics and business administration, and a PhD in public economics and policy from the Hebrew University. During 2006 - 2007, Prof. Nisan completed his post-doctoral studies at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he was also a Senior Fellow in 2011 - 2012. Prof. Nisan serves as a member of the Company's Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee. He is considered by the Board to have accounting and financial expertise under the Companies Law and is designated as an audit committee financial expert in accordance with SEC rules. Bilha (Billy) Shapira (External Director). Mrs. Bilha (Billy) Shapira serves as a member of the board of governors and the audit committee of the Azrieli College of Engineering, the Jerusalem Transportation Master Plan Team, the boards of several non-profit organizations in Israel and the board of governors of the Hebrew University. She is also a consultant for TABI Learning Technologies Ltd., a start-up company in the field of pedagogical instruments for students with learning and sensory integration disorders. From 2018 until 2020, she was the head of the Israeli branch of Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers, a German association with centers worldwide that promotes research collaboration between German institutions and industries and foreign academic institutions, industrial entities and governmental research bodies. From 2009 until 2017, Mrs. Shapira served as vice president and CEO of the Hebrew University and as the CEO of VERA - the Association of Heads of Universities in Israel. Prior to that, she served for 36 years in various management capacities at the Hebrew University. Mrs. Shapira holds a bachelor’s degree in Russian studies and international relations and a master’s degree in administration and public policy from the Hebrew University. Mrs. Shapira serves as chair of the Company’s Compensation Committee and is a member of the Company’s Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee and the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. She is considered by the Board to have professional competence under the Companies Law. 62 Executive Officers Our executive officers, who are the President and CEO, the Senior Executive Vice President and the Executive Vice Presidents who report to the President and CEO, as of March 15, 2024, are as follows: Name Bezhalel Machlis Joseph Gaspar Jonathan Ariel Boaz Cohen Haim Delmar Michael Edelstein Dr. Shelly Gordon Dr. Yaacov Kagan Ran Kril Yuval Ramon Oren Sabag Yoram Shmuely Yehuda Vered Yehoshua Yehuda Age 61 75 67 59 54 57 63 59 53 58 50 63 66 57 Position President and Chief Executive Officer Senior Executive Vice President – Business Management Executive Vice President – Chief Legal Officer Executive Vice President – Marketing and Business Development North America, Australia and New Zealand Executive Vice President – General Manager C4I and Cyber Executive Vice President – Strategy and Business Development Israel Executive Vice President – Chief Human Resources Officer Executive Vice President – Chief Financial Officer Executive Vice President – International Marketing and Business Development Executive Vice President – Chief Operating Officer Executive Vice President – General Manager ISTAR and EW Executive Vice President – General Manager Aerospace Executive Vice President – General Manager Land Executive Vice President – Strategy and Chief Technology Officer Bezhalel Machlis. Bezhalel Machlis has served as the Company’s President and CEO since 2013. From 2008 until 2012, he served as executive vice president – general manager land and C4I, after serving as corporate vice president – general manager land systems and C4I since 2004. In 2003, he served as corporate vice president – general manager ground, C4I and battlefield systems. From 2000 until 2002, he served as vice president – battlefield and information systems. Mr. Machlis joined Elbit Ltd. in 1991 and held various management positions in the battlefield and information systems area. Prior to that, he served as an artillery officer in the IDF, where he holds the rank of colonel (reserves). Mr. Machlis holds a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering and a bachelor of arts degree in computer science from the Technion and an MBA from Tel Aviv University, Israel. He is a graduate of Harvard University Business School’s Advanced Management Program in Boston. Joseph Gaspar. Joseph Gaspar was appointed Senior Executive Vice President – Business Management in 2022. Prior to that, he served as an executive vice president since 2008 and before that as chief financial officer since 2001. From 2000 until 2001 Mr. Gaspar served as corporate vice president – strategy, technology and subsidiaries. From 1996 until 2000, he held the position of corporate vice president – marketing and business development of Elop. Mr. Gaspar joined Elop in 1975 and held several management positions, including vice president and general manager of Elop’s optronics product division and co-manager of an Elop subsidiary in the United States. Mr. Gaspar holds a bachelor of science degree from the Technion in electronic engineering with advanced studies in digital signal processing and communication. Jonathan Ariel. Jonathan Ariel has served as Executive Vice President – Chief Legal Officer since 2012, after serving as senior vice president – general counsel since 2008. He joined Elbit Systems in 1996 and has held several positions within the legal department, including vice president – general counsel of Elbit Systems Electro-Optics Elop Ltd. Prior to joining Elbit Systems, Mr. Ariel served as a legal advisor both in-house and in private law firms in Israel and the U.S. Mr. Ariel holds a law degree (LL.B.) from Tel-Aviv University. He is admitted to the Israeli Bar. 63 Boaz Cohen. Boaz Cohen was appointed Executive Vice President – Marketing and Business Development North America, Australia and New Zealand in 2021 and 2023, respectively. Prior to that, since 2013 he served as senior vice president – land systems. After retiring from the IDF as a colonel in the Armored Corps in 2007, Mr. Cohen joined Elbit Systems and held various management positions in the land and C4I areas. Mr. Cohen holds a bachelor of arts degree in management and economics from Haifa University, Israel and is a graduate of Harvard University Business School’s Advanced Management Program. Haim Delmar. Haim Delmar was appointed Executive Vice President – General Manager C4I and Cyber in 2018, after serving as senior vice president - C4ISR and HLS since 2009. Mr. Delmar joined Elbit Systems in 1993 and held various engineering and management positions in the battlefield and information systems area. From 2000 until 2004, he served in executive positions at Utopy Inc. and Mobilitec Inc. in the telecommunication and data mining fields, returning to Elbit Systems in 2004. Mr. Delmar holds a bachelor of science degree in computer engineering from the Technion and is a graduate of Harvard University Business School’s Advanced Management Program. Michael Edelstein. Michael (Miki) Edelstein was appointed Executive Vice President – Strategy and Business Development Israel in 2022. Mr. Edelstein joined Elbit Systems in 2021 as senior vice president – strategy and business development Israel. Prior to that, Mr. Edelstein served for 34 years in the IDF, where he holds the rank of Major General (reserves), in a variety of positions, including command of several combat units and as Defense Attaché to the U.S. In 2020 he was awarded the Legion of Merit medal by the U.S. Secretary of Defense. Mr. Edelstein holds a bachelor degree in law and business management from Reichman University in Herzliya, Israel and a Master’s degree in national resources management from the National Defense University in Washington, D.C. and is a graduate of the International Security Program at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Dr. Shelly Gordon. Dr. Shelly Gordon was appointed Executive Vice President – Chief Human Resources Officer shortly after joining Elbit Systems in 2015. From 2012 until joining Elbit Systems, she headed executive education at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya. From 2005 until 2012, Dr. Gordon served as vice president – organizational development and talent management at Amdocs Limited and served as vice president – human resources at Elite Confectionary Ltd. from 2000 until 2005. Prior to that, she worked as an independent consultant with management teams and senior managers, leading major transformations in varied organizations and industries. Dr. Gordon received a bachelor’s degree in education and art from the Hebrew University, a bachelor’s degree in psychology from Tel- Aviv University and a doctorate in management studies from the University of Hertfordshire in the U.K. Dr. Yaacov Kagan. Dr. Yaacov (Kobi) Kagan was appointed Executive Vice President – Chief Financial Officer, in 2022. He was appointed in 2018 as deputy general manager and senior vice president – finance and control in Elbit Systems Land, and from 2010 to 2018 he served as Elbit Systems Land and C4I’s vice president – finance and control. Dr. Kagan joined Elbit Systems in 2008 as a sales director at Elbit Systems Land and C4I. Prior to that, Dr. Kagan served for 26 years in the Israeli Navy, where he holds the rank of a naval captain (reserves), and in the IMOD, in a variety of positions, including the Head of the Navy’s budget department. Dr. Kagan holds a bachelor of arts degree in economics and business administration, an MBA in business administration and a PhD in economics from Bar- Ilan University, and is a graduate of Harvard University Business School’s Advanced Management Program. Ran Kril. Ran Kril was appointed Executive Vice President – International Marketing and Business Development in 2015. From 2013 until his current appointment, he served as aerospace vice president – marketing and sales, after serving as aerospace vice president – sales and contracts since 2007. He joined Elbit Systems in 1997 and held various senior positions in aerospace's marketing, sales and finance departments. Mr. Kril holds a bachelor of science degree in economics and management from the Technion and a master of science of management degree from the Polytechnic University of New York. Yuval Ramon. Yuval Ramon was appointed Executive Vice President – Chief Operating Officer in 2015. From 2014 until his current appointment, he served as vice president – corporate operations. From 1998 to 2013, he served in a number of management positions in Elbit Systems of America, including as senior vice president of operations, site lead at the Merrimack operations and director of sales and contracts for the Fort Worth operations. He joined Elbit Systems in 1994 as a sales and contract manager. Mr. Ramon holds a bachelor of science degree in industrial engineering and economics from the Technion. Oren Sabag. Oren Sabag was appointed Executive Vice President – General Manager ISTAR and EW in 2022, after serving as executive vice president – co-general manager ISTAR and EW since 2021. From 2014 to 2021, he served as C4I and Cyber senior vice president – radios and secure communications. From 2011 to 2013, he served as vice president for engineering – land and C4I. Mr. Sabag joined Elbit in 1998 and held various engineering and management positions. Mr. Sabag holds a bachelor of science degree in computer engineering from the Technion and an MBA in business management from Haifa University. 64 Yoram Shmuely. Yoram Shmuely has served as Executive Vice President – General Manager Aerospace since 2013, after serving as executive vice president – co-general manager aerospace since 2008. From 2003 to 2007, Mr. Shmuely served as corporate vice president – co-general manager airborne and helmet systems. He served as corporate vice president and general manager – helmet- mounted systems from 2000 until 2003. From 1998 until 2000, he was vice president – helmet-mounted systems. From 1996 until 1998, he served as president of a U.S. subsidiary of Elbit Systems. Mr. Shmuely joined Elbit Ltd. in 1990 and served as director of Elbit Ltd.’s helmet-mounted display business. He served as a fighter aircraft pilot in the Israeli Air Force (IAF). Mr. Shmuely holds a bachelor of science degree in electronic engineering from the Technion. Yehuda Vered. Yehuda (Udi) Vered has served as Executive Vice President – General Manager Land since 2018, after serving as executive vice president – general manager land and C4I since 2013. From 2009 until 2013, Mr. Vered served as executive vice president – service solutions as well as vice president – marketing land and C4I. From 2004 to 2008, he served as land and C4I chief financial officer and vice president for contracts and sales. Mr. Vered joined Elbit Systems in 2003 as ground, C4I and battlefield systems vice president – contracts and sales and chief financial officer. Before that, he served as an aircrew officer in the IAF, where he holds the rank of colonel (reserves). Mr. Vered holds a bachelor of arts degree in management and economics from Tel-Aviv University, an M.B.A from Ben-Gurion University and is a graduate of Harvard University Business School’s Advanced Management Program. Yehoshua Yehuda. Yehoshua (Shuki) Yehuda was appointed Executive Vice President – Strategy and Chief Technology Officer in 2020. From 2016 until his current appointment, he served as executive vice president – chief technology officer. From 2008 until 2016, he served as Elisra’s vice president and chief technology officer as well as general manager – radar solutions business unit. Prior to that he served in a number of management positions in Elisra, which he joined in 2000. Prior to joining Elisra, Mr. Yehuda served as an officer in the IDF, holding command positions in the Intelligence Corps. Mr. Yehuda holds a bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering from Tel-Aviv University and a master of science degree in neural computation from the Hebrew University. He is a graduate of Harvard University Business School’s Advanced Management Program. 65 Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers Compensation Policy Pursuant to the Companies Law, a public company such as Elbit Systems is required to adopt a compensation policy regarding the terms of office and employment of its Office Holders (as defined in the Companies Law) (generally Elbit Systems’ directors and executive officers), including compensation, equity-based awards, exemption from liability, indemnification and insurance, severance and other benefits (Employment Terms). In addition, pursuant to the Companies Law, every three years a compensation policy needs to be re-approved by the board of directors, following the recommendation of the compensation committee, and re-approved by the company’s shareholders, by a Special Uninterested Majority. Special Uninterested Majority means the affirmative vote of a majority of the voting power in the company present at the respective meeting either in person, by proxy or by a voting instrument, and voting on the respective resolution, provided that, either: (a) such majority includes a majority of the shareholders who are not controlling shareholders of the company and do not have a “Personal Interest” in the approval of the respective resolution (disregarding abstentions) or (b) the total number of shares of the shareholders referred to in (a) above that are voted against the approval of the proposed resolution does not exceed two percent (2%) of the total voting rights in the company. For the definition of Personal Interest see Item 10. Additional Information – Approval of Certain Transactions – Personal Interest and Extraordinary Transactions. At the Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders held on April 7, 2021 (the April 2021 General Meeting), our shareholders, following a favorable recommendation of the Compensation Committee of the Board (the Compensation Committee) and the approval of the Board, approved a compensation policy applicable to Employment Terms and arrangements with our Office Holders (the Compensation Policy). For further information, please see the Compensation Policy filed as Exhibit 4.3 to this annual report. In accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law as set forth above, the Compensation Policy is in effect for a three- year period ending in April 2024 or as otherwise may be mandated from time to time by the Companies Law. Following the recommendation of our Compensation Committee and the approval of our Board, on February 21, 2024 we published a proxy statement for an Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 9, 2024, with a proposal to approve a new compensation policy (the New Compensation Policy), as required by the Companies Law and set forth in the proxy statement for the meeting. Upon approval of the New Compensation Policy, it will be in effect for a three-year period or as otherwise may be mandated from time to time by the Companies Law. For further information about the approval of Employment Terms of our Office Holders, see Item 10. Additional Information – Approval of Certain Transactions – Approval of Employment Terms of Office Holders. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers Aggregate Compensation to Directors and Executive Officers The following table sets forth the aggregate compensation costs for all of our directors and executive officers as a group for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023: (U.S. dollars in thousands)* All directors (consisting of 11 persons) All executive officers (consisting of 15 persons) Salaries, Directors’ Fees Commissions and Bonuses Pension, Retirement and Similar Benefits $ $ 552 11,411 $ $ — 1,440 *For information regarding the value of phantom units and equity awards to the directors and executive officers, see below “2018 Phantom Bonus Retention Plan” and “2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers and Equity Plans in Other Entities”. 66 Directors Fees In accordance with the Compensation Policy and with the Israeli Companies Regulations (Relief from Related Parties’ Transactions), 5760-2000, the Compensation Committee and the Board approved payment to the Company's directors (including to Michael Federmann who may be considered a controlling shareholder of the Company, and his son David Federmann), in accordance with maximum regulatory rates payable to External Directors under Israeli law for companies similarly classified based on their shareholding equity, which rates are also paid to the Company’s External Directors, as well as reimbursement of expenses in accordance with Israeli law and the Company’s procedures, which are also paid to the Company’s External Directors. As a result, each of the Company’s directors is and will be entitled to an annual fee of approximately NIS 120,125 (equal to approximately $32,400) and a per meeting fee of approximately NIS 4,625 (equal to approximately $1,250), which reflect the above-mentioned fee levels, linked to the Israeli consumer price index. 2018 Phantom Bonus Retention Plan In 2018, our Board approved a “Phantom” Bonus Retention Plan for Senior Managers (the 2018 Phantom Plan). The purpose of the 2018 Phantom Plan is to strengthen the alignment of the interests of certain senior managers with those of the Company and its subsidiaries, and their willingness to continue to work at the Company and its subsidiaries, in order to advance the Company’s growth and profitability, through the creation of a long-term incentive for senior managers. Under the 2018 Phantom Plan, phantom bonus units (2018 Plan Units) were granted to senior managers with three yearly tranches, each tranche comprised of a number of units which entitle the recipient the right to receive the financial benefit deriving from increases in the value of the Company’s shares during the applicable periods, based on the mechanism specified in the 2018 Phantom Plan. 2018 Plan Units are calculated separately for each tranche, and the total accrual period for each tranche is three years from the respective determination date of the applicable 2018 Plan Units. At the end of the twelve-month period during the 2018 Plan Units accrual period for each tranche (Yearly Calculation Period), the Company calculates the annual benefit amount of the 2018 Plan Units for such Yearly Calculation Period (Annual Benefit Amount) by multiplying the number of 2018 Plan Units included in the tranche by the difference between (i) the initial value, i.e. the average of the closing share prices of a Company share on the TASE, during the period of thirty (30) trading days preceding the beginning of the respective period, and (ii) the year-end value of the respective Yearly Calculation Period, i.e. the average of the closing share prices of a Company share on the TASE, during the period of thirty (30) trading days preceding the end of the relevant Yearly Calculation Period; provided such amount is positive. The accrued benefit amount for the 2018 Plan Units (Accrued Benefit Amount) in each yearly tranche is the sum of all three Annual Benefit Amounts. Except in certain circumstances described in the 2018 Phantom Plan, the Accrued Benefit Amount of a tranche is paid to the recipient following the end of the third Yearly Calculation Period of the respective tranche, provided that the recipient remains an employee of the Company. The benefits received under the 2018 Phantom Plan are subject to taxation at ordinary personal income tax rates. The 2018 Phantom Plan is not specifically intended for our executive officers, however some of our current executive officers have 2018 Plan Units that were granted to them prior to their nomination as executive officers. We recorded an amount of approximately $0.5 million in 2023, as compensation costs related to grants made prior to 2023 to our executive officers under the 2018 Phantom Plan. No 2018 Plan Units were granted to executive officers in 2023. See Item 18. Financial Statements – Note 22. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers and Equity Plans in Other Entities In 2018, our Board approved the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers (the 2018 Option Plan). See below “Share Ownership – Elbit Systems’ Stock Option Plans – 2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers”. No options were granted to executive officers in 2023. In 2023 we recorded an amount of approximately $5.3 million as compensation costs related to options granted to our executive officers under the 2018 Option Plan. See Item 18. Financial Statements Note 22. In 2023, we recorded an amount of approximately $0.01 million as compensation costs related to options granted to our executive officers prior to 2023 in start-up entities or similar ventures under their plans (whether by allocation of options by the start-up entities themselves or by allocation of shares or options to purchase shares of such start-up entities which are held by the Company) (Options in Other Entities). 67 Cash Bonuses Elbit Systems has implemented an annual pay-for-performance bonus plan (Annual Bonus) based on pre-determined criteria that aims to align and unify our executive officers in reaching Elbit Systems’ short and long-term goals. Annual Bonuses are, therefore, a strictly pay-for-performance element, as payout eligibility and levels are determined based on financial, business and operational results, as applicable, as well as individual performance. Payment of the Annual Bonus is also subject to the fulfillment of preconditions as described in our Compensation Policy. Our executive officers may also be granted other cash bonuses from time to time which are discretionary, subject to required approvals. For additional information, see the Compensation Policy filed as Exhibit 4.3 to this annual report. Other Compensation In addition to payment of monthly salary, bonuses and options, our executive officers are entitled to reimbursement of travel and certain other expenses in a manner similar to other employees and other benefits as described in our Compensation Policy. Office Holders of the Company, including our directors and executive officers, are also covered by our D&O liability insurance policy and are entitled to indemnification and exemption from certain liabilities, in accordance with our Restated Articles of Association (the Articles of Association) and pursuant to indemnification and exemption letters as approved by our shareholders. For additional information, see Item 10. Additional Information – Exemption, Insurance and Indemnification of Directors and Officers. Compensation of Five Most Highly Compensated Office Holders The following describes the compensation of our five most highly compensated Office Holders with respect to the year ended December 31, 2023. All amounts specified are in terms of cost to the Company as recorded in our financial statements. Compensation for each of the specified Office Holders is indicated in terms of the following types of compensation costs: (1) Salary Costs. Salary Costs include gross salary and, if and to the extent applicable to a respective Office Holder, social and other benefits such as vacation days, sick days, convalescence pay, monthly remuneration for a study fund, contributions made by the Company on behalf of the Office Holders to an insurance policy or a pension fund, contributions by the Company on behalf of the Office Holders towards work disability insurance, retirement and termination of service benefits and other benefits such as company car and communication costs. U.S. dollar amounts indicated for Salary Costs are based on the exchange rate of 3.708, which represents the average weighted U.S. dollar – NIS exchange rate for the date of payments for each of the months during 2023 (Average Exchange Rate). (2) Bonus Costs. Bonus Costs represent bonuses (Annual Bonuses, managerial evaluation and/or special bonuses, as the case may be) recorded in connection with the Office Holders with respect to the year ended December 31, 2023. U.S. dollar amounts indicated for Bonus Costs are based on the Average Exchange Rate. (3) Stock Option Costs. Stock Option Costs are costs recorded with respect to the year ended December 31, 2023 related to the 2018 Option Plan and to Options in Other Entities. See above “Aggregate Compensation to Directors and Executive Officers” and “2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers and Equity Plans in Other Entities” and below “Share Ownership – Elbit Systems’ Stock Option Plans – 2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers” and Item 18. Financial Statements – Notes 22C and 22D. (4) Phantom Bonus Costs. Phantom Bonus Costs are costs recorded with respect to the year ended December 31, 2023 related to the value of benefits under tranches of phantom bonus units granted to the Office Holders under the 2018 Phantom Plan. See above “Aggregate Compensation to Directors and Executive Officers” and “2018 Phantom Bonus Retention Plan” and Item 18. Financial Statements - Note 22G. Benefits under the 2018 Phantom Plan cover tranches payable over three years. 68 The five most highly compensated Office Holders in 2023 were as follows (U.S. dollar amounts in thousands): (1) Bezhalel Machlis – President and CEO. Compensation costs recorded for Mr. Machlis in 2023 included: $1,412 in Salary Costs, $1,993 in Bonus Costs and $1,256 in Stock Option Costs. At the Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders scheduled for April 2024, following the recommendation of our Compensation Committee and the Board, our shareholders will vote on a proposal to amend the employment terms of Mr. Machlis. For further information see the proxy statement for this meeting. (2) Yoram Shmuely - Executive Vice President – General Manager Aerospace. Compensation costs recorded for Mr. Shmuely in 2023 included: $781 in Salary Costs, $173 in Bonus Costs and $512 in Stock Option Costs. (3) Ran Kril - Executive Vice President – International Marketing and Business Development. Compensation costs recorded for Mr. Kril in 2023 included: $571 in Salary Costs, $422 in Bonus Costs and $395 in Stock Option Costs. (4) Yehuda Vered - Executive Vice President – General Manager Land. Compensation costs recorded for Mr. Vered in 2023 included: $715 in Salary Costs, $159 in Bonus Costs and $512 in Stock Option Costs. (5) Joseph Gaspar - Senior Executive Vice President – Business Management. Compensation costs recorded for Mr. Gaspar in 2023 included: $748 in Salary Costs, $191 in Bonus Costs and $272 in Stock Option Costs. Board Practices Appointment of Directors Our directors, other than our External Directors, are generally elected by the shareholders at the annual general meeting of shareholders. Their term of office is until the conclusion of the next annual general meeting of shareholders, which is held at least once every calendar year but not more than fifteen months after the previous annual general meeting of shareholders. According to our Articles of Association, the approval of our shareholders at a general meeting is generally required to remove any of our directors from office. Between annual general meetings of shareholders our Board may appoint new directors to fill vacancies. The External Directors are elected at a general meeting of shareholders as described under “External Directors” below. Our Articles of Association authorize a maximum of seventeen directors, a minimum of five directors and, unless otherwise determined by our Board or approved by our shareholders, the number of directors will be nine. The Companies Law requires the board of directors of a public company, after considering the company’s type and size and the scope and complexity of its activities, to determine the minimum number of directors on the board having “financial and accounting expertise” as defined in the Companies Law. Our Board has adopted a policy pursuant to which it will include a minimum of two directors having financial and accounting expertise as defined under the Companies Law. Currently our Board has two directors who are considered by the Board to have financial and accounting expertise: Mr. Bar Nir and Prof. Nisan. In addition, the Companies Law provides that a person will not be elected and will not serve as a director in a public company if he or she does not have the required qualifications and the ability to dedicate an appropriate amount of time for the performance of his or her director position in the company, taking into consideration, among other factors, the special needs and size of the company. A general meeting of shareholders of a company whose shares are publicly traded, at which the election of a director is to be considered, will not be held, and a director will not be elected, unless: (1) the nominee has declared to the company that he or she complies with the above-mentioned requirements; (2) the details of his or her applicable qualifications are provided; (3) in case such nominee is an “Independent Director” as defined in the Companies Law (see below), the nominee has also declared that he or she complies with the independence criteria under the Companies Law; and (4) in case such nominee is an External Director, the nominee has declared that he or she complies with the requirements for External Directors provided under the Companies Law. 69 Each of our elected directors has declared to our Board that he or she complies with the required qualifications under the Companies Law for appointment as a member of our Board, detailing his or her applicable qualifications, and that he or she is capable of dedicating the appropriate amount of time for the performance of his or her role as a member of our Board. In addition, Mr. Adam, Mrs. Livni and Prof. Nisan have each declared, and our Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee has determined, that he or she complies with the criteria of an Independent Director under the Companies Law, and Mr. Bar Nir and Mrs. Shapira have each declared that he or she complies with the External Director requirements under the Companies Law. In addition to the External Directors, under the Companies Law and regulations thereunder, a director in a company such as Elbit Systems, who qualifies as an independent director under the relevant non-Israeli rules relating to independence standards, such as the Nasdaq director independence criteria, may be considered an Independent Director pursuant to the Companies Law if such director meets certain conditions listed in the regulations, and provided such director has been designated as such by the audit committee. The Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee has designated Mr. Adam, Mrs. Livni and Prof. Nisan as Independent Directors under the Companies Law. The terms of office of Mrs. Shapira and Mr. Bar Nir, the current External Directors on our Board, expire as described under “External Directors” below. The terms of office of the other seven current directors, each of whom was appointed at the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders held in August 2023, expire as described under “Directors and Executive Officers – Board of Directors” above. There are no service contracts or similar arrangements with any director that provide for benefits upon termination of directorship. We are subject to Nasdaq Stock Market Inc. Listing Rules (the Nasdaq Rules) relating to the composition and practices of our Board. Among other things, these rules require that a majority of our directors be “independent” as defined in the applicable Nasdaq Rules and that our Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee, our Compensation Committee and our Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee each be composed exclusively of such independent directors. We comply with these Nasdaq requirements because (a) of our nine directors, the following five directors are independent under Nasdaq Rules: Ehud (Udi) Adam, Noaz Bar Nir, Tzipi Livni, Professor Ehood (Udi) Nisan and Bilha (Billy) Shapira and (b) our Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee, our Compensation Committee and our Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee are each composed exclusively of directors who are independent under the Nasdaq Rules. Nominees for appointment or election as a director are recommended by the Board’s Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee. See below “Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee”. Substitute Directors. The Articles of Association provide that any director may appoint another person to serve as a substitute director. The substitute director will be subject to the same requirements as the appointing director under the Companies Law. External Directors Under the Companies Law, public companies are required to appoint at least two External Directors. Among other requirements, for each public company such as Elbit Systems that is considered to have a controlling shareholder, a person may serve as an External Director if he or she meets the following requirements (the Affiliation Requirements): (1) if that person is not a Relative (for definition of the term “Relative” see Item 10. Additional Information – Approval of Certain Transactions – Personal Interest and Extraordinary Transactions) of the controlling shareholder of that company and if that person (and each of that person’s Relatives, partners and employers), or any person to whom he or she is subordinated (directly or indirectly), or any entity controlled by that person, did not have, on the date of the person's appointment or at any time during the two years preceding that person’s appointment as an External Director, any “Affiliation” (as defined in the Companies Law) with any of: (i) the applicable company; (ii) the controlling shareholder of the applicable company or any of his or her Relatives on the date of appointment; or (iii) any entity controlled, on the date of such appointment or at any time within the preceding two years, by the applicable company or by the controlling shareholder of the applicable company; 70 (“Affiliation” means (subject to certain exceptions provided in regulations promulgated under the Companies Law): (a) an employment relationship, (b) a business or professional relationship maintained on a regular basis (excluding insignificant relationships), (c) control and (d) service as an office holder, excluding a director appointed in order to serve as an External Director of a company that is about to offer its shares in an Initial Public Offering.) and (2) if and so long as: (i) no conflict of interest exists or may exist between that person’s role as a member of the board of directors of the respective company and that person’s other positions or business activities; and (ii) such position or business activities does not impair that person’s ability to serve as a director; and (3) if and so long as: (i) that person and each of that person’s Relatives, partners and employers, or any person to whom he or she is subordinated directly or indirectly or any entity controlled by that person has no business or professional relationships with any of the persons or entities mentioned in (1) above, even if such relationship is not on a regular basis (other than a negligible relationship); and (ii) no other consideration except as permitted under the Companies Law is paid to that person in connection with that person’s position as a director in the relevant company; and (4) if that person serves also as a member of the board of directors of another company, none of the External Directors of that other company serves at the same time as a member of the board of directors of the respective company; and (5) if that person is not an employee of a securities authority or a stock exchange in Israel. In general, at least one External Director must have financial and accounting expertise and the other External Director(s) must have professional competence as described below. However, in companies such as Elbit Systems that are “dually listed” (for example traded on a stock exchange in both Israel and the U.S.), if one or more other directors who meet the independence criteria applicable to members of the audit committee under the foreign applicable law (including stock exchange rules) have been determined by the board of directors to have financial and accounting expertise, then it is permissible for all of the External Directors to have only “professional competence” as described below. Under the relevant regulations of the Companies Law, a director has financial and accounting expertise if he or she, based on his or her education, experience and qualifications, is highly skilled in respect of, and understands, business accounting matters and financial statements in a manner that enables him or her to have an in-depth understanding of the company’s financial statements and to stimulate discussion with respect to the manner in which the financial data is presented. The evaluation of the financial and accounting expertise of a director is to be made by the board of directors taking into account, inter alia, the parameters specified in the relevant regulations of the Companies Law. A director has “professional competence” if he or she (a) has an academic degree in either economics, business administration, accounting, law or public administration or an academic degree or other advanced degree in the company’s main area of business or in a field relevant to such position, or (b) has at least five years' experience in any of the following positions or five years accumulated experience in two or more of them: (1) a senior position in the business management of any corporate entity with a substantial scope of business; (2) a senior public office or a senior position in the public service sector; or (3) a senior position in the field of activity of the company. The evaluation of the professional competence of a director is to be made by the board of directors. 71 According to the Companies Law and our Articles of Association, our External Directors serve for a three-year term following which they may stand for up to two additional terms of three years each. Re-election of an External Director for each additional period, beyond the first period, requires that he or she meets the Affiliation Requirements and that he or she: (1) is recommended for re-election by one or more shareholders holding at least 1% of all voting rights of the relevant company , and has no affiliations as listed in Section 245(a1)(1)(c) of the Companies Law; (2) is recommended for re-election by the board of directors of the relevant company; or (3) proposes his or her nomination; and in each case, the nomination is approved by the general meeting of shareholders of the relevant company with the applicable majority requirements as provided by the Companies Law. In addition, External Directors in companies such as Elbit Systems that are “dually listed” may stand for re-election for additional terms of up to three years each beyond the first three terms, provided: (1) the audit committee and the board have each determined that in light of such External Director’s expertise and unique contribution to the work of the board and its committees, his or her nomination for an additional term of office is in the best interest of the company; (2) his or her election was approved by the company's shareholders’ by a Special Uninterested Majority, provided that, in this regard, (a) a Personal Interest, excludes a Personal Interest that does not result from such shareholder’s relations with the controlling shareholder and (b) the External Director has no affiliations as listed in Section 245(a1)(1)(c) of the Companies Law); and (3) the term of office of the respective External Director and the reasons of the audit committee and the board for the extension of the term were presented to the company's shareholders prior to their approval. Our Articles of Association allow the External Directors of the Company to be elected to more than three terms of service. According to the Companies Law, any committee authorized to exercise powers of the Board must include at least one External Director, and all External Directors must be members of the Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee and the Compensation Committee. Mrs. Shapira and Mr. Bar Nir currently serve as our Board’s External Directors. The second three-year term of office of Mrs. Shapira ends in November 2025. The second three-year term of office of Mr. Bar Nir ends in August 2026. Mr. Bar Nir was determined by the Board to have financial and accounting expertise under Israeli law, and Mrs. Shapira was determined by the Board to have the applicable “professional competence” to serve as an External Director. Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee Pursuant to Sections 114 and 171(e) of the Companies Law, the Companies Regulations (Provisions and Terms for the Approval Process of the Financial Statements) – 5770 - 2010 (the Financial Statements Regulations), and Rule 5605(c)(1) of the Nasdaq Rules, the Company has established an audit and financial statements review committee (the Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee) as a standing committee of its Board. In accordance with the requirements of the Companies Law and Financial Statements Regulations, the committee may act as either an “audit committee” or “financial statements review committee”. Together, in these two frameworks, the Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee performs the duties required under the Nasdaq Rules and the Companies Law to be performed by an “audit committee”, as well as the duties required under the Companies Law and the Financial Statements Regulations to be performed by a “financial statements review committee”. Currently, Mr. Bar Nir (chair), Mr. Adam, Mrs. Livni, Prof. Nisan and Mrs. Shapira are members of the Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee. Mr. Ninveh is an observer in the meetings where the committee acts as a financial statements review committee. 72 SEC and Nasdaq Rules require that our Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee be composed of at least three members, each of whom qualifies as an independent director who must be able to read and understand financial statements. At least one member of such committee must qualify as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined under SEC rules. We comply with these SEC and Nasdaq requirements because each member of our Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee is independent and is able to read and understand financial statements, and our Board has determined that both Mr. Bar Nir and Prof. Nisan qualify as audit committee financial experts. Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee - Acting as the Audit Committee In accordance with the Companies Law, an audit committee must consist of at least three directors qualified to serve as members of an audit committee, including all External Directors, and must be comprised of a majority of directors meeting certain independence criteria of the Companies Law. The chair of the audit committee must be an External Director. We comply with these rules because all of the committee members meet the independence criteria of the Companies Law, all of our External Directors are members of the committee and the chair of the committee is an External Director. In addition to its other roles, under the Companies Law the audit committee of a public company such as Elbit Systems is required: (1) to locate deficiencies in the administration of the company's business, inter alia, by consulting with the company's internal or external auditors, and to make proposals to the board of directors regarding ways of correcting such deficiencies; (2) to determine (i) whether a competitive process or other proceedings will be conducted prior to the company engaging in certain transactions, (ii) the classification of certain acts as “material” or “non-material” and certain transactions as “extraordinary” or “non-extraordinary”, (iii) how to approve certain transactions that the audit committee deems non- negligible and the types of non-negligible transactions that are subject to approval of the audit committee and (iv) to pre-determine principles and guidelines for the proceedings listed above; (3) to decide whether to approve acts and transactions requiring the approval of the audit committee under sections 255 and 268 to 275 of the Companies Law; (4) if the board of directors is to approve the audit plan of the internal auditor – to examine such plan and suggest amendments prior to it being presented to the board of directors; (5) to oversee the performance of the company’s internal auditor and the internal control functions, including the determination whether the internal auditor has sufficient tools and resources required for the performance of his or her duties, taking into account, among other factors, the particular requirements of the company and its size; (6) to examine the scope and fees of the external auditor; and (7) to establish a “whistleblower” process for the company. The Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee, when acting as the audit committee, operates in accordance with a charter that provides the framework for its oversight functions consistent with Israeli and U.S. legal and regulatory requirements. The charter is published on our website. Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee - Acting as the Financial Statements Review Committee Pursuant to Nasdaq Rules, the financial statements review committee must oversee the accounting and financial reporting processes of the Company and the audits of the financial statements of the Company. Pursuant to the Israeli Companies Regulations (Financial Statements Approval Procedure), 5770-2010, the financial statements of a public company may be brought for discussion and approval of the board only after a financial statements review committee has discussed and formulated recommendations to the board in connection with: (1) the estimations and assessments made in connection with the financial statements; 73 (2) the internal control over financial reporting; (3) the completeness and adequacy of disclosure in the financial statements; (4) the accounting and auditing principles and practices, including the accounting policies adopted and accounting treatments applied in the material matters of the company; and (5) value evaluations, including the assumptions and estimates on which evaluations are based, and the supporting data in the financial statements. The Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee, when acting as the financial statements review committee, operates pursuant to the terms of a charter that is published on our website. Pursuant to the Israeli Companies Regulations (Financial Statements Approval Procedure), 5770-2010, a financial statements review committee must consist of at least three members, the chair of the committee must be an External Director, and the majority of its members must be directors who meet certain independence requirements of the Companies Law, and, among other criteria, all of its members must be able to read and understand financial statements, with at least one of the independent members having financial and accounting expertise. We comply with such requirements because the chair of the Committee is an External Director, our Committee has five members, all of which meet the independence criteria of the Companies Law and are able to read and understand financial statements and Mr. Bar Nir and Prof. Nisan have been determined by the Board to have financial and accounting expertise. See Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert. Compensation Committee Mrs. Shapira (chair), Mr. Adam and Mr. Bar Nir are members of the Board’s compensation committee (Compensation Committee). Pursuant to the Companies Law (see above “Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers – Compensation Policy”), the compensation committee of a public company, such as Elbit Systems, is required to consist of at least three members, and all of the External Directors must be members of the committee (one of which to be appointed as the chair) and constitute the majority thereof. The remaining members must be directors who qualify to serve as members of the audit committee as defined in the Companies Law and whose compensation is in accordance with the compensation requirements applicable to the External Directors. Furthermore, all of the Committee members must comply with the independence requirements of the SEC and Nasdaq. All of our Compensation Committee members have been determined to be independent as defined by the applicable Nasdaq Rules and those of the SEC and have been determined to be eligible to be members of a compensation committee in accordance with the Companies Law. The chair of our Compensation Committee is an External Director, and the majority of the Committee members are External Directors. In addition to its other roles, under the Companies Law the compensation committee of a public company such as Elbit Systems is required: (1) to recommend to the board of directors the compensation policy for the company’s Office Holders to be adopted by the company, and thereafter to recommend to the board of directors, once every three years, regarding any extension or modifications of such compensation policy that had been approved for a period of more than three years; (2) from time to time to recommend to the board of directors any updates required to the compensation policy and examine the implementation thereof; (3) to determine whether to approve transactions regarding the Employment Terms of Office Holders, if such transactions require the committee’s approval in the circumstances referenced in Section 118B(3) of the Companies Law; and (4) in certain situations described in the Companies Law, to determine whether to exempt Employment Terms of a candidate for the position of CEO of the company from the requirement to obtain shareholder approval. 74 According to the Companies Law, Employment Terms of a public company’s Office Holders must be approved by the compensation committee and the board. In addition, with respect to Employment Terms of the CEO, a director or any Office Holder where the Employment Terms are not consistent with an approved compensation policy or for an Office Holder who is also considered a controlling shareholder (or such controlling shareholder’s Relative), approval by the company’s shareholders is also required in accordance with the applicable majority requirements of the Companies Law. For further information see above “Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers – Compensation Policy”, and see below Item 10. Additional Information – General Provisions of Israeli Law and Related Provisions of Articles of Association – Office Holders and Item 10. Additional Information – Approval of Certain Transactions – Approval of Employment Terms of Office Holders. Our Compensation Committee operates in accordance with a Compensation Committee charter that provides the framework for its oversight functions consistent with Israeli and U.S. legal and regulatory requirements, including with the compensation committee Nasdaq Rules. The charter is published on our website. Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee Mr. Adam (chair), Mrs. Shapira and Mr. Bar Nir are members of the Board’s corporate governance and nominating committee (Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee). This Committee operates in accordance with a Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee charter that specifies its oversight functions consistent with Israeli and U.S. legal and regulatory requirements. The charter is published on our website. The main role of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee is to: (1) advise the Board periodically as it deems appropriate with regard to the composition, functions and performance of the Board and its committees, including Israeli and U.S. legal and regulatory requirements applicable to the Company as a dually listed company that impact the administration and functioning of the Board and the composition of the Board and its committees; and (2) nominate and recommend members to be elected to the Board. All of the committee members of such a committee must comply with the independence requirements of the SEC and Nasdaq, and at least one of them must be an External Director under the Companies Law. We comply with such requirements because all of the members of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee have been determined to be independent as defined by the applicable Nasdaq Rules and those of the SEC, and two of them are External Directors. In recommending director candidates, our Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee takes into consideration such factors as it deems appropriate based on our current needs. In addition, while our Board recognizes the benefits of directors serving on the boards of other companies, it believes that the number of such memberships should be reasonably limited in order to allow its members to devote sufficient time to fulfill their duties as directors of the Company. Therefore, as provided in the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee charter, it is expected that a director will not serve on the boards of more than four other publicly traded companies (academic institutions and non-profit organizations excluded). Board Committee Membership Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee: Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee: Compensation Committee: Noaz Bar Nir (chair) Ehud (Udi) Adam Tzipi Livni Ehood (Udi) Nisan Bilha (Billy) Shapira Ehud (Udi) Adam (chair) Noaz Bar Nir Bilha (Billy) Shapira Bilha (Billy) Shapira (chair) Noaz Bar Nir Ehud (Udi) Adam 75 Board and Committee Meetings The Board meets quarterly and at other times during the year as necessary to conduct its activities. The Audit and Financial Statement Review Committee, in each of its roles as either the audit committee or the financial statements review committee, meets at least quarterly, and the Compensation Committee and Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee each meet at least annually. In addition, in accordance with the applicable Nasdaq Rules, our independent directors conduct executive sessions at least twice a year. Each of the committees also meets at additional times during the year as may be necessary to carry out its functions. As determined by our Board, Board members are expected to attend at least 90% of all meetings of the Board and the committees on which they serve (except in cases of unavoidable circumstances). During 2023, the average attendance for Board members at Board and committee meetings was approximately 97%. Employees Number of Employees. Most of our employees are based in Israel, and we have a significant number of employees in the United States. The total number of employees worldwide and the number of employees in the U.S. at the end of 2021, 2022 and 2023 were as follows: 2023 2022 2021 Total Employees U.S. Employees 18,984 18,407 17,787 3,546 3,675 3,515 Employment Contracts. The majority of our Israeli employees have individual employment contracts. However, by law some employees receive rights under a number of general collective bargaining agreements and under Israeli employment laws. See Item 4. Information on the Company – Conditions in Israel – Israeli Labor Laws. We believe our overall relationship with our employees is satisfactory. Collective Bargaining Agreements. In Israel, several of our subsidiaries are each parties to collective bargaining agreements covering a portion of their employees. A total of approximately 4,600 employees in Israel are covered by such agreements that extend for various periods through 2027. In addition, approximately 575 of the employees at Elbit Systems of America’s operations are covered by collective bargaining agreements in effect through various periods through July, 2024. Share Ownership As of March 15, 2024, to the Company's best knowledge, the ownership by the members of our Board and by our executive officers of our ordinary shares (either actual ordinary shares or ordinary shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days as the result of the exercise of an option), was as follows (in each case, based on information that each applicable person has provided to us): (1) Michael Federmann, a member of our Board, has the right to control the voting of the 19,580,342 ordinary shares (i.e., approximately 44.03% of our outstanding ordinary shares) that are owned, directly and indirectly, by FEL (the FEL Share Position) and has an indirect economic interest in the FEL Share Position; (2) David Federmann, the chair of our Board and the son of Michael Federmann, has an indirect economic interest in the FEL Share Position; and (3) Except as provided above, as of March 15, 2024, no individual director or executive officer beneficially owned (as determined under SEC rules) 1% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares. For further information on the FEL Share Position, including the indirect economic interests of Michael Federmann and David Federmann, and the shareholdings of other members of the Board and executive officers, see Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions – Major Shareholders – Percentages. The ordinary shares beneficially owned by the above-mentioned persons have the same voting rights as all of our other outstanding ordinary shares. 76 Elbit Systems’ Stock Option Plans 2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers In February 2018, our Board approved the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers (as may be amended from time to time - the 2018 Equity Plan), for a period of eight years. The purpose of the 2018 Equity Plan is to link the compensation and benefits of our executive officers with the future growth and success of the Company and its affiliates and with long-term shareholder value. Our Board has also approved the appointment of our Compensation Committee as the administrator of the 2018 Equity Plan. Under the 2018 Equity Plan, the Company may allocate options to its Israeli resident executive officers, subject to receipt of approvals as required under Israeli Law, to be exercised using a “Net-Exercise Mechanism” (Options), which entitles the recipients to exercise the Options for an amount of shares reflecting only the benefit factor. In 2018, the Board approved a pool of 1,000,000 Options. In February 2021, the Board approved amendments to the 2018 Equity Plan that increased the pool of Options permitted to be granted under the 2018 Equity Plan to 1,500,000 Options (an increase of 500,000 Options) and extended the duration of the 2018 Equity Plan by an additional three years. In February 2024, the Board further increased the pool of Options permitted to be granted under the 2018 Equity Plan to 2,300,000 (an increase of 800,000 Options), and made additional amendments to the 2018 Equity Plan (the Second Amendment), as reflected below. The Options are granted under the provisions of Section 102 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance [New Version] of 1961 with respect to the “capital gain tax route”, as well as in compliance with the Israeli Income Tax Rules (Tax Relief in Issuance of Shares to Employees) 2003, as amended from time to time. The exercise price of an Option is denominated in U.S. dollars and is the higher of: (1) the average of the closing share price of Elbit Systems ordinary shares on the TASE, during the period of thirty (30) trading days preceding, but not including, the Date of the Board Resolution, converted into U.S. dollars by applying the average representative U.S. dollar - NIS exchange rate during such thirty (30) trading days period; or (2) the closing share price of our ordinary shares on the TASE on the last trading date preceding the Date of the Board Resolution, converted into U.S. Dollars by applying the representative U.S. dollar - NIS exchange rate most recently published by the Bank of Israel prior to the Date of the Board Resolution. The Date of the Board Resolution is, unless otherwise determined by the Board, the date on which the grant of the Options was approved by the Board. The grant date of Options to a recipient is determined to be the latest of (the Grant Date): (1) the Date of the Board Resolution; (2) the first trading day after a period of thirty (30) days has elapsed from the date the 2018 Equity Plan is filed with the Israeli Tax Authorities; or (3) where applicable, the date on which the required corporate approvals have been obtained and/or other conditions set by the Board have been met. Unless otherwise determined by the Board, the Options under the 2018 Equity Plan vest, subject to continued employment of the participant with the Company or a subsidiary, as follows: (1) for Options granted prior to the Second Amendment, forty percent (40%) on the second anniversary of the Grant Date, with the remaining sixty percent (60%) of the Options vesting twenty percent (20%) each on the third, fourth and fifth anniversary of the Grant Date, respectively. (2) for Options granted on or after the Second Amendment, forty percent (40%) on the second anniversary of the Grant Date, with the remaining sixty percent (60%) of the Options vesting thirty percent (30%) each on the third and fourth anniversary of the Grant Date, respectively. 77 The 2018 Equity Plan includes customary terms such as adjustments for capital modifications (reverse stock split, stock split, etc.), rights offering restructuring (split, merger, etc.) and the like. Under the 2018 Equity Plan, vesting of a participant’s Options granted prior to the Second Amendment will be fully accelerated in case his or her employment is terminated by the Company without cause within a period of twelve (12) months following any change of control over the Company. The 2018 Equity Plan also allows, subject to approvals of the Compensation Committee and the Board, acceleration, continued vesting and exercisability of the Options, as well as post-termination exercise periods, in case of termination of employment without cause, or as a result of death or disability. For further information on the terms of the 2018 Equity Plan see the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers filed as Exhibit 4.2.1 to this annual report. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan for Employees On January 16, 2022, our Board approved the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan for Employees (as may be amended from time to time - the Employees Plan), for a period of seven (7) years. The purpose of the Employees Plan is to enable Elbit Systems to link the compensation and benefits of its employees with the future growth and success of Elbit Systems and its affiliates and with long-term shareholder value, through the creation of a long-term incentive for employees. Our Board has also approved the appointment of our Compensation Committee as the administrator of the Employees Plan. Under the Employees Plan, the Company may allocate options to employees of Elbit Systems and its wholly owned subsidiaries, to be exercised using a “Net-Exercise Mechanism”, which entitles the recipients to exercise the options for an amount of shares reflecting only the benefit factor. The Board approved an option pool of 1,100,000 options that may be granted under the Employees Plan. In February 2024, the Board approved an increase of the option pool to 2,050,000 (an increase of 950,000 options that may be granted under the Employees Plan). Options to Israeli Employees (as defined under the Employees Plan) are granted under the provisions of Section 102 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance [New Version] of 1961, with respect to the “capital gain tax route”, as well as in compliance with the Israeli Income Tax Rules (Tax Relief in Issuance of Shares to Employees) 2003, as amended from time to time. The exercise price of an option is denominated in U.S. dollars and is the higher of: (1) the average of the closing share price of Elbit Systems ordinary shares on the TASE, during the period of thirty (30) trading days preceding, but not including, the Grant Date (as defined below), converted into U.S. dollars by applying the average representative U.S. dollar - NIS exchange rate during such thirty (30) trading days period; or (2) the closing share price of our ordinary shares on the TASE on the last trading date preceding the Grant Date, converted into U.S. dollars by applying the representative U.S. dollar - NIS exchange rate most recently published by the Bank of Israel prior to the Grant Date. The Grant Date of options to a recipient is determined to be the later of: (1) the date on which the grant of the options to a participant was approved by the administrator of the plan; or (2) the first trading day after a period of thirty (30) days has elapsed from the date the Employees Plan is filed with the Israeli Tax Authorities; unless otherwise determined by the Board or required under applicable law. Granted options vest, subject to continued employment of the participant with the Company or a subsidiary, as follows: forty percent (40%) on the second anniversary of the Grant Date, with the remaining sixty percent (60%) of the Options vesting thirty percent (30%) each on the third and fourth anniversary of the Grant Date, respectively. The Employees Plan includes customary terms such as adjustments for capital modifications (reverse stock split, stock split, etc.), and rights offering restructuring (split, merger, etc.). The Employees Plan also allows, subject to approvals as set forth in the Employees Plan, acceleration, continued vesting and exercisability of the options, as well as post-termination exercise periods, in case of termination of employment without cause, or as a result of death or disability. For further information on the terms of the Employees Plan see the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan for Employees filed as Exhibit 4.2.2 to this annual report. 78 Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions. Major Shareholders Percentages As of March 15, 2024, we had 44,467,334 ordinary shares outstanding. The following table sets forth specific information as of March 15, 2024, to the best of our knowledge, concerning: • • beneficial ownership of more than 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares; and the number of ordinary shares beneficially owned by all of our executive officers and directors as a group. Ordinary shares that a person has the right to acquire within 60 days of March 15, 2024 through the exercise of Options under the 2018 Equity Plan (see footnote (4) below) are deemed outstanding for purposes of computing the percentage ownership of the person holding such rights, but are not deemed outstanding for purposes of computing the percentage ownership of any other person, except with respect to the percentage ownership of all executive officers and Board members as a group. Name of Beneficial Owner Federmann Enterprises Ltd. 99 Hayarkon Street Tel-Aviv, Israel All executive officers and directors as a group (24 persons) Amount Owned 19,580,342 105,366 Percent of Ordinary Shares (1) (2) (3) (4) 44.03% less than 1% (1) Based on 44,467,334 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 15, 2024. (2) Includes 3,836,458 ordinary shares held by Heris Aktiengesellschaft (Heris). Heris is owned, directly and indirectly, by Federmann Enterprises Ltd. (FEL). FEL is controlled by Beit Federmann Ltd. (BFL). BFL is controlled by Beit Bella Ltd. (BBL) and Beit Yekutiel Ltd. (BYL). Michael Federmann is the controlling shareholder of BBL and BYL. He is also a member of Elbit Systems’ Board and the chair of the board and the chief executive officer of FEL. Therefore, Mr. Federmann controls, directly and indirectly, the vote of ordinary shares owned by Heris and FEL (approximately 44.03% of our outstanding ordinary shares). In addition, Michael Federmann is the trustee of a trust on behalf of his sister, Irith Federmann- Landeau, that holds an indirect non-voting economic interest of approximately 7.7% in our outstanding ordinary shares through an indirect approximately 17.5% non-voting interest in FEL. Michael Federmann and his sons, David (who also serves as the chair of the Elbit Systems Board), Gideon and Daniel Federmann, collectively hold an indirect economic interest equivalent to approximately 27.2% of our outstanding ordinary shares, with Michael Federmann holding an approximately 7.6% economic interest and each of his sons an approximately 6.5% economic interest. In connection with loans obtained from time to time by FEL from two Israeli banks, FEL has pledged to the banks an aggregate of 3,000,000 of our ordinary shares as security for the loans. (3) This amount (i) does not include any ordinary shares that may be deemed to be beneficially owned by Michael Federmann or David Federmann as described in footnote (2) above and (ii) includes shares held by the spouse of a director, but the director disclaims beneficial ownership over the spouse's shares. 79 (4) The 2018 Equity Plan includes a mandatory “Net Exercise Mechanism” that entitles the recipients to exercise Options for the number of shares determined based on the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the shares underlying such options over the exercise price of such options, calculated based on the date of exercise. For further information regarding the 2018 Equity Plan see Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Share Ownership – Elbit Systems' Stock Option Plans – 2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers, as well as the Elbit Systems Ltd. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers, filed as Exhibit 4.2.1 to this annual report. The number of ordinary shares reflected above as owned by all executive officers and directors as a group was calculated based on a hypothetical exercise on March 15, 2024, which is a theoretical date. The number of ordinary shares that will actually be issued will vary, depending on the date of exercise and the market price of the ordinary shares on such date. The aggregate number of Options granted to executive officers that are exercisable on or within 60 days following March 15, 2024 is 312,821 Options. Rights in Shares, Significant Changes in Shareholders and Controlling Shareholders Our controlling shareholder generally has the same voting rights as other holders of our ordinary shares. See also Exhibit 2.1 – Description of Securities. Based on beneficial ownership reports filed with the SEC, the Phoenix Holdings Ltd. (the Phoenix) and 1832 Asset Management L.P. (1832) were included as major shareholders beneficially owning more than 5% of the Company's ordinary shares in the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for 2021. In the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F for 2022, Clal Insurance Enterprises Holdings Ltd. (Clal) was included as a major shareholder beneficially owning more than 5% of the Company's ordinary shares and the Phoenix was no longer included as a major shareholder beneficially owning more than 5% of the Company's ordinary shares. Pursuant to a Schedule 13G filed by Clal with the SEC on February 14, 2024, and a Schedule 13G filed by 1832 with the SEC on February 9, 2024, as of December 31, 2023, each of Clal and 1832 owned less than 5% of the Company’s ordinary shares and therefore are not included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for 2023 as major shareholders beneficially owning more than 5% of the Company's ordinary shares. Other than as described above, we are not aware of any significant changes in the number of shares held by our major shareholders during the last three years. As of March 15, 2024, approximately 11% of our outstanding ordinary shares were held in the United States by approximately 108 shareholders of record registered on the books of our transfer agent. We are not aware of any arrangement which may result in a change in control of the Company. In September 2023, we filed a shelf prospectus with the Israeli Securities Authority and with the TASE, under which we may issue, from time to time, different type of securities pursuant to filing supplemental shelf offering reports. The shelf prospectus would typically be effective for two years, unless extended with the consent of the Israeli Securities Authority. Related Party Transactions The Company engages from time to time, in the normal course of business, in transactions with related parties (including with companies affiliated with FEL, the Company’s major shareholder) for certain goods and services, such as purchase of materials and systems, hotel services and catering services. Related party transactions also include, among others, transactions for the purchase or sale of goods or services, with certain affiliated entities or other entities in which an Office Holder of the Company serves as a director or in which the person has an interest, or investment therein. The Company also has employment agreements and compensation-related engagements with its Office Holders, entered into in the ordinary course of business (see Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers and Item 10. Additional Information – Exemption, Insurance and Indemnification of Directors and Officers). The Company does not believe its transactions with related parties during the annual period commencing on January 1, 2023 are either material to the Company or unusual in their nature or conditions. Certain transactions with related parties may also require special approvals under the Companies Law. For further information see Item 10. Additional Information – Approval of Certain Transactions. For further information regarding certain transactions between the Company and related parties see Item 18. Financial Statements – Note 27. 80 Item 8. Financial Information. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information See Item 18. Financial Statements. Export Sales Our international sales (outside Israel) constitute a significant portion of our sales. In 2023, these sales were approximately $4.8 billion, constituting approximately 80% of our total sales. For further information regarding the allocation of our revenues by geographic region see Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – 2023 Compared to 2022 – Revenues. Legal Proceedings The Company is involved in various legal proceedings from time to time. For a discussion of our significant legal proceedings see Item 18. Financial Statements - Note 21C. Dividend Distributions We do not have an established dividend policy. Regarding declarations of dividends out of certain tax-exempt income see below Item 10. Additional Information – Taxation – Israeli Tax Considerations – General Corporate Tax in Israel –Investment Law. Our Articles of Association provide that the Board may approve dividend payments to shareholders out of surplus earnings as permitted by applicable law. We have consistently paid a quarterly dividend to our shareholders. Our aggregate quarterly dividend payments for the last three full fiscal years were as follows: (US dollars) Year 2021 2022 2023 Significant Changes Dividend 1.80 per share 2.00 per share 2.00 per share Other than any significant event that may be described in this annual report, there have not been any significant changes since December 31, 2023. Item 9. The Offer and Listing. Share Listings and Trading Prices Our ordinary shares are listed on the TASE and on Nasdaq and are quoted under the symbol “ESLT”. Item 10. Additional Information. General Provisions of Israeli Law and Related Provisions of Articles of Association Israeli Companies Registrar. We are registered with the Israeli Companies Registrar. The registration number issued to us by the Companies Registrar is 52-004302-7. The Companies Law and Restated Articles of Association. The Companies Law is the basic corporation law governing Israeli publicly and privately held companies. The Companies Law mandates that specific provisions be included in an Israeli company’s articles of association, which are included in Elbit Systems’ Articles of Association. 81 Purpose. Our purpose, as stated in Article 3 of the Articles of Association, includes any lawful purpose. In addition, Article 3 permits us to contribute reasonable amounts to worthy causes. Appointment and Removal of Directors. Under our Articles of Association our directors (except for External Directors - see Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Board Practices – External Directors) are elected by the shareholders at the annual meeting by a simple majority of our ordinary shares. Directors generally hold office until the next annual general meeting. Under certain circumstances, our Board may appoint new directors to fill vacancies. For further information see Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Directors and Executive Officers – Board of Directors. Internal Auditor. Israeli public companies are required to appoint an internal auditor who was initially recommended by the audit committee. The main role of the internal auditor is to examine whether the company’s activities are conducted in accordance with the law, with integrity and pursuant to orderly business procedures. Our internal auditor operates in accordance with our Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee charter that provides the framework for the committee’s oversight of the internal auditor’s functions, consistent with applicable Israeli and U.S. laws and regulations. Under the Companies Law, the internal auditor may not be an Office Holder (see below “Office Holders”), an “interested party” (as defined below) or a “Relative” (see below “Approval of Certain Transactions – Personal Interest and Extraordinary Transactions”) of any of the foregoing, nor may the internal auditor be the company’s independent auditor or its representative. An “interested party” is generally defined in the Companies Law as any person who (a) serves as a director or the chief executive officer of the company, (b) has the right to appoint a director or chief executive officer or (c) owns 5% or more of the issued share capital or the voting rights. Office Holders An “Office Holder” is defined under the Companies Law as a general manager, chief business manager, deputy general manager, vice general manager, any other person who fulfills these functions without regard to that person’s title as well as a director and any other manager directly subordinate to the general manager. Under the Companies Law, the general manager of a corporation has authority equivalent to that of a president or chief executive officer of a U.S. corporation. For such purposes, our general manager is Bezhalel Machlis, our President and Chief Executive Officer. Each person listed as a director or executive officer in Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees ‒ Directors and Executive Officers, is an Office Holder of Elbit Systems. The Companies Law specifies the fiduciary duties that an Office Holder owes to a company, which consist of a duty of care and a duty of loyalty. Under the Companies Law, an Office Holder’s duty of loyalty includes the general duty to act in good faith and for the benefit of the company, avoiding any conflict of interest between the Office Holder’s position in the company and his or her other positions or personal affairs. The duty of loyalty also includes avoiding any competition with the company and any exploitation of a business opportunity of the company in order to receive personal advantage for the Office Holder or others. Also, the Office Holder is required to disclose to the company any information or documents relating to the company’s affairs that the Office Holder has received due to his or her position as an Office Holder. Under the Companies Law, voting agreements among directors or a director’s failure to exercise independent judgment while voting are considered breaches of the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires, among other obligations, that an Office Holder acts in a way that a reasonable Office Holder would act in the same position and under similar circumstances. This includes the duty to utilize reasonable means to obtain information regarding the advisability of a given action submitted for his or her approval or performed by virtue of his or her position and all other relevant information pertaining to such actions. Some members of our Board are also directors of FEL or companies controlled by FEL. Therefore, in the event of an issue or transaction between Elbit Systems and any of those companies, directors affiliated with any such companies will be excluded from any decisions concerning the issue or transaction. In addition, an issue or transaction with any of such companies also requires authorization in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Law. See below “Approval of Certain Transactions” and “Provisions Relating to Major Shareholders”. Arrangements in connection with the Employment Terms (see Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees ‒ Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers ‒ Compensation Policy) of Elbit Systems’ Office Holders require special authorizations. See below “Approval of Certain Transactions ‒ Approval of Employment Terms of Office Holders”. Other transactions with Office Holders and affiliates may also require authorization in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Law. See below “Approval of Certain Transactions”. 82 Approval of Certain Transactions Approval Procedures. The Companies Law requires that certain transactions, actions and arrangements, mainly with related parties including Office Holders, be approved in the manner provided for in the Companies Law and in a company’s articles of association, which in many cases includes approval by the audit committee or the compensation committee and by the board of directors. In some cases shareholder approval is also required. Personal Interest and Extraordinary Transactions. The Companies Law requires that an Office Holder or a controlling shareholder of a publicly traded company immediately disclose, no later than the first board meeting at which the transaction is discussed, any Personal Interest, as defined below, that he or she may have, and all related material information known to him or her, in connection with any existing or proposed transaction of the company. A person with a Personal Interest in any such transaction that is brought for approval of the audit committee or board of directors may not be present at the meeting where the transaction is being deliberated or approved (unless the chair of the audit committee or the board, as the case may be, determines that such person’s presence at the meeting is required for presentation of the relevant transaction) and, in case such person is a director, he or she may not vote on the matter, unless a majority of the members of the audit committee or of the board of directors (as the case may be) have a Personal Interest in the approval of the relevant transaction, in which case the directors having such Personal Interest may be present and may participate in the vote. If, however, the majority of the members of the board of directors have a “Personal Interest” in such transaction, the approval of the shareholders is also generally required. In accordance with the Companies Law: “Personal Interest” means a personal benefit, gain or other interest derived by a person from approving the respective act or transaction. Any benefit or interest arising solely from holding a company’s shares is not considered such a personal benefit or other interest under the Companies Law. Such personal benefit and other interest includes any personal benefit or other interest of: (1) a person’s Relative (as defined below); (2) any entity in which a person or any of his or her Relatives either: (i) holds 5% or more of such entity’s issued share capital or voting rights; (ii) has the right to appoint a director to such entity’s board of directors or the chief executive officer thereof; or (iii) is a member of such entity’s board of directors or serves as the chief executive officer thereof; or (3) anyone voting by proxy or granting a proxy on behalf of such person with respect to the applicable transaction, whether the proxy holder has discretion to vote or not. An “Extraordinary Transaction” is a transaction: (1) other than in the ordinary course of business; (2) other than on market terms; or (3) likely to have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities. “Relative” means any of the following: (1) a spouse, brother, sister, parent, grandparent or descendant; (2) the descendant, brother, sister or parent of a spouse of a person mentioned in (1) above; or (3) the spouse of any of the persons mentioned in (1) or (2) above. 83 Approval of Transactions In accordance with the Companies Law the transactions specified below require the following approvals, provided always that such transactions are for the benefit of the company: (1) approval of the board of directors: a transaction with an Office Holder, other than arrangements in connection with Employment Terms, or a transaction in which an Office Holder has a Personal Interest, where the audit committee has determined that such transaction is not an Extraordinary Transaction, unless the company’s articles of association provide otherwise; (2) approval of both the audit committee and the board of directors: (i) a transaction with an Office Holder, other than arrangements in connection with Employment Terms, or a transaction in which an Office Holder has a Personal Interest, where the audit committee has determined such transaction to be an Extraordinary Transaction; (ii) a material action or arrangement (unrelated to Employment Terms) that may otherwise be considered a breach of fiduciary duty by an Office Holder; or (iii) an Extraordinary Transaction of a public company with its controlling shareholder or with another person in which the controlling shareholder has a Personal Interest, including a private offering in which the controlling shareholder has a Personal Interest, as well as an agreement of a public company with its controlling shareholder or his or her Relatives, directly or indirectly, including through a company controlled by him or her, regarding the grant of services to the applicable company, as the case may be (in addition, if he or she is an employee who is not an Office Holder - regarding the terms of his employment); and (3) approval of both the compensation committee and the board of directors - (i) an arrangement regarding Employment Terms of an Office Holder; or (ii) an agreement of a public company with its controlling shareholder or his or her Relatives directly or indirectly, including through a company controlled by him or her, regarding the terms of engagement and employment as an Office Holder of such public company. Certain transactions and arrangements described above may also require shareholder approval, including, where applicable, by a Special Uninterested Majority. In addition, the Companies Law requires re-approval every three years with respect to some of the matters referred to above in the manner set out in the Companies Law. Re-approval when applicable is required by the audit committee or the compensation committee, as the case may be, and by the board of directors and, except for certain specific exemptions, by the shareholders. See below ‒ “Exemption, Insurance and Indemnification of Directors and Officers ‒ Exemption, Insurance and Indemnification of Directors and Officers under the Articles of Association” and also ‒ “Provisions Relating to Major Shareholders”. Under the Companies Law, the audit committee of a public company such as Elbit Systems is also required to determine whether to carry out competitive or other procedures before any engagement in a transaction, even if such transaction is not an Extraordinary Transaction, with a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a Personal Interest. Approval of Employment Terms of Office Holders In accordance with the Companies Law, approval by both the compensation committee and the board of directors is required for all arrangements regarding Employment Terms of an Office Holder. In addition, the Companies Law requires that the company will obtain the approval of the shareholders for any Employment Terms arrangement with (i) the CEO; (ii) a director; (iii) any other Office Holder where the Employment Terms are not consistent with an approved compensation policy; or (iv) an Office Holder who is also considered a controlling shareholder (or his or her Relative). Such shareholders' approval requires a Special Uninterested Majority, except with respect to Employment Terms of a director that are consistent with the company's compensation policy. See Item 6. Directors, Senior Managers and Employees ‒ Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers ‒ Compensation Policy. 84 In accordance with the Companies Law, the compensation committee may determine that an arrangement in connection with Employment Terms of a candidate for the position of the CEO of a public company is exempt from the approval by the shareholders of the company, provided that: (i) the CEO candidate is independent based on criteria set forth in the Companies Law; (ii) the compensation committee determines, based on detailed reasons, that bringing the arrangement to the approval of the shareholders may compromise completing the arrangement; and (iii) the Employment Terms are consistent with the company’s approved compensation policy. In addition, pursuant to the Companies Law, in special cases the compensation committee and the board of directors may approve Employment Terms of an Office Holder (other than a director or a controlling shareholder, but including the CEO) that otherwise require the approval of the shareholders as specified above, even if the shareholders do not approve such Employment Terms, provided that: (1) both the compensation committee and the board of directors re-discussed the relevant Employment Terms and decided to approve them despite the shareholders’ objection, based on detailed reasoning; and (2) the company is not a “Public Pyramid Held Company”. A “Public Pyramid Held Company” is a public company that is controlled by another public company (including by a company that only issued debentures to the public), which is also controlled by another public company (including a company that only issued debentures to the public) that has a controlling shareholder. Changes to the terms of a current arrangement regarding Employment Terms of an Office Holder (other than a director or a controlling shareholder) require only the approval of the compensation committee, if the compensation committee has determined that such changes are not material. For further information see above “General Provisions of Israeli Law and Related Provisions of Articles of Association ‒ Office Holders” and Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees ‒ Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers ‒ Compensation Policy. Exemption, Insurance and Indemnification of Directors and Officers Exemption, Insurance and Indemnification under the Companies Law Under the Companies Law, an Israeli company may not exempt an Office Holder from liability with respect to a breach of his or her duty of loyalty, but may exempt in advance an Office Holder from his or her liability to the company, in whole or in part, with respect to a breach of his or her duty of care, provided that a relevant provision is included in the company’s articles of association. However, a company may not exempt in advance a director from his or her liability to the company with respect to a breach of duty of care in connection with a distribution made by the company. To the extent specifically allowed by the company’s articles of association, the Companies Law permits a company to obtain an insurance policy covering liabilities of Office Holders resulting from their actions in fulfilling their roles as Office Holders, in any of the following instances: (1) breach of the Office Holder’s duty of care to the company or to another person; (2) breach of the Office Holder’s duty of loyalty to the company, to the extent that the Office Holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the interests of the company; or (3) monetary liabilities imposed on the Office Holder for the benefit of another person. The Israeli Securities Law also permits such an insurance policy to cover a payment which an Office Holder is obligated to make to an injured party as set forth in the relevant sections of the Securities Law, as well as expenses incurred by an Office Holder in connection with certain proceedings that are specified in the Securities Law, including reasonable litigation expenses (including attorneys’ fees), provided that a relevant provision is included in the company’s articles of association. 85 Under the Companies Law, a company may indemnify an Office Holder against monetary liabilities and expenses imposed on or incurred by the Office Holder as a result of an act done by virtue of his or her role as an Office Holder for the following matters: (1) financial liability imposed on the Office Holder in favor of another person pursuant to a judgment, including a judgment in the course of settlement arrangements or an arbitrator’s award approved by a court; (2) reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by the Office Holder in an investigation or proceeding that has concluded without an indictment being filed and without any monetary liabilities being imposed on the Office Holder in lieu of criminal proceedings or has concluded without the filing of any indictment but with the imposition of monetary liability in lieu of criminal proceedings in an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent or in connection with a monetary sanction; and (3) reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by the Office Holder or imposed by a court in a proceeding instituted against the Office Holder by the company, on its behalf or by any other person, or in connection with criminal proceedings in which the Office Holder was acquitted, or as a result of a conviction for an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent. Under the Companies Law, a company may indemnify an Office Holder in respect of certain liabilities, either in advance of an event or following an event. If a company undertakes to indemnify an Office Holder in advance of an event, the indemnification, pursuant to (1) above, must be limited to foreseeable events in light of the company’s actual activities at the time the company undertook such indemnification and also limited to amounts or criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances, and the undertaking to indemnify will specify any such events, amounts or criteria. In addition, a company may indemnify, including in advance, an Office Holder in respect of payments that the Office Holder is obligated to make to an injured party as set forth in the relevant sections of the Securities Law, as well as expenses incurred by an Office Holder in connection with certain proceedings that are specified in the Securities Law, including reasonable litigation expenses (including attorneys’ fees). These indemnifications are subject to the inclusion of relevant provisions in the company’s articles of association. A company may not indemnify an Office Holder or enter into an insurance contract that would provide coverage for, or exempt an Office Holder from, liability to the company with respect to any of the following: (1) a breach of duty of loyalty, except indemnification or insurance that provides coverage for a breach of a duty of loyalty to the company while acting in good faith and having a reasonable basis to believe that such act would not prejudice the interests of the company; (2) a willful or reckless breach of duty of care, other than mere negligence; (3) an act done with the intent to unlawfully realize a personal gain; (4) a fine, monetary penalty or forfeiture imposed upon such Office Holder; or (5) certain monetary liabilities that are set forth in the Securities Law. Exemption, Insurance and Indemnification of Directors and Officers under the Articles of Association In accordance with and subject to the Companies Law and the Securities Law, Elbit Systems’ Articles of Association permit the Company to exempt, in advance or retroactively, any director or Company officer from any liability to the Company attributed to damage or loss caused by breach of the director’s or officer’s duty of care owed to the Company. Furthermore, in accordance with and subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the Securities Law, Elbit Systems’ Articles of Association allow for directors and officers liability insurance, in respect of a liability or payment imposed on a director or officer as a result of an act carried out by such person in his or her capacity as a director or officer. This insurance may cover: 86 (1) a breach of his or her duty of care to Elbit Systems or to another person; (2) a breach of his or her duty of loyalty to Elbit Systems, provided that the director or officer acted in good faith and had reasonable basis to assume that his or her act would not harm the interests of Elbit Systems; (3) a financial obligation imposed on him or her in favor of another person; (4) a payment that he or she is obligated to pay to an injured party as set forth in the relevant sections of the Securities Law; (5) expenses incurred by him or her in connection with certain administrative proceedings specified in the Securities Law, including reasonable litigation expenses (including attorneys’ fees); or (6) any other event for which insurance of a director or officer is or may be permitted. In addition, in accordance with and subject to the Companies Law and the Securities Law, Elbit Systems’ Articles of Association permit indemnification, retroactively or in advance, of a director or officer against liability, payment or expense imposed on or incurred by him or her as a result of an act carried out in his or her capacity as a director or officer, that may include: (1) a monetary liability imposed on the director or officer or paid by him or her in favor of a third party under a judgment, including a judgment by way of compromise or a judgment of an arbitrator approved by a court; provided however, that in case such undertaking is granted in advance it will be limited to events which, in the Board’s opinion, are foreseeable in light of the Elbit Systems’ actual activities at the time of granting the obligation to indemnify, and to a sum or under criteria as the Board deems reasonable under the circumstances, and the undertaking to indemnify will specify the aforementioned events and sum or criteria; (2) a payment imposed on him or her in favor of an injured party in the circumstances specified in the relevant sections of the Securities Law; (3) reasonable litigation expenses (including attorneys’ fees), incurred by a director or officer as a result of an investigation or proceeding conducted against him or her by an authority authorized to conduct such investigation or procedure, provided that such investigation or procedure: (i) concludes without the filing of an indictment against the director or officer and without imposition of monetary payment in lieu of criminal proceedings; or (ii) concludes with imposing on the director or officer a monetary payment in lieu of criminal proceedings, provided that the alleged criminal offense in question does not require proof of criminal intent or was incurred by the director or officer in connection with a monetary sanction imposed by the Companies Law or the Securities Law; (4) expenses incurred by a director or an officer in connection with certain administrative proceedings set forth in the Securities Law, including reasonable litigation expenses (including attorneys’ fees); and (5) reasonable litigation expenses (including attorneys’ fees), expended by the director or officer or imposed on him or her by the court for: (i) proceedings issued against him or her by or on Elbit Systems’ behalf or by a third party; (ii) criminal proceedings from which the director or officer was acquitted; (iii) criminal proceedings in which he or she was convicted of an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent; or (iv) any other liability or expense for which it is or may be permissible to indemnify a director or an officer. 87 The Articles of Association permit the grant of similar indemnification to any person acting on behalf or at the request of Elbit Systems as a director or officer of another company in which Elbit Systems is directly or indirectly a shareholder or has any other interest. The aggregate amount of indemnification by Elbit Systems to our Office Holders may not exceed 25% of Elbit Systems’ consolidated shareholders’ equity as reflected in our most recent consolidated financial statements published prior to the date of the indemnification payment. In 2011, Elbit Systems’ Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee, Board and shareholders approved the grant to members of our Board (including to Michael Federmann, who may be considered a controlling shareholder of the Company, and to his son David Federmann) of indemnification letters reflecting the above conditions and limitations. Similar letters were also approved by the Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee or Compensation Committee (as the case may be) and the Board for indemnification of Office Holders of Elbit Systems who are not directors. According to the Companies Law, the granting by a public company, such as Elbit Systems, of an indemnification letter (or exemption letter) to an Office Holder who may be considered a controlling shareholder of that company or his or her relative requires re- approval every three years by the company’s compensation committee, the board of directors and the company’s shareholders. The indemnification letters originally granted to Michael Federmann and David Federmann in 2011 were last re-approved, following the approval of our Compensation Committee and Board, by our shareholders at the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders in 2023, for an additional period of three years commencing on December 1, 2023. Elbit Systems’ Compensation Policy allows Elbit Systems to purchase, from time to time during the term of the Compensation Policy, directors and officers (D&O) liability insurance. Pursuant to the Compensation Policy, the coverage limit under each such insurance policy will not exceed $200 million, and the insurance policy terms, as well as the premium paid by the Company, will reflect the current market conditions with respect to the Company and the nature of its operations. For additional information, see Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees ‒ Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers ‒ Compensation Policy. In accordance with the Israeli Companies Regulations (Relief from Related Parties’ Transactions), 5760-2000, the inclusion of our Office Holders in any D&O liability insurance policy that is consistent with our Compensation Policy will require only the approval of our Compensation Committee if the D&O liability insurance policy applicable to each of them (i) is purchased on market terms and (ii) the purchase thereof will not have a material effect on the Company’s profitability, assets or obligations. In a meeting held on December 6, 2023, our Compensation Committee approved the extension of our existing D&O liability insurance policy which complies with the provisions of our Compensation Policy and the inclusion therein, in addition to all other Office Holders, of Michael Federmann (who may be considered a controlling shareholder of the Company), his son David Federmann and Bezhalel Machlis, our President and CEO, in accordance with the requirements of the Israeli Companies Regulations (Relief from Related Parties’ Transactions), 5760-2000. As of March 15, 2024, the D&O policy’s limit of liability was $100 million. The Compensation Committee also approved the purchase of a D&O liability insurance policy for a subsidiary of the Company, which also covers certain Office Holders of the Company, including our President and CEO, in accordance with the limitations under our Compensation Policy. In addition, our Compensation Policy authorizes the Company, subject to applicable law and the Company’s Articles of Association, to exempt our Office Holders from liability for violating their duty of care towards the Company. However, such exemption will not apply with respect to any decision or transaction in which a controlling shareholder, executive officer or director of the Company (even if such shareholder, executive officer or director is not the one who is exempted) has a personal interest. At the April 2021 General Meeting, our shareholders, following recommendation of our Compensation Committee and the approval of our Board, approved providing an exemption letter reflecting the above conditions and limitations to Bezhalel Machlis, our President and CEO, and to the Company's current and future directors (including to Michael Federmann, who may be considered a controlling shareholder of the Company, and to his son David Federmann). Similar letters were also approved by the Compensation Committee and the Board for exemption of other Office Holders of Elbit Systems who are not directors. The exemption letters originally granted to Michael Federmann and David Federmann in 2021 were last re-approved, following the approval of our Compensation Committee and Board, by our shareholders at the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders in 2023, for an additional period of three years commencing on April 7, 2024. 88 Share Capital Elbit Systems currently has one type of share, this being ordinary shares. The share capital of Elbit Systems is NIS 80,000,000 divided into 80,000,000 ordinary shares of NIS 1 nominal (par) value each, of which 44,467,334 ordinary shares were issued and outstanding as of March 15, 2024. All issued and outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid and non-assessable. For information regarding changes in share capital, see the Description of Securities filed as Exhibit 2.1 to this annual report (the Description of Securities) under “Share Capital”. Rights, Preferences and Restrictions of Shares For information regarding voting rights, dividend rights and other rights generally applicable to our ordinary shares, including action necessary to change the rights of holders of our ordinary shares, see the Description of Securities under “Rights Generally Applicable to Ordinary Shares”. General Meetings of Shareholders See the Description of Securities under “General Meetings of Shareholders”. Change of Control See the Description of Securities under “Change of Control”. Provisions Relating to Major Shareholders See the Description of Securities under “Provisions Relating to Major Shareholders”. Borrowing Power See the Description of Securities under “Borrowing Power”. Exchange Controls See the Description of Securities under “Exchange Controls and Other Limitations Affecting Security Holders”. 89 Taxation Israeli Tax Considerations General The following is a brief summary of aspects of the current tax law applicable to companies in Israel, with special reference to its effect on Elbit Systems and our Israeli subsidiaries, and government programs from which Elbit Systems and some of our Israeli subsidiaries benefit. The following also contains a discussion of certain material Israeli tax consequences applicable to our shareholders. This summary does not discuss all the tax aspects that may be relevant to a particular shareholder in light of its, his or her personal circumstances, including shareholders that may be subject to special treatment such as partnerships, trusts or traders in securities who are subject to special tax regimes not covered under this discussion. To the extent that the discussion is based on tax legislation that has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, there can be no assurance that the views expressed in the discussion will be accepted by the tax authorities in question. The discussion is not intended, and should not be construed, as legal or professional tax advice and is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations. Our income tax liability in Israel is based on our unconsolidated earnings and such earnings of our Israeli-based subsidiaries. It is determined in NIS and not in U.S. dollars. Tax liability of non-Israeli subsidiaries is determined according to the laws of their respective countries of residence. As a result, the tax provision in our consolidated financial statements does not directly relate to income reported on these statements. SHAREHOLDERS ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS AS TO THE ISRAELI OR OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR ORDINARY SHARES, INCLUDING, IN PARTICULAR, THE EFFECT OF ANY NON-ISRAELI, STATE OR LOCAL TAXES. General Corporate Tax in Israel Israeli companies are generally subject to corporate tax on taxable income and capital gains at the rate of 23%. However, the effective tax rate payable by a company that qualifies as an Industrial Company that derives income from an “Approved Enterprise”, a “Beneficiary Enterprise”, a “Preferred Enterprise” or a “Preferred Technological Enterprise” (as discussed below) may be considerably less. Capital gains derived by an Israeli company are subject to the prevailing corporate tax rate. Under the Israeli Tax Ordinance, 1961 (the Ordinance) transfer pricing rules require that cross-border transactions between related parties be carried out implementing an arm’s-length principle and reported and taxed accordingly. Industry Encouragement. Under the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969, a company qualifies as an “Industrial Company” if it is resident in Israel and at least 90% of its income (determined in Israeli currency) in a given tax year, with some exceptions, comes from “Industrial Enterprises” owned by that company. An Industrial Enterprise is defined as an enterprise the primary activity of which in a particular tax year is industrial manufacturing activity. Below are the main tax benefits available to an Industrial Company: • amortization of the cost of purchased patent, rights to use a patent, and know-how, which were purchased in good faith and are used for the development or advancement of the Industrial Enterprise, over an eight-year period, commencing on the year in which such rights were first exercised; • under limited conditions, an election to file consolidated tax returns with controlled Israeli Industrial Companies; • expenses related to a public offering are deductible in equal amounts over three years commencing on the year of the offering. We believe Elbit Systems qualifies as an Industrial Company. See further Item 18. Financial Statements - Note 18A(2). There can be no assurance that we will continue to qualify as an Industrial Company or that the tax benefits described above will be available in the future. 90 Investment Law. The Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (the Investment Law) provides tax benefits to companies that make capital investments in eligible fixed assets. Under the Investment Law, subject to applicable conditions, companies could apply to receive “Approved Enterprise”, “Privileged Enterprise” or “Preferred Enterprise” status, each of which provides various tax benefits. See Item 18. Financial Statements - Note 18A. A portion of our Israeli operations have been granted “Approved Enterprise”, “Privileged Enterprise” and “Preferred Enterprise” status, as described under “Investment Law” below. These operations are subject to taxation at reduced rates applicable to those types of enterprises. We cannot assure that Elbit Systems or our Israeli subsidiaries will continue to qualify for such benefits or benefits under the Law for Encouragement of Industry in the future. We also cannot assure that we will continue to qualify as an Approved Enterprise, Privileged Enterprise or Preferred Enterprise, or that the benefits described above will be available in the future. See further Item 18. Financial Statements - Note 18A(3). On November 15, 2021, the Israeli government approved the Economic Efficiency Bill (Legislative Amendments for Attaining Budgetary Objectives for the 2021 and 2022 Budget Years) - 2021 (the Economic Efficiency Bill) regarding repatriation of retained exempt earnings from Approved Enterprises and Privileged Enterprises (Exempt Earnings). The Economic Efficiency Bill includes a temporary provision, effective as of August 15, 2021, offering relief of 30% to 60% on the amount of tax which would otherwise have been required to be paid on distributable earnings, in order to encourage companies to pay the reduced taxes during the next 12 months (the Temporary Provision). The Temporary Provision provides partial relief from Israeli corporate income tax for companies that elect the offered benefit, on a linear basis, resulting in a greater release of Exempt Earnings and greater relief from corporate income tax. According to the new linear statutory formula, the corporate income tax to be paid on Exempt Earnings accumulated until December 31, 2020 that were not yet distributed as a dividend (Selected Accumulated Income) would vary from a 6% to 17.5% effective tax rate (depending on the company’s corporate tax rate in the year in which the income was derived and the amount of Exempt Earnings elected to be relieved), without taking into account the 15% dividend withholding tax (which should be levied only upon actual distribution, if any). The reduced corporate tax is payable within 30 days of making the election. The Temporary Provision does not require the actual distribution of the Selected Accumulated Income, nor does it provide any relief from the 15% dividend withholding tax. The partial corporate income tax relief is available to companies that elected to implement the Temporary Provision by November 15, 2022 in respect of Exempt Earnings accrued up to December 31, 2020, provided that up to 30% (the exact rate is calculated according to a new statutory formula) of the “released” Selected Accumulated Income is re-invested in Israel through at least one of the following: industrial activities, research and development activities, assets used by the company or salaries of newly recruited employees. As part of the Temporary Provision, Article 74 of the Investment Law was amended and as a result, starting August 15, 2021, a company with Exempt Earnings that distributes dividends will have to attribute a portion of the distributed sum to Exempt Earnings, and a portion to non-exempt earnings, on a pro-rata basis. The Company elected to implement the Temporary Provision to “release” approximately $784 million of Exempt Earnings and as a result pay the reduced corporate tax in an amount of approximately $80 million. The amount was paid in 2022. Tax on IP-based Income. In 2016, Israel enacted a tax law amendment introducing a new tax regime for intellectual property (IP)-based companies. The regime is tailored to a post-BEPS (base erosion profit shifting) world, encouraging multinationals to consolidate IP ownership and profits in Israel along with existing Israeli R&D functions. Tax benefits created to achieve this goal include a reduced corporate income tax rate of 6% on IP-based income and on capital gains from the future sale of IP. The 6% rate would apply to qualifying Israeli companies that are part of a group with global consolidated revenue of over NIS 10 billion (approximately $2.8 billion). Other qualifying companies with global consolidated revenue below NIS 10 billion would be subject to a 12% tax rate. However, if the Israeli company is located in development zone “A”, the tax rate is further reduced to 7.5%. Additionally, subject to meeting applicable conditions, withholding tax on dividends may be subject to a reduced rate of 4% for all qualifying companies (unless further reduced by a treaty). See Item 18. Financial Statements ‒ Note 18A(3). 91 Capital Gains to a Shareholder General. Israeli law generally imposes a capital gains tax on the sale or disposition of any capital assets by Israeli residents, as defined for Israeli tax purposes, and on the sale of capital assets located in Israel, including shares in Israeli companies, by both Israeli residents as well as non-Israeli residents, unless a specific exemption is available or unless a tax treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence provides otherwise. The Ordinance distinguishes between real gain and inflationary surplus. The inflationary surplus is a portion of the total capital gain equivalent to the increase of the relevant asset’s purchase price attributable to an increase in the Israeli consumer price index, or, in certain circumstances, a foreign currency exchange rate, between the date of purchase and the date of sale. Inflationary surplus accrued since January 1, 1994 is not subject to tax in Israel. The real gain is the excess of the total capital gain over the inflationary surplus. Capital gains to Israeli residents. The tax rate on capital gains to a “non-principal” individual shareholder (those persons holding less than 10% of any of our means of control) is 25%, and a tax rate for an individual “principal” shareholder (those persons holding 10% or more of any of our means of control at the time of sale or at any time during the preceding 12- month period) is 30%. Individuals who are subject to income tax in Israel (whether any such individual is an Israeli resident or non-Israeli resident) are also subject to an additional surtax at a rate of 3% on annual income (including, but not limited to, income derived from dividends, interest and capital gains) exceeding NIS 698,280 (approximately $192,895) for 2023, which amount is linked to the annual change in the Israeli consumer price index. Dealers in securities in Israel are taxed at regular tax rates applicable to business income. Companies resident in Israel are taxed on capital gains at the applicable corporate tax rate. Capital gains to non-residents of Israel. Gains on the sale of ordinary shares traded on the TASE and on Nasdaq held by non-Israeli resident investors for tax purposes that are not attributable to an Israeli permanent establishment will generally be exempt from Israeli capital gains tax, subject to the provisions of the Israeli tax legislation. However, non-Israeli corporations will not be entitled to such exemption if Israeli residents (i) have a controlling interest of more than 25% in any of the means of control of such non-Israeli corporation or (ii) are the beneficiaries or are entitled to 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly. Moreover, a sale of shares by a non-Israeli resident may be exempt from Israeli capital gains tax under the provisions of an applicable tax treaty. For example, the United States - Israel tax treaty (the Treaty) generally exempts United States residents who hold less than 10% of our voting rights, and who never held 10% of our voting rights during any part of the twelve months prior to a sale of their shares, from Israeli capital gains tax in connection with such sales under certain circumstances and subject to meeting applicable conditions. Taxation on Dividends Paid to a Shareholder Income tax for individual Israeli residents. Residents of Israel are subject to income tax on distributions of dividends other than bonus shares (stock dividends). The tax rate on dividend income to a “non-principal” individual shareholder is 25% and 30% to an individual “principal” shareholder. The distributing company withholds at source tax at the rate of 25% or 30% in the case of a “principal shareholder” on the distribution date or at any time during the 12-month period prior to the dividend distribution date. A company the stock of which is traded on a stock exchange withholds tax at the rate of 25% from dividends distributes to a shareholder if the shares are registered with a nominee company (whether the recipient is a “principal” shareholder or not). Dividends distributed from “Preferred Income” under Preferred Enterprise status (see above “Investment Law”) are subject to a withholding tax rate of 20%, subject to a reduced tax rate under the provisions of applicable double taxation treaties. Following Elbit Systems' election in February 2022 to implement the Temporary Provision and pay a reduced tax on distribution of the Selected Accumulated Income, dividends distributed in the future will include the Selected Accumulated Income, the withholding tax rate for which will be calculated according to the proportion between the Selected Accumulated Income and the total accumulated earnings as of December 31, 2020. Accordingly, the aggregate withholding tax rate on those dividends for individuals and non-residents is expected to be approximately 17%. Income tax for non-residents of Israel. Non-residents of Israel (whether individuals or corporations) are subject to income tax on distributions of dividends other than bonus shares (stock dividends). The tax rate on dividend income to a “non-principal” non- resident of Israel shareholder is 25% and 30% to a “principal” shareholder (including a foreign company as opposed to an Israeli company) on the distribution date or at any time during the 12-month period prior to the dividend distribution date. The distributing company withholds at source income tax at the rate of 25% for a “non-principal” shareholder, or 30% for a “principal” shareholder. A company whose stock is traded on a stock exchange will withhold tax at the rate of 25% from dividends paid to a “principal” shareholder for shares registered and held by a registration company, unless a lower rate is applicable under a double taxation treaty. Accordingly, Elbit Systems withholds income tax at the source. Generally, dividends distributed from taxable income accrued during the period of benefit of an Approved Enterprise or Privileged Enterprise are taxable at the rate of 15% if the dividend is distributed during the tax benefit period under the Investment Law or within 12 years after the period (this limitation does not apply if the company qualifies as a foreign investors’ company according to the Investment Law). Dividends distributed from “Preferred Income” under a Preferred Enterprise, PTE or SPTE status are subject to a withholding tax rate of 20% (unless a lower treaty rate applies). 92 In light of Elbit Systems’ election in February 2022 to implement the Temporary Provision and pay a reduced tax on distribution of the Selected Accumulated Income (see above “Investment Law”), dividends to be distributed after such election will include the Selected Accumulated Income, and the withholding tax rate on them will be calculated according to the proportion between the Selected Accumulated Income and the total accumulated earnings as of December 31, 2020. Accordingly, the aggregated withholding tax rate on those dividends for individuals and non-residents is expected to be approximately 17%. Israeli Tax on United States Shareholders Dividends paid by Elbit Systems to a shareholder resident in the United States are generally subject to withholding tax in Israel. Under the Treaty, the withholding tax rate on a dividend is normally 25%. A U.S. corporation would have a reduced withholding tax rate on dividends of 12.5% (or 15% in connection with an Approved Enterprise, Privileged Enterprise or Preferred Enterprise. See above “Investment Law”). The U.S. corporation must own at least 10% of the voting shares during a portion of Elbit Systems’ tax year in which the payment of the dividend occurs but prior to the payment date and during the entire prior tax year. The reduced rate is also subject to a condition that no more than 25% of Elbit Systems’ gross income for the prior tax year consists of interest, other than interest received from banking, financing or similar businesses or from certain subsidiaries. In light of Elbit Systems' election in February 2022 to implement the Temporary Provision and pay a reduced tax on distribution of the Selected Accumulated Income, dividends distributed after such election will include the Selected Accumulated Income, and the withholding tax rate on them will be calculated according to the proportion between the Selected Accumulated Income and the total accumulated earnings as of December 31, 2020. Accordingly, the aggregated withholding tax rate on those dividends for individuals and non-residents is expected to be approximately 17%. Under the terms of the Treaty, Israel may tax capital gains realized by shareholders resident in the United States on a sale of ordinary shares of Elbit Systems if certain conditions exist. However, since Elbit Systems’ ordinary shares are traded on the TASE and on Nasdaq, gains on the sale of ordinary shares held by non-Israeli resident investors for tax purposes that are not attributable to an Israeli permanent establishment generally will be exempt from Israeli capital gains tax, subject to the provisions of the Israeli tax legislation. A non-Israeli resident who receives dividends from which tax was duly withheld is generally exempt from the obligation to file tax returns in Israel with respect to such income, provided that (i) such income was not generated from business conducted in Israel by the taxpayer; (ii) the taxpayer has no other taxable sources of income in Israel with respect to which a tax return is required to be filed, and (iii) the taxpayer is not liable to Surtax (as further explained below). U.S. Shareholders (as defined in “United States Federal Income Tax Considerations” below), who hold ordinary shares through an Israeli stockbroker or other Israeli intermediary may be subject to Israeli withholding tax on any capital gains recognized if the U.S. Shareholder does not obtain approval of an exemption from the Israeli Tax Authorities. U.S. Shareholders should consult their Israeli stockbroker or other intermediary regarding the procedures for obtaining an exemption. Surtax Individuals who are subject to income tax in Israel (whether any such individual is an Israeli resident or, subject to tax treaties not otherwise limiting the applicable tax rate, non-Israeli resident) are also subject to an additional tax at a rate of 3% on annual income (including, but not limited to, income derived from dividends, interest and capital gains) exceeding NIS 698,280 (approximately $192,890) for 2023, which amount is linked to the annual change in the Israeli consumer price index. This summary of Israeli taxation is based on existing treaties, laws, regulations and judicial and administrative interpretations thereof. There can be no assurance that any of these may not be amended or repealed, possibly with retroactive effect, or that a tax authority may not take a contrary position. Also, this summary does not address the tax consequences that may be applicable to specific persons based on their individual circumstances. It also does not address any local or other foreign tax consequences. Each shareholder should consult his or her own tax advisor as to the specific tax consequences of purchasing, holding or transferring our shares. 93 United States Federal Income Tax Considerations General The following is a summary of material U.S. federal income tax considerations relevant to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares by a “U.S. Shareholder”, which, for these purposes, means a beneficial owner of ordinary shares that is a citizen or resident of the United States, a U.S. domestic corporation, or that otherwise is subject to U.S. federal income taxation on a net income basis in respect of such ordinary shares. This summary is based on provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), existing and proposed U.S. Treasury regulations, administrative pronouncements, rulings and judicial decisions in effect as of the date of this annual report. These authorities and their interpretation are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. No ruling will be requested by us from the Internal Revenue Service (the IRS) regarding the tax consequences to a U.S. Shareholder, and there can be no assurance that the IRS will agree with the discussion set out below. This summary does not address any U.S. federal tax consequences other than U.S. federal income tax consequences, such as state, local or foreign taxes, the U.S. federal estate and gift taxes, the Medicare contribution tax applicable to net investment income of certain non-corporate U.S. Shareholders, or alternative minimum tax consequences of acquiring, holding or disposing of ordinary shares. Investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the specific U.S. federal income tax consequences to them of owning and disposing of our ordinary shares in light of their particular circumstances. This summary applies to U.S. Shareholders only if they hold ordinary shares as capital assets for tax purposes. In addition, this summary does not discuss all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be applicable to investors in light of their particular circumstances or to investors who are subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax law, including, but not limited to, U.S. expatriates, insurance companies, banks, regulated investment companies and real estate investment trusts, securities or currency-dealers, financial institutions, tax-exempt organizations, persons holding ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedging or conversion transaction, traders in securities that elect to apply a mark‑to‑market method of accounting, persons who acquired our ordinary shares pursuant to the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation, persons subject to special tax accounting rules as a result of any item of gross income with respect to our ordinary shares being taken into account in an applicable financial statement, entities or arrangements that are treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes (or partners therein), persons whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, and persons owning (directly, indirectly or by attribution) 10% or more of our shares (by vote or value). If a partnership or other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A partner in a partnership that holds our ordinary shares is urged to consult its own tax advisor regarding the specific tax consequences of owning and disposing of our ordinary shares. THE SUMMARY OF U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES SET OUT BELOW IS FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY. ALL SHAREHOLDERS AND PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS AS TO THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSEQUENCES TO THEM OF OWNING OUR ORDINARY SHARES, INCLUDING THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF STATE, LOCAL AND NON-U.S. TAX LAWS AND POSSIBLE CHANGES IN TAX LAW. Dividends Subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules”, a U.S. Shareholder generally will be required to include in income, as ordinary dividend income, the U.S. dollar amount of any distribution of cash or property on our ordinary shares, including the amount of any Israeli withholding tax thereon, to the extent such distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We do not intend to compute earnings and profits under U.S. tax principles. U.S. Shareholders therefore should expect that all distributions with respect to our ordinary shares will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as dividends. Dividends paid with respect to our ordinary shares do not qualify for the dividends- received deduction applicable in certain cases to U.S. corporations. Subject to certain exceptions for short-term positions, dividends received with respect to our ordinary shares by a U.S. Shareholder that is an individual, trust, or estate generally will be subject to tax at preferential tax rates if the dividends are “qualified dividends.” Dividends paid on our ordinary shares will be treated as qualified dividends if the ordinary shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States and we were not, in the year prior to the year in which the dividend was paid, and are not, in the year in which the dividend is paid, a passive foreign investment company (a PFIC). 94 The ordinary shares are listed on the Nasdaq and will qualify as readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States so long as they are so listed. Based on our audited financial statements and relevant market and shareholder data, we do not believe we were treated as a PFIC with respect to our 2022 and 2023 taxable years and do not expect to be treated as a PFIC for our current taxable year or in the reasonably foreseeable future. See “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules”, below. There is no assurance that dividends received with respect to our ordinary shares by U.S. Shareholders will be eligible for such preferential tax rates. U.S. Shareholders of ordinary shares are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of the reduced dividend tax rate in light of their own particular situation. The amount of any distribution paid in NIS will be included in the gross income of a U.S. Shareholder in an amount equal to the U.S. dollar value of the NIS calculated by reference to the spot rate of exchange in effect on the date the distribution is received by the U.S. Shareholder. If a U.S. Shareholder converts dividends paid in NIS into U.S. dollars on the day we distribute the dividends, the U.S. Shareholder generally should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss with respect to such conversion. If the NIS received in the distribution are not converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, any foreign currency gain or loss recognized upon a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the NIS will generally be treated as U.S. source ordinary income or loss. Special rules govern and special elections are available to accrual method taxpayers to determine the U.S. dollar amount that should be included in income in the case of taxes withheld in a foreign currency. Accrual basis taxpayers are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the requirements and the elections applicable in this regard. Subject to generally applicable limitations and conditions, Israeli dividend withholding tax paid at the appropriate rate applicable to the U.S. Shareholder may be eligible for a credit against such U.S. Shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. These generally applicable limitations and conditions include new requirements recently adopted by the IRS in regulations promulgated in December 2021, and any Israeli tax will need to satisfy these requirements in order to be eligible to be a creditable tax for a U.S. Shareholder. In the case of a U.S. Shareholder that either (i) is eligible for, and properly elects, the benefits of the Treaty, or (ii) consistently elects to apply a modified version of these rules under recently issued temporary guidance and complies with specific requirements set forth in such guidance, the Israeli tax on dividends will be treated as meeting the new requirements and therefore as a creditable tax. In the case of all other U.S. Shareholders, the application of these requirements to the Israeli tax on dividends is uncertain and we have not determined whether these requirements have been met. If the Israeli dividend tax is not a creditable tax for a U.S. Shareholder or the U.S. Shareholder does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for any foreign income taxes paid or accrued in the same taxable year, the U.S. Shareholder may be able to deduct the Israeli tax in computing such U.S. Shareholder’s taxable income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Israeli taxes paid by a U.S. Shareholder under circumstances in which an exemption from such tax was available generally will not be entitled to claim a credit or deduction for such taxes. Dividend distributions will constitute income from sources without the United States and, for U.S. Shareholders that elect to claim foreign tax credits, generally will constitute “passive category income” for foreign tax credit purposes. The availability and calculation of foreign tax credits and deductions for foreign taxes depend on a U.S. Shareholder’s particular circumstances and involve the application of complex rules to those circumstances. The temporary guidance discussed above also indicates that the Treasury and the IRS are considering proposing amendments to the December 2021 regulations and that the temporary guidance can be relied upon until additional guidance is issued that withdraws or modifies the temporary guidance. U.S. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of these rules to their particular situations. Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition Subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules”, upon the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of ordinary shares, a U.S. Shareholder generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition and the U.S. Shareholder’s adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares, in each case, as determined in U.S. dollars. Any gain or loss recognized upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of the ordinary shares will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if, at the time of the sale, exchange or other disposition, the holding period of the ordinary shares exceeds one year. In the case of individual U.S. Shareholders, long-term capital gains generally are subject to U.S. federal income tax at preferential rates. The deductibility of capital losses by a U.S. Shareholder is subject to significant limitations. U.S. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors in this regard. 95 A U.S. Shareholder generally will not be entitled to credit any Israeli tax imposed on the sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares against such U.S. Shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, except in the case of a U.S. Shareholder that consistently elects to apply a modified version of the U.S. foreign tax credit rules that is permitted under recently issued temporary guidance and complies with the specific requirements set forth in such guidance. Additionally, capital gain or loss recognized by a U.S. Shareholder on the sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares generally will be U.S. source gain or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Consequently, even if the withholding tax qualifies as a creditable tax, a U.S. Shareholder may not be able to credit the tax against its U.S. federal income tax liability unless such credit can be applied (subject to generally applicable conditions and limitations) against tax due on other income treated as derived from foreign sources. If the Israeli tax is not a creditable tax, such tax would reduce the amount realized on the sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares even if the U.S. Shareholder has elected to claim a foreign tax credit for other taxes in the same year. Israeli taxes paid by a U.S. Shareholder under circumstances in which an exemption from such tax was available generally will not be entitled to claim a credit or deduction for such taxes. The temporary guidance discussed above also indicates that the Treasury and the IRS are considering proposing amendments to the December 2021 regulations and that the temporary guidance can be relied upon until additional guidance is issued that withdraws or modifies the temporary guidance. U.S. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the foreign tax credit rules to a sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares and any Israeli tax imposed on such sale or disposition. If a U.S. Shareholder receives NIS upon the sale of ordinary shares, that U.S. Shareholder may recognize ordinary income or loss as a result of currency fluctuations between the date of the sale of the ordinary shares and the date the sales proceeds are converted into U.S. dollars. Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules A non-U.S. corporation will be classified as a Passive Foreign Investment Company (or PFIC) for any taxable year if at least 75% of its gross income consists of passive income (which is generally subject to certain exceptions for active businesses, dividends, interest, rents, royalties and gains from the sales of property generating such income), or at least 50% of the value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) is attributable to assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. Based on our audited financial statements and relevant market and shareholder data, we do not believe we were treated as a PFIC with respect to our 2022 and 2023 taxable years, and do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year or in the reasonably foreseeable future. However, whether we are a PFIC is a factual determination that must be made at the close of each year and is based on factors that may be outside of our control, including, among other things, the valuation of our ordinary shares and assets, which will likely change from time to time. Therefore, there is no assurance that we will not be classified as a PFIC in the future due to, for example, changes in the composition of our assets or income, or changes in our market capitalization. Under the PFIC rules, if we were considered a PFIC at any time that a U.S. Shareholder holds our ordinary shares, we would continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such holder's investment even if we no longer meet the threshold requirements discussed above, unless the U.S. Shareholder has made a “deemed sale” election once we are no longer a PFIC. If we are considered a PFIC for any taxable year that a U.S. Shareholder holds our ordinary shares, any gain recognized by the U.S. Shareholder on a sale or other disposition of our ordinary shares would be allocated pro-rata over the U.S. Shareholder’s holding period for the ordinary shares. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or other disposition and to any year before we became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for that taxable year for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, and an interest charge would be imposed. Further, to the extent that the distributions received by a U.S. Shareholder on our ordinary shares in a taxable year during which we are treated as a PFIC exceed 125% of the average of the annual distributions on the ordinary shares received during the preceding three years or the U.S. Shareholder’s holding period, whichever is shorter, those distributions would be subject to taxation in the same manner as gain on the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares, as described above. Certain elections may be available that would result in alternative treatments (such as mark-to-market treatment) of the ordinary shares. If we are treated as a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Shareholder for any taxable year, the U.S. Shareholder will be deemed to own its pro rata share in any of our subsidiaries that also are PFICs, and will be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to each such subsidiary PFIC. If we are considered a PFIC, a U.S. Shareholder also will be subject to annual information reporting requirements. The PFIC rules are complex. U.S. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the potential application of the PFIC rules to the ownership of our ordinary shares. 96 Foreign Financial Asset Reporting Individual U.S. Shareholders that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess of $50,000 on the last day of the taxable year or $75,000 at any time during the taxable year are generally required to file an information statement along with their tax returns, currently on Form 8938, with respect to such assets. “Specified foreign financial assets” include any financial accounts held at a non-U.S. financial institution, as well as securities issued by a non-U.S. issuer that are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions. Higher reporting thresholds apply to certain individuals living abroad and to certain married individuals. Regulations extend this reporting requirement to certain entities that are treated as formed or availed of to hold direct or indirect interests in specified foreign financial assets based on objective criteria. U.S. Shareholders that fail to report the required information could be subject to substantial penalties. In addition, the statute of limitations for assessment of tax would be suspended, in whole or part. Prospective investors are encouraged to consult with their own tax advisors regarding the possible application of these rules, including the application of the rules to their particular circumstances. Informational Reporting and Backup Withholding Dividend payments with respect to ordinary shares and proceeds from the sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares may be subject to informational reporting to the IRS and possible U.S. backup withholding at a current rate of 24%. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a holder who timely furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number or certificate of foreign status and makes any other required certification or who is otherwise exempt from backup withholding. U.S. persons (as defined in the Code) who are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide IRS Form W-9 (Request for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification). Non-U.S. persons generally will not be subject to U.S. informational reporting or backup withholding. However, such holders may be required to provide certification of non-U.S. status (generally on IRS Form W-8BEN or W-BEN-E) in connection with payments received in the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against a holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, and a holder may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by timely filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information. Holders of our ordinary shares should consult their own tax advisors concerning the specific U.S. federal, state and local tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of the ordinary shares in light of their particular situations as well as any consequences arising under the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction. In particular, U.S. Shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisors concerning whether they will be eligible for benefits under the Treaty. Documents on Display We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act. In accordance with these requirements, we file reports and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements, information statements and other material that are filed through the SEC’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval (EDGAR) system. We also file periodic and immediate reports and other information with the Israeli Securities Authority through its electronic filing system at www.magna.isa.gov.il or on the TASE website at www.tase.co.il. 97 Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. General Market risks relating to our operations result primarily from changes in exchange rates and interest rates. We take various measures to compensate for the effects and fluctuation in both exchange rates and interest rates. We use financial instruments and derivatives in order to limit the exposure to risks deriving from changes in exchange rates and interest rates. No derivative instruments are entered into for trading purposes. Exchange Rate Risk Management General While our functional currency is the U.S. dollar, we also have some non-U.S. dollar or non-U.S. dollar linked currency exposures. These exposures are mainly derived from our revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currencies and non-U.S. dollar accounts receivable, payments to suppliers and subcontractors, obligations in other currencies and payroll related expenses incurred, mainly in NIS. Some subcontractors are paid in local currency under prime contracts where we are paid in U.S. dollars. We take various measures to compensate for the effects of fluctuations in exchange rates. These measures include currency hedging transactions in which we purchase foreign exchange contracts to reduce the volatility of cash flows associated with project related revenues and expenses denominated in certain foreign currencies (mainly Euro and GBP) and attempts to maintain a balance between monetary assets and liabilities in our functional currencies. We also attempt to share currency risks with subcontractors on a “back-to- back” basis, by having the subcontractor assume a proportional amount of the exchange risk. We use currency hedging contracts and other derivative instruments to limit our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations related to payroll expenses incurred in NIS. The objective of the foreign exchange contracts is to better ensure that the U.S. dollar- equivalent cash flows are not adversely affected by changes in U.S. dollar/foreign currency exchange rates. In accordance with ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”, these contracts are designated as cash flow hedges. The gain on the effective portion of a cash flow hedge is initially reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified into revenues and to contract expenses when the hedged exposure affects revenues or contract expenses, or as financial expenses, if the hedged transaction becomes probable of not occurring. Any gain or loss after a hedge is de-designated, because the hedged transaction is no longer probable of occurring or related to an ineffective portion of a hedge, is recognized in “financial expenses, net” in our consolidated statements of income. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the notional amount of our outstanding forward contracts was $4,016.0 million and $3,763.0 million, respectively. Most of these contracts met the requirements of hedge accounting. The table below provides information regarding our derivative instruments held in order to limit the exposure to exchange rate fluctuation as of December 31, 2023. The table does not include information regarding the cross-currency interest rate swap transactions in order to effectively hedge the effect of interest and exchange rate differences resulting from the Series B Notes issued during 2021 (see “Interest Rate Risk Management” below). Maturity Date - Notional Amount - (US dollars in millions) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Total Fair Value at 12/2023 Buy US$ and sell: EUR GBP Other currencies Total 824.6 56.6 186.5 1,067.7 487.0 17.6 61.9 566.5 10.6 0.7 5.8 17.1 13.3 2.1 6.9 22.3 1,400.1 81.1 285.5 1,766.7 (3.0) 1.9 (8.5) (9.6) 64.6 4.1 24.4 93.1 98 Maturity Date - Notional Amount - (US dollars in millions) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Total Fair Value at 12/2023 303.5 22.1 1,668.6 6.2 2,000.4 58.1 30.2 114.3 — 202.6 21.0 — — — 21.0 20.2 — — — 20.2 5.0 — — — 5.0 407.8 52.3 1782.9 6.2 2,249.2 (19.4) (0.1) (1.7) — (21.2) Sell US$ and buy: EUR GBP NIS Other currencies Total At December 31, 2023, a 5% and 10% strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the currencies in which our derivative instruments were denominated would have resulted in unrealized gains of $28.2 and $65.1 million, respectively, and a 5% and 10% weakening in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the currencies in which our derivative instruments were denominated would have resulted in unrealized gains of $20.8 and $35.3 million, respectively. This calculation assumes that each exchange rate would have changed in the same direction relative to the U.S. dollar. Consistent with the use of these contracts to neutralize the effect of exchange rate fluctuations, most of such unrealized losses or gains would be offset by corresponding gains or losses, respectively, in the remeasurement of the underlying transactions being hedged. When taken together, these forward currency contracts and the offsetting underlying commitments did not create material market risk. Interest Rate Risk Management On December 31, 2023 our liquid assets and obligations were comprised of cash and cash equivalents, bank deposits, short and long-term loans, commercial paper and Notes. Our deposits were mainly in U.S. dollars. In 2021, we issued NIS 1.9 billion (approximately $575 million) in Series B, C and D Notes. Following the issuance of the Series B Notes we entered into cross-currency interest rate swap transactions in order to effectively hedge the effect of interest and exchange rate differences resulting from the NIS Notes. Under the cross-currency interest rate swaps, the Series B Notes were adjusted to the changes of the NIS to the U.S.dollar and will pay a fixed U.S. dollar interest rate of 1.92% per annum. During 2022 and 2023 we paid installments of the Notes in the amount of approximately $65 million each year. As of December 31, 2023 the balance of the Notes was approximately $407 million. In 2021, we borrowed $445 million from a financial institution. The loan carried a floating interest rate of a tier-based margin between 1.20 % and 2.00%, plus the three months U.S. dollar Libor per annum. According to the loan's terms, the interest rate would change according to the Company meeting a certain financial ratio. The loan was to mature in 2026. During 2021 and 2022 we paid part of the loan and during 2023 the remainder of the loan was repaid. In 2023, we completed an issuance in Israel of U.S. Dollar denominated commercial paper in an amount of approximately $314 million par value, bearing an annual interest of the SOFR 3M interest rate and an additional 1%. S&P Global Ratings Maalot Ltd. had assigned an ilA-1+ (on local scaling) short term rating to commercial paper. The remaining debt is mainly short and long-term loans in U.S. dollars. Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities. Not applicable. Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies. Not applicable. Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds. Not applicable. 99 Item 15. Controls and Procedures. Disclosure Controls and Procedures. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to cause that information required to be disclosed in our periodic filings with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. These controls and procedures also provide that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Also, management necessarily was required to use its judgment in evaluating the cost to benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. As of December 31, 2023, we performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. The evaluation was performed with the participation of senior management of major business areas and key corporate functions and under the supervision of the CEO and CFO. Based on the evaluation, our management, including the CEO and CFO, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. There have been no significant changes in our internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect internal controls after the date we completed the evaluation. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, as amended, as a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and that our receipts and expenditures are being made in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of sound control procedures. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management, including our CEO and CFO, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in “Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013 Framework”). Based on this assessment, management believes that, as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting was effective. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer (Kost), a member of EY Global, an independent registered public accounting firm (PACOB) (IB:1281), as stated in their report included in Item 18. Financial Statements. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During the period covered by this annual report, there have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting, except as discussed in “Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Implementation” below. 100 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Implementation. We are advancing in the process of implementing an ERP system, as part of a multi-year plan to integrate and upgrade our systems and processes. The implementation of this ERP system, which has been occurring in phases, began in 2020 with the migration of certain of our operational and financial systems in our corporate headquarters and certain other locations to the new ERP system and in 2023, the operational and financial systems in our Segments' main sites were substantially transitioned to the new system. As the phased and ongoing maturing implementation of this system occurs, we are experiencing certain changes to our processes and procedures which, in turn, result in changes to our internal control over financial reporting. While we expect the new ERP system to strengthen our internal financial controls by automating certain manual processes and standardizing business processes and reporting across our organization, management will continue to evaluate and monitor our internal controls as processes and procedures in each of the affected locations evolve. Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert. Mr. Bar Nir and Prof. Nisan, members of our Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee, both meet the criteria of an “Audit Committee Financial Expert” under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC, as determined by the Board. They are each independent, as that term is defined in the Nasdaq Rules. See also Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Directors and Executive Officers – Board of Directors. Item 16B. Code of Ethics. We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that is applicable to all our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive, financial and accounting officers and persons performing similar functions. The code of ethics was approved by our Board and covers areas of professional and business conduct. It is intended to promote honest and ethical behavior, including fair dealing and the ethical handling of conflicts of interest. The code of ethics is supplemented by our anti-bribery and corruption compliance policy and other related policies and procedures, including those relating to our whistleblower and investigations process, due diligence and business gifts and entertainment. We also have a supplier code of conduct that is applicable to ethics and compliance requirements for our supply chain. We provide training on our code of ethics to all of our employees. In accordance with the Company’s procedures, routine conflicts of interest and other day to day ethics related issues are reviewed and addressed on an ongoing basis by the Company’s authorized officers. Our code of ethics, anti-bribery and corruption compliance policy and supplier code of conduct, as well as certain other compliance related policies, are each posted on our website: www.elbitsystems.com. A copy of the code of ethics is available, without charge, to any Elbit Systems investor, employee or other person upon request to Elbit Systems Ltd., Office of the Corporate Secretary, P.O. Box 539, Advanced Technology Center, Haifa 3100401 Israel. For additional information on our ethics and anti-bribery and corruption compliance policies, see Item 4. Information on the Company – Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Practices. Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services. At the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders held in August 2023, our shareholders reappointed Kost to serve as our independent auditors. Kost and other EY affiliates billed the Company the following fees for professional services in each of the last two fiscal years: (U.S. dollars in thousands) Audit Fees Tax Fees Other Fees Total Year Ended December 31, 2023 4,757 $ 401 120 5,278 $ Year Ended December 31, 2022 4,383 $ 400 119 4,902 $ “Audit Fees” are the aggregate fees for the audit of our consolidated annual financial statements. This category also includes services generally provided by the independent auditor, such as consents and assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC. It also includes fees billed for accounting consultations regarding the accounting treatment of matters that occur in the regular course of business, implications of new accounting pronouncements and implementation of ASC 606, ASC 842 and other accounting issues that occur from time to time. 101 “Tax Fees” are the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered for tax compliance and tax advice, other than in connection with the audit. Tax compliance involves preparation of original and amended tax returns, tax planning and tax advice. “Other Fees” are fees billed for services related to assessment of finance software. Kost and other EY affiliates did not bill the Company for services other than the Audit Fees, Tax Fees and Other Fees described above for fiscal year 2023 or fiscal year 2022. Our Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee has adopted a pre-approval policy for the engagement of our independent auditors to perform audit and permitted non-audit services. Under this policy, which is designed to assure that such engagements do not impair the independence of our auditors, the Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee pre-approves annually a range of specific audit and non-audit services in the categories of Audit Services, Audit-Related Services, Tax Services and other services that may be performed by our independent auditors, and the maximum pre-approved fees that may be paid as compensation for each pre-approved service in those categories. Any proposed services exceeding the pre-approved fees or which include other scope of work, require specific pre-approval by the Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee. Accordingly, all of the above-mentioned independent auditor fees were pre-approved by our Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee. Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees. Not applicable. Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers. Reference is made to the disclosure relating to changes in shareholdings of major shareholders in Item 7 of this annual report on Form 20-F. No shares were repurchased by Elbit Systems during 2023. Item 16F. Changes in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant. Not Applicable. Item 16G. Corporate Governance. Generally, we follow corporate governance standards applicable to us under Israeli and U.S. laws and regulations and Nasdaq Rules. As a foreign private issuer, Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3) allows us to follow Israeli corporate governance practices instead of certain Nasdaq requirements. That rule requires that we provide Nasdaq with a letter from outside Israeli counsel stating that our corporate governance practices are not prohibited by Israeli law and disclose in our annual reports the Nasdaq requirements we do not follow and the equivalent Israeli requirement. According to our Articles of Association, the quorum required for a meeting of our shareholders, except in the case of certain extraordinary meetings convened in special circumstances, consists of at least two shareholders present in person or by proxy or other voting instrument and holding or representing between them at least one-third of the voting power. If a quorum is not present within one- half hour from the time appointed for the meeting, the meeting will be adjourned and at the adjourned meeting, the required quorum is then two shareholders, present in person or by proxy or other voting instrument, representing at least 10% of the voting power. Nasdaq Rule 5620(c) provides that a company listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market should have a quorum requirement for shareholder meetings of at least one-third of the company’s outstanding common voting stock. As described above, our general quorum requirement is consistent with the Nasdaq Rule 5620(c). However, in the case of an adjourned meeting, our Articles of Association, consistent with what is permissible under the Companies Law, provide for a 10% quorum requirement. 102 In 2018, our Board approved the establishment of the 2018 Equity Plan and authorized the grant of up to 1,000,000 options to purchase our ordinary shares. In 2021, our Board approved an amendment to the 2018 Equity Plan to authorize the grant of up to additional 500,000 options thereunder and in 2024 our Board approved an amendment to the 2018 Equity Plan and authorized the grant of up to additional 800,000 options thereunder. In 2022, our Board approved the establishment of the Employees Plan and authorized the grant of up to 1,100,000 options to purchase our ordinary shares. In 2024 our Board authorized the grant of up to additional 950,000 options thereunder. In lieu of Nasdaq Rule 5635(c), the Company follows home country practice, which did not require shareholder approval in connection with the establishment or amendment of the 2018 Equity Plan or the Employees Plan. In connection with these actions, we provided Nasdaq with letters as required under Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3). See also Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Share Ownership – Elbit Systems’ Stock Option Plans – 2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers and – 2022 Equity Incentive Plan for Employees. Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure. Not applicable. Item 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections. Not applicable. Item 16J. Insider Trading Policies. Not applicable. Item 16K. Cybersecurity. Risk Management and Strategy As part of our overall risk management processes, we maintain a process for assessing, identifying and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats, including risks relating to the disruption of business operations or financial reporting systems, intellectual property theft, fraud, extortion, harm to employees or customers, violation of privacy laws and other legal and reputational risks (Cybersecurity Management Process). This process is focused on our main operating facilities and networks in Israel, while the processes at our subsidiaries abroad are led by local management and vary in light of their respective needs, operational considerations and regulatory requirements. Cybersecurity risks are considered under our Cybersecurity Management Process on an ongoing basis and alongside other company risks as part of the Board's annual review of the Company's overall risk profile. The Cybersecurity Management Process is based on methodologies implemented in consultation with external enterprise risk professionals and with the involvement of company subject matter experts and management, as applicable. The process includes gathering information necessary to identify risks, evaluating the nature and severity of these risks, recognizing mitigation strategies, assessing the impact of these strategies on residual risks, as well as effectively responding to cybersecurity incidents when they occur. Our Cybersecurity Management Process includes: • • • • a cybersecurity and information security framework that includes risk assessment and mitigation through a threat intelligence-driven approach, application controls, and enhanced security defenses. We strive to act in accordance with industry best practices as well as guidelines and instructions of the Israeli Director of Security of the Defense Establishment (DSDE); development, implementation, and improvement of policies and procedures designed to safeguard information and maintain availability of critical data and systems; utilization of software and hardware solutions designed to protect and monitor our environment, including, among others, multifactor authentication, access controls, system backups, encryption, firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems and identity management systems – in each case, for specific systems as determined by the Company; leveraging ISO-27001/27032/27035 and ISO-27017/27018 standards for general information technology controls, and Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requirements for assessment of internal controls; 103 • • • • • • information security awareness training, including among others “phishing testing” conducted on a semi-annual basis by our cybersecurity team for employees, cybersecurity updates on a regular basis and enhanced training on a quarterly basis for specialized employees involved in our systems and processes that handle sensitive information, customer data and audits. We also run tabletop exercises led by our Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) for our Executive Vice President - Chief Operating Officer (COO), Chief Security Officer (CSO) and Chief Information Officer (CIO) on an annual basis to simulate a response to a cybersecurity incident, and use the findings to improve our practices, procedures, and technologies; a Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan, which provides a framework for handling cybersecurity incidents. Our Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan is based on the severity of the incident and facilitates cross-functional coordination across the Company and compliance with potentially applicable legal obligations, including processes for reporting material cybersecurity incidents to the Board and issuance of timely reports and public disclosures, when applicable. In addition, we have established at our headquarters in Israel a Security Operations Center (SOC) to monitor and detect cyber incidents in real time and to manage our methodological response to cyber incidents, which is managed by our detection and response (D&R) team; regular testing of our controls through penetration testing, vulnerability scanning, and attack simulation (including using independent third-party service providers, as described below); collaborating with our peers in the areas of threat intelligence, vulnerability management and response and drills, while also sharing threat intelligence and best practices across different industries to fight cybercrime, enhance privacy, discuss new technologies, better understand the evolving regulatory environment, and advance capabilities in these areas; identification of threats associated with our use of third-party service providers, including by conducting surveys as necessary on a project-by project basis, while taking into consideration the needs of the project and in accordance with the level of risk associated with such project. We also include data security obligations and data breach notification requirements in our agreements with third-party service providers that have access to information originated from our IT systems, as necessary on a project-by project basis; and engagement of independent third-party service providers in connection with our Cybersecurity Management Process who regularly: (a) review, assess and report on our internal incident response preparedness and help identify areas for continued focus and improvement; and (b) test for cyber vulnerabilities. Elbit Systems has also initiated regular information technology reviews performed by a third party based on ISO-27001/27032/27035 and ISO-27017/27018. In addition, as an Israeli defense company, we are subject to periodic reviews by the DSDE, in which our cybersecurity processes, technologies and professional capabilities and certifications are evaluated in relation to the DSDE's requirements and standards. As of the date hereof, our business strategy, results of operations and financial condition have not been materially affected by risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of previous cybersecurity incidents, but we cannot provide assurance that they will not be materially affected in the future by such risks and any future material incidents. As reported in our annual report for 2022, during 2022 our monitoring and protection systems detected a cyber-incident at our U.S. subsidiary involving unauthorized access by a ransomware group to our subsidiary's network that resulted in disclosure of certain personal data and a minimal amount of non-critical business data. The incident was contained through the implementation of various measures, including the immediate shut-down of the network, which was gradually restored. Relevant authorities were notified by our subsidiary. We believe this incident did not have a material impact on the Company. For additional information related to our cybersecurity risks, see Item 3. Risk Factors – Risks Related to our Operations – A cyber or security attack or other similar incident resulting in a breach, disruption or failure in our or our supply chain's digital environment could adversely affect us. 104 Governance Management The Cybersecurity Management Process described above is managed by our COO and primarily implemented by our CISO, CIO and CSO. Our CSO is authorized in accordance with the Israeli Regulation of Security in Public Entities Law, 5758-1998 and the procedures of the DSDE and the Company, to implement and oversee the Company's security guidelines and protection of the Company's networks in Israel, including by managing information security incidents, including cybersecurity incidents. The day-to-day execution of our Cybersecurity Management Process, including the implementation of our information security strategy, policy, operations and cyber threat detection and response, is led by our CISO, who directly manages our cybersecurity team, comprising mainly of: (i) the design & implementation (D&I) team, which focuses on planning cyber defense architecture, topology and solutions for various systems of the Company, including our IT environment, and ongoing work with other relevant parties in the Company on the implementation of such cyber defense solutions; (ii) the governance, risk, compliance awareness (GRACE) team, which manages the Company's operations related to cybersecurity, including by: (A) applying procedures, principles and rules aiming to create a secured organizational environment that corresponds with the Company's policies and values; (B) identifying, verifying and managing cybersecurity risks; (C) determining standards of compliance to applicable law, regulations and internal procedures; (D) creating organizational awareness to cybersecurity threats and their effects; and (E) educating and exercising both human and technological systems to deal with cyber events; (iii) the D&R team, as described above, which monitors and detects cyber incidents in real time through the SOC and manages our methodological response to cyber incidents; (iv) the Intelligence & Defense (I&D) team that consolidates the intelligence obtained from different sources and submits it to the Company's relevant planning and application parties, who translates such intelligence to a collection of various defensive actions, and in addition, liaises between the CISO and the Company's divisions regarding cybersecurity aspects originating from the security policies of the DSDE and/or the Company; and (v) the system defense team, which focuses on cybersecurity aspects related to the Company's products and on the security of the supply chain from a software, code and development perspective. The execution of our cybersecurity processes is achieved also through ongoing periodic updates by our CISO to our COO, CIO and CSO, based on a pre-defined topic-based reporting matrix and also via ad-hoc updates and reports as required. Our CISO is a certified Chief Information Security Officer, cyber security methodology professional and cyber security technology professional and has extensive professional experience in cyber security, information security, information technologies operations and in designing, implementing, and managing enterprise security solutions at large scales and across multiple regions. Our cybersecurity processes, which are part of our Cybersecurity Management Process, are reviewed, updated and approved by our COO, CIO and CSO, with the involvement of additional professionals as applicable, based on analysis of the Company's current cybersecurity needs and the tools and technologies that could further enhance the Company's cybersecurity resilience and capabilities to address such needs. Management has also adopted a multi-year cybersecurity work plan, which is formulated in coordination with the Company's cybersecurity professionals and approved annually (Cybersecurity Work Plan) by our COO and President and CEO. The Cybersecurity Work Plan and its implementation are reviewed and assessed by our COO on a periodic basis or earlier as necessary. As an additional and complementing layer of review and assessment of our Cybersecurity Management Process, our internal auditor examines risk-related aspects of the Company's cybersecurity controls. The findings and suggestions of such audits are reported on an ongoing basis by our internal auditor to our Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee - Acting as the Audit Committee, which discusses said reports, findings and suggestions and provides guidelines and updates to the Board where necessary. Furthermore, within the framework of our Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan, we have internal escalation processes in place regarding cybersecurity incidents, to facilitate an efficient and timely flow of information to our CISO, CSO and relevant members of management (and ultimately to our Board, as discussed below). 105 Board of Directors and Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee - Acting as the Audit Committee The Board is primarily responsible for the oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats. To fulfill this responsibility, our Board holds regular cybersecurity discussions on a semi-annual basis, during which it receives reports about cybersecurity risks from our COO, CISO, CSO and/or CIO and reviews the implementation and administration of the Cybersecurity Management Process. These reports may include, among others and as relevant: (a) a presentation of the Cybersecurity Work Plan and its status; (b) updates of the Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee - Acting as the Audit Committee in respect of its discussions and audits of the internal audit; (b) information regarding resource utilization, main actions taken, external consulting, new tools, audits and trainings with respect to cybersecurity; (c) updates of material cybersecurity threats or incidents and responses thereto if relevant; (d) regulatory updates; and (e) updates on cybersecurity trends and the results of assessments performed by internal stakeholders or third-party advisors. Furthermore, as part of the Company's risk management process, the Board holds an annual review of the Company's risk profile which considers cybersecurity risks, as described above. In addition, the Board, as well as the Audit and Financial Statements Review Committee - Acting as the Audit Committee, may conduct discussions on cybersecurity matters outside of the regular semi-annual discussions, as it deems necessary. As mentioned above, there are also internal escalation processes in place within the framework of our Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan for providing ad-hoc updates to the Board regarding material cybersecurity incidents. Item 17. Financial Statements. Not applicable. Item 18. Financial Statements. See Consolidated Financial Statements attached to this annual report on Form 20-F. 106 Item 19. Exhibits. (a) Index to Financial Statements Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Schedule I – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (b) Exhibits Page F-2 F-8 F-10 F-11 F-12 F-15 F-17 S-1 # 1.1 1.2 2.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.3 4.4 8 12.1 12.2 13.1 13.2 15 97 101 104 (1) (3) (2) (5) Description Elbit Systems’ Memorandum of Association Elbit Systems’ Restated Articles of Association Description of Securities Description of the Terms of Office and Employment of the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer Description of Amendment to the Terms of Office and Employment of the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer Elbit Systems Ltd. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers Elbit Systems Ltd. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan for Employees Elbit Systems Ltd. Compensation Policy for Executive Officers and Directors Summary of IMI Acquisition Agreements Major Operating Subsidiaries of Elbit Systems Certification of Chief Executive Officer of the Registrant pursuant to Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended Certification of Chief Financial Officer of the Registrant pursuant to Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended Certification of Chief Executive Officer of the Registrant pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Chief Financial Officer of the Registrant pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Consent of Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer Policy Regarding Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation Inline XBRL Interactive Data File Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) ( ) 6 (7) (4) 107 (1) Filed as Exhibit 1.1 to Elbit Systems’ annual report on Form 20-F, filed with the SEC on March 25, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference. (2) Filed as Exhibit 1.2 to Elbit Systems’ annual report on Form 20-F, filed with the SEC on March 25, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference. (3) Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Elbit Systems’ annual report on Form 20-F, filed with the SEC on March 22, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference. (4) Filed as Exhibit A to Elbit Systems’ proxy statement dated March 3, 2021, filed as Exhibit 1 to Elbit Systems’ Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 6-K, filed with the SEC on March 3, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference. (5) Filed as Exhibit 4.2.2 to Elbit Systems’ annual report on Form 20-F, filed with the SEC on April 7, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference. (6) Filed as Exhibit A to Elbit Systems’ proxy statement dated March 3, 2021, filed as Exhibit 1 to Elbit Systems’ Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 6-K, filed with the SEC on March 3, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference. (7) Filed as Exhibit 4.4 to Elbit Systems’ annual report on Form 20-F, filed with the SEC on March 19, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference. 108 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Date: March 28, 2024 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. By: Name: Title: /s/ BEZHALEL MACHLIS Bezhalel Machlis President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) 109 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS As of December 31, 2023 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS As of December 31, 2023 in thousands of U.S. dollars C O N T E N T S REPORTS OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM (PCAOB ID:1281) F - 2 - F - 6 Page CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Income Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Statements of Changes in Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements F - 7 - F -8 F - 9 F - 10 F - 11 - F - 13 F - 14 - F - 15 F - 16 - F - 74 F - 1 Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer 144 Menachem begin St. Tel-Aviv 6492102, Israel Tel: +972-3-6232525 Fax: +972-3-5622555 ey.com To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Elbit Systems Ltd. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Elbit Systems Ltd. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes, and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 19 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control- Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated March 28, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. F - 2 Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer 144 Menachem begin St. Tel-Aviv 6492102, Israel Tel: +972-3-6232525 Fax: +972-3-5622555 ey.com Title Description of the Matter How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit Revenue Recognition As described in note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company generated the majority of its revenues from long-term contracts with its customers for which the related performance obligations are satisfied over time. The Company recognizes revenues on such contracts using the percentage-of-completion cost-to-cost measure of progress. Under this method, the Company measures progress towards completion based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the estimated total costs to complete the performance obligation(s) (referred to as the estimate-at-completion, or “EAC”). The determination of contract EACs requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions to estimate contract revenues, costs and profit associated with its contracts with customers. At the outset of a long- term contract, the Company identifies risks to the achievement of the technical, schedule and cost aspects of the contract or anticipated contract, estimates the consideration to be received, and monitors and assesses the effects of those risks on its estimates throughout the contract’s life cycle. Significant changes in EAC estimates could have a material effect on the Company’s estimated revenue and gross profit recorded during the period under audit. Auditing revenue recognition based on the percentage-of-completion cost-to-cost measure of progress method was complex due to the judgment involved in evaluating management’s significant estimates and assumptions about project economics, schedule and technical feasibility, both at contract inception and throughout the contract’s life cycle. We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of relevant internal controls over the Company’s revenue recognition process. For example, we tested internal controls over management’s preparation and periodic reviews of the EAC analyses and the significant assumptions underlying a contract’s estimated value and estimated total EAC. We also tested internal controls that management executes to assess the accuracy and completeness of the underlying data used in management’s EAC analyses. To test the Company’s EAC analyses, our audit procedures included, among others, obtaining an understanding of the contract and the contractual terms, evaluated, for a sample of contracts, the Company’s historical ability to accurately estimate expected costs by comparing management’s estimates of labor hours, subcontractor costs and materials required to complete the contract to actual results. We also verified costs incurred by comparing them to supporting documents and agreed key terms to contract documentation, including estimated contract value. In addition, we verified that the variances in costs incurred from projected costs are properly reflected in the EAC analyses. Finally, we assessed the appropriateness of the related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. F - 3 Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer 144 Menachem begin St. Tel-Aviv 6492102, Israel Tel: +972-3-6232525 Fax: +972-3-5622555 ey.com Title Description of the Matter Defined Benefit Pension Plan Obligations As described in note 17, as of December 31, 2023, the Company’s aggregate defined benefit pension obligation was $567 million and exceeded the fair value of pension plan assets of $290 million, resulting in an unfunded defined benefit pension obligation of $277 million. The Company updates the estimates used to measure the defined benefit pension obligation and plan assets at year-end or upon a remeasurement event to reflect updated participant data, actuarial assumptions and actual return on plan assets, among others. Auditing the defined benefit pension obligation was complex and required the subjective auditor judgment due to judgmental nature of the significant actuarial assumptions such as discount rates, expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, future salaries increase and assumed mortality rates, used in the management's measurement process. These assumptions have a significant effect on the projected benefit obligation, with the discount rate being the most sensitive of those assumptions. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of relevant internal controls over management’s measurement and valuation of the defined benefit pension obligation. For example, we tested the internal controls over management’s review of the defined benefit pension obligation calculations, the significant actuarial assumptions and the data inputs provided to the actuaries. To test the defined benefit pension obligation, our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the methodology used, the significant actuarial assumptions described above, and the underlying data used by the Company. For example, we confirmed the consistency of the actuarial assumptions used by management and evaluated that the change in the defined benefit pension obligation from the prior year was due to the effects of service cost, interest cost, actuarial gains and losses, benefit payments, contributions and new mortality assumptions. In addition, we involved our actuarial specialists to assist in evaluating management’s methodology for determining the discount rates and that the discount rates reflect the duration of the related benefit payments. To evaluate the reasonableness of future salary increases and the mortality assumptions, we assessed whether the information is consistent with publicly available information. We also tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data, including the participant data used in the actuarial calculations. To evaluate the expected return on plan assets, we assessed whether management’s assumption was consistent with a range of returns for a portfolio of comparative investments. In addition, we evaluated the appropriateness of the related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. F - 4 Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer 144 Menachem begin St. Tel-Aviv 6492102, Israel Tel: +972-3-6232525 Fax: +972-3-5622555 ey.com Title Description of the Matter How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit Goodwill impairment test for Elbit Systems of America (“ESA”) reporting unit At December 31, 2023, the Company’s goodwill was $1,499 million and the goodwill attributed to the ESA reporting unit was $414 million. As described in Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements, goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually at the reporting unit level on December 31. The Company performed a quantitative impairment analysis as of December 31, 2023, estimating the fair value of the ESA reporting unit by utilizing an income approach which uses the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) analysis, and the Company also considered a market-based valuation methodology by using comparable market value for similar businesses. As part of the Company’s analysis of its goodwill, the results of this test indicated that the estimated fair value of the ESA reporting unit exceeded the carrying value as of December 31, 2023. Auditing the Company’s goodwill impairment test was complex due to the significant judgment involved and required the involvement of a specialist in determining the fair value of the ESA reporting unit. In particular, the fair value estimate was sensitive to significant assumptions utilized in the DCF analysis that require judgment, such as the amount and timing of future cash flows (e.g., revenue growth rates and free cash flow), long-term growth rates, and the discount rate. These assumptions are affected by factors such as expected future market or economic conditions. We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s goodwill impairment test process. For example, we tested controls over management's review of the valuation model and the significant assumptions used, as discussed above, to develop the prospective financial information. We also tested management's controls to validate that the data used in the valuation was complete and accurate. To test the estimated fair value of the ESA reporting unit, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing the reasonableness of the methodologies used, validated that the data used in the valuation is complete and accurate, we evaluated the Company’s underlying forecast and budget information by comparing the significant assumptions to current industry and economic trends and assessed the historical accuracy of management’s estimates. We also performed sensitivity analyses of significant assumptions to assess the changes in the fair value of the ESA reporting unit that would result from changes in the assumptions. We involved our valuation specialists to assist with the evaluation of the methodologies used by the Company and significant assumptions included in the estimated fair value of the ESA reporting unit. Furthermore, we assessed the appropriateness of the disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. /s/ Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer A member of EY Global We have served as the Company's auditor since 2003. Tel Aviv, Israel March 28, 2024 F - 5 Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer 144 Menachem begin St. Tel-Aviv 6492102, Israel Tel: +972-3-6232525 Fax: +972-3-5622555 ey.com REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Elbit Systems Ltd. Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited Elbit Systems Ltd. and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Elbit Systems Ltd. and subsidiaries’ (the “Company”) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 19 and our report dated March 28, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer A member of EY Global Tel Aviv, Israel March 28, 2024 F - 6 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except share data) CURRENT ASSETS: Cash and cash equivalents Short-term bank deposits Trade and unbilled receivables and contract assets, net Other receivables and prepaid expenses Inventories, net Total current assets LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS AND RECEIVABLES: Investments in affiliated companies and other companies Long-term trade and unbilled receivables and contract assets Long-term bank deposits and other receivables Deferred income taxes, net Severance pay fund OPERATING LEASE RIGHT OF USE ASSETS PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET GOODWILL OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET TOTAL ASSETS Note December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 3 4 5 6 7 8 18F 2R 9 10 11 11 $ $ 197,429 10,518 2,716,762 285,352 2,298,019 5,508,080 211,108 1,040 2,574,605 298,698 1,946,326 5,031,777 145,350 364,719 87,648 23,423 206,943 828,083 159,604 374,054 112,525 20,025 227,786 893,994 425,884 405,446 1,087,950 949,207 1,499,065 1,502,494 390,520 432,733 $ 9,739,582 $ 9,215,651 F - 7 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except share data) CURRENT LIABILITIES: Short-term credit and loans Current maturities of long-term loans and Series B, C and D Notes Operating lease liabilities Trade payables Other payables and accrued expenses Contract liabilities Total current liabilities LONG-TERM LIABILITIES: Long-term loans, net of current maturities Series B, C and D Notes, net of current maturities Employee benefit liabilities Deferred income taxes and tax liabilities, net Contract liabilities Operating lease liabilities Other long-term liabilities Total long-term liabilities COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES EQUITY: Elbit Systems Ltd. equity: Share capital: Ordinary shares of 1 New Israeli Shekels (“NIS”) par value each; Authorized – 80,000,000 shares as of December 31, 2023 and 2022; Issued and outstanding 44,453,850 and 44,344,206 shares as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additional paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive loss Retained earnings Total Elbit Systems Ltd. equity Non-controlling interests Total equity December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 576,594 75,286 67,390 1,254,126 1,194,347 1,656,103 4,823,846 41,227 342,847 510,416 55,240 354,319 363,100 298,296 1,965,445 115,076 76,555 69,322 1,067,818 1,171,357 1,777,161 4,277,289 264,541 415,537 618,088 72,965 217,075 344,585 247,896 2,180,687 Note 12 15,16 9 13 14 15 16 2Q,17 18F 14 9 20 21 22 12,816 443,570 (17,797) 2,508,914 2,947,503 2,788 2,950,291 12,786 431,429 (71,558) 2,382,564 2,755,221 2,454 2,757,675 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY $ 9,739,582 $ 9,215,651 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 8 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Revenues Cost of revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Research and development, net Marketing and selling, net General and administrative, net Other operating income, net Total operating expenses Operating income Financial expenses, net Other income (expenses), net Income before income taxes Income taxes Equity in net earnings of affiliated companies and partnerships Net income Less: net income attributable to non-controlling interests Net income attributable to Elbit Systems Ltd.’s shareholders Basic net earnings per share attributable to Elbit Systems Ltd.’s shareholders Diluted net earnings per share attributable to Elbit Systems Ltd.’s shareholders Weighted average number of shares used in computation of basic net earnings per share Weighted average number of shares used in computation of diluted net earnings per share Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 Note 2S, 23 $ $ 5,974,744 4,491,790 1,482,954 5,511,549 4,138,266 1,373,283 $ 5,278,521 3,920,473 1,358,048 24 9D 25 26 18D 6B 22 424,420 359,141 330,285 — 1,113,846 369,108 (137,827) (4,787) 226,494 (22,913) 203,581 12,275 215,856 (725) 215,131 4.85 4.82 44,375 44,592 $ $ $ $ 435,650 326,020 313,047 (68,918) 1,005,799 367,484 (51,364) (23,562) 292,558 (24,131) 268,427 7,042 275,469 (21) 275,448 6.21 6.18 44,322 44,581 $ $ $ $ 395,087 291,751 267,362 (14,660) 939,540 418,508 (40,393) 5,336 383,451 (131,387) 252,064 22,599 274,663 (313) 274,350 6.21 6.20 44,204 44,278 $ $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 9 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME U.S. dollars (In thousands) Net income Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Foreign currency translation differences Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments Pension and other post-retirement benefit plans (*) Total comprehensive income Less: comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest Comprehensive income attributable to Elbit Systems Ltd.’s shareholders $ Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ 215,856 $ 275,469 $ 274,663 4,572 (15,197) 64,517 53,892 269,748 856 270,604 $ (17,946) (87,004) 130,329 25,379 300,848 899 301,747 $ (4,193) 71,245 47,915 114,967 389,630 (1,915) 387,715 (*) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax expenses (tax benefit) in the amounts of $132, $1,419 and $(6,186) for the years 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 10 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY U.S. dollars (In thousands, except share data) Number of outstanding shares Share capital Additional paid–in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings Non– controlling interest Total equity 44,198,330 $ 12,742 $ 415,654 $ (211,222) $ 2,000,980 $ 62,538 — — — — — 20 — — — — — — 5,312 — — — — — — — — — (79,566) — — 113,365 — — 13,213 $ 2,231,367 20 5,312 (80,066) — — (500) 1,602 114,967 313 313 44,260,868 $ 12,762 $ 420,966 $ (97,857) $ 2,195,764 $ 14,628 $ 2,546,263 274,350 — 274,350 Balance as of January 1, 2021 Exercise of options Stock-based compensation Dividends paid and declared Other comprehensive loss, net of tax expense of $(6,186) Net income attributable to non- controlling interests Net income attributable to Elbit Systems Ltd.'s shareholders Balance as of December 31, 2021 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 11 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY U.S. dollars (In thousands, except share data) Number of outstanding shares Share capital Additional paid–in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings Non– controlling interest 44,260,868 $ 12,762 $ 83,338 — — — Balance as of January 1, 2022 Exercise of options Stock-based compensation Deconsolidation of a subsidiary Dividends paid and declared Other comprehensive income, net of tax income of $1,419 Net income attribuatable to non controlling interests Net income attributable to Elbit Systems Ltd.'s shareholders Balance as of December 31, 2022 44,344,206 $ 12,786 $ 24 — — — — — — — — — 420,966 $ (97,857) $ 2,195,764 $ — 10,463 — — — — — — — — — 26,299 — — — — — (88,648) — — 275,448 431,429 $ (71,558) $ 2,382,564 $ 2,454 $ 2,757,675 Total equity 2,546,263 24 10,463 (11,275) (88,648) 14,628 $ — — (11,275) — (920) 25,379 21 — 21 275,448 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 12 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY U.S. dollars (In thousands, except share data) Number of outstanding shares Share capital Additional paid–in capital Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Retained earnings Non– controlling interest Total equity Balance as of January 1, 2023 Exercise of options Stock-based compensation Dividends paid and declared Other comprehensive income, net of tax income of $132 Net income attributable to non controlling interests Net income Balance as of December 31, 2023 44,344,206 $ 12,786 $ 431,429 $ (71,558) $ 2,382,564 $ 109,644 — — — — — 30 — — — — — — 12,141 — — — — — — — 53,761 — — — — (88,781) — — 215,131 44,453,850 $ 12,816 $ 443,570 $ (17,797) $ 2,508,914 $ 2,454 $ 2,757,675 30 12,141 (89,303) — — (522) 131 725 53,892 725 — 215,131 2,788 $ 2,950,291 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 13 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS U.S. dollars (In thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Stock-based compensation Amortization of Series B, C and D related issuance costs, net Deferred income taxes and reserve, net Gain on sale of property, plant and equipment Gain on sale of investments, remeasurement of investments held under fair value method (*) Equity in net earnings of affiliated companies and partnerships, net of dividend received Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of amounts acquired: Decrease (increase) in short and long-term trade and unbilled receivables and contract assets, net and prepaid expenses Increase in inventories, net Increase (decrease) in trade payables, other payables and accrued expenses Severance, pension and termination indemnities, net Increase in contract liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Purchase of property, plant and equipment and other assets Acquisitions of subsidiaries and business operations, net of cash assumed (Schedule A) Investments in affiliated companies and other companies, net Deconsolidation of subsidiary (Schedule B) Deferred payment on acquisition Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment Proceeds from sale of investments Proceeds from sale of long-term deposits, net Proceeds from (investment in) short-term deposits, net Net cash used in investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Proceeds from exercise of options Issuance of commercial paper Repayment of long-term loans Proceeds from long-term loans Issuance of Series B, C, D Notes, net of issuance costs Repayment of Series B, C and D Notes Dividends paid Change in short-term bank credit and loans, net Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year (*) Dividends received from affiliated companies $ $ $ Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ 215,856 $ 275,469 $ 274,663 164,799 12,141 579 (13,165) (651) 4,990 10,046 (96,594) (351,594) 175,446 (24,331) 16,187 113,709 (187,037) (10,380) (5,416) — — 1,466 151 83 (9,467) (210,600) 30 313,620 (246,231) 20,000 — (62,434) (89,248) 147,475 83,212 161,290 10,463 773 (2,219) (18,995) (7,360) 11,368 97,151 (305,058) (123,289) (51,689) 192,164 240,068 (205,110) (12,430) (4,466) 81,487 (50,749) 24,882 11,651 186 2,567 (151,982) 24 — (122,353) 39,547 — (65,379) (86,813) 99,003 (135,971) (13,679) 211,108 $ (47,885) 258,993 $ 197,429 $ 211,108 $ 153,091 5,312 399 39,095 (14,457) (15,153) 7,724 (430,296) (336,221) 105,201 9,834 617,740 416,932 (188,624) (385,011) (1,828) — (60,560) 25,745 16,177 481 5,899 (587,721) 20 — (536,062) 476,273 575,249 — (79,175) (285,317) 150,988 (19,801) 278,794 258,993 22,321 $ 18,409 $ 30,323 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 14 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW ACTIVITIES: Cash paid during the year for: Income taxes, net Interest Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ 30,708 66,766 $ $ 75,593 25,579 $ $ 38,168 18,990 Schedule A: Acquisitions of subsidiaries and business operations Estimated net fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition was as follows: Working capital (deficit), net (excluding cash and cash equivalents) Property, plant and equipment Other long-term assets Goodwill and other intangible assets Investment in Company accounted for under the equity method Deferred income taxes Employee benefit liabilities, net Long-term liabilities Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ 246 19 77 16,220 — — — (6,182) 10,380 $ $ 5,085 5,163 — 38,017 (8,191) (171) (269) (27,204) 12,430 $ $ (55,589) 32,094 1,612 451,101 — (33,088) (653) (10,466) 385,011 Schedule B: Deconsolidation of subsidiary Estimated net fair value of assets and liabilities that exited consolidation scope was as follows: Working capital (deficit), net (excluding cash and cash equivalents) Property, plant and equipment Other long-term assets Other long-term liabilities Other comprehensive income Non-controlling interest Gain from deconsolidation Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ — — — — — — — — $ $ (35,901) (48,365) (4,254) 12,870 (3,177) 11,275 (13,935) (81,487) $ $ — — — — — — — — Schedule C: Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing activities Purchase of property and equipment with accounts payable Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ 82,515 $ 41,272 $ — The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F - 15 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 1 - GENERAL A. GENERAL Elbit Systems Ltd. (“Elbit Systems”) is an Israeli corporation that is approximately 44.05% owned by Federmann Enterprises Ltd. Elbit Systems’ shares are traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market in the United States (“Nasdaq”) and on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”). Elbit Systems and its subsidiaries (collectively the “Company”) are engaged mainly in the fields of defense, homeland security and commercial aviation. Elbit Systems' major wholly-owned subsidiaries are Elbit Systems of America, LLC (“ESA”), Elbit Systems Electro-Optics Elop Ltd. (“Elop”), Elbit Systems C4I and Cyber Ltd. (“C4I and Cyber”), Elbit Systems EW and SIGINT - Elisra Ltd. (“Elisra”), Elbit Systems Land Ltd. (“ELS”) and IMI Systems Ltd. (“IMI”). The Company reports segment information in five segments. The Company’s segments are organized based on a combination of the nature of products and services offered, together with a organizational structure. (See Note 2AC and Note 23). The Company’s five reportable segments are: – Aerospace – mainly provides products and systems for airborne platforms, unmanned aerial solutions, precision guided munition (PGM) sensors, aerostructures, training and simulator systems, flight academy solutions, as well as commercial aviation systems. – C4I and Cyber – mainly provides C4ISR systems, data links and radio communication systems and equipment, cyber intelligence solutions, autonomous solutions and homeland security solutions. – – – Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) and Electronic Warfare (EW) – mainly provides a wide range of electro-optic and laser systems and products and also provides a wide range of EW systems and SIGINT systems. Land – mainly provides land-based systems and products for armored and other military vehicles, artillery and mortar systems, munitions for land, air and sea applications including PGM, armored vehicle and other platforms’ survivability and protection systems. Elbit Systems of America (“ESA”) – mainly provides products and systems solutions principally to U.S. military, foreign military sales (FMS/FMF), homeland security (HLS), medical instrumentation and commercial aviation customers. B. SALES TO GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES The Company derives a majority of its revenues from direct or indirect sales to governments or governmental agencies. As a result, these sales are subject to the special risks associated with sales to governments or governmental agencies. These risks include, among others, dependence on the resources allocated by governments to defense programs, changes in governmental priorities, anti-corruption regulations, changes in governmental regulations, cyber security and information assurance requirements and changes in governmental approvals regarding export licenses required for the Company’s products and for its suppliers. As for major customers, refer to Note 23B. F - 16 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 1 - GENERAL C. "SWORDS OF IRON" WAR On October 7, 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of brutal attacks on civilian and military targets. Hamas also launched extensive rocket attacks on the Israeli population and industrial centers located along Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip and in many other parts of Israel. Israel has also been attacked by other terrorist organizations on different fronts, including from Lebanon, which have prompted military responses from Israel. Following the attacks, the State of Israel declared a state of war, which is ongoing. Since the commencement of hostilities, Elbit Systems has experienced a material increased demand for our products and solutions from the IMOD compared to the demand levels prior to the war. We have also increased our support to the IMOD, mainly through deliveries of our systems and the dedicated efforts of our employees. The developments related to the war are difficult to predict. Subject to future developments, the IMOD's increased demand for the Company's products and solutions may continue and could generate additional material orders to the Company. At the same time, the Company continues to support its international customers. While the vast majority of our facilities in Israel continue to operate uninterrupted, some of our operations have experienced disruptions due to supply chain and operational constraints, the relocation of certain production lines, evacuation of employees and mobilization of our employees for reserve duty. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 15% of our work force in Israel had been mobilized. As of March 15, 2024, the number of employees mobilized has decreased to approximately 7%, and could fluctuate depending on future developments. Elbit Systems has taken a number of steps to protect the safety and security of our employees, support our increased production, mitigate potential supply chain disruptions and maintain business continuity, among them relocation of production lines from facilities in areas of the country that have been evacuated to other facilities; recruitment of additional employees; increased monitoring of our global supply chain to identify delays, shortages and bottlenecks; rescheduled deliveries to certain of our customers as necessary; and increased inventories. The extent of the effects of the war on the Company's performance will depend on the future developments of the war that are difficult to predict at this time, including its duration and scope. We continue to monitor the situation closely. D. ACQUISITIONS AND INVESTMENTS 1. On April 1, 2023, ESA completed the acquisition of 100% of Pacific Electronics Enterprises Inc. ("PEE") for a purchase price of approximately $10,000. PEE is located in Huntington beach, California, and specializes in the overhaul and repair of a wide spectrum of avionic equipment (communication, navigation, radar) and ground-based electronic systems. 2. On April 1, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of an Israeli affiliated company, Opgal Industries Ltd. previously held by the Company at 50%, for a purchase price of an amount of approximately $8,000. 3. On November 1, 2022 , the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of a Swiss company, for a purchase price of approximately $24,000, of which approximately $21,000 is contingent consideration, which may become payable on the occurrence of certain future events. As of December 31, 2023, the contingent consideration was approximately $22,100 (See Note 20). . F - 17 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 1 - GENERAL (Cont.) D. ACQUISITIONS AND INVESTMENTS (Cont.) 4. On November 25, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the interests in an Israeli company, IMI Systems Ltd. and its subsidiaries (collectively: “IMI”), for a total nominal consideration of approximately $520,000 (approximately NIS 1,900 million). The consideration was comprised of the following: approximately $380,000 (approximately NIS 1,400 million) paid in cash, approximately $24,000 (approximately NIS 90 million) is contingent consideration recorded at fair value subject to IMI achieving agreed performance goals, which may become payable on the occurrence of certain future events. As of December 31, 2023, the contingent consideration was approximately $15,300 (See Note 20). Further to the acquisition agreement, the Company was entitled to premises evacuation compensation in the amount of approximately $365,000 (approximately NIS 1,365 million), upon the relocation of certain of IMI's facilities. During 2019, the Company sold the premises evacuation receivable for the amount of approximately $345,000 to an Israeli bank and accounted for the transaction as a true sale under ASC 860. The Company is still entitled to receive building inputs index adjustments on the base premises evacuation receivable, which is recorded as a financial asset measured at fair value and as of December 31, 2023 amounted to approximately $55,700 (See Note 8). During 2022, the Company sold IMI's holdings in 84.98%-owned subsidiary, Ashot Ashkelon Industries Ltd. (TASE: ASHO), for approximately $81,487. As a result the Company recognized a gain of approximately $7,053. F - 18 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). A. USE OF ESTIMATES The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. The most significant assumptions are employed in estimates used in determining values of business combinations, impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill, useful lives of long-lived assets, income taxes including the valuation of deferred tax assets and uncertain tax positions, stock-based compensation expenses, post-employment benefits liabilities (including the actuarial assumptions), as well as in estimates used in applying the Company's revenue recognition policies. Actual results may differ from estimated results. B. FUNCTIONAL CURRENCY The Company’s revenues are generated mainly in U.S. dollars. In addition, most of the Company’s costs are incurred in U.S. dollars. The Company’s management believes that the U.S. dollar is the primary currency of the economic environment in which the Company operates. Thus, the functional and reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. Transactions and balances of the Company and certain subsidiaries that are denominated in other currencies have been remeasured into U.S. dollars in accordance with principles set forth in ASC 830, “Foreign Currency Matters”. All exchange gains and losses from the remeasurement mentioned above are reflected in the statement of income as financial expenses or income, as appropriate. For those Israeli and non-Israeli subsidiaries and investees whose functional currency has been determined to be other than the U.S. dollar, assets and liabilities are translated at year-end exchange rates, and statement of income items are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the year. Resulting translation differences are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in equity. C. PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Elbit Systems and its wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities that are required to be consolidated. Intercompany transactions and balances, including profit from intercompany sales not yet realized outside the Company, have been eliminated upon consolidation. F - 19 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) D. COMPREHENSIVE INCOME The Company accounts for comprehensive income in accordance with ASC 220, “Comprehensive Income”. This statement establishes standards for the reporting and display of comprehensive income and its components. Comprehensive income generally represents all changes in shareholders' equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to, shareholders. Accordingly, the Company presents a separate statement of consolidated comprehensive income. The following table displays the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes, in the amount of $53,761, $26,299 and $113,365, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, by components: Balance as of January 1, 2021 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) Balance as of January 1, 2022 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) Balance as of January 1, 2023 Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications Amount reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss) Balance as of December 31, 2023 $ $ $ $ Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments Unrealized gains (losses) with respect to pension and post- retirement benefit plans Foreign currency translation differences Total (20,675) $ (147,096) $ (43,451) $ (211,222) 100,900 (29,655) 47,229 686 (5,795) — 71,245 50,570 $ 47,915 (99,181) $ (5,795) (49,246) $ (138,485) 51,481 127,673 2,656 (15,743) (1,283) (87,004) (36,434) $ 130,329 31,148 $ (17,026) (66,272) $ (112,641) 97,444 88,686 (24,169) 4,441 — (15,197) (51,631) $ 64,517 95,665 $ 4,441 (61,831) $ 111,519 1,846 113,365 (97,857) (26,555) 52,854 26,299 (71,558) (19,514) 73,275 53,761 (17,797) F - 20 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) E. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS The Company applies ASC 805, “Business Combinations”. ASC 805 requires recognition of assets acquired, liabilities assumed and non-controlling interest in the acquired entity at the acquisition date, measured at their fair values as of that date. This ASC also requires the fair value of acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) to be recorded as intangibles with indefinite lives, contingent consideration to be recorded on the acquisition date and restructuring and acquisition-related deal costs to be expensed as incurred. Any excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over purchase price and any subsequent changes in estimated contingencies are to be recorded in earnings. In addition, changes in valuation allowance related to acquired deferred tax assets and in acquired income tax position are to be recognized in earnings. F. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to cash with original maturities of three months or less, when purchased. G. SHORT-TERM BANK DEPOSITS Short-term bank deposits are deposits with original maturities of more than three months but less than one year. The short-term bank deposits are presented at their cost, which approximates fair value. H. INVENTORIES Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventory write-offs are provided to cover risks arising from slow-moving items or technological obsolescence for which recoverability is not probable. Cost is determined as follows: • • Raw materials using the average or FIFO cost method. Work in progress: • • Costs incurred on certain long-term contracts in progress, but for which control has not transferred to the customer, include direct labor, material, subcontractors, other direct costs and an allocation of overheads, which represent recoverable costs incurred for production, allocable operating overhead cost and, where appropriate, research and development costs (See Note 2(U)). Labor overhead is generally included on the basis of updated hourly rates and is allocated to each project according to the amount of hours expended. Material overhead is generally allocated to each project based on the value of direct material that is charged to the project. Pre-contract costs are generally expensed, but can be deferred and included in inventory only when such costs can be directly associated with a specific anticipated contract and if their recoverability from the specific anticipated contract is probable according to the guidelines of ASC 606. F - 21 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) I. INVESTMENT IN AFFILIATED COMPANIES, PARTNERSHIPS AND OTHER COMPANIES Investments in affiliated companies and partnerships that are not controlled but over which the Company can exercise significant influence (generally, entities in which the Company holds approximately between 20% to 50% of the voting rights of the investee) are presented using the equity method of accounting. Profits on inter-company sales, not realized outside the Company, are eliminated. The Company discontinues applying the equity method when its investment (including advances and loans) is reduced to zero and the Company has not guaranteed obligations of the affiliate or otherwise committed to provide further financial support to the affiliate. For certain investments, the Company elected to measure the investments at fair value. Such elections are irrevocable. Under the fair value method, investments are recorded at fair value and any changes in fair value are reported in the consolidated statements of operations. All costs (other than purchase price) directly associated with the acquisition of an investment to be accounted for using the fair value method are expensed as incurred. Investments in preferred shares, which do not result in significant influence and without readily determinable fair value, are measured at cost, less impairments, plus or minus observable price changes. Equity investments without readily determinable fair value are assessed for impairment periodically. Management evaluates investments in affiliated companies, partnerships and other non-marketable equity securities for evidence of other-than-temporary declines in value. Such evaluation is dependent on the specific facts and circumstances. Accordingly, in determining whether other-than-temporary declines exist, management evaluates various indicators for other-than-temporary declines and evaluates financial information (e.g, budgets, business plans, financial statements, etc.). During 2023, 2022 and 2021 no impairment was recorded. J. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES ASC 810-10, “Consolidation”, provides a framework for identifying variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and determining when a company should include the assets, liabilities, non-controlling interests and results of activities of a VIE in its consolidated financial statements. According to ASC 810-10, the Company consolidates a VIE when it has both (1) the power to direct the economically significant activities of the entity and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The determination of whether the Company should consolidate a VIE is evaluated continuously as existing relationships change or future transactions occur. The Company’s assessment of whether an entity is a VIE and the determination of the primary beneficiary is judgmental in nature and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. Those include, among others, forecasted cash flows, their respective probabilities and the economic value of certain preference rights. In addition, such assessment also involves estimates of whether an entity can finance its current activities, until it reaches profitability, without additional subordinated financial support. Also according to ASC 810, a non-controlling interest in a subsidiary is an ownership interest in the consolidated entity that should be reported as a separate component of equity in the consolidated financial statements. As such, changes in the parent’s ownership interest with no change of control are treated as equity transactions, rather than acquisitions achieved in stages or dilution gains or losses. Losses of partially-owned consolidated subsidiaries will continue to be allocated to the non-controlling interests even when the investment in the subsidiary was already reduced to zero. F - 22 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) J. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES (Cont.) A 51%-held subsidiary in the U.K. (the “UK Subsidiary”) is considered to be a VIE. As Elbit Systems is the primary beneficiary and has both the power to direct its activities and absorb the majority of its losses or the right to the majority of its earnings based upon holding the 51% economic interest, the UK Subsidiary is consolidated in the Company’s financial statements. The Company holds 50% of the contractual rights in, and is the primary beneficiary of, an Israeli limited partnership, which is considered to be a VIE and is consolidated in the Company’s financial statements. K. LONG-TERM RECEIVABLES Long-term trade, unbilled (contract assets) and other receivables, with payment terms in excess of one year that are considered collectible, are recorded at their estimated present values (determined based on the market interest rates at the date of initial recognition). L. LONG-TERM BANK DEPOSITS Long-term bank deposits are deposits with maturities of more than one year. These deposits are presented at cost and earn interest at market rates. Accumulated interest to be received over the next year is recorded as a current asset. The deposits and accumulated interest approximate fair value. M. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and investment grants. For equipment produced for the Company’s own use, cost includes materials, labor and overhead (including interest costs, when applicable) but not in excess of the fair value of the equipment. Depreciation is calculated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the assets at the following annual rates: Buildings and leasehold improvements Instruments, machinery and equipment Office furniture and other Motor vehicles and airplanes (*) % 2%-19% 7%-32% 7%-13% 13%-18% (Mainly 15%) (*) Leasehold improvements are amortized generally over the term of the lease or the useful life of the assets, whichever is shorter. The Company capitalizes direct costs (internal and external) of materials and services used in the development and purchase of internal-use software. Amounts capitalized are amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of 3 to 12 years and are reported as a component of property and equipment. The Company is advancing in the process of developing and implementing a new Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) system. Certain costs incurred during the application development stage have been capitalized in accordance with authoritative accounting guidance related to accounting for the cost of computer software developed or obtained for internal use. The capitalized costs for this ERP system were approximately $15,273 and $29,524, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These costs are amortized over the system's estimated useful life, over a period not to exceed 12 years in the aggregate, as the ERP system is placed in service. F - 23 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) N. OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS Other identifiable intangible assets mainly consist of purchased technology, customer relations and trademarks. These intangible assets are stated at cost, net of accumulated amortization and impairments, and are amortized over their useful life using the straight-line method or the accelerated method, whichever better reflects the applicable expected utilization pattern. O. IMPAIRMENT OF LONG-LIVED ASSETS The Company’s long-lived assets and finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC 360 “Property, Plant and Equipment”, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets (or assets group) to be held and used is determined by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount is higher, an asset is deemed to be impaired and the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, no impairment was recognized. P. GOODWILL IMPAIRMENT Goodwill is subject to an impairment test at the reporting unit level on an annual basis during the fourth quarter of the year (or more frequently if impairment indicators arise). The Company identified several reporting units based on the guidance of ASC 350, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other”. The impairment test compares carrying values of the reporting units to its estimated fair values. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, then the Company recognizes an impairment of goodwill for the amount of this excess. For each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, no impairment was identified. As required by ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement”, the Company applies assumptions that market place participants would consider in determining the fair value of each reporting unit. Q. SEVERANCE PAY Elbit Systems’ and its Israeli subsidiaries’ obligations for severance pay are calculated pursuant to Israel’s Severance Pay Law, based on the most recent salary of the employees multiplied by the number of years of employment as of the balance sheet date and are presented on an undiscounted basis (the “Shut Down Method”). Subject to certain conditions, employees are entitled to one month’s salary for each year of employment or a portion thereof. The obligation is funded by monthly deposits through insurance policies and by an accrual. The value of these policies is recorded as an asset on the Company’s balance sheet. The deposited funds may be withdrawn only upon the fulfillment of the obligation, pursuant to the Severance Pay Law or labor agreements. The value of the deposited funds is based on the cash surrender value of these policies and includes profits (or losses) accumulated to the balance sheet date. Elbit Systems and its Israeli subsidiaries have entered into an agreement with some of its employees implementing Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law and the General Approval of the Labor Minister dated June 30, 1998, issued in accordance with such Section 14. The agreement mandates that upon termination of such employees’ employment, all the amounts accrued in their insurance policies will be released to them. The severance pay liabilities and deposits covered by these plans are not reflected in the balance sheet, as the severance pay risks have been irrevocably transferred to the severance funds. Severance pay expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, amounted to approximately $78,659, $71,627 and $72,309, respectively. F - 24 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) R. PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS The Company accounts for its obligations for pension and other post-retirement benefits in accordance with ASC 715, “Compensation – Retirement Benefits”. The Company reports the service cost component of net retirement benefit cost separately from the other components of net retirement benefit cost in the Consolidated Statement of Income (see Note 17). S. REVENUE RECOGNITION The Company generates revenues primarily from fixed-price long-term contracts involving the design, development, manufacture and integration of defense systems and products. To a lesser extent, the Company generates revenues from short-term contracts or support and services which could be either fixed-price or cost-reimbursement contracts. Revenues from our contracts are recognized using the five-step model in ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. At first, the Company determines if an agreement with a customer is considered a contract to the extent it has a commercial substance, it is approved in writing by both parties, all rights and obligations including payment terms are identifiable, the agreement between the parties creates enforceable rights and obligations, and collectability in exchange for goods and services that will be transferred to the customer is considered probable. The Company then assesses the transaction price for a contract in order to determine the consideration the Company expects to receive for satisfying the performance obligations called for in the contract. At contract inception, the Company also assesses the timing of transfer of goods and services to the customer as compared to the timing of payments, to determine whether a significant financing component exists. In certain limited instances, we may provide our customers with long-term financing arrangements which are assessed if they meet the criteria to become a significant financing component. To the extent such long-term financing creates a significant financing component, it is reflected as a reduction to the transaction price with a corresponding interest income pro-rata over the credit period. A payment received from customers in advance of the satisfaction of the corresponding performance obligation for a period extending 12 months or more that is deemed significant may also be considered to be a significant financing component. To the extent such an advance payment create a significant financing component, it is reflected as an addition to the transaction price, with a corresponding interest expense over the period the performance obligation is satisfied. As a practical expedient, the Company does not assess the existence of a significant financing component when the difference between payment and transfer of control is less than one year. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration (e.g., contract penalties, economic price adjustments, unpriced change orders or like measures), the Company usually estimates the most likely amount that should be included in the transaction price subject to constraints based on the specific facts and circumstances. At the inception of a contract, the Company also evaluates the products and services promised by it in order to determine if the contract should be separated into more than one performance obligation. The products and services in the Company's contracts are often not distinct from one another due to a customer defined interrelated operational performance requirement, a highly complex interrelated and integrated system or solutions design and significant contract management requirements. To a lesser extent, such performance obligations could be for performance of services, or other distinct performance obligations such as indirect buy-back transactions (see Note 21B), which may be distinct and separated into a performance obligation. Following the determination of the performance obligations in the contract, the Company allocates the total transaction price to each performance obligation in an amount based on the estimated relative standalone selling prices of the promised goods or services underlying each performance obligation. Standalone selling price is the price at which the Company would sell a promised good or service separately to a customer. Standalone selling prices for the Company’s products and services are generally not observable, and consequently the Company would use the “Expected Cost plus a Margin” approach to determine a standalone selling price. Expected costs are typically derived from our performance cost forecast information. F - 25 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) S. REVENUE RECOGNITION (Cont.) The Company recognizes revenues for each of the identified performance obligations when its customer obtains control of the products or services. The assessment of when the customer obtains control involves significant judgments, which consider, among other things, whether there is an alternative use for a product, the contract terms, assessment of the enforceable rights for payments and technical or contractual constraints. As a practical expedient we may occasionally account for a group of performance obligations or contracts collectively, as opposed to individually by using the “portfolio approach”. Under the “portfolio approach” practical expedient, the Company may combine individual performance obligations, if the goods or services of the individual performance obligations have similar characteristics and the Company reasonably expects that the effect on the financial statements of applying this practical expedient would not differ materially from applying the expedient to the individual contracts or performance obligations within that portfolio. For most of the Company's long-term contracts, where the Company's performance does not create an asset with an alternative use, the Company recognizes revenue over time as it performs because of continuous transfer of control to the customer. For Israeli, U.S. and some other government contracts, this continuous transfer of control to the customer is supported by the governing law or clauses in the contract that typically allow the customer to unilaterally terminate the contract for convenience, pay the Company for costs incurred plus a reasonable profit and take control of any work-in-process. Similarly, for other government contracts, the customer typically controls the work-in-process as evidenced either by contractual termination for convenience clauses or by the Company's rights to payment for work performed to date plus a reasonable profit for products or services that do not have an alternative use to the Company. For these performance obligations that are satisfied over time, the Company generally recognizes revenue using an input method with revenue amounts being recognized proportionately as costs are incurred relative to the total expected costs to satisfy the performance obligation. The Company believes that costs incurred as a portion of total estimated costs is an appropriate measure of progress towards satisfaction of the performance obligation since this measure reasonably depicts the progress of the work effort. Revenue for performance obligations that are not recognized over time are recognized at the point in time when control transfers to the customer (which is generally upon delivery and acceptance). For performance obligations that are satisfied at a point in time, the Company evaluates the point in time when the customer can direct the use of, and obtain the benefits from, the products and services. Shipping and handling costs are not considered performance obligations and are included in cost of sales as incurred. Service revenues include contracts primarily for the provision of supplies and services other than those associated with design, development or manufacturing or delivery of products. It may be a standalone service contract or a service performance obligation, which is distinct from a contract or performance obligation for the design, development or delivery of products. Our service contracts include contracts in which the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided as the performance obligations are satisfied. Our service contracts primarily include operation-type contracts, outsourcing-type arrangements, maintenance contracts, training and similar activities. Revenues from service contracts or performance obligations were less than 10% of total revenues in each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Accounting for long-term contracts involves the use of various techniques to estimate total contract revenue and performance costs. For long-term contracts, the Company estimates the profit on a contract as the difference between the total estimated transaction price and the total expected performance costs of the contract and recognizes revenue and costs over the life of the contract. Changes to performance cost estimates under a contract may occur in a situation where: (a) identified contract risks cannot be resolved within the cost estimates included in a contract's estimated costs at completion (“EAC”); or (b) new or unforeseen risks or changes in the performance cost estimates must be incorporated into the contract's EAC. The nature of the Company's numerous contracts is such that refinements of the estimated performance costs or revenues for a project may occur for various reasons, including: contract change orders, option exercise, changes in labor costs, change in subcontractors and other procurement costs, efficiency variances, customer specifications and testing requirement, economic price adjustments, significant technical and development matters encountered during performance and provision for loss. Changes to performance cost or revenues estimates on contracts are considered in estimating sales and profit margins and are recorded when they are probable and reasonably determinable by management. F - 26 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) S. REVENUE RECOGNITION (Cont.) Changes in estimated revenues and/or estimated project costs which are related to an existing performance obligation, and that are not distinct from those goods and services already provided, and therefore form part of single performance obligation, are recorded in the period the change is reasonably determinable, with the full amount of the inception-to-date effect of such changes recorded in such period on a “cumulative catch-up” basis. For contracts that are deemed to be loss contracts, the Company establishes forward loss reserves for total estimated costs that are in excess of total estimated consideration under a contract in the period in which they become probable. If any of the above factors were to change, or if different assumptions were used in estimating progress cost and measuring progress towards completion, it is possible that materially different amounts would be reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Management periodically reviews the estimates of progress towards completion and contract costs. These estimates are determined, based on engineering estimates and past experience, by personnel having the appropriate authority and expertise to make reasonable estimates of the related costs. Such engineering estimates are reviewed for each specific contract by professional personnel from various disciplines within the organization. These estimates take into consideration the probability of achievement of certain milestones, as well as other factors that might impact the contract’s completion and projected cost. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company has recognized lease revenues of $178,000 from sale-type lease in accordance with ASC 842. As of December 31, 2023 the Company's lease receivables balance were zero as the amount paid in advance. The aggregate cumulative catch-up adjustment in EAC estimates on significant contracts had the following favorable/ (unfavorable) impact on the Company's operating results: Cost of revenues, net Percentage of cost of revenues Net income Diluted earning per share (*) Year Ended December 31, 2023 $ (51,000) $ $ (1.14)% (44,700) (1.00) $ $ $ Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 (38,000) (0.92)% (32,700) (0.73) $ $ $ (8,300) (0.21)% (7,200) (0.16) In addition, the net impact of these EAC adjustments on revenue recognized from the Company's performance obligations was approximately $(23,300), $(32,800) and $(19,600) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Disaggregation of revenue: Revenue by products and services was as follows: Revenue from sale of products Service revenue Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2020 $ $ 5,412,455 562,289 5,974,744 $ $ 5,105,921 405,628 5,511,549 $ $ 4,845,020 433,501 5,278,521 F - 27 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) S. REVENUE RECOGNITION (Cont.) Revenue by transfer type was as follows: Over time Point in time Revenue by customers was as follows: (1,2) Israel Government Authorities US Government Other Governments Commercial sales and other (2) Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2020 $ $ 3,987,097 1,987,647 5,974,744 $ $ 3,478,768 2,032,781 5,511,549 $ $ 3,418,605 1,859,916 5,278,521 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 $ $ 1,000,541 1,018,811 3,457,021 498,371 5,974,744 $ $ 998,123 1,041,843 2,933,560 538,023 5,511,549 (1) Including U.S. Foreign Military Financing sales (2) Including indirect sales See Note 23 for disaggregation of revenues by segments and geographic areas. Remaining performance obligations (“Backlog”): Backlog represents the future revenues expected to be recognized on firm orders received by the Company and is equivalent to the Company’s remaining performance obligations at the end of each period for a remaining period of more than a year. Unexercised contract options and indefinite delivery indefinite quantity (“IDIQ”) contracts are not included in backlog until the time an option or specific task order is authorized, exercised or awarded. The Company's backlog as of December 31, 2023 was $17.8 billion. The Company expects to recognize approximately 60% as revenues in 2024 and 2025, with the remainder to be recognized thereafter. T. WARRANTY The Company estimates the costs that may be incurred under its basic warranty. Such costs are estimated as part of the total contract’s cost and are recorded as a liability at the time revenue is recognized. The specific terms and conditions of those warranties vary depending upon the product sold and the country in which the Company does business. Factors that affect the Company’s warranty cost include the number of delivered products, engineering estimates and anticipated rates of warranty claims. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty cost and adjusts the amount as necessary. Changes in the Company’s provision for warranty, which is included mainly in other payables and accrued expenses in the balance sheet, are as follows: Balance, at January 1 Warranties issued during the year Reduction due to expired warranties or claims during the year Additions resulting from acquisitions Reduction due to deconsolidation of a subsidiary Balance, at December 31 F - 28 2023 93,150 $ 32,038 (38,940) 2,227 — 88,475 $ 2022 198,938 20,250 (122,022) 468 (4,484) 93,150 $ $ ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) U. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COSTS Research and development costs, net of participation grants, include costs incurred for independent research and development and bid and proposal efforts and are expensed as incurred unless the costs are related to certain contractual arrangements, which are recorded as part of cost of revenues over the period that revenue is recognized, consistent with the Company’s revenue recognition accounting policy. The Company does not perform significant standalone research and development for others. The Company has certain research and development contractual arrangements that meet the requirements for best efforts research and development accounting. Accordingly, the amounts funded by the customer are recognized as an offset to its research and development expenses rather than as contract revenues. Elbit Systems and certain Israeli subsidiaries receive grants (mainly royalty-bearing) from the Israeli Innovation Authority of the Ministry of Economy (formerly the Office of Chief Scientist) and from other sources for the purpose of partially funding approved research and development projects. The grants are not to be repaid, but instead Elbit Systems and certain Israeli subsidiaries are required to pay royalties as a percentage of future sales if and when sales from the funded projects are generated. These grants are recognized as a deduction from research and development costs at the time the applicable entity is entitled to such grants on the basis of the research and development costs incurred. Since the payment of royalties is not probable when the grants are received, the Company records a liability in the amount of the estimated royalties for each individual contract, when the related revenues are recognized, as part of Cost of revenues (COR). For more information regarding such royalty commitments see Note 21A. For more information regarding grants and participation received see Note 24. V. INCOME TAXES The Company accounts for income taxes and uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes”. This guidance prescribes the use of the liability method whereby deferred tax asset and liability account balances are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The Company provides a valuation allowance, if necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts that are more likely than not to be realized. The Company establishes reserves for uncertain tax positions based on an evaluation of whether the tax position is “more likely than not” to be sustained upon examination. The Company records interest and penalties pertaining to its uncertain tax positions in the financial statements as income tax expense. W. CONCENTRATION OF CREDIT RISKS Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, short and long-term deposits and accounts receivables. The majority of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents and short and long-term deposits are invested with major banks, mainly in Israel and the United States. Deposits in the U.S. may be in excess of insured limits and are not insured in other jurisdictions. Management believes that the financial institutions that hold the Company’s investments have a high credit rating. F - 29 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) W. CONCENTRATION OF CREDIT RISKS (Cont.) The Company’s trade receivables are derived primarily from sales to large and stable customers and governments located mainly in Israel, the United States, Europe and Asia-Pacific. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and has not experienced in recent years any unexpected material losses. An allowance for credit risk is recognized with respect to those amounts that the Company has determined to be doubtful of collection. The Company entered into foreign exchange forward contracts and cross currency interest rate swaps (together “derivative instruments”) intended to protect against the increase in the dollar equivalent value of forecasted non-dollar currency cash flows and interest as applicable. These derivative instruments are designed to effectively hedge the Company’s non-dollar currency and interest rates exposures (see Note 2X). X. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS The Company accounts for derivatives and hedging based on ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”, which requires the Company to recognize all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge (i.e., hedging the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk), the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Changes in the fair values of hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in net earnings on a straight-line basis, which the Company has determined is a systematic and rational method. The classifications of gains or losses recognized on cash flow hedging instruments and excluded components within the Consolidated Statements of Income are the same as the underlying exposures. For derivative instruments that do not meet the definition of a hedge, the changes in fair value are included immediately in earnings in “Financial expenses, net” in each reporting period (see Note 25). As part of its hedging strategy, the Company enters into forward exchange contracts in order to protect the Company from the risk that the eventual dollar cash flows from the sale to international customers and purchase of products from international vendors will be adversely affected by changes in exchange rates. The Company also may enter into forward exchange contracts and options strategies in order to limit the exposure to exchange rate fluctuation associated with payroll expenses mainly incurred in NIS. In connection with the issuance of Series B Notes in 2021 on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (see Note 16), the Company entered into cross-currency interest rate swap transactions with a notional principal of NIS 1.5 billion, to effectively hedge the effect of interest and exchange rate difference from the NIS Series B Notes. The cross-currency interest rate swap instruments effectively convert the NIS fixed interest rate of the debt to U.S. dollar fixed interest rate. The terms of the swap agreements substantially match the terms of the debt. Under the terms of the swap agreements, the Company pays interest semi-annually in U.S. dollars at an annual weighted rate of 1.92% . The swap agreements are designated as a cash flow hedge. F - 30 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) Y. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION The Company accounts for share-based arrangements under ASC 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation”, which requires all share-based payments, including grants of employee stock options to be recognized in the income statement based on their fair values. Z. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, short-term bank deposits, trade and unbilled receivables and contract assets, net, short-term bank credit and loans and trade payables approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturities of such instruments. The fair value of long-term loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current interest rates for loans of similar terms and maturities. The carrying amount of the long-term loans approximates their fair value. The Company accounts for certain assets and liabilities at fair value under ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement”. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. The hierarchy below lists three levels of fair value based on the extent to which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market. The Company categorizes each of its fair value measurements in one of these three levels based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows: Level 1 - Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; Level 2 - Includes other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions or other inputs that are observable (model-derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable), or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data; and Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. F - 31 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) Z. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (Cont.) The availability of observable inputs can vary from instrument to instrument and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including, for example, the type of instrument, the liquidity of markets and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment and the instruments are categorized as Level 3. Under FASB ASC 825-10, the Company may elect to report certain other items at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis with changes in fair value reported in net income. After the initial adoption, the election is made at the time an eligible financial asset or financial liability or firm commitment is acquired or incurred, as applicable, or when certain specified reconsideration events occur. The fair value election, with respect to an item, may not be revoked once an election is made. The Company has elected to account for certain investments that would otherwise be accounted for under the equity method using the fair value method (see Note 6). For these investments the Company will also measure any guarantee at fair value, with changes in fair value reported through earnings. Such investments are categorized as level 3. The Company’s cross-currency interest rate swaps are valued under an income approach using industry-standard models that consider various assumptions, including time value, volatility factors, current market and contractual prices for the underlying and counterparty non-performance risk. Substantially all of these assumptions are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the instruments, and can be derived from observable data or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. Accordingly, such instruments are categorized as Level 2. The Company’s foreign currency derivative instruments are classified as Level 2 because valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and market observable data of similar instruments. Investments elected to be accounted for using the fair value method classified under Level 3, evaluated by applying relevant methods as the market approach with the use of an option pricing method or the earning approach using discounted future cash flows. Contingent purchase obligations and deferred payments related to acquisitions accounted under Level 3 are accounted for under the discounted cash flow method. F - 32 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) Z. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (Cont.) Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below: Fair value measurement at December 31, 2023 using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) — $ — — — — — $ 50,348 $ — — — (81,254) (35,159) (66,065) $ — 55,747 55,098 (40,460) — — 70,385 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) — $ — — — — — — $ 83,759 $ — — — (136,043) (26,018) (78,302) $ — 57,447 54,469 (49,591) — — 62,325 $ $ $ $ Description of Assets Foreign currency derivatives Premises evacuation building input index receivable Investments elected to be accounted for using the fair value method Liabilities Contingent purchase obligation Foreign currency derivatives Cross-currency interest rate swap Total Fair value measurement at December 31, 2022 using: Description of Assets Foreign currency derivatives Premises evacuation building input index receivable Investments elected to be accounted for using the fair value method Liabilities Contingent purchase obligation Foreign currency derivatives Cross-currency interest rate swap Total F - 33 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) AA. TRANSFERS OF FINANCIAL ASSETS ASC 860, “Transfers and Servicing”, establishes a standard for determining when a transfer of financial assets should be accounted for as a sale. The Company's arrangements are such that the underlying conditions are met for transfers of financial assets to qualify for accounting as a true sale. Transfers of financial assets typically consist of the factoring of receivables to Israeli and European financial institutions. The Company sold rights to receive payments from customers, and as of December 2023 and 2022 the remaining outstanding amounts were approximately $715,000 and $120,000, respectively. Financial expenses related to the sold rights were $17,474, $2,218 and $3,617 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company's agreement pursuant to which the Company sells its trade receivables is structured such that the Company (i) transfers the proprietary rights in the receivable from the Company to the financial institution, (ii) legally isolates the receivable from the Company's other assets, and presumptively puts the receivable beyond the lawful reach of the Company and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership, (iii) confers on the financial institution the right to further pledge or exchange the receivable and (iv) eliminates the Company's effective control over the receivable, in the sense that the Company is not entitled and will not be obligated to repurchase the receivable other than in case of failure by the Company to fulfill its commercial obligation under the contract giving rise to the receivable. AB. BASIC AND DILUTED NET EARNINGS PER SHARE Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of outstanding ordinary shares during each year. Diluted earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of outstanding ordinary shares during each year, plus dilutive potential ordinary shares outstanding during the year. Outstanding stock options are excluded from the calculation of the diluted earnings per share when their effect is anti-dilutive. The weighted average number of shares related to outstanding anti-dilutive stock options excluded from the calculations of diluted net earnings per share was not material in each of the three years ended December 31, 2023. AC. SEGMENT REPORTING The Company reports segment information based on a management approach. The management approach designates the internal reporting used by management for making decisions and assessing performance as the source of the Company’s reportable segments (See Note 23). F - 34 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Cont.) AD. RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS 1. The Company adopted ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance, on January 1, 2022. This ASU requires certain annual disclosures about transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. 2. In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires that an entity (acquirer) recognize, and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted, and should be adopted prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments. The Company adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2023, and the adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. 3. In September 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-04, Liabilities-Supplier Finance Programs (Subtopic 405-50): Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations, which requires a buyer in a supplier finance program to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about its supplier finance programs. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, except for the amendment on roll-forward information for the relevant obligations, which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 the amount of supplier finance obligation was not material. AE. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS 1. 2. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires entities to enhance the transparency and decision-usefulness of income tax disclosures, particularly in the rate reconciliation table and disclosures about income taxes paid. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after 15 December 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The ASU should be applied retrospectively to each period in which a balance sheet is presented. We expect this ASU to only impact our disclosures with no impacts to our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosure, which requires entities to disclose for each reportable segment, on an interim and annual basis, the significant expense categories and amounts that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision-maker (CODM) and included in each reported measure of a segment’s profit or loss. Additionally, it requires a public entity to disclose the title and position of the individual or the name of the group or committee identified as the CODM. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after 15 December 2023, and for interim periods beginning after 15 December 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We expect this ASU to only impact our disclosures with no impacts to our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. AF. RECLASSIFICATIONS Certain financial statement data for prior years has been reclassified to conform to current year financial statement presentation. F - 35 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 3 - TRADE AND UNBILLED RECEIVABLES AND CONTRACT ASSETS, NET The following table presents the components of trade receivables and contract assets, net as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Trade and unbilled receivables (2) Contract assets Less – allowance for credit loss (1) (3) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 767,089 $ 1,957,697 (8,024) 2,716,762 $ 983,291 1,599,055 (7,741) 2,574,605 (1) Trade and unbilled receivables balances represents amounts for which the Company's right for consideration is unconditional. The balance also includes receivables from affiliated companies in the amounts of $92,721 and $82,271, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Trade receivables and contract assets are expected to be billed and collected during 2024. (2) Contract assets (unbilled receivables) include unbilled amounts typically resulting from sales under contracts for which over-time method of revenue recognition is utilized, and revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Short and long-term trade receivables and contract assets include amounts related to contracts with the Israeli Ministry of Defense (“IMOD”) in the aggregate amounts of $746,816 and $821,547, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (3) Allowance for credit losses reflects its current estimate of credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the trade receivables based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The changes in the allowance for credit losses were as follows: Balance as of January 1, Current period provision for expected credit loss Write-off charges against the allowance for expected credit losses Balance as of December 31, As for long-term trade and unbilled receivables. (see Note 7). 2023 2022 9,162 $ 674 (664) 9,172 $ 10,307 301 (1,446) 9,162 $ $ F - 36 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 4 - OTHER RECEIVABLES AND PREPAID EXPENSES The following table presents the components of other receivables and prepaid expenses as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Cost to obtain Prepaid IT support services Prepaid Insurance Other prepaid expenses Government institutions Derivative instruments Right to use land and buildings Other Total December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 20,141 $ 2,624 5,938 96,505 87,864 36,070 2,214 33,996 285,352 $ 26,742 9,554 5,589 90,240 87,203 47,187 2,328 29,855 298,698 Note 5 - INVENTORIES, NET The following table presents the components of inventories, net of customer advances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Cost incurred on long-term contracts in progress Raw materials Advances to suppliers and subcontractors (*) Less: Provision for losses on long-term contracts December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 911,055 $ 1,155,579 266,205 2,332,839 (34,820) 2,298,019 $ 772,311 939,331 251,584 1,963,226 (16,900) 1,946,326 (*) Costs incurred to fulfill a contract in advance of the contract being awarded are included in inventories as work-in-process if the Company determines that those costs relate directly to a contract or to an anticipated contract that can be specifically identified and contract award is probable, the costs generate or enhance resources that will be used in satisfying performance obligations, and the costs are recoverable (referred to as pre-contract costs). Pre-contract costs that are initially capitalized in inventory are generally recognized as cost of revenues consistent with the transfer of control of the products and services to the customer. All other pre-contract costs, including start-up costs, are expensed as incurred. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 pre-contract costs were included in inventory in the amount of, $216,036 and $186,738, respectively. F - 37 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 6 - INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATED COMPANIES AND OTHER COMPANIES A. INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATED COMPANIES: Companies accounted for under the equity method Companies accounted for under the fair value method and other investments (1) (2) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 90,252 $ 55,098 145,350 $ 105,135 54,469 159,604 (1) See Note 6B. (2) See Note 6C. B. INVESTMENTS IN COMPANIES ACCOUNTED FOR UNDER THE EQUITY METHOD: (1) (2) (3) (4) Company A Company B Company C Company D Other December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 79,285 $ 3,496 — — 7,471 90,252 $ 77,632 18,140 1,546 558 7,259 105,135 (1) (2) (3) Company A is an Israeli company, held 50% by the Company and 50% by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd. (“Rafael”). Company A is engaged in the development and production of various thermal detectors and laser diodes. Company A is jointly controlled and therefore is not consolidated in the Company’s financial statements. During 2023 and 2022, the Company received dividends in the amount of approximately $8,900 and $6,100, respectively, from Company A. Company B is a U.K. joint venture held 50% by a wholly-owned U.K. subsidiary of the Company and 50% by Kellogg Brown & Root Limited. During 2023 and 2022, the Company received dividends in the amount of approximately $13,100 and $4,100, respectively, from Company B. Company C is an Israeli company held 25% by the Company. During 2023, the Company sold its holdings in Company C for the amount of approximate $1,000. as a result the Company recognized a loss of approximately $500 (4) Company D is a European company held 33% by the Company. Company D is engaged in the area of composite aerostructure parts manufacturing for commercial aircraft. F - 38 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 6 - INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATED COMPANIES AND OTHER COMPANIES (Cont.) B. INVESTMENTS IN COMPANIES ACCOUNTED FOR UNDER THE EQUITY METHOD (Cont.): Equity in net earnings of affiliated companies and partnerships is as follows: Company A Company B Company C Company D Other Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ 10,526 $ 1,822 9 (558) 476 12,275 $ 9,622 2,230 3 (2,087) (2,726) 7,042 $ $ 10,933 3,063 (256) (1,546) 10,405 22,599 The summarized aggregate financial information of companies accounted for under the equity method is as follows: Balance Sheet Information: Current assets Non-current assets Total assets Current liabilities Non-current liabilities Shareholders' equity Total liabilities and equity Income Statement Information: Revenues Gross profit Net income December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ $ $ 465,442 136,783 602,225 166,359 237,399 198,467 602,225 $ $ $ $ 422,370 135,218 557,588 138,113 346,777 72,698 557,588 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ $ 328,138 111,698 10,391 $ $ $ 294,120 111,023 24,416 $ $ $ 317,763 129,374 15,715 F - 39 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 6 - INVESTMENTS IN AFFILIATED COMPANIES AND OTHER COMPANIES (Cont.) C. INVESTMENTS ACCOUNTED FOR UNDER THE FAIR VALUE METHOD AND OTHER INVESTMENTS: Investments accounted for under the fair value method are evaluated by applying relevant methods as the market approach with the use of an option pricing method or the earning approach using discounted future cash flows, as follows: (2) (1) Company F Company G Company H (4) Company I Company J (5) (3) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 17,155 $ 19,410 972 13,561 4,000 55,098 $ 17,155 17,165 2,472 13,677 4,000 54,469 (1) Company F engages in the field of commercial cybersecurity. During 2021, the Company re-evaluated its holdings in Company F and increased its value in the amount of approximately $11,100. During 2022 the Company re-evaluated its investment in Company F and decreased its value in the amount of approximately $6,900 (see Note 26). (2) Company G engages in developing surgeon-centered visualization technologies. During 2021, following a third party investments, the Company re-evaluated the fair value of its holdings in Company G and recognized in other income a gain of approximately $4,800. During 2022, the Company invested in Company G $1,400 and following third parties investments, the Company re-evaluated the fair value of its holdings in Company G and recognized in other income a gain of approximately $3,200. During 2023, the Company invested in Company G $3,600 and following third parties investments, the Company re-evaluated the fair value of its holdings in Company G and recognized in other income a loss of approximately $1,300 (See Note 26). (3) Company H is an Israeli company held 35% by the Company. During 2021, the Company estimated the fair value of its holdings in Company H and recorded a gain of approximately $400 in its fair value. During 2022 the Company re- evaluated its investment in Company H and decreased its value in the amount of approximately $2,500. During 2023 the Company re-evaluated its investment in Company H and recognized in other income a loss of approximately $1,500(see Note 26). (4) Company I is an Israeli Company held 7% by the Company. During 2020, the Company invested approximately $5,000 in Company I. As a result, the Company re-evaluated its investment in Company I and increased its value in the amount of approximately $4,100. During 2021, due to shareholders investment, the Company estimated the fair value of its holdings in Company I and recorded a gain of approximately $1,000 in its fair value. During 2023, due to shareholders investment, the Company estimated the fair value of its holdings in Company I and recorded a loss of approximately $118 in its fair value (see Note 26). (5) Company J is an Israeli company of which the Company owns 25% of the outstanding share capital, which is engaged in the field of tactical ground robotic systems. During 2021, the Company invested in Company J $1,000. During the first quarter of 2022 the Company invested $2,000 in Company J. During the last quarter of 2022 the Company re-evaluated its investment in Company J and decreased its value in the amount of approximately $4,000. F - 40 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 7 - LONG-TERM TRADE AND UNBILLED RECEIVABLES AND CONTRACT ASSETS The following table presents the components of long-term trade and unbilled receivables and contract assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Trade and unbilled receivables Contract assets Less - allowance for credit loss Total December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 71,763 $ 294,104 (1,148) 364,719 $ 130,901 244,574 (1,421) 374,054 The majority of the long-term contract assets are expected to be billed and collected during the years 2025-2031. Long-term trade receivables and contract assets are mainly related to contracts with the IMOD. Note 8 - LONG-TERM BANK DEPOSITS AND OTHER RECEIVABLES The following table presents the components of long-term bank deposits and other receivables as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Premises evacuation building input index receivable Derivative financial instruments Prepaid expenses for land rights Long term balances of Non-qualified deferred compensation plan Deposits with banks and other long-term receivables (2) (1) (3) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 55,747 $ 14,279 — 10,492 7,130 87,648 $ 57,447 36,572 2,328 9,183 6,995 112,525 (1) During 2019, the Company sold the premises evacuation receivable to an Israeli bank and is still entitled to receive building inputs index adjustments on the base premises evacuation receivable, which is recorded as a financial asset measured at fair value (see Note 1D(4)). (2) Derivative financial instruments related to long term projects. (3) Includes long-term balances of a non-qualified deferred compensation plan structured under Section 409A of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code in the amount of $10,492 and $9,183 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 17). F - 41 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 9 - LEASES The Company's leases mainly include buildings for its facilities worldwide and vehicles leases, which are all classified as operating leases. Certain lease agreements include rental payments that are adjusted periodically for the consumer price index (“CPI”). The ROU and lease liability were calculated using the initial CPI and will not be subsequently adjusted unless the liability is reassessed. Certain leases include renewal options that are exercisable in the Company's sole discretion. The renewal options were included in the ROU and include renewal options that are under the Company's sole discretion. A. Supplemental Consolidated Statement of Financial Position information related to leases was as follows: Operating lease right of use assets Current portion of operating lease liabilities Non-current portion of operating lease liabilities Total operating lease liabilities Weighted average remaining lease term (years) Weighted average discount rate December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 425,884 $ 405,446 67,390 363,100 430,490 $ 69,322 344,585 413,907 4.58 4.02% 4.70 3.71% B. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, cash payments against operating lease liabilities totaled approximately $89,251, $90,848 and $87,604, respectively, and non-cash transactions to recognize operating assets and liabilities for new leases totaled approximately $101,971, $79,357 and $58,103, respectively. Maturities of operating lease liabilities for the next five years are as follows: 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 and thereafter Total lease payments Less imputed interest Total December 31, 2023 $ $ $ $ 82,085 69,950 55,942 42,081 36,220 251,493 537,771 107,281 430,490 C. Lease expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 amounted to $94,296, $90,134 and $84,216, respectively. D. During 2022, the Company recognized a gain of approximately $18,950 related to sale and lease back of buildings by the Company's subsidiaries in Israel. F - 42 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 10 - PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET The following table presents the components of property, plant and equipment, net as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: (1) : Cost Land, buildings and leasehold improvements Instruments, machinery and equipment Office furniture and other Motor vehicles and airplanes Total cost Accumulated depreciation (3) Depreciated cost (2) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 940,704 $ 1,480,007 85,988 50,131 2,556,830 (1,468,880) 1,087,950 $ 841,988 1,352,749 84,361 51,287 2,330,385 (1,381,178) 949,207 Depreciation expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 amounted to $120,895, $112,063 and $106,068, respectively. (1) Net of investment grants received (mainly for instruments, machinery and equipment) in the amounts of $39,250 and $39,121 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. (2) Set forth below is additional information regarding the real estate owned or leased by the Company (square feet): Owned Leased a. b. (A) Israel 2,066,738 7,035,265 (B) U.S. 894,735 861,043 (C) Other Countries 1,039,287 635,479 Includes offices, development and engineering facilities, manufacturing facilities, maintenance facilities, hangar facilities and landing strips in various locations in Israel. Includes mainly offices, development and engineering facilities, manufacturing facilities and maintenance facilities of Elbit Systems of America, primarily in Texas, New Hampshire, South Carolina Florida, Alabama and Virginia. The facilities in New Hampshire, Florida and Alabama are located on owned land totaling approximately 109 acres. Universal Avionics Systems Corporation's facilities are located in Arizona, Washington and Georgia, of which 166,000 square feet are owned and 83,000 square feet are leased. c. Includes offices, design and engineering facilities and manufacturing facilities in Europe, Latin America, Canada and Asia- Pacific. (3) Includes equipment produced by the Company for its own use in the aggregate amount of $127,301 and $119,892 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and capitalized costs related to the new ERP system (see Note 2M). As for liens on assets – see Notes 21G. F - 43 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 11 - GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET A. COMPOSITION OF IDENTIFIABLE INTANGIBLE ASSETS: Original cost: Technology Customer relations Trademarks and other Accumulated amortization: Technology Customer relations Trademarks and other Amortized cost B. EXPENSES December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 406,391 $ 390,511 207,375 1,004,277 259,956 162,728 191,073 613,757 390,520 $ 402,592 392,584 224,110 1,019,286 246,126 147,104 193,323 586,553 432,733 Amortization expenses amounted to $43,903, $49,227 and $47,023 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. C. AMORTIZATION EXPENSES FOR FIVE SUCCEEDING YEARS The estimated aggregate amortization expenses for each of the five succeeding fiscal years and thereafter are as follows: 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 and thereafter D. CHANGES IN GOODWILL Changes in goodwill during 2023 were as follows: Aerospace C4I and Cyber Balance, at January 1 PPA and PPA adjustment Net translation differences (1) (2) Balance, at December 31 $ $ 61,933 $ — 1,255 63,188 $ 316,655 $ — — 316,655 $ ISTAR and EW 130,379 $ — 2,849 133,228 $ $ $ 35,847 34,111 34,413 31,854 254,295 390,520 Land 592,871 $ — (21,005) 571,866 $ 2023 ESA 400,656 $ 1,502,494 13,472 13,472 (16,901) — 414,128 $ 1,499,065 (1) (2) PPA adjustment related to preliminary PPA of a subsidiary acquired in 2022, and PPA related to acquisition during 2023. See Note 1D(1). Foreign currency translation differences resulting from goodwill allocated to reporting units, whose functional currency has been determined to be other than the U.S. dollar. F - 44 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 12 - SHORT-TERM CREDIT AND LOANS Loans Commercial securities Bank credit (1) Interest % SOFR + 1.2% - 1.5% SOFR + 1.0% SOFR + 1.2% - 1.5% December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 162,034 $ 313,620 100,940 576,594 $ 21,772 — 93,304 115,076 As of December 31, 2023 the SOFR rate of short-term loans was 5.38%. (1) During August and September 2023, the Company issued commercial paper in Israel denominated in U.S. Dollar in an amount of approximately $315 million par value. The commercial paper bearing an annual interest of the three-months SOFR interest rate and an additional 1%. The commercial paper is for a term of 90 days, which may be extended by additional periods of 90 days each, up to a maximum period of five years, and is also subject to early repayment at the request of an investor with a seven business days notice, or at the Company's discretion, with a twenty-one days prior notice. The commercial paper is not listed on any stock exchange. Note 13 - OTHER PAYABLES AND ACCRUED EXPENSES Payroll and related expenses (1) Provision for vacation pay Provision for income tax, net of advances Other income tax liabilities Value added tax (“VAT”) payable Provision for royalties Provision for warranty and cost Derivative instruments Contingent purchase obligations Provision for losses on long-term contracts Provision for vendors on accrued expenses Other (2) $ $ December 31, 2023 329,249 $ 83,393 28,387 40,006 29,599 66,540 92,138 69,036 3,033 60,630 133,376 258,960 1,194,347 $ December 31, 2022 336,830 80,529 30,210 32,048 19,212 62,152 95,708 107,581 3,126 64,062 95,058 244,841 1,171,357 (1) (2) Long-term provision for vacation pay - see Note 20. Includes provisions for estimated future costs in respect of (1) unbilled services of certain third parties, (2) probable loss from claims (legal or asserted) in the ordinary course of business and (3) damages caused by the items sold and claims as to the specific products ordered. F - 45 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 14 - CONTRACT LIABILITIES (CUSTOMER ADVANCES) Contract liabilities Less: Contract liabilities presented under long-term liabilities December 31, 2023 2,010,422 $ 354,319 1,656,103 $ December 31, 2022 1,994,236 217,075 1,777,161 $ $ During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized approximately $858,965 of its contract liabilities. As for guarantees and liens, see Notes 21D, 21G. Note 15 - LONG-TERM LOANS, NET OF CURRENT MATURITIES Interest % L + 1.35% - 1.75% 2.02% - 2.50% Years of maturity 2024-2026 2024-2028 Currency USD EURO Other Long-term loans Less: current maturities For covenants see Note 21E. December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 213,559 60,190 1,954 275,703 11,162 264,541 1,504 $ 51,333 — 52,837 11,610 41,227 $ $ $ As of December 31, 2023, the LIBOR quarterly interest rate for long-term loans denominated in U.S. dollars was 5.59%. The maturities of these loans for periods after December 31, 2023, are as follows: 2024 - current maturities 2025 2026 2027 and thereafter 11,610 11,844 11,959 17,424 52,837 $ F - 46 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 16 - SERIES B, C AND D NOTES, NET OF CURRENT MATURITIES Series B, C and D Notes Less – Current maturities Premium (discount) on Series B, C and D Notes, net December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 408,199 $ (63,676) (1,676) 342,847 $ 483,185 (65,393) (2,255) 415,537 In July 2021, the Company issued Series B, C and D Notes in the aggregate principal amount of NIS 1.9 billion (approximately $579,000) as follow: Series B Notes in the amount of NIS 1.5 billion (approximately $457,000) that are paid in eight equal annual installments on June 30 of each of the years 2022 through 2029 (inclusive). The Series B Notes bear a fixed interest rate of 1.08% per annum and will not be adjusted to any currency or index changes. Series C Notes in the amount of NIS 200 million (approximately $61,000) that are paid in eight equal annual installments on June 30 of each of the years 2022 through 2029 (inclusive). The Series C Notes bear a fixed U.S. dollar interest rate of 2.12% per annum and will be adjusted to the changes of the NIS versus U.S. dollar currency exchange rate. Series D Notes in the amount of NIS 200 million (approximately $61,000) that are paid in fourteen annual installments as follows: thirteen equal annual installments in an amount equal to 7.14% of the nominal value of the principal on June 30 of each of the years 2022 through 2034 (inclusive) and the final annual installment in an amount equal to 7.18% of the nominal value of the principal on June 30, 2035. They bear a fixed interest rate of 2.67% per annum and will be adjusted to changes in the NIS versus U.S. dollar currency exchange rate. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded $9,537, as interest expenses and $579 as amortization of debt issuance costs and premium, net, on the Series B, C and D Notes. The Company also entered into eight cross-currency interest swap transactions of 8 years to effectively hedge the effect of interest and exchange rate differences resulting from Series B Notes. Under the cross-currency interest rate swaps, the Company receives a fixed NIS rate of 1.08% on the NIS of 1.5 billion and pays an average fixed U.S dollar interest rate of 1.92% on $463,000. Both the debt and the swap instruments pay semi-annual interest - on June 30 and December 31. During 2023, the Company paid the second installment of Notes B, C and D in the amount of approximately $62,434. Future principle payments for Series B, C and D Notes, including the effect of cross-currency interest rate swap transactions, are as follows: Future principal payments for Series B, C and D Notes: 2024 Current maturities 2025 2026 2027 2028 and thereafter F - 47 $ $ 69,917 69,917 69,917 69,917 165,974 445,642 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 17 - BENEFIT PLANS AND OBLIGATIONS FOR TERMINATION INDEMNITY The Company’s subsidiaries ESA, IMI and its subsidiaries in Israel, a German subsidiary (the “German Subsidiary”) and a Belgian subsidiary (the “Belgian Subsidiary”) sponsor benefit plans for their employees in the U.S., Israel, Germany and Belgium, respectively, as follows: 1. Defined Benefit Retirement Plan based on Employer’s Contributions a) ESA has five defined benefit pension plans (the “Plans”) which cover the employees of ESA’s three largest subsidiaries. In April 2021, following the acquisition of Sparton, ESA accepted the transfer of sponsorship of the Pension Plan for Employees in Sparton Bargaining Unit which covers represented employees of Sparton. Monthly benefits are based on years of service and annual compensation. Annual contributions to the Plans are determined using the unit credit actuarial cost method and are equal to or exceed the minimum required by law. Pension fund assets of the Plans are invested primarily in stocks, bonds and cash by a financial institution, as the investment manager of the Plans’ assets. The service cost component of net periodic pension and other post-retirement benefit plan expense is recorded in operating profit and is allocated between the cost of sales and general and administrative expenses, depending on the responsibilities of the employees. The non- service cost components of net periodic pension and other post-retirement benefit plan expense (i.e., interest cost, expected return on plan assets and net actuarial gains or losses) are included in the line item Other (income) expense, net in the income statement. The measurement date for ESA subsidiaries' benefit obligation is December 31. Participation in ESA’s qualified defined benefit plans was frozen as of December 31, 2020, for all employees. b) IMI and its subsidiaries have several post-employment benefit arrangements, which are based on collective agreements concluded with certain groups of employees before the privatization of IMI. According to these agreements, some groups of employees possess special retirement conditions and preferable rights for post-employment benefits that apply to employees who will terminate their employment in the event of relocation of plants as part of the post privatization restructuring of IMI and subsidiaries. The arrangements are determined according to the various existing formats of employment, seniority and other factors. The liabilities recognized in respect of these arrangements are calculated on an actuarial basis. c) The German Subsidiary, which is wholly-owned by the Company, has mainly one defined benefit pension plan (the “P3- plan”) which covers all employees. The P3-plan provides for yearly cash balance credits equal to a percentage of a participant’s compensation, which accumulates together with the respective interest credits on the employee’s cash balance accounts. In case of an insured event (retirement, death or disability) the benefits can be paid as a lump sum, in installments or as a life-long annuity. The P3-plan is an unfunded plan. d) The Belgian Subsidiary, which is wholly-owned by the Company, has a defined benefit pension plan, which is divided into two categories: 1) Normal retirement benefit plan, with eligibility at age 65. The lump sum is based on employee contributions of 2% of the final pensionable salary up to a certain breakpoint, plus 6% exceeding the breakpoint at a maximum of 5% of pensionable salary, and the employer contributions, with a maximum of 40 years. The vested benefit is equal to the retirement benefit calculated with the pensionable salary and pensionable service observed at the date of leaving service. 2) Pre-retirement death benefit to employees. The plan is funded and includes profit sharing. F - 48 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 17 - BENEFIT PLANS AND OBLIGATIONS FOR TERMINATION INDEMNITY (Cont.) The following table sets forth the Plans’ funded status and amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022: Changes in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation at beginning of year Benefit obligation related to acquired companies and deconsolidation of a subsidiary Service cost Interest cost Exchange rate differences Actuarial gain Benefits paid Effect of settlement commitment Benefit obligation at end of year Changes in the Plans’ assets: Fair value of Plans’ assets at beginning of year Actual return on Plans’ assets (net of expenses) Employer contribution Benefits paid Effect of settlement commitment Fair value of Plans’ assets at end of year Accrued benefit cost, end of year: Funded (unfunded) status Unrecognized net actuarial loss Amount recognized in the statement of financial position: Accrued benefit liability, current Accrued benefit liability, non-current Accumulated other comprehensive income, pre-tax F - 49 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ 646,023 $ 918,209 — 5,578 29,429 (8,516) (62,183) (35,705) (7,840) $ 566,786 $ 280,225 $ 38,316 947 (21,654) (7,826) 290,008 $ (276,738) $ (84,210) (360,948) $ (28,279) $ (248,459) (84,210) (360,948) $ (23,851) 7,598 16,800 (47,181) (191,292) (34,260) — 646,023 348,804 (55,441) 1,057 (14,195) — 280,225 (365,798) (20,910) (386,708) (39,478) (326,320) (20,910) (386,708) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 17 - BENEFIT PLANS AND OBLIGATIONS FOR TERMINATION INDEMNITY (Cont.) Components of the Plans’ net periodic pension cost: Service cost Interest cost Expected return on Plans’ assets Amortization of prior service cost Amortization of net actuarial loss Recognition of net actuarial gain Total net periodic benefit cost Additional information Accumulated benefit obligation Weighted average assumptions: Discount rate as of December 31 Expected long-term rate of return on Plans’ assets Rate of compensation increase Asset allocation by category as of December 31: Asset Category: Equity Securities Debt Securities Other Total Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ $ $ 5,578 $ 29,429 (17,825) (1,246) — (5,098) $ 10,838 $ 7,598 $ 16,800 (22,678) — 18,596 — $ 20,316 $ 14,926 15,741 (20,892) (3) 16,158 — 25,930 561,350 $ 643,617 $ 912,944 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 4.9 % 7.0 % 1.5 % 5.2 % 6.8 % 1.8 % 2023 2022 53.1 % 44.0 % 2.9 % 100.0 % 65.4 % 32.7 % 1.9 % 100.0 % The investment policy of ESA is directed toward a broad range of securities. The diversified portfolio seeks to maximize investment return while minimizing the risk levels associated with investing. The investment policy is structured to consider the Plans' obligations and the expected timing of benefit payments. The target asset allocation for the Plans' years presented is as follows: Asset Category: Equity Securities Debt Securities Total 2023 2022 53.0 % 47.0 % 100.0 % 67.0 % 33.0 % 100.0 % F - 50 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 17 - BENEFIT PLANS AND OBLIGATIONS FOR TERMINATION INDEMNITY (Cont.) The fair value of the asset values by category at December 31, 2023, was as follows: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total $ 4,262 $ 4,193 60,309 19,856 47,259 4,262 4,193 60,309 14,138 — — — — 5,718 47,259 8,274 145,855 290,008 $ $ 8,274 145,855 237,031 $ — — 52,977 $ — — — — — — — — (c) (a) Asset Category Cash Cash Equivalents: Money Market Funds Fixed Income Securities: Mutual Funds U.S treasuries corporate bonds Equity Securities: International Companies Mutual Funds (d) (b) Total (a) This category includes highly liquid daily traded cash-like vehicles. This category invests in highly liquid mutual funds representing a diverse offering of debt issuance. This category represents common stocks of companies domiciled outside of the U.S.; they can be represented by ordinary (b) (c) shares or ADRs. (d) This category represents highly liquid diverse equity mutual funds of varying asset classes and styles. In developing the overall expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption, ESA used a building block approach in which rates of return in excess of inflation were considered separately for equity securities, debt securities, real estate and all other assets. The excess returns were weighted by the representative target allocation and added along with an approximate rate of inflation to develop the overall expected long-term rate of return. It is the policy of ESA to meet the ERISA minimum contribution requirements for a Plan year. The minimum contribution requirements for the 2023 Plan year have been satisfied as of December 31, 2023. Benefit payments over the next five years are expected to be $16,749 in 2024, $17,434 in 2025, $18,218 in 2026, $18,806 in 2027 and $19,258 in 2028. F - 51 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 17 - BENEFIT PLANS AND OBLIGATIONS FOR TERMINATION INDEMNITY (Cont.) 2. Retiree Medical Plan ESA offers retiree medical benefits to a limited number of retirees. The measurement date for ESA's benefit obligation is December 31. The following table sets forth the retiree medical plans’ funded status and amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022: Change in Benefit Obligation: Benefit obligation at beginning of period Service cost Interest cost Actuarial (gain) loss Employee contribution Benefits paid Benefit obligation at end of period Change in Plan Assets: Employer contribution Employee contribution Benefits paid Fair value of Plan assets at end of period Accrued benefit cost, end of period: Funded (unfunded) status Unrecognized net actuarial gain Accrued benefit cost, end of period Amounts recognized in the statement of financial position: Accrued benefit liability, current Accrued benefit liability, non-current Accumulated other comprehensive gain, pretax Net amount recognized Components of net periodic pension cost (for period): Service cost Interest cost Amortization of net actuarial gain Total net periodic benefit cost December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ $ $ 867 $ 86 43 271 9 (45) 1,231 $ 36 $ 9 (45) — $ 1,597 149 38 (880) 11 (48) 867 37 11 (48) — Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 (1,231) $ (1,616) (2,847) $ (71) $ (1,159) (1,617) (2,847) $ (867) (2,073) (2,940) (137) (730) (2,073) (2,940) Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 149 38 (111) 76 86 $ 43 (186) (57) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ F - 52 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 17 - BENEFIT PLANS AND OBLIGATIONS FOR TERMINATION INDEMNITY (Cont.) 2. Retiree Medical Plan (Cont.) Assumptions as of end of period: Discount rate Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year Ultimate health care cost trend rate Year Ended December 31, 2023 4.90 % 6.00 % 4.00 % Year Ended December 31, 2022 5.10 % 6.50 % 4.10 % The effect of a 1% change in the health care cost trend rate at December 31, 2023 was as follows: Net periodic benefit cost Benefit obligation 3. Defined Contribution Plan 1% increase 1% decrease $ $ 14 $ 98 $ (13) (88) The 401(k) savings plan (“401(k) plan”) is a defined contribution retirement plan that covers all eligible ESA employees, as defined in section 401(k) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Employees may elect to contribute a percentage of their annual gross compensation to the 401(k) plan. ESA may make discretionary matching contributions as determined by ESA. Total expense under the 401(k) plan amounted to $16,961, $16,329 and $15,951 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Expense for the deferred 401(k) plan is allocated between cost of sales and general and administrative expenses depending on the responsibilities of the related employees. 4. Non-Qualified Defined Contribution Plan ESA has two benefit plans for the executives of the organization. The non-qualified, defined contribution plan is structured under Section 409(A). The plan provides the employees at vice president level and above the opportunity to defer up to 100% of their salary to the 409(A) plan. ESA provides a match of 0.5 cents on the dollar up to 10% of the employees’ total salary and incentive- based compensation. The contribution can be made into the 401(k) plan, the 409(A) plan or both plans. The purpose is to provide comparable defined contribution plan benefits for the senior management across ESA locations. The 409(A) plan funds are contributed to several life insurance policies. Participant contributions to the plan were $2,418, $3,067 and $2,762 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and the total ESA contribution to the plan was $411 for 2023. The cash surrender value of these life insurance policies at December 31, 2023 was $6,556. The total liability related to the 409(A) plan was $22,988 at December 31, 2023. The second plan implemented is a non-qualified, defined benefit plan for certain executives of ESA. The plan provides the executives with a calculated, guaranteed payment in addition to their regular pension through the company upon retirement. The plan is funded with several life insurance policies. The policies are not segregated into a trust or otherwise effectively restricted. These policies are corporate owned assets that are subject to the claims of general creditors and cannot be considered as formal plan assets. The defined benefit plan put in place meets the ERISA definition of an unfunded deferred compensation plan maintained for the benefit of a select group of management or highly compensated employees. The plan assets of life insurance policies had a cash surrender of $3,936 at December 31, 2023. Related liability for the pension payments was $12,363 at December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, all executives had partially vested balances in the plan. F - 53 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 18 - TAXES ON INCOME A. APPLICABLE TAX LAWS (1) Israeli Corporate Income Tax Rates Generally, regular corporate tax rates and real capital gain tax rates in Israel effective as of January 1, 2018 and onwards is 23%. The Company is also eligible for tax benefits as further described below. (2) Tax benefits under Israel’s Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969: Elbit Systems and most of its subsidiaries in Israel currently qualify as “Industrial Companies”, as defined by the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969, and as such, are entitled to certain tax benefits, mainly amortization of costs relating to know-how and patents over eight years, accelerated depreciation, the right to deduct public issuance expenses for tax purposes and an election under certain conditions to file a consolidated tax returns with additional related Israeli Industrial Companies. Elbit Systems and several of its Israeli subsidiaries (also industrial companies) submitted an election to the Israel Tax Authority to file a consolidated tax return. (3) Tax benefits under Israel’s Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959: The operations of Elbit Systems and certain of its Israeli subsidiaries (“the Companies”) have been granted “Privileged Enterprise” status under Israel’s Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (the “Law”). Accordingly, certain income of the Companies derived from the Privileged Enterprise programs is tax exempt for two years and subject to reduced tax rates of 25% for five-year to eight-year periods or tax exempt for a ten-year period, commencing in the first year in which the companies had taxable income (limited to twelve years from commencement of production or fourteen years from the date of approval, whichever is earlier). At least 25% of the Privileged Enterprise program’s income must be derived from exports. Tax-exempt income generated by the Company and certain of its Israeli subsidiaries’ Privileged Enterprises will be subject to tax upon dividend distribution or complete liquidation. The entitlement to the above benefits is subject to the Companies’ fulfilling the conditions specified in the Law, and the regulations promulgated thereunder. In the event of failure to comply with these conditions, the benefits may be canceled and the companies may be required to refund the amount of the benefits, in whole or in part, including interest. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s management believes that the Company and its Israeli subsidiaries met all conditions of the Law and letters of approval. F - 54 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 18 - TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) A. APPLICABLE TAX LAWS (Cont.) (3) Tax benefits under Israel’s Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (Cont.): On November 15, 2021, the Israeli government approved the Economic Efficiency Bill (Legislative Amendments for Attaining Budgetary Objectives for the 2021 and 2022 Budget Years) - 2021 (the Economic Efficiency Bill) regarding repatriations of retained exempt earnings from Approved Enterprises and Privileged Enterprises (Exempt Earnings). The Economic Efficiency Bill includes a temporary provision, offering relief of 30%-60% on the amount of tax which would otherwise have been required to be paid on attributable earnings, in order to encourage companies to pay the reduced taxes during the next 12 months (the Temporary Provision). The Temporary Provision provides partial relief from Israeli corporate income tax for companies that elect the offered benefit, on a linear basis, which is a greater release of Exempt Earnings, resulting in a higher relief from corporate income tax. According to the new linear statutory formula, the corporate income tax to be paid, on Exempt Earnings accumulated until December 31, 2020 that were not yet distributed as a dividend (Selected Accumulated Income) would vary from 6% to 17.5% effective tax rate (depending on the company’s corporate tax rate in the year in which the income was derived and the amount of Exempt Earnings elected to be relieved), without taking into account the 15% dividend withholding tax (which should be levied only upon actual distribution, if any). The reduced corporate tax is payable within 30 days of making the election. The Temporary Provision does not require the actual distribution of the Selected Accumulated Income, nor does it provide any relief from the 15% dividend withholding tax. The partial corporate income tax relief was available to companies that elected to implement the temporary reduced tax relief by November 15, 2022 in respect of Exempt Earnings accrued up to December 31, 2020, provided that up to 30% (the exact rate is calculated according to a new statutory formula) of the “released” Selected Earnings Income are re-invested in Israel though at least one of the following: industrial activities, research and development activities, assets used by the company or salaries of newly recruited employees. As part of the Temporary Provision, Article 74 of the Investment Law was amended and as a result, starting August 15, 2021, a company with Exempt Earnings that distributes dividends will have to attribute a portion of the distributed sum to Exempt Earnings, and a portion to non-exempt earnings, on a pro-rata basis. The Company elected to implement the Temporary Provision to “release” approximately $784 million of Exempt Earnings, and included in its 2021 results, in taxes on income, a provision for corporate tax in an amount of approximately $80 million. The amount was paid in 2022. As a result of the Company's election, the Company is required to invest approximately $58 million in its industrial enterprise by the end of 2026. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's management believes that Elbit Systems will meet this criteria. Enhancement of Current Tax Incentives Regime: Tax incentives in Israel are also available to certain Israeli industrial companies and to R&D centers (operating on a cost plus basis) under two tracks: (i) a Preferred Enterprise and (ii) a Special Preferred Enterprise, aimed at large enterprises that meet certain investment requirements. Accordingly, a Preferred Enterprise is eligible for a reduced corporate income tax rate of 16%. However, if the company is located in Jerusalem or in certain northern or southern parts of Israel, the tax rate was further reduced to 9%. On December 15, 2016, the Finance Committee approved a further 1.5% reduction in the tax rate for such locations, from 9% to 7.5%. A flat rate tax applies to companies eligible for the Preferred Enterprise status. In order to be eligible for a Preferred Enterprise status, a company must meet minimum requirements to establish that it contributes to the country’s economic growth and is a competitive factor for the Gross Domestic Product (a competitive enterprise). F - 55 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 18 - TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) A. APPLICABLE TAX LAWS (Cont.) (3) Tax benefits under Israel’s Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (Cont.): Enhancement of Current Tax Incentives Regime (cont.): Israeli companies that currently benefit from Privileged Enterprise status and meet the criteria for qualification as a Preferred Enterprise can elect to apply the Preferred Enterprise benefits by waiving their benefits under the Privileged Enterprise status. The Company and several of its Israeli subsidiaries have elected the Preferred Enterprise status. Benefits granted to a Preferred Enterprise include a reduced tax rate of 9% in the Development Area A regions and 16% in other regions. Preferred Enterprises in peripheral regions are eligible for Investment Center grants, as well as the applicable reduced tax rates. A distribution from a Preferred Enterprise out of “Preferred Income” is subject to 20% withholding tax for Israeli-resident individuals and non-Israeli residents (subject to applicable treaty rates). In December 2016, the Knesset (Israeli Parliament) approved amendments to the Law that introduced an innovation box regime for intellectual property (IP)-based companies, enhanced tax incentives for certain industrial companies and reduced the standard corporate tax rate and certain withholding rates starting in 2017. F - 56 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 18 - TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) A. APPLICABLE TAX LAWS (Cont.) (3) Tax benefits under Israel’s Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (Cont.): Innovation Box Regime Special Technological Preferred Enterprise The regime was tailored by the Israeli government to a post BEPS world, encouraging multinationals to consolidate IP ownership and profits in Israel along with existing Israeli research and development (“R&D”) functions. Tax benefits created to achieve this goal include a reduced corporate income tax rate of 6% on IP-based income and on capital gains from future sale of IP. The 6% tax rate applies to qualifying Israeli companies that are part of a group with global consolidated revenue of over NIS 10 billion (approximately US $2.8 billion). Other qualifying companies with global consolidated revenue below NIS 10 billion are subject to a 12% tax rate. However, if the Israeli company is located in Jerusalem or in certain northern or southern parts of Israel, the tax rate is further reduced to 7.5%. Additionally, withholding tax on dividends for foreign investors is subject to a reduced rate of 4% for all qualifying companies (unless further reduced by a treaty). Entering into the regime is not conditioned on making additional investments in Israel, and a company could qualify if it invested at least 7% of the last three years’ revenue in R&D (or incurred NIS 75 million in R&D expense per year) and met one of the following three conditions: 1. At least 20% of its employees are R&D employees engaged in R&D (or more than 200 R&D employees); 2. Venture capital investments of NIS 8 million were previously made in the company; or 3. Average annual growth over three years of 25% in sales or employees. A company that does not meet the above conditions may still be considered as a qualified company at the discretion of the Israeli Innovation Authority of the Ministry of Economy and Industry (formerly, the Office of the Chief Scientist). Companies wishing to exit from the regime in the future will not be subject to clawback of tax benefits. The Knesset also approved a stability clause in order to encourage multinationals to invest in Israel. Accordingly, companies will be able to confirm the applicability of tax incentives for a 10-year period under a pre-ruling process. Further, in line with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) Nexus Approach, in 2017 the Israeli Finance Minister promulgated regulations to ensure companies are benefiting from the regime to the extent qualifying R&D expenditures are incurred. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's management believes that Elbit Systems' and certain of its Israeli subsidiaries' meet the conditions and qualify as a “Special Preferred Technological Enterprise” tax regime. Since the Company and its Israeli subsidiaries are operating under more than one program or incentive segment, and since part of their taxable income is not entitled to tax benefits under the Law and is taxed at the regular tax rates, the effective tax rate is the result of a weighted combination of the various applicable rates and tax exemptions, and the computation is made for income derived from each program on the basis of formulas specified in the Law. F - 57 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 18 - TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) B. NON-ISRAELI SUBSIDIARIES Non-Israeli subsidiaries are generally taxed based upon tax laws applicable in their countries of residence. C. INCOME FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS BEFORE TAXES ON INCOME Income before taxes on income: Domestic Foreign D. TAXES ON INCOME Current taxes: Domestic Foreign Adjustment for previous years: Domestic Foreign (*) Deferred income taxes: Domestic Foreign Total taxes on income Total: Domestic Foreign Total taxes on income -- Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ 250,831 $ (24,337) 226,494 $ 268,446 $ 24,112 292,558 $ 310,134 73,317 383,451 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ $ $ 41,553 $ 4,045 45,598 (19,404) (330) (19,734) (5,434) 2,483 (2,951) 22,913 $ 40,357 $ 6,593 46,950 (10,681) (124) (10,805) (6,607) (5,407) (12,014) 24,131 $ 36,888 9,635 46,523 82,407 16 82,423 342 2,099 2,441 131,387 16,715 $ 6,198 22,913 $ 23,069 $ 1,062 24,131 $ 119,637 11,750 131,387 (*) In 2021, mainly related to the release of the Selected Accumulated Income under the Temporary Provision. (See Note 18A). F - 58 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 18 - TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) E. UNCERTAIN TAX POSITIONS A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: Balance at the beginning of the year Additions (reductions) related to interest and currency translation Additions based on tax positions related to prior period Reductions related to tax positions taken during a prior period Reductions related to settlement of tax matters Additions based on tax positions taken during the current period Reductions related to a lapse of applicable statute of limitation Balance at the end of the year 2023 2022 $ $ 86,176 $ 1,810 28 (11,059) (11,258) 16,511 (1,150) 81,058 $ 82,380 (4,758) 552 (5,624) (5,874) 19,844 (344) 86,176 On December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had a provision for unrecognized tax benefits of $81,058 and $86,176, respectively, including an accrual of $2,303 and $2,394 for the payment of related interest and penalties, respectively. The Company recognized interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income taxes. During 2023 and 2022, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries settled certain income tax matters pertaining to multiple years in Israel and Europe. As a result of the settlement of the tax matters, the Company recorded tax benefits of approximately $11,258 and $5,874 during the years 2023 and 2022, respectively, in the statements of income in “taxes on income”. Following the examination by the Israeli Tax Authority, the Company applied some of the items for which a settlement was reached for subsequent outstanding years. The Company operates in multiple jurisdictions throughout the world, and its tax returns are periodically audited or subject to review by both domestic and foreign authorities. Certain Israeli Companies are currently undergoing tax audits by the Israeli Tax Authority. As a result of ongoing examinations, tax proceedings in certain countries and additions to unrecognized tax benefits for positions taken and interest and penalties, if any, arising in 2023, it is not possible to estimate the potential net increase or decrease to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits during the next twelve months. F - 59 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 18 - TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) F. DEFERRED INCOME TAXES Significant components of net deferred tax assets and liabilities are based on separate tax jurisdictions as follows: Deferred tax assets: Reserves and allowances Inventory allowances Property, plant and equipment Operating lease right of use assets Other assets Net operating loss carry-forwards Valuation allowance Deferred tax liabilities: Intangible assets Property, plant and equipment Operating lease liabilities Reserves and allowances Net deferred tax assets December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ 61,945 $ 18,007 2,751 19,913 116,524 94,776 313,916 (165,199) 148,717 (74,892) (35,956) (19,479) (9,155) (139,482) $ 9,235 $ 80,746 19,860 4,152 44,341 93,252 87,490 329,841 (164,906) 164,935 (77,661) (28,767) (43,596) (13,723) (163,747) 1,188 Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured based on the enacted tax rates that will apply in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or paid. G. CARRY-FORWARD TAX LOSSES As of December 31, 2023 the Company and its Israeli subsidiaries had estimated total available carry-forward operating tax losses of approximately $441,636, and its non-Israeli subsidiaries had estimated available carry-forward operating tax losses of approximately $53,292. The Company has carry-forward capital losses of approximately $61,092, out of which a valuation allowance was provided on the sum of approximately $56,979. F - 60 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 18 - TAXES ON INCOME (Cont.) H. RECONCILIATION Reconciliation of the actual tax expense as reported in the statements of operations to the amount computed by applying the Israeli statutory tax rate is as follows: Income before taxes as reported in the consolidated statements of income Statutory tax rate Theoretical tax expense Tax benefit arising from reduced rate as "Preferred Enterprise” and other tax benefits (*) Tax adjustment in respect of different tax rates for foreign subsidiaries Changes in carry-forward losses and valuation allowances Taxes resulting from non-deductible expenses Difference in basis of measurement for financial reporting and tax return purposes Taxes in respect of prior years (see Note 18D above) Other differences, net Actual tax expenses Effective tax rate (*) Net earnings per share – amounts of the benefit resulting from the Approved, Privileged and Preferred Enterprises: Basic and diluted $ $ $ $ Year Ended December 31, 2023 226,494 23 % Year Ended December 31, 2022 292,558 $ 23 % 52,094 $ 67,288 (27,741) (3,508) 12,714 2,299 8,339 (19,734) (1,550) 22,913 $ (26,281) (17,946) 27,905 795 (15,060) (10,805) (1,765) 24,131 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ $ 383,451 23 % 88,194 (36,043) 4,813 (7,243) 5,272 (5,851) 82,423 (178) 131,387 10.12 % 8.25 % 34.26 % 0.63 $ 0.59 $ 0.82 I. FINAL TAX ASSESSMENTS Final income tax assessments have been received by the Company up to and including the tax year 2017 and by certain subsidiaries up to 2021. F - 61 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 19 - DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS A. FAIR VALUE OF DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS Derivative financial instruments are presented as other assets or other payables. For asset derivatives and liability derivatives, the fair values of the Company’s outstanding derivative instruments as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized below: Asset Derivatives as of December 31, 2023 (*) Asset Derivatives as of December 31, 2022 (*) Liability Derivatives as of December 31, 2023 (**) Liability Derivatives as of December 31, 2022 (**) Derivatives designated as hedging instruments Foreign exchange contracts Cross-currency interest rate swaps Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments Foreign exchange contracts 50,348 — 50,348 $ 75,397 — 75,397 $ 77,819 35,159 112,978 $ — 50,348 $ 8,362 83,759 $ 3,435 116,413 $ $ $ 130,604 26,018 156,622 5,439 162,061 (*) Presented as part of other receivables and long-term other receivables. (**) Presented as part of other payables and long-term other payables. B. EFFECT ON CASH FLOW HEDGING The effect of derivative instruments on cash flow hedging and the relationship between income and other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, are summarized below: Gain (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income, net as of December 31, 2023 Gain (Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income, net as of December 31, 2022 Gain (Loss) on of Derivative Reclassified from Accumulated Other (*) Comprehensive Income as of December 31, 2023 Gain (Loss) on of Derivative Reclassified from Accumulated Other (*) Comprehensive Income as of December 31, 2022 Foreign exchange contracts $ (119,781) $ (152,143) $ (103,621) $ (57,201) (*) Presented as part of revenues/cost of revenue and equity in net earnings of affiliated companies and partnerships. F - 62 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 19 - DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS (Cont.) B. EFFECT ON CASH FLOW HEDGING (Cont.) Amount Excluded from Effectiveness Testing Recognized in Income (*) : Foreign exchange contracts Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: Foreign exchange contracts and other derivatives instruments as of December 31, 2023 as of December 31, 2022 $ $ 13,791 (3,906) $ $ 9,413 (926) (*) Presented as part of revenues/cost of revenue and equity in net earnings of affiliated companies and partnerships. C. NET EFFECT OF CROSS-CURRENCY SWAPS The net effect on earnings from the cross-currency swaps in 2023 was a loss of approximately $15,748, of which approximately $12,126 was offset against exchange rate differences related to Series B Notes and approximately $3,622 increased the interest expenses. D. FORWARD CONTRACTS The notional amounts of outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts at December 31, 2023 is summarized below: Euro GBP NIS Other Buy December 31, 2023 Buy December 31, 2022 Sell December 31, 2023 Sell December 31, 2022 $ $ 407,849 $ 52,267 1,782,959 6,204 2,249,279 $ 498,879 $ 1,326 1,359,105 13,168 1,872,478 $ 1,400,118 $ 81,061 — 285,514 1,766,693 $ 1,032,654 138,077 286,192 433,585 1,890,508 Note 20 - OTHER LONG-TERM LIABILITIES The following table presents the components of other long-term liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Provision for vacation pay Contingent purchase obligation Accrued expenses on evacuation Provision for losses on long-term contracts Derivative financial instruments Accounts payables Compensated absences Other F - 63 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 42,073 $ 37,421 11,028 — 47,376 123,787 11,341 25,270 298,296 $ 42,188 49,282 20,482 3,090 54,480 41,272 13,056 24,046 247,896 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 21 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES A. ROYALTY COMMITMENTS Elbit Systems and certain Israeli subsidiaries partially finance their research and development expenditures under grant programs sponsored by the Israel Innovation Authority (“IIA”) of the Ministry of Economy and Industry (formerly the Office of Chief Scientist) for the support of research and development activities conducted in Israel. At the time the grants were received from the IIA, successful development of the related projects was not assured. In exchange for participation in the programs by the IIA, Elbit Systems and the subsidiaries agreed to pay 2% - 5% of total sales of products developed within the framework of these programs. The royalties will be paid up to a maximum amount equaling 100% to 150% of the grants provided by the IIA, linked to the dollar, bearing annual interest at a rate based on LIBOR \ SOFR (SOFR only commencing 2023). The obligation to pay these royalties is contingent on actual sales of the products, and in the absence of such sales payment of royalties is not required. In some cases, the Government of Israel’s participation (through the IIA) is subject to export sales or other conditions. The maximum amount of royalties is increased in the event of production outside of Israel. Elbit Systems and certain of its subsidiaries may also be obligated to pay certain amounts to the IMOD and others on certain sales including sales resulting from the development of certain technologies. Royalties expenses amounted to $19,878, $30,610 and $8,216 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. B. COMMITMENTS IN RESPECT OF LONG-TERM PROJECTS In connection with projects in certain countries, Elbit Systems and some of its subsidiaries have entered and may enter in the future into “buy-back” or “offset” agreements, required by a number of the Company’s customers for these projects as a condition to the Company obtaining orders for its products and services. These agreements are customary in the Company’s industry and are designed to facilitate economic flow back (buy-back) and/or technology transfer to businesses or government agencies in the applicable country. These commitments may be satisfied by the Company’s placement of direct work or vendor orders for supplies and/or services, transfer of technology, investments or other forms of assistance in the applicable country. The buy-back rules and regulations, as well as the underlying contracts, may differ from one country to another. The ability to fulfill the buy-back obligations may depend, among other things, on the availability of local suppliers with sufficient capability to meet the Company's requirements and which are competitive in cost, quality and schedule. In certain cases, the Company’s commitments may also be satisfied through transactions conducted by other parties. The Company does not commit to buy-back agreements until orders for its products or services are definitive, but in some cases the orders for the Company’s products or services may become effective only after the Company’s corresponding buy- back commitments are in effect. Buy-back programs generally extend at least over the relevant commercial contract period and may provide for penalties in the event the Company fails to perform in accordance with buy-back requirements. In some cases the Company provides guarantees in connection with the performance of its buy-back obligations. Should the Company be unable to meet such obligations it may be subject to contractual penalties, the Company's guarantees may be drawn upon, and the Company's chances of receiving additional business from the applicable customers could be reduced or, in certain cases, eliminated. At December 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding buy-back obligations totaling approximately $2,500,000 that extend through 2033. F - 64 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 21 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES (Cont.) C. LEGAL CLAIMS The Company and its subsidiaries are involved in legal claims arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company’s management, based on the opinion of its legal counsel, believes that any financial impact from the settlement of such claims in excess of the accruals recorded in the financial statements will not have a material adverse effect on the financial position or results of operations of the Company. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was not involved in significant legal proceedings. D. GUARANTEES As of December 31, 2023, guarantees in the amount of approximately $4,358,456 were issued by banks and other financial institutions on behalf of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries mainly in order to secure certain contract liabilities (advances from customers) and performance obligation and employee benefit plans. E. COVENANTS In connection with Series B, C and D Notes, commercial paper, bank credits and loans, including performance guarantees issued by banks and bank guarantees in order to secure certain advances from customers, the Company and certain subsidiaries are obligated to meet certain financial covenants. Such covenants include requirements for shareholders’ equity, current ratio, operating profit margin, tangible net worth, EBITDA, interest coverage ratio and total leverage. In respect of each of the 12 month periods ending December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company was in material compliance with its loan obligations. F. CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS Substantially all of the Company’s purchase commitments relate to obligations under purchase orders and subcontracts entered into by the Company. These purchase orders and subcontracts are typically in standard formats proposed by the Company, with the subcontracts and purchase orders also reflecting provisions from the Company’s applicable prime contract that apply on a flow down basis to subcontractors and vendors. The terms typically included in these purchase orders and subcontracts are consistent with Uniform Commercial Code provisions in the United States for sales of goods, as well as with specific terms called for by its customers in various countries. These terms include the Company’s right to terminate the purchase order or subcontract in the event of the vendor’s or subcontractor’s default, and typically include the Company’s right to terminate the order or subcontract for the Company’s convenience (or if the Company’s prime contractor has so terminated the prime contract). Such purchase orders and subcontracts typically are not subject to variable price provisions. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the purchase commitments were $3,856,034 and $3,028,988, respectively. The Company's purchase commitments are expected to be realized during the years 2024 - 2030. G. FIXED LIENS In order to secure bank loans and bank and other financial institutions guarantees in the amount of approximately $222,807 as of December 31, 2023, certain Company entities recorded fixed liens on most of their machinery and equipment, mortgages on most of their real estate and floating charges on most of their assets. F - 65 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 22 - SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY A. SHARE CAPITAL Ordinary shares confer upon their holders voting rights and the right to receive dividends. B. EQUITY INCENTIVE PLANS 2018 Equity incentive plan for executive officers: In 2018 the Company's Board of Directors approved the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan for Executive Officers (the “2018 Equity Incentive Plan”). The purpose of this plan is to link the compensation and benefits of the Company's executive officers with the future growth and success of the Company and its affiliates and with long-term shareholder value. The 2018 Equity Incentive Plan consisted of a pool of 1,500,000 options (the "Options") to be exercised using a “Net-Exercise Mechanism”, which entitles the recipients to exercise the Options for an amount of shares reflecting only the benefit factor. The Options were allocated out of the option pool, subject to the required approvals, to the Company's Israeli executive officers. The exercise price of an Option is determined in U.S dollars and is the higher of: (i) the average closing share price of Elbit Systems' ordinary shares on the TASE, during the period of thirty (30) trading days preceding the date on which the Company's Board of Directors approves the granting of the respective Options, converted into U.S. dollars by applying the average representative U.S. dollar - NIS exchange rate during such thirty (30) trading days period; or (ii) the closing share price of our ordinary shares on the TASE on the last trading date preceding the date on which the Company's Board of Directors approves the granting of the respective Options, converted into the U.S. dollars by applying the representative U.S. dollar - NIS exchange rate. Under the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, the Options become vested and are eligible to be exercised in accordance with the following vesting schedule: (1) (2) (3) (4) Forty percent (40%) of the Options are vested and exercisable from the second anniversary of the grant date; An additional twenty percent (20%) of the Options are vested and exercisable from the third anniversary of the grant date; An additional twenty percent (20%) of the Options are vested and exercisable from the fourth anniversary of the grant date; and The remaining twenty (20%) of the Options are vested and exercisable from the fifth anniversary of the grant date. The Options generally expire after 63 months from the date of grant. As of December 31, 2023, there were approximately 64,000 Options available for future grants under the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. 2022 Equity incentive plan for employees: On January 16, 2022, our Board of Directors approved the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan for Employees (the “Employees Plan”). The purpose of the Employees Plan is to enable Elbit Systems to link the compensation and benefits of its employees with the future growth and success of Elbit Systems and its affiliates and with long-term shareholder value, through the creation of a long-term incentive for employees. Our Board of Directors has also approved the appointment of our Compensation Committee as the administrator of the Employees Plan. Under the Employees Plan, the Company may allocate options to employees of Elbit Systems and its wholly owned subsidiaries, to be exercised using a “Net-Exercise Mechanism”, which entitles the recipients to exercise the options for an amount of shares reflecting only the benefit factor. The Board of Directors approved an option pool of 1,100,000 options under the Employees Plan. The options were allocated out of the option pool, subject to the required approvals. F - 66 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 22 - SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Cont.) B. EQUITY INCENTIVE PLANS (Cont.) The exercise price of an option is denominated in U.S. dollars and is the higher of: (i) the average of the closing share price of Elbit Systems ordinary shares on the TASE, during the period of thirty (30) trading days preceding, but not including, the Grant Date (as defined below), converted into U.S. dollars by applying the average representative U.S. dollar - NIS exchange rate during such thirty (30) trading days period; or (ii) the closing share price of our ordinary shares on the TASE on the last trading date preceding the Grant Date, converted into U.S. dollars by applying the representative U.S. dollar - NIS exchange rate most recently published by the Bank of Israel prior to the Grant Date. The Grant Date of options to a recipient is determined to be the later of: (i) the date on which the grant of the options to a participant was approved by the administrator of the plan; or (ii) the first trading day after a period of thirty (30) days has elapsed from the date the Employees Plan is filed with the Israeli Tax Authorities; unless otherwise determined by the Board or required under applicable law. Granted options vest, subject to continued employment of the participant with the Company or a subsidiary, as follows: (1) (2) (3) Forty percent (40%) of the options are vested and exercisable from the second anniversary of the Grant Date; An additional thirty percent (30%) of the options are vested and exercisable from the third anniversary of the Grant Date; and The remaining thirty percent (30%) of the options are vested and exercisable from the fourth anniversary of the Grant Date. The options generally expire after 51 months from the date of grant. As of December 31, 2023, there were approximately 170,000 Options available for future grants under the Employees Plan. The fair value based cost of employee stock options is estimated at the grant date using a lattice-based option valuation model. During the years ended 2023 and 2022, the Company granted 76,100 and 1,028,100 options, respectively. The valuation includes the following weighted average assumptions: Dividend yield Expected volatility Risk-free interest rate Expected life Forfeiture rate Suboptimal factor Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 1.97 % 28.02 % 4.15 % 4.25 years 10.00 % 1.25 2.10 % 25.79 % 2.10 % 4.25 years 10.00 % 1.25 Because lattice-based option valuation models incorporate ranges of assumptions for inputs, the average of those ranges are disclosed. Expected volatilities are based on implied volatilities from the historical volatility of Elbit Systems Ltd.’s stock and other factors. The Company uses historical data to estimate option exercise and employee termination within the valuation model. The expected term of options granted is derived from the output of the option valuation model and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The average of the range, given above, results from certain groups of employees exhibiting different behavior. The risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for periods within the contractual life of the option. The dividend yield assumption is based on historical dividends. F - 67 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 22 - SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Cont.) B. EQUITY INCENTIVE PLANS (Cont.) The following is a summary of Elbit Systems' options activity under the Equity Incentive Plans: Outstanding - beginning of the year Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding - end of the year Number of Options 2023 1,728,106 76,100 (312,085) (39,300) 1,452,821 Weighted average exercise price 2023 156.66 182.06 129.04 180.54 163.30 Number of Options 2022 1,076,750 1,028,100 (241,844) (134,900) 1,728,106 Weighted average exercise price 2022 131.37 185.30 128.76 223.12 156.66 The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total intrinsic value (the difference between Elbit Systems’ closing stock price on the last trading day of the fourth quarter of the applicable fiscal year and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2023. This amount changes, based on the market price of the Company’s stock and the average exercise price of in-the-money options. Aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding options as of December 31, 2023, was $66,356. As of December 31, 2023, there was $26,639 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to share-based compensation arrangements granted under the Equity Incentive Plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3 years. As of December 31, 2023, 1,452,821 options were vested and expected to be vested at a weighted average exercise price of $163.30 per share. The weighted average remaining contractual life of exercisable options as of December 31, 2023, is approximately 3 years. C. OUTSTANDING OPTIONS AND COMPENSATION EXPENSES The options outstanding as of December 31, 2023, have been separated into ranges of exercise prices, as follows: Options outstanding: Exercise price 121.42 - 216.32 Number of Options 1,452,821 Weighted average remaining contractual life (years) Weighted average exercise price per share 2.64 $ 163.30 Compensation expenses related to the Equity Incentive Plans amounted to $12,141, $10,463 and $5,312 for the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively, which were recognized, as follows: Cost of revenues General and administration expenses Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ 10,319 1,822 12,141 $ $ 8,893 1,570 10,463 $ $ 4,515 797 5,312 F - 68 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 22 - SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Cont.) D. COMPUTATION OF EARNINGS PER SHARE Computation of basic and diluted net earnings per share: Net income to shareholders of ordinary shares Year Ended December 31, 2023 Weighted average number of shares (*) Year Ended December 31, 2023 Per Share amount Year Ended December 31, 2023 Net income to shareholders of ordinary shares Year Ended December 31, 2022 Weighted average number of shares (*) Year Ended December 31, 2022 Per Share amount Year Ended December 31, 2022 Basic net earnings $ Effect of dilutive securities: Employee stock options Diluted net earnings $ 215,131 44,375 $ — 215,131 217 44,592 $ 4.85 (0.03) 4.82 $ $ 275,448 44,322 $ — 275,448 259 44,581 $ 6.21 (0.03) 6.18 (*) In thousands. E. 2018 PHANTOM BONUS RETENTION PLAN In 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a “Phantom Bonus Retention Plan” for Senior Managers (the “2018 Phantom Plan”). The 2018 Phantom Plan provides for phantom bonus units which entitle the recipients to receive payment in cash of an amount reflecting the “benefit factor”, which is linked to the performance of Elbit Systems’ stock price in the TASE over the applicable periods (tranches) under the 2018 Phantom Plan. As of December 31, 2023, 678,100 phantom bonus units of the Plan were granted with a weighted average basic price per unit, as defined in the Plan, of $139.51. The benefit earned for each year of a tranche is the difference between the basic price and the closing price of the Company’s share for that year, as defined in the 2018 Phantom Plan, not to exceed an increase of 100% in the Company's share price from the basic price of the first year of a tranche. The Company recorded an amount of approximately $10,589, $62,090 and $18,431, during the three years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as compensation costs related to the phantom bonus units granted under the 2018 Phantom Plan, as follows: Cost of revenues General and administration expenses Marketing and selling Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ 6,164 2,635 1,790 10,589 $ $ 34,778 15,537 11,775 62,090 $ $ 10,522 4,584 3,325 18,431 F. DIVIDEND POLICY Dividends declared by Elbit Systems are paid subject to statutory limitations. F - 69 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 23 - SEGMENT DISCLOSURE, MAJOR CUSTOMER AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION A. SEGMENT DISCLOSURE: The Company reports segment information based on a management approach. The management approach designates the internal reporting used by management for making decisions and assessing performance as the source of the Company’s reportable segments. The Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer is our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The CODM assesses the performance of each operating segment using information about revenue and segment operating income that is defined as operating income generated at the segment level, excluding unallocated corporate income or expense and other operating income (expenses), net, such as sale of buildings or shares. The Company’s CODM does not regularly review assets and liabilities information by reportable segments. Therefore, the Company does not report assets and liabilities information by segment. The segments are encouraged to cooperate on a range of common projects performed by the Company. It is common for the reportable segments to provide their products to the same customers either through joint projects or by marketing and offering a combined and integrated solution containing a variety of capabilities, products, and technologies of the Company’s portfolio from various businesses or subsidiaries, all tailored to satisfy the customer’s or project’s specific requirements. Intersegment transactions are sales between segments and are eliminated in consolidation. The following tables present information about the Company’s reported segment revenues and operating income for the periods indicated: Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 Revenues: Aerospace External customers Intersegment revenue Total C4I and Cyber External customers Intersegment revenue Total ISTAR and EW External customers Intersegment revenue Total Land External customers Intersegment revenue Total ESA External customers Intersegment revenue Total Revenues Total revenues (external customers and intersegment) for reportable segments Less -Intersegment revenue Total consolidated revenues $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,613,137 $ 260,144 1,873,281 $ 1,471,093 $ 262,089 1,733,182 $ 1,281,407 301,905 1,583,312 668,414 $ 52,702 721,116 $ 996,927 $ 182,500 1,179,427 $ 1,241,023 $ 65,174 1,306,197 $ 1,455,243 $ 9,695 1,464,938 $ 6,544,959 $ (570,215) 5,974,744 $ 631,297 $ 47,098 678,395 $ 882,200 $ 163,449 1,045,649 $ 1,075,846 $ 92,737 1,168,583 $ 1,451,113 $ 5,559 1,456,672 $ 6,082,481 $ (570,932) 5,511,549 $ 590,095 34,601 624,696 888,206 138,089 1,026,295 1,028,121 88,801 1,116,922 1,490,692 2,115 1,492,807 5,844,032 (565,511) 5,278,521 F - 70 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 23 - SEGMENT DISCLOSURE, MAJOR CUSTOMER AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION A. SEGMENT DISCLOSURE (Cont.): The following tables present information about the Company’s reported operating income for the periods indicated: Operating income: Aerospace C4I and Cyber ISTAR and EW Land ESA Segment operating income Unallocated corporate income (expense) Other operating income Operating income Financial expenses, net Other income (expenses), net (see note 26) Income before income taxes Depreciation and amortization by segment: Aerospace C4I and Cyber ISTAR and EW Land ESA Unallocated corporate expenses Total depreciation and amortization Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ $ $ 125,455 $ 50,653 134,882 80,610 (4,687) 386,913 (17,805) — 369,108 (137,827) (4,787) 226,494 $ 106,760 $ 48,964 49,120 28,554 74,978 308,376 (9,810) 68,918 367,484 (51,364) (23,562) 292,558 $ 129,213 44,350 66,001 35,567 124,259 399,390 4,458 14,660 418,508 (40,393) 5,336 383,451 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 36,284 $ 12,551 29,001 34,747 50,526 1,690 164,799 $ 34,353 $ 13,651 24,992 38,560 46,540 3,194 161,290 $ 35,084 16,054 23,452 41,901 34,962 1,638 153,091 F - 71 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 23 - SEGMENT DISCLOSURE, MAJOR CUSTOMER AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION A. SEGMENT DISCLOSURE (Cont.): REVENUES ARE ATTRIBUTED TO GEOGRAPHIC AREAS BASED ON LOCATION OF THE END CUSTOMERS AS FOLLOWS: North America Asia-Pacific Israel Europe Latin America Other Year Ended December 31, 2023 1,417,742 $ 1,263,771 1,167,228 1,776,412 120,700 228,891 5,974,744 $ Year Ended December 31, 2022 1,489,685 $ 1,405,473 1,071,945 1,243,550 119,860 181,036 5,511,549 $ Year Ended December 31, 2021 1,608,582 1,443,505 1,094,662 884,504 126,686 120,582 5,278,521 $ $ B. MAJOR CUSTOMER DATA AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL REVENUES: IMOD U.S. Government Year Ended December 31, 2023 16% 17% Year Ended December 31, 2022 17% 19% Year Ended December 31, 2021 18% 21% C. LONG-LIVED ASSETS BY GEOGRAPHIC AREAS: The Company's long-lived assets for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, commencing current year presentation, includes property plant and equipment and operating lease right of use assets, as follows: Israel U.S. Other Year Ended December 31, 2023 1,098,074 $ 307,239 108,521 1,513,834 $ $ $ Year Ended December 31, 2022 968,450 280,687 105,516 1,354,653 F - 72 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 24 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, NET Total expenses Less - grants and participations Note 25 - FINANCIAL EXPENSES, NET Expenses: Interest on long-term bank debt Interest on Series B, C and D Notes, net Interest on short-term bank credit and loans Guarantees Gain (loss) from revaluation of lease liabilities and exchange rate differences, net Other Income: Interest on cash, cash equivalents and bank deposits Other Note 26 - OTHER INCOME (EXPENSES), NET Pension non-service cost Gain (loss) on sale of investments Revaluation of investments Insurance compensation Other (2) (1) Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 502,654 $ (78,234) 424,420 $ 501,777 $ (66,127) 435,650 $ 447,852 (52,765) 395,087 Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 (8,677) $ (9,537) (58,253) (22,339) (11,962) (33,136) (143,904) 2,359 3,718 6,077 (137,827) $ (12,392) $ (11,683) (14,857) (17,356) 10,542 (8,670) (54,416) 383 2,669 3,052 (51,364) $ (10,821) (5,758) (7,683) (13,908) (10,178) 6,080 (42,268) 469 1,406 1,875 (40,393) Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 (6,596) $ — (2,963) 5,200 (428) (4,787) $ (4,555) $ (10,619) (10,175) — 1,787 (23,562) $ (11,715) — 17,282 — (231) 5,336 $ $ $ $ $ $ (1) During 2022 the company recognized a gain (loss) resulting from the sales of holdings in affiliated companies in Israel to third parties (see Note 6B). (2) During 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized gains and losses as a result of revaluation of its investments accounted for under the fair value method (see Note 6C). F - 73 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Note 27 - RELATED PARTIES' TRANSACTIONS AND BALANCES Income - Sales to related-party companies Participation in expenses Cost and expenses - Supplies from related parties (**) (*) Balances: Trade receivables and other receivables Trade payables and advances (**) (*) Year Ended December 31, 2023 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ $ $ 147,807 $ — $ 155,728 $ 85 $ 169,834 394 15,877 $ 2,143 $ 6,240 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ 102,075 $ 35,363 $ 86,535 33,167 The sales to the Company’s related parties in respect of U.S. government defense contracts are made on the basis of cost. (*) A significant portion of the sales and balances include sales of helmet mounted cueing systems purchased from the Company by a 50%-owned affiliate of ESA. (**) Includes mainly electro-optics components and sensors, purchased by the Company from a 50%-owned Israeli company, and in 2021 , includes also electro-optics products purchased by the Company from another 50%-owned Israeli affiliate. ¬ ¬ ¬ F - 74 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS U.S. dollars (In thousands, except per share data) Schedule I – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (In thousands of U.S. dollars) Column A Column B Balance at Beginning of Period Additions (Charged to Costs and Expenses) Column C Deductions (Write-Offs and Actual Losses Incurred) Column D Column E Additions Resulting from Acquisitions Balance at End of Period 80,962 2,557 9,162 164,906 89,509 2,343 10,307 192,811 108,281 2,233 16,192 172,833 38,560 24,072 1,244 674 293 20,944 385 301 — 9,384 338 65 7,243 140 664 — 33,102 171 1,446 27,905 36,696 228 5,950 — — — — — 95,450 3,661 9,172 165,199 3,611 80,962 — — — 8,540 — — 12,735 2,557 9,162 164,906 89,509 2,343 10,307 192,811 (*) Description Year ended December 31, 2023: Provisions for Losses on Long-Term Contracts Provisions for Claims and Potential Contractual Penalties and Others Credit risk Valuation Allowance on Deferred Taxes (**) (*) Year ended December 31, 2022: Provisions for Losses on Long-Term Contracts Provisions for Claims and Potential Contractual Penalties and Others Credit risk Valuation Allowance on Deferred Taxes (**) (*) Year ended December 31, 2021: Provisions for Losses on Long-Term Contracts Provisions for Claims and Potential Contractual Penalties and Others Credit risk Valuation Allowance on Deferred Taxes (**) (*) As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 an amount of $34,820, $16,900 and $13,584, respectively, is presented as a deduction from inventories. As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 an amount of $60,630, $64,062 and $75,925, respectively, is presented as part of other payables and accrued expenses. (**) As of December 31, 2023, an amount of $7,650 and $1,522 is related to corporate customers and government customers, respectively. S-1 

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